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+S CREATING A HABITABLE ENVIRONMENT
+
+S Humans have many basic needs and one of them is to have an environment that can sustain their lives .
+
+S Our current population is 6 billion people and it is still growing exponentially .
+
+S This will , if not already , caused problems as there are very limited spaces for us .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:FORM|||cause|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||space|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The solution can be obtain by using technology to achieve a better usage of space that we have and resolve the problems in lands that inhospitable such as desserts and swamps .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:FORM|||obtained|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:VERB|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:NOUN|||deserts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some countries are having difficulties in managing a place to live for their citizen as they tend to get overpopulated .
+A 7 7|||M:VERB|||to get|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||citizens|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This caused problem like the appearance of slums which most of the time is not safe due to the unhealthy environment .
+A 1 1|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||formation and growth|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:OTHER|||to live in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The only way to satisfy the increasing demands of space is by achieving a better usage of the land like designing taller building so it can accommodate more number of people with the same spaces .
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:OTHER|||the same area of land|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:OTHER|||a greater|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 35|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is also important to create a better material that can support the buildings despite any natural disaster like earthquakes .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB|||use|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:PREP|||during|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||disasters|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A good example is Japan where there are a lot of tall condominiums despite the large number of earthquakes happening in there .
+A 5 5|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides a better usage of lands , a better sanitation is also needed because a huge number of people need a clean environment to maintain their heath .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||land|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:VERB:TENSE|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:NOUN|||health|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , countries in Africa can accommodate more people if they can manage to design a better sanitation system .
+
+S Countries with a lot of inhospitable space need not only to achieve a better space usage , but also to reforms the land to make it livable and technology can help it in a number of ways depending on the trouble the lands have .
+A 20 27|||R:OTHER|||restore the land to a livable state|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 44|||R:OTHER|||quality of the land|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , countries with a lot of deserts can terraform their desert to increase their habitable land and using irrigation to provide clean water to the desert .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||desert|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB|||transform|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:FORM|||use|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Dubai will be a good example for this as previously the country got almost no natural water and they use irrigation to bring natural water to the country .
+A 17 17|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:CONJ|||But|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:SVA|||uses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another example is Netherlands , whose most of his lands is a swamp under sea level , have used a good irrigation system to counter their problem and to make their land habitable .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||where|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||land|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||. It|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the number of people grows , the need of habitable environment is unquestionably essential .
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||increasing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this era , Engineering designs can help to provide more habitable accommodation by designing a stronger material so it 's possible to create a taller and safer building , a better and efficient sanitation system to prevent disease , and also by designing a way to change the condition of the inhabitable environment .
+A 4 5|||R:ORTH|||engineering|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN|||environment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 22|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:VERB|||build|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 29|||R:OTHER|||taller and safer buildings|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 48|||R:OTHER|||changing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 52 53|||R:OTHER|||otherwise uninhabitable|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Factors that Shaped Biometrics
+
+S Identification has become more and more important in our society .
+
+S Thanks to biometric identification , nowadays , we can open a locked door without keys , withdraw money from the bank without entering password , and travel around the world without taking various cards .
+
+S Biometrics , by definition , refers to technologies of measurement and analysis of human body characteristics .
+
+S These characteristics include fingerprints , eye retinas and irises , voice patterns , facial patterns and hand measurements .
+
+S Besides some technologically determinists that allow the development of biometric identification , this technology is also shaped by three social factors , namely , the desire of the society for safety , convenience and economy .
+A 2 3|||R:MORPH|||technological|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Safety is one of the crucial problems that many countries and companies concern .
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||are concerned about|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On one hand more and more virus and hack can access personal computers , so the secret data and documents may be stolen .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||viruses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:MORPH|||hackers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , some important departments need strict administration to their members to avoid information leaks .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN|||rules|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||staff members over the use of confidential information|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The United States Department of Defense ( DoD ) { Common Access Card } [ HYPERLINK : http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Access_Card ] is a successful use of biometric identification .
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN|||example|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This card contains biometric data to add security and reduce the risk of falsification ( Ben , 2008 ) .
+
+S As we can see , the biometric identification involved in important secure areas is designed to identify human with accuracy and reliability .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB|||employed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:ADJ|||security-sensitive|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN|||people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides safety , convenience is also desirable for identifications .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN|||identification purposes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We do not want to spend time and effort to remember password , neither do we want to carry any cards or equipments to show our identification .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||passwords|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||equipment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:MORPH|||identity|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For government and other organizations , they are also looking for small size equipments and time-saving progress of identification .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||equipment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 17|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore nowadays the biometric identification progress is designed to be very quick , and the equipments can be easily set up or can be combined with other equipments .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN|||process|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||equipment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:NOUN:NUM|||equipment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We can have fingerprint verification reader combined with built-in smartcard reader , and it only takes seconds to verify one 's identification .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , the society is looking for economic ways of identification .
+
+S Therefore , the equipments of biometric identification tend to be in-expensive .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||equipment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||tends|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:ADJ|||inexpensive|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , Retinal Technologies , Inc. ( RTI ) , which captures a retinal image at distances from the user 's eye with the means of just using a patented aspheric lens array .
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence the RTI system is very inexpensively and can be commonly used ( Retinal Technologies , Inc. Launches Company and Revolutionizes Biometrics With Patented Retinal Scanning Technology , 2001 ) .
+
+S The effects of the use of biometric identification are obvious .
+
+S With biometric identification , our fingers , faces and even eyes become our identification .
+
+S This technology is widely used in our society and it brings benefit to the government , the military , business and every individual .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||benefits|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All in all , biometric identification achieves great development as human seek for better information protection , easier life style and greater economic profit , and it benefits much to those who shaped it .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||humans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 29|||R:OTHER|||brings tremendous benefits|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:VERB:TENSE|||shape|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References B .
+
+S Ben ( { June 6 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_6 ] , { 2008 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008 ] ) .
+
+S " { Bush pushes biometrics for national security } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.fcw.com/online/news/152750-1.html ] " .
+
+S Federal Computer Week .
+
+S Retrieved 5th September , 2009 , from { http : //www.fcw.com/online/news/152750-1.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.fcw.com/online/news/152750-1.html ]
+
+S Retinal Technologies , Inc. Launches Company and Revolutionizes Biometrics With Patented Retinal Scanning Technology ( 30th July,2001 ) Retrieved 5th , September , 2009 , from { http : //findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2001_July_30/ai_76838243/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2001_July_30/ai_76838243/ ]
+
+S Nuclear technology had come a long way since Ernest Rutherford first split the atom in 1917 .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The subsequent realization that the additional neutrons produced from fission reaction can induce a nuclear chain reaction sparked off widespread interest in nuclear technology .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||could|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since then , nuclear technology had been through wars , arms races and had found many applications in the medical , industrial and energy fields .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||exploited for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When uranium fission was discovered in 1938 , it sparked widespread scientific interest due to the massive amount of energy released by the reaction .
+
+S However most American physicists were still skeptical that it could be turned into a bomb or an energy source .
+
+S However , with the world on the brink of war , military considerations would accelerate the development of nuclear technology beyond the imagination of the initial skeptics .
+
+S Following fears that Nazi Germany was developing nuclear weaponry , the Manhattan Project was initiated in the United States .
+
+S The project eventually grew to include over thirty sites across America dedicated to nuclear research .
+
+S The research effort culminated in " Fat Man " and " Little Boy " , two atomic bombs that were dropped on Nagasaki and Hiroshima respectively .
+
+S Although wartime nuclear research brought about nothing but devastation and death , President Eisenhower 's " Atoms for Peace " speech would set the world off on the road of peaceful pursuit of nuclear energy .
+
+S The development of nuclear technology was also heavily influenced by public opinion , especially after disastrous accidents occurred in nuclear power stations .
+
+S The steady growth of nuclear power in the 1960s was hampered by the Three Mile Island nuclear accident in 1979 and the growing voices of the anti-nuclear movement .
+
+S The leakage of radioactive gas into the atmosphere prompted the many anti-nuclear demonstrations that sprung up across the America in the following months .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||sprang|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although the reactor was eventually cleaned up and decontaminated , the damaged dealt to nuclear power was irreversible and caused its subsequent decline .
+A 11 12|||R:MORPH|||damage|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is especially evident in the steady drop of the number of nuclear reactors built , a statistic that was rising prior to the accident .
+
+S With rising oil prices and growing concerns of global warming , countries are looking to nuclear power to solve the energy needs of tomorrow .
+
+S China , the factory of the world , consumes phenomenal amounts of energy to fuel its economic growth .
+
+S To partly offset this gigantic demand for energy , China had launched an ambitious program to produce 16 % of its electricity from nuclear power by 2030 .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This endeavor to produce more nuclear power have stimulated the development of safer designs of nuclear reactors .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One example is the Pebble Bed reactor , an innovative design that is being actively researched in China .
+
+S Safety concerns characterized the basic concept of the Pebble Bed reactor with its passive safety design .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||characterize|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this design , nuclear fuels are contained in spheres or 'pebbles ' of graphite .
+
+S Hence the nuclear fuels are contained in a more stable environment .
+
+S When machinery failure occurs and reactor temperature increase to extremely high levels , the reactor does not undergo a meltdown or explode , instead temperature just stays at the high level until the heat can be dissipated or cooled by coolant liquids .
+A 22 24|||R:OTHER|||; instead ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , nuclear technology development had always been driven by social factors .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S World War 2 had given it momentum in its initial research , but it will be mankind 's need for a renewable and environmentally friendly energy source that will drive nuclear technology 's future developments .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas which is trapping heat within the Earth .
+A 7 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||traps|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As such , global surface temperature has risen by 0.74 degree Celsius for the past century .
+
+S Global warming has brought along devastating problems which will affect the lives of many if ignored .
+
+S Engineering can help to address this issue by designing technologies which are capable of producing little or no carbon dioxide .
+
+S According to Khandani 's article on 'Engineering design process'1 , there are five steps to designing processes .
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||the process of designing such technologies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First of all , we have to define the problem .
+
+S One of the main causes of global warming is the excessive release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere .
+
+S To reduce heat trap within the atmosphere , carbon dioxide level has to be reduced .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:FORM|||trapped|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Engineers will have to design technologies which keep carbon dioxide emission to the minimum .
+
+S Presently in the market , there are already technologies which can replace present day equipments and emit less carbon dioxide .
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||equipment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However these products are not manufactured in large quantities due to high cost of production and low demand .
+
+S As such , engineers will have to design technological products which are able to keep both carbon dioxide emission and cost to the minimum , yet perform as efficiently as the present day products .
+
+S Second , engineers have to gather relevant information to assist them in generating ideas to tackle the problem .
+
+S As the subject has been discussed for quite some time , relevant information are readily available on the internet and articles in magazines and newspapers .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Third , engineers have to generate multiple solutions to solve the problem .
+
+S These solutions may be generated by analyzing existing products to find out how the weaknesses can be improved while retaining the strength .
+A 17 18|||R:VERB|||overcome|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:NUM|||strengths|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We must also value-add the product to make it even more attractive .
+
+S On top of that , engineers can also obtain a variety of similar products and analyze them together .
+
+S Constantly combining ideas will result in better solutions being formulated .
+
+S Fourth , engineers have to analyze all the solutions which they have generated and apply professional knowledge to decide on a solution .
+
+S Engineers will have to use their technical knowledge to analyze the feasibility of the solutions .
+
+S They will then analyze the solutions in the economic and social aspects .
+A 6 12|||R:OTHER|||based on economic and social considerations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These products have to be sold in the market hence consumers must be convinced that these environmentally friendly products are as good as the present equipment in terms of performance and cost .
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||; hence ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore careful analysis of the product has to be made before selecting a solution for testing and implementation .
+A 4 5|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Last of all , engineers have to test and implement the solution which was selected in the previous step .
+
+S According Khandani 's article , engineers can test the solution by prototyping or concurrent engineering .
+A 1 1|||M:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Prototyping involves constructing the prototype and testing it under real conditions .
+
+S Full scale production will not take place until extensive testing has been done .
+
+S Concurrent engineering requires a prototype to be constructed and the design is fine-tuned along the process .
+
+S However this tedious process is made easy through modern computer-aided design , analysis , and manufacturing software .
+
+S These computer simulations take significantly shorter time hence it is a preferred choice as it means that the product can be sold in the market in a shorter period of time .
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||; hence ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||they are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Through the five designing steps , a process can be designed to meet the need to decrease carbon dioxide level .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN|||product|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference
+
+S 1 Khandani , S. ( 2005 ) .
+
+S Engineering design process .
+
+S http : //www.iisme.org/etp/HS % 20Engineering- % 20Engineering.pdf
+
+S Engineers design products or systems that meet human needs .
+
+S One current human need that should be given priority is the search for renewable resources .
+
+S Everywhere in the world , fuel is used extensively .
+
+S From large scale power generators to the basic cooking at our homes , fuel is essential for all of these to happen and work .
+
+S Research had shown that fuel consumption had increased twenty percent over the last decade , and had projected that the depletion of fuels is drawing .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:PREP|||near|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , burning of fuels emit various harmful gases pollute our fragile environment .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||emits|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These green house gases are the main cause to worldwide global warming which give rise to further catastrophes such as the rise in global temperature etc .
+A 8 9|||R:PART|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:SVA|||gives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Engineers around the world had already started on working on this problem .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To guide them in this heavy responsibility of saving the earth , they use a set of simple steps which guide them in engineering a remedy , known as the Engineering Design Process .
+A 2 3|||R:PRON|||themselves|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 26|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This process consists of five major steps , mainly defining the problem , researching on information pertaining to the problem , brainstorming of ideas , filtering of the ideas , and lastly implementing it .
+A 8 9|||R:ADV|||namely|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:OTHER|||the ideas|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , we can define this worldwide problem as the search of alternative resources to the existing near-depletion fuels .
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since fuels are non renewable and emit so much harmful gases , the alternatives that we are looking for should be a renewable one and not emit harmful pollutants .
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||a lot of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN|||energy source|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:VERB:TENSE|||should|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Next , we have to gather relevant information about the problem so that we are able to ensure that the solution we are looking for is able to solve the problem directly .
+
+S Studies had shown that an average of 2 lbs ( pounds ) of fuel is needed to produce 1kilowatt of power .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , we realized that burning of fuels produce the large amount of greenhouse gases .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||realize|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:SVA|||produces|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , the alternative resources we are searching for must be able to produce this large amount of energy to replace fuels , as well as not emitting that huge amount of harmful gases .
+
+S After identifying the important factors , engineers proceed on their search for solutions .
+
+S They will generate and brainstorm innovative ideas .
+
+S Alternatives such as the use of water energy and wind energy are some examples .
+
+S With these ideas , we have to analyse and weigh the advantages and disadvantages of them .
+
+S An example is water which is a good renewable resource and is plentiful .
+A 4 4|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , water energy can only be a small option due to the feasibility .
+
+S This is because a large body of water is needed to harness the same energy produced by a small amount of fuel .
+A 14 14|||M:OTHER|||amount of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All the solutions will be thoroughly analysed by the engineers before coming to a conclusion .
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly , the engineers will put their solution to test and ensure that the solution is able to solve the problem .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As such , engineers made use wind turbines and water hydraulic generators to harness the wind and water energy respectively .
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||make use of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It may not be the best option but both sources are renewable and are able to be used to slow down the depleting resource - fuel .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Harnessing the wind and water energy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 26|||R:OTHER|||depletion of fuel resources|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This had shown that the engineering design process is essential in solving problems and it ensures that the problem is thoroughly looked into and ensure that the engineers are generating ideas that target the main problem , the depletion and harmful fuel .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:VERB|||address|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 39|||M:OTHER|||of fuels|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 42|||R:OTHER|||the emission of harmful gages|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S China 's problems hampering engineering design processes for innovations
+
+S Since the reform and open policy in 1970 's , China has been eagerly speeding up on its way to industrialization and flourish .
+A 2 2|||M:OTHER|||adoption of the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 20|||R:OTHER|||its process of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:OTHER|||development|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although the improvement is apparent , there are still a number of problems hampering engineering design processes for innovations .
+
+S Among them , education system and perception of innovation stand out becoming two major difficulties .
+A 9 12|||R:VERB|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As Dr. Ronald B. Standler pointed out in 1998 , creativity is very important in science and engineering .
+
+S Drs Wayne Hall and Paul Robinson from University of Plymouth also found out that " Engineering + Creativity = Employability for Graduates " .
+
+S However , China 's examination-oriented education system deeply throttles students ' creativity .
+A 7 8|||R:ADV|||greatly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Not only parents and teachers but also whole society pushes students concentrating on how to get outstanding marks in examinations .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Students spend most of their time reciting details in text books and doing tedious exercises again and again for the simple reason that these can help them get familiar with examinations .
+A 18 27|||R:OTHER|||simply to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , students have no chance to develop their creative thinking and gradually become stereotype .
+A 13 13|||M:NOUN|||abilities|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many years ago , the situation is different .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In 1931 , Qian Weichang entered Tsing Hua University , major in history with 0 marks in mathematics and physics .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:FORM|||majoring|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , after one year study , he found history not suitable for himself and became interested in physics and showed great talent .
+A 5 5|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When he appealed to change his major , the professor saw his creativity and eagerness , so he approved the appeal .
+
+S After several years researching and studying , Qian Weichang made many great breakthroughs in physics .
+A 3 3|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , this kind of story can never be found in modern days .
+
+S Recently , a student got a very good result in the National College Entrance Examination ( NCEE ) , but he did not enter the university which he applied for , because the secondary school offered him ¥ 100,000 encouraging him to stay another year in secondary school for the next year 's NCEE , expecting that he could become the top 1 student in his province .
+A 43 43|||M:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 46 46|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 62 63|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Creativity is developed by students ' exploring through their self-learning .
+A 6 7|||R:MORPH|||exploration|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the present education system leads students to another way .
+
+S Therefore , the lack of creative qualified human resource seriously hampers engineering design processes for innovations in China .
+A 6 7|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||resources|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another big problem is that Chinese people usually do not value innovation enough .
+
+S In China , it will take several years for a new technology or new engineering design to be put into practice .
+
+S Moreover , many of the patents will never be used in production .
+
+S Most factories are not willing to spend money and time on innovation .
+
+S This problem significantly discourages engineers to make more effort to do research and design , for they will have little motivation to work hard .
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||from making|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , in developed countries , people really appreciate innovation .
+
+S When a new technology comes out , usually it will be put into use within two or three months .
+
+S Therefore , people are well motivated to do research and design , and industry updates frequently .
+A 12 16|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Finally , great innovation may come .
+
+S 21st century will be a more competitive and challenging opportunity for China to develop .
+A 0 0|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 12|||R:OTHER|||present China a more competitive and challenging opportunity|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Whether China can take this chance to catch up with those well-developed countries or even surpass them depends on China 's trail of solving the present problems .
+A 21 22|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If China can come up with effective policy to change its education system and stimulate innovation , China 's pace to flourish may become even faster .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference Drs Wayne Hall and Paul Robinson , University of Plymouth HYPERLINK " http : //www.plymouth.ac.uk/pages/view.asp ? page = 12929 " http : //www.plymouth.ac.uk/pages/view.asp ? page = 12929 Ronald B. Standler , Creativity in science and engineering , 1998. http : //www.rbs0.com/create.htm
+
+S With the increase in human population , the human race has come to a point where desperate action needs to be taken to feed the millions of people in starvation .
+
+S Statistics show that the numbers are only continuing to grow with the existing population explosion .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||number|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If the former need is put forward to an engineer , he can view it as a broad topic with many possible solutions .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||need of feeding millions of starving people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some solutions as examples would be to design plants/fertilizers that give higher yield or working with health experts introducing new ways to control population growth .
+A 2 4|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S An engineer would firstly need to define the problem .
+
+S Defining it would include a refining of the question at hand to a more straight forward one .
+
+S With the current issue being a hungry population to be fed , the definition for this would be that the food production needs to meet the requirements of the people .
+
+S The next step towards achieving this goal would be to gather information on certain aspects relating to his " pictured " solution .
+
+S For example , if his idea is to produce plants which give much greater yield , he needs to assess the yield of existing plants .
+
+S From that point onwards he could design different possible approaches to what he expects to do .
+
+S He could genetically modify the plants genome to match with a plant that gives greater product or he could create a new genetic material for a higher yielding food plant .
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN|||yield potential|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Looking at this third step we realize why the second stage of an engineering design process of gathering information is important.Once all the information is put together into the different possible solutions , the engineer is put to decide which method out of the lot is suited best for the purpose and if agrees with existing international laws .
+A 52 53|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S At this point also any available detail into the viability of the method is valuable .
+
+S Lastly comes the most crucial part of an engineering design process .
+
+S This determines how accurate the engineer might have been in his work and also if he looked at nature as a considerable factor during his designing process .
+A 6 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The testing stage is usually either the most rewarding or heart- breaking stage of a design process .
+A 10 10|||M:OTHER|||the most|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even though the solution seems perfect according to calculations , there are " nature factors " that we can not control which still affect any process we carry under the sun .
+A 26 28|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is likely that this genetically modified plant was give three hundred percent yield is actually not surviving until harvest .
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If that is the case , what the engineer would do is analyze the problem at hand and point out exactly which part of the solution needs to be modified .
+A 12 12|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another aspect of great engineers is their ability to optimize processes .
+
+S This includes less useless waste , more recyclable waste material and high productivity .
+
+S So any engineering process can be continuously modified into a faster , better and greener one .
+
+S It is self-explanatory that every engineering design process is naturally a cyclic process .
+
+S There is no definite correct solution for the question at hand .
+
+S With the many possible solutions , what a smart engineer does he figures the best solution and introduces the best way of executing it , so that the need is fulfilled immediately and effectively .
+A 11 13|||R:OTHER|||is to figure|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:PART|||out|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:SVA|||introduce|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The process of developing a new product based on innovation is not an easy task for the innovators .
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The innovators , who are normally work under Research and Development department , have to recognize the needs from the public or through research , are require to spend countless days and nights to understand the problems , to produce solutions to the problems , to convert the solutions into practical products and to commercialize them .
+A 0 2|||U:DET|||Innovators|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:OTHER|||and are required|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:VERB:FORM|||required|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By diffusion and adoption of the innovation products by the public or specific users , the innovators have to face the consequences .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||Through distribution|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These are not the only challenges that the innovators are going to deal with .
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order to process from the initial stage of innovation development to the final stage , the most important issue is to have a huge sum of fund for development and commercial purposes .
+A 3 4|||R:MORPH|||proceed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So , the manufacture company , for example , the company that the innovators are working for , is one of the major investors that is providing the fund .
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Innovators required development fund in order to obtain their needs , such as hardware equipments , to work on their prototypes .
+A 1 2|||R:MORPH|||require|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB|||meet|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But at times , there are some critical situations that happen or affect to the manufacturing company , the innovators somehow get to be involve too .
+A 4 11|||R:OTHER|||critical situations can happen to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||; then|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB|||need|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , if the manufacturing company did not earn profit in the market , then in order to reduce the cost and prevent the loss from getting worse , the manufacturing company has to stop funding the innovators for their prototypes development .
+A 40 43|||R:OTHER|||the development of their prototypes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Then the innovators have to stop all works for the development .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||work|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For another example , during this recent economic downturn , most of the major manufacturing companies are slowing down in manufacturing productions and releasing of new products .
+A 21 22|||R:OTHER|||existing products|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This shows that the manufacturing companies are trying to reduce the unnecessary burden to maintain the companies ' stand .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , this is one of the major factors that will definitely affect the innovators from developing innovation products .
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another challenge that the innovators need to be concern about is commercializing the finalize products .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:FORM|||concerned|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:FORM|||finalized|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this final stage , it is all about how packaging , marketing and distribution of the products .
+A 9 10|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are cases that marketing department do not wish to market the innovated products due to various reasons .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||where|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||departments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , the marketing department thinks that the innovated products are not relevant to what the company is selling .
+A 9 10|||R:ADJ|||new|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the innovated products are unable to meet the consumers .
+A 3 4|||R:ADJ|||new|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB|||reach|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another example is the marketing department has set the price of the innovated product too high ; therefore , they fail to obtain the sales target for the selling the innovated product .
+A 3 3|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:ADJ|||new|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:OTHER|||it fails|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:ADJ|||new|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So , this is another major factor that the innovators have to face .
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB|||consider|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In brief , innovators have to face many challenges when they want to develop the products .
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||new|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They have to obtain fund from the investors in order to develop their innovation prototypes and require help from the marketing department to have their innovation products for sales in the marketplace .
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , these procedures might become another challenges for the innovators .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||challenge|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Title : Obstacles for engineering design in China
+
+S Engineering design is defined as a process that brings ideas or theories into physical representations which satisfies human needs .
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:SVA|||satisfy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In an engineering design , there are usually five steps : define problems , gather related information , generate various solutions , analyze and select a solution and test and modify the solution .
+
+S Because Engineering designs are always related to real problem , during the five processes , the obstacles they face are more than theories and calculations on paper .
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||engineering|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The obstacles for engineering designs may differ from nation to nation .
+
+S In my home country , China , the two most representative problems are political issues and financial issues .
+
+S Political issues usually become realized in the beginning and final steps , especially in the last step .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||relevant|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the beginning step , we have to define the problem in a clear and unambiguous way .
+
+S Besides , a clear recognition of the real need is also important .
+
+S However , in some cities of China , the government wants to minimize the time spending on problem solving process to show their ability in handling problems and force the engineers to skip the first step or just accept the information the government provides .
+A 28 28|||M:ADV|||thus|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:VERB:SVA|||forces|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And in the end such a design may turn to be useless as it does not meet people 's demand .
+A 0 2|||U:CONJ|||In|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:PART|||out|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the last step of design , political issues also disturb the process significantly .
+A 9 9|||M:VERB:TENSE|||can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB|||disrupt|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , in my hometown Harbin , the government decided to develop an underground traffic system .
+
+S This design was welcomed by most of the citizens and the whole design process was carefully carried out .
+
+S However , when the design had been carried out for a few weeks , it was stopped .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||after|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government 's explanation was because of safety consideration for earthquakes and some other disasters .
+A 5 7|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But such explanation was of non-sense as the engineers did not see such possibility during their designing ; otherwise the design would not be carried out at all .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some evidences showed that the reason of halt of work was that the higher level of authorities thought an underground traffic system was not necessary for Harbin .
+A 6 7|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this example , there is nothing wrong with the original design work , but the design still can not be carried out due to political inconsistent between the city government and higher level authorities .
+A 26 27|||R:MORPH|||inconsistency|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The similarities of political obstacles in both two steps are that such problems can not be easily solved by the engineering group , in other words , the political problems are unavoidable to some degree .
+A 22 23|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another problem , financial issue , is quite common during design process .
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It affects the analyzing and test step most seriously though it can affect almost every step of design work .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||testing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For most design work , the engineers are always employed by some organizations or companies .
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:ADV|||usually|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Without financial support , the collection of relative information and research of the various solutions have to be done in a simpler manner , and may lead to the final failure of a design project .
+
+S During these two steps , different solutions should be carried out in a smaller scale to examine their characteristics and to test their performance in order to make a decision .
+
+S If not enough fund is provided , the experiment may not be as precise as it should be to minimize the cost .
+
+S Such simplification may lead to an incorrect choice .
+
+S Besides , the lack of financial support or sudden stop in the financial support may even lead to the incomplete of a project .
+A 19 20|||R:MORPH|||incompletion|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , there is one half-built bridge near my home .
+
+S It was hamstrung by lack of funds .
+
+S Compared to the political issues , the financial problem affects more steps and more common around the world .
+A 13 13|||M:VERB|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But engineers still can do little to avoid such problems
+
+S In conclusion , the two most significant problems that hamper the engineering design process are political and financial problems .
+
+S Both of these two problems , though affecting different processes , can lead to a completely failure of a project .
+A 1 4|||R:OTHER|||these|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:MORPH|||complete|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , governments and authorities should pay more attention to these problems in order to get better design work for the country .
+
+S Legend has it that the world is created by God .
+
+S This may be true ; however , God did n't give us a perfect world .
+
+S Humankind always has needs and demands because people want to lead more comfortable and easier life .
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So , they try to invent things which could help them achieve their goals .
+
+S Therefore , in modern society , engineering has become more important ; the role of an engineer is to design a safe and efficient product or a system that minimizes the damages to the environment or brings benefits to the human kind .
+
+S There are various fields which engineering plays an important role in our daily lives , such as entertainment , healthcare , transportation , real estate , and so on .
+A 4 4|||M:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As what Khandani ( 2005 ) said , a company 's survival depends on whether its products are in high demand by the society or not .
+A 0 7|||R:OTHER|||According to Khandani ( 2005 )|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Most companies are more interested to invent entertainment electronic goods such as flat LCD screens , smaller and smaller mp3/mp4 players , touch screen hand phones , more portable laptops , and so on which are most demanded in the market .
+A 36 38|||R:OTHER|||in greatest demand|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Though these products are highly sought-after and trendy , they are not the most essential things to people unlike healthcare products .
+
+S For example , a person can lead his life peacefully without a laptop or hand phone , but , can a person survive happily with the absence of good health ?
+
+S The answer should be 'No ' as health is the first priority in a person 's life .
+
+S If a person is feeling unwell , he will have no mood to enjoy any other facilities and products .
+
+S Thus , one current human need that should be given priority is nothing else than healthcare products .
+
+S Among quite a number of healthcare products available in market , prosthetic limbs play one the most important roles .
+A 15 15|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Prosthetic limbs are artificial legs or arms which replace the missing parts of the body .
+
+S They are needed for various reasons , including congenital defects , accidents or because of some diseases .
+A 13 15|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Losing a body part can make a person 's life miserable .
+
+S They may lose not only mobility but also self-confidence .
+
+S In this case , prosthetics limbs can help those disabled people to regain their mobility and confidence .
+
+S So , designing the prosthetic limbs should be encouraged as it can really change a person 's life .
+
+S According to Khandani ( 2005 ) ,to design an efficient and safe artificial limb may usually need five basic design processes which are defining the problem , gathering pertinent information , generating possible solutions , analyzing and selecting the best possible solution and finally testing and implementing it .
+A 21 21|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When defining the problem , the cost , safety and liability , comfort , ergonomic and simplicity must be taken into account .
+
+S For example , most of the disabled can not afford to spend a lot of money on those prosthetic limbs or some of them have an allergy to the materials used in the product .
+
+S Before considering the possible solutions , we need to collect all the information that relates to the problem so that we can avoid redefinition and wasting time .
+
+S After we confirm that the problem is real and a new solution is needed , we then proceed to step 3 in which we have to brainstorm the multiple solutions .
+
+S In this step , we can do it in two ways : to improve the existing idea by finding out the weaknesses or to come up with a totally new and creative idea by researching and testing .
+
+S Once we have alternative solutions to the design problem , we can analyze them and decide which one should be the most suitable for the needs .
+
+S Finally , we can implement and test the design we have chosen and if we find any problems , we can go back to step 4 and select another solution .
+
+S Well designed prosthetic legs can give a disabled person a new taste of life .
+
+S According to the article about an amputee sprinter , Oscar Pistorius , who does not have both legs but wants to take part in 2008 Olympics with his J-shaped blades ( artificial legs ) made of carbon fibers , confidently said that " there is nothing he can not do that able-bodied athletes can do .
+
+S " This is the proof that how a successful design can be beneficial to a needy person .
+A 5 6|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To sum up , apart from the prosthetic legs , there are still many other areas in healthcare industry that need to be improved such as artificial kidney , artificial hearts , pacemakers , medical imaging and diagnosis devices which are very advantageous to humankind .
+
+S Government should also more encouraging the research and development of these products .
+A 0 1|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Governments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 5|||R:OTHER|||encourage more|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the systematic design processing , there will be more upcoming amazing healthcare products in the future .
+
+S In present days , engineers need to be creative and innovative in order to come up with new products .
+
+S However , there are many problems that will hinder the engineering design process .
+
+S We will focus our attention on the component decision process which will determine the type of raw materials to be used and the safety of the end product .
+
+S The cost of raw materials has risen significantly from the year 2003 to year 2009 and it has affected the electronics supply chain .
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We will look at two very important components in the manufacture of electronic components , gold and copper .
+
+S The price of gold has risen from about US $ 380/troy ounce in June 2003 to about US $ 960/troy ounce in June 2009 ( " Trend " ) .1 Gold is a very important component in electrical conductivity and thus often used in contact points such as the communicating interface between the graphics card and the motherboard .
+A 41 41|||M:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence designs that need large amount of gold may not be feasible .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another component is copper .
+
+S Copper has good electrical conductivity which allows the conductor channel lengths and widths to be significantly reduced .
+
+S This results in faster operating speed and greater circuit integration .
+
+S However , the price of copper has risen from about US $ 1900/tonne in June 2003 to about US $ 6200/tonne in June 2009 ( " Trend " ) .1
+
+S When engineers turn to other types of cheaper materials , some functions and accuracy of the end product may be sacrificed .
+
+S However , if the engineers were to stick to their original design , the cost of the end product will be high .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The high cost of the product may deter possible customers and in the end , the profit of the company will drop .
+
+S Next we will look at product safety .
+
+S The main idea of safety in a product is to ensure that the utilization of the product does not cause any injury or death to the user .
+
+S One example would be the grounding of electronic devices .
+
+S When electronic devices are not grounded properly , there is a probability that the user might get an electric shock when he/she accidentally come into contact with the device .
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:SVA|||comes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If the current is very strong , there is even a chance that the user may die .
+
+S Another example would be the cases of Apple 's iPhone .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||case|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are many reports around the internet and on newspaper stating that some users ' iPhone exploded and the main cause is due to the overheating of the lithium- ion battery .
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||iPhones|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lithium-ion battery has a temperature tolerance of about 60OC and anything above that will make the battery unsafe for use and in the worst case scenario ; the battery explodes , causing injury or death to the user .
+A 20 27|||R:OTHER|||. In the worst case scenario ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hazardous product can tarnish the reputation of the company and sometimes even result in the loss of innocent lives .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||products|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus it is very important for engineers to do repeated trial test of the product to ensure that it is free of faults .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||tests|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From the points above , we can see that due to the increasing price of raw materials , it is very difficult to come up with new products consistently as it is very costly to build them .
+
+S High selling price of the product will often deter potential customers and hence result in a fall of profit .
+
+S Lastly , engineers must ensure that the product must be safe to use or it will end up not only spoiling the reputation of the company , it may even injure or kill someone .
+A 8 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 33|||R:OTHER|||but even injuring or killing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S 1 " Trends in the Costs of Raw Materials .
+
+S " 2003-2009
+
+S .
+
+S Engineering design process can be defined as a process fused by fellow engineers in the aid of developing either an entirely new system or improvising on the current on to cater to desired deeds .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The engineering|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 34|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This process has always been seen indispensable as part of the country 's economical growth in the manufacturing sector .
+A 6 6|||M:PREP|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 10|||R:OTHER|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:MORPH|||economic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the results of the recent National Innovation System ( NIS ) survey show that Singapore has a long way to go in its development of an innovation-based economy , especially in comparison to the other OECD countries .
+
+S As we understand the relevance and importance of engineering design , we will come to realize that in reality there are several factors that preventing the progress of engineering design .
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:FORM|||prevent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , engineering design process has come to incur excessive costs .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||processes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 8|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Due to high global demand in the world 's limited natural raw materials , the prices of copper and silicon have rocketed sky high .
+
+S Engineering processes for innovations such as the wafer fabrication and semi-conductor industries are directly affected by the prices of the raw materials .
+
+S As a result , research and development in these fields have become way costlier compared to previous years .
+A 10 10|||M:NOUN|||today|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:ADV|||significantly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:ADJ:FORM|||more costly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:OTHER|||R & D costs in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In Singapore , there is only a certain fixed amount in the country 's national budget allocated of the research and development sector .
+A 5 6|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is more expensive to conduct creative engineering research ; therefore it is inevitable that a slight reluctance in contributing more assets to engineering design by the government ; the reality of the support given by the government is weak .
+A 0 1|||M:PREP|||Since it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:OTHER|||there would be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:OTHER|||on the part of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 29|||M:OTHER|||hence ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 33|||R:OTHER|||actual|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , the government has also other financial plans in spending their resources .
+A 4 6|||R:WO|||also has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||areas|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||to spend|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some feel that in these tough economical times , it is wiser to splurge the money on restructuring the economy or providing more incentives to instill entrepreneurship , rather than investing in research in engineering design .
+A 6 7|||R:MORPH|||economic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB|||spend|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:VERB|||encourage|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , the area of innovative research and development in engineering is not driven in full swing .
+A 14 15|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , the amount of creative people in Singapore is small , which may be a major reason for the hampering of innovative engineering design .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN|||number|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The population of Singapore is scarce compared to other countries in the region .
+A 5 6|||R:ADJ|||small|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In countries like China and India , their population amount to billions whereas the population of Singapore is only 4.5 million .
+A 7 8|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN|||numbers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The fact that Singapore has limited human resource limits the number of creative people in the country .
+
+S For example , five percent of the population in Singapore is 1000 times lesser than five percent of the population in the China .
+A 13 14|||R:ADJ:FORM|||less|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , the number of creative Singaporeans would be much lower relative to other countries .
+
+S Although there are many Singaporean-based driven engineering design projects like NEWater plants , much of our economical success due to engineering design is highly dependent on other countries .
+A 16 17|||R:MORPH|||economic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 22|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , most of our latest mass spectrometry equipment used in the area of engineering design is largely obtained from Germany .
+
+S In areas of mechanical engineering , our latest machineries are either bought or are replicas from the models in Japan .
+A 12 12|||M:PREP|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The impact on having a limited amount of creative people has resulted in Singapore having to resort to buying foreign-based engineering design equipment from overseas .
+A 2 3|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN|||number|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , even though we realize the importance of engineering design processes in innovation , there are still problems like rising costs and population scarcity problem that hinders the progress of the engineering process .
+A 26 27|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Serendipity is usually defined as a discovery under an accidental case , and it often results the invention of a new technology .
+A 5 11|||R:OTHER|||the phenomenon of making an unintentional discovery|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One typical example is the invention of " post-it " notes .
+
+S Serendipity-based technology has some similarities and differences with technology developed through research , for example : the technology of refrigerator .
+A 0 7|||R:OTHER|||There are some similarities and differences between serendipity-based technology|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 16|||R:OTHER|||such as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||used in a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , both serendipity-based technology and technology developed via research are initiated by the realization of problems and needs .
+
+S When people encounter problems or have demands on certain things , usually they will try to solve the problems through research and development .
+A 5 8|||R:OTHER|||demand|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 14|||R:WO|||they will usually|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The invention of refrigerator was around 1910s as before that , people had faced the problem of food storage in summer when there was no icehouse could be used .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||came about|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 11|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were facing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 24|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Research and development had been done to solve this problem and eventually boosted the invention of refrigerator .
+A 3 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB|||carried out|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||resulted in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is how most conventional technologies been invented .
+A 6 6|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Similarly , bearing the problems and needs in mind , when unexpected experiment or research results come up to the researchers or scientists , accidentally they would just apply these to solve some other problems totally unrelated .
+A 16 17|||R:VERB|||turn|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 26|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 35|||M:OTHER|||which may be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 37|||M:OTHER|||to their initial research objectives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Post-it note was invented in this way according to Rogers .
+A 0 0|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S 3M , famous Scotch tape company , discovered an unsuccessful bonding agent that could not stick paper tightly hundreds years ago .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 5|||R:NOUN|||cellotape|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the 3M researchers found out this failed bonding agent was suitable for attaching notes which satisfy many people 's needs .
+A 6 7|||R:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:TENSE|||satisfied|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus post-it note was invented from this idea .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this manner , many other serendipitous technologies have been discovered and solved many irrelevant problems .
+A 12 12|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , it is fair to say that either conventional technology or serendipitous technology is stimulated by the realization of problems and needs .
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||both|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , another similarity between conventional technology and serendipitous technology is the process of development and commercialization .
+A 0 1|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After discovering the creative inventions from either research or serendipity , the more important step is the integration of the inventions .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||the discovery of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Under this process , the attractiveness and practicality of the inventions will be improved such that they could be converted into useful products which accepted by most people .
+A 0 1|||R:PREP|||In|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:TENSE|||can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If the refrigerator was remained as it was invented in 1910s and no further development has been made to improve its quality , the refrigerator would just be an unsuccessful invention due to its low efficiency and high cost .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After converting the new technology into useful products , it comes to the process of marketing .
+A 2 3|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||a useful product|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S How other people get to know your products and been convinced to use them .
+A 6 6|||M:PREP|||about|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:FORM|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Like what 3M researcher did , they sent their post-it products to Fortune 500 Company 's president and secretary to publicize their products .
+A 0 5|||R:OTHER|||For example|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||the 3M researchers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:NOUN:POSS|||companies '|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||presidents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||secretaries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Finally 3M achieved a huge success as its products were world-famous through Fortune 500 Company .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB|||became|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||companies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From these two examples above , it is clear that another similarity between conventional technology and serendipitous technology is the process of development and commercialization which involved a lot of hard work .
+A 4 5|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:VERB:TENSE|||involve|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides the similarities , there are some differences between research-based technology and serendipitous technology .
+
+S Firstly and most significantly , for conventional technology , a process of research is required .
+
+S Research is usually based on certain organizations and it requires some time , funds and resources before the researchers can finally obtain the expected results .
+A 4 5|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For the invention of refrigerator , many companies like : General Electric , Kelvinator and Postum , did organized the research group to invent and develop refrigerator .
+A 0 1|||R:PREP|||In|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:NUM|||groups|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , for serendipitous technology , research is not a necessary process .
+
+S Many new ideas may just generate from daily life , some mistakes made accidentally or during research for other technology .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||be generated|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For the post-it pads , its idea was just generated from the failed product when 3M researches tried to invent new bonding agent .
+A 1 1|||M:OTHER|||instance ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 7|||R:OTHER|||idea of the post-it pads|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN|||attempt|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , serendipitous new ideas can be generated by anyone .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||In addition|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The only challenge is whether or not they can grab the opportunity and do further development to make the ideas into useful technologies .
+
+S Yet for conventional technology , it is limited to people with professional knowledge , like : researchers or scientists .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||However|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 16|||R:OTHER|||like|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , although serendipitous technology seems easier than research-based technology for research process , it still requires a lot of hard work to further develop it and one should acquire the essential knowledge before he know how the unexpected discoveries can been used to solve the problems we faced .
+A 8 8|||M:VERB|||to achieve|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:OTHER|||still needs to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:PRON|||one|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 36|||M:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 46 47|||R:OTHER|||existing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 48 50|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , a serendipitous technology can be seen as a conventional technology with less research .
+A 12 12|||M:VERB|||obtained|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Social Barrier for Innovation
+
+S With the rapid development of modern society , engineering innovation is of increasingly great importance to the global community and human beings .
+
+S In different parts of the world , however , there are various factors which slow down the process of industrial designing , and China , my home country , can not make an exception .
+A 29 33|||R:OTHER|||is no|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Compared to technical reasons , social reasons are the main obstacles for inventions , and finance and education stand out from all these reasons .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||Instead of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 8|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:ADJ|||innovative|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN|||funding|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||the educational background of the Chinese|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 24|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Concerning financial difficulty in engineering innovation , there are two aspects .
+A 0 11|||R:OTHER|||There are two aspects with regard to the problem of funding for engineering innovation.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First of all , the biggest problem is the whole country lacking money .
+A 5 6|||R:ADJ:FORM|||bigger|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:FORM|||lacks|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As most people know , China , like most of the developing countries , is not as rich as the developed countries , such as Singapore .
+
+S Making creations is quite a money-consuming job , so engineers in China are faced with the difficulty that there is not enough money put into innovating industries .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||Developing new inventions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 7|||R:OTHER|||requires substantial funding|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 20|||R:OTHER|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||R:OTHER|||insufficient|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN|||funding|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 25|||R:OTHER|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The present focus of China is the efficiency of production .
+
+S Thus , more resources are distributed to production instead of innovation .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB|||allocated|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides the first problem , the second one related to finance is that the average income of common Chinese people is relatively low .
+A 0 4|||R:OTHER|||Second|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S An industrial invention needs users immediately after it is created by engineers or it may soon fall out of the market and then eliminated by the society .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||to be marketed successfully|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 27|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Chinese engineers are not short of fantastic innovating ideas but market .
+A 2 6|||R:OTHER|||do not lack|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:MORPH|||innovative|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||they lack the market for their innovations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The electrical and the gas cars have been applied for some time .
+A 0 1|||M:OTHER|||For example , the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||on the market|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Over 10 years ago , some states in the U.S. decided that 10 % of the total number of cars must be environmentally friendly , that is to say , cars running on electricity or gas .
+A 27 29|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Rogers , 2003 ) Up to now , in China , only some public buses in Beijing run on gas whose fuel is supported by the government .
+
+S This comparison does not mean that Chinese people are ignoring the environment but most of us can not afford an electrical or a gas car which is far more expensive than a common one using gasoline as fuel .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Very similar to the non- polluting cars , China also has lots of creative engineering innovations , but due to higher cost than old products of the same kind , they can not be accepted by the market .
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||case of the non-polluting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||R:OTHER|||many|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:OTHER|||compared to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This problem greatly slows down the pace of creation and invention in China .
+
+S Apart from finance , education is another factor that can not be ignored .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||the issue of funding|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||the educational background of the Chinese|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Chinese education has a history of over 2000 years .
+A 0 1|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Through the thousands of years , most Chinese scholars are greatly affected by the Confucianism .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the core theories is to teach people to obey the rules and regulations .
+A 5 5|||M:OTHER|||of which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Innovation , to some degree , is like breaking the old rules and regulations and creating something new .
+
+S This is , in fact , not encouraged by the traditional idea of Chinese people .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN|||philosophy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , people with Chinese educational background tend to apply the old inventions better than create new ones by themselves .
+
+S It is very complicated to find out reasons hindering innovation in China while finance and education do have some effect on it .
+A 12 22|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Despite the obstacles mentioned above , China is now moving its focus to build an innovation-encouraged society .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB|||encourage|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:ADJ|||innovative|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I believe these problems obstructing engineering innovation will be solved in the near future .
+A 0 0|||M:OTHER|||Thus ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference : 1 .
+
+S Rogers , E.M. ( 2003 ) .
+
+S Opinion leaders and mavens in the diffusion of electric cars .
+
+S In Diffusion of innovations ( pp.87-89 ) .
+
+S New York : Free Press .
+
+S 2 .
+
+S Khandani , S. ( 2005 ) .
+
+S Engineering design process .
+
+S Retrieved June 29 , 2009 , from http : //www.iisme.org/etp/HS % 20Engineering- % 20Engineering.pdf
+
+S In today 's context where failures are condemned and successes are applauded , scientists , researchers and engineers are expected to discover new technologies and innovations which are exact and practical the first time round .
+
+S This is also illuminated in organisations and bureaucracies , which are structured to provide stability and continuity , being inflexible towards nurturing innovations ( Rogers , 2003 ) because failures will tarnish their reputations .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB|||emphasised|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Henceforth , inventors with company leaders begin to adopt a secretive approach towards inventions and they go " underground " for research and development .
+A 0 1|||R:ADV|||Hence|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 6|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have begun|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is termed as skunkwork .
+
+S Understanding the differences and similarities between such a path that inventors take and conventionally generated technologies will help us to better appreciate their efforts & the hardships they had to go through in their endeavours .
+A 28 29|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Despite their seemingly fishy name , skunkworks are actually maintained and driven by professional individuals , highly trained in specific fields , similar to personnel who are involved in conventionally generated technologies .
+
+S During the pioneer year of the National University of Singapore 's Formula Society of Automotive Engineering ( NUS FSAE ) , outstanding undergraduates who show exceptional talents and skills among their peers were being selected to work on a new project of building an eco-friendly race car to compete on the international platform .
+A 0 1|||M:OTHER|||For instance , during|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Having considered the uncertainties and their inexperience towards the new project , the team had to keep a low profile and work behind closed doors as the university 's reputation was at stake if they were to fail .
+
+S Another similarity between skunkworks and conventionally generated technologies will be that both are given adequate funds and resources by the authority to maintain their operations .
+A 8 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:OTHER|||their sponsors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Being a highly classified project , the Lockheed 's Advanced Development Projects Division , a American aerospace company was funded by the government to develop the latest aircraft to fight in World War two ( Roger , 2003 ) .
+A 0 1|||M:OTHER|||For example , being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:OTHER|||II|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Likewise , the Singapore government has also invested heavily on the transportation system in her plan to build better and cost efficient MRT stations over the next 6 years ( STBT , September 2009 ) .
+A 20 20|||M:ADJ|||more|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The provision of funds and resources are critical towards the productivity of researches and innovations .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN|||research projects|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , in order to escape routine organizational procedures , inventors and researches working in skunkwork environment are more often abused in contrast to the people working under conventional system .
+A 12 13|||R:MORPH|||researchers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:MORPH|||skunkworks|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:PREP|||within|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is because , with little supervision , working conditions and workplace safety are often unregulated and compromised .
+
+S The creation of the Macintosh was the collaborated effort of fifty computer designers who worked day and night under an abusive and aggressive leadership ( Roger , 2003 ) .
+A 0 1|||M:OTHER|||For example , the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , under the conventional system , innovators are supposed to abide to strict workplace safety , guidelines and routine organizational procedures .
+A 5 6|||R:PREP|||within|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They work under conducive environment to accomplish their tasks .
+A 2 3|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To conclude , both skunkworks and conventionally generated technologies are undertaken by a group of professionals who are given adequate funds and resources .
+
+S However , they receive different forms of treatments and work under different environments .
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is to meet the society 's expectation for them to come out with inventions which are correct the first time round .
+A 12 13|||R:PART|||up|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:ADJ|||workable|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References Roger , E. M. ( 2003 ) .
+
+S The generation of innovations , 8 Straits Times Business Times ( September 2009 ) .
+
+S Two downtown line contracts awarded .
+
+S doi : STBT000020090901e5920000k
+
+S From past to present , many important innovations have surfaced .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some of these innovations were shaped by technology while others were created from the needs and desires of society .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A crucial invention which has eased man 's ways of living is the aircraft .
+
+S According to ( AVIATION , 2009 ) " Centuries of dreaming preceded the first successful flight " which suggests that the basis of this innovation was from man 's dream to fly like birds they see in the sky .
+A 2 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 33|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence aircrafts were a socially determined technology which has developed over time , catering to the needs of humanity .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , military aspects were crucial in shaping the aircraft .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN|||factor|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Planes of present versus those in the past show a noticeable improvement in agility and speed .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In World War I ( WWI ) for example , planes were fairy slower and more bulky , as mentioned by ( AVIATION , 2009 ) " Huge biplane bombers with two , three , or four engines were introduced in World War I " .
+A 7 7|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:ADV|||fairly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 26|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the military learnt from the fighting techniques used in combats during WWI and required aircrafts able to negotiate tighter turns and break the speed of sound so as to evade enemies or catch up with them .
+A 17 17|||M:OTHER|||which were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S World War Two showed improvements in the design and ability of aircrafts , making them smaller and therefore swifter .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||II|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN|||capability|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Adding on , fighters of today are even more advanced and able to break the sound barrier .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||In addition|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Take for example the " F-15 Eagle , which excels at air-to-air defence tactics and has a maximum speed of over Mach 2.5 " or " the F-16 Falcon , a highly maneuverable all-purpose fighter-bomber " ( AIRPLANE , 2009 ) .
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These planes are not only a mark of development in speed but also in agility .
+A 3 9|||R:WO|||a mark of development not only|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Most importantly , we see that these needs of the military were a driving force behind the development and enhancement of the aircraft .
+A 6 7|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , social factors guided the growth of planes .
+A 4 4|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The globalised style of living which translates to the need to transport increasingly large numbers of passengers , and the need for fast delivery of goods or letters were some of the social issues that shaped the airplanes .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has translated|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:NOUN|||documents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 35|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 38|||R:NOUN:INFL|||airplane|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is noticeable that the size of commercial planes increased over the years in the response to meet the rise in global travelers .
+A 9 9|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the 1930 's , a DC-3 " carried 21 passengers " ( Commercial Aviation ) , while in the late 1950 's , the " DC-8 could carry 258 passengers " ( Commercial Aviation ) .
+
+S If we look at Airbus ' A380 in our world today , it carries up to " 525 " passengers ( A380 Family , 2009 ) .
+A 0 4|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A logical rationale for the creation of such a large capacity airplane would be the increased demand in air travel due to globalisation .
+
+S Moreover , the U.S. Post Office Department set the base for domestic airlines between 1918 and 1927 as mentioned by ( AIRPLANE , 2009 ; Commercial Aviation ) .
+A 7 10|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 29|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Likewise , in today 's world , global air freight agencies such as " DHL " or " Fedex " require planes able to travel long distances fast in order to ensure that mails or packages are delivered to end users in the shortest time possible .
+A 22 22|||M:OTHER|||that are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 37|||R:OTHER|||mail is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 41|||R:OTHER|||their recipients|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , it is evident that globalisation and the need to send parcels swiftly to customers have in a way shaped aircrafts .
+
+S In conclusion , the aircraft , a socially determined technology , has developed from its ancient clumsy and slow predecessors to their new age , swift and agile successors .
+A 5 5|||M:OTHER|||of today|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 25|||R:OTHER|||current|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:NOUN|||models|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These modifications were indeed not possible if not for the varying social as well as military requirements during different eras .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:VERB|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Sources : AVIATION, .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S History.com .
+
+S Retrieved 14 : 47 , Sep 4 , 2009 , from http : //www.history.com/encyclopedia.do ? articleId = 201891 .
+
+S AIRPLANE, .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S History.com .
+
+S Retrieved 15 : 00 , Sep 4 , 2009 , from http : //www.history.com/encyclopedia.do ? articleId = 200465 .
+
+S Commercial Aviation ( no year mentioned ) The history of aviation Retrieved 00 : 20 , Sep 5 , 2009 , from http : //history.sandiego.edu/gen/st/ ~ jgaffney/aviation/commercial.html
+
+S A380 Family ( 2009 ) Airbus.com Retrieved 00 : 50 , Sep 5 , http : //www.airbus.com/en/aircraftfamilies/a380/index2.html # 1
+
+S When there is a need for something , a technology is create to solve the problem .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:FORM|||created|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The same applies for an eco-friendly car .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||in the case of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are many factors that contribute to the creation of the eco-friendly car .
+
+S The factors are - political , economical , technological , environmental and social .
+A 6 7|||R:MORPH|||economic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In 2006 , a documentary film , An Inconvenient Truth , written by former United States Vice President Al Gore , has sparked a series of heated discussions after it was being screened in cinemas .
+A 21 22|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It sent a message to the world about the drastic environmental changes due to decades of environmental abuse by mankind and what will happen if we choose to ignore this issue .
+
+S Subsequent actions were taken by the American government to administer a regulation that car companies could only sell ninety percent of cars with normal machinations while the other ten percent had to be eco friendly cars .
+
+S This implies that automobile companies had to pull in large sums of money for research and development work to create and promote the sales of such cars .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||implied|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Without pressure from the government , no automobile company would have taken the initiative to manufacture and market out these vehicles .
+A 18 19|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:DET|||those|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Economic factors stressed the need for eco-friendly cars .
+A 0 1|||M:OTHER|||Today , economic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||also stress|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However the cost to finance this project will be high as much research and development have to be done .
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even though it is expensive to develop eco-friendly cars as they cost around two to three times more compared to gasoline powered cars ; however this move is vital due to the slow depletion of natural resources for vehicle consumption as it leads to the increment of fuel prices .
+A 23 24|||R:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 42|||R:OTHER|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the long run , it will not be economically viable to own a gasoline powered car .
+
+S The servicing costs are lower for eco-friendly cars that operate on electricity as compared to gasoline powered automobile with internal combustion engines .
+A 0 1|||M:OTHER|||One reason for this is that the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Compared to the fuel powered car , the eco-friendly car is at a losing end due to its speed , its mileage and time taken for battery charging .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||may be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:OTHER|||while|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Fuel powered cars are capable of running longer distances , do not require battery charging time and is capable of reaching maximum speeds within seconds .
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , eco-friendly car developers are constantly coming up with newer technologies to improve their cars hence in the near future these cars would definitely function just as well as the gasoline powered cars .
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||so that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:ADV|||likely|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the main purposes of the creation of eco friendly cars is due to environmental factors .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN|||factors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||eco-friendly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||factor|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The need to reduce pollution levels plays a very important role .
+A 11 11|||M:OTHER|||in the development of eco-friendly cars|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since the past decade , people are getting more conscious of the damages that we have been inflicting to the Earth .
+A 0 1|||R:PREP|||In|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB|||becoming|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||damage|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:ORTH|||earth|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As mentioned , the Inconvenient Truth has shown that there is a direct link between carbon emissions and the rising temperatures of the Earth .
+A 23 24|||R:ORTH|||earth|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Statistics have shown that in the past century , carbon emissions have sky rocketed to ridiculously high levels and carbon emissions mainly comes from us humans when we burn fossil fuels for our own usage .
+
+S As carbon dioxide " stocks up " in the atmosphere over years , it traps the Sun 's heat , thus creating global warming which eventually leads to various climate changes .
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:ORTH|||sun|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB|||causing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Using eco- friendly cars would reduce the carbon emissions per car drastically .
+
+S One of the first things we can do to help conserve the environment is to switch from gasoline cars to eco-friendly cars , that is if we already a car .
+A 22 30|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As awareness of the effects of climate changes grows , people realize that it is their social responsibility to try to undo the environment damages to the best their ability .
+A 23 25|||R:OTHER|||damage to the environment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence more people are seeking for greener alternatives .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even British Prime Minister , Gordon Brown has urged that all cars in Britain to be green by 2020 .
+A 7 7|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||should|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the creation of eco-friendly cars are shaped by the factors mentioned above and I believe that not only this creation is one of a kind ; it is here to stay and also one of the key creations for the future generations to further develop .
+A 21 24|||R:WO|||is this creation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 29|||M:OTHER|||but also that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:OTHER|||that it is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this rapid economic development of the 21st century , the demand for energy is increasing .
+A 0 1|||R:PREP|||Amidst|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the Earth can only provide our limited energy .
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||us|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We can not increase the amount of fossil fuel use .
+A 9 10|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Dwindling reserves of fossil fuels on the basis that no matter how slow this process may be , we need to look at other ways to produce energy .
+A 0 28|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , the use of renewable energy is very important , in our planet 's future development .
+A 10 11|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There many alternative source of energy can be used and applied in our life , such as solar energy , light energy , wind energy , water power and so on .
+A 1 1|||M:VERB|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||sources|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All of these alternative sources of energy not only help reduce our dependence on non-renewable energy sources , but also these renewable energy power generation processes are friendlier environment .
+A 0 9|||R:OTHER|||Not only do all these alternative sources of energy help|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 27|||R:OTHER|||but the power generation processes for renewable energy are also|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 29|||R:OTHER|||environmentally friendlier|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Currently , people realise the features of environmental protection and the economical efficiency of the solar energy ; the use of solar energy is made use of more and more widespread in the ordinary life .
+A 2 2|||M:PREP|||since|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||realised|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:MORPH|||economic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:OTHER|||it has become|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:ADJ|||everyday|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Energy from the sun 's rays is known a very environmentally friendly which is a clean form of energy .
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||to be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||as it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order to produce electricity or thermal energy , only the sunlight is needed .
+
+S There is no need to use sunlight to generate electricity with fossil fuels , or thermal energy ; only a solar collector and solar panels are needed to energy into electricity .
+A 0 18|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:VERB|||convert|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another advantage is that it costs less than conventional power generation and heating .
+
+S The feature of heating energy not only can help people save a lot of money for conventional electricity .
+A 0 18|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In return a lower tariff will be received , but also means that no need to have to maintain the heaters .
+A 2 8|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||there is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , solar energy is not in the evening , so that energy storage is an important issue to provide a continuous supply of energy .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||available|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:PART|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:FORM|||providing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order to keep providing heating , there is an efficient method to store solar energy by using heat-of-fusion units which use chemicals to change water to a solid form .
+A 7 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:VERB|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is similar to a packed bed , but the liquid absorbs the sun 's rays and then the chemicals convert the liquid to a solid so it traps the energy .
+A 0 7|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||except that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Then the incidental heat traps are installed to warm the floor and house .
+
+S A stone floor is required so that the heat can come into the window and be absorbed into the stone floor .
+
+S The floor is warm during the day but cools in the evening as the heat from the floor rises up and warms the house during the evening .
+
+S Although there is a limitation of requiring stone floor for those people whose floors are wooden , for most people research objectives , this method can gain the most efficient result .
+A 0 32|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Engineering Design Processes Help Solve the Problem of Energy Shortage
+
+S The 21st century is faced with a severe problem of global energy shortage .
+A 1 1|||M:OTHER|||world in the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Industries require resources such as electricity , oil and petroleum for varies outputs .
+A 11 12|||R:MORPH|||various|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The rate of energy consumption by human is much higher than what nature is able to produce .
+A 0 1|||M:OTHER|||However , the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||humans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the last decade has witnessed the increasing energy price due to insufficient supply of energy .
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||prices|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , the oil price increased from $ 15.77/bbl in 1998 to $ 91.35/bbl in 2008 ( InflationData.com ) .
+
+S The 479 % jump within 10 years implies that actions must be taken to solve the problem .
+
+S According to Khandani ( 2005 ) , engineering design activities are conducted in order to meet human needs .
+
+S In response to energy shortage , engineers design more efficient products and systems .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are designing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Among the solutions such as establishing energy-intense industry and recycling natural resources , finding alterative resources seems to be the best solution to provide sustainable supply of energy for varies industries .
+A 5 8|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:FORM|||providing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:MORPH|||various|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To begin with , there are many possibilities for alternative energy resources .
+
+S Natural movements such as tide , wind and wave can all be used for generating power .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||the waves|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The solar technology , which converts the radiant light from the Sun into heat , can also be applied to many industries .
+A 0 1|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:ORTH|||sun|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nuclear power is more widely accepted and used as well .
+
+S International energy agency reports that 2.1 % of energy and 15 % of electricity are provided worldwide by nuclear power in the year 2005 ( Key World Energy Statistics , 2007 ) .
+A 0 0|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 3|||R:ORTH|||Energy Agency|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||all|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||all|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It shows that nuclear power may gradually replace traditional oil and petroleum .
+A 0 1|||R:PRON|||This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , non-traditional renewable energy such as hydrogen fuel and biodiesel are studied by engineering researchers and they may be put into practice for real industries someday in the future .
+
+S Although it seems very optimistic that many potential alternative energy resources can be found , there are , in fact , other economic and social constrains faced by engineers .
+A 25 26|||R:NOUN|||constraints|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First of all , the costs of new energies , such as solar electricity are much higher , compared with traditional ones .
+A 9 10|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Second , alternative energy development may cause unexpected pollutions .
+
+S For instant , in the process of consuming hydrogen fuel , greenhouse gasses will be generated , which may contribute to global warming .
+A 1 2|||R:MORPH|||instance|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||gases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Third , natural energy resources such as wind energy and wave power can only be used in large countries with sufficient land and water ; thus , small countries may encounter energy dependence on outer resource and forced to pay much more for energy supply .
+A 34 35|||R:ADJ|||external|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:NOUN:NUM|||resources|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 37|||M:VERB:TENSE|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 44 45|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To further improve the solution of solving the problem of energy shortage by using alternative energies , it requires more efforts by engineers .
+A 4 14|||R:OTHER|||usage of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A more efficient way of generating renewable energy needs to be developed in order to lower the market price .
+
+S Zero carbon technology is encouraged in response to the concern of climate change .
+A 0 1|||M:OTHER|||In addition , zero|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||should be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||concerns|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To conclude , engineering design process can be applied to help solve the current problem of global energy shortage .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||processes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A variety of natural and renewable energies can be considered as alternative energy resources .
+
+S If engineers are capable of introducing environmental friendly energies with reasonable cost and sufficient quality , we can expect a future balance between energy consumption and energy supply .
+A 6 7|||R:MORPH|||environmentally|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S Historical Crude Oil Prices ( Table ) .
+
+S Inflationdata.com .
+
+S Retrieved 4 September 2009 from { http : //www.inflationdata.com/inflation/Inflation_Rate/Historical_Oil_Prices_Table.asp } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.inflationdata.com/inflation/Inflation_Rate/Historical_Oil_Prices_Table.asp ]
+
+S { Key World Energy Statistics .
+
+S ( 2007 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2007/key_stats_2007.pdf ] ) .
+
+S { International Energy Agency } [ HYPERLINK : http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Energy_Agency ] .
+
+S Retrieved 4 September 2009 from { http : //www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2007/key_stats_2007.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2007/key_stats_2007.pdf ] .
+
+S Khandani .
+
+S S. ( 2005 ) .
+
+S Engineering Design Process .
+
+S Retrieved 29 June , 2009 from http : //www.iisme.org/etp/HS % 20Engineering- % 20Engineering.pdf
+
+S Technologies are always developed to cater certain needs of people , whether to provide better methods of doing things or to develop tools that facilitate working and living .
+A 2 3|||R:ADV|||usually|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Technologies are also consistently refined to meet changing needs of customers .
+
+S This also applies to virtual technology , which was developed under a specific social and technological background and was evolved to meet increasing needs under a changing environment .
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||within|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN|||context|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Virtual technology was first developed to address needs of extensive communications .
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||the need|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By the 20th century , with the development of modern technology , communications had been made more and more convenient .
+
+S Such excitements brought by modern technologies had boomed the demand for more extensive interactions , not only with friends but also with strangers .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||excitement|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB|||increased|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S At the same time , new technologies had also brought privacy into people 's consideration .
+A 7 8|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 15|||R:OTHER|||raised the issue of privacy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , it was not surprised to observe an increasing need for a convenient and cost effective platform where a large group of people are able to communicate , transcending geographic barriers , while retaining a certain level of independence and privacy at the same time .
+A 5 6|||R:ADJ:FORM|||surprising|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To address such increasing social needs , the concept of a virtual world was taken into consideration .
+A 14 17|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Virtual technology has been designed with a series of unique properties to address the observed social needs by engaging a large user population .
+A 2 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 4|||M:ADV|||first|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A multi-user online environment was created , allowing a large group of people to get connected at the same time .
+
+S This has made interactions among a great number of users become possible .
+A 1 2|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The user-friendly operation platform designed has made virtual world more accepted by the public and the simplified operation process has also made virtual technology more adaptable to lay men .
+A 5 6|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN|||navigation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:ADJ|||accessible|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 29|||R:OTHER|||IT laymen|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , with the establishment of facilities and the popularization of computers , virtual technology has become more and more accessible and has engaged increasing number of people .
+A 16 18|||R:VERB:TENSE|||became|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:NOUN:NUM|||numbers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The low cost of virtual technology , as compared with that of other types of communications such as telephone , has also attracted numerous users .
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As social environment changed , the initial virtual technology developed had become insufficient to meet increased social needs .
+A 0 1|||M:OTHER|||However , as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:MORPH|||changes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Virtual technology was hence refined to meet the evolving needs .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||has hence been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Factors such as the business environment , changing educational styles and new military demands have shaped the development of virtual technology and solutions made used of virtual technology were designed to address each specific need .
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:FORM|||making|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:MORPH|||use|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been designed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The development of virtual technology has been largely influenced by the world 's booming economics since early 21st century .
+A 14 15|||R:MORPH|||economies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||the start of the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S New technologies had made people realize the underlying economic opportunities beyond geographic barriers and national boundaries .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S People were looking for more convenient and cost effective methods for transactions and business cooperation .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Catering to this need , a series of solutions has been developed based on virtual technology .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of them was E-commerce where a virtual interface was created for convenient and efficient transactions of goods and services .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN|||e-commerce websites|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||interfaces|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 12|||R:OTHER|||enable|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another example would be E-conferencing which allows a staff to attend live conferences during business trips and has made business process much more efficient .
+A 2 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN|||meetings|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||even while away on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:SVA|||processes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Virtual technology has also been developed to meet educational needs .
+
+S This is especially applied to places where educational resources are limited due to geographic barriers .
+A 1 4|||R:OTHER|||especially applies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S E-learning has provided an alternative way to attending lessons conducted by teachers in classrooms .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:FORM|||attend|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It has not only made education in such areas possible but also made education more cost effective .
+
+S In addition , E-learning has developed a new style of education where self-initiated learning is advocated .
+
+S Another example of virtual technology being developed to meet educational needs would be business simulation games where the real business environment is simulated and students can learn from imitated real-life practice .
+A 11 13|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 31|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Such business simulation games have been largely used as innovative learning tools in world 's business schools .
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||various|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||all over the world|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Apart from the demands from business and education , other factors have also shaped the development of virtual technology and solutions have been designed to meet the needs .
+A 26 27|||R:DET|||these|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S An example could be the virtual training used by the U.S. army where military demands have shaped the development of virtual technology .
+A 2 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:NOUN|||devices|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 22|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To sum up , virtual technology , like other types of technologies , was determined socially and was evolved to meet changing needs of the society .
+A 14 15|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The development of virtual technology is shaped by social factors such as the business environment , educational needs and military demands .
+A 0 1|||M:OTHER|||Thus , the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is because technologies are meant to serve people .
+
+S Hence , only those innovations and technologies that solve social problems and cater to social needs are considered to be meaningful .
+
+S The sustainable development of China 's economy largely depends on the progress of science and technology .
+
+S Meanwhile , the level of development of science and technology is an important symbol on behalf of a country 's strength .
+A 14 16|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " Innovation " is a popular word around the world these days , and there are myriad of facts to show the importance of scientific and technical innovation .
+
+S However , problems inevitably generate and affect the process of innovation due to the improper strategies or methods .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB|||arise|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As far as I can concern , there are two major problems in China .
+A 0 6|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One is that some engineering designs do not meet the needs of market .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In other words , these designs are produced without adequate market survey , so they turn out to be unwelcomed among public .
+A 20 21|||R:PREP|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Though the designs are products of fantastic conception , they become useless as rubbish once out of market .
+A 12 13|||R:PREP|||like|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:VERB|||booted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After the policy of reform and opening-up , Chinese government has long been encouraging people to make varieties of innovations .
+A 1 1|||M:OTHER|||China adopted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nevertheless , it does not mean that whatever designs can be made .
+A 7 8|||R:DET|||every|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||design|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||turned into a product|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The key is still the needs of market .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , among all applicants of patents , individuals are the major part .
+A 9 14|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Individual has an obvious disadvantage compared with teamwork , and that is to say individual can not handle everything well at the same time .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||An individual|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||a team|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Without market survey and access to sale or adoption of the market , it is inadvisable to make deigns blindly by divorcing oneself from reality .
+A 6 12|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN|||designs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S No amount of them is meaningful .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||such designs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:ADJ|||useful|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The second problem to hamper engineering design process that I can concern is the patent policy .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||hampers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||processes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 12|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S China has long been a great country of patents , but the success of patents is quite rare .
+A 12 12|||M:ADJ|||commercial|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||these|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The basic reason is many patents do not have the preconditions to commercialize themselves .
+
+S Most Chinese patents are " Appearance Patent " , not " Innovation Patent " .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Patents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Patents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Appearance patent is a rather tough issue and among patent infringement in China , more than 90 % belong to this kind .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||patents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:NOUN|||cases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S What I have to point out is , appearance patent application does not need to be censored .
+A 0 8|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||applications|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:SVA|||do|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As long as the application documents meet the format , the patent will be approved .
+A 8 8|||M:VERB|||required|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The rapid application for patents causes large numbers of patent infringement cases .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||enormous number of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||applications|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have caused|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Statistics show that , " just in 2005 , China 's public security organs at various levels arrested more than 45 thousand suspects for IP infringement and people 's courts at various levels accepted 3567 criminal cases at the first instance .
+
+S " Now the disputes of patents have been the most serious trouble for the normal development of some companies .
+A 2 6|||R:OTHER|||patent disputes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB|||become|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN|||obstacle|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Good patents are probably killed in research stage .
+A 0 9|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The condition in developed countries may be different .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||Conditions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , in America , all patents must be censored and the cases of patent infringement are fewer than China .
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Normally the lawsuits of patent infringement can be settled out of court due to the high cost and complicated procedures .
+A 1 6|||R:OTHER|||patent infringement lawsuits|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S While in China , with simple procedure and low cost , lawsuits of patent infringement even become a tool to make unfair competition between companies .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||procedures|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 15|||R:OTHER|||patent infringement lawsuits|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:OTHER|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Chinese government also pays attention to reforming the patent law and the new law will be put into practice on October .
+A 0 0|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||is now paying|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , China is sparing no efforts to solve problems in order to make innovations real intellectual product .
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||products|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The principles are establishing a perfect patent system based on the market need .
+
+S The emphasis should be put on the propaganda of intellectual rights protection , so that people can understand its importance and learn to protect their rights .
+
+S Problems hamper engineering design processes of innovations in China and the effects
+
+S Every country will encounter problems in their development .
+A 6 7|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a developing country , now China is facing problems on many fields .
+A 5 8|||R:WO|||China is now|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This essay discusses two problems which significantly hamper engineering design processes of innovations in China .
+
+S The two problems are the situation of education and public policy on industry .
+A 5 8|||R:OTHER|||education system|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The problems bring some effect on engineering design from two aspect , independent innovation and engineering application .
+A 2 6|||R:OTHER|||affect|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||aspects|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First , the situation of education in China is a problem for innovation .
+A 3 6|||R:OTHER|||education system|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is accepted that Chinese student are good at science .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||students|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They have solid foundation on math and physics , they can solve complex and difficult problems in short time .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 19|||R:OTHER|||quickly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , these are just results of long-term training .
+
+S China 's education is typical exam-oriented education .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Now , this situation has become a problem for the nation that the generation at present age is lack of creativity and innovation ability .
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||because|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 17|||R:OTHER|||present generation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 20|||R:OTHER|||lacks|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In China 's education system , students are only required to receive knowledge and repeat exercising to consolidate knowledge but neglect to explore .
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||do drill exercises|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:OTHER|||the knowledge further|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Chinese students are taught to remember many formulas and { solution approach } [ HYPERLINK : dict : //key.0895DFE8DB67F9409DB285590D870EDD/solution % 20approach ] es rather than ask questions .
+A 9 12|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 23|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Under this mode of education for long time , people 's thinking is limited and rigid .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Having undergone|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The president of { Chinese University of Science and Technology } [ HYPERLINK : dict : //key.0895DFE8DB67F9409DB285590D870EDD/Chinese % 20University % 20of % 20Science % 20and % 20Technology ] pointed that students ' lacking of innovation would become the bottleneck of development of China in the future CITATION You05 \ l 2052 ( You , 2005 ) .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 12|||R:OTHER|||Chinese University of Science and Technology|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 28|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:NOUN:NUM|||lack|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 46 55|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , there are still many inadequacies in the policy of science and industry .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||In addition|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||policies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||regarding|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In China , economic policy is very wide but policy on industry is strict .
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||policies are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:ADJ|||flexible|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||policies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:OTHER|||developing the scientific|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , investment and concerns that the nation put on technology research and engineering are deficient ( Xin , 2005 ) .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN|||attention|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||puts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Engineering design is inventions-devices which need many support to gather technologies and solve problems in practice .
+A 0 4|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:SVA|||needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:ADJ|||much|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 16|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the policy of engineering and industry can not meet the needs .
+A 11 12|||R:DET|||these|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The state only put investment on specialized research institutes .
+A 3 5|||R:OTHER|||invests|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the actual production and application , the support from government is not nearly enough .
+A 6 6|||M:OTHER|||of new inventions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The two problems would bring some effects on engineering design and innovation for China .
+A 0 1|||R:DET|||These|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 8|||R:OTHER|||affect|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First , under the mode of education , most engineers and scientist are relatively weak at creativity .
+A 2 3|||R:PREP|||because of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||scientists|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will directly affects the process on engineering design of innovation especially on raising solutions .
+A 1 2|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 11|||R:OTHER|||innovative engineering design|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the technological age , since independent innovation is very important to a nation 's development , society needs the people with innovative talent .
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Engineers need to generate multiple solutions based on different conditions instead of merely learning from other countries ' research and findings .
+
+S If engineers do not come up with new ideas , they can not find best solution for the problems .
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||different|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , the policy on science and engineering also affects process of engineering application due to insufficient investment in research and engineering practice .
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||M:PUNCT|||. Due|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Engineers can not use the most advanced equipment to do analysis and testing .
+
+S Many theories can not be put into implement .
+A 5 8|||R:OTHER|||applied|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , the engineering design would be in slow progress and there are still a lot of complex problems left unsolved .
+A 5 5|||M:OTHER|||field of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||R:WO|||slow in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the structure of education and policy on engineering and industry are two significant problems which hamper engineering design process of innovation in China .
+A 6 6|||M:OTHER|||China 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||China 's policies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 24|||R:OTHER|||innovative engineering design processes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If engineers are in defect of creativity and innovation , it is difficult for them to study new issues and make improvement .
+A 2 6|||R:OTHER|||lack|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 19|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:NUM|||improvements|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S At the same time , without enough support , development of engineering design would proceed slowly .
+
+S References : You , X .
+
+S ( 2005 , October 25 ) .
+
+S Reasons of Chinese students lacking of innovativle ability .
+
+S Retrieved September 7 , 2009 , from USTC News : { http : //news1.ustc.edu.cn/Article_Show.asp ? ArticleID = 7635 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //news1.ustc.edu.cn/Article_Show.asp ? ArticleID = 7635 ] Xin .
+
+S ( 2005 , Febarary 18 ) .
+
+S What hinders research and development in China .
+
+S Retrieved September 7 , 2009 , from China Science Network : http : //www.sciencenet.cn/htmlnews/2008218142630429201439.html
+
+S Two problems hamper engineering design and innovation in China
+
+S China , for decades , has been called " world factory " by the rest of the world .
+
+S Since the economic downturn spread all over the world , China has been regarded as the engine that will pull the world out of recession .
+
+S Although China is expected to prosper by a lot of people and countries , there are still problems that hamper its development .
+A 4 13|||R:WO|||by a lot of people and countries to prosper|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This article will focus on two major problems that hamper innovational process of engineering in China and their impact on certain stage of the process .
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||a particular|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The first problem that hampers design and innovation in China is China 's low-end industrial structure .
+
+S China industry is mostly at the lower end of the world production chain , which means the production in China is energy- consuming , labour-intensive , but not so profitable .
+A 1 1|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 1|||M:OTHER|||design and innovation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||R:ORTH|||energy-consuming|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:ADV|||very|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although China devotes a lot of resources into production , the added value for innovation is low .
+A 3 6|||R:OTHER|||many|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , a factory in southeast China produces toys for a Japanese company and these toys are sold to North America .
+
+S Out of 10 dollars made , this factory only have 1 dollar , while the Japanese company gets 9 .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The reason why this factory gets so little is that the design belongs to that Japanese company .
+A 14 15|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S What this factory does is simply producing the toys .
+
+S In reality , there are thousands of such factories in China , which reflects the situation of China 's low-end industrial structure .
+A 14 17|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a consequence of China 's low-end production which gains profit from mass production and resource consumption , China companies mainly focus on lowering cost , rather than creating innovative ideas .
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||Chinese|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , very little money is devoted to design process for innovation and these companies only repeat this low-end production circle .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB|||reproduce|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition to China 's low-end industrial structure , the bad situation of intellectual property protection also hampers engineering innovational process .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN|||state|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In China intellectual property right is not well-protected .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||in China ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||rights|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S People can find pirate version of software in most cities .
+A 3 4|||R:ADJ:FORM|||pirated|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||versions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are some products which directly copy the design of foreign companies .
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||designs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Due to certain reasons , this situation is not expected to improve a lot in the near future .
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||substantially|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since the right of inventors and innovators is not well-protected , people are unwilling to create new products .
+
+S Therefore , innovation is discouraged by lack of protection for intellectual property in society .
+A 5 6|||R:PREP|||because of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To sum up , China 's low-end industrial structure and bad situation of intellectual property protection are the two major problems that hamper engineering design process in China .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN|||state|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Low-end production pattern makes companies focus on cutting cost , rather than making innovation , while lack of protection for innovation makes people unwilling to generate new ideas .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||the low-end|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When China tries to promote engineering design process for innovations , these are the two problems China should tackle .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||If|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||innovation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference Idris , M. ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Design in China .
+
+S Retrieved September 5 , 2009 , from http : //mootee.typepad.com/innovation_playground/design-in-china/ Khandani , S. ( 2005 ) .
+
+S Engineering design process .
+
+S Retrieved June 29 , 2009 , from http : //www.iisme.org/etp/HS % 20Engineering- % 20Engineering.pdf Rogers , E. M. ( 2003 ) .
+
+S The generation of innovations .
+
+S In Diffusion of innovations ( pp.136-157 ) .
+
+S New York : Free Press .
+
+S On September 4th , 2009 , a piece of startling news was popped up and quickly spread out all over the world .
+A 11 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After several years ' effort , magnetic monopole was detected by the researchers from the Helmholtz- Zentrum Berlin fur Materialien und Energie have , in cooperation with colleagues from Dresden , St. Andrews , La Plata and Oxford ( Magnetic Monopoles Detected In A Real Magnet For The First Time , 2009 ) .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||monopoles|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:SVA|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Obviously , the discovery of magnetic monopole indicated a great progress in pyhsics field .
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||the field of physics|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S People may think about what led the success of the discovery of magnetic monopole .
+A 6 6|||M:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||monopoles|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Generally speaking , the development of technologies is always viewed as technologically determined or socially determined .
+
+S In this case , the discovery of magnetic monopole was most likely to be promoted by advanced technologies .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||monopoles|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||brought about|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , social determinist , which can be defined as technology is boosted by social factors , is also an important factor in the development of technologies .
+A 3 4|||R:MORPH|||determinism|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:MORPH|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To specify , social determinist can be further categorized into several distinguished factors , such as economic factors , military demands , and government policies .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||explain further|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:MORPH|||determinism|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:ADJ|||important|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nowadays it is common to see a person carry a laptop everywhere , which was unimaginable thirty years ago .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S While , the appearance of laptop was due to the working demands from workers in company .
+A 0 3|||U:OTHER|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||companies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S During the old days , there was no laptop , but got only desktop that workers had to share one machine to do their mass work , which caused great inconvenience .
+A 0 1|||R:PREP|||In|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 29|||R:OTHER|||causing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order to solve this problem , a person called Mizoguchi in Toshiba Company came up with the idea of inventing laptop ( Rogers , 2003 ) .
+A 21 21|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the help of engineers , he finally invented the laptop that we use every day now , and undoubtedly , his achievement made a great success in computer marketing .
+A 13 13|||M:ADV|||currently|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 17|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:VERB|||became|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Till now , laptop is still a necessary tool in people 's daily life .
+A 0 1|||R:PREP|||Until|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the reasons for its success was that laptop catered to people 's needs greatly .
+A 10 16|||R:WO|||greatly catered to people 's needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , after briefly viewing the development of laptop , we can conclude that , the appearance of this marvelous invention was initially driven by the demands of people , and then its development was supported by technologies .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB|||discussing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For many years , people have always been trying to come up with some technical innovations to be environmentally beneficial .
+A 10 12|||R:VERB|||develop|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:ADJ|||technological|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 18|||R:OTHER|||which are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:ADJ|||friendly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Naturally , electric cars were invented .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Thus ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Instead of using gasoline , electric cars used only battery power , which no more caused air pollution and reduced the cost as well ( Rogers , 2003 ) .
+A 14 15|||R:ADV|||longer|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , in the consideration that electric cars could not travel far distance , and it was not convenient to get battery charged , electric cars finally lost out in the market , due to the restriction of usefulness .
+A 2 6|||R:OTHER|||because|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||distances|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:NUM|||batteries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 38|||R:OTHER|||limited|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nevertheless , electric cars is still regarded as a great trial innovation , which still need further technology support to make improvement .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:SVA|||needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From the examples in the context above , we can conclude that generally , the development of technology is determined by both technological factors as well as social factors .
+A 3 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S More precisely , the appearance of a new innovation is initially motivated by socially determinist , and then it needs technological support in the process of development .
+A 6 8|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:MORPH|||social|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:MORPH|||determinism|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Last but least , any technology must be well designed using advance technology skills , otherwise it will most likely to lose out in the market .
+A 2 2|||M:OTHER|||not the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 10|||R:WO|||designed well|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:MORPH|||advanced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:VERB:FORM||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres ( 2009 , September 4 ) .
+
+S Magnetic Monopoles Detected In A Real Magnet For The First Time .
+
+S ScienceDaily .
+
+S Retrieved September 8 , 2009 , from http : //www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/09/090903163725.htm Rogers , E.M. ( 2003 ) .
+
+S Opinion leaders and mavens in the diffusion of electric cars .
+
+S In Diffusion of innovations ( pp.87-89 ) .
+
+S New York : Free Press .
+
+S Rogers , E.M. ( 2003 ) .
+
+S The birth of the laptop computer at Toshiba .
+
+S In Diffusion of innovations ( pp.144- 146 ) .
+
+S New York : Free Press .
+
+S Solar Cars Alleviate Global Warming
+
+S According to Khandani ( 2005 ) , inventions are actually accumulated on the basis of original technologies which aim to satisfy people 's needs .
+
+S This is undoubtedly true because that inventions throughout history have greatly improved the quality of people 's lives , and people 's endless desires have stimulated development of new technologies .
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the 21st century , new desires , as well as new problems have emerged , such as environment pollution , bionics , exploration of outer-space and so on .
+A 18 19|||R:MORPH|||environmental|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Among all of these needs , the most urgent and necessary technologies should be the ones that cope with the effect of global warming .
+A 17 18|||R:VERB|||deal|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Indeed , the overwhelming effects of rising temperatures and average sea-levels have threatened the survival of humans possibly in the near future .
+
+S In recent years , numerous hypotheses and inventions have been raised .
+
+S Among the possible solutions to global warming , the prior technology that should be developed is solar cars , because it could not only effectively reduce the emission of greenhouse gases , but also take advantages of natural resources .
+A 9 10|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 33|||M:VERB:TENSE|||could|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:NOUN:NUM|||advantage|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , using solar cars could effectively reduce the emission of greenhouse gases , especially carbon dioxide .
+
+S It is stated that a significant parf of carbon dioxide emission is due to burning of fossil fuels , such as gasoline and natural gases .
+A 6 7|||R:SPELL|||part|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( What is the best possible solution to stop global warming ? , para .
+
+S 1 ) Thus , continuing to use large number of traditional cars would deteriorate the environment at a shocking rate .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB|||destroy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In contrast , solar cars use solar energy which is clean and environmentally-friendly .
+
+S Moreover , solar cars take advantages of solar energy which is approachable.and cheap .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||advantage|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||easily available and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this way , people no longer have to worry about the exhaust of gasoline resources .
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , using solar energy actually cost nothing , which ensures that solar cars could be affordable in the long run .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||costs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , solar cars are still not popular in the market due to the high cost of production and low feasibility .
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , popularizing solar cars requires lowering the price and enlarging the capacity of solar battery .
+
+S Actually , it is not easy to lower the price of solar cars since currently the materials used to make solar cars are high-tech aero-materials which are quite expensive .
+A 0 2|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , in order to lower the cost of production of solar cars , development of new materials is crucial .
+A 6 7|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , the current development of solar battery is not good enough to afford long-distance driving .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN|||capacity|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB|||allow|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Though newly developed solar battery can support hundreds of miles , it requires a rather critical weather extremely sunny days .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:OTHER|||of driving|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , replacing traditional cars by solar cars can effectively control the deterioration of global warming , but further improvements are needed to widely popularize the use of solar cars .
+A 29 30|||R:OTHER|||these|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References Khandani , S. ( 2005 , August ) .
+
+S Background .
+
+S Engineering Design Process .
+
+S 1 ( 2 ) , 4 .
+
+S What is the best possible solution to stop global warming ?
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S A Cooler Climate Website .
+
+S Retrieved September 9 , 2009 , from http : // www.acoolerclimate.com/ Articles/SimplestSolutionToStopGlobalWarming.html
+
+S " Air pollution is responsible for 310,000 premature deaths in Europe each year .
+
+S " ( " Air pollution causes early death , " 2005 ) To many people , they may not think much about air pollution because they could hardly feel the effects of it .
+A 12 12|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 17|||R:OTHER|||Many people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:VERB:TENSE|||can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However results have proven otherwise .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Which is why , better air quality is one of human need that should be given priority .
+A 0 4|||R:OTHER|||This is the reason why|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Air pollution is the main reason why the world is suffering from bad air quality thus we should look at ways to cut down on air pollutants emission .
+A 24 25|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:NOUN:NUM|||pollutant|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are some current solutions available such as ; primary regulations , control devices , increased fuel efficiency .
+A 8 9|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , air pollution still persists .
+
+S Hence we should look at other alternatives like engineering design processes that might provide a solution .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Engineering design processes such as ; improve on battery technology for automobiles , and design better control devices can be the solution .
+A 5 6|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||improving|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:FORM|||designing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 22|||R:OTHER|||possible solutions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Air pollution has led to health issues like respiratory diseases and premature deaths .
+
+S According to the Environmental Protection Agency ( 2008 ) , " on average , each of us breathes over 3,000 gallons of air each day .
+
+S " This means if the air is polluted , everyone will be affected .
+
+S These air pollutants are transmitted through air thus the toxic air pollutants produced from one country would affect its neighbouring countries as well .
+
+S Health issues caused by air pollution not only affect the individual but also to the world economy because those who are affected will not be able to work .
+A 13 14|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order to solve the problem of air pollution , we got to improve on the current battery technology and come up with better control devices .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB|||need|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Improve on the current battery technology is one of the engineering design process to solve air pollution .
+A 0 1|||R:VERB:FORM|||Improving|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||that can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A recent report from Toronto Public Health ( 2007 ) , " traffic related air pollution contributes to about 440 premature deaths and 1,700 hospitalizations per year in Toronto .
+A 10 13|||R:OTHER|||states that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " Most of these traffic emissions are produced from the combustion engine of gasoline vehicles .
+
+S However , gasoline vehicles are still higher in demand as compared to non gas emission vehicles , electric vehicles .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||more|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||non-gas|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The reasons are ; short lifespan for the battery , maximum distance travelled before recharging is relatively short , relatively more costly .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 19|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:NOUN|||price|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to Environmed Research ( 2009 ) , " Batteries are heavy , wear out quickly with repeated recharging and require expensive , rather scarce materials such as lithium .
+
+S " By improving the battery technology to meet these shortcomings , the world will be willing to switch to electric cars , the more environmental friendly chose .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||may|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 26|||R:OTHER|||environmental-friendly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:OTHER|||choice|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides improving on the current battery technology , designing better control devices will be another engineering solution for industrial purposes .
+A 2 3|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN|||needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Emissions from power plants contribute to over 2,800 lung cancer deaths and 38,200 heart attacks annually in the US ( " Deadly power plants ? , " 2004 ) .
+
+S Air pollutants from industrial sources made up to more than half of man-made emission .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||emissions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some of the current control devices available are scrubbers and nitrogen oxide control devices .
+
+S For scrubbers , there are external and system parameters that are affecting the efficiency .
+A 10 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||affect|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , it is not available to maximise its capabilities .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 7|||R:OTHER|||can not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As for nitrogen oxide control devices , the cost of effective devices like the Selective Catalytic Reduction is extremely high .
+
+S Therefore , coming up with scrubbers and nitrogen oxide control devices that are more cost and control efficient will definitely reduce a significant amount of pollutants emission .
+A 0 1|||R:ADV|||However|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:MORPH|||costly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:CONJ|||but|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:NOUN:NUM|||pollutant|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , even though there are many solutions for air pollution available , the world is still suffering from bad air quality which leads to many health issues .
+A 8 8|||M:ADJ|||available|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 25|||R:OTHER|||leading|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:NOUN|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Engineering design processes are able to provide the world with effective solutions like better battery technology and control devices that will improve the air quality of the world .
+
+S With the air quality improved , the world will be able to lead a clean and healthier life .
+
+S References
+
+S Air pollution causes early deaths .
+
+S ( 2005 , February 21 ) .
+
+S BBC news .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4283295.stm .
+
+S Deadly power plants ?
+
+S Study fuels debate .
+
+S ( 2004 , June 9 ) .
+
+S MSNBC .
+
+S Retrieved September 09 , 2009 from http : //www.msnbc.msn.com/id/5174391/
+
+S Environmental Protection Agency .
+
+S ( 2008 , August 30 ) .
+
+S Why Should You Be Concerned About Air Pollution ?
+
+S The Plain English Guide to the Clean Air Act .
+
+S Retrieved September 08 , 2009 , from http : //www.epa.gov/air/peg/concern.html
+
+S Environmed Research .
+
+S ( 2009 , June ) .
+
+S Solutions : Reduce Air Pollution by changing the design and use of motor vehicles .
+
+S Cars , Air Pollution and Health .
+
+S Retrieved September 07 , 2009 from http : //www.nutramed.com/environment/cars.htm
+
+S Toronto Public Health .
+
+S ( 2007 , October 29 ) .
+
+S Summary .
+
+S Air Pollution Burden of Illness from Traffic in Toronto .
+
+S Retrieved September 08 , 2009 from http : //www.toronto.ca/health/hphe/pdf/air_pollution_burden_boh.pdf
+
+S Title : Two factors that hamper China 's design process for innovation and their impacts correspondingly .
+
+S In the article The Generation of Innovations , Rogers ( 2003 ) stressed that the engineering design process for innovation including " problem recognition , research , development , commercialization , diffusion and consequences " .
+A 3 3|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 7|||R:OTHER|||" The Generation of Innovations " ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:FORM|||includes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 34|||M:OTHER|||( p. ? )|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For my home country , China , although its design process for innovation has been improved a lot , there still remain several factors which hamper the innovation process significantly .
+A 14 15|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:ADV|||significantly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Based on this idea , this essay will focus on two factors and explain their corresponding effects on certain design stages .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN|||observation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The first factor is the loopholes in the system of state-owned enterprises .
+
+S According to " Wikipedia " ( 2009 , para.1 ) , a state-owned enterprise defined as " a legal entity created by a government to undertake commercial activities on behalf of an owner government , and are usually considered to be an element or part of the state " .
+A 14 14|||M:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since the major interest of a state-owned enterprise is controlled by government , a state-owned enterprise can receive long-term economic and resource support from government .
+
+S Employees of state-owned enterprises do n't have to worry the financial matter and are free from pressure .
+A 9 12|||R:OTHER|||financial matters|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 17|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , the line between the functions of the government and enterprises is not clear .
+
+S Due to the political interference in stated-owned enterprises , state-owned enterprises and other type of enterprises do not compete against each other on an equal basis .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With regard to the first factor above , there emerge two impacts .
+
+S Firstly , the directors and manager of the state-owned enterprises exploit their position and power in the company to advance their own private interests .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||managers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The phenomenon of corruption is very common as well .
+
+S Thus , the money which goes into operation is reduced largely .
+A 9 11|||R:WO|||largely reduced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , the motivations for most employees working in state-owned enterprises are pursuing the impressive salary and welfare .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||motivation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:FORM|||to pursue|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:ADJ|||high|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||salaries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:ADJ|||excellent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a consequence , most of the managers and employees have no sense of professional dedication and responsibility .
+A 5 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They are lazy and not interested in discovering .
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||discovery|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even if employees encounter some precious ideas by chance , they may not want to put effort into doing research and converting the ideas into production .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB|||discover|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:ADJ|||good|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||some|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , the above two impacts will affect the design stage , development stage significantly .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||especially|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since stated-owned enterprises play important roles in controlling and leading other type of enterprises in China , this will hamper China 's design process for innovation from macroscopic view .
+A 0 1|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:ADJ|||State-owned|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||types|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 29|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Apart from the loopholes in the system of state-owned enterprises , economic shortage of China 's private companies also hampers the innovation process .
+A 11 12|||R:ADJ|||financial|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:PREP|||among|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:SVA|||hamper|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Unlike state-owned enterprises , private companies have no steady economic support .
+
+S They have to prepare for competition and the possibilities of bankrupt .
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||bankcruptcy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Most of the private companies may also lack funding , equipment and materials for operation and production .
+
+S With regard to the second factor , another two impacts should be considered as well .
+
+S One is the undesirable production .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to Rogers ( 2003 ) , technology requires software and hardware components .
+
+S Since most high quality and accurate equipment is very expensive , some private companies could not afford it .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The poor equipment in private companies may lead to large uncertainty in design stage .
+A 0 1|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||Poor|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:ADJ|||much|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This could further lead to undesirable productions .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||production|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , due to the economic shortage , private companies may not be able to hire people with high-educated knowledge and rich experience .
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:OTHER|||high education|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , the design stage , machining stage and commercialization will be affected .
+
+S In short , there are many factors that may hamper China 's design process for innovation .
+
+S Among them , the loopholes in the system of state-owned enterprises and the economic shortage of private companies are the two main causes .
+A 0 3|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:ORTH|||Loopholes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If the two factors from two types of enterprises can be improved , the whole design process for innovation in China can be enhanced significantly .
+A 1 2|||R:DET|||these|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S Rogers , E. M. ( 2003 ) .
+
+S The generation of innovations .
+
+S In Diffusion of innovations ( pp.136-157 ) .
+
+S New York : Free Press .
+
+S Wikipedia .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .In Government-owned corporation .
+
+S Retrieved September 7,2009 , from http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government-owned_corporation # People.27s_Republic_of_China
+
+S It is widely believed that there is not any strong connection between technology innovations and examinations which is based on MCQs .
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||no|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||innovation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , it still does .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||there|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S While students can choose either by reasoning or by luck to complete their exams , the same thing is surprisingly can also be applied in technology .
+A 0 26|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some technologies can be created via scientific research whereas some are accidentally developed .
+
+S Comparing two typical examples of innovations of two kinds , penicillin and vaccine discovery , we will notice some similarities as well as differences in terms of three main fields : progress of research , financial inputs and overall impact .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||innovation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB|||see|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 27|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:NOUN|||areas|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First of all , the way each technology was invented was different .
+
+S With penicillin discovery , such technology can be considered a huge serendipitous observation .
+A 1 3|||R:OTHER|||the discovery of penicillin|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 9|||R:VERB|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Alexander Fleming , the Scottish scientist and Nobel laureate , was " puzzled by the fact that the biological materials he was studying in petri dishes were occasionally dying unexpectedly .
+
+S Upon investigation , the cause turned out to be the first antibiotic to be discovered , penicillin " .
+A 16 19|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It has been rightly said that : His failure in doing his initial research as he intended brought him to a new discovery for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize .
+
+S By contrast , vaccine discovery is a kind of technology based on a sequence of basic research , followed by applied research , leading to development .
+A 3 5|||R:OTHER|||the discovery of vaccine|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB|||involved|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 27|||R:OTHER|||the development of the vaccine|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By this way , all the processes are often set up from the beginning , though sometimes mistakes were found and need adopting .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||Here|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 23|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many people are strongly convicted that conventional research is often more costly than serendipitous one .
+A 4 5|||R:ADJ|||convinced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the contrary , in some cases the opposite applied when a unexpected observation 's financial supports was in fact much higher than those of scientific one .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||However|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||is true|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:POSS|||observation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:OTHER|||requires|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||R:OTHER|||financial support|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:OTHER|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The reason for this seemingly-contradictory surprise is that : while a scientific research , particularly the vaccine discovery has to go through the innovation- development process ; whether its counterpart does the same thing depends on the original research .
+A 8 9|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 39|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The total costs for an accidental one , therefore , can still be enormous .
+
+S For instance , the discovery of penicillin , though a big serendipitous observation , still costs as many of financial supports as the discovery of vaccine .
+A 7 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||cost|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:ADJ|||much|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 21|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In short , it can be concluded from the comparison between penicillin and vaccine discovery that the kind of research , whether conventional or serendipity , does say nothing about the financial supports for it .
+A 7 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:OTHER|||how much|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:NOUN:NUM|||support|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 35|||M:VERB|||requires|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Last but not least , it would be mistaken without mentioning the importance of two kinds of research on our society .
+A 0 4|||R:OTHER|||Of course|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||a mistake|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||not to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:FORM|||mention|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||these|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Both vaccine and penicillin can be considered a huge success because it provides better preparation for diseases .
+A 11 12|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:SVA|||provide|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , their impacts on the whole society are still different in that : While vaccine discovery was initially carried to resolve a problem recognized before , the success of penicillin discovery is beyond our expectation .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||impact|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 14|||R:OTHER|||because|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 37|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , both vaccine and penicillin discovery are regarded as meaningful improvements in the field of medicine .
+A 4 8|||R:OTHER|||the discoveries of vaccine and penicillin|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the way these innovations were invented , the amount of supports for them and their overall impacts are slightly different , resulting from the essence of each kind : conventional and serendipitous research .
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||produced or generated|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||support|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||impact|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 34|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:OTHER|||involved : conventional or serendipitous|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Two problems hampering engineering design process in China .
+
+S In 2005 , Hisense Company solved the Core Technology problem which used to worry the color TV industry of China .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 10|||R:OTHER|||problem with Core Technology|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||be a concern of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Now China as the first TV production country can produce 75 million color TVs with homemade chips .
+A 0 1|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 2|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 7|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||to produce TV|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:ADV|||now|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Hisense Achieves Significant Breakthrough for Core Technology through Independent Innovation , 2005 ) In order to praise Hisense Group 's significant achievement and encourage more innovation in China industry , the chairman of Hisense Company was chosen as the economic figure of the year 2005 .
+A 14 14|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB|||acknowledge|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:ADJ|||Chinese|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 30|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , many companies in China are still puzzled with lack of innovative product and many enterprisers are looking forward revolutionary innovation to come .
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||plagued by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||innovation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:MORPH|||enterprises|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:ADV|||merely|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||waiting for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:OTHER|||their way|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This paper will point out two main problems which hamper engineering design process for innovation and state their respective impact on certain stages of the process .
+A 3 5|||R:VERB|||identify|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||processes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||explain|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:DET|||these|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:NOUN:NUM|||processes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The low technological standard is one of the significant factors which hamper engineering design process .
+A 0 1|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||Low|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||processes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This problem is classified as " immature technologies , mismatch between new technology and production capacity , lack of technical personnel or brain drain " .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB|||refers to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Environmental Innovation in China , 2008 ) Among all these , brain drain is the root .
+A 8 8|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:OTHER|||of the problem|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In China , some of the graduate students from design school may go overseas to seek more professional mentors while some of them change their profession since they do not have much opportunity to develop their talents .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||schools|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN|||training|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For those who manage to enter design industry and start innovative work , their exposure to advanced technology is limited .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Mootee , 2009 ) Due to these reasons , some China enterprisers do not pay much attention on innovation but concentrate more on copying and modifying western technology instead of investing on innovative product .
+A 5 5|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||Chinese|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN|||entrepreneurs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 35|||R:OTHER|||innovation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This problem curbs the development of engineering design process at the very beginning .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||processes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||R:OTHER|||start|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore most of China enterprisers focus on short-run product and expect instant profit .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||Chinese|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||entrepreneurs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||products|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another problem hampering engineering design process is that proprietary intellectual property is not highly valued in China .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||processes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S People can illegally download songs , software and games from websites without payment .
+
+S The inventors of the decoded product fail to gain benefit that they should get .
+A 0 1|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||Inventors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||products|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:PREP|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 14|||R:OTHER|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since their Intellectual Property Rights are not protected , people are discouraged to put in effort in the engineering design process .
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||discourage from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 16|||R:OTHER|||engaging themselves|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||processes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This problem also hampers engineering design process at the beginning since people are discouraged to enter this process .
+A 0 19|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Recently , the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People 's Republic of China announced that Intellectual Property Rights are the power of the development of enterprises .
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN|||key|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Cabinet Approves Intellectual Property Rights Guidelines , 2008 ) The related regulation and law were also issued and implemented to ensure the rights of inventors are reserved .
+A 10 10|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:ORTH|||Related|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||regulations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||laws|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB|||protect|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 28|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government believes that this will improve the engineering design process for innovation in the near future .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||processes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To sum up , there are two main problems that widely recognized as the factors that hamper engineering design process , namely low technological standards and not highly valued proprietary intellectual property .
+A 4 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 16|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||processes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 29|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 32|||M:NOUN|||rights|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order to improve engineering design process and increase people 's passion for innovation , China needs to solve these main problems .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||processes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S Cabinet Approves Intellectual Property Rights Guidelines .
+
+S April 9 , 2008 { http : //chinadigitaltimes.net/2008/04/cabinet-approves-intellectual-property-rights-guidelines/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //chinadigitaltimes.net/2008/04/cabinet-approves-intellectual-property-rights-guidelines/ ]
+
+S Environmental Innovation in China 20-Feb-2008 { http : //www.olis.oecd.org/olis/2007doc.nsf/ENGDATCORPLOOK/NT00005CB6/ $ FILE/JT03240763.PDF } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.olis.oecd.org/olis/2007doc.nsf/ENGDATCORPLOOK/NT00005CB6/ $ FILE/JT03240763.PDF ]
+
+S Hisense Achieves Significant Breakthrough for Core Technology Through Independent Innovation .
+
+S August 8 , 2005 { http : //www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-134893223.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-134893223.html ]
+
+S Mootee , I .
+
+S Design in China August 07 , 2009 { http : //mootee.typepad.com/innovation_playground/design-in-china/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //mootee.typepad.com/innovation_playground/design-in-china/ ]
+
+S Social determinant in shaping nuclear technology
+
+S Nuclear technology refers to technology that " involves the reaction of atomic nuclei " ( Wikipedia , n.d. ) .
+
+S It may appear as a high-tech term but in fact it has been put into use in various areas : radiometric dating , food irradiation , x-ray and chemotherapy in medicine and so on .
+A 8 8|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Yet , as a powerful technology , many applications of this technology have been limited due to political , environmental and economical factors .
+
+S Like many other technologies , nuclear technology first came into use to meet military demands .
+
+S Since nuclear weapons are of mass destruction , policymakers of countries all over the world prohibit research of nuclear technology 's application in military aspect and a non-proliferation treaty has been open for signature since 1968 ( International Atomic Energy Agency , 1970 ) .
+A 3 5|||R:OTHER|||may result in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 34|||R:OTHER|||in place|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , this act also hinders the investigation of nuclear technology since it restricts the enrichment of uranium .
+A 0 2|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:ORTH|||This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 9|||R:OTHER|||further work on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S American president Obama once said that highly enriched uranium around the world worried him most ( Lafayette , 2008 ) .
+
+S Due to nuclear technology 's special application in military aspect and the complex international situation , it may be difficult for some countries to master nuclear technology and this characteristic is described as proliferation resistance ( International Atomic Energy Agency , 2004 ) .
+A 0 1|||M:OTHER|||Thus , due|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN|||work|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:OTHER|||resulting in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 30|||R:OTHER|||what|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Other than this international regulation , environmental concern is also an important determining factor in shaping nuclear technological innovations .
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||innovation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Before applying this powerful technology for energy or military use , safety matters must be taken into consideration .
+
+S Nuclear radiation has shown its horrifying destructive power in Hiroshima and Nagasaki explosions .
+
+S The notorious Chernobyl accident which caused 30 immediate deaths and affected an area of a 30 kilometer radius also reminds us of nuclear technology 's potential for causing disasters from time to time ( World nuclear association , 2009 ) .
+A 13 14|||R:PREP|||within|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||30-kilometer|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 33|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , the environmental factor also contributes to the difficulties in nuclear technology 's popularization and a lot of conventions regarding safety matters in nuclear technology application have been ratified after the accident .
+A 2 5|||R:OTHER|||environmental factors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||contribute|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 19|||R:OTHER|||Many|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN|||rules|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 32|||M:NOUN|||Chernobyl|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Assessment of costs and benefits is necessary for all technology applications .
+
+S Since the uranium reserves are difficult to find with present technologies , the cost of applying this technology as energy source is relatively high compared with gasoline and natural gas ( Du & Parsons , 2009 ) .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||through|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||uranium|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , it also costs large amount of money to deal with spent fuel and radioactive waste .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB|||dispense|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to a summary on energy solutions , designing , building of a nuclear plant and " cleaning up the plant after its operating license expires " will total as much as 2.5 to 3 billion US dollars ( Maryland pirg , n.d. , para 3 ) .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN|||report|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:VERB|||cost|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To sum up , nuclear technology is greatly influenced by political , environmental and economical factors .
+
+S Nuclear technology 's special function in military usage makes international cooperation in this technology extremely difficult ; the radioactive character of this technology causes a lot of environmental issues and its cost in some applications is still high .
+A 3 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:MORPH|||uses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:SVA|||make|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , with increasing industrial demands , oil reserves are at depressed levels ; so it 's highly likely that we will have to seek solution in nuclear technology in the near future .
+A 11 12|||R:ADJ|||critical|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:ADV|||thus|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:CONTR|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:OTHER|||resort to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 29|||M:NOUN|||solutions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Du , Y .
+
+S & Parsons , J.E .
+
+S ( 2009 September 09 ) .
+
+S Update on the cost of nuclear power .
+
+S Retrieved September 10 , 2009 from http : //papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm ? abstract_id = 1470903
+
+S International Atomic Energy Agency , ( 1970 , April 22 ) .
+
+S Treaty on the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons .
+
+S Retrieved September 10 , 2009 from http : //www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Infcircs/Others/infcirc140.pdf
+
+S International Atomic Energy Agency , ( 2004 ) .
+
+S Nuclear technology review .
+
+S Retrieved September 10 , 2009 from http : //www.iaea.org/About/Policy/GC/GC48/Documents/gc48inf-4_new.pdf
+
+S Lafayette , I .
+
+S ( 2008 , July 16 ) .
+
+S Remarks of Senator Barack Obama : Summit on confronting new threats .
+
+S Retrieved September 10 , 2009 from http : //www.barackobama.com/2008/07/16/ remarks_of_senator_barack_obam_95.php
+
+S Maryland pirg , ( n.d. ) .
+
+S The high cost of nuclear power : Why Maryland ca n't afford a new reactor .
+
+S Retrieved September 10 , 2009 from http : //www.marylandpirg.org/home/reports/report-archives/smart-energy-solutions/smart-energy-solutions/the-high-cost-of-nuclear-power-why-maryland-cant-afford-a-new-reactor
+
+S Wikipedia , the free encyclopedia , ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Nuclear technology .
+
+S Retrieved September 10 , 2009 from http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_technology
+
+S World nuclear association , ( 2009 April ) .
+
+S Chernobyl accident .
+
+S Retrieved September 10 , 2009 from http : //www.world-nuclear.org/info/chernobyl/inf07.html
+
+S How can engineering design processes meet human needs ?
+
+S In an era which the scale of our industrial system is growing larger and larger , the consumption of resource becomes an incredible burden on the environment and people start to suffer the aftermath for the destruction and pollution we have done to the environment , a series of social issues concerning engineering and environment have been raised .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||where|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||resources|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:NOUN|||consequences|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||M:PUNCT|||. For|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Among them , the paradox between the decreasing natural resource deposits and people 's increasing energy consumption may be given a high priority .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 23|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Upon that , according to Khandani ( 2005 ) , engineering design of products and systems may provide us a way to solve the problem .
+A 0 3|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this essay , how does engineering design processes cope with the energy crisis will be discussed in terms of gathering pertinent information and analysis and selection of an optimized solution .
+A 5 6|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:VERB:TENSE|||can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 28|||R:OTHER|||selecting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Gathering pertinent information is a crucial stage in engineering design processes , however , being neglected quite often .
+A 11 12|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||it is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As stated by Khandani ( 2005 ) , collecting enough information before finding solutions will reward you with great bonus .
+A 16 17|||R:PRON|||us|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN|||benefits|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Designing a new industrial system or product which works more efficient with less energy consumption is a complicated process thus needs sufficient analysis on information .
+A 0 1|||M:PREP|||Because designing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:MORPH|||efficiently|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:OTHER|||is rhus needed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Only by doing this we can make it clear that what the state quo of energy consumption is and whether a proposal is applicable .
+A 4 6|||R:WO|||can we|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:MORPH|||status|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Supposing an engineering designing group is working on a project that should come out with a new energy-saving system in the architecture .
+A 0 1|||R:VERB:FORM|||Suppose|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Usually , a kind of paint is used to retain the heat indoors .
+
+S However , this kind of paint will soon lose its effects in areas where acid rain is common .
+
+S Thus , without noticing this important information , the project will be definitely a failure .
+
+S Besides gathering information , doing a wise selection among all the options is yet another must-do in engineering design process .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB|||making|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||processes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Selecting the best solution will minimize the energy consumption and cut down the cost for producing the product or sustaining the system .
+
+S When going through this process , various factors will be considered such as function , ergonomics and liability and so on ( Khandani , 2005 ) .
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the selected proposal can hopefully be expected to be environmentally friendly , less energy consuming and safe of using at the same time .
+A 19 20|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:MORPH|||use|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In a sentence , when dealing with energy crisis , doing analysis and selecting the best solution is of great importance .
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , in order to deal with the energy crisis and work out with solution that is applicable , we need to do well in every step in engineering design processes .
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Starting design without adequate information is risking the whole project and choosing a solution carelessly is rather a waste of all the efforts you and your teammates have ever put into the project .
+A 23 27|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:VERB:TENSE|||may|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thereupon , only a carefully and wisely done engineering design can finally meet the needs of reducing energy consumption and being environmentally friendly at the same time .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Therefore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||while|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference
+
+S Khandani , S. ( 2005 ) .
+
+S Engineering design process .
+
+S Industry Initiatives for Science and Math Education .
+
+S Retrieved 2009 , Sep 9th from www.iisme.org/etp/HS % 20Engineering- % 20Engineering.pdf
+
+S Bar code developments and social factor
+
+S Simply by scanning at the item you buy , the cashier can tell the price of the item .
+A 3 4|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This shows the power of bar code .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||codes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Bar code , being familiar as black lines with numbers , is a " method of automatic identification and data collection " ( Bellis , n.d. , para 1 ) .
+A 0 1|||M:VERB|||Using bar|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||codes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 6|||R:OTHER|||those|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The first patent of bar code was created in 1952 by Bernard Silver and Norman Joseph Woodland ( Seideman , n.d. ) .
+
+S Through decades of development , bar code has been shaped by social factors to some extent .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The users , especially retailers and product manufacturers , play important roles in improving bar code .
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Specifically , the demands of users , the economic concerns of users and the wide range of users are significant factors that shape the invention .
+
+S Firs and foremost , bar code emerged and developed as the times required .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||First|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The urgent demand of retailers to increase efficiency and accuracy in operation predicted the emergence of bar code .
+A 13 14|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to Seideman ( n.d. ) , as early as in 1890 people realised their need and invented punch cards which played partial role of bar code .
+A 10 11|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 25|||R:OTHER|||like|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the first application area of bar code was not supermarket or grocery but railroads .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Unfortunately , the implementation of bar code in railroad industry failed because it did not fit the industry perfectly and its functions were not completely utilized .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , retailers then were just in need of a system like bar code .
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In 1966 , a grocery industry meeting regarding implementation of bar code was held by RCA ( Seideman , n.d. ) .
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It was then that this technology began to flourish .
+
+S Today the demands of users are still shaping bar code , expanding it to more application fields like libraries and post industry .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:MORPH|||postal|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another factor that affects bar code 's development is the economic concerns .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As bar code is designed to store information of the products , all products have to be labelled .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , users have to buy devices that read bar code as well .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||codes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So economy cost became a big concern .
+A 1 2|||R:MORPH|||economic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Due to this reason , bar code was not broadly implemented as soon as it was invented .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The concerns pushed the technology forward , and eventually came the bar code we use nowadays .
+A 0 1|||R:DET|||These|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||thus|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Having settled the economic concerns of users , bar code wins users ' heart quickly .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||won|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||hearts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since its first read in 1974 , bar code has been adopted for 35 years ( Shih , 2009 ) .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The economic factors have been shaping bar code and making it survive even facing the great competitor RFID ( Shih , 2009 ) .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||in the midst of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition to the demands and economic concerns , the wide range of users helps to improve bar code .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It promotes bar code to be developed into an internationally recognized and commonly readable system .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is clear that globalization is inevitable which means bar code has to adjust itself to meet globalization .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Apparently , a standard system is needed otherwise it will be difficult to trade .
+A 7 7|||M:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Bar code has been standardised since 1970s and it is being improved accordingly ( Seideman , n.d. ) .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The bar|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides globalization , the various kinds of users shape it to an easily implemented technology .
+A 11 11|||M:VERB|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB|||used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This guarantees that most users are able to master use of devices quickly .
+
+S To sum up , bar code is an important technology .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Because of users ' demands , financial capability of users and wide range of users , bar code is shaped to an innovation which is globally recognized and essential to the world .
+A 16 18|||R:OTHER|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Bellis , M. ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Bar codes .
+
+S Bar Codes - The History of Bar Codes .
+
+S Retrieved September 8 , 2009 , from http : //inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blbar_code.html
+
+S Seideman , T. ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Barcodes sweep the world .
+
+S Barcoding Inc. - Barcode History .
+
+S Retrieved September 8 , 2009 , from http : //www.barcoding.com/information/barcode_history.shtml
+
+S Shin , G.C .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Bar codes .
+
+S Bar Codes News - The New York Times .
+
+S Retrieved September 8 , 2009 , from http : //topics.nytimes.com/topics/reference/timestopics/subjects/b/bar_codes/index.html
+
+S Singapore is a small country , with a small population .
+
+S Here , we face problems of shortage of natural resources as well as lack of funding , when it comes to designing for our innovations .
+
+S These could greatly affect the engineering process for designing for our innovations .
+
+S The shortage of natural resources mean that all raw materials required for engineering design process for innovations would have to come from import .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:SVA|||means|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||imports|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This by itself poses problems such as greater cost incurred for innovations , shipment fees , as well as a delay in engineering design process .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||costs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||R:OTHER|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The higher cost makes it expensive for engineering designing processes hence groups that do not have funding or sufficient funding will be held back .
+A 10 11|||M:PUNCT|||. Hence|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is because the designing process usually involves a lot of trial and error , using various materials for different parts of the innovation , in order to optimize the best working condition for the item of innovation .
+A 32 33|||R:NOUN:NUM|||conditions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The delay in shipment of raw materials causes a lapse of time before the materials can reach Singapore .
+
+S This results in a delay of the testing of the engineering design which slows down the whole engineering design process .
+
+S Professor Seah ( 2009 ) mentioned that the Formula Society of Automotive Engineers ( FSAE ) their first formula race car took 2 years instead of 1 to be produced , partly because of a lack of raw materials and funding .
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The long shipping time and greater cost due to importing of raw materials delayed the engineering design process as they only have a plan of the race car but no chance to physically fabricate the parts and build the car , while the raw materials are still on their way to Singapore Another problem which could greatly affect the engineering process for designing is a lack of funding .
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:TENSE|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 45 46|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The designing process requires a large amount of raw materials for repeated fabrications of each part with different material in order to obtain the most suitable material to optimize the function of the product of innovation .
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||materials|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even for the same kind of material , it might have to be used several times as the parts fabricated is not necessarily always in the expected condition when it is first made , resulting in a wastage and hence greater consumption of raw materials and therefore a greater cost incurred in the designing process .
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||part|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Without funding , this step of designing would be impossible especially if the raw materials are required in large quantity .
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||quantities|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Innovations which require expensive raw materials will be impossible to proceed if there is insufficient funding .
+
+S One innovation which went on very well in Singapore as a result of funding is the desalination of sea water .
+
+S Water supply has always been a key issue for consideration by Singapore government .
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Singapore has been very reliant on neighboring countries such as Malaysia in supplying us with water .
+
+S This dependence on neighboring countries for water creates a need for Singapore to become more self-reliant on water supply .
+A 16 20|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence when idea of water desalination first came out , it was greatly funded by Singapore government for further improvements in Singapore .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Water-technology.net claims that tuas desalination plants produces water at 110000 cubic meters , enough to meet 10 % of Singapore 's daily water needs ( At 110,000m3/day , n.d. ) .
+A 3 4|||R:ORTH|||Tuas|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , availability of funding plays a great role in affecting the engineering process of designing .
+
+S With funding , there can be further research and development into improving the innovation even after it is created .
+
+S In conclusion , the engineering process for designing for innovations is greatly dependent on the availability of raw materials and funding .
+
+S The delay or shortage in either of them will lead to a lapse or even stoppage of the designing process .
+
+S Reference
+
+S At 110,000m3/day , the Tuas seawater reverse osmosis ( SWRO ) plant has sufficient capacity to meet around 10 % of the national demand - and at a price which challenges the notion that desalination is a high-cost option .
+
+S Retrieved 9 September , 2009 , http : //www.water- technology.net/projects/tuas/
+
+S Professor Seah.K.H ( 2009 , August 28 ) .
+
+S NUS Formula SAE race car project [ Lecture ] .
+
+S Singapore : The National University of Singapore : English for Academic Writing .
+
+S Innovations may be affected either by social determinism or technology determinism .
+
+S The UK Technology Education Centre states that " Social determinism refers to the hypothesis that social interactions and constructs alone determine individual behaviour ( as opposed to biological or objective factors ) " .
+A 31 33|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nationmasters.com states " technology determinism is a theory which points to technology as being the force which shapes society .
+
+S " Social determinisms affect demands of products and thus the revenue and profit .
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||demand for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Toshiba laptop is largely affected by social determinists .
+A 0 4|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Its success is determined mainly by three factors : company 's perception towards the product , economic factor and social factor .
+A 9 11|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||factors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||factors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The most important factor that contributes to Toshiba 's success is changes in company 's perceptions towards the product .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has contributed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Before the laptop was invented , the company was only selling desktop computers .
+
+S At that time , business of the company 's computers was poor and hence the investors were not willing to invest time and labour into the project .
+
+S However , the inventor , Mizoguchi , was not disheartened and worked in the dark .
+
+S When the first laptop was being produced , corporate executives were still against the idea of selling the new laptop .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||After|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 20|||R:OTHER|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Fortunately , Mizoguchi 's product caught the eyes of the senior vice president of Toshiba Europe and thus he offered to sell ten thousand laptops in a year .
+
+S Even though the project took an extra two months , it helped to increase market share of Toshiba .
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This example shows that the change in perception leads to different outcome .
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||R:OTHER|||outcomes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If there have been no changes in views of investors , Toshiba laptops would not have existed in the current market .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides the company 's perceptions , economic factor also play an important role .
+A 7 8|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Resources and funding are required in an innovation to help improve it .
+
+S One is not able to come out with successful innovations by dreaming of their achievements .
+
+S Coming out with new products requires support .
+
+S For Toshiba , the profits earned from the sales of the laptops were further invested to improve the quality of the later-produced laptops .
+
+S If a product has no financial support , it will not be successful as it not able to keep up with the challenges of the newly developed technology .
+
+S The most important factor that contributes to any innovation is the response of the public .
+
+S Consumers are important groups of people who will determine the success of the product .
+
+S At that time , the offices were cramped and there were no space available for workers to place their desktop .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:SVA|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||desktops|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The newly invented laptops were able to overcome these problems because of their small size and the ability to be carried around conveniently .
+
+S This convenience increases efficiency of workers as they are now able to work from anywhere in their offices besides their desk area .
+A 2 3|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As mentioned in the Rogers ( 2003 ) article , " By 1988 , Toshiba commanded a 38 percent market share for laptops in Europe and 21 percent in the United States ; a year later , it commanded 46 percent market share in Japan , despite the quick reactions of its competitors .
+
+S " More technology savvy people demand for laptop and thus the company constantly innovated and improved in order to bring the invention to greater heights .
+A 5 6|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Toshiba laptop was successful because of economic , social and the change in the company 's perceptions of the product .
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||economic and social factors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is not possible to succeed with only one factor .
+
+S Therefore Toshiba needs to consider all factors during their innovations .
+
+S Two types of discoveries
+
+S There were a lot of discoveries in history which resulted in the various products and technologies we use today .
+
+S Most of these discoveries are made due to normal research .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But there still existed a lot of discoveries that were made as a result of serendipitous result of normal research which always had some interesting stories behind them .
+A 13 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although these two types of discoveries could both influence the society , there are two interesting differences between them in designing process .
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Rogers , 2003 )
+
+S The first difference is the purpose and the process of the research .
+
+S Usually , the normal research is due to a certain need in life and wants to make some discovery to meet the need .
+A 0 23|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All the process in the research is to serve the purpose .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||processes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In contrast , there is always no specific need for the serendipitous discovery and the research which makes the discovery is usually for other purpose , and the serendipitous discovery is usually due to unexpected result of a normal research .
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN:NUM|||purposes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A good example is the discovery of Post-it notes .
+
+S 3M Company wanted to find a kind of super glue but unexpectedly they found this kind of glue that was not strong but could be used several times .
+A 12 13|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But this unexpected result led to the successful product of a new kind of notes which is now well knownPost-it .
+A 0 1|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:MORPH|||production|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:ORTH|||known Post-it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Rogers , 2003 )
+
+S The other difference between a normal discovery and a serendipitous one is how to find the use of the discovery in the process of commercialization .
+
+S For normal discovery , this is not a big problem because the discovery is for serving a specific purpose .
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||to serve|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So the usage of the discovery is quite clear .
+
+S But for serendipitous discovery , as the discovery is unexpected nobody will know the potential use of it after the discovery is made .
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even there is a possibility that nobody will notice it .
+A 0 4|||R:OTHER|||There is even the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So it is much harder to turn it into use .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB|||put|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:PART|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But fortunately , we got very smart and careful people who were able to find them and find a way to use them .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , during World War I , a British scientist called Brearly wanted to invent a kind of strong material which could be made into very good guns .
+
+S But he only invented a kind of material which was bright luster than other materials but not strong enough .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:ADJ:FORM|||brighter|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:VERB|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S He was disappointed .
+
+S But later he thought why not made this beautiful material into dinner set ?
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||make|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Finally , it turned out to be a great success .
+
+S ( Accidental Inventions , 2008 )
+
+S Although there are differences between the two types of discoveries , there is also some similarities between them .
+A 12 13|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , they both are discovered in research , they have to be developed to a certain degree before commercialization , and finally they have to be turned into products and so on .
+A 3 6|||R:OTHER|||both were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Rogers , 2003 ) In conclusion , there are two main differences between normal discovery and serendipitous discovery , one is the purpose and process of the research and the other one is the process to turn the discoveries into use .
+A 18 21|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , there are also similarities between them .
+
+S Anyhow , both of them have made a great contribution to the human society and hope there will be more discoveries being made , no matter which type they are .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||Anyway|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||I|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference
+
+S Rogers , E. M. ( 2003 ) .
+
+S The generation of innovations .
+
+S In Diffusion of innovations ( pp.136- 158 ) .
+
+S New York : Free Press .
+
+S Brain Candy .
+
+S ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Accidental Inventions .
+
+S Retrieved September 9,2009 , from http : //www.vat19.com/brain-candy/accidental-inventions-stainless-steel.cfm
+
+S Problems to Engineering Design in Singapore
+
+S Living in a small country like Singapore has various limitations and thus more challenging for her to compete with larger nations .
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Several of these limitations significantly affect the design process of new innovations .
+
+S A majority of these limitations would increases the cost of the innovation and hence require careful design .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:FORM|||increase|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of these problems includes the city-state 's lack of land space which would affect the structural design of the innovation particularly if it was on the large scale .
+A 26 27|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another would be Singapore 's dense population that affects the location and structural considerations of the design process .
+
+S Singapore currently has a land space 683 square kilometers , a country barely visible on the map .
+
+S A strategy adopted by the government to solve this problem is land reclamation , which currently accounts for about 10 % of its land space .
+
+S To further maximize land space , Singapore 's structures are mainly skyscrapers with strong and often costly foundations .
+
+S This issue particularly affects innovations that are on the larger scale , as large cost will be incurred in the construction of its foundations .
+A 8 9|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||costs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This increase in cost will hence hinder the market value and affect the economic analysis stage of the design process .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB|||affect|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Take for example the housing in Singapore , which comprises mainly of Housing Development Board [ HDB ] flats .
+A 11 12|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In view of the collapse of Nicoll highway back in April 2004 , HDB has put up very strict requirements on the piling process and the materials used , like grade 30 concrete should be used in piling .
+A 20 21|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Similarly , the steel structure that forms the backbone of the buildings , require a minimum of 3mm steel gauge at least .
+A 12 13|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All these may drive up cost and hence affect the design process .
+
+S Aside from the problem of the lack of land space , there is also the consideration of its extremely dense population .
+
+S Contradictory to its limited land area as discussed earlier , it houses more than 4 million people .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Contrary|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S During the peak hours , crowded trains and bus stations will be hard to miss .
+
+S New innovations thus have to consider its design rather seriously given the circumstances .
+A 0 1|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All these will seriously affect the functionality analysis stage of the design process , as more time and consideration will have to be channeled into this portion .
+A 26 27|||R:NOUN|||stage|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One example of a properly located and well-designed amenity would be the Mass Rail transit [ MRT ] stations .
+A 14 15|||R:ORTH|||Transit|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some stations are made connected to shopping malls while others to bus interchanges , thereby making transport in Singapore relatively convenient .
+A 3 4|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition to that , some of these stations like City Hall and Dhoby Ghaut station , not only play the role of an important hub in Singapore 's transport system , but also an internal shopping center within itself .
+A 2 4|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S City- link , which is connected to city hall station , is an underground network of shops that link itself to other larger shopping facilities .
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is linked|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Such an example shows how proper planning of the amenities lead to the success of the application .
+A 10 11|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , being a small country , Singapore has several issues that may affect the design process of future innovations , particularly its limited land space and its extremely dense population .
+
+S Certain examples like the MRT and the HDB flats are evidence that even with limited resources , Singapore can still flourish .
+
+S With proper design and careful planning , perhaps these limitations would be a thing of the past .
+
+S Reference
+
+S HDB specific requirements to the design and detailing for town council inprovement works and interim upgrading projects .
+
+S ( 2008 August , 1 ) .
+
+S [ electronic version ] .
+
+S 3 ) Steel structures .
+
+S Retrieved ( September 10 2009 ) from http : //www.hdb.gov.sg/isoa072p.nsf /13e54556eccc2e7a482570610006eb1c/ 476774302d1e8b35482574910032b864/ $ FILE/HDB-TRU_CS_- Technical % 20Requirements-TC_IUP.pdf
+
+S HDB , design , building & quality requirements for A&A work on HDB premises .
+
+S ( 2007 April 7 ) .
+
+S [ electronic version ] .
+
+S 1.5 ) foundation .
+
+S Retrieved ( September 10 2009 ) from http : //www.hdb.gov.sg/isoa072p.nsf/13e54556eccc2e7a482570610006eb1c /36b0f4403b2b0113482573ef003584dc/ $ FILE/HDB % 20requirements % 20A&A.PDF
+
+S Land reclamation in Singapore .
+
+S ( N.D. ) .
+
+S Reasons for land reclamation in Singapore .
+
+S Retrieved ( September 10 2009 ) from http : //library.thinkquest.org/C006891/reclamation.html
+
+S Tang A .
+
+S ( N.D. ) Linking City Hall , First Underground Mall in Singapore .
+
+S Singapore Shopping .
+
+S Retrieved September 10 , 2009 from http : //www.streetdirectory.com
+
+S /travel_guide/singapore/ singapore_shopping /523/linking_city_hall_first_underground_mall_in_singapore.php
+
+S Compare and contrast about guncotton and explosive
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||explosives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In most people 's opinion technology can only developed or created via research .
+
+S Such as the invention of new explosive , in order to find new explosive Nobel spent nearly all his time doing experiments in his library .
+A 0 5|||R:OTHER|||Considering|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||explosives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||explosives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN|||,Nobel|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But there are still some technology is invented from a serendipitous discovery .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||However ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 7|||R:OTHER|||some technology was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Such as guncotton , it is invented by Schoenbein by chance .
+A 0 4|||R:OTHER|||Guncotton|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Difference between these two inventions is the ideas about how to invent them come out in different ways .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The difference|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||R:VERB|||emerged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As we all know Nobel is a very hardworking and brave man .
+A 0 4|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S He nearly used all his time to work for new explosive and his younger brother dead in a failing experiment at the same time his brother 's death had an unbalancing affection on his father .
+A 1 3|||R:WO|||used nearly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||died|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:FORM|||failed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||.At|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:NOUN|||effect|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S His father dead right after his younger brother ( Nils .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||died|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S R , N.d ) .
+
+S But he never gave up and risked his life to go on his invention and his ideas came from his effort .
+
+S The story about how Schoenbein invented guncotton was quite an interesting story .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to Yang ( 2007 ) , " when Schoenbein is doing experiments he overthrew a bottle of chemical solution , and the solution flowed on the table Schoenbein found nothing but his wife 's apron to clean the table .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After he finished cleaning he thought that his wife will blame him after she saw what he had done .
+A 2 2|||M:VERB:TENSE|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So he wanted to use the stove to dry the apron .
+
+S When he walked near the stove the apron burned without any smoke and ashes left .
+A 13 15|||R:WO|||left ashes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Then he felt very happy because he realized that he had found a new kind of explosive .
+
+S " Nobel can invent the explosive successfully because of his diligence and the attitude towards science which made him never give up .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||could|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 23|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Schoenbein came up with his idea accidentally and finally made an great invention for the word .
+A 10 11|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are also some similarities between these two technologies .
+
+S First of all they are both invented by prudential chemists .
+A 8 9|||R:MORPH|||prudent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If Noble is not a prudential person and do not do his experiments and observe the phenomenon seriously though he is hardworking he may never invent the new explosive successfully .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:MORPH|||prudent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||did|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have invented|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From the story of how Schoenbein came up with the idea about the guncotton we can tell that he is really a lucky scientist .
+
+S But without the prudential attitude towards science he may miss his good luck and did not go on finding how can this phenomenon occur .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have missed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly these two technologies both made great contribute to the industry and military affairs .
+A 7 8|||R:MORPH|||contributions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As both of them are explosive , people use them to exploit mines , tear down great buildings and provide a high temperature for many chemical experiments .
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||explosives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They are also widely used in battlefield .
+
+S Engineer use them to make all kinds of weapons .
+A 0 1|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Engineers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Technology no matter it was developed via research or resulted from a serendipitous was scientist 's greatest contribution to the word .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 3|||R:OTHER|||whether|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||experiment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||R:OTHER|||world|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference
+
+S Yang , M.M. ( 2007,July ) .Shaonianyuekan , from { http : //www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-YKSN200713023.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-YKSN200713023.htm ]
+
+S The 'Made in China ' phenomenon has signaled China 's endeavor to catch up with the advanced western countries .
+
+S However , the unprecedentedly rapid economic growth , driven by manufacturing and export industry , probably prevent people from discovering the problems that may impede engineering design process for innovation .
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:SVA|||prevents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Two of these problems involve the special political environment and Chinese people 's mindset , which already have negative influence on several stages of engineering design process for innovation in China .
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First of all , the special political environment many account for the stall of some stages of the whole process , such as the stage of recognizing a need or problem and the stage of innovation-development .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||stalling|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On one hand , many old-style leaders have long been so satisfied with the annual double-digit economic growth that they tend to refuse to seek innovative factors to boost the economy .
+
+S In fact , if we date back to the earliest related term in the party 's document , as it turns out , " it is not until October 2000 and the Fifth Session of the Fifteenth Party Congress that the 'cultural industries ' were formally proposed as part of the recommendations document for the national Tenth Five-Year Plan " ( Zhang Xiaoming , Hu Hulin and Zhang Jiangang , 2004 , as cited in Keane , 2007 , p.81 ) .
+
+S On the other hand , for a system so guided by the central planning , having such decision makers means that it probably will have difficulty recognizing a need or a problem .
+
+S Consequently , research and development ( R&D ) activities are not likely to be stimulated instantaneously .
+
+S Even though R&D activities are somehow initiated successfully , the nature of central planning which calls for " information to be moved up and down the hierarchy " ( Chan , 2009 ) may throw obstacles in the information-exchange process , which is significant to the innovation-development process .
+
+S Additionally , as Keane ( 2007 ) cited in his book 'Created in China ' , " socialism overplayed the role of productive forces and failed to develop the innovative potential of human capital " .
+
+S For instance , Gage ( 2006 ) showed that in a case study published by the Washington Policy Centre , a non-partisan think tank , health facilities were required to get permission from the State Health Agency to build and extend their health care facilities .
+
+S As it was unveiled in the research report , it somehow took longer for the health facilities to obtain approval from the State Health Agency than to actually build or extend the needed facilities .
+A 1 3|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In truth , the hospital would not be allowed to renovate unless it discarded ten beds ( ) .
+A 16 19|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , the central planning actually created monopolies in this case , and the communication between manufacturing and supplier broke down due to such central planning interference .
+
+S Thus , the demands of consumers and the free market could not be met .
+
+S Another problem refers to Chinese people 's mindset .
+
+S As Michael Keane ( 2007 ) has noted , the common assumption existing long among the Chinese was that productivity directly equals to material production .
+A 22 23|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " In other word , a focus on production and performance indicators in China had impacted negatively on innovation " .
+
+S Therefore , even today in China , it is still reasonable to argue that the process for innovation may not be well understood , which means , in the respective of knowledge degree of technology transfer , the innovation-development does not seem capable to function well .
+
+S Moreover , according to what E. M. Rogers ( 2003 ) stated in 'The Generation of Innovation ' , in the face of high degree of uncertainty , these social factors in innovation-development process determine what technology is actually available to the consumers .
+
+S To sum up , we are all witnessing the state 's transformation from 'Made in China ' to 'Created in China' .
+
+S In current stage , political environment and people 's mindset are two of the problems that may hamper engineering design process for innovation .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , these problems already have impact on several stages of the process .
+
+S Reference
+
+S Chan , K. H. ( 2009 , June ) .
+
+S Coordination , Market , Demand .
+
+S Singapore : The National University of Singapore : Principle of Economics .
+
+S Gage , I. H. ( 2006 , December 12 ) .
+
+S Failures of central planning .
+
+S Central Planning : Failing the Community ( Case ) .
+
+S Retrieved from Scribd : http : //www.scribd.com/doc/14321059/Failure-of-Central-Planning
+
+S Keane , M. ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Created in China : The great new leap forward ( 1st ed ) .
+
+S London and New York : Routledge .
+
+S Rogers , E. M. ( 2003 ) .
+
+S The generation of innovation .
+
+S In diffusion of innovation .
+
+S New York : Free Press .
+
+S Both can be classified as a kind of special glue , the history of post-it notes and super glue seems rather different .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||While|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The post-it notes are resulted from a serendipitous discovery , while the super glue is developed gradually via standard research process .
+A 0 1|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to the Rogers ' innovation-decision process ( Rogers , E. M. ( 2003 ) .
+
+S The generation of innovations .
+
+S In Diffusion of innovations ( pp.136-157 ) .
+
+S New York : Free Press .
+
+S ) , we can compare the two products in a new and fresh perspective .
+
+S Rogers ' first stage is needs or problems , which indicates the initial target or request of the whole research and development process .
+
+S It is quite interesting that the initial researching target of the two products is the same : to create a more powerful and adhesive glue .
+
+S However , it turns out later that the serendipitous discovery actually has no real target in this stage , because the real use of post-it note seems totally different from what it has been expected at the beginning .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||turned|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 34|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The next stage research is to use the scientific method to fulfill the previous target .
+A 3 3|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So we can find that the super glue 's inventor successfully find what he needs while the post-it notes ' inventor create a strange glue that is low adhesive but re-adherable .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB|||see|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||found|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||needed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:TENSE|||created|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this stage , the difference between the two kinds of discoveries turns to be that the serendipitous discovery 's inventor could not meet his initial needs like the normal inventor but accidently create a totally different product instead .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:TENSE|||turned|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The third and fourth stages , development and commercialization , are to meet the needs of the consumers and try to improve the products .
+
+S And from the third stage onward , the post-it notes and the super glue finally share the similarity .
+A 0 1|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||shared|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One is low adhesive but re-adherable so is used to make notes that can be attached to documents and other surfaces freely .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The other one is high adhesive and functions quickly so can be used to glue many materials quickly with great strength .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||functioned|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||could|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The inventors both find their usages and successfully make them more practical and considerate .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||found|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||made|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So it is no more surprising that the two products both become very popular among the consumers as soon as they come out .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So we can conclude that , the serendipitous discovery and the normal one differ only in the first two stages of Rogers ' innovation process .
+
+S And from the third stage onward , they seem to have no more obvious differences .
+
+S In the context of the innovation-development process , the development of technologies may be viewed from either a technologically determinist perspective or a socially determinist view , also referred to as the social construction of technology ( Rogers , 2003 ) .
+
+S Identify one important technology which was socially determined or shaped by a specific group of users and discuss how specific factors ( e.g. , economic factors , military demands , or government regulations/priorities ) have shaped this technological innovation .
+
+S What is technology ?
+
+S According to Roger ( 2003 ) , technology is a design for instrumental action that reduces the uncertainty in the cause-effect relationships involved in achieving a desired outcome .
+
+S In the context of innovation-development process , the development of technologies may be viewed from either a technologically determinist perspective or a socially determinist view .
+
+S Technological determinism means the belief of a technology causes changes in society ( Rogers , 2003 ) , while social determinism argues that technology is constructed by social factors .
+A 5 6|||R:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One important technology which was shaped by a specific group of users is electric vehicles , which had been shaped by four different factors that are technical , economic factors , social , and political changes .
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:OTHER|||namely|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 37|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Technical factor is one of the four elements that determine the development of electric vehicle .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have determined|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Compared to the structure of a conventional automobile , electric vehicle has a similar structure but different components .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Electric vehicle has a lighter weight as most of its parts are made up of aluminium .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The electric|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , electric vehicle is safe to drive around as it is solely using electricity , while most conventional vehicles require gasoline , which is inflammable .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||uses solely|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , electric vehicle utilizes electrical energy by using batteries , so the engine is relatively clean , emission-free and quiet .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , there are less charging stations and electric vehicle requires a long recharge time .
+A 4 5|||R:ADJ|||fewer|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , it has limited usage and driving range .
+
+S Economically , technology for electric vehicles had not widely met the need because less promotion was held and there was a mass production of gasoline type automobiles .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Fewer promotions on electric vehicles were organized and auto shows were not often organized , resulting in relatively discouraging sales .
+
+S Furthermore , electric vehicles were not advertised in precise manners .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||manner|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , declined cost in oil in the past encouraged people to buy gasoline cars .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:FORM|||declining|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S At this point , there was a mass production of gasoline cars .
+A 1 2|||R:DET|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Insurance and financing were included in purchasing these vehicles .
+
+S In the end , gasoline vehicles controlled the monopoly on automobiles in market .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From these examples , we can see that various economic factors had a great influence on electric vehicles .
+
+S Compared to conventional vehicles that are available now , electric vehicles are socially determined in several reasons : limited range of electric vehicles , beliefs and values of the society today .
+A 14 15|||R:PREP|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Because of limited choices of electric cars , people choose conventional automobiles which offer greater variety of choices .
+
+S Despite several advantages , their interests towards electric cars are fading .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||interest|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Additionally , some have negative beliefs and values towards electric cars .
+
+S They believe that their status may be lowered by purchasing the cars .
+
+S They also feel that these cars are less attractive compared to conventional cars too .
+A 13 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , political factors can affect how the sales of vehicles go , which include government 's adherence to this technology .
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S People lose interests as government is not supportive .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||interest|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Not only that government provides subsidies and incentives to users , who use gasoline cars , but also constructs and designs roads for conventional vehicles .
+A 0 4|||R:OTHER|||The government not only|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All in all , we can easily see that from these examples , many factors that specified by other group of users have led electric vehicles to a decline .
+A 8 12|||R:WO|||from these examples that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to Sovacool ( 2009 ) , acceptance of a new technology depends not only on technical factors but also economic , political , and social ones .
+
+S These specific factors need to be analyzed to work out a better solution algorithmically and tackle the existing problems .
+
+S References
+
+S Rogers , E.M. ( 2003 ) .
+
+S The generation of innovations .
+
+S [ Electronic Version ] .
+
+S In Diffusion of innovations ( p. 1 ) .
+
+S New York : Free Press
+
+S Sovacool B .
+
+S ( 2009 , August 28 ) .
+
+S Using the Social Systems Approach to explain the non-adoption of electric vehicles [ Lecture ] .
+
+S Singapore : The National University of Singapore : English for Academic Writing .
+
+S Nowadays , with the ever-accelerated technology , many inventions come into being , and many new words come with them as well .
+A 4 5|||R:ADJ:FORM|||ever-accelerating|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Have you ever heard about warfarin ?
+
+S Yes !
+
+S It is a widely used rat poison in the world !
+A 2 3|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 3|||M:ADV|||most|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But do you know the original usage of warfarin ?
+
+S At first , a certain chemical in warfarin was used to counteract the acid in the soil and to minimize soil erosion .
+
+S It was found in some sweet clover hay .
+
+S However , farmers who used these plants found that when they fed their cattle with them , they all died of hemorrhage .
+
+S Professor K.P .
+
+S Link then made a research and found coumarin inside the sweet clover hay , which resulted in puncturing cattle 's stomachs and caused internal bleeding .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB|||did|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:MORPH|||punctured|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This kind of chemicals enlightened Professor Link on applying them to killing rats .
+A 1 3|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||chemical|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Finally , the famous warfarin came into use !
+A 0 1|||R:ADV|||Thus|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is a typical serendipity example , which in fact shares some common points with a conventional research .
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The first similarity is that at the first step , they both require scientists to make every effort to get the results that scientists expected them to be .
+A 21 28|||R:OTHER|||expected results|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , both of these kinds of inventions require scientists to have a proper method to do the experiment at first .
+
+S Thus we can not infer that serendipity occurs when scientists use wrong methods to achieve the result .
+
+S After all , their purposes before doing experiments are the same .
+
+S They will not work out the problem in an opposite way at the first step .
+
+S The second similarity that I consider is about luck .
+A 7 8|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As long as it is an experiment , it requires luck to some extent , regardless of whether it is serendipity or a conventional research .
+
+S Take Nobel 's invention of dynamics for example .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN|||dynamite|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Without luck , he may die of the exploding of the dynamics and would not shout that excitedly " I make it !
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have died|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:PREP|||during|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:MORPH|||explosion|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN|||dynamite|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I make it !
+
+S " Thus , luck is required at every successful experiment , let alone serendipity , which requires more luck to achieve another result to just meet a certain kind of people 's need coincidentally .
+A 6 7|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although there are similarities existing , they differ from each other in several respects .
+A 4 5|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The first obvious difference is that serendipitous technologies are not invented on purpose .
+
+S Do you know some things about the invention of microwave ?
+A 3 5|||R:OTHER|||something|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||the microwave oven|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It was invented by an American engineer called Percy Spencer .
+
+S At first , Spencer cooperated with the British to study the microwave in military use .
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||microwaves|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By accident , he found that the chocolate bars in his pocket were melted when exposed to microwave .
+A 12 13|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||microwaves|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This phenomenon interested him to use an egg for experiment .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB|||caused|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S What made him surprised was that the egg blew up !
+
+S Then the microwave oven came into use !
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , it was not invented on purpose at first !
+
+S Another difference is that serendipity is sometimes caused by additional observations of one research , while there is no further discovery as a " bonus " in a conventional research .
+
+S To conclude , both serendipity and a conventional research require luck and they are similar in their own first step , but the difference is that a serendipity finding is not on purpose and it is sometimes resulted from an additional discovery through a research .
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 38|||R:VERB:FORM|||results|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , both of them are needed to make scientific world a more magic and wonderful world !
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:MORPH|||magical|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference
+
+S warfarin : Rogers , E. M. ( 2003 ) .
+
+S The generation of innovations .
+
+S In Diffusion of innovations ( pp.136-157 ) .
+
+S New York .
+
+S Percy Spencer : Percy Spencer ( 9 July , 1894 8 September , 1970 ) was an American engineer and inventor .
+
+S He was known as the inventor of the microwave oven .
+
+S ( http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Spencer )
+
+S What Makes Xiaonei.com a Leader
+
+S Recent data indicates that well-known Xiaonei.com to be the largest social networking site in China , open to the public , mainly university students .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||indicate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 8|||R:VERB:FORM|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to Global Times , renren.com , the present name of Xiaonei.com , has attracted 70 million registered users since it was founded in 2005 ( Lin , 2009 ) .
+
+S Charging free , Xiaonei.com stands out with 63.4 % share of the social networking site market ( Wang , 2008 ) .
+A 0 1|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S No one can deny that Xiaonei.com is now a big success , leading in its field .
+
+S In my humble opinion , its success is owing to both social and economic factors .
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||due|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the social part , Xiaonei.com builds its success on the true networking environment it provides , well-rounded functions and convenience in looking for friends and classmates .
+A 16 17|||R:PUNCT|||--|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To begin with , Xiaonei.com requires the university email addresses and confirmation via this address when an application to sign up is being processed .
+
+S This action ensures the true identity of the users .
+
+S As mentioned before , undergraduate is predominant among groups of users .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||undergraduates|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Undergraduate students may probably feel secured , and thus free to share diaries , pictures and updates with friends , which may not be the case in other sites in the virtue Internet world .
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||secure|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:OTHER|||virtual|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , Xiaonei.com incorporates all kinds of functions such as the instant communication of MSN , online games and other applications like daily forecast of fortune .
+A 25 26|||R:NOUN:NUM|||fortunes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With Xiaonei.com there is no need to click on respective web links and to wait for a while before the wanted functions are ready .
+
+S Instead , what should be done is simply logging in Xiaonei.com and then almost all the expected functions are available .
+A 2 21|||R:OTHER|||when you log in to Xiaonei.com , almost all the expected functions are available|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Last but not least , users save time in looking for their friends and simply get things done in a second as long as the information on the school and class is obtained .
+A 14 14|||M:VERB:TENSE|||can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Apart from the social factors , economic factors also play an important role in the prosperity of Xiaonei.com .
+
+S Global Times noted that " the group 's revenue depends mainly on online advertising " ( Lin , 2009 ) .
+
+S Embracing a large group of users , Xiaonei.com becomes the priority of advertisers .
+
+S In fact , many have been Xiaonei.com 's partners , believing that their advertisement can boost their reputation and influence .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||advertisements|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The popularity and market size not only benefit Xiaonei.com on advertisement , but also earns Xiaonei.com large amount of investment which in turn brings Xiaonei.com further .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||advertisements|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:SVA|||earn|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , the big share Xiaonei.com holds is still maintainable .
+
+S The trustworthy networking environment , free entry and exceeding convenience earn Xiaonei.com a standout place in its field , which help sustain the market share and development .
+
+S On the strong basis of capital and reputation Xiaonei.com is reaching out to students beyond mainland China throughout the world .
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To add on , network effect , an Economics jargon meaning that people incline to stay in the network unless their followers leave , also do help Xiaonei.com secure its market share .
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||are inclined|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:VERB:SVA|||does|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , Xiaonei.com also gains the payment if more advanced features is needed , obviously depending on the market size and reputation as well .
+A 1 25|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All in all , market share , obtained from the social factors , does and will secure the achievement of Xiaonei.com by profit in advertisement and advanced service and most importantly , investment .
+A 23 24|||R:PREP|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN:NUM|||advertisements|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To sum up , social factors and economic factors work hand in hand with each other to push Xiaonei.com where it is now .
+
+S True identity of user of Xiaonei.com is indefinitely the outstanding social factor , which matches university students ' expectation to share their true life in a secure way .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The true|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||users|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN:NUM|||lives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Meanwhile , investment drawn from reputation is the key economic drive for Xiaonei.com to develop .
+
+S As a perfect combination of social and economic factors , Xiaonei.com has come so far and there is still a long way to go to prevail globally .
+
+S References
+
+S Lin J.S .
+
+S ( 2009 , August 6 ) .
+
+S Self-regulation keeps China 's SNS afloat .
+
+S Global Times .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //china.globaltimes.cn/society/2009-08/454872.html
+
+S Wang K.J .
+
+S ( 2008 , August 6 ) .
+
+S 2707 [ Chinese social networking site is gradually followed with interest , the registered users of Xiaonei.com hitting over 27million ] Retrieved from http : //www.cbinews.com/news/itnews/itc/showcontent.jsp ?
+
+S articleid = 74558
+
+S All modern jet aircraft are powered by engines based on the first jet engine .
+
+S This was first developed by Frank Whittle in 1937 and installed in military aircrafts during the World War II .
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After the war , this technology was transferred to commercial use and enabled faster and safer air travel .
+
+S In the context of the social construction of technology , I will discuss how various social factors have shaped this technological innovation .
+
+S Military priority during the World War II was an important factor in propelling the design and use of jet engine .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Frank Whittle , the inventor of jet propulsion , was a pilot in the Royal Air Force in the early 1920s .
+
+S When he first proposed the idea of turbo jet propulsion , it was met with skepticism by the Air Ministry and was denied assistance and funding from the country ( " Biography : Sir Frank Whittle , " n.d. ) .
+
+S Frank Whittle then continued to work on his engine but due to lack of funding , he made little progress .
+
+S Finally just a few months before the invasion of Poland by Germany and in the wake of possible threats , the Air ministry finally took Frank 's work seriously and promised funding in Frank 's research ( Younossi et al.,2003 ) .
+A 32 33|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As we can see , if there is no threat of war , the British Government may not provide any funding at all .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have provided|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The jet engine will not be invented at all as people then do not see the need for plane to travel so fast .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||might|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:TENSE|||did|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||planes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The social setting of the invention also plays an interesting role in shaping the history of jet engine .
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When Frank Whittle carried out his research for the British , a German physicist by the name of Hans Von Ohain had already successfully invented the jet engine and the first test flight was a whole two years earlier than Frank Whittle 's ( McTavish , 1993 ) .
+
+S However Frank 's model was more recognized than Han 's due to two reasons .
+
+S First , the first jet flight was unknown to the world due to military secrecy under the Nazi regime ( Crandall , 2007 ) .
+
+S Second , the war ended with the Allies emerging victorious .
+
+S Therefore , Hans 's engine was not developed while the U.K continued to improve on Frank Whittle 's design , which would later be evolved to commercial uses .
+
+S In this case , the engine used was socially determined by the winning party of the war .
+
+S Two feasible engines had meet up with different fate due to the different social settings .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||fates|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Last by not least , the increase in the trends of international tourism is the one factor that allows jet engines to be converted to civilian usage today .
+
+S After the war , peace returned and economy prospered due to reconstruction efforts .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||economies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S People became more affluent and demand for foreign travel increased exponentially ( Lyth , 1975 ) .
+
+S Planes in use then were slow ; around 250 miles per hour , and the airlines industry needed a better alternative .
+
+S This was when the jet engines were developed to fit into the commercial planes we travel on today .
+
+S As we can see , a change in society trend can completely revolutionize the usage of a technology .
+A 9 9|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is a striking example of how social factors shaped the way people use a technology .
+
+S To conclude , the jet engine has come a long way .
+
+S From its initial usage in killing machines to its function in revolutionizing air travel , the jet engine in use today has been shaped by many social considerations and I certainly believe it will continue to be so in the many futures to come .
+
+S References
+
+S Biography : Sir Frank Whittle ( n.d. ) Answers.com .
+
+S Retrieved September 9 , 2009 , from http : //www.answers.com/topic/frank-whittle
+
+S Crandall , J .
+
+S ( 2007 , April 1 ) .
+
+S The invention of the Jet Engine .
+
+S Suite101 .
+
+S Retrieved September 9 , 2009 , from http : //transport-inventions.suite101.com/article.cfm/the_invention_of_the_jet_engine
+
+S Lyth , P. ( 1975 ) .
+
+S The Jet Engine and the revolution in air travel : Gim me a ticket on an Aeroplane .
+
+S International Economic History Association Web .
+
+S Retrieved September 9 , 2009 , from http : //eh.net/XIIICongress/cd/papers/4Lyth8.pdf
+
+S McTavish , D. ( 1995 ) .
+
+S Famous Inventors ( 2nd ed ) .
+
+S East Sussex : Waylands .
+
+S Younossi , B ( 2003 ) .
+
+S Military Jet Acquisition : An overview of Military Jet Engine history .
+
+S Rand Corporation .
+
+S Retrieved September 9 , 2009 , from http : // www.rand.org/pubs/monograph.../MR1596/MR1596.appb.pdf
+
+S Engineering design problems in China
+
+S Since the reform and open policy was established in 1978 , China has enjoyed a booming development in economics and technology .
+A 18 19|||R:MORPH|||economy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A large amount of foreign capitals as well as advanced foreign technologies have been introduced to China .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||capital|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , a lot of factories are built to provide the whole world with cheap and qualified products .
+A 18 19|||R:MORPH|||quality|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the technological innovation for engineering design is still a weak point for Chinese manufactories .
+
+S Many Chinese enterprises do not have their own technology and the technological innovation is mainly relied on the introduced foreign technology .
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||dependent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S What exactly hamper the engineering design innovations in China ?
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||hampers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In my opinion , a serious plagiarism problem of Chinese institutes and the conservative consumption concept of Chinese people are two significant restrictions for the innovation of engineering design in China .
+
+S The plagiarism problem in both researching process and manufacturing process of engineering design is very serious in China .
+
+S In Chinese universities and other research organizations , plagiarism is rampant .
+
+S A Chinese study shows that " 60 percent of PhD candidates admitted to plagiarism , bribery " ( Marquand , 2006 ) .
+
+S University professors are also exposed of plagiarism .
+A 5 6|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , Wang Mingming , a sociology professor in Peking University plagiarized 100.000 words from an American anthropologist 's work in the year 2002 ( Academic Circles , 2002 ) .
+
+S Plagiarism also exists in manufactories .
+
+S A notable number of Chinese factories make piratical products by copying foreign products .
+A 7 8|||R:MORPH|||pirated|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , Meizu , a Chinese electrical manufactory famous for its pseudo " Apple inspired design " music players recently comes up with a new product M8 .
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:TENSE|||came|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This new product is actually another copycat of Apple iphone ( Ricker , 2007 ) .
+
+S Another example is the popular Chinese website " Xiaonei " .
+
+S It is exactly a fake " Facebook " .
+
+S Plagiarism can have strong negative effects on the innovation of engineering design .
+
+S By plagiarizing , engineers are not inclined to generate and analyze multiple solutions ( Khandani , 2005 ) .
+
+S They tend to copy other engineers ' work and become less creative , which in turn , significantly hamper the engineering design innovation of the whole nation .
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:SVA|||hampers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The other important factor is the traditional conservative consumption concept of Chinese people .
+
+S Chinese culture used to appreciate consistency and changelessness .
+
+S In modern society , many Chinese people are still traditional and conservative in their consumption concepts .
+
+S They tend to reject engineering innovation and be slow in accepting new technological products .
+
+S Consequently , the conservative consumption concept can lead to low evaluation estimation of innovative products .
+
+S For the famous Russian Anti-Virus software , Kaspersky , many Chinese people would prefer to get a free registration key than pay certain amount of money .
+
+S Furthermore , the commercializing process of engineering design innovation can also be strongly affected by the conservative consumption concepts .
+
+S Take " Xianjian ( the Legend of Sword and Fairy ) " , a fantastic Chinese video game for example .
+
+S It is a very popular video game in china .
+
+S However , the game company is lack of capitals for research and development since most players are using cracked version of Xianjian .
+A 5 8|||R:OTHER|||lacks|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||capital|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||versions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With few responses from local consumers , it is really tough for the innovation of engineering design in China .
+
+S The world is becoming more competitive .
+
+S Only creative countries with innovative engineers can lead the technology of the world .
+
+S Therefore , innovation in engineering design is of extreme importance .
+
+S China has to be aware of its problems in engineering design in order to be a leading nation in the 21st century .
+
+S By reducing the plagiarism rate of Chinese institutes and gradually converting the conservative consumption concept of Chinese people , China can really make a big difference .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB|||changing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Academic Circles Buzz Over Peking University Plagiarism Case .
+
+S ( 2002 , February 22 ) .
+
+S Retrieved September 9 , 2009 , from { http : //www.china.org.cn/english/2002/Feb/27368.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.china.org.cn/english/2002/Feb/27368.htm ]
+
+S Kaspersky 's Keys are all over the internet , why KL do n't stop it .
+
+S ( 2006 , May 12 ) .
+
+S Kaspersky lab forum .
+
+S Retrieved September 9 , 2009,from
+
+S http : //forum.kaspersky.com/lofiversion/index.php/t13792.html
+
+S Khandani , S. ( 2005 ) .
+
+S Engineering design process .
+
+S Retrieved September 9 , 2009 , from http : //www.iisme.org/etp/HS % 20Engineering- % 20Engineering.pdf
+
+S Marquand,R .
+
+S ( May 16 , 2006 ) .
+
+S Research fraud rampant in China .
+
+S Retrieved September 9 , 2009 , from the Csmonitor website : { http : //www.csmonitor.com/2006/0516/p01s03-woap.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.csmonitor.com/2006/0516/p01s03-woap.html ]
+
+S " Paladin 5 " development series will not end .
+
+S ( 2009 , September 9 ) .
+
+S Retrieved September 9 , 2009 , from the TGBUS website : { http : //ol.tgbus.com/news/pcgame/200909/492448.shtml } [ HYPERLINK : http : //ol.tgbus.com/news/pcgame/200909/492448.shtml ]
+
+S Ricker , T. ( 2007 , Jan 29 ) .
+
+S Meizu 's M8 ?
+
+S Apple lawyers , start your engines .
+
+S Retrieved September 9 , 2009 , from the Engadget website : { http : //www.engadget.com/2007/01/29/meizus-m8-apple-lawyers-start-your-engines/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.engadget.com/2007/01/29/meizus-m8-apple-lawyers-start-your-engines/ ]
+
+S Facing the food shortage
+
+S Food shortage is much more serious than it used to be now .
+A 6 12|||R:WO|||now than it used to be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to an article published on the Internet , the impact of food crisis is historically spreading from developing world to developed world ( Kate Smith and Rob Edwards , 2009 ) .
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is the critical time to make some substantial changes to solve this essential challenge .
+
+S Appropriate facilities , efficient technology support and proper use of food are required to increase the food production in order to solve the food shortage problem .
+A 4 5|||R:MORPH|||technological|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First and foremost , government should improve the facilities in the current agriculture system to satisfy the fundamental requirements .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:MORPH|||agricultural|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN|||needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To be more accurate , in the developing countries , government should make a good plan to build irrigation canal and bank based on the analysis of local climate and geography .
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||canals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:NUM|||banks|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Government should provide stable surroundings for farmers to plant food .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Protecting plant away from droughts and floods is necessary to have a good harvest .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||plants|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides the infrastructure construction , another advisable method to increase production is to mechanize the agriculture system .
+A 15 16|||R:MORPH|||agricultural|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Armed with machine , farmers can make the most of limited farmland and time .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN|||machinery|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition to the improvement of facilities in the current agriculture system , high-tech support also plays a crucial role in increasing food production .
+A 10 11|||R:MORPH|||agricultural|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is effortless to come up with the idea that we can use biological engineering way to change certain properties of plants .
+A 15 16|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Through this method , more food can be harvested in the same area of farmland .
+
+S Government should also make some regulations to urge experts to teach farmers how to farm scientifically .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , people grew a certain kind of plant in a county of China traditionally .
+
+S However , the plant is not an ideal plant for that environment .
+
+S After those farmers were told this , they changed the plant .
+
+S Then a better harvest is got .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB|||obtained|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Having made a good plan to help farmers to produce more food , government must use the food properly .
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Otherwise , no matter how much food can be harvested , many people will still suffer starvation .
+
+S From the same article which was mentioned in the first paragraph , a surprising fact emerges from the sophisticated Internet .
+
+S " Last year a quarter of the US maize crop was turned into ethanol to fuel vehicles - and the US supplies more than 60 % of the world 's maize exports .
+
+S " ( Kate Smith and Rob Edwards , 2009 ) .
+
+S It sounds very ridiculous that while 102.1 million people received food from UN WFP ( WFP in numbers , 2009 ) because they did not have enough food , an appreciable percentage of food was used to run cars .
+
+S It can never be called progress but ignorance .
+
+S It is an inhuman action to turn food into ethanol to feed cars instead of helping those starving people .
+A 3 4|||R:MORPH|||inhumane|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Government should not abuse food .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , there are three advisable ways to solve the food shortage .
+
+S Infrastructure is the foundation of agriculture .
+
+S Upgrading the infrastructure is necessary for food production to increase .
+
+S Apart from infrastructure , high-tech technology also can do a big favor in this issue .
+A 5 6|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 8|||R:WO|||can also|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Last but not least , proper use of food must be highlighted .
+
+S Through these methods , a better situation will come soon .
+
+S References
+
+S Smith , K. & Edwards , R. ( 2008 ) .
+
+S 2008 : The year of global food crisis .
+
+S Retrieved September 5th , 2009 , from website : { http : //www.sundayherald.com/search/display.var.2104849.0.2008_the_year_of_global_food_crisis.php } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.sundayherald.com/search/display.var.2104849.0.2008_the_year_of_global_food_crisis.php ]
+
+S WFP in numbers .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Retrieved September 5th , 2009 , from World Food Programme Fighting Hunger Worldwide website : { http : //www.wfp.org/wfp-numbers } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.wfp.org/wfp-numbers ]
+
+S During the last decade , Vietnam experienced significant changes .
+
+S In 1986 , the government of Vietnam introduced the " Doi moi " - reforming program to bring about improvements in the living of its people .
+
+S Although progress has been impressive by almost any standards : economy , education , health service... , Vietnam must face a lot of current challenges , especially in technology .
+
+S Among these challenges , the shortages of investment and skilled workers actually hamper engineering design processes for innovation .
+
+S At present , the lack of investment makes several projects in Vietnam progress tardily or incompletely .
+
+S Standard of living has become higher and higher .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The standard|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , the needs of energy , effective machine , modern communication service... ask for an innovation in engineering design processes that " often begins with recognition of a problem or need " ( Rogers , 2003 , p. 136 ) .
+
+S Vietnamese engineers have knowledge and enthusiasm to start research and development .
+
+S However , at this stage , they must face a serious question : " Where do the investments come from ?
+
+S " Without money , engineers ca n't continue and improve their ideas .
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||can not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , most of those researches have only existed in paper and laboratories .
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||that research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , despite the assessment of substantial potential energy , wind energy in Vietnam is not developed and is only applied in researching phase .
+
+S According to Do ( 2008 ) , around 28,000 square kilometers of the country 's land had an average wind speed of over seven meters per second ( para .
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S 2 ) .
+
+S The wind energy project requires a great investment that is too high for provinces ; so , they are trying to attract foreign and private investors .
+
+S But there are still difficulties for foreigners and organizations seeking to invest in Vietnam .
+
+S One of these involves the form of pricing .
+
+S Do showed " State- owned monopoly power distributor Vietnam Electricity ( EVN ) only pays 4.5 cents for a kilowatt hour ( kWh ) of wind energy though the cost of generating it is not less than six cents .
+
+S " Thus , the Vietnamese laws would better be changed to reflect the needs of investors .
+
+S In addition to the investment , the force of skilled workers is also a difficult problem for Vietnam .
+
+S The condition of shortage of skilled workers has appeared for a long time , but recently , in speeding up production process , this condition becomes urgent .
+A 1 3|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In Binh Duong , a province of Vietnam , the real situation is " roughly 50,000 labors were needed to fill positions each year " ( " Firms grapple with shortage " , 2009 ) .
+A 16 17|||R:SPELL|||laborers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So the engineering design process is short of efficient workers joining in the commercialization of an innovation .
+
+S However , in many training schools , there is still lack of facilities and equipment that ca n't help workers improve their practical skill .
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||, which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 18|||R:OTHER|||can not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , from now , Vietnamese government should find a solution to link factories and companies with schools in training workers .
+A 4 4|||M:ADV|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the investment from them , the school has abilities to modernize facilities so that training condition will be better .
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The shortage of investment and skilled workers is a problem needing solutions rapidly as well as lastingly .
+A 11 17|||R:OTHER|||rapid and lasting solutions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Undergoing this challenge , Vietnam will gain more power to catch up with the developed world .
+A 0 1|||R:VERB|||Overcoming|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Rogers , E.M. ( 2003 ) .
+
+S The generation of innovations .
+
+S In Diffusion of innovations .
+
+S New York : Free Press .
+
+S Do , T.S .
+
+S ( 2008 , October 23 ) .
+
+S Wind could bridge supply-demand gap for electricity in Vietnam .
+
+S Frost .
+
+S Retrieved September 8 , 2009 , from { http : //www.frost.com/prod/servlet/market-insight-top.pag ? Src = RSS&docid = 146888845 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.frost.com/prod/servlet/market-insight-top.pag ? Src = RSS&docid = 146888845 ]
+
+S Firms grapple with shortage , retention of skilled employees .
+
+S ( 2009 , June 22 ) .
+
+S Vietnamnews .
+
+S Retrieved September 8 , 2009 , from { http : //vietnamnews.vnagency.com.vn/showarticle.php ? num = 01LAB220609 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //vietnamnews.vnagency.com.vn/showarticle.php ? num = 01LAB220609 ]
+
+S Problems in the Engineering Design Processes for Innovations in China
+
+S Engineering design processes for innovations are very important to the industry of China .
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , some existing problems hamper the innovations .
+
+S Here , a make an example .
+A 0 6|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the rapid development of the oil industry , the process and conveyance of oil is more and more advanced .
+
+S Just at this time , a new kind of material comes into being which is called new plastic material .
+
+S Compared with traditional metal conduit , plastic conduit has the advantages of lighter in weight , stronger ability to bear corrosion and smaller resistance .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||conduits|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||conduits have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||having a lighter|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , plastic conduit saves sources , costs less and is easily fixed .
+A 4 12|||R:OTHER|||conduits save sources , cost less and are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , plastic conduit is very popular from engineers .
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||conduits are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , nowadays , there are some problems hamper the engineering design processes for innovations in China .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Two significant problems are about the raw material and the utilization .
+
+S Although the scale of the raw materials manufacture for the plastic conduit is extending and the quality of the materials is increasing , there are still some problems .
+A 1 22|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First , there is little variety of the raw materials and there are almost no special materials .
+
+S To meet the different needs of the market , many kinds of materials are needed .
+
+S But , China does not have enough kinds of special raw materials at present .
+
+S As a consequence , we need to import the materials from other countries .
+
+S The import increases the price of plastic conduit which people do not want .
+
+S Second , the qualities of the materials are not steady .
+A 3 8|||R:OTHER|||quality of the materials is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:ADJ|||consistent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is mainly due to our production system is not advanced .
+A 5 5|||M:OTHER|||the fact that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We do not have the advanced equipment and do not use stabilizing agent and additive properly .
+
+S This problem is because of our short comings in the technology .
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The last , the price of the raw materials fluctuate greatly .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:SVA|||fluctuates|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The price of the ordinary materials are suitable and almost the same as other countries .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:OTHER|||that in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the special raw materials are very expensive , especially some accessories and some assistants .
+A 14 16|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , we need to import the special materials from other countries .
+
+S Therefore , there are some problems about the raw materials of the plastic conduit that hamper the engineering design .
+
+S Plastic conduit has its own characteristics .
+
+S Special technique is needed , such as the technique of laying the conduit under the water and the repair skill .
+
+S However , the criterions about these techniques are still under constituting .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:INFL|||criteria|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The study about plastic conduit is poor and there is no ripe method to construct .
+
+S These problems lead to a result that although there are good products , plastic conduit can not exert its special functions because the workers do not have the necessary knowledge and still follows the outdated methods .
+A 17 18|||R:VERB|||serve|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:VERB:SVA|||follow|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , the laggard utilization of the plastic conduit hampers the process of engineering design .
+A 5 7|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Plastic conduit is really an advanced design for industry .
+
+S However , just like plastic conduit , there are many engineering designs which have not developed into perfect innovations in China because of the problems exist now .
+A 25 25|||M:DET|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To sum up , China has a long way to go to meet the needs of engineering designs processes for innovations .
+
+S In the board sweep of scientific history , scientists have made a lot of discoveries via research .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||broad|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In contrast , a lot of serendipitous discoveries were made at the same time .
+A 0 14|||R:OTHER|||At the same time , a lot of serendipitous discoveries were made|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a serendipitous discovery , the discovery of penicillin is very different from the discovery of the DNA 's structure , because Alexander Fleming started to study penicillin by an accidental finding , but Watson and Crick started the research on the DNA 's structure based on Franklin 's previous study .
+
+S Furthermore , Fleming did not experience failure during the study on penicillin , but the discovery of DNA 's structure did not seem to be that smooth .
+
+S The discovery of penicillin was started accidentally , but Watson and Crick started their research on the structure of DNA based on the previous research done by Franklin .
+
+S Douglas Allchin ( n.d. ) once put in his article saying that " Alexander Fleming 's discovery of penicillin is one of the most celebrated cases of chance , or accident , in science ( Allchin , n.d. ) .
+
+S " Although Louis Pasteur once said that " chance favors only the prepared mind " , it was fortune that have done the most job to make Fleming the person who found penicillin .
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN|||work|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Well , for Watson and Crick , it was another story .
+
+S " These two brash young scientists " ( " The discovery of " , n.d. ) spent more than one year discussing the result of Franklin 's research and their assumptions before they really embarked on their own research .
+
+S Maybe it was just because that Fleming discovered the penicillin by chance , he did not experience any failure during the discovering process , while the discovery of the DNA 's structure did not seem to be that easy and the process did not seem to be smooth , either .
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After " Fleming noticed a halo of inhibition of bacterial growth around a contaminant blue-green mould on a Staphylococcus plate culture " ( " Discovery of penicillin " , 2009 ) , he started his research and discovered penicillin .
+
+S Everything seems progressing normally .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||seemed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||to progress|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When it comes to the DNA 's structure , the situation was quite different .
+
+S In the 1950s , not only Watson and Crick , but also two other groups were working on the research wanting to determine the structure of DNA , but in the end , only Watson and Crick were able to produce good quality diffraction patterns and thus produce sufficient quantitative data about the structure ( " History of molecular " , 2009 ) .
+
+S In conclusion , scientists made new discoveries by using different methods .
+
+S The discovering process of penicillin and the structure of DNA were totally different , but the scientists have made significant contribution to human beings by making both discoveries .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||processes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , both of them are still playing an important role in the medical field in 21st century .
+
+S References
+
+S Douglas Allchin .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Penicillin and chance .
+
+S Retrieved September 7 , 2009 , from http : //www1.umn.edu/ships/updates/fleming.htm
+
+S The discovery of DNA 's structure .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Retrieved September 7 , 2009 , from http : //www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/06/3/l_063_01.html
+
+S Discovery of penicillin .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Retrieved September 7 , 2009 , from http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_of_penicillin
+
+S History of molecular biology : Discovery of the structure of DNA .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Retrieved September 7 , 2009 , from http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_of_DNA_ structure # Discovery_of_the_structure_of_DNA
+
+S Over the years , man has come up with many marvelous ideas and technologies which helped to simplify our lives by a huge leap .
+A 15 15|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These great ideas were thanks to the hardwork and effort that researchers put in to make them happen .
+
+S However , some of the unthinkable ideas were not created through research .
+
+S These creations are called serendipitous discoveries .
+
+S Often than not , they are chanced upon when the researchers are researching on something else instead .
+A 0 1|||M:ADV|||More often|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Let us take a closer look at two examples , the electric car as technology that was developed via research and warfarin which was a result of a serendipitous discovery , and find out what are some of their similarities and differences in terms of their popularity , usefulness , production cost , and other usages .
+A 54 55|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 55 56|||R:NOUN:NUM|||usage|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Both the electric car and warfarin gained in popularity from the moment they were developed .
+
+S The electric cars were heavily marketed when the prototype became available .
+
+S Advertisements were put up in each local newspaper , inviting interested individuals to apply for an opportunity to test-drive the new vehicle .
+
+S The response turned out to be overwhelming .
+
+S According to Rogers E.M. ( 2003 ) , in Sacramento , with a population of close to half a million , seven thousand applied .
+
+S And though they were given thrity minutes after the test-drive to ask questions , they find that it was not enough to ask all the questions that they have in mind .
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||found|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:VERB:TENSE|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , when asked to hand out wallet-sized cards containing information on the electric cars , the test-drivers did it with passion .
+
+S They even asked for more cards when they finished giving out what they have .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As for warfarin , it was a big hit too as it was a very effective antidote against pests like rats and mice .
+
+S However , to this date , it has been overtaken by another stronger poison called brodifacoum .
+
+S This is because many rat populations have developed resistance to warfarin .
+
+S Therefore , a poison of greater potency is needed .
+
+S Another similarity between the two different innovations is that they are both useful in their own way .
+
+S The electric car is created as it does not pollute the air unlike gasoline vehicles .
+
+S The electric car is also lightweight and very quiet , which does not produce noise pollution as well .
+
+S Therefore , the electric car serves its purpose of being a clean and pollution-free car .
+
+S The warfarin is useful as rats causes a lot of problems especially to farmers , and warfarin is very effective against them .
+A 0 1|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||cause|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , it is not dangerous to humans who might happen to consume it .
+
+S Thus , both creations are very useful in the role they play in making our life a better one .
+
+S One difference between the two innovations is the production cost of each product .
+
+S The electric car is a large scale project where large amount of money is pumped into doing research in order to improve the car .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides that , each individual part that make up the car is also expensive .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||makes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As compared to the electric car , warfarin is a cheap product which is easily available in the market .
+
+S Another consideration that separates the electric car from warfarin is that the electric car only has one usage whereas warfarin has other usages besides being used as a pesticide .
+
+S The electric car is a vehicle used for transportation and that is its sole purpose .
+
+S Warfarin , on the other hand , can be used as an anticoagulant .
+
+S It is prescribed to people with an increased tendency for thrombosis , the formation of blood clot inside the blood vessel .
+
+S Warfarin can also help to prevent formation of future blood clots .
+
+S In conclusion , although technology can be created by means of doing research or by chance , there are still some similarities and differences between them .
+
+S References
+
+S Rogers , E.M. ( 2003 ) .
+
+S Opinion leaders and mavens in the diffusion of electric cars .
+
+S In Diffusion of innovations ( pp87-89 ) .
+
+S New York : Free Press
+
+S Right from the first Industrial Revolution , human 's daily life is being enriched by exploding number of inventions .
+A 11 13|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Currently human beings require more varies and amount of inventions .
+A 5 6|||R:MORPH|||variety|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||a greater number|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some of the inventions are developed from the conventional generated technology while others may come from innovations which are created in a skunkworks environment .
+
+S Both of the two methods require tough jobs and their researchers must overcome the impacts of unpredictable market during the process .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||demanding|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the surface , conventionally generated technology and innovation created in a skunkworks environment do not differ .
+
+S One similarity the two technologies share is that the process is tough .
+A 11 12|||R:ADJ|||tedious|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Because of market demands , researchers have to work overloaded so as to come out the technology faster .
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||up with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , researchers have to repeat the same experiment hundreds of times until success .
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||they succeed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , Edison decided to invent electric light after Ferrari invented electric motor .
+
+S After concluding previous experiences , Edison tried about 1600 different materials as filament with noting down each of their performances .
+A 3 4|||R:MORPH|||experiments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:PREP|||while|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , Edison also tried to vacuumize the lamp .
+
+S And finally all the efforts turned to be success that the first light in the world appeared in 1879 .
+A 5 8|||R:OTHER|||resulted in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||when|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , the two technology processes have another feature in common , that is researchers have to take all the uncertain consequences including a total failure during the process .
+
+S In other words , no matter the technology derives from a convention or it is definitely a new innovation , it has to be prepared for the worst outcome .
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||whether|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||R:OTHER|||they have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Sometimes the final product can not reach what people have expected , or the new innovation can not be accepted by public temporarily , then negative impacts may influence the continuing research .
+
+S Therefore , the two types of technologies are alike since tough jobs are required and researchers must be ready for any consequence given by the unpredicted market .
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||demanding|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:MORPH|||unpredictable|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , they also differ .
+
+S First of all , the length of the research process may differ .
+
+S As conventionally generated technology is always upgraded from a previous technology , in contrast , innovation is to come up with a total new technology which has fewer references .
+A 0 1|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , developing a conventionally generated technology is always faster than coming up with an innovation .
+
+S Moreover , conventionally generated technology and innovation receive different attitudes from other people .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN|||responses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As conventionally generated technology obeys people 's psychological inertia so that it can easily satisfy people .
+A 4 16|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , the previous technology it is based on may have already gained reputations , hence the majority of people will support the R&D process and the process is always under observation .
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN|||acceptance|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But when it comes to innovation , the conditions are quite different .
+
+S The researchers of the innovation may receive poor feedbacks in the prior market research , or someone even regard the researchers as idiots .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:INFL|||feedback|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:VERB:TENSE|||may|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus normally the innovation has to be developed in a skunkworks environment .
+
+S Take the birth of the first Toshiba laptop as an example , initially the idea of the laptop could not be accepted by the organizational hierarchy of Toshiba .
+A 11 13|||R:PUNCT|||. Initially|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However the engineer Mizoguchi persisted to research the laptop in a skunkworks environment , and finally he got the triumph and nowadays laptop is becoming essential in our daily life .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To conclude , conventionally generated technology and innovation created in a skunkworks environment are alike , yet different .
+
+S Both of them require endless efforts although they may be neglected temporarily , but they should be appreciated since they contribute a lot to the development of technology .
+
+S References
+
+S Rogers , E.M. ( 2003 ) .
+
+S The birth of the laptop computer at Toshiba .
+
+S In diffusion of innovations ( pp .
+
+S 144- 146 ) .
+
+S New York : Free Press .
+
+S What is hampering engineering design process for innovations in China ?
+
+S In recently years , engineering design for innovation has aroused consideration from the public in China .
+
+S As a most important aspect to contribute to the development of science and technology of the nation as well as improve living standard of people , engineering design for innovations plays a significant role in the current Chinese society .
+A 21 21|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , there are still many problems hampering engineering design process for innovations .
+
+S The exam-orientated education system and the undesirable climate in the academic circle are two of the most serious ones which affect engineers ' motivation and capacities during the process .
+
+S The exam-orientated education system has existed in China for a long time .
+
+S It does have some advantages ; however , it has more side effect on people 's innovation and creation .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||effects|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the process of basic education , spoon-feeding education is the main teaching method in this system and it focuses on memorization .
+
+S Students are required to remember whatever books read and teaches teach without thinking about whether it is true or not .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB|||say|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:MORPH|||teachers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , high marks in exams are their goal of study .
+
+S They do a lot of exercise so as to be proficient at solving problems in the exam papers .
+
+S They gradually ignore thinking and doubting and lose the awareness and ability of creation and innovation .
+
+S In the phase of tertiary education in China , although students have more chance of self-study , most of them still focus on various kinds of exams in order to get certificates .
+
+S They pursue further study in purpose of getting a better job rather than do research .
+A 4 5|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:FORM|||doing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Still , they achieve a master degree or PhD through exams .
+
+S In general , the exam-orientated education system has affected engineering design process of innovations .
+
+S In addition , the undesirable climate in the academic circle is hampering innovations even more seriously .
+
+S There are few engineers absorbed in creation and innovation .
+
+S Many are more concerned about self benefits , such as social status , reputation and money .
+
+S This phenomenon is partially a result of the social prejudice that the society respects those with power more than intelligentsias .
+A 19 20|||R:SPELL|||intelligence|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Academic demoralization and corruption are common nowadays .
+
+S Money for research is wasted on some vanity projects ; cheating and plagiarism are carried out in order to win a reputation .
+
+S Paper , as the major measurement of one 's achievement in academic circles , causes the situation to be even worse .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||Using publication|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order to issue more papers in some magazines , some engineers even use money to buy the opportunities of issuing their articles .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB|||publish|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB|||publishing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These problems in academic circle are impeding engineering design .
+
+S Having recognized the factors which are hampering the engineering design process of innovations , we must take action to change the serious situation .
+
+S Improving the education system and developing right academic atmosphere are essential and urgent .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Only removing the obstacles can engineers develop science and technology and design new things of innovations .
+A 1 1|||M:PREP|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Conventional Way and Skunkworks
+
+S Technology is a material object which is used to increase the ability to adapt to one 's environment ( " Technology , " 2009 ) .
+
+S To produce technology , one has to make a project involving professionals .
+
+S Because the project usually spends a lot of money , one should have a backup , such as a company , to give financial support .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB|||costs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conventional way , one should receive an approval from the corporate executives due to the company bureaucracy in order to do the project .
+A 5 7|||R:VERB|||needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , there are some projects which are not approved by the corporate executives .
+
+S Most people will just obey the decision .
+
+S Nonetheless , there are some people who are not satisfied with the decision made by the corporate executives , and these people dare to challenge the executives ' decision by doing the project in a skunkworks environment .
+
+S Thus , technology can be derived from a project which is done either in a conventional way or in a skunkworks environment .
+
+S A conventionally generated technology and an innovation that was created in a skunkworks environment differ in organizational structure and time consumption , but similar in the doers and the purpose .
+A 23 23|||M:VERB|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One obvious difference is the organizational structure .
+
+S People who do the project in a conventional way should receive an approval from the corporate executives before these people start the project .
+A 9 11|||R:VERB|||need|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||R:OTHER|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These people have to submit a proposal of the project and wait for the executives ' decision , which is based on the company situation .
+
+S In some cases , although the idea of the project was brilliant , the executives rejected the proposal due to the economic situation of the company .
+A 21 22|||R:ADJ|||financial|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , Toshiba 's corporate leaders denied Tetsuya Mizoguchi 's request on the laptop project ( Rogers , 2003 ) .
+
+S In contrast , a project which is done in a skunkworks environment does not undergo the company 's bureaucracy .
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||go through|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In other words , the start of skunkworks does not depend on the executives ' decision .
+
+S As a result of the difference in organizational structure , a conventionally generated technology and an innovation that was created in a skunkworks environment also differ in time consumption .
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The project which is done in a conventional way needs more time due to the approval of the corporate executives .
+
+S Consequently , the project which is done in a skunkworks environment consumes less time than the conventional one .
+
+S This is why in 1943 , the Air Tactical Service Command ( ATSC ) of the Army Air Force gave Lockheed Aircraft Corporation a command to build a jet fighter due to the rapidly growing German jet ( " Skunk Works , " n.d. ) .
+
+S Despite these differences , a conventionally generated technology and an innovation that was created in a skunkworks environment have two similarities .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , both of them are handled by professionals .
+
+S Due to the complexity of the project , an unskilled person would not be able to do the project .
+
+S For instance , Ron Avitzur and Greg Robbins needed professional quality assurance people to test the project and professional writing software people to write the software in the graphing calculator project ( Avitzur , 2004 ) .
+A 19 21|||R:WO|||software writing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , both innovations have the same purpose in general .
+
+S The purpose is to improve the welfare of society by increasing the ability to adapt to the environment .
+
+S For instance , hand phone is made in order to communicate with another person in the different place in an easier way .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A conventionally generated technology and an innovation that was created in a skunkworks environment are different but alike .
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||yet|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Though they are different in organizational structure and time consumption , but both still have similarities in the doers and the purpose .
+A 11 12|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since a company still have to consider a number of factors when making a decision , bureaucracy in the company will not be gone .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , by looking at the efficiency of the skunkworks , it is possible for a company to reduce the bureaucracy in order to come out with more innovations .
+A 25 26|||R:PART|||up|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Avitzur , R. ( 2004 ) .
+
+S The graphing calculator story .
+
+S Retrieved September 6 , 2009 , from http : //www.pacifict.com/ Story/
+
+S Rogers , E.M. ( 2003 ) .
+
+S The birth of the laptop computer at Toshiba [ Electronic version ] .
+
+S In Diffusion of innovations ( pp.144- 146 ) .
+
+S New York : Free Press .
+
+S Skunk works ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Lockheed Martin : We never forget who we 're working forTM .
+
+S Retrieved September 9 , 2009 , from http : //www.lockheedmartin.com/aeronautics/skunkworks/ index.html Technology .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S In Wikipedia , the free encyclopedia .
+
+S Retrieved September 9 , 2009 , from http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Technology
+
+S The solution to energy crisis
+
+S As science and technology develops faster and faster nowadays , more and more machines and instruments are created .
+
+S However , machines need energy which is always generated from coal , petrol and so forth .
+
+S As we all know , the resource mentioned above is non-renewable , and it is also limited .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||resources|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||they are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Then a new problem comes out .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Hence ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||surfaces|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S What if human use up the resource in the world ?
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||humans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||resources|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S What can human live on ?
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||humans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So , we need to create machines which consume less energy .
+A 0 1|||R:ADV|||Therefore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , we also need to find new energy to replace old non renewable resources .
+
+S An energy crisis may break out because people cry for energy but the resources are limited now .
+
+S The step of industrialization becomes faster and faster , so numerous energies are needed .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN|||pace|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has become|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN|||energy sources|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As resources consumption increases rapidly and they are limited , there are fewer resources for people to use .
+
+S And the crisis of shortage of energies has come out to some extent .
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||become evident|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Graham Smith and Hazel Rudge-Pickard ( n.d. ) reported that , " The UK currently has around sixty million people .
+
+S Without oil it could support maybe twenty million but probably less because there will be no oil to power farm machines , no fertilizer to grow strong crops and no herbicides or pesticides to keep the weeds and insects at bay .
+
+S We will be sent back to a pre-industrial revolution world with no hope of it ending .
+
+S " from this report , we can realize the significance of solving this crisis .
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||From|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB|||see|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Innovation of new machines which consume less energy is a good way to solve the problem .
+
+S Since there is less energy , we should reduce consumption first .
+
+S We can save energy by improving new technology .
+
+S Engineers can design new kinds of machines and find new material which can be used to manufacture instruments so that less energy can be consumed .
+A 22 24|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , finding some new energy is also a feasible solution to prevent the crisis .
+
+S There will be a day when we use up all the resources .
+
+S So for solving this problem , we should also look for new kinds of energy , such as bio energy , i.e .
+
+S eco energy , solar energy and so on .
+
+S Take the bio energy as an example .
+
+S The bio-energy is that energy obtained from bio-fuel ( eco-fuel ) .
+
+S Today , the well known bio-fuel ( the biological one ) are ethanol and biodiesel .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||bio-fuels|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||ones|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They are obtained from plants and used mostly in transportation .
+
+S ( Emilian M. Dobrescu and Ciolacu C. B.C. ,2009 ) Since the fuel generates from plants , it means that new energy is renewable .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is generated|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It can be produced and never limited .
+
+S We can implement sustainable development regardless of shortage of resources .
+
+S So engineers should do more research on new energy and take more fearless experiments to see if there are some plants can be used to produce energy .
+A 21 21|||M:DET|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , the new energy is the key to prevent the crisis .
+
+S Human has faced a very serious problem , the crisis of shortage of energy .
+A 0 1|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Humans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are facing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Because the speed of industrial development increases so fast , more energy is needed .
+
+S This leads to the shortage of fuel or resources .
+
+S So what engineers should do is to invent new machines which can consume less energy and find new sorts of resources to replace the old non renewable one .
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN|||types|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:NOUN:NUM|||ones|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The crisis will almost be solved if we take these two solutions into action .
+A 12 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , Engineers should take responsibility to make contribution to the solution , to produce products which can make human live better .
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||life|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference
+
+S * Graham Smith and Hazel Rudge-Pickard ( n.d. ) Retrieved September 9th 2009 , From { http : //www.crazysquirrel.com/stuff/rants/energy.jspx } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.crazysquirrel.com/stuff/rants/energy.jspx ] * Emilian M. Dobrescu and Ciolacu C. B.C. ( July 19 , 2009 ) , The Importance of Bio-Fuel in the Area of Renewables Energies .
+
+S Retrieved September 9th 2009 .
+
+S From { http : //papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm ? abstract_id = 1435955 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm ? abstract_id = 1435955 ]
+
+S In recent years , Singapore has placed more and more emphasis on research and development , establishing her status of being home to innovations .
+A 19 21|||R:OTHER|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Annually , millions of funds are being pumped into the R&D sector to encourage innovations to offer solutions to the pressing challenges Singapore faces .
+A 3 4|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Indeed , great success has been achieved , for instance Singapore 's clean water technology is widely recognized by the world .
+
+S The large scale research and development effort has placed Singapore as the leader in new water technologies especially in membrane applications .
+
+S Despite her huge success in many areas , Singapore does face problems which hamper engineering design processes for innovations .
+
+S One problem faced by engineering design in Singapore is the various restrictions due to socio-political system of the country .
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Innovations are restricted by the many rules and regulations the country imposed , and sometimes the over emphasis of specific policies which causes development of ideas in an irrelevant area to be neglected .
+
+S Singapore is renowned for her strict implementation of rules , and in times it may be seen as too inflexible .
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As such , innovations in the contentious areas are often restricted .
+
+S The ideas eventually accepted are shaped primarily by commercial interests and governmental policies .
+
+S In recent years , the core objectives of the country 's research and development project have been directed in the area of clean energy and water technology .
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||projects|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Various programmes have been initiated to establish Singapore as the Global Clean Energy Hub , for instance the Clean Energy Research Programme , which is a competitive funding scheme to encourage innovations in this area .
+
+S However , the over exertion of her efforts may simply cause innovations in the other areas to be neglected .
+
+S As a result , innovation process is interrupted at the stage of research and development with the absence of supports and attention .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||support|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Aside from this , innovations that are radically different face even greater problems in being accepted .
+
+S This can be attributed to the inflexibility of the system causing rejection of innovations that is less relevant with the corporate or country 's interest .
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another problem faced by engineers in Singapore is the limitations in resources .
+
+S Despite having the most advance infrastructure , the best institute for research , Singapore still lacks the resources for certain development .
+
+S Due to her limitations , innovations in some areas are restricted since the accessibility to resources would be too difficult and pose potential problems .
+
+S High cost may be incurred for certain research when scarce resource or externally imported resources involved .
+A 10 11|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Foreign experts may also be engaged to facilitate researches .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence the lack of resources adds hindrance to the process of innovation .
+
+S Aside from the lack of resources for the research and development stage , difficulties may be faced in finding suitable target group for the innovation result within the country .
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The low population of the country disables experimentation on a large scale basic which eventually may cause inaccuracy in the result .
+A 12 13|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:WO|||may eventually|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Indeed just earlier this year , a team of National University of Singapore researchers find themselves facing this problem .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||found|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The team came up with a chair that turns sound into vibrations , which can potentially help the deaf to experience sound better .
+
+S However , a problem was faced when they attempt to test out the chair .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||attempted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They could not get access to enough deaf children locally for the test thus had to travel to Sri Lanka for the test out .
+A 13 13|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the engineering of the eco-car , it is also evident that the lack of resources poses great deal of challenges to the team of NUS students , having to import the materials outside of Singapore .
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence the process of engineering design is hampered by the lack of resource not only at stages of research and development , but also in the diffusion of the innovation .
+A 26 27|||R:NOUN|||implementation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , despite Singapore 's efforts in establishing herself as the Home for Innovations , engineer are compelled by several restrictions such as lack of resources and the inflexibility of the social system .
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||engineers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB|||constrained|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , it does not mean engineering design in Singapore is not favorable .
+
+S In fact , great success has been achieved in some areas where it face less restrictions .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:SVA|||faces|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:ADJ|||fewer|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the 21st century , everything develops in a very fast pace .
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The needs of human beings increase .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||have increased|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order to meet the people 's needs , the engineers or scientists start to do research and design something for the people 's sake .
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have started|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||conduct research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||UNK|||new things|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 25|||R:OTHER|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They keep on trying and repeating the experiments , and eventually succeed to generate a new technology .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||repeating experiments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||new technology|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The serendipitous discovery of new ideas therefore , sometimes comes out during the trials .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||misplaced link word|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S No matter the technology was resulted from a long period of research or a serendipitous discovery , this technology must have been done by a group or an individual who has already acquired certain knowledge .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||Regardless of the fact that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:VERB|||must have been made|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They are believed to have undergone many researches and discussions .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Unclear pronoun reference|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to Rogers ( 2003 ) , six main stages are involved in the way to come out the technology , they are recognizing a problem , research , development , commercialization , diffusion and adoption and consequences .
+A 14 20|||R:OTHER|||involved in the research process|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 24|||R:OTHER|||They are...ecognizing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is not an easy works but requires times and efforts to deal with it .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN|||process|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||and it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 11|||R:OTHER|||time and effort|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , although the serendipitous idea is not the desirable outcome , it benefits the world .
+A 6 9|||R:OTHER|||may not result in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The notable example that I want to discuss here is penicillin .
+
+S It was accidentally discovered by Alexander Fleming during his investigation about the properties of staphylococci .
+
+S This antibiotic is the first drug that is effective against the syphilis and staphylococcus infections .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It successfully saved the people who suffered from the diseases and gave them happiness to have the chance to live again .
+A 2 2|||M:OTHER|||has successfully|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 4|||M:NOUN|||people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:FORM|||given|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Similarly , the discovery of laptop benefits the individual , the society and the world .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||has benefited|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It saves the people whose surrounding 's space is small and compact , brings a lot of conveniences to the society .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has saved|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:NOUN:POSS||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has brought|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||convenience|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nowadays laptop has combined with many functions such as camera , microphone , wi-fi receiver and so on .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||laptops|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We do n't need to buy the devices and it will actually save many spaces .
+A 9 10|||R:PRON|||this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||a lot of space|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Every time when we want to discuss assignments with friends , we ca n't bring along the conventional desktop to anywhere .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||Every time we|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:OTHER|||desktop.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the invention of portable personal computer , we can now bring along it to wherever we like !
+A 12 14|||R:WO|||it along|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In spite of the benefits that both serendipitous discovery and research discovery have , there actually exist differences of the two technologies .
+A 13 13|||M:OTHER|||given us .|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:PREP|||between|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The laptop is a product after somebody generates the idea and plans the procedures to make it out .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||that resulted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||generated|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||planned|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is a product after the consideration of the safety and functions .
+
+S Step by step , from design , fabricate to assemble .
+A 0 11|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , it is a quite safe design for us to use .
+A 5 6|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , we actually take a higher risk of the side-effect to consume the penicillin .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB|||incur|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||R:OTHER|||when consuming|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Penicillin is a serendipitous discovery .
+
+S We only know that the penicillin can cure the syphilis disease , but we will never know what diseases might be caused by consuming penicillin as there exists a lot of uncertainties .
+A 8 11|||R:OTHER|||syphilis|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:VERB:SVA|||exist|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In brief , the two products , laptop and penicillin , are either generated through a long period of research or a serendipitous discovery , they are both made out to meet the people 's requirements .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 25|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 30|||R:OTHER|||have both been made|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although they may not be the best outcome to fulfil the people 's needs , they still lead the world to a technological innovation .
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||people 's needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||R:OTHER|||in technological inventions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Topic : How electrical dictionary is shaped by students ' need and the specific factors that have shaped its innovation .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:ADJ|||electronic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I have been witnessed the development of electronic dictronary .
+A 2 3|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From the huge one with the simplest function to today 's lovely and multi-functional one , electronic dictronary have been refined again and again .
+A 17 18|||R:SPELL|||dictionaries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By saying electronic dictronary , I refer to the small handheld computer which people commonly use to look up words .
+
+S The development of electronic dictronary is deeply shaped by the need of students , who are the majority of their customers .
+A 6 7|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the latter paragraphs , i will talk about how students ' need determine the development of electronic dictronary .
+A 5 6|||R:ORTH|||I|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The most obevious change is that the function of electronic dictronary has greatly improved due to the change in students demand .
+A 2 3|||R:SPELL|||obvious|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||functions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S At the very beginning , it can do nothing but look up words .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||the electronic dictionary|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||could|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In comparision , nowadays electronic dictronary are much more multi-functional .
+A 5 6|||R:SPELL|||dictionaries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , it can not only look up words in Chinese and English as the old one does , but also many other languages , like Japanese and Franch as well .
+A 3 4|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||ones|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:TENSE|||did|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:OTHER|||languages like|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:SPELL|||French|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is intellectualized , which enables the users to enrich their electronic dictronary as they like .
+
+S And what they need to do is simply downloading programms and install them in the electronic dictronary .
+A 8 9|||R:MORPH|||download|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , as students are not content with a boring study tool , electronic dictronary today can act as good company during leisure time because it possesses the function of MP3/MP4 player and even PSP !
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||an electronic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:NOUN:NUM|||functions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:OTHER|||an MP3/ MP4|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 34|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another significant improvement is the appearance of electronic dictronary .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Instead of the hand-size one , it is only lemon-size big now with a much lighter weight .
+A 3 4|||R:ADJ|||hand-hand-sized|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||the size of a lemon|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||and much lighter|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a direct result , it is convience to carry and win students ' regards .
+A 7 8|||R:SPELL|||convenient|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:SVA|||wins|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN|||favour|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As English is a complusary course to learn in China , electronic dictronary has almost become a necessity to students .
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And nearly everyone has one .
+
+S Thus it is not simply a tool , but a personal belonging to reprsent their appitite and modernise .
+A 13 14|||R:SPELL|||represent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:SPELL|||appetite|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||to modernise|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The electronic dictronary with an outstanding look allows students to show off around their fellows .
+
+S So the surface becomes bright-colored and beautifully decorated .
+
+S All these changes are aimed to cater for students taste and finally attract their attention .
+
+S Last but not least , the price of electronic dictronary is also influenced by students .
+A 9 10|||R:SPELL|||dictionaries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As students do not have job , they have to ask their parents for money .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||jobs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence they can not spend too much on an electronic dictronary .
+
+S In addition , the limitation of electronic dictronary , such as no access to the the Internet , also determines that the price of electronic dictronary can not be too high .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||limitations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:SPELL|||dictionaries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||the lack of access|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:SVA|||determine|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:DET|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It can not be as expensive as a computer .
+
+S In conclusion , electronic dictronary plays an importance role in students ' study , and students in return shape and decide the development of electronic dictronary in many aspects , like price , appearance and function .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:MORPH|||important|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN|||turn|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It can be seen that as technology develops , electronic dictronary will be more and more helpful to students .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Before a technology innovation is developed and patented , scientists have to go through a tedious research process most of the time .
+
+S However , there are also occasional chances that R&D workers fortuitously discover an invention when they were actually pursuing something else .
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Whichever way an invention is created , it helps satisfy human needs and solve existing problems .
+
+S However , there are still differences between a technology developed with via research such as the electric car and one serendipitously discovered like penicillin .
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||developed via research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All technological innovations , regardless of their developing process , help solve world problems .
+
+S In view of the increasing emphasis of eco friendliness , the US General Motor R&D unit developed the electric car IMPACT during the early 1990s .
+
+S This development received great responses from people throughout the US as it signifies one big step towards solving existing environmental problems such as the global warming .
+A 23 24|||R:OTHER|||such as global warming|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Similarly , Alexander Fleming 's discovery of Penicillin made many deadly diseases such as Tuberculosis curable .
+
+S This groundbreaking discovery also won Fleming a Nobel Prize .
+
+S Therefore , the common factor of all technological developments is that they address existing social problems , in one way or another .
+
+S However , there are still differences between an innovation that is developed via continuous research and one that is serendipitously discovered .
+
+S These discrepancies can be further categorized in terms of their purpose , procedure and effect .
+
+S The conventional innovation process requires the engineers to first identify a human need before the research officially begin .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||requires engineers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:SVA|||begins|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This ensures that the research has a proper target .
+
+S Take the development of electric cars as an example , engineers recognized the increasing emphasis on eco friendliness , and therefore developed the vehicle without fuel powered engine to ease global warming .
+A 25 27|||R:OTHER|||a fuel-powered|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , a serendipitously discovered product is not the preset goal that the researchers want to achieve .
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||that researchers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Its application is realized after the product has already been created .
+
+S Alexander Fleming did not expect to discover penicillin mould when he left the petri dish containing Staphylococcus plate culture open .
+
+S Therefore , an innovation involving continuous research and development differs from an accidental discovery as the former is a rational problem solving process while the latter is more of a lucky surprise .
+
+S Apart from the difference in purpose , the conventional innovation products and the one serendipitously discovered also undergo different research and development procedures .
+
+S The conventional products usually go through careful planning stages , making the whole development process well prepared .
+
+S These innovations are usually backed by solid technological background , expertise and sufficient funds .
+
+S GM allocated $ 2 billion for designing , manufacturing and marketing of their electric car IMPACT , after which expert diffusion scholars helped in campaigning for the product throughout the United States .
+
+S Within one year , the first tier of cars was put into mass production .
+
+S On the contrary , when Fleming discovered penicillin mould , he then had to refer his discovery to Charles Thom , an American specialist for further research .
+
+S It took more than 10 years for penicillin to be eventually purified and applied to medical use .
+
+S Lastly , the immediate effectiveness of a conventional innovation may be more conspicuous than that of a fortuitous discovery .
+
+S The centralized research procedure gives engineers more careful thoughts in the development of a conventional innovation .
+
+S The technological product created is thus more sophiscated and addresses human need more directly .
+
+S On the other hand , accidental discovery may be too crude for actual application immediately .
+
+S After Fleming had discovered penicillin , a series of specialists , including himself , had to carry out tedious research trials to further improve penicillin to ensure stable reaction on human bodies .
+
+S In conclusion , technological products developed via research do differ from those serendipitous discoveries in terms of their purposes , research procedures and immediate effects .
+
+S Despite of this fact , these products all serve to solve existing problems .
+
+S Yet technological innovation is not like a lottery game .
+
+S Instead , it should be a conscientious and exact pursuit of solutions .
+
+S Although there are occasional lucky winners , engineers should still put in every endeavour in all research processes .
+
+S Technological innovations shaped the modern lifestyle .
+A 2 2|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||modern lifestyle|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We use electricity , watch television , surfing around the billions of website every day .
+A 7 8|||R:MORPH|||surf|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||surf billions of websites|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||websites|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some of those inventions have become an essential part of our life and we can not live without these inventions .
+
+S However , it is clear that these inventions are not produced overnight and human beings had put in a lot of time and efforts to develop and generate them .
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||have not been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN:NUM|||effort|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Generally , innovations can be generated in two ways -- conventional research or skunkwork .
+
+S There are some differences and similarities between the technologies created in the two different backgrounds .
+
+S One of the main differences between conventionally generated technology and skunkwork product is the speed of generating the product .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to Rogers ( 2003 ) , skunkwork refers to a small group of highly selected people designated to do research for an innovation without carry out tedious organization procedures .
+A 25 26|||R:VERB:FORM|||carrying|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S While conventional research requires the researchers to do large amount of reports , discussions and management procedures , skunkwork provides pathway to develop an invention quickly without being constrained by bureaucratic processes .
+A 20 20|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , innovations that were created in a skunkwork environment are usually created faster than those inventions created by conventional research .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , Roger ( 2003 ) states that the skunkwork of producing laptop , lead by Mizoguchi , involves 10 engineers from military projects and takes only 24 months to complete .
+
+S In contrast , a conventionally generated technology may not have move that fast .
+A 9 10|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Conventional research involves a lot of management procedures .
+
+S The research must be approved by the corporate leaders before it can be carried out .
+
+S Therefore , conventionally generated technology usually moves slower than that of the skunkwork production .
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The second difference is the flexibility in making changes to generate a new technology .
+
+S Conventional researches must undergo step-by-step managements to maintain the continuity and stability of a company .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||management|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , it does not favour the technological development .
+
+S A good illustration was the failure of Xerox PARC in bringing their outstanding technologies into marketplace .
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||the marketplace|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to Roger ( 2003 ) , Xerox PARC employed numerous talented researchers and developed outstanding personal computing technology .
+
+S However , the corporation restricted itself to develop only in office copier business , not in microcomputer business .
+
+S In contrast , skunkwork provides an alternative which is beneficial to technological inventions as well as organization procedure .
+A 16 17|||R:MORPH|||organizational|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The specified team was given resources and freedom to develop and make changes as they see any problem in the invention .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , skunkwork innovations are more flexible and more able to adapt to changes than the conventionally generated technology .
+
+S However , there are some similarities between conventionally generated technologies and the skunkwork innovations .
+
+S Generally , both ways served to provide better life to the society and gives profit to the company .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||serve|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||to society|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , a conventionally generated invention , electric refrigerator was produced to meet the needs of human .
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||humans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S At the same time , the company earned a lot of money from this invention .
+
+S On the other hand , skunkwork innovation , such as the production of Toshiba laptop enables users to bring laptop to anywhere .
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 23|||UNK|||with them wherever they go|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This invention also makes a lot of profit to the company .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB|||brings|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To sum up , conventionally generated technology and skunkwork invention bear some differences and shares some common points .
+A 14 15|||R:MORPH|||share|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although they differs in the procedure throughout the development of a technology , the 2 ways are heading towards a common goalto produce a better environment for human beings .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||differ|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S 1 .
+
+S Define the problem
+
+S Engineering design process is a suitable method that allows engineers to analyze the problems and developing solutions to it .
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:FORM|||develop|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It breaks down those critical sections and allows the project to proceed in an orderly manner with proper guidelines .
+
+S The following is an example of using engineering design process as an approach to solve the problem .
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The topic that is catching most attention nowadays would be on global warming or climatic change .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||global warminglobal|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many engineers and scientists are brainstorming for new ideas to prevent global warming from worsening .
+
+S Identify and Establish the Need , Develop a Problem Statement
+
+S There are many different views and stands about global warming , discussions are still carrying out between the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) and delegates from oil and gas industry .
+A 15 16|||R:PART|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Regardless of the conclusion , at the end of the day , we are still required to prepare for the worst situation .
+
+S How can planet Earth and the entire human species escape from this impending crisis ?
+
+S Many people have been trying tremendously hard in reducing the carbon emission by using clean energy or going into a vegetarian diet .
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||to reduce|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||on a vegetarian diet|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These methods do work , but only minority of the population is doing it , and results could only be seen after many years of efforts .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:TENSE|||can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Establish Criteria for Success
+
+S Earth is heated up by the Sun 's energy and many believe that the increasing amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere worsen global warming by retaining more heat .
+
+S Instead of reducing the carbon emission , we can solve this impending crisis by finding some methods that reduces the heat source or able to manipulate the heat input onto Earth .
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:SVA|||reduce|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:VERB|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S 2 .
+
+S Gather pertinent information
+
+S Search for Information Resources
+
+S Research has shown that whenever a volcano erupts , it releases large amount of dust and gaseous chemicals causing a thick layer of haze to form around the planet , thus reducing the average temperature of Earth by almost one degree Fahrenheit .
+A 11 15|||R:OTHER|||a large amount of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S 3 .
+
+S Generate multiple solutions
+
+S According to National Geographic ( August , 2009 ) , the 'Big Idea ' is to launch millions of reflective particles or tiny 'sun shades ' into space ( between the Earth and the Sun ) .
+
+S These ideas may sound ludicrous , however it is the easiest method that enables us to store more time while we change our lifestyle and prepares for global warming .
+A 0 1|||R:DET|||This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||idea|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||. However,...|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:VERB:SVA|||prepare|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S 4 .
+
+S Analyze and select a solution
+
+S Launching a few huge sunshades at the altitude , especially at the poles and oceans , this allows some of the heat to be reflected away from them , thus reducing the temperature and melting of glaciers .
+
+S Our oceans absorb tremendous quantities of heat that was emitted by the Sun due to the high heat capacity of water .
+
+S A relationship is established between the rising sea level and the rise in temperature ( or carbon dioxide concentration ) , the graph below is taken from a scientific journal 'Climatic Dynamics ' which shows us the relationship .
+
+S [ pic ]
+
+S Launching of sunshades has two advantages , firstly to store enough time to change our lifestyle permanently , example reduce in poultry consumption , reducing the usage of non-environmental friendly materials .
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB|||provides|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||for example,...|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:FORM|||reducing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||reducing poultry consumption|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 25|||R:OTHER|||and reducing ...|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , to develop more advance technologies such as clean fuel and energy conserving systems .
+A 5 6|||R:MORPH|||advanced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , this is not a permanent solution to solve the problem , it is a mitigation step that slows down the crisis from occurring .
+
+S It is necessary for us to remove those " sunshades " when Earth starts to cool down , glaciers reform and most importantly , when we ( humans ) are ready .
+
+S Ergonomics , Product Safety and Liability and Mechanical/Strength Analysis
+
+S Locating the sunshades at remote areas , reduce the probability of injuries in case of any accident .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||areas reduces|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||reduces|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The material use for the sunshades will mainly be some reflective materials , example sulfate .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:FORM|||used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||R:OTHER|||material|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is important that the sunshades are able to stay within the designated area when the Earth orbits around the Sun .
+
+S Sunshades switch over would be carry out periodically , as maintenance work could be quite tedious as changing of parts will requires the sun shades to ascend down .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||The switch over of sunshades...|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:FORM|||carried|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:FORM|||require|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 28|||R:VERB|||descend|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S High durability , battery life and able to function at low temperatures must be considered during the design phase .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||the ability|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:MORPH|||ability|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Economic and Market Analysis
+
+S This method allows us to combat global warming easily and fastest compared to many other solutions .
+
+S Ken Caldeira , a climate expert at the Carnegie Institution said , " If a country starts thinking it 's in their vital interests to do this , and they have the power , I find it hard to imagine them not doing it .
+
+S "
+
+S In brief , geoengineering solution allows us to fight global warming temporary , it is just a mitigation approach and not a preventive one .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||solutions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:SVA|||allow|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:MORPH|||temporarily|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is still dependent on us to start changing our lifestyle and cut down on carbon emissions , just in case the sunshades fail , the crisis that we have been masking would soon rush towards us at once .
+
+S Two problems in China that hamper engineering designing process
+
+S Engineering designing plays a key role in technological innovation .
+
+S According to Seyyed Khandani ( 2005 ) , engineering design includes creating technological products which have never existed before and improving the existing devices or systems .
+
+S There are five basic steps for solving a design problem : define the problem , gather pertinent information , generate multiple solutions , analyze and select a solution , and test and implement the solution .
+
+S Although the description of the designing process is simple and clear , the implement of engineering design is rather complicated and requires several crucial qualities .
+A 13 14|||R:MORPH|||implementation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Two of the most important qualities are creative thinking skills and intensive working habbit .
+
+S However , two problems in China deprived them of these two qualities .
+
+S First of all , Chinese education system largely destroyed students ' creative thinking skills .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Inovative thinking contains natural curiosity and bold imagination whereas analytical thinking is comprised of experiences .
+A 0 1|||R:SPELL|||innovation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 14|||R:OTHER|||comprises|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The schools in China usually aim at cultivating students ' analytical skills by teaching them knowledge and testing them on the knowledge been taught .
+A 22 23|||R:OTHER|||that has been taught|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But the education system does n't encourage students to think out of the box to give their own answers or to explore the mysterious world .
+
+S This " education for examination " strategy have two negative impact on engineering design .
+
+S First , it prevents students from detecting real problems by themselves which is essential in the first step of engineering design .
+
+S As the experiences filling up students ' minds , their curiosity is fading day by day until they do n't even bother to take notice the world surrounding them .
+A 25 25|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , it limits the possible solutions students could come up with , therefore hampers the third step .
+
+S Examination often denies imagination .
+
+S Hence students gradually lose the ability to conceive fresh ideas .
+
+S However , the best way to solve a problem may not be taught by lecturers and books .
+
+S Sometimes , we need to use our own brain to find it out .
+
+S Secondly , Chinese society destracted engineers from devoting into innovative work .
+
+S In scientific world , most of the greatest contributers are from western countires ; the only two Chinese scientist who won Nobel Prize developed their theories in America .
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||scientists|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||M:DET|||the Nobel prize|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Similarly , in technological area , Chinese engineers seldom have breakthroughs .
+
+S These phenomena can be largely subscribed to the impulsive atmosphere of Chinese society .
+
+S As a result of the impulsive atmosphere , Chinese government focused too much on economic development but input too little on technological research .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Compared with the developed countries , China stressed more on implement rather than generation of engineering design .
+A 10 11|||R:MORPH|||implementation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||designs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides the indifference from government , engineers also did n't attach much importance to engineering design .
+
+S Engineering design is a meaningful work but requires lots of sacrifice and devotion since it could n't generate benefits promplty and directly .
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||ca|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , this impulsive atmosphere seriously impacts the whole engineering design .
+
+S The lack of innovative thinking skills and the indifference to the creative work have already hampered Chinese engineering design .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To promote creative-centered research and design , China have to transform greatly in these two dimensions .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference :
+
+S Khandani , S. ( 2005 ) .
+
+S Engineering design process .
+
+S Retrieved June 29 , 2009 , from { http : //www.iisme.org/etp/HS % 20Engineering- % 20Engineering.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.iisme.org/etp/HS % 20Engineering- % 20Engineering.pdf ]
+
+S Saturday , September 5 , 2009
+
+S In Maslow 's Hierarchy of Needs , health clinches the second platform of the pyramid under the classification of safety needs .
+
+S Health , good health in particular , is an important part of our lives .
+
+S The Prime Minister in his National Day Rally speech gave immense significance to healthcare .
+
+S With health being the subject of conversation in most places , it would not be wrong to classify good health as a need in today 's world .
+
+S The measures taken to improve the healthcare system worldwide ranges from the fundamental implementation of affordable healthcare in poor countries to the more advanced introduction of stem cell research .
+
+S With one notion of improving the healthcare system , man has even delved into surgery assisted by robots .
+
+S Some might find this assisted surgery difficult to fathom while others might argue about the competency of such a system .
+
+S Amidst all these opposition , the Da Vinci surgical system rose prominently from the California company intuitive surgical .
+
+S This Da Vinci surgical system would not have been made possible without the engineering design process as described by Khandani .
+
+S The engineering design process gears up with , first , defining and understanding a problem , The brainchild of the Da Vinci surgical system was the primary need to make the surgical process a less invasive one .
+
+S To put it in better words , it was to reduce the size of incisions and to forego the need to crack bones or rib cages .
+
+S The problem in this case is the intrusiveness of the surgical procedure on the human body .
+
+S With the problem reinstated , it then becomes crucial to mark down the requirements towards accomplishing the design .
+
+S However , as mentioned by Khandani , following the development of the design solution , these requirements will have to reviewed later .
+
+S Initially , the requirements for this design to kick start were its effectiveness in performing surgery , its ability to be user-friendly and the capacity of it to work without posing potential danger to the patient .
+
+S Overall , with the base of the design process carefully established , it would be easier to get to the imminent task .
+
+S Following the defining of the problem was the task of gathering sufficient information .
+
+S Lack of information would turn out to be potentially lethal to any design process and the Da Vinci surgical system was no exception to this .
+
+S The spectrum of information was spread out in all ways , from the need to understand possible fallbacks in the design process to previous attempts at creating the surgical system .
+
+S Khandani in his viewpoint mentioned various sources of information like the internet and library .
+
+S Information , being a liabilty , will first have to be sourced out and then scrutinized to the minute details .
+
+S With information as a good layback , the design can grace the next stage which is the formulation of many solutions to the problem .
+
+S With concised understanding of the problem and important information , the design will move to the next stage of creating solutions .
+A 1 2|||R:SPELL|||concise|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A single solution alone will not be able to suffice in making the design a roaring success .
+
+S A good engineer will have to contemplate on various solutions and from various angles .
+
+S After gathering various solutions to the problem at hand , Khandhani suggested narrowing down to one solution after considering the pros and cons of each solution .
+
+S Making surgery less invasive could mean inventing other instruments but the reason a robot was chosen signifies the importance of surgery .
+
+S The lives of patients can not be placed in jeopardy and inventing a design that comprises on safety of the patient was an absolute no .
+A 15 16|||R:VERB|||compromises|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the case of the Da Vinci surgical system , it will not be able to function unless it detects the presence of the surgeon 's head in the viewer .
+
+S This was indication that the surgery was still in safe hands and was the best solution to making surgery less invasive .
+
+S Therefore the solution was specified and the design process was nearing completion .
+
+S Having a solution to the problem did not indicate a successful design process until the design was tested and implemented .
+
+S This stage depicts the take off of the design for the first time after many trial attempts and failures .
+
+S Khandani in his article mentioned four sub categories in the take off which are namely prototyping , concurrent engineering , documentation and applying for patents .
+
+S A good engineer will have to consider these sub categories before his creation takes place .
+
+S In context to the Da Vinci surgical system , take off of the system also meant clearance by the FDA .
+
+S The FDA 's approval formed another sub category other than those mentioned by Khadhani in his article .
+
+S July 2000 was a significant date in the history of the Da Vinci surgical system and was a mark that the world was taking the first step towards digital surgery .
+
+S July 2000 was the date the surgical system could perform advanced surgical techniques .
+
+S The opportunity to test and implement meant that the surgical system was ready to start its race in addressing health concerns .
+
+S In conclusion , the need of the world and the attempts to address the need required one to go through an engineering design process .
+
+S Health was the need in this case and the Da Vinci surgical system went through the design process .
+
+S It is worthwhile to note how the healthcare system as a problem metamorphosized into the generation of solution in the name of the Da Vinci surgical system .
+
+S The engineering design process as Khandhani clearly paints in his article is the guiding tool for various important inventions .
+
+S Overall , the system is an effective design that has addressed the health concern of the world .
+
+S The impediment in the way to innovation in China
+
+S In ancient China , there were four great inventions , the gunpowder , printing , the compass and paper making .
+
+S However in modern times , the engineering design developed very slowly .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has been developing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Why did this happen ?
+A 1 4|||R:OTHER|||has this been happening|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I think there are many reasons .
+
+S In the Qing dynasty , the governing class implemented closed door policy , which made the society stagnated for a long time .
+
+S Then the Cultural Revolution made a deep effect on Chinese society which needed another long time for China to recovery .
+
+S Even nowadays there are still some problems existed which hamper the engineering design process .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:FORM|||existing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Here we are going to talk about two problems , the examination-oriented education system and the worship of authorities .
+A 16 19|||R:OTHER|||fear of authority|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The examination-oriented education , as the name implies , is the education whose purpose is getting high grades in the exam .
+A 10 11|||R:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:NOUN|||system|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||for students to get|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Teachers teach for the exam .
+A 2 3|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Students study for the exam .
+
+S This results that students have high scores but low abilities .
+A 2 3|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 3|||M:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB|||getting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:VERB|||having|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the first stage of the engineering design process--define the problem , people need an active mind to design problem , but many students under the examination-oriented education system only know how to use their knowledge to answer the question on the examination paper , they do not know how to use knowledge to solve the real problems .
+
+S In the third step of the design processgenerate multiple solutions , this needs divergent thinking and analytical skills , whereas the examinationoriented education do not emphasis the importance of thinking and skills .
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||process , generating|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||are needed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:SVA|||does|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Its only purpose is high score in the exam .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||scores|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The skills which needed in the design process can not be gain from such an education system .
+A 3 3|||M:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:FORM|||gained|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Chinese educationalists have noticed this problem .
+
+S They have implemented another education system , education for allrounded development , which emphasis that developing students ' abilities is the most important thing .
+
+S In China , the worship of authorities is blind .
+
+S Authorities are always right and can not be queried .
+
+S This is also not good for people to design for innovation .
+
+S To generate multiple solutions , it needs to try new ways audaciously .
+
+S However , people always can not break the shackle of the authorities .
+
+S They do not dare to challenge the authorities .
+
+S This may owe to the class concept in China .
+
+S Under shackles , no good ideas will be gotten .
+
+S The blind worship of authorities also will hamper the academic exchange between the authorities and students .
+
+S Rogers have said in the generation of innovation , " the innovationdevelopment process is , most of all , driven by the exchange of technical information in the face of high degree of uncertainty " .
+
+S That is to say that the exchange of information is very important for innovation .
+
+S These problems hampered the process of engineering design for innovation .
+
+S When there are problems , there also must be some ways to solve the problems .
+
+S China has already find ways to solve these problems , but solving these problems needs time .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:FORM|||found|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I believe that one day there is no problem in the way to innovation in China .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Technologies have changed and advanced over the years , leading to the birth of many innovations we are using today .
+
+S In the midst of using these technologies today , we can view them from either a technologically determinist perspective or a socially determinist perspective .
+
+S To look from the former point of view , it means that the technology has played a part in shaping the society today .
+A 23 24|||R:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S While viewing from the latter would suggest that it is due to the societal factors that has shaped the technology today ( Rogers , 2003 ) .
+A 0 1|||R:ORTH|||while|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The electric car is an example of a socially determined technology , which came about due to factors from the different sectors of the society , such as the economy , government and the environment .
+
+S In view of the rising fuel prices in the recent decade , car manufacturers have addressed the need to reduce costs in production , so as to be able to pass on minimal costs to the consumers , yet still remain competitive and appealing in the market .
+
+S To invest , research and produce the electric car is a good deal in the long run , mainly because the car runs on electricity that is of a much lower cost than fuel .
+
+S Furthermore , this would reduce the dependency on fuel in the future for cars , should one day the world has run out of fuel .
+
+S With this in mind , the car manufacturer General Motors embarked on a $ 2 billion project on designing , manufacturing and marketing the electric vehicles in the early 1990s ( Rogers , 2003 ) .
+
+S They had received an overwhelming response from the masses to test-drive the new car when they launched their test-drive campaign .
+
+S Mavens , who were specialists and consultants in their own field of expertise , were selected .
+
+S They provided opinions and disseminating the information of the electric car to the larger market , which eventually boosted the total car sales of GM when they officially launched their first electric car into the market in the late 1990s ( Rogers , 2003 ) .
+
+S From the economic viewpoint , the technology of the electric car would benefit the manufacturers from the reductions of their production costs in the long run , and this would spur them on to increase their production with improved technology .
+
+S One of the more outstanding features of an electric car is its non-polluting factor .
+
+S With increased global warming and rapid emissions of greenhouse gases from factories and fuel-powered vehicles , there is an urgent need to reduce these emissions and the clean technology of the electric car is one of the solutions to address the environmental concerns .
+
+S To invest in the green technology would therefore require a significant amount of financial resources , and to encourage continuation in this area of research , the government plays a role as a banker to grant incentives to these companies .
+
+S In early August this year , US President Obama had announced that incentives of $ 2.4 billion are to be pumped into the development of the eco-friendly technology ( CNN.com , 2009 ) .
+
+S With the financial aid from the government and the promising potential sales of the electric cars in the market , the car manufacturers are much complied to design , improve and thus , market these cars while the heat is still on .
+
+S Even back in the 1990s , the government had already taken action to encourage the innovation of electric cars .
+
+S The California and Arizona state governments had announced and made compulsory for 10 per cent of the total car sales in the market to be environmentally-friendly , so as to reduce the pollution levels in their states ( Rogers , 2003 ) .
+
+S Social construction of technology is also what called as the social determinist technology .
+A 7 7|||M:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The electric car is clearly an example of such technology because as early as 1990s , the environmental issues were already present such that the government had to take action to mitigate the situation .
+
+S It was only due to economic reasons recently that the production of electric cars is stepped up .
+
+S Behind the scenes , the birth of the technology of the electric car is primarily due to the society reasons then , and even till today , the electric car is constantly being re-designed and improvised with better technology so as to remain competitive in the market and most importantly , eco-friendly on the roads .
+
+S There is a legend that has been fascinating people from some one thousand year ago : God was going to send a deluge to destroy the earth and almost all the living things on earth which had become corrupt .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||years|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , taking pity on what he had created , he instructed Noah to build a big vessel to save some species of the creatures .
+
+S Ultimately , the great flood wiped out all the beings except those Noah have conserved on the ark .
+
+S This Bible version of saving the dying out creatures inspired scientists to work on a new " Noah Ark " , or a " doomsday " conservancy , to store genetic materials in case of future use for both scientific purpose and biological diversity .
+
+S However , this time , the one who destroys the earth is no more the god but human beings themselves .
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||God|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN|||G|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a matter of fact , the Earth 's population is currently increasing , coupled with pollution , urban sprawl , deforestation , and climate warming which caused serious damages to the habitats of the plants and animals .
+
+S These series of human activities with their negative effects on the environment directly lead to an inevitable consequence : species extinction .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:SVA|||leads|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Dr. Donald A. Levin , Professor of Biology , University of Texas , Austin once claimed in the January-February issue of American Scientist magazine , " Although the extinction of various species is a natural phenomenon , the rate of extinction occurring in today 's world is exceptional -- as many as 100 to1,000 times greater than normal .
+
+S " The alarm-bells have been rung , which draws worldwide attention .
+
+S Both scientists and environmentalists are endeavoring to change the situation , and fortunately there is good news for those who really care about the endangered creatures .
+
+S Besides the set up biological laboratories , various kinds of DNA repositories have been built while more plans are under way .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||of biological laboratories|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So far , there are already more than 1,400 seed banks in the world , in addition to those are intended for both plants and animal DNA storage .
+A 19 20|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A technical question may be raised from the public : how to store DNA ?
+
+S Newspapers revealed some information on this issue .
+
+S Genetic material Samples are placed inside tiny vials , which then were put into numbered boxes with special code respectively .
+
+S The temperatures of vats storing the species are normally adjusted to -160 to -18 degrees Celsius depending on different species .
+
+S In the vats there is liquid nitrogen , but samples are perched above 20 centimeters of it to let the vapor , instead of the liquid itself cool and preserve the genetic information .
+
+S As such , specimens can be perfectly stored for some 1000 years .
+
+S However , can the problem of species extinction really be solved by this technology ?
+
+S Since this particular technology came into being under the influence of human activities , it will definitely continue changing .
+
+S In other words , when the technology becomes more mature and more profitable in the future ( which is very possible ) , it is very hard to guarantee that it will only be put into good use .
+A 35 36|||R:OTHER|||to good use|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S What if the issue involves crime , disease or simply moral controversy like cloning ?
+
+S The outcome remains to be seen .
+
+S Anyway , social requirement created it and it is meeting the allowable needs for the time being .
+
+S ( January 3 , 2002 ) .
+
+S Extinction Rate Across The Globe Reaches Historical Proportions .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //www.utexas.edu/news/2002/01/03/nr_extinction/
+
+S Doug Mellgren ( November 15 , 2007 ) , Cooling Begins for " Doomsday " Seed Bank .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/11/071116-AP-arctic-seed.html
+
+S Katherine Harmon , ( July 8 , 2009 ) , Endangered Species Get Iced in Museum DNA Repository Retrieved from http : //www.scientificamerican.com/slideshow.cfm ? id = endangered-species-dna&photo_id = 5BF23875-FC4B-1AEE-96A3C1560FB4852D
+
+S Technologies have the capabilities of solving problems and improving on our daily life .
+A 9 10|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order to come out with useful technologies , Rogers ( 2003 ) states that the process involves research for more in depth understanding of scientific knowledge , followed by research to solve specific problem and finally , development of the technologies .
+A 34 35|||R:NOUN:NUM|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , in the mist of researching on a particular technology , discovery of new technologies may appear unexpectedly .
+A 7 8|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are both similarities and differences between technologies developed via research and technologies resulted from a serendipitous discovery .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:FORM|||resulting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , the invention of laptops and the discovery of 3M Post-it pads respectively .
+
+S Laptops and Post-it pads are both favorable to us in one way or another .
+
+S In the case where space constraint is of concern , laptops will be the solution .
+
+S This is due to the fact that the size of laptops is much smaller than desktop computers as the latter consist of monitors as well as central processing units ( CPU ) .
+A 7 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to Rogers ( 2003 ) , " the laptop made particular sense in Japan , due to crowded offices and small homes " .
+
+S Similarly , the 3M Post-it pads are useful to us in our daily life .
+
+S With Post-its , any notes , instructions or reminders can be written on it and attached to " a letter or other document " ( Rogers , 2003 ) .
+
+S Hence , both inventions are beneficial to us .
+
+S The two technologies also possess another similarity , that is , they are both profitable .
+
+S According to Rogers ( 2003 ) , laptops demand increased from 5,000 units per month in 1986 to 100,000 in 1989 .
+
+S Nowadays , laptops are still widely used all over the world by students as well as businessmen .
+
+S This infers that laptops are doing well in the market .
+
+S Likewise , Post-it pads are " one of the 3M 's most profitable products " ( Rogers , 2003 ) .
+
+S Thus , both the laptops and the Post-it pads are profitable .
+
+S However , between these two technologies , one of their differences is how the idea came about .
+
+S For invention of laptops , idea came about when there was a problem to be solved , which is , " due to crowded offices and small homes " ( Rogers , 2003 ) in Japan .
+
+S On the other hand , for the 3M Post-it pads , the unexpected discovery came about when 3M researchers are investigating on a new adhesive ( Rogers , 2003 ) .
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the creation of Post-it pads is unintentional while creation of laptop is with intended purposes .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another difference between the two technologies is regarding the room for further development .
+A 7 8|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN|||possibility|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For laptops , advancements are constantly introduced to attract the market .
+
+S For example , there are faster processors and more internal memory space being incorporated .
+
+S In addition to that , shrinking of laptops sizes and the variations of designs makes them even more attractive than before .
+
+S There will surely be more enhancements to come in the near future .
+
+S However , for Post-it pads , the developments are probably limited to colors , shapes , size and the extent of how sticky it is .
+
+S Hence , in terms of future developments , laptops may have a better prospect as compared to Post- it pads .
+A 14 15|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , both technologies , which were either developed by research or by chance , have its similarities as well as differences .
+
+S Although there are certain differences between them , the characteristics that both are profitable and useful in our daily life operation in one way or the other are important elements when developing a technology .
+
+S Therefore , no matter whether the creation is based on research or luck , as long as it benefits us in one way or the other , it is a great invention .
+
+S References :
+
+S a ) Rogers , E.M. ( 2003 ) .
+
+S The birth of the laptop computer at Toshiba .
+
+S In Diffusion of innovations ( pp.144- 146 ) .
+
+S New York : Free Press .
+
+S b ) Rogers , E. M. ( 2003 ) .
+
+S The generation of innovations .
+
+S In Diffusion of innovations ( pp.136-158 ) .
+
+S New York : Free Press .
+
+S According to Rogers ( 2003 ) , the development of technologies can be examined from a technologically determinist perspective , that is to create a revolution in the society .
+
+S However , for technologies to be widely adopted and successful , inputs from the society must never be neglected .
+
+S In fact , innovations are more often shaped by social aspects .
+
+S One example of such technology is the 3-D printer .
+
+S The 3-D printer currently available has the ability to produce complex model of differing shapes and sizes in a short duration .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||models|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , it can print on various materials ranging from rubber to plastic .
+
+S These properties of the 3-D printer are consequences of psychological and economic factors .
+
+S Present technology is insufficient to convince investors to finance proposals , especially in the manufacturing or construction sector .
+
+S While computer-aided designing software is available to produce 3-D simulation , it lacks realism .
+
+S Since such project involves huge amount of money , investors must be ascertained that their commitment will bring them profit .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB|||convinced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||commitments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One way of convincing them is to produce physical prototypes where that can feel and scrutinize .
+A 10 11|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 16|||R:OTHER|||be felt and scrutinized|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , creating models with traditional means is time consuming , which does not make economical sense to businesses .
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Companies are often engaged in a race to unveil their product ahead of their competitors , so as to seize a major share of the marketplace .
+A 15 16|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In such situation , time is of essence .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In consideration of these factors , designers have conceived the 3-D printer , which is capable of speeding up designing process .
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||processes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Based on a report in The Economist ( 2009 ) , it now takes Timberland merely ninety minutes to turn a design of a new sole into a model using the 3-D printer , a significant decrease from a week that the process requires in the past .
+A 33 34|||R:PUNCT|||---|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 38|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The factors that shaped the technological innovation of the 3-D printer discuss thus far are coming from the end-user perspective .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||discussed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , factors from the manufacture 's viewpoint are also considered to ensure the commercial success of the 3-D printer .
+
+S These factors have also influenced the design of the 3-D printer .
+
+S The designing of the 3-D printer is also influenced by the potential profitability of it .
+
+S The development of the technical aspects of a technology involves the devotion of large amount of resources , which will results in increased cost .
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:FORM|||result|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As with all business operators , corporate manufacturers must ensure that their product is profitable , or at the basic able to recuperate the financial resources poured into research and development .
+
+S The designers of the 3-D printer had ensured that their product appeal to a large consumer group by boosting its functionality .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As mentioned in The Economist ( 2009 ) , the " machine can not only produce things out-of plastic , but also complex ones with moving parts .
+
+S "
+
+S In conclusion , the technological innovation of the 3-D printer is shaped by the demand for realistic model that can be produced in a short time .
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , it is also influenced by the potential profitability of the corporate manufacturer .
+A 7 11|||UNK|||its potential profitability for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The engineering design processes as described by Khandani ( 2005 ) provides a well-rounded methodology to come up with solutions to a need .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:SVA|||provide|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:SVA|||comes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:OTHER|||specific|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The process starts with identifying the underlying cause of the need to effectively solve the problem at hand , followed by research on the topic for better understanding .
+A 19 19|||M:OTHER|||and is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Brainstorming for solutions comes next and the engineer lists out all the possible solutions for self-critique later .
+
+S Armed with more information on the problem , the engineer would be able to make better decisions on the final solution to optimise on and adaptation as a prototype .
+A 23 26|||R:OTHER|||and adapt the product|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The focus of this essay is ; however , on the ways the engineering design processes help fulfil a particular need .
+A 17 17|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore the final step of implementing the solution will not be discussed .
+
+S In 1997 , a group of countries agreed to commit to the Kyoto Protocol , which aims towards a reduction of greenhouse gases emitted in view of the potential climatic changes to come should the situation be left unattended to .
+A 17 18|||R:PREP|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Today , even as many other countries have taken small steps towards the control of greenhouse emissions , the fact remains that a large portion of the energy we generate for human consumption still comes from the burning of fossil fuels .
+
+S There is therefore a need for a more environmentally friendly way to generate the energy for our use .
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The development of a problem statement gives the engineer a chance to look into the elements which the need is comprised of .
+A 15 22|||R:OTHER|||problem|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this case , to reduce the undesirable emissions of mainly carbon dioxide , sulphur dioxide and the oxides of nitrogen in order to provide environmentally friendlier energy .
+A 4 6|||R:VERB:FORM|||reducing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 24|||R:OTHER|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the aid of a clear problem statement , the engineer is able to tackle the problem at its core by following through with an objective-specific statement .
+A 22 24|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The act of gathering information pertaining to the problem enables the engineer to look into possible past solutions to examine their effectiveness in dealing with the situation .
+
+S As previously mentioned , the Kyoto Protocol binds the countries in agreement to achieve approximately 5 to 10 percent reduction in greenhouse emissions .
+A 1 3|||R:WO|||mentioned previously|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Noting the episode when the United States opted out citing the potential costs towards their economy , the engineer bears in mind that the social acceptance of his system is largely shaped by the final economic cost or gain by its users .
+A 0 43|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Next in line with the design process is to brainstorm for solutions and list all of them out for later comparison .
+A 1 3|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB|||aims|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:OTHER|||comparisons later.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For the need of environmentally friendly energy generated , the possible solutions are , though not limited to , alternate sources of energy and increased efficiency of fuel to energy conversion in conventional fossil fuel power generators .
+A 0 38|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the last step of our discussion , the analysis and therefore selection of a single solution for adaptation , falls back heavily upon previous research .
+A 0 7|||R:OTHER|||Lastly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:SVA|||fall|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The engineer must be mindful of various factors and make a choice towards one solution which balances the criterion he deems necessary for his product to meet the need .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 14|||R:OTHER|||choose a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB|||meets|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 29|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I defined the more important requirements of the final solution to be its ease of acceptance by users , the extent of reduction of undesirable emissions and the time taken for implementation and effect .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||define|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||being accepted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 24|||R:OTHER|||it being able to reduce|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 34|||R:OTHER|||amount of time it takes to be implemented|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Comparing the two solutions , alternate sources of energy like wind energy , hydroelectric energy or nuclear energy significantly reduces the amount of greenhouse gas produced .
+A 0 1|||M:PREP|||While comparing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:OTHER|||it is found that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:SVA|||reduce|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , it is not likely that they will be able to replace the current infrastructures of fossil fuel generators at a quick rate due to high start-up costs , and in some cases geographical constraints .
+A 26 26|||M:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 34|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 34|||M:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , despite being an ideal solution in the long run , alternate energy sources are unable to curb the problem now .
+
+S On the other hand , increasing efficiency of current generators allow for optimisation tune-ups , which are less costly and more likely to be welcomed and readily adopted by the energy business .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:VERB:TENSE|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , there is much room for improvements in fuel to energy efficiency ; with innovation towards developing upgrades for conventional generators to better utilise the usual energy lost as heat , the amount of fuel needed and therefore greenhouse gas emissions could see a decrease of upwards of 20 percent .
+A 24 25|||R:MORPH|||utilizing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:PREP|||because|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 47 49|||R:OTHER|||more than|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The solution to the need of an environmentally friendlier way to generate energy based on my particular set of factors is therefore to innovate for an add-on to existing power generators to provide greater efficiency of fuel to energy conversion .
+A 3 6|||R:OTHER|||create|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 9|||R:OTHER|||a more environmentally friendly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 25|||R:OTHER|||invent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will reduce the greenhouse emissions as smaller amounts of fuel would be needed to generate the same amount of energy , thus meeting our need .
+
+S The ubiquitous gasoline cars we have around the world nowadays are being slowly replaced by the electric-powered cars .
+
+S In fact , U.S President Barack Obama is aiming to put a million electric vehicles on the roads by 2015 ( Peter , 2009 ) and with the world 's number one superpower taking the lead , it is almost as sure that the rest of the world will jump on the bandwagon .
+
+S These battery-powered cars were previously a costly mode of transport limited to a niche market but they have since been reborn and are creating a new wave in the automobile market .
+A 15 15|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The rebirth of the electric vehicle technology can be attributed to the revived interest by the automobile giants , government regulations on greenhouse gas emission and also the improvement in the technicalities previously assosciated with electric cars .
+A 14 15|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This year , the US Department of Energy , after a highly competitive application process , handed out US $ 400 million in grants to the 'Big Three ' - Chrysler , Ford and General Motors to develop next-generation technologies for electric vehicles ( Elie , 2009 ) .
+A 38 38|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The vote of trust as shown by the Big Three 's initiative in developing this technology has provided a huge boost to the viability of electric cars replacing gasoline vehicles as the main mode of transport on the roads .
+
+S Together with the strong backing of the government , it is exactly the type of stimulus that the electric vehicles require in order to make a strong and sustained headway into the automobile industry .
+
+S US President Obama is expected to sign an order next month for federal agencies to cut greenhouse gas emissions by 20 percent by 2020 ( Tim , 2009 ) .
+
+S This is also reflected on a global scale , with major economies such as Russia , United Kingdom and China pledging to reduce their greenhouse gas emission within a similar time frame through carbon emission regulations and guidelines .
+
+S Switching from gasoline vehicles to the 'zero-emission ' electric vehicles will significantly reduce the carbon emission of these countries , hence the resurgence of electric vehicles and their technology .
+A 28 29|||R:NOUN:NUM|||technologies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Previously , electric vehicles were plagued with numerous technical problems and simply did not appeal to car owners .
+
+S Major problems included long charging time of up to hours and the lack of charging facilities However , improvement in the charging technology promises to reduce charging time to between 10 and 45 minutes .
+A 16 16|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , studies say that as much as $ 320 million will be spent on charging infrastructure over the next 20 years ( Peter , 2009 ) .
+
+S Certainly , with more than one million electric cars on the road , charging infrastructure has to be developed and proliferated to meet the surge in demand for charging points .
+
+S The global push towards the adoption of the electric vehicle technology is increasing in tempo .
+
+S However , for it to replace the gasoline vehicles will be an uphill task that requires a concerted effort from both the industry and governments .
+A 24 24|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hybrid vehicles available on the roads nowadays are a good start , and hopefully in years to come , gasoline cars will be a thing of the past .
+
+S According to Rogers , E. M. ( 2003 ) , development of engineering design process consists of a total six main stages namely , needs/problems , research ( basic and applied ) , development , commercialization , diffusion and adoption and consequences respectively.1 The whole design process of creating new products is tedious and will take very long time to complete the research process , and then to the development stage .
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:PUNCT|||:|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 43|||R:OTHER|||.1|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 56 56|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 61 71|||R:OTHER|||; especially the stages on research and development.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Due to the limited resources in Singapore , the commercialization stage may not be able to execute .
+A 16 17|||R:VERB|||materialise|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this manner , most of the development of engineering design process carried out in Singapore end at the development stage .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||Therefore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||processes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:OTHER|||at the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Examples of two such projects are " NUS Eco-car''2 and " NUS Haptic Chair''.3
+A 2 3|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In Singapore , moving on to the commercialization stage of the design process is not easily achieved without going through tough brain storming .
+A 21 23|||R:ORTH|||brainstorming|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are many factors to consider in order for decisions to be made .
+
+S Thus , problems ( may ) arise and hinder the commercialization stage of the design process .
+A 3 6|||R:OTHER|||may|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First of all , for the NUS eco-car innovation process , it is true that the development of eco-car is indeed environmental friendly .
+A 21 22|||R:MORPH|||environmentally|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It does save the Earth with its advanced technology of bringing upon " green " effects , which will be welcomed by everyone .
+
+S However , if eco-car is to proceed on with the commercialization stage in the engineering design process , the problem encountered by my home country is the capital cost .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is because most of the parts contributed to the assembly of the eco car are bought from overseas and these better grade materials can be rare source and hard to acquire .
+A 27 28|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , hiring skilled workers and buying machine to assemble car are costly as well .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||machines|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , for the eco-car to be launched in Singapore in its commercialization stage of the design process , the production of car will result in significantly increased in cost of retail price due to the high prices of raw materials in constructing of car .
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||during|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 26|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:VERB:FORM|||increase|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 31|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 31|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 35|||R:OTHER|||because of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 44|||R:OTHER|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The high retail price of car will significantly affect the decision of committee to commercialize the product as consumer would not pay much for it .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , for the NUS Haptic Chair innovation process , the researchers had successfully developed the chair for the convenience of the deaf people in Singapore .
+A 24 25|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The problem that hampers the design process is the shortage of testers to test on the product , for which according to the article3 that there were not enough deaf children in Singapore to test this product .
+A 14 15|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , there will be no guarantee to the effectiveness to see how the product can be utilized and researcher will not be able to do modification and optimization to the chair for better performance .
+A 10 10|||M:OTHER|||of the design|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 30|||R:OTHER|||modify|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , capital cost and the shortage of human resources are two of the problems which will significantly hamper engineering design process innovation , which may result in an impact of commercialization stage unable to be realized .
+A 13 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 26|||R:OTHER|||. This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 32|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 32|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 38|||R:OTHER|||being unable to realise|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S 1 .
+
+S Rogers , E. M. ( 2003 ) .
+
+S The generation of innovations .
+
+S In Diffusion of innovations ( pp .
+
+S 136-157 ) .
+
+S New York : Free Press .
+
+S 2.Knowledge Enterprise .
+
+S ( May/June 2009 ) .
+
+S NUS eco-car ranks 5th at Shell eco-marathon .
+
+S Retrieved July 1 , 2009 , from { http : //newshub.nus.edu.sg/ke/00905/MayJune.pdf # zoom = 125&nameddest = story9 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //newshub.nus.edu.sg/ke/00905/MayJune.pdf ] 3.Chua , G. ( 2009 , July 4 ) .
+
+S A chair that 's music to deaf ears .
+
+S The Straits Times , p. D8 .
+
+S In Newshub - NUS ' News Portal : Print Media Coverage ( July 2009 ) ( { http : //newshub.nus.edu.sg/news/0907/PDF/CHAIR-st-4Jul-pD8.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //newshub.nus.edu.sg/news/0907/PDF/CHAIR-st-4Jul-pD8.pdf ] ) [ PDF version ] .
+
+S Retrieved July 7 , 2009 , from { http : //newshub.nus.edu.sg/news/0907/index.php ? type = print } [ HYPERLINK : http : //newshub.nus.edu.sg/news/0907/index.php ? type = print ]
+
+S Based on E.M. Roger 's paper on " Generation of innovation " , a typical engineering design process for innovations can be broken down into 6 main stages which is identifying the needs of the market , research process , development of the product , commercialization , diffusion and adoption and finally , consequences .
+A 28 29|||R:OTHER|||. They|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:OTHER|||are :|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 37|||M:OTHER|||designing the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 42|||R:OTHER|||developing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 45 46|||R:MORPH|||commercialising|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 47 50|||R:OTHER|||diffusing and adopting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 53 53|||M:OTHER|||examining the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Out of the 6 stages , I will be elaborating about problems in the research and development stage with reference to examples that occurred in Singapore .
+A 8 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||elaborate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 21|||R:OTHER|||using|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 24|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Research is no doubt one of the key factors that contribute to the success of an innovation .
+
+S In Singapore , the research sector is one of the best funded field , besides education and defense .
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||most|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||fields|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With a population of only about 4 million , coupled with lack of natural resources , Singapore has no choice but to make the most of what resources are available .
+A 26 27|||R:DET|||whatever|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:DET|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence the significance and importance of research in Singapore .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 7|||R:OTHER|||it is significant to develop the research sector|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Examples of common problems in the research sector are lack of skilled labour , time constraint and budget .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Some|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||limited|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Take the NUS eco-car project for example which was engineered by NUS and still in the research stage .
+A 0 16|||R:OTHER|||One example is the NUS eco-car project which was still at its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is not fully developed and commercialized yet because of its low market value .
+
+S To build an effective eco-car , a pool of skilled labour is needed .
+
+S However , in NUS , the project is of student level only .
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With additional guidance from experienced engineers , the eco- car could have been better designed at probably have a better chance to be marketed .
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB|||would stand|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||R:OTHER|||of being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The lack of skilled labour in the project caused it to be somewhat stuck at the research stage of the innovation process .
+A 12 14|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence the development of the eco-car was not consumer friendly and it was unable to move on to the commercialization stage .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 18|||R:PREP|||into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Maybe it would be take a few more years before the eco-car have a potential to be marketed .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Sometimes , in the innovation process , problems may also occur during the development stage .
+A 2 15|||R:OTHER|||problems may also occur during the development stage of the innovation process.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Take the NUS FSAE race car project for example .
+A 0 9|||R:OTHER|||One example is the NUS FSAE race car.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After all the research being done , through software rendering and such , the problems starts when trying to develop it .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||that have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:OTHER|||one is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After all , the simulation done on computers can not be compared to what the students experienced .
+A 16 16|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In real life , the theories and graphical models formulated on computers can not be fully achieved and this is a common problem in most engineering innovations .
+
+S For this NUS FSAE race car , the innovation stops at the development stage as this is a NUS student project .
+
+S It will not be taken to the market level .
+
+S The success of the design will be based on the yearly race competition held on an international level .
+A 14 15|||R:PREP|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To sum up , lack of skilled labour and inability to re-create computer simulation in real life are not the only 2 problems commonly faced in engineering design process in Singapore .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , these 2 problems are enough to cause the downfall and failure of the product when placed in the market .
+A 17 17|||M:OTHER|||it is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Engineering design processes consists of five different stages starting with defining the problem , followed by gathering pertinent information , generating multiple solutions , analyzing and selecting a solution and finally testing and implementing the solutions .
+A 14 16|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When solving a design problem , one may encounter problems that will hamper the design process .
+
+S In engineering design processes , two of the problems that will hamper the design process would be the lack of funds and resources .
+
+S Fund is an important factor that determines whether the design process can be carry on or otherwise .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:FORM|||carried|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:PART|||out|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To begin with the design process , there is a need to have a team of experts and researchers to sphere head the project which requires hiring cost .
+A 20 22|||R:OTHER|||spearhead|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the lack of fund will result in the inability to hire professionals to accomplish the task .
+
+S Fund also plays an important role in purchasing materials to manufacture the product .
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||the purchase of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Most of the time , products are made over and over again to improve its weaknesses and strengthen its strengths .
+
+S Therefore , purchasing of materials can be quite costly as plenty of them will go to waste .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||the purchase|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , the lack of fund will hamper the progress of the design process as there is no material to manufacture a physical product to test its usefulness .
+A 16 17|||R:PREP|||because|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The design process does not stop after coming out with a final product .
+A 7 10|||R:OTHER|||the development of a final product|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is because the product may not be perfect , and minor yet important changes need to be done to improve the product .
+A 15 15|||M:VERB:TENSE|||may|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , further research needs to be done and money will be involved .
+
+S Without sufficient funds , research to further improve the product can not be done and this may hamper the design process .
+
+S Another main problem that will hamper the engineering design process will be the lack of resources in terms of knowledge , raw material and technology .
+
+S Knowledge is very important in engineering design processes .
+
+S Without knowledge , one will not be able to make wise decisions during the design process .
+
+S For example in the aero plane design process , one needs to determine the material to be use as the body of the aircraft .
+A 4 6|||R:ORTH|||aeroplane|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:FORM|||used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Without the knowledge of the characteristics of different materials , one will not be able to choose the best material , which must be strong yet light in weight , to be use .
+A 32 33|||R:VERB:FORM|||used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Knowledge from past experiences will also help in ensuring a smoother design process .
+
+S In NUS , a team of students from the engineering faculty took part in Formula SAE Race Car Project in 2001 .
+
+S That was the first time engineering students from NUS took part in it .
+
+S Due to the fact that it was their first attempt , they realized that the lack of race car knowledge had hampered their design process , which they did not do well for the competition .
+A 26 35|||R:OTHER|||and this in turn had also led them to perform badly in the competition.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the engineering faculty has built up the race car knowledge after taking part in several annual competitions , and in the recent competition it came in 19th place .
+A 6 6|||M:VERB:TENSE|||since|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , knowledge plays a crucial role in the design process and the lack of it will hamper the design process .
+
+S In summary , the flow of the design process can be hampered by the lack of funds and knowledge .
+
+S In the case of lacking of funds , companies need to find sponsorships to fund the cost of their design process .
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||processes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , knowledge is something that can not be achieve overnight .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:FORM|||achieved|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Having past experiences and studies will be the key to gain greater knowledge .
+A 7 12|||R:OTHER|||useful in gaining more|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference ( s )
+
+S a ) Khandani , S. ( 2005 ) .
+
+S Engineering design process .
+
+S Retrieved June 29 , 2009 , from http : //www.iisme.org/etp/HS % 20Engineering- % 20Engineering.pdf
+
+S Engineering Design Process Meets People 's Needs
+
+S As a living being , maintaining a welfare life is of vital importance .
+A 6 9|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , whether one can keep leading a high quality life largely depends on a reliable energy supply .
+A 11 11|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To illustrate it simply , one current need of modern people is the demand for a consistent energy source .
+A 2 3|||R:PRON|||this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , engineering design process aims to invent a technology approach to meet people 's need .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:MORPH|||technological|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By identifying the problem and listing all the possible resolutions , it will figure out the best energy source and try to utilize it to supply energy .
+A 0 1|||R:PREP|||After|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN|||solutions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After that , gradual improvements will make it more practical , which subsequently serve the public better .
+A 6 10|||R:OTHER|||be made to its practicality|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||R:OTHER|||and this will subsequently help to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is known that we all live in a new era where every social activity or industry production activity we do is closely relevant to energy utilization .
+A 16 18|||R:OTHER|||industrial|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Sometimes when the electricity power is cut off temporarily , or the price of petrol is raised rapidly , we will find that our lives are severely affected .
+
+S Hence , demand for effective energy supply is the major need of modern people .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A successful engineering design processes should start with the correct identification of the problem .
+
+S The main energy source nowadays is fossil fuel energy which has limited storage in the earth .
+A 0 5|||R:OTHER|||Nowadays , the main energy source|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||a limited storage|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN|||supply|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In 10 years time , the supply of oil and gas will fail to meet people 's need .
+A 3 3|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( World 's oil will run out in ten years .
+
+S ) To avoid the predicted energy crisis happening , engineers are expected to find a new energy source which is sustainable .
+A 3 5|||R:OTHER|||future|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||crises|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:PREP|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The following step is to consider all possible new energy supply source and selecting the best one .
+A 1 2|||R:ADJ|||next|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||sources|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to reliable research , the new energy supplies include nuclear energy , solar energy , and geothermal energy ( Wikipedia ) .
+
+S Their advantage mainly embodies in respect that they are all renewable energy source .
+A 1 3|||R:OTHER|||main advantage|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 6|||R:OTHER|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||sources|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Among them , solar energy is the best choice because it is safer than nuclear energy and easier to be obtained than geothermal energy .
+A 19 21|||R:VERB:TENSE|||obtain|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:OTHER|||as compared to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , solar energy comes into our sights as an ideal energy source .
+A 5 8|||R:OTHER|||to our attention|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After that , engineering design process applies the engineering theorem and latest technology to practice , which amounts to effectively use solar energy .
+A 16 23|||R:OTHER|||and this is equivalent to using solar energy effectively.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , solar energy can be used to heat the bath water .
+
+S The whole process is like installing a solar penal containing many tubes on the roof of the house where the penal can be maximally exposes to the sunlight .
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||panel|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||panel|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 25|||R:OTHER|||exposed maximally|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Then let the bath water flows through the tubes and absorbs the heat collected by the tubes .
+A 1 6|||R:OTHER|||the bath water may be let to flow|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:FORM|||to absorb|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Through heat transfer from tube to the water , bath water is heated .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another application of solar energy is relevant to the energy generation .
+
+S Wind and falling water are actually different forms of solar energy ( Harnessing direct solar energy a progress report , 2006 ) .
+
+S By releasing the energy stored in them , large amount of electricity is generated which can solve the electricity shortage in some regions of the world and give great support to the normal living and production activities .
+
+S Last but not least , the engineering design process still needs gradual improvements to truly meet people 's need .
+
+S The production cost of solar energy is higher than that of fossil fuel energy , which therefore impedes its popularization .
+A 19 20|||R:MORPH|||popularity|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , how to cut the cost is what engineering designer should consider about in the future , in order to let solar energy be utilized more successfully .
+A 2 16|||R:OTHER|||engineering designer should consider how to cut cost in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In sum , the demand for energy supply is a current need that is closely relevant to people 's lives , as it is the basis for maintaining the high living standard .
+A 28 29|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Engineering design process shows that solar energy would be a promising energy source , which is worthwhile to develop .
+
+S Yet we still have to endeavor on reducing its production cost .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB|||work|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this way , engineering design process of utilization of solar energy can meet people 's needs .
+
+S References :
+
+S Renewable Energy .
+
+S Retrieved on 09th September , 2009 from http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy World 's oil will run out in ten years .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Retrieved on 9th September , 2009 on http : //www.theinsider.org/news/article.asp ? id = 0423
+
+S Harnessing direct solar energy a progress report .
+
+S ( 2006 ) .
+
+S Retrieved on 9th Sep , 2009 from http : //www.science.org.au/nova/005/005glo.htm
+
+S Nowadays , people have been more health conscious than before .
+A 3 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 10|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The need can be seen when they are willing to spend hundreds to thousands of dollars on medical bills .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Challenges have been faced by doctors , drug researches and biomedical engineers to collaborate in this matter in order to come out with the best solution to address current health problems .
+A 0 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:ORTH|||Doctors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:MORPH|||researchers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:OTHER|||face the challenges|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Engineers play an important role in this matter .
+A 5 8|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S People often neglect engineers when they think of health issue .
+
+S Engineers assist medical professional such as doctors by designing medical devices that is often use in life threatening situation such as the pace maker , defibrillator and ventilator .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||professionals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:OTHER|||such as the pace maker , defibrillator and ventilator|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:DET|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:FORM|||used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||situations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 28|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Their role include handling technical difficulty of medical devices , giving advices to doctors and nurses , collaborate with clinical research personnel , liaising with hospital administrator and regulations agencies as well as ensuring a safe hospital environment , this include inspecting the power cabling , performing maintenance and safety inspection .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||roles|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:FORM|||collaborating|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 40|||R:OTHER|||. Maintaining a safe hospital environment would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 42|||R:OTHER|||tasks like|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One can see that engineers play a crucial role in delivering professional health service needed for a patient .
+A 6 7|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many health problems can not be addressed without the help of medical devices such as back ache , cardiac defibrillation and sleep apnea .
+A 13 24|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Engineers have faces with various challenges to design medical devices which are safe , efficient , accurate , serviceable , user friendly , manageable , durable and environmental compatible .
+A 1 3|||R:OTHER|||are faced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Example of it is the latest medical device called the IVDD machine ( Intervetebral Disc Decompression Therapy ) .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||An example|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 3|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is a device that addresses the problem of lower back pain .
+
+S This idea is discover when researchers realize that space travelers were relieved of low back pain and their disc height were actually increased .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:FORM|||discovered|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||realized|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:ADJ:FORM|||lower|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This valuable information were used by engineers to develop IVDD to reproduce the same effects on earth .
+
+S A design idea can spark out elsewhere .
+A 4 7|||R:OTHER|||be developed from various sources.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Other challenge face by design engineers is the availability of technology .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Another|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:FORM|||faced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Technology is often the limiting factor when it come to design a sophisticated medical device .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:SVA|||comes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:FORM|||designing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Example of this is the electrosurgical device .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||An example|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Electrosurgical device was not invented until it was realized that very high frequency of current can actually burn a tissue when the contact point is relatively small .
+A 0 0|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This idea and discovery has led to the invention of the CUSA Excel System , a device that performs bloodless tissue cutting which is used now in every hospital in Singapore .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:PUNCT|||---|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Design can also come from the need and request of people .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The design|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Social need often has to be addressed by engineers to fulfill the market requirements .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||A social|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To show an example , in this advancing and fast changing society , many working adult especially women has found extremely difficult to achieve a balanced between their family and work .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||For|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:MORPH|||advanced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||adults|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:MORPH|||balance|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Engineers have addressed this problem with an effective solution by designing the milk pump .
+
+S The milk pump allows milk storage and feeding without the present of the mother allowing them to go to work without worrying to breast feed their baby .
+A 10 11|||R:MORPH|||presence|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||; and this allows|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 27|||R:OTHER|||having to worry about breast-feeding their babies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is very interesting to see that how engineering ideas can come about .
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There is hundred of ways that an idea can originate from .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||hundreds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||from which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A design can come out in order to improve the older design such as the MRI machine , to address psychological problem of patient such as the fear of going through surgical operation or to assist medical personnel such as doctors to deliver better health service .
+A 2 5|||R:VERB|||is developed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||designs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 17|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:OTHER|||; or|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN:NUM|||patients|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 33|||M:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Other challenges face by engineers including patenting their designs , devices testing , performance benchmarking , training of medical personnel , custom modification of devices , law 's requirements , safety concerns , compatibility with other medical devices ,durability and usability .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:FORM|||faced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:FORM|||include|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The challenges face is never ending for an engineer in order to come out with a state-of-the-art medical devices currently and also in the future .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:FORM|||faced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||their attempts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:VERB|||to be used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Joseph D. Bronzino , " The Biomedical Engineering Handbook " , 2nd Edition ( CRC Press , 2000 ) .
+
+S Joseph D. Bronzino , " Management of Medical Technology : A Primer for Clinical Engineers " , ( Butterwork-Heinemann , 1992 ) .
+
+S John G. Webster , " Encyclopedia of Medical Devices & Instrumentation " , Volume 4 , ( Wiley Interscience , 1988 ) .
+
+S David A. Simmons and James O .
+
+S Wear , " Hospital Engineering Manual " , ( Scientific Enterprises , Inc. , 1987 ) .
+
+S Factors That Shape the Invention of Refrigerator
+
+S When you are enjoying ice-cream in a sweltering summer , have you ever thought about that you are enjoying the privilege for rich people roughly 100 years ago ?
+A 10 15|||R:OTHER|||do you know|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:VERB|||reserved|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For your information , refrigerator is a rather new invention , and it is not widely used among common household until 1930s ( Bowden & Offer , 1994 ) .
+
+S Then how does refrigerator come into being ?
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some factors such as the demand of lead user , economic factors , and environmental concern actually play important roles in shaping refrigerator into its shape today .
+A 22 22|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the first place , the lead user of refrigerator is the first and most important factor that drives the development of refrigerator .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lead user can be defined as a group of people that have the greatest need towards a potential invention .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||users|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to Hippel ( cited by Rogers , 2003 ) , lead user plays an important role in most of the innovation-designing process , because they usually have the needs of innovations that are " well ahead of the general market " .
+A 4 4|||M:OTHER|||year ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||users|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:SVA|||play|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the case of refrigerator , lead user can be regarded as the food businessmen in 20th century , mainly because most food would perish very fast under normal temperature .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||users|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:ADV|||quickly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , long distance transportation of food also requires low temperature to preserve the food .
+
+S Since the lead user has such a great need on a product that could help them keep the food cool easily , refrigerator was first commercially introduced to long distance food transportation in 1900s ( Bowden & Offer , 1994 ) .
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lead user therefore started the application of refrigerator on business .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||users|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Beside the factor of lead user , which we can consider as people 's demand , the economic factor is also an important part that shapes the refrigerator .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Besides|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||users|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 16|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 26|||R:OTHER|||also plays an important part in shaping|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the evidence of this is that the use of refrigerator was only being widespread after its price drops to a level that could be accepted by the norms .
+A 0 8|||R:OTHER|||For example ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 15|||R:OTHER|||has only become|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has dropped|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The refrigerator is influenced by the values of the norms here .
+
+S Another evidence of this among the development of refrigerator is the domination of electric refrigerator .
+A 2 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:MORPH|||dominance|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:OTHER|||in the development of refrigerators in general|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Before the release of refrigerator into the large potential market of common household , there is an ideal substitute for electric refrigerator gas refrigerator , which has a quieter operation and longer use duration ( Cowan , cited by Roger , 2003 ) .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 13|||R:OTHER|||market|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:OTHER|||. This is the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:NOUN|||year|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The reason why all of us now are using the " huming " electric refrigerator instead of the gas one is that the corporations decided the electric refrigerator would bring them larger profit , and therefore they went all out to promote the electric refrigerator .
+A 21 22|||R:PREP|||because|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So the refrigerator is shaped by the potential profitability of its producer in this way .
+
+S Both the values of the norms and the profitability of the producer can be classified as economic factors .
+
+S Last but not least , the environmental concern also helps to shape the refrigerator during its innovation-development process .
+
+S For example , one of the reasons why refrigerator was not widely used by common household before 1930s is because the refrigerator at that time was using toxic-gas system , which would destroy the environment and be unsafe for home use .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||many common households|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:OTHER|||a toxic gas|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S What is more , the environmental concern has become more and more important in the development of refrigerator in the past decades .
+
+S One of the most popular refrigerants for refrigerator , Tetrafluoroethane , has been banned by the governments in a lot of countries , taking its depletion to the ozone layer into concern .
+A 22 23|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 32|||R:OTHER|||because of its ability to deplete the ozone layer|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The environmental concern therefore leads the refrigerator develop in a more environmental-friendly direction .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB|||helps|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||environmentally friendly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , in its innovation-development process , refrigerator is mainly shaped by the demand of food businessmen , as well as the economic factors and environmental concern .
+
+S Due to the number of words limited , this essay only scratches the surface of what leads to the invention and diffusion of the refrigerator , and picks out the three most obvious factors to discuss .
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||being limited|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If you want to do more in-depth research on it , please go through the related journals and websites .
+
+S References :
+
+S Bowden , S. & Offer , A .
+
+S ( 1994 ) .
+
+S Household Appliances and the use of Time : the United States and Britain since the 1920s' .
+
+S In Economic History Review ( pp .
+
+S 725-748 ) .
+
+S Wiley Blackwell Publishing .
+
+S Rogers , E.M. ( 2003 ) .
+
+S The Generation of Innovations .
+
+S In Diffusion of innovations ( pp .
+
+S 136-157 ) .
+
+S New York : Free Press .
+
+S As the global economy continues its search for growth , its insatiable appetite for energy has greatly diminished our non-renewable resources .
+
+S Scientists have estimated that given the current global energy consumption , we only have sufficient oil reserves to last us for another 50 years .
+A 12 12|||M:VERB:TENSE|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , greenhouse emissions produced from the burning of fossil fuels have lead to global warming , with its impact visible from the shrinkage of polar ice caps at the Arctic region as well as the rise in global temperature .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:FORM|||led|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This could eventually cause flooding of low lying areas as well as food shortages and it paints a bleak picture for our future generation .
+A 9 9|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the world is turning its head towards 'green ' technology as a solution to the above crisis .
+
+S Research on the 'green ' technology field has started way back in early 1950s , however it has only started to gain momentum recently as its economic and social benefits become more recognised .
+A 3 7|||R:OTHER|||field of 'green ' technology|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With oil prices steadily climbing towards US $ 100 per barrel , business cost also rises with rising energy cost .
+
+S This would lead to price inflation and could cause an economic slowdown as affordability would be a concern .
+A 15 16|||R:VERB|||become|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , if no other alternative energy sources are discovered , we could face severe economic problems when we eventually run out of oil , since we need energy to run our economy .
+
+S Investing in 'green ' technology would not only ensure that we will have a steady supply of energy to develop our economy but it could also be another source of revenue for countries developing such technologies and some analysts has estimated that this industry could potentially be worth up to US $ 4 trillion .
+A 36 36|||M:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 40|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , governments are pouring funds into research on this field to benefit from its economic advantages .
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Next , there is a general consensus that global warming has been greatly attributed by the rise of greenhouse emission from the burning of fossil fuels , which could have devastating and irreversible impacts .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB|||caused|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||emissions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Recently , rising temperature has been causing frequent heat waves across Europe which has killed a number of people .
+A 5 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||caused|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 19|||R:OTHER|||that killed a number of people across Europe|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The rising temperature also gave rise to an increase in the number of heat stroke cases and could cause a potential health issue .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||gives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , rising temperature also resulted in frequent droughts which caused food shortages and aggravate the world 'hunger ' problem .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||results|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||aggravated|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S More significantly , the melting of polar ice caps and glaciers could endanger low lying areas and the rise in temperature could also cause severe imbalances in our delicate ecosystem .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will impact all walks of life , including us , humans .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB|||affect|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||ours|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The world environmental system is now balanced on a crucial tipping point beyond which costly , devastating and irreversible impacts will be inevitable .
+
+S Therefore , the future of our planet lies in our hands and we must be socially responsible for our future generation .
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||generations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , environmental groups have been pressuring businesses and governments for 'green ' energy solutions as we thread our economic progress with sustainability .
+A 2 2|||M:ADJ|||many|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 23|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On top of that , governments have also been pushing for the 'green ' agenda .
+
+S This is evident from the carbon tax law that has been imposed by European Union on businesses , which tax businesses on the amount of carbon they produced .
+A 9 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:VERB|||imposes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , government are also awarding incentives for companies to go 'green ' and more research funds have been allocated to this new field to develop 'green ' products .
+
+S This is evident from President Obama 's economic plan , which includes a US $ 1 trillion package invested into the 'green ' industry so that 'greener ' products can be developed to ensure economic sustainability .
+
+S 'Green ' technology maybe the main focus in this century , however it must be noted that investing in this technology is costly and not many businesses are willing to venture into it on its own .
+A 3 4|||R:ORTH|||may be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , scientists , businessmen and governments must work together to find a feasible solution in balancing economic growth with sustainability .
+
+S In the age of information technology and globalization , the world we live today have progressed beyond our imagination by the aid of constant improvement in technology by research and development ( R&D ) as well as innovation .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In one of the Rogers 's article in 'Diffusion of Innovations ' ( 2003 ) , he has mentioned about the introduction of battery technology in the electric vehicle by General Motors ( GM ) in the early 1990s .
+A 4 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Interestedly , this significant technology was initially determined by the California and Arizona state governments inadvertently so as to tackle the issue of smog levels in Los Angeles and Phoenix at that period of time .
+A 0 1|||R:ADV|||Iinterestingly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Rogers , 2003 ) 'IMPACT ' , which was renamed as EV , was the pioneer name of the electric car produced by GM ( Rogers , 2003 ) .
+
+S With the development of the electric car , the technological innovation has been continuously influenced by several factors primarily in the aspect of environmental and human factor .
+
+S Issues pertaining to environmental degradation have already begun to dominate discussions among the world leaders as well as the general population since the early 1990s .
+
+S As mentioned by Rogers ( 2003 ) , environmental factor is one of the primary issues that led to the production of the electric cars .
+
+S Electric cars were created to eradicate the ramifications caused by emissions of carbon dioxide and the smog level in the world .
+
+S According to Tyler ( 2009 ) , the Ontario Medical Association announced that smog is responsible for an estimated 9,500 premature deaths in the province each year .
+
+S Hence , it will be beneficial for the creation of the electric cars in the hope of reducing the number of deaths caused by smog .
+
+S Furthermore , leaded petrol has been commonly used by the cars consumers in the past .
+A 10 11|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Depending on the methods used for generating of electricity in electric cars , they have the capability of producing very low emission of carbon dioxide .
+A 7 8|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It will be possible when more nature energy such as wind and water is used to generate electricity by the turbines compared to the burning of fossil fuels by the power plants .
+
+S Thus , with the creation of battery technology generated by electricity , mankind can place greater confidence in new technology to combat environmental issues .
+
+S Furthermore , we can not deny the fact that human factor has played a major role in changing the technological innovation of electric car .
+
+S Rogers ( 2003 ) has pointed out the power in buying interest of test drivers of the electric cars and marketing strategy by GM to create a greater attention on their electric vehicles .
+
+S In the article 'Electric cars : On the road to greener transport ?
+
+S ' ( 2009 ) , it discussed about the growing appreciation of the impact that city and regional authorities can have in making practical preparations for an electrified road transport system .
+A 2 3|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Clearly , the need of the consumers and the government actions are factors that will influence the success and improvement for those technological companies in terms of capital and avenues as well as confidence and morale of the products they sold .
+
+S Without the hunger of the unlimited needs in consumers today , technology will not be moving in such a fast pace and may be hampered by the lack of innovation from a lower demand in researchers and engineers .
+A 0 10|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Ultimately , while there are various factors that will influence the technological innovation today , we must constantly portend ourselves to follow the moral and ethical guidelines .
+A 18 19|||R:VERB|||remind|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Otherwise , we are the ones who will the impact of unbridled curiosity .
+A 8 14|||R:OTHER|||bear the impact|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , it will be up to mankind to take the crusade for a new safe world with the progress of technology in the near future .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN|||challenge|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 26|||R:OTHER|||this should appear a the beginning|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S Rogers , E.M. ( 2003 ) .
+
+S Opinion leaders and mavens in the diffusion of electric cars .
+
+S In Diffusion of innovations ( pp.87-89 ) .
+
+S New York : Free Press .
+
+S Hamilton , Tyler ( 2008 ) .
+
+S $ 3.83 to power hybrid plug-in for 6 days .
+
+S Wheels.ca , http : //wheels.ca/reviews/article/256058 .
+
+S Retrieved 2009-07-13 .
+
+S Electric cars : On the road to greener transport ?
+
+S http : //www.euractiv.com/en/innovation/electric-cars-road-greener- transport/article-184705 .
+
+S Retrieved 2009-08-25 .
+
+S The process of engineering and designing a new innovation is normally a long and difficult one .
+
+S During the process , creative ideas and inventions are brought up and developed upon .
+
+S The final product of such a process is usually something that meets the human needs that were first identified and helps make life easier for us .
+
+S However , during such a tedious process , there are bound to be problems that may hamper the whole engineering design process .
+
+S In Singapore , our small population and education system are two of the main reasons for delays in the process .
+
+S Singapore is the smallest nation in Southeast Asia , covering just over 270 square miles and with a population of roughly 4.7million .
+
+S As compared with other innovation powerhouses , for example Japan ; which has about 128 million people , Singapore has a very small population .
+
+S This lead to factors such as , a limited pool of local talents , a small local market and a lack of volunteers willing to try out new innovations ; all of which will affect the engineering design process .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:SVA|||leads|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Researching and developing a new product requires a dedicated team of talented researchers with different expertises .
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:INFL|||expertise|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , in Singapore , it is often difficult to gather such a team due to our small population , which means a smaller group of local talents .
+
+S As a result , smaller teams are formed and it inevitably increases the time spent on the whole process .
+
+S Furthermore , there could also be a lack of design ideas .
+
+S The Singapore government is well aware of this problem and has been trying to attract foreign talents to fill the void .
+
+S According to Khandani ( 2005 ) , " The net result or purpose of most engineering designs is to produce a product that generates a profit for the company .
+
+S " Thus , if there is only a small local market to sell the product , a lot of extra effort will have to be placed to ensure that the final product sells .
+
+S The engineering design process will be further delayed because of this extra effort required .
+
+S The final effect of having a small population in Singapore is the lack of volunteers willing to try out new innovations .
+
+S This is further pointed out in the case of the Haptic Chair ( Chua 2009 ) developed by Suranga Nanayakkara , a PhD student from National University of Singapore .
+A 25 25|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Mr Nanayakkara had to bring the Haptic Chair back to Sri Lanka for testing because he could not get access to enough deaf children in Singapore .
+
+S The lack of testers in Singapore will hamper the fifth step of the engineering design process stated by Khandani , which is the testing and implementation of the solution .
+
+S The second problem that affects the process is the education system in Singapore .
+
+S The system is successful in educating the masses and is highly regarded by many other countries .
+
+S It emphasis mainly on academic performances and students are graded based on their exams .
+
+S As a result , there is usually lack of creativity in the students produced through this system .
+
+S The impact of having a lack of creativity during the engineering design process is severe as the process requires the generation of multiple solutions .
+
+S A workforce that is educated in Singapore will probably suffer as they are not used to answering design questions while they are studying .
+
+S Therefore , the process will most likely be hampered due to the lack of creativity in our workforce .
+
+S In conclusion , the Singapore government should continue their efforts to bring in more foreign talents and improve the current education system .
+
+S Companies should try and promote their local products to other markets and Singaporeans should be more accepting towards new innovations .
+
+S All this will lead to Singapore having a greater success in creating new innovations .
+
+S Reference
+
+S ( 1 ) Khandani , S. ( 2005 ) .
+
+S Engineering design process .
+
+S Retrieved June 29 , 2009 , from http : //www.iisme.org/etp/HS % 20Engineering- % 20Engineering.pdf
+
+S ( 2 ) Chua , G. ( 2009 , July 4 ) .
+
+S A chair that 's music to deaf ears .
+
+S The Straits Times , p. D8 .
+
+S In Newshub - NUS ' News Portal : Print Media Coverage ( July 2009 ) ( http : //newshub.nus.edu.sg/news/0907/PDF/CHAIR-st-4Jul-pD8.pdf ) [ PDF version ] .
+
+S Retrieved July 7 , 2009 , from http : //newshub.nus.edu.sg/news/0907/index.php ? type = print
+
+S Engineering Design Process in Hydrogen Storage
+
+S In order to handle the energy crisis , the research and development of hydrogen energy is an important section .
+
+S How to store hydrogen safely is one of the difficult points among this section , so it should be given priority .
+
+S Engineers ' innovative design makes contribution to solving such storage issue .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||designs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 8|||UNK|||solves|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to Khandani ( 2005 ) , engineering design process play an important role .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||processes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Because of hydrogen 's unique physical property , there are three main problems need to work out .
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||insert 'that '|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||'be ' worked|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First , it takes up too much more space for its lightweight .
+A 7 8|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Second , it escapes too fast .
+
+S Third , it is too dangerous for it 's inflammably and explosively .
+A 6 7|||R:PREP|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:CONTR|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:MORPH|||inflammable|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:MORPH|||explosive|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As to handle these storage problems , the related areas came out of two solutions .
+A 0 1|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One is to use full-scale high-pressure hydrogen tanks for vehicles .
+
+S Another is to use special materials for solid-state hydrogen storage .
+
+S On the one hand , to storage hydrogen under pressure is a rather well-known technique .
+A 6 7|||R:MORPH|||store|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the use of hydrogen tanks in vehicles , and in particular the challenge of using very high pressures , require advanced technology .
+
+S It needs to overcome permeation problem and pass cycling tests .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , for solid-state hydrogen storage , it requires materials that can absorb hydrogen quickly and massively .
+
+S Furthermore , there are also certain requirements for their reaction .
+
+S Overall , these two solutions have their own advantages in different aspects ; at the same time , they also have difficulties respectively .
+A 18 23|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So as to make these two hydrogen storage schemes feasible , a lot of experiments and tests have been done .
+A 17 19|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For the compressed hydrogen storage , many numerical modeling has been done through computational fluid dynamics tools .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It helps to better under the safety implications of potential accident situations .
+A 1 12|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And the experiment results came out as well .
+A 0 1|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB|||show|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 8|||UNK|||the following .|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For the cycling tests , the filling time is less than 3 minutes and the maximum pressure is 350 bar ( will be increased to 700 bar in the near future ) .
+
+S For the permeation tests , tanks are filled up to 700 bar and the temperatures of ambient and tanks can be controlled up to at least 85c .
+
+S For the solid-state hydrogen storage , many testing and performance assessment of potential hydrogen storage materials have been done in laboratory .
+A 16 19|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Big progress has been made in this field , some new materials have been found and more waiting to be found .
+A 0 1|||R:ADJ|||huge|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Certain laboratory in European also offers services for research centers and university groups , so as to training and aspiring young .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||some|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||laboratories|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:MORPH|||Europe|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:MORPH|||train|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB|||inspire|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides the exciting news about hydrogen storage technology , we still need to pay attention to its dangerous .
+A 17 18|||R:MORPH|||dangers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It can be hazardous if hydrogen leaks , and even cause disaster if hydrogen burnt and explode .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||disasters|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:MORPH|||burns|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:MORPH|||explodes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To sum up , the research and development of the storage of hydrogen will meet human 's need and make great contribution for human 's getting forward ; and the engineering design progress plays important part in it .
+A 20 20|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 27|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:OTHER|||an importantt|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference :
+
+S * Khandani S. , Engineering Design Process , 2005 * http : //ec.europa.eu/dgs/jrc/downloads/jrc_20090224_infosheet_hydrogensafety_en.pdf
+
+S Technology is the design or creation of an instrument or an action that lowers the uncertainty in the relationship of cause-effect in achieving a desired outcome .
+
+S Many technological innovations were created from scientific researches to solve problems but some were serendipitously invented .
+
+S Technological innovations created from scientific researching are created to satisfy a need of to solve a problem affecting people .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||researches|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Serendipitously created innovations are actually spin-offs from the original plan of research .
+
+S Thus an innovation that does not solve the initial targeted problem but solved an unintended problem or need .
+A 1 13|||R:OTHER|||it is an innovation that does not solve the initial target problem but instead solves|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although they had very different outcome , they were triggered by the same motivation to make a better world .
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||outcomes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Birth of these two types of innovations had very similar causes , such as pressure from the society or government to cater to certain needs .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The birth|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Two pieces of technology , for instance , eco-cars and warfarin were products of research and serendipity respectively .
+A 12 17|||R:OTHER|||produced by scientifc research and serendipitous invention|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The creation of eco-cars was to address to environmental issues such as global warming and air pollution .
+
+S In the early 1990s , the California and Arizona state government demanded that at least ten percent of the total sales of automobile would have to be environmentally friendly .
+
+S This resulted in an automobile giant , General Motors ( GM ) , dedicating $ 2billion into producing electric cars .
+
+S ( E.M.Rogers , 2003 ) This is a case where an innovation is created to cater to the needs by scientific research .
+
+S Similarly , the creation of warfarin , the most widely used rat poison in the world , was initially motivated by the pressure from the society to find out what caused the mysterious deaths of cattle .
+
+S In the 1930s , farmers fed their cattle with sweet clover hay but cattle were dying from internal bleeding caused by it .
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||these|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Through further research , Professor K.P.Link found that the sweet clover hay contained a harmful chemical called coumarin which turned out to be a very effective rat killer , thus warfarin was born .
+A 33 34|||R:OTHER|||full stop should come after in text citation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( E.M.Rogers , 2003 ) This type of unexpected innovation is called serendipity .
+
+S Innovations , regardless serendipity or not , have a common motivation which is to solve surfacing problems in the world .
+A 2 6|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Electric cars and warfarin alike , they need to be marketed and diffused for potential users to adapt .
+A 6 7|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Electric cars were marketed extensively through a word-of-mouth process ( E.M.Rogers , 2003 ) arousing a great interest in electric cars .
+
+S Also , warfarin was liscenced by Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation ( WARF ) to commercial manufacturer and then used by farmers to eradicate rats where its effectiveness is readily observed .
+A 0 2|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||manufacturers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 30|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Both these innovations need to be well marketed and diffused before it can actually solve any problems .
+
+S However , the fate of dedicated researched innovations and serendipitous innovations can differ greatly .
+A 6 7|||R:MORPH|||research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One can be almost certain that a serendipitous product will be put into use without much delay as this product is often discovered by another needy party to solve their problems in the process of the initial research .
+
+S On the other hand , products through dedicated researching were monitored by a parent organization .
+
+S For example , further development of electric cars was dismissed due to the shift of taste of the market towards the " hybrid " gas- and-electric-powered vehicles .
+
+S If this product does not provide a satisfactory amount of benefits to the parent organization , it may be dismissed despite its potential usefulness .
+
+S In conclusion , innovations are to make life of its user to improve .
+A 5 13|||R:OTHER|||made to improve the life of the user|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S No matter how the innovations come about , they have a common sense of motivation .
+A 3 4|||R:DET|||these|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Through investigation of needs and problems , innovations are made accordingly but unexpected discovery of ideas will lead to innovations of a different kind .
+
+S These different kinds will face different circumstances thus a different fate .
+A 3 3|||M:OTHER|||of innovations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Innovations however profitable should not be dismissed but sell to a higher platform where it could spark other ideas or satisfy needs that are not foreseen by the parent organization .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:FORM|||sold|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Technology has played a significant role in moulding our lives .
+
+S As long as we seek to improve our lives , technology will always exist .
+
+S However , this is a period of time where technology will be important in helping mankind to survive on this planet .
+
+S Global warming has been identified as one of the greatest threat to our survival , and engineers have tried to solve this issue by coming up with green technology such as solar panels , windmills and dams .
+
+S This is a case of technology being socially determined , but modifications in the form of economic factors , military demands and government regulations have occurred , which prevents this technology from being utilised fully .
+
+S One of the top priorities of every country on this planet is to ensure the stability of their economy .
+
+S For that matter , the use of green technology is not feasible in every country .
+
+S Take for example , a country like Singapore , where there are no natural resources available and land-space constraints are always a problem .
+
+S Imagine using solar panels to provide electricity for every household .
+
+S Given the fact that most households in Singapore share a common block , if the solar panels are fixed on the top of the buildings , will there be enough to provide sufficient electricity for the whole block , which may consists of up to eighty household users .
+A 41 42|||R:VERB:FORM|||consist|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 48 49|||R:PUNCT|||?|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Given the land constraints , it is definitely a costly as well as non-feasible innovation and only time will tell if this technology can be upgraded into something that can be fitted into a society like Singapore .
+
+S Economic factors and government regulations are closely related .
+
+S Based on the Madrid article , ( Madrid ( 1995 ) Diagnosing climate change ) John Houghton joked with the leader of Saudi Arabia 's delegate party that what he was proposing was against his country 's interest , and that he should not be raising it instead .
+A 7 14|||R:OTHER|||incorrect in-text citation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As we all know , Saudi Arabia 's source of income is mainly from the oil industry .
+
+S If households all over the world started converting to green technology , there will be a decrease in demand for fuel ( since it runs the electricity needed for each household ) and as a result a decrease in their countries economy .
+A 33 41|||R:OTHER|||this will affect the country 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is a case where a country is willing to put aside government priorities for the greater issue on hand , by supporting the use of green technology .
+
+S Let us now take a look at the military demands which plays a part in shaping this technological innovation as well .
+
+S Tanks are built with the intent to destroy and provide artillery support during a war .
+
+S One way to reduce fuel consumption is to modify tanks such that they all have built-in solar panels , as long as the war is fought in the day , then it should be fine ; realistic ?
+A 18 38|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is because of the military demands that require tanks to be available at all times , and that it is able to withstand mild firepower , which is why any additional cost required for the solar panels will be put to better use by increasing the tank solidity .
+A 0 50|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In a bid to counter the issue of global warming , solutions that are socially determined such as solar panels , windmills and dams were created .
+
+S Yet the use of it has been restricted by economic factors , military demands as well as government regulations .
+
+S Should the day arrive when innovations can be clear of such restriction , only then will the full benefits of it be felt .
+A 0 4|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||plural|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:OTHER|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the recent few decades , adverse climate changes and increase numbers of natural disasters have finally made humans realize the impact of human activities on earth .
+
+S This ignited a chain of campaigns , activist groups and policies in support of reducing pollutions and wastes to save our planet .
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||pollution|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||waste|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This current situation may seems favorable theoretically for innovations such as the electric car industries to flourish .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:FORM|||seem|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , in reality , the development process of environmental friendly electric cars depends mainly on government policies , social acceptance and cooperation with other related industries .
+
+S Decisions made by any industries or citizens in a country is heavily influenced by the policies made by the government .
+
+S In the early 1990 , the support given by the California and Arizona state governments on electric cars manages to boost sales of electric cars made by General Motors ( Rogers , 2003 ) .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||1990s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:TENSE|||managed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides giving financial aid to R&D departments which helps to initiate the start of the project on electric cars , subsides and incentive may also be given to citizens who use electric cars which would increase the demand for more electric cars .
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN|||iincentives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Such increase in demand would result in companies to increase the supply of electric cars and probably trigger new companies to enter the electric car market .
+
+S Thus this increases the rate of development in electric cars .
+
+S In conjunction with incentives for electric cars , taxes on pollution inducing cars can also be increased which will motivate people to choose electric cars over petrol cars .
+
+S These factors induced by governments decisions truly showed the instigation it has on industries and consumers alike .
+
+S Besides government influence , the survival of a new technology also depends on social acceptance of the new product .
+
+S In the case of the IMPACT electric cars , the opinion leaders were the ones who stimulated the sales and awareness of these cars ( Rogers , 2003 ) .
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||opinions of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 16|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many scientific articles also states that social acceptance is increasingly being recognized as a constraining factor in innovations based on renewable energy sources ( Rolf , 2006 ) .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||state|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Without the accession from the society , it would be difficult for the emergent of any new innovations .
+A 13 14|||R:MORPH|||emergence|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is one of the reasons why marketing strategies such as the use of promotions and advertisements is extremely important in rising the awareness and creating a need for new technologies , thus allowing a new technology to survive .
+A 21 22|||R:VERB|||raising|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the contrary , cooperation between other industries can be equally as important .
+
+S For example , if no power supply company is willing to build charging stations for electric cars , it would be impossible for electric cars to exist .
+
+S Similarly , if all current gas stations are installed with fast battery charging equipment , electric cars would be more practical and be allowed to travel freely .
+
+S Besides the need for electric car companies to work well with their power suppliers , it would be practical for them to work hand in hand with banks and insurance sectors .
+
+S An attractive loan and insurance scheme is substantial as it will allow potential customers to buy an electric car , which can have a hefty price tag .
+
+S These examples clearly show the significance of the benefits that cooperation between related industries can have on an emerging technology like the electric car .
+
+S Ultimately , it is clearly shown to us that there are many factors that can deduce the rate of development of the electric car .
+
+S It is thus important for innovators to gain their government 's support , get socially accepted and collaborate well with different industries .
+
+S In order for electric cars to substitute the current petrol cars , much more have to be done in the mentioned three aspects .
+
+S If these factors are not fulfilled , electric cars would still probably ends up as a failed dream .
+A 10 11|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:FORM|||end|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S Rogers , E.M. ( 2003 ) .
+
+S Opinion leaders and mavens in the diffusion of electric cars .
+
+S In Diffusion of innovations ( pp.87-89 ) .
+
+S New York : Free Press .
+
+S Rogers , E. M. ( 2003 ) .
+
+S The generation of innovations .
+
+S In Diffusion of innovations ( pp.136- 158 ) .
+
+S New York : Free Press .
+
+S Rolf , W. ( 2006 ) .
+
+S Social acceptance of renewable energy innovation : An introduction to the concept .
+
+S Engineering design process is the process of coming out with a system to fulfill requirements .
+
+S It is a decision-making process , in which the basic sciences , { mathematics } [ HYPERLINK : http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics ] , and engineering sciences are applied to convert resources optimally to meet a stated objective .
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||( mathematics , give other examples )|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Such engineering designs bring technology together to meet human needs .
+A 3 6|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the many human needs is the security aspect .
+
+S Being secure would generally mean the condition of how one feels protected against harm of any sort .
+
+S Some examples will be the physical , financial and emotional damage from an event .
+
+S The design process comprises the process of defining problems , generating solutions and selecting analyzed solutions , which helps in meeting the need of safety in technology .
+
+S In the initial stage , the process allows engineer to identify the needs and subsequently , define the problems involved .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thereafter , a clear definition of the problem will be reached through the many experiments and data collection done .
+
+S For example , in the development of the automobile airbag , potential safety factors contributing to the failure for the inflation of the bags were considered and re-examined throughout the design process .
+
+S Also , this is the stage whereby the criteria for the success of the products are considered .
+
+S Further emphasis is now placed in meeting the needs initially decided upon , and in this case , the security aspects .
+
+S As the stage progresses , multiple solutions are generated to solve the problems defined earlier .
+
+S Gathering important information regarding the problem is done initially .
+
+S Then , existing solutions to the problems are assessed and combined with other possible solutions to produce better solutions .
+
+S This process of tearing and combining is called synthesis .
+
+S In relation to the safety aspect , it is through such synthesis that safety will always be improving because better solutions to safety problems are generated .
+
+S Finally , it comes down to the decision process of selecting the analyzed solutions .
+
+S Selecting of solutions to any of the problems will probably the most difficult stage in the design process .
+A 0 1|||R:MORPH|||selection|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:VERB|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It starts off with the analysis of every solution generated .
+
+S Product safety and liability is one of the analysis factors in determining if the solution is feasible .
+
+S This factor is to confirm that using of the design will not cause harm to the users .
+
+S For example , one of the questions you will ask yourself frequently is " What are the chances of getting injured during normal use and during the failure of the design ?
+
+S " Also , warning labels are introduced to describe the safety guidelines of the design .
+
+S Although having warning labels will not keep consumers away from getting injured from the design , it helps in informing them of the potential dangers .
+
+S However , there are limitations in the design process in meeting the need of safety .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , the safety issues discovered were done over the period of century , in the work of thousand of practitioners .
+
+S Most of the time , an individual can not think of all of the safety aspect of a design over few years .
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||aspects|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , generating good solutions to safety issues require creativity and , often , risking safety in the first place to better understand it .
+A 5 6|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S An instance will be the use of animals in the car crash testing before crash dummies were introduced .
+
+S Lastly , determining which safety solution is feasible comes with experiences instead of being able to learn it of a book .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN|||eexperience|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:PREP|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , different teams of engineer may have different point of approach regarding safety issues .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||engineers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||points|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The design process has been the core behind how engineers go about handling new and upcoming problems humanity will face .
+
+S It met the many challenges once faced by people and safety is one of the challenges faced .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With better technology and science in the near future , we can definitely expect more from this process in meeting our needs in time to come .
+
+S Engineers solve energy problems
+
+S Engineering design is a particular kind of skill that requires an engineer 's knowledge and experience .
+
+S It is a most effective method to solve the problems we are facing and improve the quality of life .
+
+S Engineering design has provided us many conveniences , as tiny as micro-chips in our laptops which have faster processing speed and lower cost , as large as the international transportation .
+A 7 8|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:ADJ:FORM|||fast|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:ADJ:FORM|||low|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After we entering the 21st century , our society has come into a new stage with higher productivity and efficiency , which also means that we have more energy requirement at the same time .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||replace with 'In '|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:ADJ:FORM|||high|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For centuries , our major energy came from burning the fossil fuel such as coal , oil and gas .
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||fuels|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They have higher quantity of combustion , but they are not reproducible and the resource is limited .
+A 9 12|||R:OTHER|||can not be reproduced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Wood is another energy resource which is reproducible , however , it can not generate as much heat as fossil fuel , and we destroy the nature also .
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||can be reproduced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 28|||R:OTHER|||Besides , nature is destroyed in the process|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to the Engineering design written by Khandani in 2005 , we can separate the design process into 5 steps .
+
+S The first step is to define the problem .
+
+S Our problem is very simple----we need more efficient resource to generate enough power for us and last for long time .
+A 4 5|||R:ADJ|||simplewe|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||plural|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 17|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S At the same time , it must be easy to get and clean , we can not sacrifice any more .
+A 13 14|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The second step is to gather the related information .
+
+S In a recent research , it shows that traditional resource can not provide energy for more than 100 years , green house phenomena
+A 0 4|||R:OTHER|||in text citation not given|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is shown|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||resources|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S becomes more serious .
+A 0 1|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has become|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The new technology gives us many ways to find new source----wave energy , wind energy , solar energy and nuclear energy .
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||sources-wave|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , in terms of all these sources , they can only provide less than 4 % of our power .
+
+S That requires engineers to find ways to maximize the efficiency of power generation .
+
+S We come to the third step , coming up with multi-solution to the problems .
+A 6 7|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||multi-solutions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As we mentioned , they are kinds of new resources to use , solar , wave and nuclear .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||there|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||many|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We must think about which one is beyond our control and which is better .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB|||consider|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We need to follow the step two , analyze all the factors and decide which one we want to choose .
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Use nature energy it really good , it is free , it can be found everywhere , such as solar and wind , the bad thing is we do n't have the ability to control them .
+A 0 1|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:MORPH|||Natural|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||R:OTHER|||Examples are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:OTHER|||energy .|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:OTHER|||Thehe|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On sunny day , we have the sun-light , how about rainy or cloudy day ?
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||on a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , scientists choose another generation of resource----nuclear power .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have chosen|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||resource-redundant and can be replaced with 'known as'nuclear|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is powerful and it can be under our control to produce energy continuously .
+
+S The final step is to test whether the solution is executable .
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||can be executed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After few years test , nuclear power plants work quite well .
+A 1 4|||R:OTHER|||testing for a few years , it has been found that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In 2008 , there are more than 400 nuclear power plants are in operation , take of about 10 % of our energy load .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||delete highlighted and replace with 'which takes' '|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In recent years , we use uranium as nuclear plant fuel ; the problem is it gives off harmful radiations .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||radiation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Instead engineers think of another method , use nucleosynthesis , the fuel of nucleosynthesis reaction is just a particular kind of water get from the sea .
+A 0 1|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have thought|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 26|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This test is still under the experimentation , because of the rigorous reaction condition .
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , engineering process is significant for us .
+
+S It applies in our daily life , give more solutions to a same problem .
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||plural|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||and gives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It supports the society to move faster .
+
+S Over the years , we have seen many new technological innovations and inventions .
+
+S Some are deem beneficial to mankind , which others are just created for the sake of businessman to reap in business profits .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:FORM|||deemed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||while|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||businessmen|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , this technological innovation which I am describing has brought about a large change in human life .
+
+S It has also brought about much convenience and is now consider an asset to most people .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:FORM|||considered|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The technological innovation which I am referring to is the introduction of 3G mobile phones .
+
+S In the early 1990s,mobile phones were first introduced to replace pagers .
+
+S Back then , mobile phones could only serve 1 basic function , and that was just to make basic phone calls .
+
+S There was no other functions in a mobile phone .
+
+S Apart from being a device with minimal functions , the design and shape of the mobile phone back then was also very ugly .
+
+S It was because at that time , the technology was not yet advance enough for manufacturers to come up with cool and sleek designs like the mobile phones nowadays .
+A 11 12|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:MORPH|||advanced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It was also very costly to own one .
+
+S Hence , not many people were able to afford a mobile phone in the past .
+
+S However , take a look at today 's society .
+
+S Mobile phones have already become a necessity .
+A 2 5|||R:OTHER|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Almost everyone owns a mobile phone , including a certain percentage of primary school students .
+
+S The phones which people nowadays possess also differs from the past , in terms of functions , design and size .
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||designs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||sizes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All these transformation are brought about due to several factors .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , the manufacturers of the modern day mobile phones recognized and acknowledged the problem of phones in the past .
+
+S As quoted by E.M ROGERS in " THE GENERATION OF INNOVATIONS " : " The innovation-development process often begins with recognition of a problem or need .
+A 3 12|||R:OTHER|||incorrect in-text citation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " .
+A 1 2|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Manufacturers of mobile phones have found out the disadvantages and hassles of the mobile phones in the past .
+A 4 5|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As stated earlier , mobile phones back then had no other functions except for making phone calls .
+
+S Hence , if people back then require the services of surfing the internet or sending of mail , they had to rely upon other device such as the computer to do it .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||required|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||plural|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Unlike the 3G mobile phones which is able to perform all these functions within it , mobile phones back then were really considered unproductive and inefficient .
+
+S Time is money .
+
+S Every sec wasted is equivalent to every cent lost .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||second|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , in order to work in a more productive manner which saves time and bring about convenience for users , manufacturers today then come up with 3G phones which are equipped with internet , video-capturing device and an in-bulit music player which aims to provide entertainment to the users .
+A 23 24|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , this technological innovation was brought about by technical improvements in technology .
+
+S Over the years , we can see that technology is improving and more people are able to take advantage of it .
+
+S Hence , phone manufacturers decided to take a risk by adding a few new features into the mobile phone to see whether is it acceptable in the market .
+A 22 24|||R:WO|||it is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A typical example is the production of NOKIA 8310 back then in 2002 .
+A 9 11|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This phone was the first phone in the industry to be equipped with radio function , apart from the basic functions of a phone .
+
+S After this production , many other rival brands follow suit .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||followed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This thus proves that the society is open and adaptable to new features in the phone .
+
+S This was further echoed by the good sales results of this model .
+
+S Hence , this thus send a signal to phone manufacturers---the public is more than willing to accept a phone with more functions and will not even mind to replace their previous models for newer ones with added features or functions .
+A 3 4|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||sent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:ADJ|||manufacturersthatthe|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , it give manufacturers incentive to keep up with the times and to always constantly upgrade their mobile phones from point to point .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||gave|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 26|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is why we are able to see the presence/existence of the 3G mobile phones .
+
+S Economic factors also played an important role in this technological innovation .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||play|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Over the years , the production of parts for mobile phones has become cheaper .
+
+S This could be achieved as manufacturers are able to reap economics of scale as their production size increases .
+
+S Hence , as the cost is now lower , manufacturers are then more willing to produce and come up with more features to be added to the mobile phone to attract consumers to purchase it .
+A 11 12|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is exactly the case for the production of 3G phones .
+
+S People find the 3G phone a useful device as it is able to perform many functions , which inevitably save time and bring about a lot of convenience .
+A 5 5|||M:VERB|||to be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:SVA|||saves|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:SVA|||brings|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As it has so many functions , it will definitely attract consumers to purchase it .
+
+S Since the demand for it is so high , manufacturers will then find it profitable to increase the supply .
+
+S This thus lead to the vast production of 3G phones , bringing technology to the next level .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||leads|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the transformation of mobile phones from a black-grey screen to one that is so highly sophiscated is indeed something remarkable .
+A 21 22|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This technological innovation can not be achieved without the factors listed above .
+
+S I believe in the near future to come , we are able to expect more innovation and creativity being input in the production of mobile phones .
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||innovations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The society factors such as economic factors , political decision , and technological advancement advertising and even military demands can affects the development of technological innovation .
+A 0 1|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN|||conditions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||decisions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:SVA|||affect|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One very important technology that has been shaped by the society is the development of electric vehicle .
+
+S One of the factors that determined and shaped the technological innovation the most is the country economic status .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||determines|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||shapes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When people are richer , they will want to own something such as a car to show their social status .
+
+S Electric car in the past is very expensive and only the very wealthy people could afford it .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is a display of social standing when you are seen in an electric car .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:PRON|||one|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore it is more common to see people in cars in those rich countries than those poor countries .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Political factors such as government decision and military demands could also shaped technological innovation .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||decisions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:FORM|||shape|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Before world war one , the used of automobile were limited as there were very few roads .
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||World|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:ORTH|||War|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:MORPH|||use|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||automobiles|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S During the war , there was mass construction of roads leading to suburbanization of the world making it more ideal to own an automobile .
+
+S However there was shortage of coal during the war thus making electric vehicle impractical to operate .
+
+S Therefore gasoline vehicle became more popular as government subsidized the building of gasoline vehicles to support their war .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||vehicles|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||governments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After the war , gasoline vehicle became the preferred choice as it is more Development of technologies can be easily shaped and influenced by the group of users and the society .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||vehicles|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 32|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S commonly seen on the roads due to mass production during war .
+A 0 11|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Gasoline vehicle also seem more durable and electric vehicle more fragile .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||vehicles|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||seemed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||plural|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||were considered|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:ADJ|||unsuitable|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After people attained a certain level of standards of living they became more concern about the environment .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||standard|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:MORPH|||concerned|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They began to worry about the problem of pollution cause by gasoline vehicle .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:FORM|||caused|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||plural|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore government step in to ensure that for the total sales of automobile 10 percent must be nonpolluting , which meant that it has to be electric car or electric/gasoline cars .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||governments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||stepped|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||plural followed by ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore people who are more environmentally friendly began to use electric vehicle again .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||vehicles|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Technological advancement of a country also affects the development of the electric vehicle .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The technological|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A very important component of the electric vehicle is the battery .
+
+S A very powerful battery is needed to powered and run the vehicle for a long time and it is only possible with advance battery technology .
+A 7 8|||R:MORPH|||power|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:MORPH|||advanced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is only natural that nobody would want an electric car that needs recharging for every few miles it travel .
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:SVA|||travels|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to EM Roger ( 2003 ) , in the early 1990s , the battery technology can only support the vehicle to travels for 100miles .
+A 22 23|||R:MORPH|||travel|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For every 100 miles of travelling the vehicle requires 4 hours of recharging to a 220-volt outlet .
+
+S Before that the use of electric vehicle was very limited as the battery technology is not available or too costly .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||R:OTHER|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are many factors that may shape the technological innovation of the technology .
+
+S The factors may leave a positive or negative impact on the technological innovation depending on the market and how socially acceptable is the technology at that point of time .
+A 21 24|||R:WO|||the technology is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Once such example of a technology that has been shape by it user would be the electric vehicle .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:FORM|||shaped|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||users|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore the society also plays an important role on technological innovation .
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S People nowadays do not only think of creating tools that can ease their life .
+
+S They also need to choose the most efficient technology that can meet their needs .
+
+S Furthermore , the processes to create and choose the suitable technology is called engineering design .
+
+S The engineering design recently has been implemented in a lot of Asia-Pacific countries , including Indonesia .
+A 0 1|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||many|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a big country with huge amount of population , implementing a new aspect will not be done easily .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are two main problems hampering engineering design ; consequently they are also affecting some stages of this process .
+A 11 12|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:FORM|||affect|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||as well|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of them is educational problem occurs in every level of academic institution in Indonesia .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The system is not designed to educate students to explore their creativity .
+
+S Students are being fed by materials given by the teacher and they are most likely not allowed to learn things in their own way .
+A 2 3|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , elementary students must follow the step of solving mathematical problems given by the teacher ; otherwise they will not get the full score or even considered wrong .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||steps|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 30|||R:OTHER|||the problem will be marked as wrong.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This problem affects the solutions generating process in engineering design .
+
+S Since they only have one way to solve an obstacle , they will be fear of problems .
+A 14 15|||R:MORPH|||fearful|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They will not take any risks to find another possibility for the solution of given obstacles .
+
+S Khandani ( 2005 ) stated that creative people are needed in this stage as they can observe details and in the same time , see the whole picture of the problem .
+A 19 20|||R:PREP|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The second problem is limited amount of qualified human resources and fund .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||funds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , there are a lot of potentials rise , but seldom is developed ; as a result , Indonesia is running out of qualified human resources .
+A 6 16|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , this country 's monetary is not in a proper condition ; indeed global crisis makes it even worse .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||state|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:ORTH|||Indeed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , the condition of resources in Indonesia has many impacts in stages of engineering design .
+A 8 12|||R:OTHER|||affects the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The small amount of human resources ( HR ) impacts not only the technical stages , but also economic and market analysis stage .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||resource|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||affects|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||stages|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As skilled engineer can hardly to be found , the technical problems of course will appear .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||engineers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:VERB:FORM||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||certainly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , communities will not easily accept any new technology .
+
+S Their conservative thoughts will hamper the sale of product .
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||plural|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many good inventions never get into production because the manufacturing costs exceed what people will pay for the product itself .
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||produced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||comes after in-text citation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Khandani , 2005 ) Therefore , this problem will put the economic and market analysis stage in difficulties .
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||stages|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Based on Khandani ( 2005 ) , product safety is an important stage of engineering design , which assures that usage of the design , will not cause any injury to humans .
+A 0 5|||R:OTHER|||incorrect in-text reference|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Khandani ( 2005 ) specified that the safety issue can extend to include property and environmental damage .
+
+S As we know , recently , there are a lot of fatal accidents have occurred in Indonesia ; for example , plane crash and collapsed railway .
+A 6 7|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Further investigation found out that they were caused by lack of safety and liability test .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||plural|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:VERB|||showed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||tests|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They minimize this test because they do not have sufficient fund to support the test .
+A 2 3|||R:DET|||these|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||tests|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||funds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||tests|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In brief , as Indonesia implements engineering design , it also faces two main problems .
+
+S They are educational and resources problem .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||resource|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Consequently , these problems also impact the stages of engineering design , such as generate solutions , product safety and liability , technical , and economic analysis .
+A 23 24|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S REFERENCE
+
+S * Khandani , S. , Engineering Design Process , California , 2005 .
+
+S Engineering Design Processes in Building an Efficient Transportation System
+
+S Living in a society with unprecedented material prosperity , human beings are facing severe problems resulted from energy and resource shortage right now .
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||faced with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:FORM|||resulting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order to sustain a stable development in the next generations , people are paying more and more attention to build up an eco-friendly society which makes energy usage reach an optimum .
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||generation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||R:VERB|||building|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 32|||M:NOUN|||potential|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Considering the mass energy wastage in transit around the entire globe , one of the approaches to reduce energy usage is to construct a better transportation system that delivers energy more efficiently .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||that there is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:FORM|||reducing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In engineering design processes , the steps regarding solution generation , selection and test are of vital importance to build up such an ideal energy transportation system .
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||towards|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||testing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:VERB|||building|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Generating multiple solutions stimulates engineers ' creativity and provides impulsion to originate a technological breakthrough .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN|||impetus|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB|||create|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As Khandani ( 20005 ) mentioned in the article " Engineering Design Process " , it is required to investigate the existing solutions , utilize creativity to propose new methods and synthesise all the fresh and ready ideas to come up with a unique and valuable solution .
+
+S Such an approach enables engineers to think out of the bounder and challenge the old conventions , and subsequently forges innovative breakthroughs in fields , like transportation system construction , that have hardly experienced any remarkable advancement for decades .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN|||box|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:SVA|||forge|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:OTHER|||such as ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:NOUN:NUM|||systems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 38|||R:OTHER|||in decades|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Following the solution generation step , analyzing and selecting a design ensures that the ultimate solution suits best for implementation .
+A 16 18|||R:WO|||best suits|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This crucial procedure places all related circumstances into consideration and evaluates the newly-born solutions using a systematic technique ( Khandani , 2005 ) .
+
+S Being a project that is closely related to social economy and other critical issues , establishing an efficient energy transportation system urges engineers to identify the overall effectiveness of a certain solution based on the assessment in different fields .
+
+S The systematic evaluation approach applied in the engineering design process then facilitates engineers to generate a reliable judgement of the solutions to a large extent .
+A 21 25|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly , the testing state places the final solution into a real-world practice for further improvement although restrictions exist .
+A 10 13|||R:OTHER|||practice in the real world|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:ORTH|||Although|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||R:OTHER|||exists,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This step allows the solution to be exposed to the real-world variation and yields an even more trustworthy appraisal .
+A 0 1|||R:ORTH|||this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is also a moment for engineers to investigate the underlying problems in their design and then implement corresponding modification and improvement .
+
+S Nevertheless , simulating the real-world variation in accomplishing a huge project like constructing an efficient energy transportation system can not be fully comprehensive and creating a full-scale prototype of the system is even more unrealistic .
+A 14 16|||R:WO|||energy efficient|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:CONJ|||nor|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:FORM|||to create|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , the effectiveness and some concealed weakness of the design are not able to be fully traced during the test .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||weaknesses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To sum up , although imperfection in the accuracy of testing still exists , the solution generating , analyzing and testing steps in engineering design processes play key roles in forging innovative breakthroughs , verifying the feasibility of the design and upgrading the final solution while designing an effective energy transportation system .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||In Summary|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hopefully , the engineering design processes can be further polished in a short term so as to return engineering designs with higher quality .
+
+S Reference :
+
+S BIBLIOGRAPHY \ l 2052 Khandani , S. ( 2005 ) .
+
+S Engineering Design Process .
+
+S GPSHow It Is Influenced Towards Commercialization
+
+S Throughout the history , many innovations were created not for its intended application .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to Rogers ( 2003 ) , innovation process has six stages : needs/problem , research , development , commercialization , diffusion and adoption , and consequences .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The duration of the process takes many years , or even decades .
+
+S Political , social , economic changes during this period would affect the process of innovation .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of such cases is Global Positioning System ( GPS ) .
+A 1 2|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||case|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:NOUN|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It has evolved from its initial military purposes to the commercialized product that we know today .
+
+S Early United States government policy and cold war situation shaped the invention of GPS .
+A 0 1|||R:ADV|||Originally|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In 1960 , GPS was introduced by US Department of Defense to track down its marine .
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||marines|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Towards its development to today 's technology , the policy maker played an important part in it .
+A 0 17|||R:OTHER|||policy makers have played an important role in developing the GPS technology to be what it is today .|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In 1973 , when the army , air force , and navy each had its navigation system , the department of defense once again came in and unified the technology .
+
+S Furthermore , in 1994 , as the cold war had ended , the US government then decided to fully open the GPS for public use .
+A 5 6|||R:PREP|||since|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The turning point for GPS for civilian use happened at 1983 , when a civilian Korean aircraft was shot down by the Soviet Union for territory trespassing .
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It raised needs for a reliable navigation system .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||the need|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , driven by social concern , President Reagan of the US agreed to partially open the GPS for public use .
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||The United States|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Soon after this , when the surveying market boomed in 1980s , the demand for GPS and the money generated also contributes to the development of GPS for civilian use .
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||The 1980'ss|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:OTHER|||from it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:ADV|||further|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:TENSE|||contributed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Towards its development , GPS technology has few setbacks .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||With regard to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||had a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The most notable setback is at 1979 , when the economic situation in US was bad .
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||was in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||The United States|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The US Department of Defense cut the development budget of GPS by 30 % .
+
+S As a result , the initial 24 satellites constellation was reduced to 18 .
+
+S Furthermore , the phase II ( Block II ) project was cancelled .
+
+S The development of advanced technology mainly was carried out by government agencies .
+A 5 7|||R:WO|||was mainly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , when the economic situation was bad , the government agencies would be affected .
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||worsened|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The example also shows how economy and politics are interrelated in determining an innovation .
+A 0 1|||R:DET|||This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , political , economic , and social situation normally determine an innovation as shown in GPS .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||situations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The GPS would not be possible to be commercialized had the situation was different .
+A 0 14|||R:OTHER|||Had the situation been different the commercialization of the GPS would not have been possible|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The longer the duration of development , the greater will be the influence of the political , economic , and social situation on it .
+
+S Hence , the technology development is partly socially determined .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:MORPH|||Technological|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Problems Hampering Engineering Design Process for Innovations
+
+S As modern society is developing fast in the new century , human 's need becomes more and more diversified while problems of the shortage of resources get more and more serious .
+A 4 4|||M:ADV|||fast|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:NOUN:POSS||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:VERB|||becomes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 30|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Such kind of conflict requires engineers to develop new products to meet all needs .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||kinds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The tasks are never easy for engineers without creativity and innovations ; engineers must design products which are both artistic and practical .
+A 0 12|||R:OTHER|||without creativity and innovation the tasks are never easy for engineers .|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Designing products and finding solutions require a long term process , which is defined as engineering design process .
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to Khandani , engineering design process is a very important route for engineers to create products and it can be expressed as a 5-step process , which includes " Define the problem " , " Gather pertinent information " , " Generate multiple solutions " , " Analyze and select a solution " , and " Test and implement the solution " ( Khandani , 2005 ) .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:PUNCT|||:|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 29|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , there exist some problems that hamper engineering design processes for innovations .
+A 1 2|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Among them are the problem of plagiarism and the insufficiency of fund support for scientific research .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Plagiarism means using someone else 's words or ideas without citing sources ( Oshima &Hogue , 2006 ) .
+
+S The problem of plagiarism is fairly serious that a large number of university students do not do the academic work such as research reports and scientific essays on their own .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||s.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 9|||U:PREP|||A|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many students just search sources on the Internet and submit their " work " perfunctorily , never to mention about the copyrights of the original researchers or writers .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||choose|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 3|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||R:VERB:FORM|||mentioning|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 23|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Plagiarism is not only harmful for the original researchers or writers , but also an impediment for university students to gain creativity and innovative skills .
+A 5 6|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:VERB|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Plagiarism makes university students or even graduated researchers lazy to come up with their own ideas .
+A 6 7|||R:MORPH|||graduate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After they search out the information for their academic use , they simply follow the original train of thought and give up thinking about a different solution on their own .
+A 1 4|||R:OTHER|||obtain|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since doing as the experts do will receive a high mark while working on their own ideas may not , some students " smartly " choose to plagiarize .
+
+S However , such choice becomes harmful in the long run as the innovative skills of university students or researchers deteriorated .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||choices|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will deteriorate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Plagiarism significantly hinders the process of steps after gathering pertinent information in the engineering design process , which is about generating , analyzing , selecting , testing and implementing solutions .
+A 4 7|||R:OTHER|||five step process|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , an engineering student who is doing a designing project do not have to analyze or select solutions , which is the fourth step in the engineering design process , if he wants to plagiarize from other articles .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:SVA|||does|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:VERB|||chooses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , it cuts away all the experience of encountering problems during the solution analyzing and selecting and all the innovative skills he can gain from the process .
+A 3 5|||R:OTHER|||removes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:NOUN|||phase|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Instead , plagiarism directly gives the final and the best solution for the student , which seems good for him but quite harmful for the entire academic community .
+A 0 2|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:ORTH|||Plagiarism|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||students|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If everyone plagiarizes to do their academic work and only tries his luck to get higher marks , the problem of plagiarism may result in a more serious situation , that is , very few students graduated from universities can manage to develop innovative products as engineers .
+A 11 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 32|||R:OTHER|||in that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||R:VERB:FORM|||graduating|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another serious problem that hampers the engineering design process for innovations is the insufficiency of scientific fund support .
+
+S There are a number of colleges and universities whose laboratories are not fully developed .
+
+S If the university can not afford engineering students to do further testing or create an entire product , all the efforts that have been made in the previous steps become zero .
+A 29 31|||R:OTHER|||come to naught|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The problem has significant impacts on the step of testing and implementing solutions in the design process , during which an engineer may encounter different problems and choices .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||impact|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:NOUN|||step|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Without the process of testing and implementing , students can not gain their practical skills or develop their innovative ideas for implement .
+A 21 22|||R:MORPH|||implementation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the insufficiency of scientific fund support also significantly hinders the engineering design process for innovations .
+
+S Although the academic community in my home country is facing many problems hampering innovations , the development of the science and technology has never been pulled down .
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||which hamper|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 27|||R:VERB|||thwarted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I believe that one day all the problems are solved and we get strong enough in academic field .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB|||will become|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S * Khandani S. , Engineering Design Process , 2005 * Hogue A. , Oshima A. , Writing Academic English ( 4th Ed ) , Pearson Education , Inc , New York , 2006
+
+S Technology is the application of scientific knowledge in industry aim to improve our standards of living .
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||and aims|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||standard|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Its effects can be felt at almost every corner of the world and in our daily lives .
+A 5 6|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Technological innovations can range from household appliances to industrial equipment .
+A 10 11|||R:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They can be classified into two categories - research-based inventions such as the laptop computer at Toshiba and serendipitous inventions such as the " Post-it " notes developed by 3M .
+A 0 1|||R:ORTH|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||like|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although these innovations are different in nature , they are common in many ways .
+
+S The main difference between a technology which was developed via research and a technology which resulted from a serendipitous discovery is the extent of the presence of luck .
+
+S It is a common knowledge that chance often is a factor in making a discovery ( Miller , 1998 ) .
+
+S A serendipitous discovery of technology by its name , suggests that it is an unexpected outcome of a search for solutions to another problem .
+
+S It is accidental by nature .
+
+S For instance , Dr. Spence Silver , a 3M scientist , intended to produce a super strength adhesive , produced a weak adhesive instead ( Connell , 2001 ) .
+
+S This failure was converted into a successful product when a 3M researcher , Art Fry used the bonding agent to create " Post-it " pads ( Rogers , 2003 ) .
+
+S On the other hand , a research-based technology is built upon the problem that the inventor has intended to solve .
+
+S There is no de-railing of the initial plan .
+
+S For example , Tetsuya Mizoguchi saw a need for a portable personal computer in Japan ad invented the first Toshiba laptop computer after several years ( Rogers , 2003 ) .
+
+S Comparing the two technologies , it is clear that more elements of luck are present in the former invention than in the latter one .
+A 0 1|||M:ADV|||when comparing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 14|||R:OTHER|||that an element of luck is more|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nonetheless , luck is not the only determining factor for the birth of a technology , whether it is developed via research or resulted from a serendipitous discovery .
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:FORM|||resulting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are other contributing factors such as the efforts of the inventors and their determinations to succeed that lead to the discovery of the technology .
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||determination|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:SVA|||leads|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For any technology to be developed , the inventors have to spend a lot of time and effort in their research .
+
+S Serendipitous discoveries may be accidental but they are not fortuitous .
+
+S They involve a deliberate process of search for a solution to a problem ( Cunha , 2005 ) .
+
+S Furthermore , the unanticipated discovery of technology has to be further processed and worked on in order for it to solve another problem .
+
+S Dr. Spence Silver spent five years evangelizing the potential benefits of his adhesive invention to internal 3Mers to gain new product development support .
+
+S It took another five years for Art Fry to perfect the specifications and design machines to manufacture the product ( Connell , 2001 ) .
+
+S Similarly , the inventor of a research-based technology has to conduct multiple purposeful research and overcome numerous challenges before he succeeds .
+
+S Mizoguchi invented the first Toshiba laptop computer after several years .
+
+S The process of creating the invention was tough as he did not gain the support of the corporate leaders and was denied of development funds and a laptop R&D team ( Rogers , 2003 ) .
+
+S Hence for all serendipitous and research-based technologies to be discovered , the inventors have to spend a lot of time and energy in their works .
+
+S In addition to the amount of time and energy sacrificed , the inventors must have the perseverance in order to successfully create a technology .
+
+S This is an important factor for both research-based and serendipitous technologies .
+
+S The inventors are bound to face many obstacles during the process of making their inventions .
+
+S For example , 3M leaders showed no interest of the weak adhesive product for nearly five years ; however , due to the perseverance and heroic efforts of Silver and Fry , the invention finally gained recognition ( Connell , 2001 ) .
+
+S Likewise , Mizoguchi disobeyed the company 's orders and risked his career for the sake of innovation-development ( Rogers , 2003 ) .
+
+S He believed in his invention and was determined to make it successful .
+
+S Both inventors did not give up despite the unfavouring conditions they faced .
+
+S Therefore , perseverance is a crucial factor to the discovery of serendipitous and research-based technologies .
+
+S In conclusion , whether the technology was created via research or resulted from a serendipitous discovery , the inventor had put in much time and effort into it .
+
+S He had to be determined in achieving success as well .
+
+S The main difference of the two technologies lies in the element of luck whereby the serendipitous discovery was unforeseen .
+
+S Thus the two categories of technologies share many similarities .
+
+S References
+
+S Miller B .
+
+S J .
+
+S ( 1998 ) .
+
+S Serendipity , Discovery , and the Nobel Prizes in Science .
+
+S Retrieved September 2 , 2009 , from { http : //www.vanderbilt.edu/AnS/physics/brau/H182/Term % 20Papers/Brian % 20Miller.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.vanderbilt.edu/AnS/physics/brau/H182/Term % 20Papers/Brian % 20Miller.html ] Connell J , Edgar G. C , Olex B , Scholl R , Shulman T , Tietjen R. ( 2001 ) .
+
+S TROUBLING SUCCESSES AND GOOD FAILURES : Successful New Product Development Requires Five Critical Factors .
+
+S Retrieved September 3 , 2009 , from { http : //www.asem.org/EMJv13i4Connell % 20cover.PDF } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.asem.org/EMJv13i4Connell % 20cover.PDF ]
+
+S Cunha M. P. E. ( 2005 ) .
+
+S SERENDIPITY : WHY SOME ORGANIZATIONS ARE LUCKIER THAN OTHERS .
+
+S Retrieved September 2 , 2009 , from { http : //portal.fe.unl.pt/FEUNL/bibliotecas/BAN/WPFEUNL/WP2005/wp472.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //portal.fe.unl.pt/FEUNL/bibliotecas/BAN/WPFEUNL/WP2005/wp472.pdf ]
+
+S Rogers , E. M. ( 2003 ) .
+
+S The generation of innovations .
+
+S In Diffusion of innovations ( pp.136-157 ) .
+
+S New York : Free Press .
+
+S Rogers , E.M. ( 2003 ) .
+
+S The birth of the laptop computer at Toshiba .
+
+S In Diffusion of innovations ( pp.144 - 146 ) .
+
+S New York : Free Press .
+
+S Smallpox Vaccine and Penicillin
+
+S Smallpox vaccine was first tested by Jenner in 1796 .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The smallpox|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Penicillin was discovered by Fleming in 1928 .
+
+S Both of them are important discoveries in medicine .
+
+S Hundreds of thousands people are saved by these two discoveries .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are some similarities as well as differences between these two life-saving discoveries .
+
+S Both smallpox vaccine and penicillin are tremendous discoveries that save people 's lives and they are milestone in medicine that lead people to explore new areas to fight diseases ; however , the procedure of finding these two discoveries and the development of them are different .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have saved|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||milestones|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:TENSE|||led|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One similarity of smallpox vaccine and penicillin is that they are life-saving discoveries in medicine .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||The smallpoxx|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the eighteen century before Jenner discovered smallpox vaccine , smallpox was a widespread killer disease .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many infants and young children were killed by smallpox at that time .
+
+S ( Scott , 1996 ) After Jenner discovered the smallpox vaccine , the death rate of smallpox was close to zero .
+
+S Jenner 's significant discovery was praised by the third United States Present Thomas Jefferson in his letter 'Letter to Dr. Edward Jenner On is Discovery of the Small Pox Vaccine' .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN|||President|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:OTHER|||his|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Jefferson , 1806 ) Due to Jenner 's discovery , the World Health Assembly officially announced that smallpox was eradicated in 1980 .
+
+S ( Scott , 1996 ) Penicillin is an antibiotic that prevent the growth of bacteria and cure infections .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:SVA|||prevents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||cures|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is the first and most widespread antibiotic to date .
+
+S Before penicillin was discovered , many people died of infections .
+
+S After penicillin was discovered , the death rate of infection was largely decreased .
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S During World War II , hundreds of thousands injured people were saved by penicillin .
+
+S Another similarity of these two discoveries is that they are landmark in medicine .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||landmarks|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:OTHER|||the field of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Smallpox vaccine is the first vaccine that people used to improve immunity to a certain disease .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||The smallpoxx|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After that , people started to develop vaccines to protect people from diseases such as hepatitis B vaccine , BCG and pertussis vaccine .
+A 17 18|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 24|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Similarly , penicillin is the first antibiotic people used to cure infections .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After the discovery of penicillin , people realize that there is a new species of medicine , antibiotic , which can kill bacteria and research are conducted to develop more antibiotics .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||realized|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN|||type|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 26|||R:OTHER|||this resulted in research being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S More and more antibiotics are discovered and put on production like aureomycin , erycin and chloromycetin .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 10|||R:OTHER|||produced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Both of the two discoveries are milestones that people began to explore new areas to fight diseases .
+
+S Although smallpox vaccine and penicillin have those similarities , the procedure and development of these two discoveries are different .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Based on the observation that cowpox prevents smallpox , Jenner began to research into using cowpox to build immunity against smallpox .
+A 11 12|||U:VERB:FORM||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:FORM|||researching|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After testing his theory , he successfully discovered smallpox vaccine .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Scott , 1996 ) In a few years time , his discovery was translated into most European countries languages and smallpox vaccine was applied to prevent smallpox .
+A 16 17|||R:ADJ|||many|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In contrast , penicillin is a serendipitous discovery .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Fleming found penicillin almost by accident .
+
+S Returned from his holiday to his laboratory in 1928 , Fleming found some penicillium notanum in some lab dishes .
+A 0 1|||R:VERB:FORM|||Returning|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The penicillium notanum can prevent the growth of bacteria .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||could|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S He named this anti-bacteria chemical penicillin .
+
+S ( RSC , 2009 ) However , this discovery was not put on production directly .
+A 12 13|||R:PREP|||into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Until 1940s , more than ten years after Fleming 's discovery , penicillin went into mass production .
+A 0 1|||R:ORTH|||until|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||1940|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 12|||R:OTHER|||it was ten years after Feming 's discovery that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , smallpox vaccine and penicillin are tremendous discoveries that save numerous people 's lives , and they are milestones in medicine .
+A 3 3|||M:OTHER|||both the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||saved|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 16|||R:OTHER|||the lives of numerous people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the procedure and development of these two discoveries are different .
+A 0 2|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:ADV|||however|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S T. Jefferson ( 1806 ) .
+
+S Letter to Dr. Edward Jenner On is Discovery of the Small Pox Vaccine .
+
+S Retrieved Sep 5 , 2009 from : { http : //lachlan.bluehaze.com.au/lit/jeff06.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //lachlan.bluehaze.com.au/lit/jeff06.htm ]
+
+S Royal Society of Chemistry ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Discovery and Development of Penicillin .
+
+S Retrieved Sep 5 , 2009 from : { http : //www.rsc.org/Chemsoc/Activities/ChemicalLandmarks/International/Penicillin.asp } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.rsc.org/Chemsoc/Activities/ChemicalLandmarks/International/Penicillin.asp ]
+
+S P. Scott ( 1996 ) .
+
+S Edward Jenner and the Discovery of Vaccination .
+
+S Retrieved Sep 5 , 2009 from : http : //www.sc.edu/library/spcoll/nathist/jenner.html
+
+S Social Construction of Technology - an Instance of Refrigerators
+
+S In the view of social construction of technology , many technological innovations and inventions are influenced and shaped by social factors ( Rogers , 2003 ) .
+A 0 1|||R:PREP|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN|||viewpoint|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Social factors are classified into economic factors , military demands , and government regulations in general .
+A 10 11|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The values and norms of society significantly influence the process of scientific innovations ( Rogers , 2003 ) .
+
+S As illustrated in the article " The Generation of Innovation " ( Rogers , 2003 ) , the process of how the refrigerator got its hum is a typical instance of social construction of technology .
+
+S During this process , gas refrigerators with no noise were gradually replaced by electric refrigerators under the influence of social factors .
+
+S These factors mainly include the investment of companies , need of customers as well as purpose of saving energy .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:OTHER|||for the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First of all , the main reason for this innovation is that the major corporations such as General Electric , General Motors , Kelvinator , and Westinghouse consider that investing in electric refrigerators instead of gas refrigerators would be able to produce more profit ( Rogers , 2003 ) .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:VERB:TENSE|||considered|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:VERB:FORM|||to invest|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 42|||R:OTHER|||generate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although it was once expected that gas refrigerators would dominate the market , the investment of main corporations has determined the dominant role of electric refrigerators .
+
+S In this case , the technological innovation has been driven by the interest of its investors and developed for greater profit for companies .
+
+S Furthermore , the evolution of refrigerators is also shaped by the demand of customers .
+
+S Refrigerators with better mechanism as well as working capacity are demanded by the market .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The need of customers affected the interests and decisions of investing companies , hence influence the development of refrigerators as well .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:FORM|||influencing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , some of the interests of corporations like General Electric are driven by the demand of customers .
+A 15 19|||R:OTHER|||customers demands|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S What the customers are willing to buy gave rise to the preference of companies .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Production decisions are made to meet the market demand and maximize the profit , and the root of the decisions lies in customers ' expectation .
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 26|||R:OTHER|||underlyning these decisions lie in customer expectations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Last but not the least , the consideration of saving energy also accounts for the development of this innovation .
+
+S Using electricity in refrigerators instead of gas has changed the mechanism inside the product , which is a significant technological progress .
+
+S And the driving force beyond this is the purpose of saving energy and protecting limited resources on our planet .
+A 4 5|||R:PREP|||behind|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The limited resource is a social problem which is the concern of both customers and producers who facilitate the invention significantly .
+A 0 1|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||Limited|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||resources|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Government policies also interfere to advocate energy saving .
+
+S This is an instance of social factors that have largely influenced and shaped the technological innovation .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||one|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||where|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the new generation of refrigerators with no noise is a typical technological innovation which is shaped by social factors .
+
+S The decisions by investing corporations , the demand of customers , consideration of energy saving as well as government policies have played important roles in this revolution and the social construction of technology is well reflected .
+
+S Reference
+
+S E.M , Rogers .
+
+S ( 2003 ) .
+
+S The generation of innovations .
+
+S In Diffusion of innovations ( pp.136- 158 ) .
+
+S New York : Free Press .
+
+S Many products in the world do not appear from nowhere , but they are made based on the creativity of engineers in the response to human needs .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||did|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , the invention of telephone was to help people in long distance communication ; airplane was made for shortening travel time ; wheel chair enables handicapped to travel around .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:INFL|||airplanes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:SVA|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:NOUN:NUM|||chairs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:ADV|||about|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Creativity will not stop at one place ; it will move on from time to time to improve the appliances or devices .
+A 4 5|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , it would be more appropriate now if the engineer design process moves toward human health , in terms of biomedical invention such as artificial heart devices .
+
+S Based on Khandani ( 2005 ) , there are five phases of design process which will be elaborated in subsequent paragraphs .
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The first step of defining the problem is very important so that an engineer would not lost on the way finding the solution .
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||in order|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:FORM|||lose|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 22|||R:OTHER|||his or her way when finding a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , it is necessary to identify the need from this design activity and make a problem statement for the ease of gathering information , choosing a solution and conducting experiment .
+A 18 20|||R:OTHER|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:OTHER|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 25|||R:OTHER|||of information|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 30|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the case of artificial heart devices , materials used and size may be defined as the problems .
+
+S Next step will be gathering information .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The next|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A survey related to the existence of similar products should be done to prevent any plagiarism issue .
+A 14 17|||R:OTHER|||issues of plagiarism|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Finding out the latest product is also required as room for improvement could be done .
+
+S Material being used for artificial heart device is very important as human blood which carries nutrient for body cells travel every second .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||nutrients to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 23|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , it should not be toxic which could diffuse into blood .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||hence ;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||as toxins|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 12|||R:OTHER|||enter the bloodstream|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Size is also one of the factors to be considered because too heavy will not be appropriate to allow a patient to bring along to everywhere .
+A 10 27|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After collecting useful information , multiple solutions can be generated and this is the third phase for design process .
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||of the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These solutions could be the combination of the strength of existing product or new ideas to counter the weakness of product .
+A 4 5|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||strengths|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||products|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||weaknesses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||R:OTHER|||existing products|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The latest artificial heart device is made of polyether-based polyurethane plastic and able to withstand 100,000 beatings a day ( Ditlea , 2002 ) .
+A 16 17|||R:MORPH|||beats|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Few solutions could be listed based on this detail such as finding new material with better quality and improving the design such that beating time per day is increased .
+
+S After listing different solutions that can be tried out , it proceeds to the forth step : analyzing and selecting a solution .
+
+S Every solution made is analyzed in terms of availability , possibility functions of product , biocompatibility , and mechanical strength .
+
+S Most of engineer design product would factorize cost into consideration .
+A 1 2|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||products|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:MORPH|||factore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , it is an exceptional for design related to critical life support system .
+
+S Afterward , selection of one solution is done to be carried on to final step .
+
+S The final step is implementation including testing , building and producing the solution based on design problem .
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Prototyping is important to have to provide clearer picture of the real product .
+A 4 6|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It allows engineer to observe and point out the weakness to be improved .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||engineers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||weaknesses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , it could be re- designed until a reasonable solution is reached .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||in order that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Documentation is also necessary for checking process and patent application .
+
+S Finally it reaches testing and verification stage .
+
+S This may be the most difficult part for bioengineering design product as nobody would be eager to risk his/her life .
+
+S Hence , the testing result will take some time to have conclusion .
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||reach a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the five steps of engineer design process mentioned above have been organized in such a way to express the creativity in the product for human need .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:VERB|||designed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although some products may take longer time such as artificial heart device , an engineer should not be afraid of taking risk and time consuming .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:ORTH|||An|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It would give a great contentment if the product is fully used and able to save human life .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||bring|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:VERB|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S REFERENCES
+
+S Clayson , Mark .
+
+S 20 February 2007 .
+
+S Heart Attack Statistics .
+
+S Available from : http : //ezinearticles.com/ ? Heart-Attack-Statistics&id = 461293 [ Accessed on 4 September 2009 ]
+
+S Ditlea , Steve .
+
+S 2002 .
+
+S The Trials of an Artificial Heart .
+
+S Available from : www.sciam.com [ Accessed on 4 September 2009 ]
+
+S Khandani , S. ( 2005 ) .
+
+S Engineering design process .
+
+S Retrieved June 29 , 2009 , from http : //www.iisme.org/etp/HS % 20Engineering- % 20Engineering.pdf
+
+S Technological determinism is the belief that technology causes changes in society ( Rogers , 2003 ) .
+
+S However , this belief is fast losing credibility in the more educated and affluent world now .
+
+S As people get more educated , they are able to shape the technology at their disposal to adapt it to themselves .
+
+S Hence the reverse happens and technology is shaped socially to a much larger extend than it was in the past .
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||extent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S How technology is shaped socially is dependant on the following factors , namely , economic , military and consumer demands .
+
+S The first commercial laptop that was ever created , IBM PC Convertible , weighed at a hefty 5.4 kg !
+
+S ( Source : http : //communication.howstuffworks.com/laptop6.htm ) .
+A 0 8|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It was sold for $ 3,500 .
+
+S From the weight of the machine we could see that it was not exactly as portable as it claimed to be .
+
+S Hence the sales did badly in the initial years .
+A 3 5|||R:OTHER|||were poor|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The same went for the other first laptops from other companies such as Toshiba and Apple Computer .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||It was the same|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||computers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since then , the companies that manufacture laptops started doing intensive research and developments to improve their products so as to create a product that people would be willing to buy .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||development|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence from this we can see that how technology development was shaped by economic factor .
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:MORPH|||technological|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||factors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The low demands for the first laptops caused the companies to suffer losses in the business and thereby forcing then to work harder to develop it to be more commercially viable to boost their sales to survive as there are many competitors in this field of portable computing technology .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||demand|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||laptop|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:FORM|||forced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:PART|||,to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 40|||R:OTHER|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nowadays the laptops weigh only a small fraction of their predecessors but with many times greater computing power .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Today|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence the sales of the laptops increased substantially and the companies make profits .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:FORM|||made|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But they are constantly driven to improve their products so that they can gain an edge over their competitors to increase their profits .
+
+S Given the rapidly changing world , modern militaries are also adopting new technologies that are commercially available such as the laptop in order to execute their missions with higher efficiency and effectiveness .
+
+S But not all commercially available products can withstand the rigour demands of the military which requires the laptops to be tough , water- resistant and long battery life .
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||rigorous|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:OTHER|||have a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , the Singapore Armed Forces ( SAF ) are currently undergoing transition to a 3rd Generation ( 3G ) Army , they are equipping their frontline soldiers with laptops so as to communicate more effectively their position , situational awareness as well as to provide important battle information to the command centre which will be able to oversee the battle field and execute decisions at greater speed and efficiency .
+
+S This is vital as the speed at which information is communicated can determine if the mission will succeed .
+
+S Hence they adopted the Panasonic toughbooks that provides rugged reliability suitable for the most demanding missions .
+
+S The demands by not just the SAF but also other big militaries around the world also shaped at how the laptop was able to adapt to be just in the extreme conditions .
+A 28 28|||M:OTHER|||as reliable|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , the technology that resulted from developing the toughbooks can be applied and used to some extend in the commercial world .
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||extent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence this shows how technology is shaped militarily .
+
+S With the increasingly globalised world and widespread travelling by people , there is greater mobility .
+
+S People can now be travelling to other countries to work .
+
+S Hence people also will want greater mobility in their computers , which is why the laptop was invented in the first place .
+
+S With the laptop , people can now be working anywhere and anytime , not be chained to their work desks as their desktop computers are not portable at all .
+
+S So the companies are competing to develop laptops that are lighter , smaller and pack in more functions and computing power so as to meet consumer demands .
+
+S People can now work on the move and be more efficient by multitasking .
+
+S But people have unlimited wants , they are not contented with just the laptop with is considered quite bulky at times , thus they demanded laptops that are smaller , lighter .
+A 9 10|||R:ADJ:FORM|||content|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Just recently , a new class of computing devices emerged .
+
+S They are the netbooks .
+
+S They are much smaller , lighter than the laptops and can be fitted into small bags comfortably .
+
+S They cater to the increasingly mobile workforce with can work anyway on the go as they are able to surf the internet and work on documents .
+
+S This functionality comes only at a fraction of the cost and weight of the laptops .
+
+S Hence there are people willing to buy the netbooks .
+
+S Hence this shows that the consumer factor also influenced the development of laptops to a great extend .
+
+S The laptop is indeed an important technology that is shaped by economic and military factors , and consumer demands .
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These are the main reasons behind the social forces that shape development of this technology .
+
+S Companies will want to create a product that is demanded by the world so as to make profits to survive .
+
+S And people 's wants and desires are unlimited so as to fuel this continuing development of this technology .
+
+S Perhaps the future laptops will shrink to the size of palmtops but with greater computing power as people demanded laptops that can be fitted into their pockets .
+
+S Who Killed Electric Cars ?
+
+S According to the article " The History of Electric Vehicles " , Robert Anderson of Scotland invented the first crude electric carriage between 1832 and 1839 .
+
+S However , having been popularity for less than 100 years , Electric vehicles had all disappeared by 1935 ( The History of Electric Vehicles,2009 ) .
+A 4 5|||R:MORPH|||popular|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After 65 years , electric cars came back again from America ; however , unfortunately and interestingly , they failed again .
+
+S Rogers indicated in his article " The Generation of Innovations " that the innovation-decision process is very crucial to the adoption of a new technology , because not only technique factors but also economic , political and social factors play an important part .
+A 29 30|||R:OTHER|||the technical|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , it is the technique , economic , political and social factors that killed electric cars together .
+A 0 19|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Electric cars have a very obvious shortage in their technique design .
+A 9 10|||R:MORPH|||technical|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The electric cars invented in 1990 did not have a powerful battery .
+
+S Due to the limitation of its weigh , size and the battery technology , the battery used in the electric cars at that time was limited to a range of 100 miles ( Rogers,2003 ) .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN|||weight|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , they are not convenient enough .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Instead , Hydrogen fuel cell was brought up to substitute the electric battery .
+A 7 8|||R:PART|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Economically , the consumers , the car companies and some oil companies were not very satisfied about electric cars .
+
+S In order to improve the air condition , consumers had to spend more and compromised on limited range of electric cars .
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And since the electric cars did not have engines and some other complements , the car companies could no longer benefit from the maintenances of those cars .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN|||components|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As for the oil companies , apparently , they could not make money from oil , if all the engine cars were substituted by electric cars .
+A 20 20|||M:VERB|||driven|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , the main stream of the government did not approve of this inventor .
+A 13 14|||R:MORPH|||invention|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although the California and Arizona state government came up with the mandating that " at least 10 percent of the total sales of automobile companies would have to be nonpolluting " ( Rogers,2003 ) , they had to cancel the command since the electric vehicles failed to act in the public interest .
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||a mandate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , the federal stepped in this case to oppose the California and Arizona state government .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||Federal Government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , other social factors contribute to the non-adoption of electric cars .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||contributed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The consumers had many ambivalence and unwillingness at that time .
+A 4 7|||R:OTHER|||concerns and were unwilling|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , some consumers still had doubts about this new technology .
+
+S Since electric vehicles are very light , they may be quite fragile when they are hit by heavy vehicles .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||could|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||if|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , technology , economic , political and social factors result in the non-adoption of electric cars .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||resulted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We can gain important lessons from the failure of the electric cars that we should not only focus on the one part of factors to develop a new technology .
+A 12 12|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 23|||R:OTHER|||certain|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Only by satisfying all the needs of different aspects can a new technology survive and be accepted .
+A 2 9|||R:OTHER|||addresssing the many needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S The History of Electric Vehicles ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Retrieved 4th Sep 2009 from : { http : //inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aacarselectric1a.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aacarselectric1a.htm ]
+
+S Rogers , E.M. ( 2003 ) .
+
+S Opinion leaders and mavens in the diffusion of electric cars .
+
+S In Diffusion of innovations ( pp.87-89 ) .
+
+S New York : Free Press .
+
+S In the article " The Generations of Innovations " written by E.M. Rogers , social construction of technology is defined as technology that is shaped by social factors .
+
+S In this essay , I will use the invention of internet as an example to show how this important technology was determined initially by a specific group of users , mainly government and military personals , and later commercialize into today 's daily usage .
+A 34 35|||R:NOUN|||personnel|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||R:VERB:FORM|||commercialized|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 44|||R:OTHER|||what it is today|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Unlike the development of some inventions like Post-its which was resulted from serendipity , the internet was a strategic innovation that was initiated by the government and developed by their researchers .
+A 10 14|||R:OTHER|||a serendipitous discovery|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order to understand the reasons for the need of Internet by U.S. government , we will need to understand the history background during the middle of twentieth century .
+A 12 14|||M:DET|||The U.S. Government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:MORPH|||historical|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S During the Cold War period , the world politics was divided between democracy and communism .
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the 1950s , the Soviet Union tested their first atomic bomb resulting in the world having two nuclear super powers that were conflicting with each other over world political dominance and military superiority .
+A 23 24|||R:OTHER|||at conflict|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This inevitably sparks of the arms race .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||sparked off|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Meanwhile , the growing dominance of Soviet Union over Eastern Europe also threatened the position of the U.S. as the world 's most powerful nation .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A series of policies containing containment and deterrence of the rising influence of communism were implemented .
+
+S The Cold War and arms race stimulated the research and development of all technological fields in the U.S. including improving communication infrastructure between the government and military planners .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One very important strategic issue that the government of U.S. had to ponder was maintained command and control between the political and military leaders in the event of an attack by Soviet Union .
+A 7 10|||R:OTHER|||U.S.Government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:FORM|||maintaining|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 31|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The communication infrastructure that was vulnerable to any attacks via the use Inter Continental Ballistic Missile ( ICBM ) on the U.S. cities was phone line due to its dependence on a centralized system of above-ground lines .
+A 22 36|||R:OTHER|||The cities phone lines were dependent on a centralized system of above ground|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Department of Defense needed a more secure and indestructible communications system to survive a nuclear war and so it funded the development of network that is indestructible and has technological capabilities to launch a counter-offensive against US 's enemy .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||communication|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 40|||R:OTHER|||enemies of the United States|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In 1961 , Paul Baran , who is a member of RAND Corporation , was commissioned by the Department of Defense to do research on networking .
+
+S Baran and his colleagues developed an entirely different method of communication called packet switching .
+
+S The principle behind packet switching was that data would be broken down into datagrams or packets that were labeled to indicate the origin and the destination of the information .
+
+S The packets were then be forwarded from one computer to another computer until the information arrived at its final destination computer .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The packets would be encoded as electrical signals , light , or radio waves and transmit via copper cables , fiber-optic strands and the ether ; which consists of microwave , satellite , or radio transmissions .
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:FORM|||transmitted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This was important part of a computer network .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In situations where packets were lost at any given point , the message could be resent by the original user .
+
+S As a result of decentralization , packet switching , unlike the telephone system , will not break down when one part of the network systems is faulty since the packets can be rerouted until it arrived at its intended destination .
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN:NUM|||system|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:VERB:TENSE|||arrives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order to destroy this decentralize communication system , all the channels of transmission will have to be destroyed .
+
+S Three years later , J.C.R .
+
+S Licklider , a researcher under Advance Research Project Agency ( ARPA ) proposed that computers were the keys to network communication .
+
+S With the inclusion of computers as a link to network communications , a system of protocol had to be created to standardize network communication .
+
+S The interface message processor ( IMP ) became part of the actual language that linked computers to the network ; it defined how they would connect , route and verify the messages received .
+
+S Thus the IMPs , together with the telephone lines , and data sets would constitute a 'message-switching network .
+
+S ' The protocols would define the communications formats between the IMP 's and became the format through which all the computers in a network were connected to .
+
+S The following two decades witness the improvisation and spread of networking .
+A 1 2|||R:ADJ|||next|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||witnessed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Network Control Protocol ( NCP ) was developed by VInt Cerf and Bob Kahn in 1973 to allow network communication of people using different hardware .
+A 20 21|||R:PREP|||between|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Consequently , networks were able to connect to different parts of the world .
+
+S For instance in 1973 , the U.S. has connected its network to both the United Kingdom and Norway .
+A 7 8|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the mid 1970s , networks began to spread to research universities across America and internationally .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||1970 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The governments of France , Japan , Germany and other European nations also developed research networks .
+
+S In the early 1980s , there was a growing demand for network usage by researchers and students .
+
+S However , it was costly to be part of the ARPANET because ARPANET had a tight control on the usage of network .
+
+S The frustrated Duke students Tom Trusscott and James Ellis , and Steve Bellovin , a student at UNC , created Usenet .
+A 16 17|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Within a few years , there were more postings and news groups than the system could handle .
+
+S By 1982 , there were hundreds of postings a day to as many different news groups .
+
+S Usenet was much more popular than ARPANET .
+
+S Although there were over 230 ARPANET sites in 1982 , Usenet take less than two years to reach that number .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||took|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The popularity of Usenet was due to the fact that it was inexpensive and provided semi-anonymous communication through which people could share their ideas .
+
+S This resulted in hundreds of discussion groups , each discussing different subjects , which range from politics to daily life experience .
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||experiences|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The explosive growth of network usage resulted in all of the networks to switch from NCP to TCP/IP in 1983 .
+A 12 14|||R:VERB:FORM|||switching|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The new TCP/IP protocol was able to deal with the increased electronic traffic of the developing Internet .
+
+S In 1987 , the National Science Foundation , which has funded a program earlier in 1984 to create national infrastructure to provide a variety of academic institutions access to a larger national academic network , backed away from funding the Internet and allowed giant corporation such as IBM , MCI and Merit Corp to manage and support the infrastructure it had funded .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It was not until 1993 where the Internet was transformed from government-funding to commercialization by private sectors .
+A 5 6|||R:ADV|||when|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the creation of World Wide Web by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN , the European Nuclear Research Centre , the World Wide Web opened up a new era of individualism and creativity that will change the information age once and for all .
+A 33 34|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , it was the historical background during the era of Cold War that prompted the US government to consider new ways of creating indestructible communication to enable the political and military leaders to communicate with each other during a nuclear attack .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Through the works of brilliant researchers , the Internet , which has limited to a few users at first , was improvised to accommodate increase electronic traffic and finally commercialize to be available to each and individual of us .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:VERB:FORM|||commercialized|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 36|||M:DET|||every|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 39|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Technology is an act of designing and inventing of a tool that will either solve a problem recognized or fulfill a particular human need , in other words it is a product of society .
+A 16 18|||R:WO|||recognized problem|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to Rogers ( 2003 ) , the success of the invention is full of uncertainties as the responses from other parties involved , such as the society or government , are not predictable .
+
+S If the product is not accepted by consumers or widely used , the product has failed socially .
+
+S There are many factors that contribute to the failure of a product socially and one of them is the economic factor which monopolizes the consumer market .
+
+S The case study on Cowan ( 1985 ) is a representative example of failure of product due to economic factor , in which a aggressively advertised product is preferred over the other that can bring much more advantages .
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||a failure of a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||factors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:VERB:TENSE|||could|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 36|||R:OTHER|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 38|||R:MORPH|||advantageous|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Cowan ( 1985 ) discussed about the two types of refrigerators developed , the electric refrigerator and the gas refrigerator .
+A 5 6|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The gas refrigerator should have been more preferred by consumers since it brings along overwhelming advantage but it turned out to be otherwise .
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||the preferred product|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||R:VERB|||provided|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||several advantages|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The extensive promotion of the electric refrigerator , which its research and development investment was funded by corporations , influenced the choice of consumers since the gas refrigerator was not widely promoted and made known to consumers .
+A 8 14|||R:OTHER|||whose research and development|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Such cases are typical examples of how a technological invention is shaped by economic factor , in which the technology made available to the consumer was directed by corporations ' profits earned instead of offering the one that benefits consumer most .
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||factors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 32|||R:OTHER|||earned profits of corporations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 39|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the reasons behind such situations is probably due to corporations ' fear of losing their share of the market and thus suppresses new technology to minimize chances of it happening .
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:FORM|||suppressing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This , however , affects consumer 's acceptance of inventions directly , in which the choice made will then be economically driven rather than based on the usefulness of inventions .
+
+S Another contributing factor of the success of invention will be the buying power of consumer , which very much depends on the economic situation then .
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In times of economic recession , it is of lower tendency for consumer to purchase the more expensive refrigerator when both have the same primary functions that is to store up food at low temperature .
+A 6 9|||R:OTHER|||there is a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||consumers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For that , the competition among corporate and the extent of price slashing they are willing to offer such that they still earn an amount of considerable profit may help improve consumer 's acceptance of their product .
+A 6 7|||R:MORPH|||corporations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 25|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , it can be concluded that functionality may not be only determining factor to the success of technology since it may not be the priority of consumer 's concern , but rather how the technology is commercialized and diffused to the public or society .
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As such , technology nowadays needs not only to prove its functionality but also spend efforts on creating its awareness since it is up to the consumers , who come in contact with many advertisements in their life and is eventually conditioned , to make the decisions .
+A 16 17|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 45 46|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Due to the flourishing of construction industries over the years , the construction industries worldwide consume resources equivalent to more than what the nature are able to produce on Earth .
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this rate of consumption , our environment will not be able to supply us with sufficient resources years down the road .
+A 0 1|||R:PREP|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order to compensate and preserve the right of nature , there is a need to implement a system whereby waster construction materials can be treated and re-used .
+A 7 10|||UNK|||e|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||waste|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This implementation will help protect the environment by controlling amount of resources consume ; reduce cost of manufacturing and importing of raw materials ; reduce the cost of construction and even maximise economy advantages .
+A 4 4|||M:PUNCT|||:|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:FORM|||consumed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 31|||R:OTHER|||; andven|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:MORPH|||economic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the introducing of recycling and reusing of construction waste materials are wise construction practises and are beneficial to the contractors , owner and the communities .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 16|||R:OTHER|||is wise construction practice|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||ais|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN:NUM|||owners|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Most of the discarded materials are actually valuable commodities ; such as concrete , wood , asphalt , metal and cardboard ; which can be recycled into new products .
+A 21 23|||R:OTHER|||, and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These materials made up to 80 percent of discarded materials .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||make ?|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , by recycling and reusing these materials can benefit the environment , the construction business and is economical .
+A 3 4|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 21|||R:OTHER|||the economy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The process of recycling of construction waste involves separating and reusing recoverable and useable waster construction materials during demolition .
+A 4 5|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The advantage of this treatment system not only will produce low-cost recycled materials , it may also produce new composite of materials with better characteristic .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||is that it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||produces|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:SVA|||produces|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN:NUM|||characteristics|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , few considerations should be taken into account during the design process .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S During the remodelling of buildings most construction waste goes into landfill , hence increases burden on the landfill loading .
+A 5 5|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN|||landfillsl|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:FORM|||increasing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These wastes may be high in chemical content which result in water and soil pollution .
+A 0 1|||R:DET|||This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||waste|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:SVA|||results|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Whereas some can be recycled and re-use as similar material while others to be reconstituted to other form of usable materials .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||re-used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||forms|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , recycling which need reprocessing may not be economically feasible because it requires a facility using recycled resources to be located near the source .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , site separation is an important step for recycling of construction waste .
+A 10 11|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although initially it requires extra effort and training , once separation habits are set up , it can be done at very low cost .
+
+S Khandani ( 2005 ) described engineers as creator as well as problem solvers who invent and design .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||creators|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S He also stated that engineering design is a process of creative thinking of turning ideas to physical products ; it is also a system , which is created by human effort and do not suddenly appear from nowhere , they are the combination of bringing technologies to fulfil the needs of human and to help us solve difficulties .
+A 12 12|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||. IT|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:VERB:SVA|||does|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 46|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 51 52|||R:NOUN:NUM|||humans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 55 56|||R:OTHER|||humans ? governments ? people ?|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 57 58|||R:OTHER|||the planet 's environmental problems.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , re-cycling waste construction materials is just the same , it is a technology used to support human needs of living by build infrastructures and help to solve difficulties by cutting down consumption of natural resources to save Earth .
+A 21 22|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:FORM|||building|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:VERB:FORM|||helping|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 34|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 40|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The world today is changing continuously where it faced many global challenges and problems .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||causing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:FORM|||to face|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , technologies have been constantly developed in order to response to human needs .
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||are constantly being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Once the needs are identified , ideas have to be developed through research .
+
+S Example of such technology is the development of tomato- harvesting machine where an agricultural scientist at the University of California at Daris predicted there will be a serious shortage of the labour in California ( Rogers , 2003 ) .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||an example|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||machines|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , technologies can also be created through serendipitous discovery .
+
+S As the name implies , it is a new discovery of a valuable idea by accident .
+
+S One example is the discovery of the Penicillin by Sir Alexander Fleming where he realized the presence of the antibacterial agent while researching on influenza .
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:ADV|||when|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This leads to the birth of the Penicillin which is widely used as antibiotics ( Mary Bellis , About.com ) .
+A 1 2|||R:MORPH|||lead|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||an antibiotic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although the two technologies are created in a very different approach , both have to undergo the innovation-development process where the final product can be marketed .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:PREP|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 16|||R:VERB:FORM|||underwent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:TENSE|||could|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to Rogers ( 2003 ) , the innovationdevelopment process consists of all the decisions , activities , and their impacts that occur from recognition of a need or a problem through research , development , commercialization of an innovation , through diffusion and adoption of the innovation by users to its consequences .
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||innovative development|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 36|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 42|||R:OTHER|||up until the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 50 53|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore it is extremely time-consuming to develop a new technology .
+
+S For a technology that is deliberately invented , it generally requires much a longer time frame as compared to those fortuitous discoveries .
+A 11 13|||R:WO|||a much|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is because inventors had to generate multiple solutions to solve for the problem identified .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Much research has to be prepared so that the best solution could be found .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the case of the tomato harvesting machine , there are plenty of factors that need to be consider .
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:FORM|||considered|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If the tomatoes have to be harvested by a machine , they have to breed hard tomato varieties so that they will not be crushed .
+
+S However in the case of the serendipitous discoveries , identifying a problem or need as well as selecting the best solution are eliminated .
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||solutions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence the total time consumed is much shorter compared to the technology develop through research .
+A 8 8|||M:PREP|||than|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:FORM|||developed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , no matter whether it is created intentionally or unintentionally , both required the ability to think creativity and innovatively as well as some coincidence and luck .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||require|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the case of a deliberate technology , inventors must not restrict themselves to only one solution but exposed themselves to the various possible solutions .
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:TENSE|||expose|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These solutions have to be analyzed and research further until the best solution is found .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:FORM|||researched|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If luck is presence with coincidence , the best solution will be generated in a shorter time .
+A 3 4|||R:MORPH|||present|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Similarity , the person must have the ability to view things in a different perspective , have sufficient background knowledge about the serendipitous discoveries and some luck for serendipitous discoveries to take place .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||similarly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:VERB|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since fortuitous discovery often occurs while research was carried out in a totally unrelated field , they must be able to identify the technology that came by accidentally .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||scientists|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was come|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the fundamental of inventing a new technology is to meet the needs of human .
+A 4 5|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||humans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Regardless of how technologies are developed , they will definitely benefit people .
+
+S Developing a new technology usually requires plenty of time , therefore creative thinking and innovation is required .
+
+S In addition , luck and coincidence must be presence for the discovery to happen at the right time , right place and to the right person .
+A 8 9|||R:MORPH|||present|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With all these factors , the time taken to develop a new technology will be shorted .
+A 15 16|||R:MORPH|||shortened|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference
+
+S 1 ) The Generation of Innovations ; E.M Rogers , 2003 ; New York : Free Press ( pp 136-158 )
+
+S 2 ) The History of Penicillin ; Mary Bellis ; http : //inventors.about.com/od/pstartinventions/a/Penicillin.htm
+
+S 3 ) Engineering Design Process , Education Transfer Plan ; Seyyed Khandai , Ph.D , 2005
+
+S The Social Factors Determine the Fortune of A New Technology
+
+S Rogers ( 2003 ) brought forward the idea that society is coming to a generation of innovation , which implicates that innovation is gradually becoming the main tasks of various enterprises and scientific research .
+A 19 20|||R:MORPH|||implies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:NOUN:NUM|||task|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In every day 's newspaper , it is usual to find news regarding some enterprise adopting a new technology .
+A 1 5|||R:OTHER|||newspapers everyday|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN|||business|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the products in market are not updating as fast as the innovation introduced to the public .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is because the innovation in technology is not only technologically decisive but also socially decisive .
+
+S Social factors include economic factors , military demands , government regulations and so on .
+
+S Usually , a new technology will be tested by more than one factor and the results will directly affect the future of the new technology .
+
+S Firstly , the new technology must satisfy consumer 's needs .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:POSS|||needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Before the refrigerator was introduced to market in a mass , there was a competition between two prototypes of refrigerator .
+A 6 10|||R:OTHER|||the mass market|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The old type has a motor that drives a compressor that condenses a liquid , releasing heat into the surrounding environment that the liquid had previously absorbed inside the refrigerator when the liquid vaporized .
+
+S A superior alternative is the gas refrigerator , in which the ammonia refrigerant is vaporized by heating it with a gas flame .
+
+S Later , the refrigerant dissolves in water , thus cooling the refrigerator box .
+
+S The gas refrigerator has no moving parts and hence is unlikely to break down .
+
+S Furthermore , the gas type hardly has noise , which solves the most severe problem regarding the noise ( Cowan , 1985 ) .
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Because of these overwhelming advantages , people expected that gas refrigerator would dominate the consumer market .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||refrigerators|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , it was defeated by electrical refrigerators because of some other factors
+
+S The example of refrigerator competition interprets that whether to adopt a new technology depends on other social factors other than consumers ' needs .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB|||shows|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||technologor not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||R:NOUN:POSS|||consumer|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To continue the previous example , the reason why gas type lost in the competition is due to the high research and development cost , several dominant cooperation thought electrical refrigerators would make more profit , then they invested large amounts of money in producing electrical refrigerator and developing market .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN:NUM|||costs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 28|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||R:OTHER|||so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 44|||R:PREP|||into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 46 47|||R:NOUN:NUM|||refrigerators|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 49 49|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The aggressive occupancy of market compelled smaller companies which prefer producing gas refrigerator give up .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||refrigerators|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this way , gas refrigerators were washed out of the market .
+
+S Whether a new technology will be popularized usually depends on more than one factor .
+
+S Mostly , they will give reverse responses after considering in different angles , but people can still make decisions based on the more crucial factor or the factor they concerned the most .
+A 9 10|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 29|||M:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 30|||M:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Apart from consumers ' need and producing cost , other factors like environmental problems , military demands and government regulations also affect the adoption of a new technology .
+A 2 5|||R:OTHER|||consumer needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:MORPH|||production|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||costs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To sum up , in the generation of innovation , the development of technology is not just technologically decisive , but more socially decisive .
+A 21 21|||M:ADV|||also|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When scientists or enterprisers decide to adopt a new technology , the social factors will directly affect their decisions .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN|||companies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A good technology without profit will not fetch them .
+A 7 9|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , we can conclude that social factors can determine the fortune of a new technology .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||It can be concluded|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S Rogers , E. M. ( 2003 ) .
+
+S The generation of innovations .
+
+S In Diffusion of innovations ( pp.136- 158 ) .
+
+S New York : Free Press .
+
+S The earth is experiencing water deficit .
+
+S Unlike burning forests or volcanic eruptions , the falling of water tables throughout scores of countries can not be readily photographed , it is largely invisible .
+
+S However , in recent years , this are observed by an increasing number of droughts , dried-out wells , and unavoidably , a change in climate pattern across the globe .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We are now consuming water that belongs to the future generations .
+
+S The high demands and misuse of water are increasing .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||demand for ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Man has since been working , vastly through engineering efforts , to manage water resources .
+
+S According to Khandani ( 2005 ) , engineering is the creative process of turning abstract ideas into physical representations ( products or systems ) .
+
+S In the last few years , engineers had indeed innovatively managed and minimized water deficit in many countries by conveying solution ideas into engineering designed products and systems .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Throughout centuries , one of the most remarkable engineered structure or products to managed water is the design of a large water storage tank , otherwise known as dam .
+A 8 9|||R:MORPH|||engineering|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||structures|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:FORM|||manage|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Man built dams to solve flooding problems and to keep water for other uses .
+
+S As science and technology advances , brilliant engineers began designing dams that are not only for flooding control and storing of water , but even to generate energy .
+A 4 5|||R:MORPH|||advanced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:OTHER|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some of the latest dams of our time can store water like a reservoir , prevent flooding occurrence , generate energy by means of water pressure , and even for esthetical purposes .
+A 27 33|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These are vividly evident through Singapore 's 'Marina Barrage' .
+A 2 3|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is not just simply a dam , but also a reservoir , and it serves as a tourist 's attraction for leisure and sports .
+
+S Water treatment has largely been classified as one engineering process which turns used-water into clean , acceptable water for end use , and sometime even drinkable water .
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Dirty water are usually collected through piping systems from lakes , drains and household , and transported to a treatment plant .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the treatment plant , the dirty water is separated from solid particles by settling and filtration .
+
+S After which they will be treated and purified by various sub-processes such as reverse osmosis , distillation , chemical disinfection and some others .
+
+S All of these engineered processes will produce a cleaner effluent .
+
+S Further treatment can even turn dirty wastewater into drinkable water .
+
+S The 'Newater ' treatment plant in Singapore is a global example of water treatment .
+
+S Water can be stored , treated and finally even transported .
+
+S Water transportation is made possible through engineered piping system .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||systems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Large water pipes are constructed to constantly transport water from a storage dam to dried-up lands .
+
+S This allows for a good system of irrigation by providing transported water to the dried soil continuously .
+
+S This process and system assist in the growing of crops in dry area especially during periods of inadequate rainfall .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||areas|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With such engineering designs , deserts can be turned into green pastures with rich crops .
+
+S It is amazing how science and technology through man 's engineering efforts have benefited the world .
+
+S We are now facing a crisis of water shortage which could lead to many water related problems .
+
+S Engineers in recent years have been working creatively and innovatively to properly treat and managed water .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||manage|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the advancement in technology , these are all made possible and there are even purified drinkable water treated from wastewater .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||advancements|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In certain countries , dried-out lands are even brought alive through water irrigation , where water are stored up somewhere and constantly transported through pipes to these lands .
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Engineering products and systems designs are not simply a design of aesthetical purposes , but also technologically meeting some of the greatest needs of human , water deficit .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||system|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:FORM|||meet|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 25|||R:OTHER|||human needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Inventions are made to benefit mankind .
+
+S However , some inventions were made accidentally while others look into the problem directly to develop a new product .
+
+S From five aspects - discovery , creativeness , time taken , acceptance of the project by company and also from problem solving - we can see that there are similarities and difference in these two approaches .
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:NOUN:NUM|||differences|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The examples I am using for this essay for serendipitous discovery and developed via research is 3M Post-it pads and Toshiba Laptop respectively .
+A 8 11|||R:OTHER|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:MORPH|||development|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:NUM|||laptops|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One obvious difference is the way it is invented .
+
+S One of the well-known accidental inventions , according to E.M. Rogers ( 1950 ) , happened several decades ago , 3M researcher found a new bonding agent , but decided it was worthless because it did not stick paper very tightly to a surface .
+A 20 20|||M:ADV|||when|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This failure converted into a successful product when a 3M researcher used the new bonding agent to create " Post-it " .
+A 2 2|||M:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As for Toshiba laptop is developed via research , Mizoguchi foresee that portable personal computer can be invented when he visit the United States with an R&D team form Toshiba .
+A 2 4|||R:NOUN|||laptops|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||which were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:SVA|||foresaw|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||could|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:TENSE|||visited|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S He was certain to make it came true .
+
+S Creativeness is always one of the important factors in inventing things .
+
+S An accidental discovery requires a member of the team to think of the product related during another process of making another product .
+
+S This person must be able to think out of the box .
+
+S But for Mizoguchi , he has set his target on developing a laptop .
+A 5 6|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , both inventions require creative thinking in order to produce excellent product .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:FORM|||required|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||products|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another major difference is the length of time used on the research .
+
+S For serendipity discovery , the time taken is considered short .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||serendipitous|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As it happens to produce a new bonding agent that did not stick paper tightly to a surface , which is not originally what the 3M researchers ' want , but one of the researcher used the new bonding agent to create " Post-it " , which became one of the most profitable products in 3M company .
+A 3 3|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 5|||R:VERB:FORM|||producing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||U:NOUN:POSS||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:VERB:TENSE|||wanted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 31|||M:OTHER|||was what|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:NOUN:NUM|||researchers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 40|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 45 47|||R:OTHER|||. This then|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Whereas , most developed technology via research took a long time because it needs to keep researching and try , if failed , try again until it became an invention .
+A 12 13|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||needed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||trialing things out|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:OTHER|||they would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nevertheless , both of the inventions require time and effort to create miracles in the world .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:FORM|||required|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Fourth , the difference between accidental invention and research to develop products is which problem the researchers are solving .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||fourthly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||( that )|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Problem solving for accidental invention is not solving the original problem for the research while solving the main problem is what developing invention via research is trying to do .
+A 0 30|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Last but not least , one of the major problems with serendipity discovery is , it requires an extra step to get approval from the company in order to mass produce or even continue to do the project .
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||serendipitous|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Whereas , technology development , they meant to do the project naturally .
+A 0 13|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We can see from the above , inventing things is not an easy task .
+
+S Each of the findings has it difficulties .
+
+S Be it serendipity or developed through research inventions , it benefits to human lives .
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||or inventions developed through research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the world today , most humans are leading convenient and comfortable lives .
+
+S This is made possible due to the innovations engineers have produced to improve on the lives of mankind .
+A 13 14|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S What is the engineering design process that produced so many useful innovations like ?
+
+S According to khandani , S. ( 2005 ) , engineering design consists of five steps : defining the problem , gathering information , brainstorming for solutions , selecting the best solution and finally the implementation of the solution .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN|||Khandani|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These are the general steps to the formulation of an innovation .
+
+S This process requires certain skills from the engineer , such as creativity , ability to learn from failure .
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In singapore , the local society and education system produces problems that hinder the usage of the engineering design process .
+A 1 2|||R:SPELL|||Singaporengapore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The first problem will be the focus of the Singapore education system .
+
+S It has evolved over the years , from textbook learning to the introduction of hands-on learning to equip students with skills such as creativity .
+
+S However , the implementation of hands-on learning is only carried out to a small extent .
+
+S learning is still heavily dependent on textbooks today .
+A 0 1|||R:ORTH|||Learning|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , education in singapore is fast paced and result orientated .
+
+S From primary schools to junior colleges , lecturers are always rushing through lessons in order to be able to finish the syllabus on time .
+
+S Whether students learned or not depends on the outcome of major examinations such as GCE 'O ' and 'A ' levels .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:FORM|||learn|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These exams do not concentrate on the learning process .
+
+S Instead , it focuses on the answers .
+
+S With such an education system in place , what students learn are confined to what the textbook offers , with minimal development of critical skills such as creativity and analysis .
+
+S This trend will impede the engineering design process at the brainstorming and selection of solution stages .
+
+S In the brainstorming stage , the innovator must be able to think of solutions that are non-existant in reality .
+
+S This requires alot of creativity .
+
+S Next , the selection of the best solution requires the innovator to possess strong analytical skills .
+
+S These skills are critical to the two stages of the design process , but is lacking in locals due to the effect of the education system .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another problem faced in singapore is society 's mindset .
+A 3 4|||R:PREP|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:SPELL|||Sngapore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Life in singapore is highly competitive and fast paced , hence parents believe that their children must possess outstanding paper qualifications to survive .
+A 2 3|||R:SPELL|||ingapore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , they enroll their children in tuition classes to enhance their academic performance , depriving them of the chance to develop their critical skills .
+
+S Moreover , majority of the locals are apathetic to their surroundings .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Everyone minds their own business , and do not bother themselves with what happens around them , unless it concerns them .
+
+S In the current state of society , people are not adept at analysing information and observing problems , and even if they did , they will deny its presence .
+
+S This behaviour will jeopardise the steps where the problem is defined and the selection of the best solution .
+
+S To be able to define a problem , the innovator must be observant enough to see the problem , and bothers to do something to improve it , hence creating an innovation .
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:TENSE|||be bothered|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The skills are vital to the two stages of the process , therefore society 's mindset poses a problem to the design process .
+A 0 1|||R:DET|||These|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , for Singapore to have outstanding innovators , the problems in the education system and the mindset of society must be addressed .
+
+S People must be more creative , able to think analytically and change their mindsets .
+
+S However , two problems are not the only problems that will impact the design processes negatively .
+
+S There are other problems that require attention .
+
+S With these problems rectified , then Singapore will have more innovators , and hopefully more useful innovations to improve people 's lives .
+A 0 1|||R:PREP|||If|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 3|||M:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Global warming is a threat that we are becoming more anxious about .
+
+S One of the causes of this environmental degradation is from carbon emissions , especially , carbon emissions emitted from car exhausts .
+
+S Hence , the electric vehicle is an important technology as it is a possible alternative and replacement for future cars .
+
+S The electric vehicle wins over the petroleum vehicle as it produces less carbon emissions .
+
+S Being an environmentally-friendly vehicle , it should be a popular choice .
+
+S However , they are poorly adopted and according to Autodata , electric vehicles only make up 2.8 % of today 's cars .
+
+S Thus , it is likely that the popularity of electric vehicles is socially-determined .
+
+S Economic , governmental and psychological factors could have shaped this technological innovation .
+
+S One factor that has shaped the electric vehicle is the economics of owning an electric vehicle .
+
+S Cost is a major consideration in a consumer 's decision-making process .
+
+S The maintenance cost when the electric vehicle was first introduced was high .
+
+S This made the electric cars more expensive than petrol-run cars .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , the battery pack in typical electric cars did not last long .
+
+S According to Gruening ( 1995 ) , the battery pack had to be replaced every 20,000 to 30,000 miles .
+
+S Consequently , this made the electric vehicles more expensive than petrol vehicles and hence less affordable to most families on a budget .
+
+S Besides the low lifespan of the batteries , the time required to recharge an electric vehicle was much longer than the time required to refuel a fuel tank .
+
+S For many , time wasted waiting would translate to high opportunity cost .
+
+S Thus , these economic factors could be reasons why electric vehicles were poorly adopted .
+
+S Besides economic factors , government regulations and laws also played a part in shaping the electric vehicles .
+A 14 15|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The California and Arizona state governments , in the 1990s , mandated that at least 10 percent of the total sales of automobile companies would have to be non-polluting .
+
+S Rogers ( 2003 ) notes that these laws prompted General Motors to invest in the designing , manufacturing and marketing of the electric vehicle .
+
+S As a result , the concept of the electric car was widely promoted in the United States of America .
+
+S In addition , tax rebates and incentives added on the attractiveness of buying an electric vehicle .
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , the Climate Change Bill in the United States included incentives to set up charging stations and subsidies for people buying the cars .
+
+S These offer made by the government made these vehicles competitive to the petroleum cars in prices .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||offers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||against|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||price|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , it can be seen that the government 's involvement in promoting environmentally-friendly vehicles affected how marketable electric vehicles are .
+A 15 15|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , psychological factors of owning an electric vehicle have affected the outcome of the electric vehicles in the market .
+A 14 15|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A technical limitation of the electric vehicle the range of travel it can offer .
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S An electric vehicle with a fully-charged battery is not able to travel as far as a petroleum vehicle with a fully-filled fuel tank .
+
+S Although families who needed a car as a mode of transport did not usually require traveling for long distances , there is a psychological perception of having their freedom being restricted .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB|||need|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:FORM|||to travel|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , they will prefer a petroleum car which has a potential in allowing them to travel farther .
+A 10 11|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||to allow|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , the strong desire for freedom might have affected the popularity of the electric car .
+
+S In short , there are several factors that could have shaped the electric vehicles .
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Economic and psychological factors might have dissuaded many from supporting them while the government plays a prominent role in encouraging the growth of the electric vehicle industry .
+
+S However , there is a close relationship between the social factors and the technical challenges that the electric vehicles face .
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , the recognition of electric vehicles by society could be affected by both social factors and challenges faced in the present technology of the electric vehicle .
+A 19 20|||R:PREP|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S BIBLIOGRAPHY \ l 1033 Gruening , K. ( Spring 1995 ) .
+
+S Electric Vehicles Ready of not , Here they come .
+
+S Pollution Prevention Resource Exchange .
+
+S Henderson , P. ( Aug 9 , 2009 ) .
+
+S Electric car future may power a charging industry .
+
+S http : //www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE57823020090809 .
+
+S Rogers , E. ( 2003 ) .
+
+S Opinion leaders and mavens in the diffusion of electric cars .
+
+S In Diffusion of innovations .
+
+S NewYork : Free Press , 87-89 .
+
+S The design process of cooling apparatuses
+
+S As Khandani ( 2005 ) points out , innovations are designed to meet human needs .
+
+S Human needs and problems are the motivation of conceiving of new ideas and designing new products .
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In Singapore , and other countries next to the equator , air conditioners and electric fans have greatly contributed to people 's life and people are able to enjoy cool and refreshing in burning hot days .
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||lives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 32|||M:NOUN|||air|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Throughout human history , people have conceived of many ways to get rid of heat in hot weather .
+
+S The design process of electric fans and air conditioners is a process in which engineers make designs to meet people 's needs .
+
+S From the very primary fan to the electric fan , and all the way to the air conditioner , engineering designs gradually solve the problem and meet people 's needs .
+
+S In ancient time , heat and humidity tortured people a lot .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||times|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In hot days , people felt physically uncomfortable and mentally irritable .
+
+S The working efficacy was low and diseases transmitted easily .
+
+S People began to think of ways to solve the problem .
+
+S Some great minds , probably the engineers in those days , created fans .
+
+S Fans were generally made by leathers or palm leaves sewed together .
+A 4 5|||R:PREP|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||leather|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The fan basically combined the theory of flowing air and wind , but it was a great success and everybody uses fans to generate breeze and keep cool in summer .
+
+S It relieves the discomfort in summer .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Gradually , people were not satisfied by fans , since they had to keep shaking fans to keep cool .
+
+S It was disturbing to shaking a fan at work or in sleep .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:FORM|||shake|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||during|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S At the same time , electricity was invented and people began to appreciate the convenience brought by it .
+
+S In 1886 , Schulyer Wheeler ( Inventors , 2009 ) devised a new type of machine using electricity to send breeze .
+
+S After careful design and hard process of trials and fails , the first electric fan was created .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 10|||R:OTHER|||trial and error|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The advent of electric fan was a great success and it was implemented around the world .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S People 's need was met by the air vortex flow formed automatically .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The electric fan was the standard at that time .
+
+S As time goes by , the electric fan seemed to be not that satisfactory .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||went|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 14|||R:OTHER|||unsatisfactory|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It can not really cool the temperature and do not control humidity .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:SVA|||does|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As more and more individuals and companies started to work on more effective cooling machines , Willis H. Carrier , a mechanical engineer made a breakthrough in 1902 .
+
+S ( Bookrags , 2005 ) The air conditioner was first invented by him to improve the performance of a printing plant .
+
+S It proved to be effective in manipulating the heat and lowering the humidity .
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The air conditioner was so effective that despite its relatively high price , it was integrated to people 's life and installed everywhere .
+A 16 17|||R:PREP|||into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||lives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Now electric fans and air conditioners are better designed than the original ones .
+
+S People feel more comfortable in hot days .
+A 4 5|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Productivity is increased and industries flourish .
+
+S The design was initiated by people 's needs , and they ultimately met people 's needs .
+A 10 11|||R:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is believed that the design will not end there so that more advanced products will appear .
+
+S More developed and enhanced functions will be added and improve people 's life better and better .
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||lives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Inventors .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Retrieved Sep 04 , 2009 , from About :
+
+S http : //inventors.about.com/od/wstartinventors/a/inventors_W.htm
+
+S Bookrags .
+
+S ( 2005 ) .
+
+S Retrieved Sep 04 , 2009 , from
+
+S http : //www.bookrags.com/research/air-conditioning-woi/
+
+S Khandani , S. ( 2005 ) .
+
+S Engineering design process .
+
+S Retrieved June 29 , 2009 , from
+
+S http : //www.iisme.org/etp/HS % 20Engineering- % 20Engineering.pdf
+
+S Factors that hamper engineering design process in China
+
+S Technology innovation is significant to the world .
+
+S Without it , our society could not have progressed , nor would our life become convenient .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||lives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to Roster ( 2003 ) , technology innovation development is a process begins with recognition of a problem or need , which arouses research and development activities designed to create an innovation to solve the problem or need .
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Five stages can describe this process : problem , research , development , commercialization diffusion and consequences ( Roster , 2003 ) .
+
+S While , different countries have different way to perform these stages .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||As|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||ways|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||of performing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So during the process , they encounter different obstacles , such as political issues , financial issues .
+A 15 15|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In China , currently two factors which are education system and economic situation that hamper the technology innovation process severely .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||that hamper the technology innovation process severely|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 20|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , the education system in China is imperfect to educate engineers so that in someway it hinders them from realizing their creativity and innovation .
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||in the way it educates|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||as it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S University is an ideal place to cultivate engineers and prepare them for their future career .
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , most universities in China fail to meet their mission .
+
+S Due to the poor quality research facilities and imperfect way of teaching , students can not gain enough skills to be a qualified engineer .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB|||become|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In consequence , they can not successfully take the innovation process .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||As a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , the connection between university or research institution and commercial sector is not close enough .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||universities|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||institutions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , professional people are not able to recognize the problem effectively .
+
+S Moreover , more efforts are need if they want to commercialize the product from their research .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:FORM|||needed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So many issues that sever as anti-force are aroused during the innovation progress .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Therefore ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB|||serve|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides education problem , economic situation also produces barrier to the innovation process .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||barriers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S China is till a developing country , with the boom of economy , many problems also come up .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||still|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||in the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 18|||R:OTHER|||have also arisen|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The mismatch between still low levels of technological development on the one hand , and enormous velocity of the catch-up process on the other makes company unwilling to innovate on their own .
+A 3 4|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:NOUN:NUM|||companies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Entrepreneurs ' main aim is to bring higher profits in a shorter time to their company .
+A 0 4|||R:OTHER|||The main aim of entrepreneurs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the innovation process takes a long time and demands more efforts as well as costs .
+
+S On the other hand , there are techniques and skills available overseas .
+
+S Consequently , companies choose to import or imitate them from other country instead of develop on their own .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||countries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:FORM|||developing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the year 2005 , foreign invested corporations account for more than half of China 's export , and research-intensive high value added products are still largely imported .
+A 6 7|||R:MORPH|||investment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||accounted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , the lack of money to conduct technology research is also an important factor .
+
+S In 2000 , China invested 0.25 million in life science research .
+
+S Compared with 30 million which US government put in the life science research , 0.25 million is really tiny ( Factors that hamper innovation in China , 2004 ) .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , educational problems limit engineering skills and cause inconvenience for researchers under university or institutions to identify problems and commercialize their product .
+
+S In addition , economic situation and current circumstance , as well as the financial problem also create barriers for innovation to take place .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||circumstances|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These vectors hamper engineering design process significant .
+A 6 7|||R:MORPH|||significantly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hopefully , these problems can be eliminated in future and situation can become better and better .
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S Rogers , E. M. ( 2003 ) .
+
+S The generation of innovations .
+
+S In Diffusion of innovations ( pp.136-157 ) .
+
+S New York : Free Press .
+
+S Factors that hamper innovation in China , ( 2004 ) .
+
+S Retrieved , from { www.ce.cn } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.ce.cn ] .
+
+S On 4th September , 2009 .
+
+S Look around and you would most probably notice people driving in their cars , talking on their phones or busy typing away on their personal computers .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These occurrences may seem common now , but they were definitely not in the early 1900s .
+
+S The advancement of technology over the last century was so breathtaking that one often wonders how the technologies were invented .
+
+S Were they created conventionally , which means that the general public knows about their development , or were they secretly developed in a skunkworks environment ?
+
+S Regardless of their distinctions , both technologies share similarities that make each of them unique and useful in their own ways .
+
+S The most significant contrast between the skunkworks technology and that of the conventional method is the vastly different confidential levels and aims which each technology works on .
+
+S In the case of skunkworks , the product being developed is known only to the researchers and the relevant organizations .
+
+S This ensures that the probability of information leakage regarding the product is kept to a minimum , so that the main objective of creating the product can be realized .
+
+S For example , Lockheed 's P-80 Shooting Star fighter jet , which was designed and built under the knowledge of only the researchers and the United States military , helped the US overcome the technology gap which Germany had over it during World War 2 .
+
+S On the other hand , corporations using conventionally generated technologies usually announce to the public their latest updates pertaining to their most recent creations .
+
+S The release of information is usually done by companies which wanted to flaunt their superiority over other similar companies competing in the same market .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||want|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The rivalry between Sony and Microsoft over the gaming console industry leads to both companies constantly improving their products and announcing it to the world so as to apply pressure on the other .
+
+S Thus , it can be seen that differing degrees of secrecy for disparate technologies stems from dissimilar aims .
+
+S Another difference between the two technologies is the impact that they create when both are in operation .
+
+S New innovations contrived in skunkworks environment usually revolutionize the world and propel the company which invented it to new heights while that is not the case for conventional technology .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||environments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The invention of personal computers in IBM 's skunkworks completely changed the way in which the world operates , and made IBM the forerunner in computers , but the upgrading of the computers with ordinary technical knowledge did not really lead people onto a new path , instead it only results in the proliferation of many small computer-based companies .
+A 50 51|||R:VERB:TENSE|||resulted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , the market is now full of computers with different brands .
+
+S This maybe the unexpected positive side effect of using conventional technology , but compared to the skunkworks , it is relatively insignificant .
+
+S Despite of the differences , both technologies share some common traits .
+A 1 2|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First , both require a high level of accuracy .
+
+S There is not much room for error in both cases , as a slight mistake may result in devastating effects .
+
+S The skunkworks-produced P-80 fighter jet experienced numerous crashes , which resulted in many deaths , due to problems which were not analyzed accurately .
+
+S Similarly , the HIV vaccine was not researched adequately , causing many volunteers to contract the virus unwillingly .
+
+S Second , products that emerge from both technologies can be used for a long time .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||Secondly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is important as this means that resources can be channeled to other areas of research .
+
+S Using the previous examples , the P-80 jet was used for close to 30 years before being replaced completely , while the HIV vaccine may be in use forever if the vaccine undergoes successful researches .
+A 34 35|||R:MORPH|||research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is through these similarities that people can compare and advance on the current technology .
+
+S To sum it up , the major differences between skunkworks and conventional technology is the ripples which both technologies produce and the secrecy in which they are required to observe .
+
+S These are features that make each technology unique in its own way .
+
+S However , both technologies also possess similarities like the stringent levels of accuracy and the lifespan of the products generated , which shows that features can be adopted by more than one form of technology as long as it is beneficial .
+
+S Having a home is one of the most fundamental human needs .
+
+S Be it a shelter or a big house , everyone has to have a place they can call home .
+
+S Despite being a fundamental need , there are many people in the world who are unable to have a proper home .
+
+S According to the UN Human Settlements Programme , there are around a billion people out there who live in overcrowded housing with poor water quality , lack of sanitation , and no garbage collection .
+
+S With rapid urbanization and the world population increasing into the future , housing would prove to be a challenging issue .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||may|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A proper housing system has to be set up to deal with these housing issues and the best way to develop such a system would be using an engineering design process .
+
+S The main steps to consider in a good and proper housing system are the affordability , durability and safe living conditions .
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence the main solution to the problem of improper housing would be the reduction of housing cost without compromising on quality .
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||costs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Homeless people suffering from housing issues are mainly attributed to problems of affordability .
+
+S Building proper houses or flats usually require much finance .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||requires|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||a lot of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The construction cost bundled with the raw materials for building many homes is something , which the poor can not afford .
+
+S Furthermore , developers have no incentive to carry out projects in these less developed countries , as there is just no market to earn profit from .
+
+S The problem of cost clearly creates more homeless people .
+
+S On being unable to obtain a proper home , squatters are the next and only alternative that the homeless can approach to .
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||shanty houses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These make-do houses are built cheaply and improperly on wastelands .
+
+S Being made from waste metal and wood , the durability and safety of the inhabitant are usually compromised .
+
+S These shabby houses have a danger of collapsing with the constant battering of the weather .
+
+S Moreover , health dangers are prevalent when certain waste materials are used in the shelter construction according to an article , by Environmental Health Perspectives , Give Me Shelter : The Global Housing Crisis .
+A 18 19|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 26|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:OTHER|||'Give|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 34|||M:OTHER|||, ' by Environmental Health Perspectives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , squatters in the slums do not have proper sewer system and a clean water source .
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||systems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||sources|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Such living conditions are detrimental to society but they are not unavoidable as measures can be taken to rectify these problems .
+
+S Being aware of the rising problem we can then identify the solutions needed for a better housing system .
+A 6 18|||R:OTHER|||the solutions needed for a better housing system can be identified|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Cost and labor friendly procedures for house and flat constructions could be adapted for cheaper production .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||construction|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Research and analysis for the use of machinery and better building processes can be done to curb the cost .
+
+S With further research and development , less costly materials could also be introduced or invented for construction without compromising on quality and strength .
+
+S Building designs can also be engineered and tweaked to maximize availability and space for overcrowded areas .
+
+S After consolidating these solutions , their feasibility can then be measured by testing on within a real society .
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Upon successful implementation , we can make necessary adjustments or assessments based on the effectiveness of the solutions .
+A 4 18|||R:OTHER|||The necessary adjustments or assessments based on the effectiveness of the solutions . can be made|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are many other processes that can be applied to solve this issue , but I strongly feel that an engineering design process will be the best approach .
+A 15 25|||R:OTHER|||an engineering design process is probably|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Despite being a big stepping-stone to solving the urgent housing crisis , the gaining of support and acceptance from the government of the countries affected will be vital for carrying out this process .
+
+S Ultimately , the success of the entire process is one that requires a holistic approach that involves more than the designing of a feasible process , but extends to the community and its government support .
+
+S Reference
+
+S 1 .
+
+S Valerie J .
+
+S Brown , Give Me Shelter : The Global Housing Crisis , Environmental Health Perspectives Volume 111 , Number 2 , February 2003 , http : //www.ehponline.org/members/2003/111-2/focus.html
+
+S 2 .
+
+S Seyyed Khandani , Engineering Design Process .
+
+S Retrieved June 29 , 2009 , from http : //www.iisme.org/etp/HS % 20Engineering- % 20Engineering.pdf
+
+S Since entering the 21st century , mankind is faced with a growing number of challenges and threats .
+A 7 9|||R:VERB|||has been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Global warming , the War in Iraq and even the threat of China 's rise are all inextricably linked with the need for energy .
+
+S Global warming is partly caused by the overuse of fossil fuels and the War in Iraq is mainly resulted from the need of petroleum of USA , while the threat of China actually refers to China 's huge demands of resources including energy resources to satisfy the high-speed development of China .
+A 18 20|||R:OTHER|||a result of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:PREP|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 27|||R:OTHER|||the USA|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , among all the current human needs , the need of energy , in my opinion , should be given priority .
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 18|||R:OTHER|||i|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In meeting this need , engineering design processes takes an important role .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB|||plays|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First of all , engineering design processes help to make good use of new energy resources like hydrogen energy and solar energy .
+
+S As we know , the storage and transport of hydrogen have been two major factors that restrict the wide use of hydrogen .
+A 7 8|||R:MORPH|||transportation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Engineers need to find right materials and design a suitable container for hydrogen so that it can be safely transported and stored .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In terms of solar energy , to improve the utilization and reduce the cost of use is a problem leaves for engineers .
+A 11 11|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:FORM|||left|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In China , millions of families have already used solar water heater for years , which saved considerable electricity .
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||amounts of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , when trying to convert solar energy into electricity so that it can be easily transmitted , engineers should consider the cost and utilization of solar panels .
+
+S Otherwise , it would be an embarrassing situation that the saved energy can not pay the cost of solar panels , which would make solar energy no market .
+A 26 28|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Next , traditional fossil fuels can be better used with the help of engineering design processes .
+
+S In the process of exploitation of fossil fuels , engineering design helps to find scientific methods to improve resource recovery and reduce resource wasting .
+A 4 5|||R:MORPH|||exploiting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , deep processing of fossil fuels also needs engineering design to improve utilization of fossil fuels .
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By doing so , the pollution caused by using fossil fuels can be reduced .
+
+S For example , during the process of exploiting oil , the byproducts like natural gas are often burned since it is hard to collect and stored .
+A 25 26|||R:VERB:FORM|||store|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Japan has developed the Heat Recovery Steam Generator to generate power by using the waste heat .
+
+S Engineering design has played an important role in developing HRSG .
+
+S Last , engineering design processes can help to reduce the waste of energy .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Lastly ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 13|||R:OTHER|||energy waste|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When transmitting electricity , some energy is consumed by the wire .
+
+S Engineers are trying to find a superconducting material that can work in room temperature to take place of traditional conducting material .
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||materials|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this way , the energy consumed by the wire will be saved .
+
+S Furthermore , the energy- saving appliances designed by engineers have saved inestimable energy for the world .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Engineering design processes have made a great contribution to the world .
+
+S In the coming years , human 's demand for energy will be increasing whereas renewable energy source are decreasing .
+A 6 7|||U:NOUN:POSS||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||sources|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Engineers have compelling obligation to solve this problem .
+A 2 3|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the breakthroughs of different domains of science , engineers should shoulder up the responsibility of making these breakthroughs available for people therefore benefit humankind .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The survival of humanity in this century is heavily dependent on the role of Engineers and we should be prepared for potential threats and challenges .
+A 16 17|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Like many other gadgets created in the 21st century , surveillance technology such as RFID has also made its way into our ever changing lives .
+
+S Apart from its many other applications in the business and medical sectors , RFID can be used to track individuals .
+
+S Some may argue that it is beneficial to us as it renders us a sense of protection if our locations are known .
+
+S In fact , usage of RFID on individuals causes more harm than good as it not only intrudes our privacy ( Channel 3000 , n.d. ) , our security would also be compromised instead of enhanced .
+A 27 27|||M:CONJ|||but|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 35|||M:VERB:TENSE|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As such , usage of RFID to track individuals should be banned .
+
+S Invasion of privacy has been a major concern in the use of RFID .
+
+S Some may argue that tracking ex-convicts with the use of RFID could be used to prevent criminal behavior ( BBC News , 2006 ) .
+
+S However , we must not overlook the fact that they are still humans and basic human rights such as privacy should not be disregarded .
+
+S Similarly , individual 's privacy such as 'habits and movements ' should also be kept unknown to the government ( Channel 3000 , n.d. ) .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To sum it up , no party or organization should have the rights to such profiling/tracking with or without any purpose as it is clearly an intrusion of privacy .
+
+S Usage of RFID is useless from the security standpoint ( Ou , 2007 ) .
+
+S As such data is being transmitted by radio waves ( Bhaskar , n.d. ) , it can be easily picked up by a third party who could use it for their own purpose .
+
+S This would in turn lead to invasion of privacy as the victim 's location is now known .
+
+S In worse cases , such information could be used for unlawful activities , such as house breaking .
+
+S Arguments put forth that the RFID tags on individuals could be programmed in such a way to minimize information leakage .
+A 1 1|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:PREP|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the cost inflicted would be very high ( Ou , 2007 ) .
+
+S Data generated from RFID tags of individuals could also be abused by the intended receivers such as surveillance officers ( BBC News , 2006 ) , adding on a whole new level of security blight .
+A 34 35|||R:NOUN|||breach|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although a complete ban on RFID is impossible , its usage on individual tracking should be banned as it intrudes our privacy and compromises our security .
+A 20 20|||M:PREP|||upon|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S 1 .
+
+S BBC News .
+
+S ( 2006 , November 2 ) .
+
+S Britain is 'surveillance society' .
+
+S Retrieved September 4 , 2009 , from http : //news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6108496.stm
+
+S 2 .
+
+S Channel 3000 .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Concerns persist about RFID tracking technology .
+
+S Retrieved September 4 , 2009 , from http : //www.yrfid.com/rfid_reader/Concerns_Persist_About_RFID_Tracking_Techno logy_4036.html
+
+S 3 .
+
+S Ou , G. ( 2007 , September 18 ) .
+
+S Why the ban on mandatory RFID implants should be federal .
+
+S RINF news .
+
+S Retrieved September 4 , 2009 , from http : //rinf.com/alt-news/surveillance-big-brother/why-the-ban-on-mandatory- rfid-implants-should-be-federal/1286/
+
+S 4 .
+
+S Bhaskar , S. M. ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Security and privacy .
+
+S Is RFID technology secure and private ?
+
+S ( pp .
+
+S 470-483 ) .
+
+S " The individual requesting genetic testing should have the final say in whether to reveal the result of such testing .
+
+S " Genetic testing is a medical test which can determine if an individual is potentially at risk of inheriting certain genetic diseases or if a child would be born with genetic condition .
+
+S [ i ] The controversy was brought up when deciding if individual have the final say to reveal such testing as genetic discrimination might surface when the results of such testing is made known to third party .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||individuals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 35|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , the reliability and accuracy of the tests remain ambiguous .
+
+S Hence , the individual should have the final say in whether to reveal the results of such testing .
+
+S First and foremost , genetic discrimination arises when employers lower the chance of promoting genetically-ill individuals or when these individuals are denied a job .
+
+S Likewise , these individuals may be required to pay more when they apply for a health insurance .
+
+S Since genetic testing is beneficial , some governments have come up with legal procedures that would protect suffers from genetic discrimination .
+A 17 18|||R:MORPH|||sufferers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , these laws were usually limited [ ii ] .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " Discrimination is probably going to increase because current laws are ineffective .
+
+S " ( Gruber J , 2000 ) .
+
+S [ iii ] In addition , the accountability of such results is questionable considering that the result is often interpreted or analyzed .
+A 19 22|||R:OTHER|||subject to interpretation or analysis|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to Kathy L. Hudson ( 2006 ) " nothing has happened for the past 6 years , leaving a system in place that still does not routinely evaluate the competence of genetic testing labs " .
+
+S Similarly , since the disease might not manifest itself even if one is tested positive , no one should have the right to reveal the results as it is difficult to verify the exactitude of the result .
+A 36 37|||R:NOUN:NUM|||results|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , consequences such as the existence of genetic discrimination should be taken into consideration when deciding whether the tester has the right to reveal his results .
+
+S However , since the results of such testing are not completely reliable , the individual requesting genetic testing should have the final say in whether the results should be revealed .
+
+S [ i ] Genetics Home Reference .
+
+S Your Guide to Understanding Genetic Conditions [ Internet ] [ cited 2009 September 4 ] .
+
+S Available from : http : //ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/testing/genetictesting
+
+S [ ii ] Wikipedia .
+
+S The Free Encyclopedia .
+
+S [ Internet ] [ cited 2009 July 11 ] .
+
+S Available from : http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_discrimination
+
+S [ iii ] GeneticHealth [ Internet ] [ cited 2002 ] .
+
+S Available from : http : //genetichealth.com/ELSI_Genetic_Discrimination_Myth_or_Reality.shtml
+
+S In recent years , surveillance technology is getting more and more popular,especially Radio-Frequency Identification ( RFID ) .
+
+S RFID is a kind of surveillance technology which uses tags and readers to gather information about items attaching with the tags .
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:FORM|||attached|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S While surveillance technology has contributed a lot to the society , it causes troubles such as privacy and security issues ( Anonymous 2007 ) .
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||has also caused|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus proper rules and regulations are needed for surveillance technology , i.e.the use of surveillance technology should be banned in a certain degree .
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||; in other words , the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Privacy issue is the one that most people are concerning about .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:FORM|||concerned|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S RFID tags can simply be used as " spy chips " since the information in the tags can be read off in a distance and then people may " watch " on you without your permission or even awareness .
+
+S ( Anonymous 2007 ) Moreover , it is very difficult to get rid of RFID tag as these chips are too thin and tiny to be found and disabled ( Surinder MB 2008 ) .
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||tags|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , formal regulations about surveillance technology should be carried out and when privacy is affected , the use of such technology should be banned in such cases .
+
+S Another problem caused by surveillance technology is the security issue .
+
+S Whenever data is collected , the idea of data ownership would go along with it ( Surinder MB 2008 ) .
+
+S The problem about surveillance technology is that it is very difficult to control who owns the information .
+
+S For example , the unique RFID tag number on an purchased item can be linked to the credit card number used to pay for it ( Surinder MB 2008 ) .
+
+S Salesmen may make use of the information to sieve out potential customers and robbers may find out targets from it .
+
+S Hence , if the information is open to everyone , our safety in daily lives are not ensured anymore .
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||will not be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , people may argue that surveillance technology is introduced to help ensure security , and it indeed works very well in preventing crimes to occur and providing information for investigation .
+A 24 26|||R:OTHER|||from occurring|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We can not deny that surveillance technology is effective and convenient , but if data ownership is not controlled , surveillance technology may become a threat to our safety .
+
+S Thus , the usage of surveillance technology should be banned when it is used in an abusive way .
+
+S In conclusion ,surveillance technology should be banned for certain degree to ensure that privacy is protected and the security issue is solved also .
+A 2 3|||R:ORTH|||, surveillance|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 10|||R:OTHER|||to a certain extent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:ADV|||too|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S [ Anonymous ] 2007 May 16 .
+
+S Concerns Persist About RFID Tracking Technology .
+
+S [ Internet ] [ cited 2009 Sep 07 ] .
+
+S Avaliable from : http : //www.yrfid.com/rfid_reader/Concerns_Persist_About_RFID_Tracking_Techno logy_4036.html
+
+S Surinder MB .
+
+S 2008 .
+
+S Is RFID Technology Secure and Private .
+
+S Taylor &Francis Group,LLC .
+
+S p.474-478 .
+
+S The Individual Requesting Genetic Testing Should Have the Final Say in whether to Reveal the Results of Such Testing
+
+S As an emerging technology , genetic testing is getting more and more related to people 's life as being applied to predictions and diagnoses of diseases .
+A 18 18|||M:OTHER|||it is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since it could indicate the onset of diseases in the future , the results of genetic testing may tag a person with " having inherited defects " ( Buchanan , n.d. ) .Therefore , it aroused a controversy over that whether the individual requesting genetic testing should have the final say in whether to reveal the results .
+A 35 36|||R:VERB|||has sparked|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 40|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In my opinion , the right of an individual to decide whether to reveal the results should be protected .
+
+S First and foremost , the results of genetic testing belong to medical privacy , which is one of the basic human rights .
+
+S An individual is endowed with the right to keep the sensitive medical record .
+
+S Additionally , genetic testing is not a mature technique at present and the interpretation of such results is very complicated and variable ( Rennie , 1994 ) .
+
+S To some extent , it is irresponsible to reveal the results which are inaccurate or even false .
+
+S Moreover , once the results are forced to be revealed , consequences may be significant .
+
+S The first one is about emotional impacts .
+
+S Genetic testing creates tension within a family because it conveys people the information of getting ill also implies other family members the possibility of having the same defect genes ( Kahn,2000 ) .
+A 16 16|||M:OTHER|||and it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 21|||R:OTHER|||that other family members have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S People may feel anxious , depressed , and even guilty of revealing the results .
+
+S Gradually , people 's life may be destroyed by psychological and mental problems .
+
+S The second consequence is about the genetic discrimination , especially in employment and insurance ( Norrgard , 2008 ) .Insurance may not be provided to an individual with results showing the possibility of getting ill .
+
+S Besides , it is disadvantageous for getting a job with results showing that the individual is genetically inferior .
+A 13 14|||R:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In that sense , revealing genetic results may put much more stress on people .
+
+S In conclusion , the results of genetic testing do have big impacts of people 's life in terms of emotional impacts and genetic discrimination .
+A 12 13|||R:PREP|||upon|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , all the anxiety and pressure may be unnecessary because of the unreliability of such technology .
+
+S Therefore , the individual requesting genetic testing should have the final say in whether to reveal the results , and this is also in agreement of protecting human rights .
+A 25 26|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S Janet A .
+
+S B .
+
+S ( n.d. ) Genetic Testing .
+
+S Science Encyclopedia .
+
+S Retrieved September 8 , from { http : //science.jrank.org/pages/2983/Genetic-Testing.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //science.jrank.org/pages/2983/Genetic-Testing.html ]
+
+S { Jeffrey P. Kahn , } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.med.umn.edu/bioethics/faculty/kahn.html ] ( 2000 , June 25 ) .
+
+S Genetic Testing is all in the Family .
+
+S Retrieved September 8 , from http : //archives.cnn.com/2000/HEALTH/07/25/ethics.matters/
+
+S Norrgard,K .
+
+S ( 2008 ) Ethics of genetic testing : Medical insurance and genetic discrimination.Nature Education.1 ( 1 ) .Retrieved September 8 , from { http : //www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/Ethics-of-Genetic-Testing-Medical-Insurance-and-651 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/Ethics-of-Genetic-Testing-Medical-Insurance-and-651 ]
+
+S Rennie , J .
+
+S ( 1994 ) .
+
+S Trends in Genetics : Grading the Gene Tests .
+
+S Scientific American .
+
+S P 88-97 .
+
+S Genetic testing is a kind of genetic test which determines the vulnerabilities of an individual to inherit genetic disorders ( U.S National Library of Medicine , 2009 , para .
+A 6 7|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S 1 ) .
+
+S The results obtained from a genetic test can exclude an alleged genetic condition or help verify if a person is a carrier of the genetic disease or have a chance to develop the genetic disorder in future ( U.S National Library of Medicine , 2009 , para .
+A 23 24|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S 1 ) .
+
+S Upon testing , the individual requesting genetic testing should not have the final say in whether to reveal the results of such testing ( Norrgard , 2008 , Reproductive and Other Familial Concerns , para .
+
+S 2 ) .
+
+S Family members of the individual requesting genetic testing should also have the rights to know about the results of such testing .
+
+S This is because that they might have a higher risk for developing this genetic disease or are already a carrier of this mutation .
+
+S Only by recognizing this possibility earlier , they can then make informed choices about their family planning decisions , career and other life choices ( Norrgard , 2008 , Genetic Testing is a Matter of Individual Choice , para .
+
+S 1 ) .
+
+S The use of in vitro fertilization ( IVF ) method can be used for family planning .
+
+S By using this method , only embryos which are free from any genetic disorders are transferred back to women 's uterus and allowed to develop to full birth ( Norrgard , 2008 , Family Planning , para .
+
+S 2 ) .
+
+S Alternatively , they can choose chorionic villus sampling ( CVS ) , a form of genetic prenatal testing ( Norrgard , 2008 , Family Planning , para .
+
+S 2 ) .
+
+S If the foetus had been diagnosed with the mutation , the couple can then choose to terminate the pregnancy ( Norrgard , 2008 , Family Planning , para .
+A 3 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S 2 ) .
+
+S With advances in technology , many genetic diseases which were once considered untreatable might be cured in the near future ( Allen , 2006 , Future samples , para .
+
+S 7 ) .
+
+S It is therefore important to provide close relatives who might be at risk a chance to test whether they are affected by the genetic disease .
+
+S This will help them determine their course of treatment or at least make precautions ( Allen , 2006 , Future samples , para .
+
+S 7 ) .
+
+S Furthermore , it is also unfair to the insurance companies if the individual with genetic disease decided to buy life insurance policies without revealing that they have such genetic disorder .
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:TENSE|||decides|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The insurance companies need to be cost effective too .
+
+S They should therefore have the rights to request for a medical record ( Hsien , 2007 , The question : Should genetic information be disclosed to insurers ? , para .
+
+S 2 ) .
+
+S In conclusion , the individual requesting genetic testing has the obligation to inform others of his condition ( Norrgard , 2008 , Reproductive and Other Familial Concerns , para .
+
+S 2 ) .
+
+S References
+
+S U.S National Library of Medicine ( 2009 , September 4 ) .
+
+S What is genetic testing ?
+
+S Retrieved September 13 , 2009 , from { http : //www.ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/testing/genetictesting } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/testing/genetictesting ]
+
+S Norrgard,K .
+
+S ( 2008 ) .Ethics of genetic testing : Medical insurance and genetic discrimination.Retrieved September 13 , 2009 , from http : //www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/Ethics-of-Genetic-Testing-Medical-Insurance-and-651
+
+S Norrgard,K .
+
+S ( 2008 ) .Medical ethics : genetic testing and spinal muscular atrophy .
+
+S Retrieved September 13 , 2009 , from http : //www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/Medical-Ethics-Genetic-Testing-and-Spinal-Muscular-666
+
+S Allen , B .
+
+S ( 2006 , June 16 ) .
+
+S An Ethical Framework for Biological Samples Policy ( Commissioned Paper ) .
+
+S Retrieved September 13 , 2009 , from http : //www.onlineethics.org/cms/8140.aspx
+
+S Hsien , H. L. ( 2007 , June 9 ) .
+
+S Do insurance companies have a right to our DNA ?
+
+S Retrieved September 13 , 2009 , from http : //www.eyeondna.com/2007/06/09/do-insurance-companies-have-the-right-to-our-dna/
+
+S " The use of surveillance technology such as RFID to track people should be banned .
+
+S "
+
+S Surveillance technology has indeed come a long way since its humble beginnings , evolving from security cameras to sophisticated methods such as Radio Frequency Identification Device ( RFID ) and the Global Position System ( GPS ) .
+
+S Advances in this field have allowed us to monitor the activities of people more thoroughly .
+
+S It allows for more effective tracing of an individual through an instant identification approach .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||This technology|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Detractors of such systems lament that such act comes at the cost of intrusion into one 's privacy .
+
+S However , using surveillance technology to track people plays a vital role in addressing criminal issues and can benefit the healthcare sector .
+
+S The colossal impact it has on the society is as such a reasonable trade off and thus it should not be banned .
+
+S The most important aspect of surveillance technology is that of crime fighting , which in turn results in crime prevention .
+
+S Security cameras and closed circuit televisions ( CCTV ) are being installed everywhere , from homes to offices , shopping malls and even in schools .
+
+S These gadgets act as a deterrent to crimes for it captures the illegal acts on tape , and forces a potential criminal to think twice before committing felony .
+
+S It too plays a role in solving crimes , often acting as evidence to convict a suspect .
+
+S The development of biometrics surveillance has also been touted as the future of crime fighting ( BAPCO Journal , 2007 ) .
+
+S Criminal suspects can be easily identified through the matching of physical characteristics such as facial features and fingerprints to a biometric database .
+
+S It will hence assist in investigations and empower the capabilities of the police department to detain the offenders .
+
+S Surveillance technology also plays an important role in the healthcare industry .
+
+S They serve as an essential support in patient care through the monitoring of their well-being .
+
+S Hospitals have capitalized on the potential of RFID and have since reaped the benefits .
+
+S The patients are issued wrist tags which can be traced to the hand-held communication device of the staff .
+
+S This ensures that their movement and behaviour can be consistently monitored .
+
+S The tracking of patients is particularly useful in the protection of infant babies , alzcheimer 's patients and others with special vulnerabilities ( Dr. Counse , n.d. ) It alerts the staff should the patient encounter a mishap or wanders away .
+A 39 40|||R:VERB:SVA|||wander|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The RFID wrist tags also codes for information regarding the patient .
+A 5 6|||R:MORPH|||code|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Important data such as the appropriate medication , meal requirements can be easily retrieved , thereby facilitating the job of the nurses .
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This method of monitoring minimizes any potential error and enhances efficiency .
+
+S It caters increased attention and care for the welfare of the patients .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB|||helps provide|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the use of surveillance technology to track people should not be banned for it is crucial in crime fighting .
+
+S It also acts as a useful tool to ensure the patients in hospitals are well-taken care of .
+
+S References :
+
+S 1 .
+
+S BAPCO Journal ( 01 July 2007 ) .
+
+S Recognising information the future of biometrics .
+
+S Retrieved on September 13 2009 , from http : //www.bapcojournal.com/news/fullstory.php/aid/622/recognising_informati on_-_the_future_of_biometrics.html
+
+S 2 .
+
+S Dr.Counse , B .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S RFID : Increasing patient safety , reducing healthcare costs .
+
+S Retrieved on September 13 2009 , from http : //www.microsoft.com/industry/healthcare/providers/businessvalue/houseca lls/rfid.mspx
+
+S RFID may revolutionize our society in future but at the very moment , it is still in its infant stage where its benefits have yet to warrant a widespread implementation while its disadvantages are surmountable .
+A 34 35|||R:ADJ|||insurmountable|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Henceforth , the use of RFID should be limited as of now .
+
+S Firstly , RFID is redundant as its very purpose of providing security is rendered useless due to the fact that it is relatively easy to copy information broadcasted by the tags ( Ou , 2007 ) .
+
+S For example , to gain access to a house protected by RFID , one would only need a scanner and be within range of the owner 's tag to copy all the information required for access since the RFID scanner can not differentiate between the duplicated information and the original form .
+
+S As such , RFID poses little deterrence to unwanted guests .
+
+S Secondly , RFID infringes one 's privacy in the process of tracking the various information associated with that person ( Ahson , 2007a ) .
+A 4 4|||M:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , a salesperson can know the preferences of one 's shopping habits by scanning the person 's purchase records .
+
+S In doing so , he can provide better recommendations .
+
+S However , be it for enhancement of sales or not , strangers should not be allowed to harness such private information as one 's privacy is of paramount importance .
+
+S Lastly , it is not effective to introduce RFID to the goods market ( Ahson , 2007b ) .
+
+S A typical RFID tag cost approximately 20 cents while a scanner will cost about a $ 1000 .
+
+S When these devices are used on items that have prices ranging a few dollars , it makes one wonder whether one is paying for the item or for the delivery process .
+A 8 11|||R:OTHER|||cost only|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , the lack of standardization of RFID means that different RFID systems require different RFID devices ( Ahson , 2007b ) .
+
+S Store owners importing different goods would thus need different devices and this situation is unwanted .
+
+S In conclusion , the use of RFID should be restricted as the negative impacts associated with it are appalling .
+
+S REFERENCES Ou , G. 2007 September 18 .
+
+S Why the ban on mandatory RFID implants should be federal [ Internet ] [ cited 2009 September 12 ] .
+
+S Available from http : //rinf.com/alt-news/surveillance-big-brother/why-the-ban-on-mandatory- rfid-implants-should-be-federal/1286/
+
+S Ahson S , Ilyas M , editors .
+
+S 2007a .
+
+S RFID Handbook ( pp .
+
+S 475 ) .
+
+S CRC press
+
+S Ahson S , Ilyas M , editors .
+
+S 2007b .
+
+S RFID Handbook ( pp .
+
+S 474 ) .
+
+S CRC press
+
+S Topic : The individual requesting genetic testing should have the final say in whether to reveal the results of such testing
+
+S Genetic testing is a DNA-based test which involves direct examination of the DNA molecule .
+
+S Such testing can be used for carrier screening or symptomatic/presymptomatic testing .
+
+S The practice of genetic testing has raised many controversies on ethical and social issues .
+
+S Some people suggest that the results of gene tests should be revealed .
+
+S However , the individual requesting such testing should have the final say in whether to disclose the results of the testing .
+
+S There are four reasons on why the decision to disclose the results must lie on the individual requesting it .
+
+S Firstly , all results of genetic testing have some margin of errors ( Rennie 1994 ) .
+
+S Therefore , the results should be kept confidential to prevent misuse and other potential drawbacks .
+
+S Secondly , " one has the right to own property alone as well as in association with others , and no one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his property " ( Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 , Article 17 ) .
+
+S In this case , the property concerned is the privacy of the medical results , meaning that the individual 's medical confidentiality is protected by Human Rights .
+
+S Thirdly , the revealing of the genetic testing results may create tension among a family .
+
+S Because genes are shared by members of the family , all of them have a fifty percent chance of carrying the same gene as one of them ( Rennie 1994 ) .
+
+S In other words , the results can also reveal information about other family members .
+
+S Consequently , feeling of depression and guilt may arise among the family .
+
+S Lastly , a person with known genetic results may experience 'genetic discrimination' .
+
+S For example , an individual with genetic disorders may have difficulty in obtaining insurance and/or employment ( Norrgard 2008 ) .
+
+S Some may argue that at-risk relatives should be informed about their susceptibility to genetic diseases , so that they can take early precaution or appropriate treatment to the diseases .
+A 24 24|||M:VERB|||seek|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , most genetic diseases have no means of prevention or treatment ( Norrgard 2008 ) .
+
+S Hence , in most cases , disclosing the results of genetic testing to relatives will only bring psychological and mental stress upon them .
+
+S In conclusion , for the reason of privacy and technical unreliability as well as to avoid unwanted conditions such as 'genetic discrimination ' , the choice to take a genetic testing is an individual 's personal matter and the decision on whether to disclose the results or not depends solely on the individual .
+
+S References
+
+S General Assembly of the United Nations .
+
+S 1948 Dec 10 .
+
+S Universal Declaration of Human Rights : Article 17 [ Internet ] [ cited 2009 Sep 15 ] .
+
+S Available from : { http : //www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/ ]
+
+S Rennie J .
+
+S 1994 June .
+
+S Trends in Genetics : Grading the Gene Tests .
+
+S Scientific American .
+
+S P 88-97 .
+
+S Norrgard K. 2008 .
+
+S Ethics of Genetic Testing : Medical Insurance and Genetic Discrimination .
+
+S In : Scitable [ Internet ] .
+
+S Nature Education [ cited 2009 Sep 15 ] .
+
+S Available from : http : //www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/Ethics-of-Genetic-Testing-Medical-Insurance-and-651
+
+S Recent years have witnessed the significant growth of surveillance technology such as RFID ( radio-frequency identification ) .
+
+S Along with this growth , many arguments have arisen surrounding the use of RFID on tracking people .
+
+S Many people suggest that the use of surveillance technology ( RFID ) to track people should be banned , while others believe that it should not .
+
+S In my view , surveillance technology such as RFID should not be banned because of its positive effects .
+
+S Surveillance technology has brought us many applications varying in many areas of our life .
+A 7 8|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First of all , RFID has played an important role in preventing criminal .
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||crimes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From security view , RFID can provide more precise and complete information on suspects or criminals , which results in the reduction in time and manpower for an investigation .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||the security 's point of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In other words , when combined with the " intelligent video security system using image process " technology which can " detect unexpected movement or unusual behavior that can pose a threat to people , property and infrastructure " , RFID will prevent many potential risk from criminal or dire threat like terrorism ( Focus Group Meeting on Technology Convergence , 2008 ) .
+A 42 42|||M:OTHER|||be able to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 45 46|||R:NOUN:NUM|||risks|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 47 48|||R:NOUN:NUM|||criminals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Not only when combined with such intelligent video technology , RFID can also protect the Homeland security of a country from many threats when it functions separately .
+A 0 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:OTHER|||is used on its own|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When travelers cross a border of a country , if they obtained " an RFID-enabled border crossing document " , the Border Protection Office or Immigration Office can collect identification and citizenship information of travelers then rapidly determine if they are threats to the country or not , based on the world-wide security information system between many Governments ( Use of Radio Frequency Identification ( RFID ) Technology for Border Crossings , 2008 ) .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 35|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 55 56|||R:OTHER|||shared by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another key application from RFID is that RFID helps to improve the healthcare sector .
+A 3 4|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The wristband with embedded transponder which can be seen in many hospital all over the world is designed basically based on RFID technology .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||hospitals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The wristband allows specific computers or devices to track and identify the holder which can be patients or doctors of the hospital .
+
+S Thus , it can warn the management system of the hospital if unauthorized person tries to break into a restricted area or a patient tries to leave the medical condition ( RFID in hospitals , retrieved from the Internet ) .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||UNK|||centre|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , it is more safe now for patients who have mental lost or mental diseases if they are lost , because they are being tracked all the time in the hospital under the surveillance system like RFID .
+A 12 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is obvious that RFID technology plays a crucial role in improving the healthcare system .
+
+S However , others argue that RFID technology have infringed privacy rights of human being .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:PREP|||upon|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||beings|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They claim that information from RFID devices can be approached by a third party and RFID can be used to track individuals illegal if the technology is well-known ( Postnote from Parliamentary Office of Science and technology , 2004 ) .
+A 22 23|||R:MORPH|||illegally|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All such concerns have been already discussed and solved by prudent policies .
+
+S Restricted uses and laws has been applied to RFID technology , hence , the information of individuals can only be seen by authorized person legally with positive purpose .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN|||people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And the fact is that most of people will choose safety and security between security and privacy .
+A 6 7|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " Ross Anderson , a professor at Cambridge University in Britain , has compared the present situation to a " boiled frog " -- which fails to jump out of the saucepan as the water gradually heats .
+
+S If liberty is progressively eroded slowly , people will get used to it " ( Focus Group Meeting on Technology Convergence , 2008 ) .
+
+S To conclude , it is indisputable that the advantages of surveillance technology outweigh the negative effect .
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||effects|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , surveillance technology such as RFID should not be banned because it not only improve security system for people and country but also enhance the healthcare sector .
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:SVA|||improves|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:VERB:SVA|||enhances|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Focus Group Meeting on Technology Convergence ( September 9 , 2008 ) .
+
+S Retrieved September 12 , 2009 from { http : //www.hideproject.org/events/fg-technology_convergence.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.hideproject.org/events/fg-technology_convergence.html ]
+
+S Data Privacy & Integrity Advisory Committee ( Adopted December 6 , 2006 ) .
+
+S The Use of RFID for Human Identity Verification , Report No .
+
+S 2006-02
+
+S Postnote from Parliamentary Office of Science and technology ( July 2004 ) .
+
+S RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION ( RFID )
+
+S U.S Department of Homeland Security ( January 22 , 2008 ) .
+
+S Privacy Impact Assessment for the Use of Radio Frequency Identification ( RFID ) Technology for Border Crossings , page 2,3,4,5 .
+
+S RFID in hospital .
+
+S Retrieved September 12 , 2009 from { http : //www.dassnagar.com/Software/AMgm/RF_products/it_RF_hospitals.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.dassnagar.com/Software/AMgm/RF_products/it_RF_hospitals.htm ]
+
+S RFID in Healthcare .
+
+S Retrieved September 12 , 2009 from { http : //www.asianhhm.com/information_technology/orizin_interview_rfid.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.asianhhm.com/information_technology/orizin_interview_rfid.htm ]
+
+S Nowadays , genetic testing can provide someone with information regarding his or her genetic condition .
+
+S However , ethical issues regarding the genetic testing arise among people .
+
+S Since genetic disease is hereditary and can be traced back to the ancestor , many people may inherit the disease .
+
+S Therefore , the patient requesting the test should not be the one to decide whether to reveal the result or not .
+
+S There are two main reasons behind this stand .
+
+S The first reason concerns with the patient 's family who may share the risk of inheriting the genetic defects if one of the family 's members is diagnosed with a dominant genetic disease ( Norrgard , 2008 ) .
+A 3 5|||R:OTHER|||is related to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is very unfair for his or her family if the result is not disclosed to them moreover if the disease can only begin to show any symptom only when it is in the final stage , then the life of the person may be at danger .
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||. Moreover ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , the genetic test 's result can help the individual to make a better decision in future ( Norrgard , 2008 ) .
+
+S For instance , a couple diagnosed with SMA * may think of alternative way of having children for example by IVF * * .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||ways|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some argue that the result is confidential since everyone 's genetic information is different ( Glenn , 2008 ) .
+
+S However , as argued before , everybody genes may be linked to their relatives ' genes , so it is possible for the relatives particularly their sibling to inherit the same defective gene .
+A 7 7|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:NOUN:NUM|||siblings|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Once the disease is confirmed , then their siblings should probably take a genetic test too .
+
+S Others reason for instance in medical insurance case that it is unfair to charge individual with genetic defects at a higher rate since the defects are not what they want ( Norrgard , 2008 ) .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But again , if they are charged at the same rate with normal people then they are being unfair to others and the insurance company since the treatment fee for such kind of genetic disease is high .
+A 30 35|||R:OTHER|||genetic diseases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To conclude , individual requesting for genetic testing should not have the final say as it is unfair to the medical insurance company and the person 's relative who may be at also at risk of inheriting the same genetic defects .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:NOUN:NUM|||relatives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 33|||R:OTHER|||also be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S * Spinal Muscular Atrophy * * In Vitro Fertilization
+
+S References
+
+S Norrgard , K. ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Ethics of Genetic Testing : Medical Insurance and Genetic Discrimination .
+
+S Retrieved September 12 , 2009 , from http : //www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/Ethics-of-Genetic-Testing-Medical- Insurance-and-651
+
+S Norrgard , K. ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Medical Ethics : Genetic Testing and Spinal Muscular Atrophy .
+
+S Retrieved September 12 , 2009 , from http : //www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/Medical-Ethics-Genetic-Testing-and- Spinal-Muscular-666
+
+S Glenn , L.D .
+
+S ( 2007 , December ) .
+
+S Genetic Testing to Predict Disease : Ethical , Legal , and Social Implications ( ELSI ) .
+
+S Retrieved September 12 , 2009 , from http : //www.actionbioscience.org/genomic/glenn2.html
+
+S Since the attack on the London Underground on July 2005 , surveillance technology has generated a lot of attention after they were used to track the movements of the terrorists responsible for the attack .
+A 20 22|||R:OTHER|||it was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reports and articles have shown that the use of surveillance technology to track people can be beneficial to us , particularly in the healthcare and crime prevention sector and enhancing the security area .
+A 27 28|||R:NOUN:NUM|||sectors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 33|||R:OTHER|||in the enhancement of security|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , I fully agree that surveillance technology should not be banned .
+
+S Firstly , surveillance technology such as radio identification technology ( RFID ) can be used to track patients in the hospital where it will notify the nurse or hospital staffs if a patient begins to collapse .
+
+S ( { http : //news.cnet.com/Human-chips-more-than-skin-deep/2009-1008_3-5318076.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //news.cnet.com/Human-chips-more-than-skin-deep/2009-1008_3-5318076.html ] ) This way , the chances of reviving and saving a patient is greater .
+
+S If a patient suddenly collapsed in her room and there is no one to alert the nurse , it will probably take one or more hour for her to be saved when the nurse go around to check on the patients .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:FORM|||collapses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:NOUN:NUM|||hours|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:VERB:SVA|||goes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By that time , her life would be in danger and this would most probably bring about dire consequences such as death .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||the patient 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Not only that , RFID strap can also be used to monitor patients with Alzheimer 's disease .
+
+S ( { http : //news.cnet.com/Human-chips-more-than-skin-deep/2009-1008_3-5318076.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //news.cnet.com/Human-chips-more-than-skin-deep/2009-1008_3-5318076.html ] )
+
+S Secondly , the implementation of radio identification technology in prison can also help to track prisoners and reduce violence in the prisons .
+
+S ( { http : //www.rfidjournal.com/article/view/1601/1/1 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.rfidjournal.com/article/view/1601/1/1 ] ) .
+
+S Prison officers will be able to monitor the movement and exact locations of the inmates and thus this will deter them from committing crimes in the prison .
+
+S Not only that , if indeed that a crime happened , the prison guards will be able to investigate and know who is the culprit .
+A 6 7|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||happens|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 25|||R:WO|||the culprit is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , it can also ensure that the inmates do not escape by sending alerts when an inmate approaches the jail perimeter .
+
+S Thirdly , surveillance technology can also be use to keep track of our children and prevent kidnapping .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:FORM|||used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( HYPERLINK " http : //technu.nst.com.my/Current_News/techNu/Monday/Notebook/20080211123356/Article/index_html " http : //technu.nst.com.my/Current_News/techNu/Monday/Notebook/20080211123356/Article/index_html ) .
+
+S Parents can strap radio identification technology on the wrist of their children in order to monitor the location of their children .
+
+S For example , when the child is missing or kidnapped , the parents will be able to know the exact location of their kids .
+
+S This can also help the police in their investigative work .
+
+S In conclusion , surveillance technology should not be banned to track people as it not only can save life but also improves the healthcare sector while enhancing the security of our society .
+A 14 17|||R:WO|||can not only|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:SVA|||improve|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S Kanellos , M. ( 2004 , August 23 ) .
+
+S Idea of implanting ID tags raises Orwellian fears .
+
+S Retrieved September 12 ,2009 from { http : //news.cnet.com/Human-chips-more-than-skin-deep/2009-1008_3-5318076.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //news.cnet.com/Human-chips-more-than-skin-deep/2009-1008_3-5318076.html ]
+
+S Ismail , Izwan .
+
+S ( 2008 , February 11 ) .
+
+S Considering RFID to track children .
+
+S Retrieved September 12 , 2009 from HYPERLINK " http : //technu.nst.com.my/Current_News/techNu/Monday/Notebook/20080211123356/Article/index_html " http : //technu.nst.com.my/Current_News/techNu/Monday/Notebook/20080211123356/Article/index_html
+
+S Swedberg , C. ( 2005 , May 16 ) .
+
+S L.A county jail to track inmates .
+
+S Retrieved September 12 , 2009 from { http : //www.rfidjournal.com/article/view/1601/1/1 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.rfidjournal.com/article/view/1601/1/1 ]
+
+S The controversy over whether or not the individual requesting genetic testing should have the final say in revealing the result of such testing has been present for a long period of time .
+
+S Genetic testing refers to the reading of the human genome to identify if one is subjected to genetically linked diseases , such as Alzheimer 's disease .
+
+S The main issue pertaining to this is that when an individual choose not to disclose the result of the genetic testing , it is actually unfair to and has adverse impacts on both his family and employer .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:SVA|||chooses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 36|||M:DET|||his|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The result of the genetic testing concerns parties other than the individual alone , and therefore , the individual requesting for genetic testing should not have the final say to whether the results should be revealed to others .
+A 20 21|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 31|||M:OTHER|||or not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , often , when an individual is tested to be positive for genetic disorder , he will be reluctant to share the result with others , even the closest kin .
+A 2 4|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:ADV|||often|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:DET|||his|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is unjust to the family members as it meant that they have also , the possibility of suffering from genetic disorder .
+A 8 11|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They should thus be notified so that they will be able to do necessary family planning , especially in the case if the individual carries a mutation that may result in fatal genetic disorder ( { http : //www.nature.com } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.nature.com ] , 2008 ) .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 21|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 31|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The importance of sharing the information with family members is recognized , as even during the pretest genetic counseling session , an individual will be advised to share the result with them ( { www.ons.org } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.ons.org ] , 2009 ) .
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Due to the negative consequences of allowing individual to make the decision , individual should therefore not be given the right to have the final say about revealing the result .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||individuals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||about whether or not to reveal their genetic test results|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 30|||R:OTHER|||in the matter|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , given choice of not revealing the result of genetic testing , individual will therefore and most of the time chooses to do so to his related company .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 12|||R:OTHER|||one 's genetic testing result|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||is likely to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 21|||R:OTHER|||, more often than not ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:SVA|||choose|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:ADV|||not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 29|||R:OTHER|||employer|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This action has an adverse impact on the company .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If during the course of employment , the individual 's welfare and safety were being threatened by the work that he was doing , the company will be held liable , despite being ignorant about the dangers that that he were vulnerable to ( { http : //www.law.duke.edu } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.law.duke.edu ] , 2002 ) .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:SVA|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 41|||R:VERB:SVA|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , when individual develops into the genetically linked disease , efficiency of work will be reduced , but yet the company will incur additional expenses to cover the issues that arose from a sick worker ( { http : //www.law.duke.edu } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.law.duke.edu ] , 2002 ) .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:NOUN|||costs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 29|||R:OTHER|||related to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:NOUN|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:VERB:TENSE|||arise|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 33|||M:VERB|||having|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:NOUN|||employer|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This furthermore supports that the individual requesting for genetic testing should not have the final say in revealing the result of such testing .
+A 3 3|||M:OTHER|||the stand|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , due to the negative consequences on both the family and the related company , individual should not the power of decision-making in whether or not to reveal the result of the genetic testing .
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:DET|||his|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:DET|||his|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||employer|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:VERB|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 24|||R:OTHER|||to decide|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:DET|||his|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:NOUN:NUM|||test|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Norrgard , K. ( 2008 ) Medical Ethics : Genetic Testing and Spinal Muscular Atrophy .
+
+S Retrieved September 11 , 2009 , from http : //www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/Medical-Ethics-Genetic-Testing-and-Spinal-Muscular-666
+
+S Oncology Nursing Society .
+
+S ( 2009 ) Cancer Predisposition Genetic Testing and Risk Assessment Counseling .
+
+S Retrieved September 11 , 2009 , from { http : //www.ons.org/publications/positions/documents/pdfs/CancerPredisposition.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.ons.org/publications/positions/documents/pdfs/CancerPredisposition.pdf ]
+
+S French,S .
+
+S ( 2002 ) .
+
+S Genetic Testing in the Workplace : The Employer 's Coin Toss .
+
+S Retrieved September 11 , 2009 , from http : //www.law.duke.edu/journals/dltr/articles/2002dltr0015.html
+
+S Genetic testing is used to test for genetic disorders , such as Alzheimer 's disease and Huntington 's disease .
+
+S With the test , people are able to understand the conditions of the diseases which they inherited genes from their parents .
+A 14 18|||R:OTHER|||caused by mutated genes inherited|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It helps to improve people 's lives .
+A 0 1|||R:PRON|||This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S While helping the people , there is also an ethical dilemma and social issues arose with it .
+A 0 4|||R:OTHER|||However|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:ADJ|||various|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||accompany|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Facing these problems , people who have done the test should have the right to keep the result from others .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||In the light of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:OTHER|||genetic test|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One reason for revealing the result to the family members is that the result is not only applicable to the individual but also to other family members , as they may also have inherited the diseases .
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:OTHER|||his|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:NOUN:NUM|||disease|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even though the individual may have the responsibility to inform the others about the possibility of them inheriting the genes , one should have the right to decide whether to tell .
+A 0 1|||M:OTHER|||However , even|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:PRON|||he|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 29|||M:OTHER|||or not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The result will give individual the psychological distress and harm , which will actually affect or worsen one 's health ( U.S. National Institutes of Health ) .
+A 0 1|||M:OTHER|||This is because the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:VERB|||create|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When people find out about the test , knowing them might have the genes , the stress level will increases in turn their health will be affected .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN|||family members|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||and the possibility of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||having|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:MORPH|||increase|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , the test result may be faulty and some people carrying the gene may never develop the disease .
+A 14 15|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Revealing will cause a burden to them .
+A 0 1|||M:OTHER|||Thus , revealing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||the result would only|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Individuals who have done the test may face discrimination ( Karen Norrgard , 2008 ) .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB|||taken|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The result may be used against the person .
+
+S Insurance company may use the information to raise rates or to deny the insurance .
+A 0 1|||M:OTHER|||For instance , insurance|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||companies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN|||premiums|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:NOUN|||person|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Employers may not hire or promote them .
+
+S Family and friends may treat them differently or even abandon them .
+
+S One has to face these consequences even if the possibility of developing the disease is low .
+
+S Furthermore , the testing only gives the percentage but not the definitive results .
+A 8 9|||R:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In making the test known to others , one has to face others ' judgements throughout the life .
+A 4 4|||M:NOUN|||result|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||may have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||one 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , people should have the right in restricting others from knowing the result of the test as psychological and social issues impose great impacts on people 's lives .
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||to restrict|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:ADJ|||genetic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:VERB|||make|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Radio frequency identification ( RFID ) is an example of the surveillance technology used commonly for identification and tracking purposes .
+A 10 11|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The market for such device is growing very quickly due to its affordable price and widespread use ( Sieberg D , 2006 ) .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , there are also several problems attributed from the use of RFID .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB|||arising|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Most concerns revolve around the fact that RFID invades one 's privacy and violates human rights when they are used for tracking people .
+A 17 19|||R:OTHER|||it is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , the use of RFID to track people should be banned .
+
+S RFID can be used to track individuals as information can be easily retrieved from the RFID tags without their consent .
+
+S It becomes impossible to know or detect the presence of a RFID tag since it can be read from a distance away from the individual ( DiLorenzo , 2008 ) .
+A 10 11|||R:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , it is hard to decide who should have the access to such information ( Sieberg D , 2006 ) .
+
+S Companies which specialise in RFID tags may pass the information obtained from the RFID tags to any buyer if government does not intervene or control .
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:OTHER|||such access|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In some cases , people are forced to have RFID tags implanted in their body for tracking purposes .
+
+S This may lead to even more implications on the welfare of the victims and therefore we should not use such technology to track people .
+
+S It is argued that RFID can be beneficial for patients in medical monitoring such as daily temperature taking ( Paddock C , 2007 ) .
+
+S However , the use of RFID can have undesirable effects on our body because radio waves from RFID are mutagenic and it is harmful when exposed in large quantity .
+A 21 23|||R:OTHER|||they are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:OTHER|||patients are exposed to them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:NOUN:NUM|||quantities|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Such radio waves can also cause cancer ( Paddock C , 2007 ) .
+
+S Therefore , the use of surveillance technology such as RFID should be banned .
+
+S In conclusion , we should prohibit the use of RFID tags on individual without consent as they violate location privacy and affects our health .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||individuals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:SVA|||violates|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||individuals '|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the use of surveillance technology such as RFID to track people should be banned as it threatens the welfare of individuals .
+
+S A lot of surveillance technologies has been invented and developed .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of them is RFID ( Radio Frequency Identification ) which has been used widely thorough the world even used to track people .
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||throughout|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Yet there are many debates on this tracking concerning the ethical and moral issues .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||such|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some argue that RFID tracking has bad effects in human life but in reality the tracking gives many advantages for human .
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||humans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , due to the advantages , the use of RFID in tracking people should not be banned .
+
+S There are two significant benefit of RFID in tracking people .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||benefits|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , RFID gives more practical and accuracy in medical aspects ( Roberti , 2007 ) .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB|||enables|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 7|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN|||contexts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many hospitals implant RFID in patients to track their health condition timely by nurses .
+
+S This tracking also gives access to the medical information more accurately such as the temperature of patients , whether a patient is allergic to some medicines Secondly , RFID increases security of workers in working area ( Mehdizadeh , 2007 ) .
+A 7 7|||M:OTHER|||patient 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||the patient|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 30|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 36|||R:OTHER|||the workplace|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By implanting a RFID in a device worn by a worker , company can monitor the safety of workers especially those working in more risky area like oil explorations and mines .
+A 2 3|||R:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:NOUN:NUM|||areas|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:NOUN|||exploration sites|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some phases of work must be done by experts .
+
+S With tracking the location of workers , it confirms that " a right worker is at the right place " ( Mehdizadeh , 2007 ) .
+A 0 1|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||helps|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:FORM|||to confirm|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Opponents of people tracking using RFID say that the tracking weighs the important privacy of the people tracked and abuses personal information by some unauthorised man ( Tan & Li , 2008 ) .
+A 10 11|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:NOUN|||individuals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the using of RFID to track is initially according to the agreement of the patients and workers .
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||would only be implemented|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||after obtaining|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:VERB|||affected|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , the RFID nowadays have been made with high security to ensure the confidential of the tracked person ( Tan & Li , 2008 ) .
+A 5 5|||M:NOUN|||technology|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 9|||R:VERB|||come|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||a high level of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:MORPH|||confidentiality|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is also said that the implanting of RFID in human body may cause electromagnetic disturbance in the body ( Roberti , 2007 ) .
+A 1 3|||R:OTHER|||has also been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , this effect has not been proved and so far there is no any issue regarding this disturbance .
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||has not been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , RFID tracking should not be banned as it does not inflict the privacy of people and gives advantages in many aspects in human life .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB|||infringe|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Genetic testing is a development in science that allows early detection of genetic diseases ( Anonymous , 2005 ) .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB|||enables|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There is often a concern whether the individual should reveal their genetic result as it may bring about several impacts to the individual and to the third party .
+A 5 5|||M:PREP|||about|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:DET|||his|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:NOUN|||test|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 28|||R:OTHER|||third parties|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the individual should bear in mind the consequences and decide whether to reveal their genetic results .
+A 10 10|||M:OTHER|||of revealing his genetic test results|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:OTHER|||or not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Revealing of genetic test results may pose impacts on the individual as well as the family members .
+A 2 2|||M:OTHER|||an individual 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:MORPH|||impact|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:DET|||his|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , revealing of genetic test may cause the individual to be genetically discriminated ( Norrgard , 2008 ) .
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||such results|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:PREP|||against|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is due to the fact that genetic testing can reveal possible high-risk diseases the individual may develop .
+
+S As such , it has been known that many insurance companies tend to deny individuals essential health care based on their genetic disposition ( Anonymous , 2005 ) .
+
+S Secondly , it may create psychological distress to family members if the genetic test results were to be revealed .
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As genetic diseases can be inherited among family members , anxiety and fear of inheriting the genetic diseases that the individual has been diagnosed will be created .
+A 24 24|||M:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the individual should have the final say in disclosing their genetic results as it may bring about several impacts .
+A 11 12|||R:DET|||his|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||doing so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:ADJ|||negative|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , some may argue that revealing of genetic test results of an individual would be able to protect other family members .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||the individual 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Indeed , early knowledge of the risk to genetic diseases might help family members to take preventive measures to reduce the onset of such diseases .
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||of developing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , one should not forget that once the genetic result of the individual is disclosed , it might be difficult for the individual to integrate into the society as they may be discriminated .
+A 30 31|||R:PRON|||he|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 34|||M:PREP|||against|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There will be benefits to other parties but adverse implication towards the individual .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||implications|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the individual requesting for genetic test should have the final say in whether to reveal their test results .
+A 5 6|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:OTHER|||or not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:DET|||his|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , revealing of test results may bring about several impacts to the individual as well as the third party .
+A 12 13|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 21|||R:OTHER|||third parties|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , the individual should bear in mind the impacts that may arise and decide if they should reveal such results .
+A 16 17|||R:PRON|||he|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Genetic testing is a method that diagnoses an individual 's diseases based on their genes through biochemical measurement .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN|||process|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||measurements|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since it has been brought , it received critics as much as compliments because of the risk of assaulting the individual 's parity .
+A 2 5|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 11|||R:OTHER|||as much criticism|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 23|||R:OTHER|||infringing on the tested individual 's privacy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are many controversies about whether the individuals have rights to disclose their results .
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||the right|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:OTHER|||decide whether or not to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I am inclined to the rights of individuals to reveal their genetic outcome .
+A 3 4|||R:PREP|||toward|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||recognising|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||the right|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:OTHER|||decide whether or not to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:NOUN|||test outcome|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Publicizing an individual 's result can bring about big impacts on them , due to the discrimination in families , career choosing , health insurance and society hierarchy .
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||such as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||having to face|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:PREP|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 28|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The individual should have rights to decide whether to disclose his results to other .
+A 0 1|||M:OTHER|||Therefore , the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 1|||M:VERB|||tested|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||the right|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||others|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Genetic testing predicts an individual 's inherent risks for the disease and genetic disorders .
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||developing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 14|||R:OTHER|||a genetic disease|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Depending on the seriousness of the disease , the individual decides whether to reveal his diagnosis .
+A 12 12|||M:OTHER|||or not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Sometimes , if his families and relatives know about his result , they may start to change their behaviour towards the individual .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||family|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This may worsen the situation .
+
+S Since moral supports are indispensable for one 's going , it will evidently cause depression in the individual and exacerbate the individual 's chance of disease .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||support|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 9|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:VERB|||developing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There is also another noticeable problem that the individual might even not want to be worried by his whole family .
+A 6 6|||M:OTHER|||, which is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||R:WO|||not even|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 17|||R:OTHER|||worry|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Insurance companies will utilize the results to overcharge people .
+
+S Some African American workers , in the early 1970s , taking as an example , have the genetic mutation associated with sickle-cell anemia , were denied insurance coverage or charged higher premiums ( Andrews , 1987 ) .
+A 0 1|||M:OTHER|||For example , some|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||who had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Similarly , in 2002 , the Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Railway Company had to pay up to $ 2.2 million to employees who were secretly tested for a genetic variation for a disorder ( Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Railway Company , 2002 ) .
+
+S ( Karen Norrgard , 2008 ) .
+
+S Moreover , forcing the individual to publicize his result will bring about a new caste system where people are grouped according to the genome .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||could|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This group of people will have rights denied from them as they belong to the lower class people .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||may|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Is not it another more sophisticated kind of discrimination ?
+A 0 1|||R:VERB|||Would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 3|||R:OTHER|||this not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||be simply|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , due to the serious impact in one 's life , we should let the individual to decide his revealing genetic results .
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:VERB:FORM||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||R:OTHER|||whether or not to reveal|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Genetic testing has been widely used in the society of modern times .
+
+S It allows one to know if he has a genetic disorder by doing the test .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||a person|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This seems like a good idea but whether to reveal the testing result is a controversy .
+
+S Some may feel that revealing the results may be viewed as invading privacy , while in fact ; not revealing the results can be seen as being irresponsible .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||the revelation of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:OTHER|||the tested individual 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are family members , friends and employers who are playing a part in his life .
+A 8 16|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , due to the implications of many other people , the individual should not have the final say .
+A 6 6|||M:OTHER|||of a positive genetic test result|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:VERB|||tested|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:OTHER|||on whether to reveal his genetic test result or nor|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S An individual who wish to start a family with his spouse should reveal the testing result .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||wishes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:DET|||his|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Marriage and having children are not just between the couple , it involves the two families .
+A 10 11|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:ADV|||also|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:OTHER|||of the couple|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some people are carriers of genetic disorders , they have the genes even if they do not show the disease themselves ( Genetic Testing n.d. ) .
+A 7 8|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The unborn child may have the chance to get the disorder from his parents .
+A 0 1|||M:OTHER|||Thus , the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is the responsibility of the individuals to tell their family members the likely outcome of the unborn child .
+A 2 2|||M:ADV|||hence|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:OTHER|||who are carriers of a genetic risk|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:ADJ|||possible|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , individuals intending to have children need to reveal their testing result .
+
+S Some who argue that revealing the test result will attract discrimination such as being viewed as an outcast of the society .
+A 1 2|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They may be denied insurance due to their disorder .
+A 0 1|||M:OTHER|||For instance , they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , revealing the result can be seen as a form of education to the employers .
+A 8 16|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They can make sure that their workers with genetic disorders are not being exposed to any environment that may agitate their illnesses ( Andre , C. , & Velasquez , M. n.d. ) .
+A 12 13|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Employers have the responsibility to provide a safe working environment for their workers ( Andre , C. , & Velasquez , M. n.d. ) .
+
+S Therefore , this can only be done if individuals reveal their testing result .
+A 0 1|||R:ADV|||However|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , individuals should not have the final say as any disorders that they may be found out will affect their family and also the result will allow their employer to provide them a safe working environment .
+A 10 10|||M:OTHER|||on whether to reveal their genetic test results|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||disorder|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:PART|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:VERB|||revealing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Advances in genetic testing allow one to detect the presence of abnormal gene which could cause genetic disorder .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||genes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||disorders|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This has brought about many debates on whether the individual who undergo genetic testing should have the final say in revealing the results .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:SVA|||undergoes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S While some proponents suggest that it is the privacy of the individual who undergoes the genetic testing , but the test results might also have adverse effects to those who are closely related to that person .
+A 5 6|||R:PRON|||this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB|||involves|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , the individual undergoing the genetic testing should not have the final say in revealing the results .
+
+S Firstly , for an individual with positive genetic test results , he has no right in keeping the test results to himself .
+A 2 3|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||to keep|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S He needs to inform his wife in order to make wise decision if they were to start a family ( When Do Doctors Recommend Genetic Testing ? , n.d. ) .
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||for them both|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||decisions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They need to discuss on whether by not giving birth the disorder can be prevented from being passed on to the next generation .
+A 0 1|||M:OTHER|||For instance , they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:OTHER|||by them not having children|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Alternatively , they can test and abort the fetus affected with the genetic disease .
+
+S Hence , this affects not only the person with genetic disease , but also the life partner .
+A 2 3|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:DET|||his|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many critics claimed that individual with positive genetic test result should have the right not to reveal the test results to potential employers .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||claim|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||individuals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||results|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They argued that the job applicants should not be discriminated just because of the positive genetic test result ( Andre and Velasquez , n.d. ) .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||argue|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:PREP|||against|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , with the knowledge of employees ' genetic disorders , employers can better reduce the occurrence of work-related diseases .
+
+S Employers can use the information acquired from genetic testing to ensure that their employees are not exposed to environmental agents that might caused them to have increase risk in genetic disorders .
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:FORM|||cause|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:VERB:FORM|||increased|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This can ultimately lead to the reduction of work-days loss .
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||lost|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the individual requesting for genetic test should not have the final say in disclosing the test result as it affects not only one person but also the family and employers .
+A 17 18|||R:DET|||his|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 27|||R:OTHER|||him alone|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:DET|||his|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:NOUN:NUM|||employer|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nowadays , development of technology has been going on rapidly .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 9|||R:VERB|||progressing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance is genetic testing .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||An|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 2|||M:OTHER|||of such development|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In one side , it is very useful to diagnose many kind of genetic disease .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||On one hand|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||for diagnosing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||kinds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In other side , it is a dilemma for the people who are convinced having genetic disease to tell the the third party about his genetic testing result .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||IOn the other hand|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 28|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I strongly claimed that he should not have the final say .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB|||feel|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||such people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S He does n't have the right to disclose it .
+A 0 1|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||should|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:ADV|||not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||their genetic testing results|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First and foremost , He have to tell his prospective spouse or fiancee about his genetic testing result because ; some people who have abnormal gene inherited by their parent wo n't have observable symptoms of a the disease but will have a 50 : 50 chance of inheriting the disease to their children ( Genetic Testing , 2007 ) .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||a carrier of a known genetic risk|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 7|||R:VERB|||should|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:NOUN:NUM|||genes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:PREP|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:NOUN:NUM|||parents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:VERB:TENSE|||do|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 48 49|||R:OTHER|||passing on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By telling to the spouse priorly , they can take preventive medic treatment before planning to have children .
+A 1 3|||R:OTHER|||informing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:ADV|||early|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 13|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The second reason is an obligation to tell his employer about his diseases .
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||genetic condition|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some people may argue that it is unfair to use of genetic tests in recruitment of employees or job applicants because it is treating people discriminatively based on fixed characteristic ( Andre , Velasquez , n.d. ) .
+A 10 11|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 20|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The main purpose of employment genetic screening which is to make sure that the prospective job is safe and not causing complication or any bad effect for those having this kind of diseases .
+A 0 1|||M:OTHER|||However , the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:OTHER|||does not cause|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:NUM|||complications|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:NOUN:NUM|||effects|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:OTHER|||potential employees|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:OTHER|||prone to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 32|||R:OTHER|||certain|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , genetic testing for job screening purpose is n't violating employees ' right .
+
+S Last but not least is regarding the sake of other people around him .
+A 0 4|||R:OTHER|||The last reason|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 6|||R:VERB|||concerns|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Those who have this disease perceived a strong sense of responsibility to share this information with others ( Loescher , Crist , Siaki , 2009 ) .
+A 0 5|||R:OTHER|||Carriers of genetic risks|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||perceive|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||information about their genetic condition|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To sum up , anyone who is suffering from genetic diseases or carrier of this diseases should not has a final say in whether to reveal or to hide about his disease .
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||a genetic disease|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:VERB|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||a carrierr|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||disease|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:FORM|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 29|||M:NOUN|||information|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Instead , it is a must for him to disclose his disease to : his spouse to save their baby from inheriting the disease , his employer to make sure that his job is safe and all people around him .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||should be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:OTHER|||for him|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 36|||M:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 40|||M:OTHER|||to fulfil his sense of responsibility|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Revealing the Genetic testing result will be beneficiary for himself , his employer , his family and all the people around him .
+A 1 2|||R:DET|||his|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:ORTH|||genetic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||beneficial|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Radio Frequency Identification ( RFID ) is an automatic identification system that is used to identify people and items by the transmission of radio waves ( DiLorenzo , 2008 ) .
+
+S The use of RFID to track people has invaded privacy and caused a breach to security .
+
+S In addition , human implantation of RFID may bring about health and medical problems .
+
+S Therefore , the use of RFID to track people should be banned as it would bring about negative impacts to the society .
+A 19 20|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are two main reasons why using RFID to track people should be banned .
+
+S Firstly , it will cause impingement to privacy and security .
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||impinge|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The use of RFID to track people enables law enforcement agencies to know our every move : our location , what we have bought and other information about our lives .
+
+S These private information may also be accessed by other parties as the RFID can be decoded and may be subjected to viral threats ( DiLorenzo , 2008 ) .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Such|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Criminals may have access to these information and this may put our life in danger as these criminals can easily harm us once they know our exact location .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||such|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , human implantation of RFID to track people may pose health problems .
+
+S Animal studies on these RFID microchips suggested that RFID implantation in human may result in cancer ( Paddock , 2007 ) .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||suggest|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||humans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , the implanted chip in the skin may move to other parts of the body .
+
+S This will cause difficulty in removing the chip and this may lead to other more serious health problems .
+
+S Proponents of using RFID to track people argued that such usage of RFID is important in the medical field as it helps to monitor patient 's health and enables the immediate retrieval of patient 's information ( Paddock , 2007 ) .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||argue|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 26|||R:NOUN:POSS|||patients '|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 35|||R:NOUN:POSS|||patients '|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , there is no guarantee that the RFID tag would be protected from security breaches .
+
+S As such , patient 's medical information may leak out , which in turn may result in social discrimination and loss of health care coverage .
+A 3 5|||R:NOUN:POSS|||patients '|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:PREP|||against|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:OTHER|||for these patients|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Medical information stored in the RFID may also be altered by hackers and this would lead to error in diagnosis ( Sieberg , 2006 ) .
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||diagnoses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the use of RFID to track people should be banned as it will cause invasion in privacy , security breaches as well as health problems when RFID chips are implanted .
+A 18 19|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 33|||M:OTHER|||into individuals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In recent years , the advancements of 'Radio Frequency Identification ' ( RFID ) have led to its increased use in many major organisations .
+
+S One of the uses of RFID has been to track people .
+
+S However , critics have been quick to point out that it is an intrusion of privacy and are calling for it to be banned .
+A 10 11|||R:PRON|||this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I believe that the benefits of RFID used in tracking people far outweigh the 'uncertain ' disadvantages and thus it should not be banned .
+A 0 0|||M:OTHER|||However ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , RFID has been seen as a solution to track medical patients .
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||for tracking|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As mentioned by the " American Medical Association " ( Roberti 2007 ) , RFID allows quick and accurate identification and access to patients ' data in times of emergency .
+
+S This is to ensure " improved continuity and coordination of care " ( Roberti 2007 ) and reduce the probabilities in " adverse drug events and other medical errors " ( Roberti 2007 ) .
+A 17 17|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN|||possibilities|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , the use of RFID has been adopted in oil companies such as " Stratos " ( Mehdizadeh 2007 ) to track and ensure workers ' safety .
+
+S With the integration of both RFID and Global Positioning System ( GPS ) , it is used to locate workers ' during emergencies .
+A 0 1|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:NOUN:POSS||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S RFID can also authenticate if the worker has the right to access certain areas and use certain machineries .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB|||verify|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Critics though have been quick to identify that the " unauthorised reading and changing of RFID data " ( Tan and Li 2008 ) as an encroachment of privacy .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||However , critics|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , there have been measures being put in place such as the usage of " Authentication " ( Tan and Li 2008 ) to identify the reader .
+A 6 7|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 28|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This prevents " counterfeiting behaviours " and to " control access to label contents " ( Tan and Li 2008 ) .
+A 7 7|||M:VERB|||helps|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Distracters have also argued that " RFID may cause electromagnetic interference " ( Roberti 2007 ) , exposing the user to the dangers of magnetic interference .
+A 0 1|||R:SPELL|||Detractors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So far , there has not been a formal report confirming that worry .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||Nevertheless ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , I believe that the usage of RFID in tracking human should not be banned as the advantages of its usage outweigh its disadvantages .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||humans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And I have absolute trust in scientists to iron out the flaws to make RFID truly the " perfect " solution to many existing limited technology .
+A 22 26|||R:OTHER|||the limitations of many existing technologies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Genetic testing is used to examine the genes of a patient or a latent patient , in order to analysis the causes of some diseases .
+A 19 20|||R:VERB|||find out|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is now widespread and ranging from testing the congenital defect of a foetus to finding the existence of the oncogene .
+
+S However , with the application of genetic testing , some problems are revealed gradually , such as whether the patients should tell their families about their testing results .
+A 18 19|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , everyone has to be responsible for the health of their families and themselves , hence , the individual requesting genetic testing should not have the final say in whether to reveal the testing results , and these results should be made known to their relatives .
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||his or her|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||family|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||himself or herself|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 39|||R:OTHER|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , it is immoral for a person to conceal his genetic testing results .
+
+S These results will not only affect this person but also affect his families .
+
+S It means that when a person tests positive for a gene mutation , his relatives may also have this mutation since they all have similar genes .
+
+S If the person does not tell his families about the test results , his families would not know their health deficiencies and would not tell their doctors .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||family|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN|||family members|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this case , the person 's families are likely suffering from such diseases and missing the earlier diagnosis in the future , which are mainly caused by the person 's concealment of his testing results .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN|||family members|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:FORM|||suffer|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will miss|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:ADJ:FORM|||early|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 22|||R:OTHER|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 37|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , such concealment will become a source of dispute in marriage .
+
+S For example , if a man 's genetic testing results indicated some pathogenic genes but he got married with a woman without telling her about these results , the woman might feel that she has been cheated after she knew the truth because she did not want to married to a man with gene deficiency .
+A 48 49|||R:VERB:FORM|||marry|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 49 50|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , if they already have children and their children also have such pathogenic genes through heredity , who should responsible for these children 's health problems ?
+A 21 21|||M:VERB|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the individual should not have the final say in whether to reveal the results of genetic testing .
+
+S It is important for individuals to share the results with their families in order to avoid diseases and benefit the whole family in the future .
+
+S Genetic test is a test which uses laboratory techniques to determine whether a individual has a genetic disease or is possible to get the disease .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||A genetic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 22|||R:OTHER|||may|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Genetic Testing , n.d. ) .
+
+S The result of genetic testing can affect the lives of individuals , their families and also the society .
+
+S Thus , the individual who request for the genetic testing should not have the final say in whether to reveal the results of the test for the sake of himself and also his family members .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:SVA|||requests|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 30|||R:OTHER|||his own sake|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:OTHER|||that of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are two main arguments to support my stand .
+
+S Firstly , a couple who is planning get marry and one of them or a close relative of them has an inherited disease is advised to take up genetic testing .
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||to get married|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The result of such genetic test affects not only the individual but also affects his family and his fiance .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Both sides of family members should have the right to know the result and will be able to make preventive and treatment measures .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB|||take|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , if the couple is planning to give birth but one of them having a positive result of such testing , they can discuss with their closed family members whether to have baby or not .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:FORM|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:PREP|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:ADJ:FORM|||close|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 33|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , there is not right for the individual taking such test to keep the result as a secret .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , in my opinion , employers have the right to know such result to ensure that their prospective or current employees are not placed in environments that might be hazardous to them and also can react immediately if something happens ( Claire Andre and Manuel Velasquez , n.d. ) .
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If the individual has the final say to decide whether to reveal the result , it is unfair for his closed family and also people who are related to him if the individual decide to keep the result to him .
+A 20 21|||R:ADJ:FORM|||close|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:VERB:SVA|||decides|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Others argued that it is unfair for the individual as the result is a kind of confidential information .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||argue|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , by not disclosing of such result , the consequences are serious .
+A 5 6|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The risk of giving birth to inherit genetic disease child is high and also endanger the individual by exposing himself to work environment that may be hazardous to his health .
+A 6 10|||R:OTHER|||a child with an inherited genetic disease|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:SVA|||endangers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the individual requesting genetic testing should not have the final say in whether to reveal the results of such testing for the sake of himself , his closed family and also his employer .
+A 16 16|||M:OTHER|||or not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 28|||R:OTHER|||his own sake|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 32|||R:OTHER|||that of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A genetic test is defined as an assessment of a person 's genes to determine the probablitity of inheriting abnormalities or diseases as well as carrier status which he may pass down the generations .
+A 22 27|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:OTHER|||to future|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus many will say the results must also be make known to his relatives even without his consent .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:FORM|||made|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , one should have the rights to decide for himself whether he should tell his results to a third party e.g .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||right|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB|||reveal|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S relatives or corporations .
+
+S It is obvious that everyone have the rights to ensure their privacy , as these are what make us different from animals .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||right|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||his or her|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus as fellow Homo sapiens , each and every one has the rights to decide for himself .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:ORTH|||Sapiens|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||right|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Proponents may argue that the doctors should also release the genetic testing results to the relatives as these may also involved them .
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:FORM|||involve|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , it would be ridiculous that the relatives are able to know that they might also face this particular genetic disease in future from the individual 's results since everyone have a unique genome unless they are twins .
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And also even they are somehow blood related , the probability of them inheriting the same particular genetic disorder are different .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||if two individuals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When one is denied of the rights , the consequences are definitely undesirable .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||right to his or her own privacy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some of the implications may be in the case of insurance where some are being overcharge according to the results .
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:FORM|||overcharged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , " during the early 1970s , a number of African Americans who were known to be carriers for the mutation associated with sickle-cell anemia were denied insurance coverage or charged higher premiums ( Andrews , 1987 ) " , this clearly show what had happened when the privacy of the results are not ensured .
+A 35 35|||M:PUNCT|||"|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 41|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 43|||R:PUNCT|||. This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 44 45|||R:VERB:SVA|||shows|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 54 55|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This situation could have been avoided if the individual could decide for himself , as he will be able to weight the pro and con better since it concerns his later part of life .
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB|||weigh|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||pros|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN:NUM|||cons|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 33|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , there could be some laws pass down to settle all these ethical issues .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||passed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Ultimately , it still does not solve the root of these problems and the unforeseen situations in the future .
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore rights should be given to the individual to decide for himself , as the decisions made will be impactful and irreversible on his life .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 25|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The use of surveillance technology such as RFID to track people should be banned .
+
+S The development and advances in surveillance technology such as Radio Frequency Identification ( RFID ) have made it possible to track anyone , anything , any places , anytime .
+A 26 27|||R:NOUN:NUM|||place|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This has brought about many debates on the ethics , human rights , privacy and even health concerns surrounding the use of RFID .
+
+S Although some argue that the use of RFID to track people brings benefits , it posts great risks to exposure one 's privacy to criminals , which is against the human rights and perhaps , threatens one 's health .
+A 15 19|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:MORPH|||exposes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , such use of RFID to track people should be banned .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The use of RFID to track people is against human rights and violates one 's privacy .
+
+S By using RFID technology , one 's personal information , purchased goods and whereabouts can be tracked easily by private corporations or government ( DiLorenzo 2008 ) .
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||governments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Worse , hackers and analysts can remotely read the information from RFID which stores private information such as your credit card passwords , medical history and location ( Sieberg 2006 ) .
+
+S Although some argue that RFID technology that stores one 's information in RFID such as credit card or identity card provides great convenience , it creates chances for criminals as well at the same time .
+A 31 35|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , tracking one 's private information is against human rights .
+
+S Article 12 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that no one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy , family , home or correspondence , nor to attacks upon his honor and reputation .
+
+S Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks .
+
+S Health concerns are also related with the use of RFID to track people .
+A 5 6|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some companies have implanted RFID microchips in their staffs to track their locations and information .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||staff|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , some studies showed that lab mice and rats sometimes developed sarcomas , or malignant tumors , after being implanted with microchips ( Paddock 2007 ) .
+
+S Although humans are different from lab mice , there is a risk that what happened on the mice might happen on humans as well .
+
+S Furthermore , ifthe microchips react with a strong electrical or magnetic field , the implant could be destroyed and cause serious burns .
+A 2 3|||R:ORTH|||if the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , RFID should not be used to track people as it not only posts great risks to one 's privacy and health but also violates ethics and human rights .
+
+S The use of RFID to track people should be banned by law and rules .
+
+S References
+
+S DiLorenzo S.2008 Mar 4 .
+
+S Radio frequency identification : is the risk worth the reward ?
+
+S [ Internet ] University of Pittsburgh , School of Laws [ cited 2009 Aug 23 ] .
+
+S Available from : http : //tlp.law.pitt.edu/SP_DiLorenzo_Radio_Frequency_Identification.htm
+
+S PaddockC .
+
+S 2007 Sept 10 .
+
+S AP Report On RFID Chips And Cancer Raises Concerns .
+
+S Medical News Today [ Internet ] [ cited 2009 Sept 13 ] .
+
+S Available from : http : //www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/82032.php
+
+S Sieberg D. 2006 Oct 23 .
+
+S Is RFID tracking you ?
+
+S CNN Technology [ Internet ] [ cited 2009 Sept 13 ] .
+
+S Available from : http : //www.cnn.com/2006/TECH/07/10/rfid/
+
+S Genetic testing has enabled people to test for certain genetic diseases , especially those which they might be prone to and thus go for necessary treatments or make necessary arrangements .
+
+S However , it has also led to privacy and confidentiality problems whereby the results of the test have become a topic for debate .
+
+S Making known the results of genetic testing to relevant parties such as employers and even family members can cause ethical and social problems .
+
+S Thus , individuals requesting genetic testing should always have the final say on whether to reveal the test results to a third party .
+
+S The result of the test is the property of these people .
+
+S Thus , others should never be allowed to reveal or look into it without the permission of the owner .
+
+S This is to prevent others from using the information to discriminate against them .
+
+S For example , an employer might choose to not hire or to fire someone if he is to find out that the person has a certain disease such as cancer or Huntington disease ( Maxwell & Mehlman , 1999 ) .
+A 7 9|||R:WO|||not to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This might cause greater problems to the person involved especially if he is the breadwinner of the family .
+
+S Another social consequence would be when individuals are discriminated against in Health coverage based on their genetic make-up .
+A 11 12|||R:ORTH|||health|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , insurance companies might increase the premiums of customers who are at risk for a certain disorder or even cancel their policy .
+
+S This discrimination would be very unfair to the individuals involved ( Norrgard , 2008 ) .
+
+S Therefore , these individuals should always have the final say .
+
+S While it may be difficult even for the individual to accept the results of the test , sharing the news with their relatives and friends may be the larger concern .
+A 21 22|||R:OTHER|||his or her|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S While some may feel that it is the moral obligation of these individual to inform his immediate family members of positive results of inheritable diseases such as cancer or HD , since they too may inherit the disease , I feel that there is no need for such an action as the result is after all private and confidential .
+A 11 12|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , certain genetic test such as the test for disorders of sexual development is a very private matter .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||tests|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If an individual is to be tested positive for this disorder , such that she has the genotype for males but has phenotype for females , she might be ostracised and suffer self-esteem problems ( Borenstein , 2009 ) .
+
+S If these individuals have the final say on whether to share the result , they would be less stressed as they do not have to be concerned with the views of others whom they do not want to share the result with .
+
+S This would give them more time to adjust to their personal emotion .
+
+S In conclusion , the final say in whether to reveal the results of such testing should always lie on the individual who has requested for the test .
+A 6 7|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:OTHER|||or not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Maxwell J & Mehlman , J.D. ( 1999 , October ) .
+
+S The Privacy of Genetic Information .
+
+S 45-47 , 57-58 .
+
+S Retrieved September 13 , 2009 , from http : //www.thedoctorwillseeyounow.com/articles/bioethics/geneticinfo_1/index .shtml
+
+S Karen Norrgard , Ph.D. ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Genetics .
+
+S Ethics of Genetic Testing : Medical Insurance and Genetic Discrimination .
+
+S 40-48 , 54-60 .
+
+S Retrieved September 12 , 2009 , from http : //www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/Ethics-of-Genetic- Testing-Medical-Insurance-and-651
+
+S SETH BORENSTEIN .
+
+S ( 2009 , September 11 ) .
+
+S When someone is raised female and the genes say XY .
+
+S Associated Press .
+
+S Retrieved September 12 , 2009 from http : //www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5gjO2AGjuuA4IQynCodO7Ej1u24 7AD9ALDF281
+
+S With the advances in medical technology , it is now possible to identify one 's genetic susceptibilities to certain diseases and disorders .
+
+S Despite the fact that genetic testing can bring about more opportunities for early discoveries of treatable disorders , there are still many controversies revolving around ethical issues on genetic testing .
+
+S Many argue that revelation of testing results may invade personal privacy and bring about discrimination .
+
+S Besides ethical implications , medical implications such as accuracy of test results are also concerns the general public hold for the issue .
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:PREP|||about|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , with these concerns , it is important that the individual requesting genetic testing should have the final say in whether to reveal the results of such testing .
+A 22 22|||M:OTHER|||or not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The two main ethical concerns regarding genetic testing are privacy and discrimination .
+
+S Firstly privacy is one of the worries one will have while considering whether or not to carry out genetic testing .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The fear for disclosure of results to third parties might discourage people from participating in the testing although the test might be favourable to them .
+
+S Furthermore , health care providers might also reveal the person 's genetic status to concerned family members which in turn weakened our confidence in the providers .
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:TENSE|||might weaken|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Holtzman , 1996 ) Secondly , information from genetic testing of individuals with genetic susceptibilities is used by employers and insurance companies to deny them employment as well as to grant lower insurance coverage .
+A 5 5|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is generally known as discrimination .
+A 6 7|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Holtzman , 1996 ) With reference to a survey conducted by Georgetown University , out of 332 families with genetic susceptibilities , " 22 % reported they had been refused health insurance , and 13 % had been fired from their jobs based on their perceived genetic risks .
+A 5 5|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 49 50|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " ( Of Genes and Pink Slips : Genetic Testing Goes to Work , 2005 ) Up to date , not many laws have been passed down to protect the rights of people with higher genetic risks .
+A 16 16|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 19|||R:OTHER|||Until now|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , some would argue that such discrimination against employees is fair as an employee with genetic susceptibility to a known disease might bring about deleterious effects to the company 's operations and other employees .
+
+S Alternatively , companies should allocate other job which is more suitable and does not put the employee at risk .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||another|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Holtzman , 1996 ) In this way , both parties benefit and there is no unfair discrimination .
+A 5 5|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:ORTH|||This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , individual requesting genetic testing should have the final say in whether to reveal the results of such testing so as to protect oneself from discrimination and invasion of privacy .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||individuals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:OTHER|||or not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Holtzman N.A .
+
+S ( 1996 ) .
+
+S Medical and Ethical Issues in Genetic Screening--An Academic View .
+
+S Environmental Health Perspectives , 104 ( 5 ) .
+
+S Retrieved September 10 , 2009. from http : //www.ehpoanline.org/members/1996/Suppl- 5/holtzman.html
+
+S Of Genes and Pink Slips : Genetic Testing Goes to Work .
+
+S ( 2005 ) .
+
+S FindLaw .
+
+S Retrieved September 10 , 2009. from http : //employment.findlaw.com/employment/employment-employee-more- topics/employment-employee-privacy-top/employment-employee-privacy-genetic- testing.html
+
+S FCA : Genetic Testing .
+
+S ( 1997 ) .
+
+S Family Caregiver Alliance .
+
+S Retrieved September 10 , 2009. from http : //www.caregiver.org/caregiver/jsp/content_node.jsp ? nodeid = 403
+
+S Should the individual requesting genetic testing have the final say in whether to reveal the results of such testing ?
+
+S Now days , genetic testing has caused ethical and moral issues .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||Nowadays|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB|||generated|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of them is about the privacy and confidentiality of the individual who undergo genetic testing , whether he or she should reveal the results of the testing to third parties or not .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:SVA|||undergoes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S While it is true that people 's individual right should be respected , but if others can be saved by revelation of the results of the person undergo the genetic testing then it should be done .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||rights|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:PREP|||through|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:OTHER|||testing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 31|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , the individual requesting genetic testing should not have the final say in whether to reveal the results of such testing .
+
+S The reason why most people want to protect their privacy of genetic information is because they fear discrimination .
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||concerning|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In 2008 , a survey regarding genetic testing of more than 4000 people conducted in America found that 93 percent of respondents said it was important that it be illegal for insurers or employers to get their information ( Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act Passes U.S. Senate , 2008 ) .
+
+S People are afraid that the revelation of their genetic testing results would be misused by third parties such as employers and health insurers .
+
+S They fear that they would denied insurance or that their policies are canceled ( Mehmaln,1999 ) .In fact , this fear is groundless because in truth several laws at the federal and state levels help protect people against genetic discrimination .
+A 16 17|||R:ORTH|||. In|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 38|||R:PREP|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the approval of GINA ( Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act ) in May 2008 , they do n't have to worry anymore .
+A 17 18|||R:CONTR|||not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are several advantages by revealing the results of genetic testing to third parties .
+A 4 5|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is also commonly known that if a person has genetic disease , there is a chance that his or her relatives would have the same disease too .
+
+S If the genetic testing is revealed to the relatives and they end up having the same disease , they could be saved by preventing the disease to develop further more .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another thing is people 's life is obviously more important than privacy , especially if it 's your loved ones .
+A 16 17|||R:CONTR|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||one 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore it is encouraged to reveal the result of genetic testing , especially to your relatives .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||results|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the individual undergo genetic testing should not have the final say in whether to reveal the results of such testing as they are protected by the laws against discrimination and also because other people 's life could be saved .
+A 5 6|||R:ADJ:FORM|||undergoing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 26|||R:OTHER|||he or she is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Genetics and Public Policy Center ( 2008 , April 24 ) .
+
+S Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act Passes U.S. Senate .
+
+S ScienceDaily .
+
+S Retrieved September 11 , 2009 , from http : //www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2008/04/080424173942.htm
+
+S Mehlman , M.J. ( 1999 ) .The Privacy of Genetic Information .
+
+S Retrieved September 11,2009 , from www.thedoctorwillseeyounow.com/.../geneticinfo.../index.shtml
+
+S The rights and wrongs on using surveillance technology on the public has been an issue for a long time .
+A 0 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:ORTH|||Surveillance|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The issue of privacy was commonly used to outweigh the aspects of safety and security .
+A 0 4|||U:OTHER|||Privacy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||concerns|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The ban of surveillance technology should not be imposed on .
+A 0 10|||R:OTHER|||Surveillance technology should not be banned|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By allowing proper usage of surveillance technology , one could increase the level of security and safekeeping in a country as well as improving work efficiency at a workplace .
+A 23 24|||R:MORPH|||improve|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The use of surveillance technology could increase the level of security and safekeeping of a country .
+
+S By using video surveillance technology specifically at appropriate places , it could help the government protect the public more efficiently such as preventing the crimes before it happened ( Gray , 2009 , p.1 ) .
+
+S As reported in the news last year , West Virginia decided to use video surveillance technology on its highways to help in the finding of missing children ( Stump , 2008 , p.1 ) which resulted in one hundred percent recovery of the missing children ( Stump , 2008 , p.2 ) .
+A 21 23|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 25|||R:OTHER|||find|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 44|||R:OTHER|||these|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On another side , it can also help improve the work efficiency at a workplace , more commonly in office work settings .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||Moreover|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In an office set-up , the atmosphere is created by separating employees into cubicles .
+
+S The cubicles allows employees to do things unrelated to work and employers are unable to push the employees to get the work done when they spend more than half the time using the facilities available for their own indulgence .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||allow|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:OTHER|||the latter|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus by setting up an electronic surveillance to keep track of the employees ' usage of facilities , the employees will become more 'aware ' of their situation and start taking their job more seriously , improving work efficiency ( Heathfield , n.d. , p.1 ) .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:NOUN:NUM|||jobs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Though there is an issue regarding the invasion of one 's privacy , this could be resolved by placing appropriate safeguards which protect the public 's privacy when implementing the use of surveillance technology ( Gray , 2009 , p.3 ) .
+
+S In conclusion , the use of surveillance technology should not be banned as it could increase the level of security and safety of a country and also enhance work efficiency .
+
+S References
+
+S Gray , J .
+
+S ( 2009 , August ) .
+
+S Statement Re : Video Surveillance Camera Program .
+
+S Retrieved September 3 , 2009 , from { http : //www.co.lancaster.pa.us/lancastercity/lib/lancastercity/final_safety_coaltion_statement_jrg.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.co.lancaster.pa.us/lancastercity/lib/lancastercity/final_safety_coaltion_statement_jrg.pdf ]
+
+S Heathfield , M. ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Electronic Surveillance of Employees .
+
+S Retrieved September 1 , 2009 , from { http : //humanresources.about.com/od/technology/a/surveillance.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //humanresources.about.com/od/technology/a/surveillance.htm ]
+
+S Stump , J .
+
+S ( 2008 , February 8 ) .
+
+S Video surveillance would help track missing children , legislation says .
+
+S Charleston Daily Mail .
+
+S Retrieved August 28 , 2009 , from { http : //www.dailymail.com/News/200802080132 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.dailymail.com/News/200802080132 ]
+
+S Topic : " The individual requesting genetic testing should have the final say in whether to reveal the results of such testing .
+
+S "
+
+S Genetic testing is a medical test , which is used to diagnose the disorder in the genome of a person and determine if this mutation can cause a specific disease .
+A 6 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the development of ability to test for genetic disorder , an arising problem that has been " the subject of significant debate within the bioethics community " ( Mehlman , 1999 , para.5 ) is the privacy of genetic information .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB|||emerging|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Generally , the consensus for this problem is that genetic information should not be disclosed against people 's privacy .
+A 3 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The choice to undergo genetic testing of an individual is personal , however , before deciding to undergo the test , the patient have to face the fear that his testing result may be disclosed and used against his welfare .
+A 11 13|||R:PUNCT|||. However|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The most concerns of these patients are their employment and insurance because it is usually difficult for them to obtain these if their genetic information is revealed .
+A 1 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:NOUN|||concerns|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To be concrete , an employer may not want to retain a person with a disease caused by genetic disorder .
+
+S An insurance company may reject a customer , without prevention , for his disorder in genome because his medical bills may be costly .
+
+S Another case can occur is in sports , where there are situations of the birth defect " disorders of sexual development " ( Borenstein , 2009 , para.1 ) .
+A 2 4|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some athletes only found out their defects when they were given genetic testing before a competition , they were banned from the competition and this information then would be all public .
+A 16 17|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All these are called genetic discrimination .
+
+S However , one person can not either control his genetic structure or prevent the disorder himself , therefore , it is unfair to refuse his interest .
+
+S To protect the welfare of patients with genetic problem , their genetic information should not be disclosed over their objection or even without their permission .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But in fact , there are some arguments that revealing this information can protect some third parties from harm , for example , enable the avoidance of inherited disorder .
+A 4 8|||R:OTHER|||some argue|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , there should be strict laws to ensure patients ' right to decide on revealing their testing results , which means it definitely needs their permission to do so .
+
+S In conclusion , until these laws are enacted , not revealing such information without patients ' consent or using other method like alias testing are the better choices .
+A 17 18|||R:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S Borenstein , S. ( 2009 ) .
+
+S When someone is raised female and the genes say XY .
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2009 from http : //www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5gjO2AGjuuA4IQynCodO7Ej1u24 7AD9ALDF281
+
+S Mehlman , M.J , J.D ( 1999 , October ) .
+
+S The Privacy of Genetic information .
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2009 , from http : //www.thedoctorwillseeyounow.com/articles/bioethics/geneticinfo_1/index .shtml
+
+S Norrgard , K. ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Ethics of genetic testing : Medical insurance and genetic discrimination .
+
+S Nature Education 1 .
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2009 , from http : //www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/Ethics-of-Genetic-Testing- Medical-Insurance-and-651
+
+S Surveillance Technology should not Be Banned
+
+S Monitoring employees at workplace and installing video cameras at public places such as banks , stores or restaurants are one of the debatable issues today .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||workplaces|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||two|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Whereas advocates of such surveillance technologies emphasize on the benefit as to promote work efficiency and secure communal settings , opponents strike back by stating intensified concerns related to individual privacy .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||benefits|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:ADJ|||such|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nevertheless , the banning of surveillance technology should not be enforced , for the manifest reason that its strengths outweigh weaknesses and privacy concerns could be reduced once proper use is implemented .
+
+S To elaborate , the benefits of surveillance might be classified into two categories .
+
+S Firstly , the monitoring system at workplace indeed effectively drives employees to perform better .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Meanwhile , surveillance on lax supervisors may evidently verify their incompetence ( Heathfield , n.d ) .
+A 16 17|||R:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Namely , mutual surveillance guarantees active working environments , as well as bringing high productivity and huge profits to the employers .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||for example ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:FORM|||brings|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , as Mr. Gray , Mayor of Lancaster , states , the use of surveillance technologies plays a utilitarian role in public security and criminals detecting ( Gray , 2009 ) .
+A 25 27|||R:OTHER|||detection of criminals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , video cameras in supermarkets can detect anyone suspicious of stealing or record the process of a burglary .
+
+S Sometimes criminals will be deterred if they are aware of the hidden surveillance .
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , the tracking of criminals using hi-tech sensors or video cameras largely shortens the chasing time of the police ( Stump , 2008 ) .
+
+S Concerns of privacy issues might be crucial to constructing regulations on the implementation , however , the solutions are abundant thus the banning of surveillance technology is utterly unnecessary .
+A 1 2|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:ORTH|||However|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To illustrate , companies shall not be allowed to monitor phone calls expect for business related ones ( Heathfield , n.d. ) .
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||which are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Simultaneously , the safeguards should be briefed on their integrity so as not to reveal any information obtained through surveillance ; strict penalties should be enforced on those who fail to preserve privacy ( Gray , 2009 ) .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 10|||R:OTHER|||ensured|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The monitoring system has to be regularly assessed to prevent privacy invasion .
+
+S To sum up , surveillance technology should not be banned as its usefulness in workplace and enhancing public safety makes it an indispensable tool in today 's world .
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||enhancement of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:SVA|||make|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S * Heathfield , S.M .
+
+S ( n.d. ) Electronic Surveillance of Employees .
+
+S Retrieved Sep 10 , 2009 from : { http : //humanresources.about.com/od/technology/a/surveillance.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //humanresources.about.com/od/technology/a/surveillance.htm ]
+
+S * Stump , J .
+
+S ( Feb. 8 , 2008 ) Video surveillance would help track missing children , legislation says .
+
+S Retrieved Sep 10 , 2009 from : { http : //www.dailymail.com/News/200802080132 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.dailymail.com/News/200802080132 ]
+
+S * Gray , J.R. ( Aug 14 , 2009 ) Statement re : video surveillance camera program .
+
+S Retrieved Sep 10 , 2009 from : { http : //articles.lancasteronline.com/local/4/241050 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //articles.lancasteronline.com/local/4/241050 ]
+
+S Surveillance in context is the close observation of a person or a group .
+
+S In the past , surveillance is conducted through human to human tracking .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With advances in technology , surveillance nowadays is aided by equipments such as closed-circuit TV ( CCTV ) , camera , voice recorder and RFID ( radio frequency identification ) .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||equipment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This has brought about debates on ethical and moral issues with regards to the usage of surveillance technology especially RFID .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||regard|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There may be arguments that surveillance technology is beneficial to humans in this modern era .
+
+S While not compromising the benefits it brings , the ethical and moral issues regarding surveillance technology far outweighs the benefits it bring .
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||outweigh|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:SVA|||brings|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , it should be banned .
+
+S Surveillance technology can be classified into three groups .
+
+S They are visual , audio and data surveillance .
+A 8 9|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Bogonikolos , 1999 ) .
+
+S Visual surveillance refers to CCTV and camera .
+
+S While it may have its advantages of being able to record down the scene of the location it is allocated , however the issue on privacy and effectiveness sets in .
+A 21 22|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S CCTV is installed at homes and offices for employer to check on their employee namely the maids at home and the workers in the office .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||employers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||employees|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This causes the employee to have low morale during work , and thus reduces work efficiency when the aim of the CCTV is otherwise .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||employees|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The privacy of the employees has also been infringed .
+
+S Audio surveillance refers to telephone bugging and premises bugging using a tube mike .
+
+S This is also a human rights issue as it has invades a person privacy ( Bogonikolos , 1999 ) .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:FORM|||invaded|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Data surveillance refers to RFID ; it is used in everyday context .
+
+S It can be used to track down humans , pets and equipments ( Getz , 2009 ) .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||equipment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In health care industries , patients are being tagged and tracked ( Getz , 2009 ) .
+
+S It has raises privacy issues as not everyone is willing to let others know of their whereabouts .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:FORM|||raised|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||his or her|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There could be abuse of the system as it could lead to information falling into the wrong hands .
+
+S In conclusion , the disadvantages of surveillance technology outweigh the advantages .
+
+S The effectiveness is in doubt , human rights are invaded and there could be abuse of this technology .
+
+S Therefore surveillance technology should be banned .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Bogonikolos Nikos .
+
+S Development of surveillance technology and risk of abuse of economic information .
+
+S [ Internet ] May 1999 [ cited 2009 Sept 13 ] .
+
+S Available from : { http : //cryptome.org/dst-1.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //cryptome.org/dst-1.htm ]
+
+S Lindsey Getz .
+
+S Is RFID technology too nosy ?
+
+S For the record .
+
+S [ Internet ] March 2009 [ cited 2009 Sept 13 ] .
+
+S Available from : { http : //www.fortherecordmag.com/archives/ftr_031609p20.shtml } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.fortherecordmag.com/archives/ftr_031609p20.shtml ]
+
+S The individual requesting genetic testing should have the final say in whether to reveal the results of such testing .
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With current technological advancements in genetics , there are many genetic tests available for the public , from testing for inheritance diseases and terminal illnesses .
+A 22 23|||R:OTHER|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I believe that an individual requesting genetic testing should have the final say in whether to reveal the results of such testing .
+
+S The individual should be given the choice as , the emotional hurt from the media release of these results , the use of results against the individual .
+A 7 9|||R:WO|||, as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 27|||R:OTHER|||ividual|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , professional assistance should be available for the individual to seek advice .
+
+S Firstly , the emotional hurt from the world wide release of the individual 's genetic information can overwhelming .
+A 16 18|||R:OTHER|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the outreach of the mass media , reports of genetic disorder of an individual could be known to the world in minutes .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Given|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Seth , 2009 ) This will cause humiliation , especially when he/she is a professional , like an athlete .
+
+S However , many of these genetic disorders are unidentified late , inherited and incurable .
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||until|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Seth , 2009 ) The Olympics have tested their female athletes over five games and found 27 out of 11373 women tested positive for hermaphrodite ( Seth , 2009 ) .
+
+S Secondly , the unintentional use of the genetic information can be disadvantageous to the individual and undermine the individual 's ability , career , social interactions and economical choices .
+
+S In the interest of the corporation , people who are tested positive for terminal illness will not be provided health insurance or the career advancement .
+
+S ( Maxwell , 1999 ) Knowing one 's death is approaching , the individual could make inappropriate social choices that can harm him/her and others .
+
+S ( Norrgard , 2008 )
+
+S However , if the individual is unable to make the appropriate choice of the usage of the genetic results , a professional doctor should step in to provide relevant advice , while maintain patient-doctor confidentiality .
+
+S The individual may refused to release the genetic test 's result , when it could provide treatment or prevent the spread of the illness within the family , in the fear of discrimination and humiliation .
+
+S ( Norrgard , 2008 )
+
+S With the disastrous outing from the media release of genetic information and the use of genetic information against the individual , I believe that the individual requesting the genetic testing should have the final say in the release of the results .
+
+S But , if the choice can not be made by the individual , a professional should provide appropriate release and use of the results .
+
+S References : Maxwell J. Mehlman ( 1999 , October ) Bioethics : The Privacy of Genetic Information .
+
+S Retrieved September 10 , 2009 , from http : //www.thedoctorwillseeyounow.com/articles/bioethics/geneticinfo_1/index.shtml
+
+S Norrgard , K ( 2008 ) Ethics of genetic testing : Medical insurance and genetic discrimination .
+
+S Nature Education 1 ( 1 ) .
+
+S Retrieved September 10 , 2009 , from http : //www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/Ethics-of-Genetic-Testing-Medical-Insurance-and-651
+
+S Seth Borenstein ( 2009 , September 12 ) .
+
+S When someone is raised female and the genes say XY .
+
+S Assiocated Press .
+
+S Retrieved September 14 , 2009 from http : //www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5gjO2AGjuuA4IQynCodO7Ej1u247AD9ALDF281
+
+S The Individual Requesting Genetic Testing Should Not Have the Final Say in Whether to Reveal the Results
+
+S Genetic testing is the analysis of genes , chromosomes , RNA and proteins .
+
+S It is used to predict the risk of disease , identify carriers of disease , diagnose disease ( Genetic Testing , 2006 , para 1 ) , and can also be used to determine parents of the child .
+
+S Genetic testing includes scientific methods in biology , chemistry , and sometimes even biochemical tests .
+
+S Nowadays , as the technology developing , individuals have more approach to such tests .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:FORM|||develops|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||approaches|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , such people requesting genetic tests should not have the final say in whether to reveal the results of the tests .
+
+S Firstly , if someone discovers that he or she has a particular mutation , the existence of that knowledge has immediate implications for the person 's blood relatives ( Skene , 2003 ) .
+
+S When they are informed by the potential risk of the mutation that could lead to a genetic disease that is also hereditary , they can undergo their own genetic test in order to determine the extent of the mutation risk as soon as possible .
+A 4 5|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:NOUN:NUM|||tests|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If they are positive , they can undertake a further diagnostic procedure for whether any physical symptom developing .
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||to determine|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB|||will developg|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If necessary , they can receive the proper medical treatment in time , for instance , prophylactic surgery .
+
+S When the first genetic tester does not want to reveal the results , blood relatives will not be alerted to the existence of the risk , and then it will be too late for them to get effective intervention .
+
+S When this situation occurs , doctors and professionals who have the knowledge and experiences to make the decision of revealing the results .
+A 0 23|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , when the result of a particular genetic test is beneficial to the whole society , researchers have the very right to disclose such outcome .
+A 20 21|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:OTHER|||the outcome|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As we know , scientists all over the world are working together to make people life better by studying the genome of human and other organisms .
+A 15 15|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||lives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In doing such a significant project , they need numerous different genes to work on .
+
+S Sometimes discovering an insignificant phenomenon or test results and anglicizing it can really make a breakthrough .
+A 9 10|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , when an individual requesting genetic testing comes up with an interesting exploration , it may change the perspective in looking into the subject , for instance , treating cancer , AIDS or some hereditary diseases .
+
+S As a result , these individuals should not have the final say in hiding their results .
+
+S In contrary , the results should be shared among scientists and researchers for the whole world 's sake .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||On the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , individuals who request genetic testing should not have final say in revealing the results or not for two major reasons : protecting their blood relatives from genetic disorders and helping the whole society for genetic researches .
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||R:NOUN:NUM|||researchs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Cancer.Net web site ( http : //www.cancer.net/patient/Learning + About + Cancer/Genetics/Genetic + Testing )
+
+S Skene , L. ( 2003 ) .
+
+S Genetic Testing and Privacy Rights .
+
+S Retrieved September 16 , 2009 , from UNjobs web site : http : //unjobs.org/authors/loane-skene .
+
+S Advances in technology have made surveillance technology so common nowadays .
+A 7 8|||R:ADV|||very|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Surveillance technology is the electronic equipment use to monitor the behavior and activities , usually of people without his permission .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:FORM|||used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Argument on the banning of the use of surveillance technology has been going on for years .
+A 0 1|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Arguments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The use of surveillance technology should not be banned because it is useful in ensuring the public safety and monitoring workplace in a company .
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The use of surveillance technology should not be banned because it can bring important benefits to us .
+
+S Firstly , in companies , surveillance technology is used to monitor employees at work ( Heathfield , n.d. , p.1 ) .
+
+S Employees might seem to be surfing the web for business purposes at all time , but what they actually doing is personal business such as online banking , shopping and chatting .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||times|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If the behavior of employees at work is monitored , they will work more efficiently and contribute to the company .
+
+S Secondly , surveillance technology helps in enhancing and ensuring public security ( Gray , 2009 , para.1 ) .
+
+S Tracking of missing or kidnapped children ( Stump , 2008 , para.1 ) , movement of dangerous criminals and terrorists can be done using video and satellite surveillance .
+
+S The cameras have the function of identifying , detecting and recording vehicles ' number , suspect 's action and those illegal organizations ' movement .
+A 15 17|||R:NOUN:POSS|||suspects '|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||actions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These help the police to solve cases especially criminal and traffic cases in the shortest time .
+A 7 7|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Arguments put forth in support of banning the use of surveillance technology are faulty .
+
+S It has been argued that one 's privacy might be invaded ( Heathfield , n.d. , p.2 ) .
+
+S However , monitoring can take place under suitable circumstances and to an appropriate extend .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN|||extent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It has also been said that surveillance of employees can affect the relationship between employer and employees ( Heathfield , n.d. , p.2 ) .
+
+S However , this only applies to those minority spending most of the time online doing personal things and do not meet the company 's goals .
+A 8 8|||M:NOUN|||groups|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 21|||R:OTHER|||not meeting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Using of surveillance technology has no impact for those focusing on work and doing the right thing ( Heathfield , n.d. , p.2 ) .
+A 0 1|||R:MORPH|||Usage|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the used of surveillance technology should not be banned as it benefits a lot to us in public security and also business efficiency .
+A 4 5|||R:MORPH|||use|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S Heathfield , S.M .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Electronic Surveillance of Employees .
+
+S About.com .
+
+S Retrieved August 26 , 2009 , from { http : //humanresources.about.com/od/technology/a/surveillance_2.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //humanresources.about.com/od/technology/a/surveillance_2.htm ]
+
+S Gray , J.R. ( 2009 , August 14 ) .
+
+S Statement Re : Video Surveillance Camera Program .
+
+S Retrieved August 26 , 2009 , from { http : //www.co.lancaster.pa.us/lancastercity/lib/lancastercity/final_safety_ coaltion_statement_jrg.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.co.lancaster.pa.us/lancastercity/lib/lancastercity/final_safety_ % 20coaltion_statement_jrg.pdf ]
+
+S Stump , J .
+
+S ( 2008 , February 8 ) .
+
+S Video surveillance would help track missing children , legislation says .
+
+S Daily Mail .
+
+S Retrieved August 26 , 2009 , from { http : //www.dailymail.com/News/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.dailymail.com/News/ ] 200802080132
+
+S " The individual requesting genetic testing should have the final say in whether to reveal the results of such testing .
+
+S "
+
+S Development and advancement in the field of genetic research has challenged the scientists and the public on a wide range of issues especially issue relating ethical concerns .
+A 23 24|||R:MORPH|||issues|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:OTHER|||to ethicall|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although it seems that confidentiality of the test result is a personal matter , disclosure of such result would eventually benefit the community as a whole in the long run .
+
+S Therefore , result of genetic testing should be revealed without the consent of the person who requested it .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , result of genetic testing should be fully disclosed as it enables third party to get treatment or prevention before the condition worsens ( Maxwell & Mehlman , 1999 ) .
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By and large , genetic disorders can be inherited within family members as the defective gene might be passed on from one generation to another .
+
+S The decision to reveal a genetic test result such as breast cancer would help early detection and treatment .
+A 10 10|||M:OTHER|||that for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some may argue that disclosure of such results would cause discrimination towards the patients .
+
+S However , Science Daily ( 2008 ) notes that Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act ( GINA ) has been approved to forbid insurance company from discriminating through reduced coverage or pricing and prohibits employer from making adverse employment decision in order to encourage more people to undergo genetic test which could save lives in the long run .
+A 21 21|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:NOUN:NUM|||employers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 38|||R:NOUN:NUM|||decisions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 47 48|||R:NOUN:NUM|||tests|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 48 48|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , revealing the result of genetic testing would help in making important life decisions .
+
+S In the case of Huntington 's disease , a lethal genetic disorder , the result is also desired by family members and potential mates as it would help them to make important decisions , such as whether or not to have children or abort an affected fetus .
+
+S Under this circumstance , the final say of revealing the result should lie on the physician , who has a better understanding on the patient 's condition .
+A 13 14|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although the general agreement seems that disclosure of testing result should not over the patient 's objection , this would be an exception if it is to protect third party to avoid other serious consequences ( Mehlman & Maxwell , 1999 ) .
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||override|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , result of genetic testing should be revealed without the consent of the person who requested it as this would not only enable third party to get early prevention or treatment but also help others to make life decisions .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References : Genetics and Public Policy Center ( 2008 , April 24 ) .
+
+S Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act Passes U.S. Senate .
+
+S ScienceDaily .
+
+S Retrieved September 3 , 2009 from http : //www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/04/080424173942.htm
+
+S { Maxwell , J .
+
+S & Mehlman , J.D. } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.thedoctorwillseeyounow.com/articles/bios/bioethics.shtml ] ( 1999 , October ) .
+
+S The privacy of genetic information .
+
+S The doctor will see you now .
+
+S Retrieved September 3 , 2009 from { http : //www.thedoctorwillseeyounow.com/articles/bioethics/geneticinfo_1/index.shtml } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.thedoctorwillseeyounow.com/articles/bioethics/geneticinfo_1/index.shtml ]
+
+S Genetic testing is able to analyze whether a subject is confirm to develop or inherit a particular genetic disease .
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||likely|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It assures the patient whether they are a carrier or will develop the disease .
+
+S Although the results are beneficial , it has implicated family members who are genetically common .
+
+S But are they able to inform the family members to safeguard their personal health yet not breaching the issues of confidentiality and privacy ?
+A 14 14|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:FORM|||breach|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S My stand is as long disclosure has no serious social/ethical consequences , the subject will have the final say .
+A 5 5|||M:PREP|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In an increasing debate of genetic testing , there are three issues which have caused concerns in the society .
+A 1 2|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , the ethical aspect of privacy and confidentiality , need to be preserved .
+A 9 10|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If privacy and confidentiality is breached , family members and third parties ' interests may acquire test results of no welfare to the subject ( Mehlmanm , 1999 , The Privacy of Genetic Information , para .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S 2 ) .
+
+S Secondly , social aspects of genetic discrimination have made subject reconsider genetic testing ; using information against subject them ( Norrgard , 2008 , Genetic Testing and Privacy Concerns , para 1 ) .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||subjects|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||testing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 19|||R:OTHER|||as the information might be used against them .|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Third parties like employers may sack their employees or insurers may reject an insurance application ; if they came to be aware of the results .
+A 8 8|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Genetic discrimination has place privacy and confidentiality in jeopardy , because subjects have no control over their genetic makeup .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||have placed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Last but not least , family issues ; people have to change their life-style , reproductive decision , seek medical prevention or treatment .
+A 1 9|||R:OTHER|||, but not least are family issues as people may|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||decisions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But are they allowed to inform their own condition to family members who are also at exposure risk ?
+
+S According to an article ( Mehlmanm , 1999 , The Privacy of Genetic Information ) , using Alias testing , particular information can be remaining anonymous .
+A 23 24|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Anonymity allows subjects to have the final decision to reveal the test results to their family or even third parties ; greater assurance so privacy and confidentiality are not violated .
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||parties ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , genetic testing is bound to bring ethical or social consequences if privacy and confidentiality are not met .
+
+S Regulatory framework such as Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act has ensured genetic discrimination is legislated .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||A regulatory|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With imposing law , people feels safer to undergo genetic testing ; being the deciding factor to disclose their genetic results to family members or third party under their obligations .
+A 0 1|||R:PREP|||By|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:SVA|||feel|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||when undergoing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||testing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||as it is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References used :
+
+S * Norrgard,K ( 2008 ) Ethics of genetic testing : Medical insurance and genetic discrimination.Nature Education1 ( 1 ) , Retrieved September 16 , 2009 , from { http : //www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/Ethics-of-Genetic-Testing-Medical-Insurance-and-651 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/Ethics-of-Genetic-Testing-Medical-Insurance-and-651 ]
+
+S * Maxwell J .
+
+S Mehlman .
+
+S ( 2009 ) The Privacy of Genetic Information 1 ( 1 ) , Retrieved September 16 , 2009 , from { http : //www.thedoctorwillseeyounow.com/articles/bioethics/geneticinfo_1/index.shtml } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.thedoctorwillseeyounow.com/articles/bioethics/geneticinfo_1/index.shtml ]
+
+S The use of surveillance technology such as RFID to track people should not be banned .
+
+S Advances in technology and reduced costs in chip production have led to the proliferate use of surveillance technology such as Radio Frequency Identification ( RFID ) to track people .
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||proliferation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S While the use of this seemingly intrusive technology is shrouded by concerns over privacy , morality and health issues , its benefits ?
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:PUNCT|||benefits,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S both current and latent ?
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||latent,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S should not be overlooked .
+
+S With those concerns mitigable by proper regulation in the usage of the technology , it is further illustrated that the use of surveillance technology such as RFID to track people should not be banned .
+
+S One pivoting reason to why RFID should not be banned includes its application to augment public and national security .
+A 3 4|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Repeated offenders and past sexual criminals can be tracked via RFID to allow for preventive measures if they are detected near places where they usually commit their crimes in .
+
+S ( Brady , 2008 , para .
+
+S 6 ) Similarly , monitoring of terrorist suspects for any suspicious movements and contact to insurgent groups can be aided by a RFID implant .
+
+S Furthermore , these suspects could then benefit from the freedom unobtainable inside of detention centres , while simultaneously alleviating the problems faced by overcrowded prisons ( McKay , 2008 ) .
+
+S Without RFID , these would be nearly impossible due to limited security manpower .
+
+S In addition , using RFID to track a person 's information can play a crucial role in medical services .
+
+S In the near future , people may opt to implant a RFID storing key medical data such as blood type and allergies into their bodies .
+
+S During a case of an unfortunate accident , medical officers would be able to gather these data almost instantaneously from a possibly unconscious patient .
+
+S The time saved from medical tests prior to an emergency operation might then improve the chances of a successful attempt to save the patient 's life .
+
+S With proper regulation and use , RFID tagging may on the contrary to many arguments , ensue greater freedom and privacy given to the person implanted with RFID .
+A 9 9|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB|||ensure|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||R:OTHER|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , as an alternative to incarceration , criminal suspects could opt to be electronically monitored in the outside world ( How fair , n.d. , para .
+
+S 7 ) .
+
+S While some may argue that such technology may be misused , laws such as imposing a mandatory need of consent from the people involved and a restriction to the ownership of RFID readers can be instituted instead of a total ban .
+
+S Thus , with the complement of these regulations to the inexhaustible list of benefits , the usage of surveillance technology such as RFID to track people should not be banned .
+
+S References : Brady , B .
+
+S ( 2008 , January 13 ) .
+
+S Prisoners 'to be chipped like dogs' .
+
+S The independent .
+
+S Retrieved September 10 , 2009 , from
+
+S McKay , J .
+
+S ( 2008 , May 7 ) .
+
+S Prisons Use RFID Systems to Track Inmates .
+
+S Government Technology .
+
+S Retrieved September 10 , 2009 , from
+
+S How fair is installing tracking microchips to criminals ?
+
+S Does this violate human rights ?
+
+S ( n.d. ) Criminal Lawyer Group .
+
+S Retrieved September 10 , 2009 , from
+
+S ( 395 words w/o citations )
+
+S Rapid advances in genetic research and technology led to important advances in the detection of genetic conditions and diseases ( Chris and Bryn 2002 ) .
+
+S Genetic testing have however raised ethical concerns like whether the individual requesting genetic testing should have the final say in whether to reveal the results of such testing ( Chris and Bryn 2002 ) .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||, however ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are severe consequences if the results are not handled and communicate properly by third parties .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:FORM|||communicated|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , individuals should have the final say .
+
+S Individuals are to be treated equally as required by law unless there are relevant reasons like differences in skill , knowledge or experience ( Chris and Bryn 2002 ) .
+
+S However , it is very likely that employers will use the results to discriminate employees based on unfounded perceptions of health risks and possible future disabilities ( Chris and Bryn 2002 ) ( Neil and Ronald 2006 ) .
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||against employeess|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Likewise , the insurance companies may make use of the results to charge a higher premium or not provide insurance because of possible chances of high medical bills in the future ( Chris and Bryn 2002 ) ( Neil and Ronald 2006 ) .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Doctors have to adhere to medical ethics , in which they required to respect the confidentiality of the patients ( Thirumoorthy 2009 ) .
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||namely ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Both the Hippocratic Oath and International Code of Ethics states that without the prior consent from the patient , doctor are not allowed to disclose any information which he has obtained ( Thirumoorthy 2009 ) .
+A 18 20|||R:OTHER|||doctors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , by revealing the genetic testing result without permission from the individual , it constitutes a breach of medical confidentiality .
+
+S Even to family members , individuals should have the final say .
+
+S Like the phrase , " Ignorance is bliss " , if the results are not related to the family members or they have lower risk of getting the genetic disorder , telling them may cause unnecessary worries ( Agatha , Denise and Kathleen 2009 ) ( Gillian , Denise and Bartha 2009 ) .
+
+S There are also considerations like age and maturity level ( Gillian , Denise and Bartha 2009 ) .
+A 8 9|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If the family member is old and no longer under high risk or a child who is too young to be at risk , there is no need to reveal disturbing results that may cause potential psychological harm to them ( Agatha , Denise and Kathleen 2009 ) ( Gillian , Denise and Bartha 2009 ) .
+
+S Some individuals may also be waiting for the " right time " , such as avoiding the need to disrupt or jeopardize major life events like graduation , marriage , pregnancy , childbirth ( Gillian , Denise and Bartha 2009 ) .
+
+S In addition , the individual might not even be close to their family members .
+
+S In fact , there may even be bad blood between them .
+
+S The family members may instead use the results against the individual .
+
+S In conclusion , the individual requesting genetic testing should have the final say in whether to reveal the results of genetic testing .
+A 13 14|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Agatha MG , Denise BA , Kathleen AK .
+
+S Disclosure of Genetic Information Within Families : How nurses can facilitate family communication .
+
+S Am J Nurs 2009 Apr : 109 ( 4 ) : 65-69
+
+S Chris M , Bryn WJ .
+
+S Ethics and Genetics : Susceptibility Testing in the Workplace .
+
+S Journal of Business Ethics 2002 Feb : 35 ( 2 ) : 235-241
+
+S Gillian N , Denise A , Bartha MK .
+
+S Factors influencing intrafamilial communication of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer genetic information .
+
+S European Journal of Human Genetics 2009 : 17 : 872-880
+
+S Neil FS , Ronald FC .
+
+S Condentiality , Disclosure , and Recontact .
+
+S Genetic Testing : Care , Consent , and Liability 2006 : 15 : 398-424
+
+S Thirumoorthy T. Medical Confidentiality [ Internet ] [ cited 2009 Sep 16 ] .
+
+S Available from : www.sma.org.sg/whatsnew/ethics/Y1_S8_thiru.ppt
+
+S " The use of surveillance technology such as RFID to track people should be banned .
+
+S "
+
+S In this 21st century , modern technology has advanced to a stage where radio frequency identification ( RFID ) is implanted into people to locate and identify them .
+
+S RFID is a chip that has a small antenna to transmit vast amount of information from a human 's body to a computer using a scanner ( Sade , 2007 , p. 1 ) .
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S RFID enhances productivity in the healthcare system , helps to monitor ex-offenders and also helps to locate missing personnel .
+
+S Thus , due to the benefits brought about by RFID , it should not be banned .
+
+S Firstly , the use of RFID to identify patients enhances productivity in the healthcare system ( Sade , 2007 , p.2 ) .
+
+S The use of RFID can minimize the long registration time for patients so that they are able to seek treatment in the shortest possible time .
+
+S When a patient goes to the hospital , his medical records which are already stored in a RFID tag can be immediately traced out using the RFID scanner .
+A 23 24|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In doing so , time could be greatly minimized and many more innocent lives will be saved .
+A 4 4|||M:VERB|||waiting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , the use of RFID is greatly beneficial in the medical field .
+
+S Secondly , implanting RFID tags into ex-offenders facilitates the authorities in monitoring their activities .
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||aids|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Police will be alerted in the shortest possible time when these ex-offenders are in a position that may harm victims ( Rfid based proximity sensor and alert system for fugitives , sex offenders , missing soldiers and the like description/claims , 2008 ) .
+
+S This helps to save innocent lives and reduce crime rate in the country .
+A 9 10|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It also allows ex-offenders to have their freedom and at the same time , the police will be alerted when they commit a crime .
+
+S This gives the public a sense of security and hence , the use of RFID to monitor ex-offenders is beneficial to the society .
+
+S Thirdly , RFID can also help to locate missing personnel .
+
+S People who are embedded with the tag would be scanned and their location can easily be found .
+
+S This is especially useful for the elderly who suffer from dementia .
+
+S When they are not able to find their way home , their family members can make use of RFID technology to track them down .
+
+S Hence , the use of RFID greatly speeds up the tedious process of finding missing personnel and at the same time , minimizes wastage of resources .
+
+S In conclusion , with these benefits that RFID have brought to people , it is undeniable that using RFID to track people will only improve the current situation and hence , it should not be banned .
+
+S References
+
+S Sade , R. M. ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Radio Frequency ID Devices in Humans .
+
+S Report of the Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs , CEJA Report 5-A-07 , 1-5 .
+
+S Retrieved September 3 , 2009 , from http : //www.ama- assn.org/ama1/pub/upload/mm/467/ceja5a07.doc
+
+S Rfid based proximity sensor and alert system for fugitives , sex offenders , missing soldiers and the like description/claims .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Retrieved September 9 , 2009 , from http : //www.freshpatents.com/Rfid-based-proximity- sensor-and-alert-system-for-fugitives-sex-offenders-missing-soldiers-and- the-like-dt20080911ptan20080218335.php ? type = description
+
+S Technological advances have brought along pros and cons ever since it sets in to our daily lives .
+A 11 14|||R:OTHER|||entered|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the many technologies innovated is the surveillance technology , mainly RFID ( Radio-Frequency Identification ) .
+
+S 'Tracking ' , in this context , is defined as both monitoring and identifying the location , behavior , activities and changing information such as medical information .
+
+S Admittedly , personal privacy will be intruded .
+
+S Nevertheless , it has the ability to track criminals , improve the efficiency of our healthcare system , as well as to expedite the cracking of criminal cases .
+
+S Therefore , owing to the significant advantages of RFID , it should not be banned .
+
+S Tracking activities plays a crucial role in identifying terrorists and monitoring ex-criminals .
+
+S By implanting the RFID tags in both groups , their location will remain known to the police force and relevant authorities , thus allowing consistent monitoring of activities .
+
+S It has always been a common objective between countries to wipe out terrorism ( Rhea Wessel , 2006 ) so that world peace could be maintained .
+
+S Adding on , monitoring ex- criminals will not only forbid them from committing crimes again , but more importantly , allow the public to have a peace of mind employing them , subsequently making them feel accepted by the society .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||Furthermore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , given the advantages of surveillance technology , it should not be banned .
+
+S Surveillance technology such as RFID can improve two components of our healthcare system .
+
+S Firstly , it cuts down on the waiting time to be attended to .
+
+S A scan on the tags allows healthcare personnel to instantly identify the medical information of patients .
+
+S Secondly , wasted time on retrieving essential information of patients during emergency could be put into treating the patients ( http : //www.verichipcorp.com ) .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||time saved|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Crucial moments could determine life and death .
+
+S Therefore , the RFID technology can better our healthcare system 's efficiency .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||improve|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Expediting the cracking of criminal cases is another point to why surveillance technology should not be banned .
+A 9 10|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Tracking locations could never be more important in cases such as kidnapping ( http : //www.verichipcorp.com ) .
+
+S Crimes like this should be attended to in the shortest possible time as it may result in injuries or even death of victims .
+
+S Furthermore , it could lower the crime rate , thus benefiting all people .
+
+S Hence , surveillance technology can assist in cracking criminal cases .
+
+S In all , surveillance technology benefits us greatly in several aspects and thus should not be banned .
+
+S References
+
+S Wessel , R. ( 2006 ) .
+
+S Germany 's BKA Uses RFID to Test Criminal-ID Software .
+
+S RFID Journal .
+
+S Retrieved September 13 , 2009 , from http : //www.rfidjournal.com/article/articleview/2760/1/1/
+
+S [ Anonymous ] .
+
+S VeryChip History .
+
+S [ cited 2009 September 13 ] .
+
+S Available from : http : //www.verichipcorp.com
+
+S " The use of surveillance technology such as RFID to track people should be banned .
+
+S "
+
+S Surveillance technology in the form of Radio-Frequency Identification ( RFID ) has brought about many improvements in the efficiency and procedure of our systems .
+
+S RFID is an electronic method of exchanging data over radio frequency waves .
+
+S My article will focus on the uses and advantages of RFID to track people .
+
+S Tracking is defined to be locating the whereabouts of a person and the identification of personal information .
+A 3 5|||R:OTHER|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I strongly believe that the proper handling of such technology will bring countless advantages and thus , the use of RFID to track people should not be banned .
+
+S The use of RFID to track criminals will improve the safety and security within a prison and ultimately , improve the overall national security .
+
+S Tracking criminals will allow the prison security to know the exact location of every inmate .
+
+S This will minimise the risk of violence and prisoners escaping .
+
+S This is being supported by statistics done by correctional institutions that cases of violence decreased by 65 percent when the RFID system was introduced ( Casciato 2008 ) .
+A 2 3|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:OTHER|||which show|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even when such events occur , the investigation and the recapturing of those involved would be more easily dealt with the use of RFID .
+
+S Incorporating the use of RFID in the healthcare industry will improve the efficiency and current practice of the sector .
+
+S The storage of key medical records and information in a radio-transmitting chip will cut down time spent on registration and thus , allowing patients to receive prompt treatment .
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||rregistration ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In times of emergency when key information such as blood type and allergy could be retrieved at an instant by scanning the chip , the most appropriate treatment can be decided in the shortest possible time .
+A 4 5|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This can prove to be vital in saving a person 's live .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN|||life|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly , the use of RFID to locate the whereabouts of children can help to reduce incidents of human trafficking .
+
+S In less developed countries like Cambodia , there is a large volume of children being trafficked and forced into labour and prostitution .
+
+S With the use of RFID to locate a victim , it will allow the authorities to capture the people behind such activities and provides a solution to the problem of human trafficking .
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:SVA|||provide|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the benefits that RFID brings are immeasurable and thus , the use of it to track people should not be banned .
+
+S References : * Casciato , D. ( 2008 ) .
+
+S RFID Tracking Allows Prisons to More Closely Monitor Inmates .
+
+S Retrieved September 12 , 2009 , from { http : //www.wi-fiplanet.com/columns/article.php/3758456 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.wi-fiplanet.com/columns/article.php/3758456 ]
+
+S * Daily RFID CO. , Limited ( 2009 , September 4 ) .
+
+S Latest RFID development kit for hospital tracking solution .
+
+S Retrieved September 12 , 2009 , from http : //www.prlog.org/10331721.html
+
+S * { http : //www.humantrafficking.org/countries/cambodia } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.humantrafficking.org/countries/cambodia ]
+
+S Technology is improving exponentially , especially for RFID .
+
+S RFID is widely used nowadays and it can be injected anywhere with its petite size of a grain of rice .
+
+S RFID has always been a double-edged sword , it may bring us some benefits , however it brought us even more disadvantages such as invasion of human 's privacy and abuse of technology .
+A 7 9|||R:PUNCT|||. It|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||. However ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB|||has broughtt|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 28|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the use of surveillance technology on tracking people should be banned .
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S RFID can be easily exploited by third party .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||parties|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S RFID tags can be easily put on one 's clothing which information could be easily available to marketers , government agencies and criminals .
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , all our information is at the trackers ' fingertip which may include all our particulars-name , gender , photograph etc. For e.g .
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||and this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 25|||R:OTHER|||example|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Bush administration announced that all passports in US will be embedded with RFID ( McCullagh & Broache , 2005 ) .
+A 0 0|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although privacy issues are addressed by some security measures , it was criticized by computer engineers that their security levels are in poor condition .
+A 16 17|||R:PREP|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 24|||R:OTHER|||not advanced enough|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , technology would surpass the security measures in due course .
+
+S Thus , our information will be leaked to hackers then .
+
+S Critics may argue that RFID can be used to deter terrorism .
+
+S However , terrorists are normally trained to hide and conceal their feelings .
+
+S Furthermore , technically speaking RFID would track everyone before detecting a minority group of terrorists ; hence efficiency of RFID is low .
+A 15 16|||R:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , RFID should be banned for tracking people .
+
+S There may be health hazards when RFID is used frequently .
+
+S RFID can be embedded under one 's skin and it uses radio waves .
+
+S An original hypothesis was that non-ionising radioactive particles do not harm our body tissues .
+
+S Critics may also argue that World Health Organisation 's research on RFID has not disclosed any harmful effects on radio waves .
+
+S However , the research in this field is still at infant stage .
+A 9 13|||R:OTHER|||in its infancy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , RFID may not be safe after a thorough and complete research .
+
+S Furthermore , some research has shown RFID computer chips may be linked to cancer based on animal studies .
+A 14 14|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( sixwise , 2007 )
+
+S In all , RFID should be banned as it not only invades our privacy and it may impose serious risk to our human body .
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||but|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S HYPERLINK " mailto : declan.mccullagh @ cnet.com ? subject = FEEDBACK : % 20Passports % 20to % 20get % 20RFID % 20chip % 20implants " McCullagh,D & { Broache,A .
+
+S ( 2005 , October 25 ) } [ HYPERLINK : mailto : anne.broache @ cnet.com ? subject = FEEDBACK : % 20Passports % 20to % 20get % 20RFID % 20chip % 20implants ] .
+
+S Passports to get RFID chip implants.CNET News .
+
+S Retrieved September 14 , 2009 from HYPERLINK " http : //news.cnet.com/Passports-to-get-RFID-chip-implants/2100-7348_3-5913644.html " http : //news.cnet.com/Passports-to-get-RFID-chip-implants/2100-7348_3-5913644.html
+
+S Will FDA-Approved Microchips in Humans Cause Cancer ? .
+
+S sixwise .
+
+S Retrieved on September 14,2009 from http : //www.sixwise.com/newsletters/07/09/26/will-fda-approved-microchips-in-humans-cause-cancer.htm
+
+S With the advanced Science and technologies , potential diseases become predictable nowadays .
+A 2 3|||R:MORPH|||advancement|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 3|||M:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:ORTH|||science|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||technology|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , a ten years-old child could undergo a genetic testing and predict the risk of getting Huntingdon 's disease in middle age .
+A 5 6|||R:ADJ|||year-old|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This achievement , however , raises a controversy of whether an individual who requests genetic testing should have the final say to reveal or not reveal the results of such testing .
+
+S Since the disclosure might bring negative effects to the individual 's family and induce discrimination in employment as well as the purchase of insurance , I would like to agree with the statement of having right to decide the revealing of genetic test result .
+A 35 35|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When an individual is tested positive for hereditary disease , disclosure of the result might impact his family negatively .
+
+S Family tension would be created if the revealing of the result happens at inappropriate moment .
+
+S Agatha M. Gallo and her colleagues ( 2001 ) note that the decision of disclosing genetic testing result should be made by considering some major life events such as graduation and marriage ( Am J Nurs. , 2001 , To disclose or not to disclose ?
+
+S section , ¶ 3 ) .
+A 2 4|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is obvious and could be imagined that when the individual discloses the information to his brother who is doing preparation for the A-level final examination , for example , the latter would be overwhelmed with stresses whereby affecting his performance during the examination .
+A 36 37|||R:NOUN:NUM|||stress|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Discrimination in employment and insurance is another reason why an individual should possess the right of disclosing genetic result .
+A 8 9|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Admittedly , employers and insurers would always make a decision that benefits their corporation .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN|||cooperation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , once everyone is deprived of deciding to keep their information of genetic testing unknown , people who are tested positive would be discriminated .
+A 27 28|||R:OTHER|||against|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since employers and insurers are inhibited from forcing people to undergo a genetic testing , many people refuse to request such genetic testing in their whole lives ( Nuffield council on bioethics. , 1993 , para7.31 ) .
+
+S In fact , genetic test " can tell us only part of the story " as it is not 100 % accurate , and the disease tested may not be manifest until the end of one 's life span ( CRG , 2001 , Genetic tests can be used to help .
+
+S .
+
+S .
+
+S and to harm section , ¶ 8 ) .
+
+S Is n't this unjust for those who are tested positive ?
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In a nut shell , disclosure of an individual 's genetic testing information might incur woes in his life .
+
+S Everybody should be considerate and let the individual to decide whether he is willing to reveal the test result .
+
+S He should have the final say .
+
+S References
+
+S { Am J Nurs .
+
+S ( 2009 , April ) .
+
+S Disclosure of genetic information within families : how nurses can facilitate family communication , 109 ( 4 ) , 65-69 .
+
+S } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/redirect3.cgi ? &&auth = 0ZkXYWKnju_Uf0_3v-1qs1nXInUzAL0Fs12GKzkBz&reftype = publisher&article-id = 2677756&issue-id = 178642&journal-id = 319&FROM = Article % 7CFront % 20Matter&TO = Content % 20Provider % 7CArticle % 7CRestricted % 20Access&rendering-type = normal&&http : //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi ? dbfrom = pubmed&retmode = ref&cmd = prlinks&id = 19325321 ] Retrieved September 7 , 2009 from { http : //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi ? artid = 2677756 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi ? artid = 2677756 ]
+
+S Council for Responsible Genetics ( CRG ) .
+
+S ( 2001 , January ) .
+
+S Genetic discrimination .
+
+S Retrieved September 10 , 2009 from { http : //www.councilforresponsiblegenetics.org/ViewPage.aspx ? pageId = 85 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.councilforresponsiblegenetics.org/ViewPage.aspx ? pageId = 85 ]
+
+S Genetic screening ethical issues .
+
+S ( 1993 ) .
+
+S London : Nuffield council on bioethics .
+
+S Technological advancements in the medical field today have offered us a variety of genetic tests .
+
+S Although this technology is beneficial to mankind , there is an ongoing controversy pertaining to the question on who should have the final say in revealing the test result to a third party .
+
+S While some may argued that doctors should reveal the result as it may directly affect a third party , we should still look into the concerns individuals have , such as the loss of employment and insurance after the results are made known , their rights to privacy and medical confidentiality and family considerations .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:FORM|||argue|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , all individuals should have the rights to make decisions that will affect their future .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||right|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In recent years , the Council for Responsible Genetics ( CRG ) had found that employers and insurance companies are increasingly biased against people who tested positive in a genetic test .
+
+S This practice is currently known as 'Genetic Discrimination ' ( CRG 2001 ) .
+
+S With this practice in place , individuals will never be treated fairly and their prospects will not be bright , especially in this economic downturn .
+
+S Besides employment , individuals may also be denied the much needed insurance to protect themselves against any future mishaps ( CRG 2001 ) .
+
+S Secondly , individual 's rights to privacy and confidentiality must be observed .
+
+S In the United States , doctors are obliged to adhere to the Standards for Privacy of Individually Identiable Health Information ( Privacy Rule ) ( Sharpe and Carter 2006 ) .
+
+S This would mean that they have to respect the patient 's decision on whether to reveal the genetic test result .
+
+S However , in cases where revealing the result is necessary to prevent an imminent threat to others , doctors are able to make this decision on behalf of the patient ( Sharpe and Carter 2006 ) .
+
+S Despite this , doctors should make careful analysis before making the decision so as not to infringe unnecessarily into the privacy of the individual .
+
+S Lastly , individuals are able to factor in family considerations when deciding whether to reveal the result to the relatives .
+
+S Some of the factors that affect the individual 's decision are the vulnerability and receptivity of relatives towards the result , the timing for revealing the result , and also the family relationships between the relatives ( Nycum , Avard and Knoppers 2008 ) .
+
+S Doctors would never consider these factors comprehensively if they were to have the final say in the revealing the test results .
+
+S In conclusion , individuals should have the final say in whether to reveal the genetic test result if it does not pose an imminent threat to a third party .
+
+S This is because the process involves their family members , their rights on making decisions that will affect their future and also their rights to privacy and confidentiality .
+
+S Reference :
+
+S 1 .
+
+S Carter RF , Sharpe NF .
+
+S 2006 .
+
+S Confidentiality , disclosure and recontact .
+
+S Genetic testing : Care , consent and liability .
+
+S John Wiley & Sons .
+
+S p 398 .
+
+S 2 .
+
+S Council for Responsible Genetics .
+
+S Genetic discrimination [ Internet ] [ cited 2009 September 12 ] .
+
+S Available from : http : //www.councilforresponsiblegenetics.org/ViewPage.aspx ? pageId = 85 .
+
+S 3 .
+
+S Nycum G , Avard D , Knoppers BM .
+
+S 2008 June 3 .
+
+S Factors influencing intrafamilial communication of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer genetic information .
+
+S [ Internet ] [ cited 2009 September 12 ] .
+
+S Availabe from : ( http : //www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v17/n7/full/ejhg200933a.html )
+
+S Topic : The individual requesting genetic testing should have the final say in whether to reveal the results of such thing .
+
+S Nowadays , with advanced medical technology , people can apply genetic testing to identify changes in chromosomes , genes , or proteins ( Genetic Home Reference , 2009 ) .
+
+S This kind of technique provides convincing results of the gene information that the individual carries .
+
+S While as it is more and more widely used in medical test , how to deal with the results appropriately brings fierce debates on ethic and other issues .
+
+S Some claim that the results of genetic testing belong to the privacy of the person , therefore whether to reveal them should depend on the individual himself .
+A 11 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , if the final decision just depends on the individual , it will not only curb the genetic research development but also delay the precaution of potential risk that some genes convey .
+
+S Thus , the individual requesting genetic testing should not have the final say in whether to reveal the results of such thing .
+A 13 14|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are two consequences that the individual should not have the final say on whether to reveal the results .
+A 3 5|||R:OTHER|||reasons as to why|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , it leads to a difficult situation for the experts to explore and apply further study on genetic research .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB|||conduct|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since for most people who take genetic testing , they do not acquire adequate knowledge of results in medical sense .
+
+S In this case , they would rather decide whether to reveal the results in their favor .
+
+S As genetic results are precious resources for gene technology development , decision only can be made by the person puts genetic researchers into an awkward position for they can not use the information without his or her consent .
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||R:WO|||can only|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , keeping the results as a secret will delay the precaution of the potential genetic risk , especially those who have blood relationship .
+
+S According to the research , for a person tests positive for a gene mutation ( a change in a person 's genes ) , their children , siblings , and parents automatically have a 50 % chance of having the same mutation ( Cancer.Net , 2009 ) .
+
+S In other words , genetic testing results are crucial evidence to identify potential genetic risk .
+
+S Therefore , the result should at least be shared with his or her relatives .
+
+S Otherwise , it will delay the precaution , especially the relatives , of the risk that genetic disease brings .
+
+S In conclusion , the final say on whether to reveal the results of genetic testing should not depend on the individual as it not only has negative effects on genetic research development but also delays the precaution of potential health risk .
+
+S Thus , the individual should not act as judges to decide whether to reveal the results of genetic testing .
+
+S Reference
+
+S Cancer.Net .
+
+S ( 2009 , June ) .
+
+S Sharing Genetic Test Results With Your Family .
+
+S Retrieved September 14 , 2009 from { http : //www.cancer.net/patient/Learning + About + Cancer/Genetics/Sharing + Genetic + Test + Results + With + Your + Family } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.cancer.net/patient/Learning + About + Cancer/Genetics/Sharing + Genetic + Test + Results + With + Your + Family ]
+
+S Genetic Home Reference .
+
+S ( n. d. ) .What is genetic testing ?
+
+S Retrieved September 14 , 2009 from { http : //ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/testing/genetictesting } [ HYPERLINK : http : //ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/testing/genetictesting ]
+
+S Surveillance is the systematic supervision or monitoring of the movement or information of an individual or a population .
+
+S ( Bogonikolos , 1999 ) .
+
+S In recent years , numerous state-of-the-art surveillance devices and software emerged rapidly .
+
+S These surveillance technologies bring great advantages in authorization of law enforcement authorities by monitoring and securing prosecution evidence on criminal and terrorist activities .
+
+S However , its thorough interception capability and high cost consumption raised strong controversies .
+
+S The resulting consequences discussed below will further consolidate our claim that surveillance technology usage should be banned .
+
+S Firstly , surveillance technology performed on large population implies violation of privacy and civil rights .
+
+S Government agencies conduct mass surveillance on social networking sites , phone calls and broadband internet traffic hence covertly record civilian 's private or confidential data .
+
+S In addition , corporate companies and central banks embedded RFID chips into products and paper notes with original purposes of tracking purchased products and cash passage between individuals .
+
+S ( Yoshida , 2001 ; Eden 2005 ) However , an individual 's anonymity and privacy will be gone simply when RFID scanners reveal one 's personal interests , purchase records , money transaction and current location .
+
+S Likewise , modern corporate companies profaned employee 's privacy by monitoring their performance at workplace , checking their email and phone log and tracking their movement at working hours .
+
+S ( Moore , 2000 ) Hence , disclosure and storage of personal information of those under mass surveillance lead to invasion of privacy and confidentiality .
+
+S In addition , lump sum government expenditure on surveillance implementation and maintenance is considered resources wastage .
+
+S For instance , estimations suggest that installation of nationwide surveillance network around China will account for $ 33 billion by year 2010 , which is " around the same amount Congress has allocated for reconstructing Iraq " .
+
+S ( Klein , 2008 , p. 6 ) Moreover , scientific research showed that majority public surveillance camera reduces crime merely to a slight degree which failed to overweigh annual equivalent cost .
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||the majority of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Gill & Spriggs , 2005 ) Nevertheless , poor image quality of surveillance camera video footage caused by excessive compression and minimized storage ( Morton , 2005 ) space is considered worthless evidence to prosecute suspected offenders .
+
+S In fact , large amount of government grants on surveillance technology implementation can be alternatively invested on issues of greater importance namely eradication of poverty , famine and diseases control .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||amounts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , surveillance technology should be banned as consequences including violation civilian 's privacy and wastage of national resources results .
+
+S References : Adam D. M. ( 2000 ) .
+
+S Employee Monitoring and Computer Technology : Evaluation Surveillance v. Privacy .
+
+S Ethics Quarterly 10.3 , 697-709 .
+
+S Bogonikolos , N. ( 1999 ) .
+
+S The perception of economic risks arising from the potential vulnerability of electronic commercial media to interception .
+
+S In D. Holdsworth ( Ed .
+
+S ) , Devlopment of Surveillance Technology and Risk of Abuse of Economic Information ( 1/4 ) .
+
+S Luxemborg : European Parliament .
+
+S Eden , J.M. ( 2005 ) .
+
+S When Big Brother Privatizes : Commercial Surveillance , The Privacy Act of 1974 , and The Future of RFID .
+
+S Duke Law & Technology Review .
+
+S Retrieved September 8 , 2009 , from { http : //www.law.duke.edu/journals/dltr/articles/2005dltr0020.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.law.duke.edu/journals/dltr/articles/2005dltr0020.html ]
+
+S Gill , M. ; Spriggs , A .
+
+S ( 2005 ) .
+
+S Assessing the Impact of CCTV .
+
+S Home Office Research Study , 97-122 .
+
+S Retrieved September 8 , 2009 , from { http : //www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs05/hors292.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs05/hors292.pdf ]
+
+S Klein , N. ( 2008 , May 29 ) .
+
+S China 's All-Seeing Eye .
+
+S Rolling Stone .
+
+S Retrieved September 10 , 2009 from { http : //www.rollingstone.com/politics/story/20797485/chinas_allseeing_eye } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.rollingstone.com/politics/story/20797485/chinas_allseeing_eye ]
+
+S Morton , S , ( 2005 ) .
+
+S Recording Systems , Not Cameras , Limit Image Quality in Video Surveillance Systems .
+
+S Retrieved September 10 , 2009 , from { htttp : //www.boundlesss.com/documents/Boundless_cameras _vs_recorders.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : htttp : //www.boundlesss.com/documents/Boundless_cameras_vs_recorders.pdf ]
+
+S Yoshida , J .
+
+S ( 2001 , December 19 ) .
+
+S Euro bank notes to embed RFID chips by 2005 .
+
+S EE Times .
+
+S Retrieved September 11 , 2009 from { http : //www.eetimes.com/story/OEG20011219S0016 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.eetimes.com/story/OEG20011219S0016 ]
+
+S Surveillance technology on healthcare
+
+S According to a survey , the using of RFID tagging systems and its related technologies in the domain of healthcare will have a rapid growth from $ 90 million in 2006 to $ 2.1 billion in 2016 CITATION Rap06 \ l 2052 ( Rapid adoption of RFID in healthcare , 2006 ) .
+
+S This is a very good evidence to show that the surveillance technology is becoming more and more widespread in current society , especially in our daily healthcare apartments .
+A 24 29|||R:OTHER|||healthcare|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some data indicates that RFID technology can really help us a lot in saving the patients ' lives , preventing errors caused by doctors and providing a more safe operation environment .
+
+S Firstly , it can give the patients more freedom by getting rid of those long and boring procedures CITATION Rap06 \ l 2052 ( Rapid adoption of RFID in healthcare , 2006 ) .
+
+S Usually these procedures require the patients to suffer quite a lot and need many efforts from the attendants .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||much effort|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , it can reduce the possibility of errors which may happen in the process .
+
+S One basic theory is using an electronic handshake spectrum to prevent the wrong procedures from happening .
+
+S Thirdly , it provides us a lot of convenience because as a result of the widespread of this technology , some old and needy patients can be cared and thus under safe condition anywhere .
+
+S By planting this device into their body , we can detect where they are in case some urgent diseases break out .
+A 4 5|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference
+
+S BIBLIOGRAPHY Rapid adoption of RFID in healthcare .
+
+S ( 2006/05/08 ) .
+
+S Retrived on 2009/09/16from IDtechEX : http : //www.idtechex.com/research/articles/rapid_adoption_of_rfid_in_healthcare_00000470.asp
+
+S " The use of surveillance technology such as RFID to track people should be banned .
+
+S "
+
+S It was reported that during the September 11 terrorist attacks , fire fighters wrote their names on their arms for fear that they would be unidentified by their family members if they are disfigured .
+A 32 33|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Kanellos , 2004 , There 's not a lot of middle ground on the subject of implanting electronic identification chips in humans , para 4 ) This news offers us food for thought if the use of surveillance technology such as RFID to track people should be permitted .
+
+S Admittedly , the use of surveillance technology may invade one 's privacy .
+
+S Nonetheless , it is more persuasive to believe that surveillance technology helps in tracking of properties and improvements in medical care .
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , the use of surveillance technology should not be banned .
+
+S Firstly , businessmen contend that the use of surveillance technology facilitates the tracking of properties .
+
+S RFID tags can be inserted into objects to monitor the sales and quality of products .
+
+S This would ensure easier documentation of items sold and companies could improve their operations efficiency .
+
+S An illustration is a shopping mall , Wal-Mart , which is using tagging devices in its products in order to update their supply chain ( Srivastava , 2007 , Shopping and dining out , para 1 ) .
+
+S However , critics argue that the accumulation of data may be susceptible to theft and misuse ( Kanellos , 2004 , Tagging hospital patients... and alumni , para 7 ) .
+
+S With rapid advancements in technology , abusers can tag on RFID tags and misappropriate the data .
+
+S ( Kanellos , 2004 , Tagging hospital patients... and alumni , para 8 ) .
+
+S This may lead to the loss of companies ' privacy if confidential information were obtained .
+
+S Nevertheless , this concern may be overrated as Sriviastava ( 2007 ) claimed that devices such as 'tag killings ' are available to safeguard the information stored in the RFID tags .
+
+S Hence , the use of surveillance technology should not be banned .
+
+S Secondly , medical professionals assert that the use of surveillance technology aids in improvements in medical care .
+
+S Patients ' health could be monitored and checked regularly with the use of RFID tags .
+
+S ( Kanellos , 2004 , Tagging hospital patients... and alumni , para 3 ) With this , the medical reports of patients can be shared and obtained easily by hospitals which will facilitate the diagnosis and prescription of drugs for the patients .
+
+S In addition , abduction of babies are minimised with increased security .
+
+S ( Srivastava , 2007 , Sports and health , para 4 )
+
+S In all , the use of surveillance technology should not be banned as it facilitates tracking of information and medical care .
+
+S As technology progresses , one may expect more surveillance devices to be developed in the near future .
+
+S References :
+
+S * Kanellos , M. ( 2004 , August 23 ) .
+
+S Under-skin ID tags generate concerns .
+
+S Retrieved 11 September , 2009 from http : //news.zdnet.co.uk/emergingtech/0,1000000183,39164259,00.htm
+
+S * Srivastava , L. ( 2007 ) Radio frequency identification : ubiquity for humanity .
+
+S Abstract retrieved 11 September 2009 from http : //www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/ViewContentServlet ? Filename = Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Articles/2720090101.html
+
+S Synthesis : Surveillance technology such as RFID should not be banned
+
+S The usage of surveillance technology such as RFID ( Radio-Frequency Identification ) on people or products has been a hot topic debated by both supporters and critics .
+
+S RFID tags has been introduced to the general public , but remains theoretical until the 11th September,2001 attack .
+
+S The idea came when a technology executive discovered that RFID tags may be used for identification if a body becomes disfigured or unrecognizable in an accident .
+
+S Thus , the RFID technology starts to materialize and propagates in public which causes commotions pertaining to privacy and ethical issues aroused from the usage of such technology .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||started|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:MORPH|||propagate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||caused|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB|||raised|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:MORPH|||use|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Albeit the risk of privacy invasion , RFID tags are potential devices which do benefits a lot to humans if executed under strict regulations .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:SVA|||benefit|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First and foremost , with the RFID surveillance technology , personal safety in public places can be enhanced .
+
+S By having RFID attached to a person , especially children , their whereabouts can be constantly watched by their parents and increases the safeguarding of their children .
+
+S However , there are issues concerning the dependence of technology instead of parents giving full attention towards their children by their own effort , and thus decreasing their sense of responsibility as a caretaker .
+
+S But with RFID tags , their children can remain safe and sound by lowering the case of being injured or lost as the devices can detect straightaway if such situations happen .
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||cases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||R:OTHER|||injury|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||loss|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||R:OTHER|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:DET|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:VERB:TENSE|||be detected|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , RFID tags are efficacious devices in monitoring the situation of children .
+
+S Surveillance technology such as RFID also plays a pivotal role in health field .
+
+S Currently , a number of hospitals have begun to implement the attachment of RFID tags on patients in order to monitor and observe the patients from time to time .
+
+S It was also stated by Information Week ( 2005 ) , that RFID tags can be used to prevent newborn infants from being abducted by outsiders .
+
+S The tagging system is also a measure to deter the problems of having Alzheimer patients lost wandering at other places or patients collapsing outside of hospital area .
+A 17 18|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Signals will be transmitted to the hospital to alert the nurses of their condition .
+
+S Hence , with such surveillance technology , the risk of patients getting injured while getting lost outside can be reduced to a minimal percentage .
+A 22 24|||R:OTHER|||minimum|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All in all , it can not be denied that surveillance technology is important in securing a safe environment .
+
+S The impact of surveillance technology towards human lives is huge and can be frightening at times .
+
+S Moreover , the public has generated concern over the right of keeping their personal information in private .
+
+S Even though there are doubts and concerns towards the usage of surveillance technology for tracking purposes , it is still a central piece of the puzzle of human lives .
+
+S In a nutshell , surveillance technology such as RFID tags used to track people should not be banned .
+
+S References :
+
+S Kanellos , M. ( 2004 , August 23 ) .
+
+S Under-skin ID tags generate concerns .
+
+S CNET News.com .
+
+S Retrieved September 9,2009 from { http : //news.zdnet.co.uk/emergingtech/0,1000000183,39164259,00.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //news.zdnet.co.uk/emergingtech/0,1000000183,39164259,00.htm ]
+
+S Srivastava , L. ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Radio frequency identification : ubiquity for humanity .
+
+S info vol.9 no.1 , 4-14 .
+
+S Retrieved September 10 , 2009 from { http : //www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/ViewContentServlet ? Filename = Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Articles/2720090101.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/ViewContentServlet ? Filename = Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Articles/2720090101.html ]
+
+S Surveillance is no longer unfamiliar in the era of technology-based society .
+
+S Surveillance , according to Bogonikolos ( 1999 ) , is the systematic investigation or monitoring of behaviour or intercourse of one person or a group .
+
+S It is professionally used by the executive authorities and the governments , especially the Ministry of Defence .
+
+S Nonetheless , the generalization of certain simple surveillance technologies causes their existence to be found everywhere .
+A 12 15|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although surveillance can be utilized widely in the aspects of health and medical , protection against terrorist attack and security purposes , abuse usage of such technology will bring us negative impacts .
+
+S Thus , in my opinion , surveillance should be banned under certain circumstances .
+
+S There is much controversy raised on the disadvantages of surveillance technology nowadays , particularly in term of privacy .
+
+S Privacy can be defined as " the condition of not having undocumented personal knowledge about one possessed by others " .
+
+S ( D. Moore , 2000 , p.698 ) Recently , home surveillance becomes more well-liked among nuclear families .
+
+S Since most couples in this competitive era have their own business or enterprise , home surveillance is then installed in order to guard their residence .
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||is installed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , this might cause severe effect in which home and individual privacies are invaded once the mechanism is hacked with a little technical skill .
+
+S Besides that , even though camera surveillance used in educational institutions is purposely to secure the safety of students , " the majority of the schemes evaluated did not reduce crime and even where there was a reduction this was mostly not due to CCTV ; nor did CCTV schemes make people feel safer , much less change their behaviour .
+
+S " ( Gill & Spriggs , 2005 , p.115 ) As a result , the setup of CCTV not only dissipates the expenditure , but also reduces the freedom space of students .
+
+S On the other hand , surveillance technology also influences the psychological condition of individuals .
+
+S For instance , installation of surveillance technology in workplaces more or less will lower the task performance of employees .
+
+S While monitoring the employees with video surveillance along working , they may feel uneasy on their movements .
+
+S At the same time , monitoring also reduces the liability between employers and employees , and results in the decrease in morale in the latter .
+
+S ( Bryant , 2006 , para.11 )
+
+S In conclusion , the effects of surveillance technology surrounding us are based on both major and minor premises , which are privacy and right of freedom of individuals , as well as the psychological condition .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , these have strengthened our standpoint that surveillance technology should be banned .
+
+S References :
+
+S * Bogonikolos , N. ( 1999 ) .
+
+S The perception of economic risks arising from the potential vulnerability of electronic commercial media to interception .
+
+S In Holdsworth , D .
+
+S ( Ed .
+
+S ) , Development of Surveillance Technology and Risk of Abuse of Economic Information ( 1/4 ) .
+
+S Luxembourg : European Parliament .
+
+S * Bryant , L. ( 2006 ) .
+
+S What are the pros and cons of monitoring employees using surveillance ?
+
+S Retrieved September 10 , 2009 , from http : //www.video-surveillance-guide.com/monitoring-employees-using-video-surveillance.htm
+
+S * D. Moore , A .
+
+S ( 2000 ) .
+
+S Employee Monitoring and Computer Technology : Evaluative Surveillance v. Privacy .
+
+S Business Ethics Quarterly , 10 ( 3 ) , 697-709 .
+
+S Philosophy Documentation Center .
+
+S * Gill , M. ; Spriggs , A .
+
+S ( 2005 ) .
+
+S Home Office Research Study 292 : Assessing the impact of CCTV , 115-122 .
+
+S Retrieved September 8 , 2009 from http : //www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs05/hors292.pdf
+
+S Rapidly rising availability of surveillance technology have made it possible to yield information about the locations of people .
+
+S This has raised issues concerning the collection , use and disclosure of personal data .
+
+S Nonetheless , the use of surveillance technology adds convenience and offers opportunities for improvement in our daily lives , from personal safety to health .
+
+S Due to the potential technological benefits which could impact human lives , it should not be banned .
+
+S The use of surveillance technology is beneficial to people , particularly in terms of enhancing security and improving personnel safety .
+
+S Firstly , tracking people either through implants or wearable tags improves identification and hence , tightens access to restricted information or physical areas ( Kanellos , 2004 , para .
+
+S 4 ) .
+
+S This type of technology also aid police in investigations and identification of offenders .
+
+S This will lower the likelihood of crime .
+
+S Criminals may think twice before committing a crime as they know they might be caught by the surveillance equipment ( Kanellos , 2004 , para .
+
+S 18 ) .
+
+S Secondly , surveillance technology can be used in healthcare and independent living for safeguarding purposes .
+
+S Besides allowing working adults to check on children and single-living elderly , this wireless interconnectivity technology are deployed in hospital to prevent abduction , enable health care professionals to get hold of patients ' medical history , track individuals ' whereabouts and send warning signals when patient collapses ( Srivastava , 2007 , para .
+
+S 12,13 , and 19 ; Kanellos , 2004 , para .
+
+S 23 ) .
+
+S Hence , such use of surveillance technology should not be prohibited .
+
+S Although the use of surveillance technology may lead to undesirable implications , they are highly unlikely to happen .
+
+S Some opponents of surveillance technology have argued that its use would invade their privacy and the information might also be distributed to unauthorised parties without consent ( Srivastava , 2007 , para .
+
+S 31 ) .
+
+S However , a series of technical countermeasures , policies and regulatory initiatives had been introduced to minimise and possibly prevent these adverse effects ( Srivastava , 2007 , para .
+
+S 35 ) .
+
+S Hence , the use of surveillance technology to track people would still be effective and beneficial in our society , as long as the appropriate approaches are applied .
+
+S In conclusion , the use of surveillance technology would be constructive to many aspects of our daily life as the benefits far outweigh the societal concerns .
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , the use of surveillance technology to track people should not be banned .
+
+S ( 345 words )
+
+S ( 345 words )
+
+S References :
+
+S 1 .
+
+S Kanellos , M. ( 2004 , August 23 ) .
+
+S Under-skin ID tags generate concerns .
+
+S CNET News .
+
+S Retrieved September 8 , 2009 from http : //news.zdnet.co.uk/emergingtech/0,1000000183,39164259,00.htm
+
+S 2 .
+
+S Srivastava , L. ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Radio frequency identification : ubiquity for humanity .
+
+S ITU , 9 ( 1 ) , 4-14 .
+
+S Retrieved September 5 , 2009 , from http : //www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/ViewContentServlet ? Filename = Published/ EmeraldFullTextArticle/Articles/2720090101.html
+
+S The use of surveillance technology such as RFID to track people should be banned
+
+S For decades , people has been debating whether the use of surveillance technology should be banned , they argued that the used of surveillance technology is invading individual 's privacy .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 30|||R:OTHER|||bbanned . They..|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Stanley & Steinhardt , jan2003 , Preface , para.3 ) However , imagine what would happen if we shut down all the surveillance technology in the country , banks will be robbed , houses will be broken into and the country will be in a chaotic state .
+A 0 11|||R:OTHER|||privacy ( Stanley...2003 ) .|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 48|||R:OTHER|||thcountry . Banks will..|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The purpose of using surveillance technology is to maintain social stability and to protect us and our assets , hence , Surveillance technology should not be banned .
+A 18 23|||R:OTHER|||. Hence , ...|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S RFID , security cameras , Global Positioning Systems ( GPS ) on mobile phone and some eavesdropping device are some of the common surveillance gadget used by the FBI and police .
+
+S In the 20th centaury , the best weapon against terrorism is no longer bullets and bomb , the focus is to prevent criminal activities before it happens , hence , information is the key .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN|||century|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||weapons|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||bombs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||because|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 31|||R:OTHER|||happenhappens . Hence , ...nformation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Piller & Lichtblau , July29 2002 )
+
+S In the U.S. , FBI and police used surveillance technology to track suspect and to fight terrorism .
+
+S " Calls made from a mobile phone led Italian police to one of the suspects in the failed suicide bombings in London on 21 July .
+
+S " ( BBC news , Aug3 2005 ) In this incident , the police caught the criminal by tapping his mobile phone , listening to his conversation and use his mobile phone signal to determine his location .
+
+S This is a classic example of how surveillance technology can be used to fight crime .
+
+S Surveillance technology can also be used in the medical fields .
+
+S Presbyterian Hospital in Charlotte , North Carolina came out with a RFID infant protection system where a RFID chips was tagged onto the infant .
+
+S ( Two Stories Highlight the RFID Debate , July19 2005 ) The security system will sound off if the infant was being illegally removed from the nursery .
+
+S This system successfully recovered a kidnapped infant by using RFID signal on the tagged baby to track its location .
+
+S GPS chip was also placed on Alzheimer 's patient shoes to track their whereabouts .
+
+S Patient with this disease can be easily disoriented , hence , causing them to lose their way .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||A patient|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Wong , Jun10 2009 ) The use of surveillance technology can help the patient 's family members to locate them and bring them home safely .
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||him/ her|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:OTHER|||him/ her|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although the use of surveillance technology will raised ethical concerns , to obtain important information that might save thousands of lives , there is no choice but to do it .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:FORM|||raise|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By tracking a suspect whereabouts or eavesdropping his or hers conversation , we might be invading his or hers privacy , however , if we can prevent another September 11 incident from re- occurring , I believe everyone would agree to it .
+A 4 4|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||her|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||her|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 23|||R:OTHER|||privaprivacy . However , ...|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From just the above example , we can see that the advantages of using surveillance technology overweigh its disadvantages .
+
+S In conclusion , we can impose law and limit the use of surveillance technology but we can not ban it .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Jay Stanley and Barry Steinhardt ( Jan2003 ) , Bigger Monster , Weaker Chains : The Growth of an American Surveillance Society , American civil liberties union , retrieved sep12 , 2009 , from http : //www.aclu.org/FilesPDFs/aclu_report_bigger_monster_weaker_chains.pdf
+
+S Charles Piller and Eric Lichtblau ( July29,2002 ) , FBI Plans to Fight Terror With High-Tech Arsenal , Times , retrieved sep12 , 2009 , from http : //articles.latimes.com/2002/jul/29/nation/na-technology29
+
+S Tracking a suspect by mobile phone ( Aug3 , 2005 ) , BBC News , retrieved sep12 , 2009 , from http : //news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/4738219.stm
+
+S Two Stories Highlight the RFID Debate ( July19 , 2005 ) , retrieved sep12 , 2009 , from http : //www.rfidupdate.com/articles/index.php ? id = 914
+
+S Grace Wong ( jun10 , 2009 ) , [ pic ] GPS shoe to track Alzheimer 's patients , CNN , retrieved sep12 , 2009 , from http : //www.cnn.com/2009/HEALTH/06/10/gps.shoes/index.html
+
+S Topic2 : " The individual requesting genetic testing should have the final say in whether to reveal the results of such testing .
+
+S "
+
+S Genetic testing has evolved and is now more prevalent in our modern society .
+
+S In light of this ubiquitous and accessible availability of genetic testing , many have started to question the problems that are associated to the results .
+A 22 23|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The question now is whether an individual should decide whether to release the results to others or the results to be revealed regardless of his approval .
+A 17 17|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:VERB:FORM||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are evidences that the latter proved more beneficial to both the patient and others around him .
+A 1 3|||R:OTHER|||is evidence|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many have argued that by revealing genetic results , companies will be able to gain access to them and thus deny those affected from being hired due to their disabilities .
+
+S However , it is important for many companies to know these disabilities because these may pose problems for certain operations .
+
+S For example , people with sickle cell trait are not able to be pilots because they may face problems at high altitude .
+
+S ( Why might genetic information be relevant to employment ? , n.d. , para.1 ) Furthermore , industries that handle certain chemicals or carcinogens should have stringent employability criteria .
+
+S This does not only protect the companies ' interest but also protect hopeful employees from aggravating their conditions .
+
+S ( Why might genetic information be relevant to employment ? , n.d. , para.2 ) .
+
+S In sum , revealing genetic results will be beneficial to the patients as well as companies involved in the recruitment process .
+
+S Accessible genetic results are also important to patients and their families .
+
+S Patients with positive test results will be susceptible to physical and emotional stress and thus will need support from his loved ones .
+A 19 21|||R:OTHER|||theiroved|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Sharing Genetic Test Results With Your Family , 2009 , para .
+
+S 2 ) .
+
+S Moreover , the results may also shed some light to certain predominant problems that the entire family may be susceptible to in the near future .
+
+S This will allow relatives to start early treatment before the disease develops .
+
+S ( Sharing Genetic Test Results With Your Family , 2009 , para .
+
+S 7 ) .
+
+S Therefore , availability of genetic information will help ease the pressure on the patient and also allow many to go through early treatment or take preventive measures .
+
+S Albeit many believe in human rights as well as the protection of one 's interest , there are many other prevailing factors that tip the balance toward releasing results and making it readily available for the good of the patient and his surrounding people .
+
+S References
+
+S * { Cancer.Net Editorial Board } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.cancer.net/vgn-ext-templating/v/index.jsp ? vgnextoid = befa03e8448d9010VgnVCM100000f2730ad1RCRD&sectionId = 20464&vgnextrefresh = 1 ] .
+
+S ( 2009 , July 24 ) .
+
+S Sharing Genetic Test Results with Your Family .
+
+S Retrieved September 15,2009 , from { http : //www.cancer.net/patient/Learning + About + Cancer/Genetics/Sharing + Genetic + Test + Results + With + Your + Family } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.cancer.net/patient/Learning + About + Cancer/Genetics/Sharing + Genetic + Test + Results + With + Your + Family ]
+
+S * National Human Genome Research Institute .
+
+S ( 2009 , August 14 ) .
+
+S Frequently Asked Questions About Genetic Testing .
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2009 , from { http : //www.genome.gov/19516567 # al-3 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.genome.gov/19516567 ]
+
+S * Human Genetics Commission .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Why might genetic information be relevant to employment ?
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2009 , from { http : //www.hgc.gov.uk/Client/Content_wide.asp ? ContentId = 135 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.hgc.gov.uk/Client/Content_wide.asp ? ContentId = 135 ]
+
+S Genetic testing is the examination of the fundamental human genetic information , so as to access an individual 's risk of contracting diseases .
+A 15 16|||R:VERB|||assess|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although this advance in technology proves to be a significant breakthrough in the medical field , social problems in the form of genetic discrimination could be the likely consequences .
+
+S Thus , individuals undergoing genetic testing should have the final say in whether to reveal the results as they are the ones who will likely face discrimination .
+
+S Employment is one area of discrimination .
+
+S Individuals tested to have risks of suffering from diseases that could affect their working abilities would very unlikely be employed by profit-driven companies .
+
+S From the employers ' point of view , these individuals would likely take medical leaves often to consult treatments , and could be lower in productivity .
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||leave|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB|||seek|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||treatment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One example of such discrimination was experienced by Eddy Curry , a former Chicago Bulls player .
+
+S In 2005 , Curry was forced to leave for the New York Knicks after his refusal to a genetic test aimed to determine if players were susceptible to a heart ailment ( Harmon , 2008 ) .
+
+S Hence , employers would likely use genetic testing to gauge a potential employee 's productivity and worth .
+
+S To eliminate discrimination in the workforce , individuals undergoing the test should be given the final say .
+
+S Individuals could also face genetic discrimination from insurance companies .
+
+S Insurance companies function by collecting premiums from many separate individuals and paying large amounts to only some of the insured .
+
+S The rest of the sum collected would be the company 's profits .
+
+S Hence , if genetic testing results are available to the insurers , they would likely exploit it by increasing the premiums to be paid by the individuals tested positive to diseases , or declining them the policies .
+
+S This form of discrimination does exist , and laws have been imposed to alleviate this problem .
+
+S For example , the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act was introduced to stop the misuse of genetic testing results by insurers ( Harmon , 2008 ) .
+
+S Thus , to more effectively alleviate discrimination from insurers , individuals should have the final say .
+
+S To conclude , genetic discrimination can be alleviated if the individuals have the final say in whether to reveal their genetic results .
+
+S References
+
+S Harmon , A .
+
+S ( 2008 , February 24 ) .
+
+S Insurance Fears Lead Many to Shun DNA Tests .
+
+S The New York Times .
+
+S Retrieved September 10 , 2009 from http : //www.nytimes.com/2008/02/24/health/24dna.html ? _r = 2&pagewanted = all
+
+S Technological advances have eased the carry out of surveillance activities .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:FORM|||carrying|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some suggest application of surveillance technology is advantageous in the safeguard of credentials , protection of national security and enhancement of business and commerce sectors .
+
+S However the same technology can also be used to track people and intrude private information .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB|||steal|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Concerns are raised on the moral and ethical issues surrounding the latter usage of such technology .
+
+S In fact , the intrusion of people 's privacy has become more serious when surveillance technology is abused that such technology used in tracking people should be banned .
+
+S Two issues are discussed .
+
+S Both support the fact that surveillance technology create risks to privacy that far outweigh the technology 's heralded benefits .
+
+S Firstly it is said that it actually enables identity thieves , stalkers and other criminals to commit " contactless " crimes against victims who wo n't immediately know they 've been violated ( Consumer Watchdog , 2009 ) .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 26|||R:OTHER|||will not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In February 2005 , when the State Department ( US ) asked for public comment on the implementation of Radio-Frequency Identification ( RFID ) in passport booklets , of the 2,335 comments received , 98.5 percent were negative , with 86 percent expressing security or privacy concerns , the department reported in an October 2005 notice in the Federal Register ( Lewan , 2009 ) .
+
+S Indeed , the fear of losing privacy is a distressing concern among the society .
+
+S Secondly , tracking devices such as online behavioural tracking systems can be used to target vulnerable consumers for high-price loans , bogus health cures and other potentially harmful products and services , " said Susan Grant , director of Consumer Protection at Consumer Federation of America ( Consumer Watchdog , 2009 ) .
+
+S Nowadays electronic information from consumers is " collected , compiled and sold " ( Consumer Watchdog , 2009 ) without reasonable safeguards and therefore poses a threat to the exposure of private matters of consumers that may lead to abuse of such information for certain benefits or intentions .
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:FORM|||posing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , surveillance technology should be banned as it not only intrudes privacy but also pose a risk to personal security .
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:SVA|||poses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Article : Consumer Watchdog ; Consumer and Privacy Groups Urge Congress to Enact .
+
+S Organisation : Biotech Week .
+
+S Retrieval date : 16 September 2009 .
+
+S URL : { http : //www.newsrx.com/article.php ? articleID = 1619653 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.newsrx.com/article.php ? articleID = 1619653 ]
+
+S Article : Excuse Me , but Your RFID Is Showing .
+
+S Author : Todd Lewan .
+
+S Date : 15 July 2009 .
+
+S Organisation : ECT News Network .
+
+S Retrieval date : 16 September 2009 .
+
+S URL : { http : //www.linuxinsider.com/story/67595.html ? wlc = 1252937912 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.linuxinsider.com/story/67595.html ? wlc = 1252937912 ]
+
+S While surveillance has been a part of society since the widespread Cabinet Noir splinter ( Encyclopedia Britannica , 1911 ) of the postal organisation during Louis XIII reign , only recent development in technology has made it possible for the intrusion into the private lives of individuals on such a grandiose scale specifically with regards to the wide scale tracking of movement .
+A 50 51|||R:ADJ|||massive|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The application of tracking technology has spurned heated debates from both public and private sectors .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB|||spurred|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The acceptance of RFID ( Radio frequency identification ) and commercial data mining to serve behavioural advertising has raised concerns with privacy groups and computer experts due to potential of abuse being present .
+
+S While RFID has proven itself as a worthy tool in combating terrorism on an international scale , it has also opened a window of opportunity for criminals who do not require contact such as identity thieves and stalkers to prey on countless unknowing victims exploiting the fundamental flaw of each RFID chip ; as Neville Pattinson ( 2007 ) stated : " 'each chip is built to faithfully transmit its unique identifier ' " ( Lewan , 2009 ) which it does with no consensual oversight .
+
+S Another contentious issue is the potential quasi-legal practice of collecting the information of political dissidents gathered at legitimate rallies by the government .
+
+S Behavioural advertising on the other hand has invaded the individual 's right to safeguard their personal information and browsing habits .
+A 2 6|||R:OTHER|||, on the other hand ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The web users whom have been targeted by the advertorial companies have lost all meaningful control ( Report on Consumer Watchdog ; Consumer and Privacy Groups Urge Congress to Enact Consumer Privacy Guarantees , 2009 ) over the use of their personal data which is often shared with third parties for financial gain oblivious to the victim 's lack of consent .
+A 3 4|||R:PRON|||who|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||adversarial|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 53 60|||R:OTHER|||without the victim 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Surveillance technology even when well intentioned has been proven to have too many potential pitfalls to be ignored .
+A 2 6|||R:OTHER|||, even when well intentioned ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The rise in the infringement of individual privacy by malicious people and oppressive government shows no sign of slowing down due to continual evolution in both legitimate technology and the resourcefulness of criminals to exploit it .
+
+S In conclusion , the relative gains in accessibility and efficiency does not give carte blanche for private organisations or governmental agencies to push forth dubious surveillance technology regardless of how well intentioned it may be .
+
+S References :
+
+S 1 .
+
+S Biotech week editors .
+
+S ( 2009 , September 16 ) .
+
+S Consumer Watchdog ; Consumer and Privacy Groups Urge Congress to Enact Consumer Privacy Guarantees .
+
+S Retrieved September 11 , 2009 from http : //global.factiva.com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/aa/ ? ref = BIWK000020090911e59g002d8&pp = 1&fcpil = en&napc = p&sa_from =
+
+S 2 .
+
+S ( 1911 ) .
+
+S Encyclopedia Britannica , Volume V04 , 920 .
+
+S Retrieved August 24 , 2009 , from jrank encyclopedia online .
+
+S 3 .
+
+S Lewan,T .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Excuse Me , but Your RFID Is showing .
+
+S Associated Press .
+
+S Retrieved August 24,2009 , from Linux Insider database .
+
+S The individual requesting genetic testing should have the final say in whether to reveal the results of such testing .
+
+S In recent years , development in technologies of genetic testing has increased the ease of access for individuals to genetic tests .
+
+S Genetic tests are laboratory techniques used to determine whether a person has or probability of getting a genetic disorder .
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some examples of genetic testing are diagnostic testing and pre-natal testing ( Mehlman , 1999 , para 1 ) .
+
+S These individuals should have the final say in whether to reveal the results of such tests .
+
+S Individuals should maintain their rights in whether to reveal the results of such testing is so that they can protect themselves from genetic discrimination .
+A 14 15|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Such discrimination could appear in the area of employment , where companies use the results of genetic tests to influence the employment prospects of an individual .
+
+S For example in 2005 , a Chicago Bulls basketball player named Eddy Curry was sold to the New York Knicks because he refused to take a genetic test to check if he was predisposed to a heart ailment ( Harmon , 2008 , Caught in a Bind , para 8 ) .
+
+S So what if the he had taken the test and was diagnosed with having a higher possibility of developing heart problem ?
+
+S He would probably be sold to another team even though he could be a good player .
+
+S This would be unfair for the individual .
+
+S Thus , to protect themselves from genetic discrimination , individuals should maintain their rights in having the final say whether to reveal results of genetic testing .
+A 22 22|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another reason for individuals to maintain their rights in revelation of genetic testing result is so as to allow individuals to enjoy the benefits that genetic testing can bring .
+
+S Because of the potential discriminations that individuals could face due to their results of genetic testing , many chose not to take the test .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:INFL|||discrimination|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:TENSE|||choose|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even with the improvement of the technologies related to genetic diseases , these individuals are denied of the opportunities to prevent , or even treat the genetic disease that could be present .
+A 16 17|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If the results of genetic testing are to be forcefully revealed , less people will be willing to even go for the test .
+A 12 13|||R:ADJ|||fewer|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , to allow individuals to have the chance to know more of the preventive measures or possible treatment , they should have the final say in whether to reveal the results of genetic testing .
+
+S In conclusion , there are consequences the individuals have to consider whether to reveal their result of genetic test .
+A 3 19|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If they are forced to reveal , they could be subjected to unfair treatment and be void of the benefits of genetic test .
+
+S Thus , individuals should maintain their right to decide whether they want to reveal the result of their genetic test .
+
+S References
+
+S Mehlman , M. ( 1999 , October ) .
+
+S The Privacy of Genetic Information .
+
+S Retrieved September 9 , 2009 , from http : //www.thedoctorwillseeyounow.com/articles/bioethics/geneticinfo_1/
+
+S Harmon , A .
+
+S ( 2008 , February 24 ) .
+
+S Insurance Fears Lead Many to Shun DNA Tests .
+
+S The New York Times .
+
+S Retrieved September 10 , 2009 from { http : //www.nytimes.com/2008/02/24/health/24dna.html ? _r = 2&pagewanted = all } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.nytimes.com/2008/02/24/health/24dna.html ? _r = 2&pagewanted = all ]
+
+S Topic 1 : " The use of surveillance technology such as RFID to track people should be banned .
+
+S "
+
+S The competitive world has caused technologies to improve rapidly in the 21st century .
+
+S One of the advancement in technology would be surveillance technology .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||advancements|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The concerns for safety and security have increased the number of use of the surveillance systems .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN|||extent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Despite the proper usage of surveillance technology , there is a widespread abuse of the technology by some criminal organization .
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||organizations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , the potential for abuse increases .
+
+S Surveillance technology has been used as a tool for illegitimate activities which in turn threatens publics ' safety and security .
+A 15 17|||R:NOUN:POSS|||public|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This issue has become a main topic in public discussion .
+
+S Thus , due to the risk of misuse of surveillance technology , I fully concur that the use of surveillance technology should be banned .
+
+S First and foremost , surveillance technology such as Radio Frequency Identification ( RFID ) has been used as a tool for hackers and identity thieves to commit " 'contactless ' " crime against victims without their consent ( Lewan , 2009 ) .
+
+S RFID chip is largely used in some official identification documents such as driver 's license and passport in America .
+
+S Once the RFID number is intercepted , it is possible for the criminals to track the movements of their targets without their knowledge .
+
+S Additionally , it has been concluded that the use of RFID has no benefit on the achievement or national security , but it resulted in an increment in risk of personal privacy and security ( Lewan , 2009 ) .
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , the use of RFID should be disregarded .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB|||discontinued|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , online behavioral tracking is another main issue of how surveillance technology has been misused .
+
+S It tracks users ' online activities and collects their electronic information and makes the information available to parties other than their initial correspondents without their consent ( Report on Consumer Watchdog ; Consumer and Privacy Groups Urge Congress to Enact Consumer Privacy Guarantees , 2009 ) .
+
+S Hence , the consumers ' privacy is invaded .
+
+S The online behavioral tracking can also be used to target vulnerable consumers for deceitful advertisement .
+
+S Thus , the security of the consumers is at high risk .
+
+S Thirdly , the improper use of this surveillance technology will bring about the consequence of privacy invasion .
+
+S Different people define privacy differently .
+
+S An anonymous author once defines privacy as " 'the claim of individuals , groups , or institutions to determine for themselves how , when and to what extent information about them is communicated to others ' " ( Bogonikolos and Holdsworth ( Ed .
+
+S ) . , 1999 ) .
+
+S Hence , everyone has the right to protect their privacy .
+
+S In conclusion , surveillance technology should be banned as it has been misused by people for illegal activities .
+
+S The misuse of surveillance technology not only invades user 's privacy but also increases the risk of personal and national security .
+A 8 10|||R:NOUN:POSS|||users '|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S i ) Bogonikolos , N. , & Holdsworth , H .
+
+S ( Ed. ) .
+
+S May 1999 Development Of Surveillance Technology And Risk Of Abuse Of Economic Information .
+
+S 5- 7 .
+
+S Retrieved September 7 , 2009 , from http : //cryptome.org/dst-1.htm # 3.5
+
+S ii ) Consumer Watchdog ; Consumer and Privacy Groups Urge Congress to Enact Consumer Privacy Guarantees .
+
+S ( 2009 , September 16 ) .
+
+S International Herald Tribune ( Factiva ) .Retrieved September 11 , 2009 from http : //global.factiva.com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/aa/ ? ref = BIWK000020090911 e59g002d8&pp = 1&fcpil = en&napc = p&sa_from =
+
+S iii ) Lewan , T. ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Excuse Me , but Your RFID Is showing .
+
+S Associated Press .
+
+S Retrieved August 25 , 2009 , from Linux Insider database .
+
+S There are many types of genetic testing , such as late-onset disorders and newborn screening .
+
+S Genetic testing allows early detection of diseases which may be useful to mankind .
+A 7 7|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , genetic testing has brought about issues if such genetic results are revealed and abused .
+
+S Thus , I agree that the individual requesting genetic testing should have the final say in whether to reveal the results of such testing .
+
+S First , we will discuss on the relationship between employees and their employer 's organisation .
+A 5 6|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There is tension between employees and employer regarding genetic testing .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||employers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Stephen , 2003 ) .
+
+S If genetic testing indicates susceptibility for diseases of an employee , there is chance that the employer will sack the employee .
+A 5 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:OTHER|||to diseases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB|||dismiss|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is supported by the fact that most people with disabilities or diseases are discriminated .
+A 15 15|||M:PREP|||against|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Most companies are not willing to employ them as they may be seen to be inefficient because of their disabilities .
+
+S Thus , genetic results should not be revealed to protect people from losing their jobs .
+
+S Opponents of this position may argue that such results should be revealed to protect employer from an employee vulnerable to illness .
+A 1 2|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:OTHER|||who is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Stephen , 2003 ) .
+
+S However , the primary aim of employment should be work performance and efficiency , rather than on genetic testing .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN|||basis|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Kankowski & Capron,1991 ) .
+
+S Hence , individual should have the final say to protect them from environment that may harm them .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||individuals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Stephen , 2003 ) .
+
+S Next , a further difficulty issue involves revealing of genetic results to insurance companies .
+
+S ( Stephen , 2003 ) .
+
+S Applicants will be at a disadvantage when applying for insurance .
+
+S For example , if genetic results are revealed , the cost of the insurance will be expensive such that it may not be worth it .
+
+S Critics of this position claim that insurer will also be at a disadvantage if such results are not revealed to them .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||insurers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Stephen , 2003 ) .
+
+S I must admit that the insurer will be at a disadvantage if the situation is switched .
+
+S However , the cost of insurance should be on the current medical status of the applicant and should not be on the results of the genetic testing .
+
+S In conclusion , I believe that the individual requesting genetic testing should have the final say in whether to reveal the results of such testing as it will affect both the relationship between employees and employer and issues involving insurance .
+
+S References
+
+S Kankowski , Z. , & Capron , M .
+
+S ( Eds. ) .
+
+S ( 1991 ) .
+
+S Genetics , Ethics and Human Value .
+
+S Proceeding Of The XXIVTH CIOMS Round Table Conference ( pp .
+
+S 181-185 ) .
+
+S Geneva .
+
+S Holland , S. ( 2003 ) .
+
+S Bioethics .
+
+S Prenatal Genetic Intervention ( pp .
+
+S 111-115 ) .
+
+S UK : Policy Press .
+
+S Genetic testing is a test performed to allow genetic diagnose of inherited diseases .
+A 9 10|||R:MORPH|||diagnosis|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Not only so , genetic testing ( fingerprinting ) are also used to determine the child paternity .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S [ 1 ] Genetic testing does have many pros in today society .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN|||advantages|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the society today , many had debated that do we really have the right to have the final say whether to reveal the results of the testing as many will think that it will lead to many ethnic and social issues .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||whether|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||R:ADJ|||ethical|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Or is it that it is a must to reveal it due to reality and we , individual do not have the final say to reveal our testing to the public .
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||individuals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In my own opinion , in the high technology society we are living in , we do not have the final say in revealing of our genetic results to the public .
+A 2 3|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Companies do have the right to know the genetic testing results of an individual who are applying for the job offer by them .
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:FORM|||offered|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For companies that offer jobs that require physical strength , it will be necessary to obtain the genetic testing of the individual .
+
+S For example , if one contain inherited genetic disease like muscle dystrophy , it will be dangerous for them to work in the construction site .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Accident might occur and it may also result in death .
+A 0 1|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Accidents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although many has debated that this is discrimination as companies may not employ those who has inherited disease , but companies do have the right to choose employer with concern to their profits and the safety of others .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||diseases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:MORPH|||employees|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Individual that may inherit genetically disease should choose job that are beyond their reach .
+A 0 1|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Individuals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:MORPH|||genetic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||diseases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:ADV|||not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||jobs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence companies instead of the individuals have the right to know the genetic testing of the individual .
+
+S Spouse of a couple do have the right to know the family disease of their partner .
+A 0 4|||R:OTHER|||A spouse|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||does|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If a couple is planning to have a child , it is best for them to go through genetic counseling if the parents are carrier of genetic disease [ 2 ] .
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN:NUM|||carriers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It will be unfair if the spouse kept the truth from their spouse .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||one|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The spouse does have the right to know whether the child will suffer from the genetic diseases .
+
+S This is a basic respect towards your partner in a marriage .
+
+S It is a must to say it out and thus individual do not have the final say in revealing of their genetic results to the third parties
+A 5 6|||R:VERB|||declare|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||individuals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:OTHER|||party .|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Education sector do have the right to know the genetic testing of their student .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The education|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||does|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||students|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Those with genetic diseases like mental retardation and Down syndrome are asked to be enrolled in school like MINDS and bright sparks .
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||schools|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some may debate that this is a form of discrimination and violate the human rights of these children .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:SVA|||violates|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , according to the American Association for mental retardation AAMR [ 3 ] , revealing of genetic testing results is not a form of discrimination but it is to be fair to those children with these genetic diseases as the child will be enrolled into the school that provide a better environment for them to study in .
+A 41 42|||R:NOUN:NUM|||children|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 49 50|||R:VERB:SVA|||provides|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is a must to provide the school with the genetic testing result .
+
+S Hence individual do not have the final say in revealing of their genetic results to the public .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||individuals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All in all , in my own opinion , in the high technology society we are living in , we do not have the final say in revealing of our genetic results to the public .
+A 6 7|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It may not be disadvantage and can even benefits a lot of people based on the point mentioned above .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:FORM|||benefit|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 12|||R:OTHER|||many|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||points|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus individual requesting for genetic testing do not have the final say in whether to reveal the results of these testing .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||individuals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||such|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference
+
+S [ 1 ] - { http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_testing } [ HYPERLINK : http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_testing ]
+
+S [ 2 ] - Pediatric health [ internet ] [ review date 2007 July 31 ] Available from : { http : //yourtotalhealth.ivillage.com/mental-retardation.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //yourtotalhealth.ivillage.com/mental-retardation.html ] ?
+
+S Pages 1-3 of 11
+
+S [ 3 ] - What is mental retardation [ internet ] [ review date 2007 march 9 ] Available from : { http : //www.lsesnet.com/blog/ ? cat = 32 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.lsesnet.com/blog/ ? cat = 32 ]
+
+S Use of Surveillance Technology such as RFID to track people should be banned
+
+S With rapid technological advancement , myriad forms of surveillance technology have surfaced and people are using it both intensively and extensively .
+
+S From forms as high level as satellite surveillance to the common Radio Frequency Identification Device ( RFID ) , surveillance technology has served us well .
+
+S However , due to the improper exploit of it , surveillance technology has become more of detrimental than beneficial .
+A 6 7|||R:MORPH|||exploitation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Intrusion of privacy and upsetting the various balances in society are concerns people are increasingly worried about .
+A 5 5|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , with so much discomfort people are experiencing with surveillance technology , it should be banned .
+
+S Due to the immense usage of surveillance technology , the society has become relatively transparent .
+
+S On the intangible aspects , information of individuals can be easily retrieved with the ease of data mining ( Easton , 2006 ) .
+
+S With high speed connections and data transfer rate nowadays , an enormous bulk of data can be moved around in a very short period .
+
+S Classified information like credit card , banking and medical records can get into the wrong hands , producing many repercussions .
+
+S ( Easton , 2006 ) Identity theft is fragrant and many more will suffer from financial losses .
+A 8 9|||R:ADJ|||flagrant|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Then , as RFID technology becomes increasingly popular with the retailers , privacy of consumers is again compromised .
+A 0 1|||R:ADV|||Moreover|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Hariton , 2006 ) The tags are usually not " killed " and this allows consumers ' movement to be tracked and habits to be observed .
+
+S ( Hariton , 2006 ) This thorough understanding of consumers has certainly gone overboard .
+
+S Last but not least , biometric surveillance has given checkpoints the capability to monitor people down to the skin .
+
+S ( Monahan , 2006 ) Evolved surveillance here is so revealing that people appear literally naked on screens .
+
+S Furthermore , surveillance technology has created many deviants and upsets in the balance of our society .
+A 7 8|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Society will see the rise of discriminations since the entire background of an individual can be easily traced .
+
+S Dates cancelled , different standards in pricing of insurance premiums and harassment of political dissidents are just a few to mention .
+
+S ( Easton , 2006 ) Next , surveillance technology also widens the gap between the rich and the poor .
+
+S The rich can afford to encrypt and protect their data while engaging in better surveillance over the less well off .
+
+S Moreover , by selling information ( Easton , 2006 ) , the rich will get richer .
+
+S With regards to RFID , usage mention earlier on will reduce the variety of products available in stores because retailers will only consider the better selling items .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:FORM|||mentioned|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Society will witness a smorgasbord of changes in the various balances and the birth of more deviants such as stalkers .
+
+S Therefore , with all the worrisome disadvantages of surveillance technology will bring , we ought to ban it .
+A 7 8|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It makes privacy lose its meaning and is unhealthy to our society .
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Consequences will be disastrous if we do not put an end to it .
+
+S References
+
+S Easton , A.T. ( 2006 ) Taking sides : clashing views in science , technology and society Dubuque , Iowa : McGraw-Hill
+
+S Monahan .
+
+S T ( 2006 ) Surveillance and Security New York : Routledge Taylor &Francis Group
+
+S Hariton , G ( 2006 , February 15 ) Radio Frequency Identification ( RFID ) and Privacy : Shopping into Surveillance .
+
+S Retrieved September 13 , 2009 , from www.piac.ca
+
+S With the revelation of human 's DNA structure by Watson and Crick during 1953 , it shows that there will be a totally new science and engineering related subject being brought to the world , which is genetic engineering .
+A 12 13|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By utilizing the sophisticated technology tools , together with the perseverance of researchers , many genetic related approaches have been made possible .
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||genetics|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the noted breakthrough is genetic testing .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||breakthroughs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the advent of genetic testing does not bring unanimous consents from the public .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||consent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are uproars regarding the moral and ethical issues which overwhelm the topic of genetic testing from time to time .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB|||cloud|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some think that the individual requesting genetic testing should have the final say in revelation of the results .
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN|||disclosure|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , individuals requesting genetic testing should not have the final say as they would possibly make wrong decisions .
+
+S First of all , if the individuals get diagnosed with hereditary genetic disease , they will probably be overwhelmed by guilt or anxiety , thereby making a wrong decision , which is nondisclosure of their results within families .
+
+S It is primarily caused by the desire of protecting family members from troubling information .
+
+S Conversely , siblings of the subjects should be told immediately as they may carry the same genetic disease as the subjects' .
+
+S Some diseases are treatable in the presymptomatic stage .
+
+S Therefore , the siblings must know it so that treatment could be done as soon as possible .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB|||administered|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S General practitioner , who is the one consulting them and also experienced in handling this kind of case , definitely has the final say to make a more rational decision for them .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The general|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||they are consulting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After that , parents who request genetic testing for their children must provide the genetic information of their child to school authorities for the enrollment .
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||children|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This aims to divide the group of children according to their learning skill and to ensure that every single child is provided with the most appropriate education .
+
+S Individuals requesting genetic testing usually decide not to disseminate their genetic information as discrimination may be put forth to their lives .
+
+S In fact , there is one of the federal legislation that has been applied to genetics nondiscrimination which is Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008 ( GINA ) .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN|||laws|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides forbidding the employers making adverse employment decisions , GINA also prohibits insurance companies reducing their coverage and pricing on the basis of information derived from genetic tests .
+
+S Thus , there is no fear of revealing the genetic results .
+
+S Inversely , individuals are responsible to inform employers about their genetic conditions so that a better and safer working environment could be provided .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||On the other hand|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Finally , it has been said that individuals should have the final say on not disclosing their genetic information for research purposes .
+
+S Indeed , research team should have a direct access to the genetic results so that the further genetic sequence on DNA could be unmasked in a faster pace .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||teams|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , individuals must provide their genetic information .
+
+S Ultimately , individual requesting genetic testing should not have the final say in revelation of their results .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||individuals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN|||disclosure|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is because individual oneself is less capable of making a suitable decision .
+A 4 5|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It may end up with not only affecting one 's life , but also influencing a few generations .
+
+S Hence , by having a must to reveal the genetic results , rational decisions will often be made in benefiting the individual as a group discussion always comes up with fruitful conclusion .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||requirement|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||R:OTHER|||to the benefit of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Final Say of the Genetic Testing
+
+S The rapid development of medical technology has made it possible to diagnose disease inheritance or determine genetic disorders by using genetic testing .
+
+S Unfortunately , there is pro and con among the public about the disclosure of the result of genetic testing , whether it should be revealed or not .
+A 4 7|||R:OTHER|||support and opposition|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 27|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Then , who will be the one who holds the right to do it ?
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||In that situation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On one side , some people think that the individual who requests it has the final say for the revelation .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN|||hand|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN|||disclosure|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , others reason that the genetic inheritance is something that is quite crucial , thus it should be discussed with the family first before reaching the final decision .Therefore , the final say does not only depend on one person but also his relatives .
+A 17 18|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Genetic testing will bring about many consequences .
+
+S First , by doing genetic testing , people may be able to discover about their genetic disease early .
+A 13 14|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , a man , who actually has Huntington 's disease and one day he takes the genetic testing , will then find out the truth about his condition .
+A 5 6|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 24|||R:OTHER|||takes the genetic testing one day and finds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This outcome will certainly affect all of his family as Huntington 's is a genetic disease .
+
+S ( American Society of Clinical Oncology , 2006 ) Due to the broader effects that may present , people should discuss with their family first before deciding on something .
+A 16 16|||M:VERB|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Second , some people argue that genetic testing is a privacy and sensitive problem .
+A 10 11|||R:MORPH|||private|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN|||issue|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , the result may be embarrassing and can affect their prestige .
+
+S For example , a man has mutation in his gene and the result states that he is actually a woman .
+
+S Therefore , it is understandable that he should have the final say to reveal the result or hold it ( Wertz , 2001 ) .
+A 17 18|||R:VERB|||withhold|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , in the reality , the result of genetic testing is so important and could give impact to all his family as it may comprise information about hereditary disease .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the result of genetic testing that informs us about our hereditary disease , will not only affect us as individual but also our family .
+A 15 16|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||individuals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the final say should not be in individual but the whole family .
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S American Society of Clinical Oncology .
+
+S ( 2006 , August ) .Genetic testing.Retrieved September 4,2009,from http : //www.cancer.net/patient/Learning + About + Cancer/Genetics/Genetic + Testing
+
+S Wertz , Dorothy ( 2001 ) .
+
+S Insurance and the Result of Genetic Testing .
+
+S Retrieved September 4,2009 , from { www.genefaith.org/ethgen/pages/application/diagnosis/insurance.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.genefaith.org/ethgen/pages/application/diagnosis/insurance.htm ]
+
+S Genetic testing has become a common practice in the modern society .
+
+S Its general purpose is to check if one has potential to develop certain genetic diseases .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This has however , brought about many debates on some ethical issues in the society .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||However , this has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some argued that individuals who request the genetic testing should have the final say about revealing their test result so as to preserve individual 's rights .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have requested|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||results|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , by doing so will have a great negative impact on the society .
+A 2 5|||R:OTHER|||this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , they should not have the final say .
+
+S Making revealing genetic testing compulsory by employers can benefit the workers .
+A 0 11|||R:OTHER|||Employers are able to help their workers by making it compulsory for the latter to reveal their genetic test results.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some may say that it is a kind of discrimination against employees who have certain genetic traits .
+
+S However , one must be reminded that there are many occupations that required the employees to work in a hazardous environment today and their welfare can be assured by revealing their genetic results .
+A 18 19|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||environments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:VERB|||protected|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 32|||R:OTHER|||through the revelation of genetic test|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , people with the thalassemia gene will be in health risk if exposed to lead ( The Markkula Center for Applied Ethics ) .
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:OTHER|||they were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By revealing genetic test result to companies , employers can determine if the job applicant is suitable for the job and assign them to environment that will not have any exposure to lead .
+A 1 7|||R:OTHER|||getting employees to reveal their genetic test results|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:ADV|||therefore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:OTHER|||a job|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This benefits both the employees and the companies .
+
+S On the other hand , it will be disastrous if a soldier who has genetic traits of Dissociative identity disorder ( DID ) were to be deployed in the field .
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , the incident of crash of FedEx plane Florida , USA due to colour-blind of the pilot , can be prevented if he were to undergo genetic testing and reveal to the company beforehand .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||In another example|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 35|||R:OTHER|||a colour-blind pilot has caused the crash of a FedEx plane in Florida , USA . This can be prevented if he were to undergo genetic testing and the results were revealed to the company.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , the individuals should not have the final say about revealing their genetic test results .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB|||be given|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Giving insurance companies the final say about revealing genetic test results can be proved to be beneficial than one might think .
+A 12 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||prove|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 21|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many will think that insurance companies used the test results as the excuse to deny them from claiming or even buying certain medical policies .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||may|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||excuses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These are just myths as even proponents of federal legislation that would outlaw the acts .
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||because|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Harmon A .
+
+S ) However , insurance companies have the rights to judge if the declarations of the clients are truthful by comparing it with the test results .
+A 20 21|||R:PRON|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is to prevent abuse of policies .
+
+S Moreover , many insurance companies used the test result to encourage the clients to buy certain policies that can maximize their benefits .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||results|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Clients should not have the final say if they want to enjoy the coverage of the insurance policies .
+
+S In conclusion , individuals should not have the final say about revealing their genetic test results since it will be more beneficial to the society .
+
+S By revealing the results will benefit the collective instead .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN|||majority|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S The Markkula Center for Applied Ethics , Santa Clara University .
+
+S Retrieved 16 September 2009 from { http : //www.scu.edu/ethics/publications/iie/v4n2/genes.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.scu.edu/ethics/publications/iie/v4n2/genes.html ]
+
+S Amy Harmon , Published : February 24 , 2008 NYTimes .
+
+S Retrieved 17 September 2009 from http : //www.nytimes.com/2008/02/24/health/24dna.html
+
+S After September 11 , 2001 , surveillance became important as it become one of the tools to prevent terrorism .
+A 3 4|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This then bought about the debates on whether surveillance technology should be banned or not as it indeed provides security , but it also invades our privacy and disturbs the society .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB|||brings|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 19|||R:OTHER|||This is because surveillance could provide|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 25|||R:OTHER|||could also invade|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:VERB:SVA|||disturb|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In my view , surveillance technology should be banned as the disadvantages clearly outweigh the advantage .
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||advantages|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Surveillance technology should be banned as it invades our privacy .
+
+S Surveillance technology could be used to track people movement , lifestyle and habits unknowingly ( Hariton , Lawford and Palihapitiya , 2006 ) .
+A 8 8|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||movements|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||lifestyles|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , these information is not only available the owner of surveillance technology , it is might be also available to affiliated people or people who bought the information ( Easton , 2006 ) .
+A 2 3|||R:DET|||this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||R:WO|||also be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence our privacy is being invaded as our very personal information is being known by a lot of people .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , surveillance technology disturbs the society .
+
+S The economy gap between the rich and the poor will be wider ( Monahan , 2006 ) as the rich is able to purchase information and use it to their benefit , make more money , but the poor can not .
+A 30 31|||R:NOUN|||advantage|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 41|||R:OTHER|||This enables the rich to make more money than the poor|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Instead , its information is being purchases used to their disadvantage , earn less money .
+A 0 16|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , surveillance technology should be banned .
+
+S Opposition might argue that surveillance technology should not be banned as it provides security .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Some|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With surveillance technology , terrorists could be more easily identify and it also prevents people from committing crime as they know they are being watched ( Easton , 2006 ) .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:FORM|||identified|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||. Surveillance technology|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , this might not be true .
+
+S In fact , it might bring additional work to the security force as they now have to take care of minor issue capture by the surveillance technology ( Monahan , 2006 ) and cause them to overlook the real threat to our security .
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:FORM|||captured|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:OTHER|||, and this may|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , surveillance technology should be banned .
+
+S In conclusion , surveillance technology should be banned as it invade our privacy and disturb the society which outweighs the ability to provide security , which might not be necessary true .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:SVA|||invades|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:SVA|||disturbs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 32|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Easton , T. A .
+
+S ( 2006 ) .
+
+S Does the Spread of Surveillance Technology Threaten Privacy ? .
+
+S Taking sides : clashing views in science , technology and society ( 7th ed .
+
+S ) ( pp.271-284 ) .
+
+S Dubuque , Iowa : McGraw-Hill .
+
+S Hariton , G. , Lawford , J. , & Palihapitiya , H. ( 2006 , February 15 ) .
+
+S Radio Frequency Identification ( RFID ) and Privacy : Shopping into Surveillance .
+
+S Public Interest Advocacy Centre .
+
+S Retrieved August 27 , 2009 from { http : //www.piac.ca/privacy/radio_frequency_identification_rfid_and_privacy_shopping_into_surveillance } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.piac.ca/privacy/radio_frequency_identification_rfid_and_privacy_shopping_into_surveillance ]
+
+S Monahan , T .
+
+S ( Ed. ) .
+
+S ( 2006 ) .
+
+S Surveillance and security ( pp.10-22 ) .
+
+S New York : Routledge Taylor & Francis Group .
+
+S The past two decades brought about huge technological advances in the areas of nano-engineering and information systems .
+A 4 4|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the help modern technology , humans are able to create increasingly efficient devices which are able to store relevant personal information or to trace one 's location .
+A 3 3|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The use of sophisticated personnel tracking devices has long been an ethical quagmire , as people with extremely polarizing views debate if such surveillance technology can be used or allowed to track people .
+A 14 15|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||holding|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:FORM|||debating|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 29|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Proponents for the use of tracking devices on humans assert that patients can be easily identified in cases of emergency with their medical profiles easily accessible , since information is stored in a database that can be accessed via the internet ( Lewan , 2007 ) .
+
+S Administrative procedures are greatly reduced , and the patient 's vital records , for example drug allergies are readily retrievable .
+
+S Patients will be able to receive immediate and proper medical attention , which in certain cases can be a matter of life and death .
+
+S Moreover , tracking devices are able to assist law enforcement personnel to monitor suspects closely ( Michael , K & Rose , G , 2007 ) .
+
+S Unknowing crime suspects can be monitored closely by the police over a period of time .
+
+S This allows discovery of new evidences through observation of the suspects , to prove if one is innocent or guilty .
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||; and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some arguments brought forward by opponents states that tagged identities could be easily duplicated by identity thefts ( Lewan , 2009 ) .
+
+S This argument is flawed , as there is no concrete evidence showing existence of such crimes .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The argument also blatantly ignored the fact that there are additional measures being taken into preventing such crimes .
+A 14 15|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Opponents also claim that government will be able to use such devices to monitor , instil fear , and ultimately control the users ( Lewan , 2009 ) .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This assertion is a fallacy , as it is based solely on foresight , and is cynical and biased .
+
+S In conclusion , tracking devices should be allowed in tracking people , as it is able to change human lives for the better , and even prevent or reduce crime rates .
+A 25 25|||M:OTHER|||it may|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S Lewan , Todd .2007 July 23 .
+
+S The Associated Press .
+
+S Chips : High-tech aids or tools for Big Brother ?
+
+S [ Internet ] [ Cited 2009 september 12 ] .
+
+S Available from http : //www.msnbc.msn.com/id/19904543/
+
+S Michael , K & Rose , G , ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Human Tracking Technology in Mutual Legal Assistance and Police Inter-state Cooperation in International Crimes .
+
+S University of Wollongong .
+
+S Lewan , Todd .2009 July 31 .
+
+S The Associated Press .
+
+S Chips in official IDs raise privacy fears .
+
+S [ Internet ] [ Cited 2009 september 12 ] .
+
+S Available from http : //www.sltrib.com/ci_12968009 ? source = rss
+
+S Should the use of surveillance technology such as RFID to track people be banned ?
+
+S Nowadays , advances in technology have made tracking people no longer an uphill task .
+
+S Due to this , many surveillance technologies have been created in order to make the tracking job efficient .
+
+S A controversy between the benefits of the surveillance technology and the impacts of the surveillance technology has aroused .
+A 2 3|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN|||effects|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:VERB:TENSE|||been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , the use of it has brought along significant benefits and therefore it should not be banned .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||Nonetheless|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are two main benefits that the use of surveillance technology has brought to .
+A 13 14|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , it helps to tag " high-risk " patients ( Todd Lewan , 2007 ) .
+
+S A microchip is implanted into the arm of patients who had heart diseases , diabetics or Alzheimer 's disease .
+
+S For the Alzheimer 's patients , it helps to track them in order to ensure their safety .
+
+S By using this technology , the location of the patient can be easily detect by a reader and immediate action can be taken if the patient is in risk .
+
+S This system really benefits the Alzheimer 's patient who often lost due to their degrading memories .
+A 9 9|||M:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another benefit is to use GPS ( global positioning systems ) tracking device to track criminals ( Michael K , Rose GL , 2007 ) .
+
+S GPS tracking device helps in the investigation of crimes .
+A 0 0|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This system can trace the position of an individual globally as it helps to trace the track of criminals .
+
+S This helps to smooth and speed up the process of investigation of crimes by the police .
+
+S Besides , GPS is also widely used to monitor the action of the terrorists .
+
+S Terrorists are under the tracking of the system as when they were trace , immediate actions will be taken by the authorities .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||being traced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||R:PUNCT|||. Immediate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This technology prevents the actions of the terrorists to make up a safer world .
+A 2 8|||R:OTHER|||fights terrorism|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 14|||R:OTHER|||the world a safer place.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the use of surveillance technology to track people should not be banned .
+
+S It benefits not only an individual but the whole world .
+A 4 5|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Todd Lewan .
+
+S [ Internet ] 2007 July 23 [ cited 2009 September 12 ] .
+
+S Available from : { http : //www.msnbc.msn.com/id/19904543/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.msnbc.msn.com/id/19904543/ ] Michael K , Rose GL. Human Tracking Technology in Mutual Legal Assistance and Police Inter-state Cooperation in International Crimes [ Internet ] 2007 ; [ cited 2009 September 12 ] .
+
+S Available from : http : //works..bepress.com/kmichael/37/
+
+S Surveillance technology is being widely applied in the post-9/11 world .
+
+S Above all , the use of sophisticated surveillance technology , such as RFID and GPS by the law enforcement agencies to track people has raised many eyebrows and faced criticism .
+
+S However , human tracking technology is essential in preventing terrorism and reducing crime rate , subsequently ensuring the safety of lawful citizens .
+
+S Therefore , the use of surveillance technology to track people should not be banned .
+
+S There are two major advantages of using surveillance technology to track people .
+
+S Law enforcement agencies are able to identify terrorists and put a stop to their plan .
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||plans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Recent happenings show that a number of terrorist plots are ceased thanks to surveillance technology ( Michael & Rose , 2007 , p. 8 ) .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||R:OTHER|||because of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It consequently helps preventing major catastrophes which involve loss of human lives ( Michael & Rose , 2007 , p.8 ) .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:FORM|||to prevent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Other than that , the technology also helps in reducing crime rates all around the world .
+
+S It is especially useful in stamping out " transnational crimes such as drug and people trafficking , money laundering , and the smuggling of things " ( Michael & Rose , 2007 , p.8 ) .
+
+S Besides that , surveillance technology also enables tracking of criminals who are on run or even kidnappers .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||, and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Once being tagged , the lawbreakers ' positions can be monitored and crimes can be solved within a short period of time .
+
+S Critics argue that such surveillance technology is able to track an individual 24/7 , thus there is a compromise of one 's privacy ( Michael & Rose , 2007 , p. 2 ) .
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||on a regular basis|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Similarly , the United States has been criticized for promoting the use of human tracking technologies after the 9/11 event ( Michael & Rose , 2007 , p. 8 ) , as it indicates the beginning of an Orwellian era as claimed by many privacy advocates ( Lewan , 2007 , para .
+
+S 7 ) .
+
+S However , the unfounded argument is not adequate to outlaw the use of human tracking technology .
+A 2 3|||R:DET|||this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Jacques Ellul noted that " To be sure of apprehending criminals , it is necessary that everyone be supervised " ( Lyon , as cited in Michael & Rose , 2007 , p. 20 ) .
+A 5 6|||R:ORTH|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Safety of mankind is not worth being sacrificed just for the sake of their privacy .
+
+S A balance should be reached between the two extremes - the banning of human tracking technology and privacy being stripped away from innocent citizens .
+
+S In conclusion , the use of surveillance technology to track people should not be banned as it helps preventing terrorism and crimes .
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:FORM|||to prevent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Consequently , a verdict should be reached between privacy advocates and law enforcement agencies as innocent citizens have the rights to live in secured environment without facing erosion of their human rights and privacy .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||an agreement|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:OTHER|||on the degree of control in surveillance .|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||This is because|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:NOUN:NUM|||erosions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Lewan , T. ( 2007 , July 23 ) .
+
+S Chips : High-tech aids or tools for Big Brother ?
+
+S Debate rages over proliferation of ever-more-precise tracking technologies .
+
+S The Associated Press .
+
+S Retrieved September 12 , 2009 , from { http : //www.msnbc.msn.com/id/19904543/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.msnbc.msn.com/id/19904543/ ]
+
+S Michael , K. & Rose , G.L .
+
+S ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Human Tracking Technology in Mutual Legal Assistance and Police Inter-state Cooperation in International Crimes .
+
+S Retrieved September 12 , 2009 , from Selected Works of Dr. Katina Michael : { http : //works.bepress.com/kmichael/37/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //works.bepress.com/kmichael/37/ ]
+
+S " The individual requesting genetic testing should have the final say in whether to reveal the results of such testing "
+
+S Genetic testing is designed specifically to detect differences in deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA ) segments .
+
+S The history of genetic testing dates back to half a century ago where diseases such as PKU ( phenylketonuria ) , an " inborn error of metabolism " in which mental retardation is caused by an amino acid buildup in the blood , was tested on newborns ( Lewis , 2008 ) .
+
+S While genetic testing presents healthcare benefits , it could bring possible harms if misused .
+
+S Therefore , the decision to reveal the results of a genetic test should remain in the hands of the patient .
+
+S Easy access by third parties such as insurance companies or healthcare professionals to an individual 's genetic information may cause invasion of privacy and discrimination .
+
+S Although medical personnel are entrusted with the ethics of genetic testing , commercialization and easy access to certain genetic testing may lead to compromising situations for members of the public ( Bioethics Advisory Committee , 2005 ) .
+
+S For instance , genetic information that falls into the hands of insurers and employers without consent will be used to prejudice against the tested individual .
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||the consent of individuals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Society might treat the person differently or even deny basic rights to equal job opportunities , income , education , mental well-being , housing status , health , and medical treatment .
+
+S Racial discrimination still exists today in various parts of the world despite government efforts to eradicate it .
+
+S Who can say what will happen if a patient 's genetic information falls into the wrong hands ?
+
+S Besides that , disclosure of genetic information to close relatives without informed consent may also cause internal family problems .
+
+S Often , prediction based on genetic information is uncertain , especially by those who are not well informed about the nature of a disease .
+
+S This misunderstanding not only creates unnecessary psychological , economic as well as social burdens on the carrier of a known genetic risk , family ties will also be affected .
+A 23 29|||R:OTHER|||but may also affect family ties.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A couple with a positively tested disease has to sacrifice their dream of having children as they do not wish to pass on their defective genes to their offspring .
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||if|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As such , the couple suffers in silence , having to face social stigma and having their dreams of building their family shattered .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:OTHER|||of not having children|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:NUM|||families|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , the in-laws , usually the more traditional type , may be dissatisfied with the daughter-in-law not being able to produce a 'perfect ' offspring , or produce any offspring at all , to sustain the future generation of a family .
+A 17 17|||M:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:OTHER|||being unable to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the patient of genetic testing should have the final say in whether to reveal the results of such testing .
+A 14 16|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:FORM|||revealing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 22|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Until proper steps such as enactment and reinforcement of laws are taken by the governments , genetic information of individuals should be kept private and confidential to avoid exploitation by unscrupulous parties and also to avoid disintegration of family relations .
+A 36 36|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The release of genetic information of a patient has wide and lifelong implications on his or her life , and therefore this vital decision should be made after careful thought .
+
+S Reference :
+
+S Lewis , R. ( 2008 , May 5 ) .
+
+S Science Progress .
+
+S A Brief History of Genetic Testing .
+
+S Retrieved September 13 , 2009 , from http : //www.scienceprogress.org/2008/05/a-brief-history-of-genetic-testing/
+
+S The Bioethics Advisory Committee , Singapore .
+
+S ( 2005 , April 5 ) .
+
+S Ethical , Legal and Social Issues in Genetic Testing and Genetics research .
+
+S Retrieved September 13 , 2009 , from http : //www.bioethics-singapore.org/uploadfile/21929 % 20PMGT % 20CP % 20Final.pdf
+
+S " The individual requesting genetic testing should have the final say in whether to reveal the results of such testing "
+
+S Genetic testing include special techniques to examine the information carried by DNA which held in the sequence of pieces of DNA called genes .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||includes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S DNA is taken from a person 's blood , body fluids or tissues .
+
+S By analysing an individual 's specific genes , some diseases such as cystic fibrosis and sickle cell anemia may be detected .
+
+S An individual can prevent some diseases or get the solution after get the results of genetic testing .
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||appropriate treatment for the diseases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:FORM|||getting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , if the result of the test can be easily access by third party , a lot of problems will be occurred .
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||assessed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||R:VERB:TENSE|||occur|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the patient should have the right to decide whether to reveal the result of genetic tests .
+A 11 11|||M:OTHER|||he or she wants|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||results|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The privacy and confidentiality of a person will be affected in revealing undesirable genetic testing results .
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:OTHER|||his or her|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The issues of privacy and confidentiality may affect the individual , the family and the group to which the individual belongs .
+
+S If the result is being publicized , third party may stigmatize the other individuals in different group , with potentially discriminatory consequences .
+
+S Misconstruing the results of genetic testing will affect with an individual 's self identity and sense of self-worth .
+A 8 9|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , the individuals will be having embarrassment of their potential weakness if they get undesirable genetic testing results .
+A 5 8|||R:OTHER|||feel embarrassed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They will have no confidence while socializing with other people and this is due to their low self-esteem after getting the result and hence underestimate their own ability in certain field .
+A 22 24|||R:OTHER|||. Hence , they may|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This issue will strongly affect the relationship between employees and their employer organizations .
+A 10 13|||R:OTHER|||employers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Generally , all of these genetic results will be revealed to the employer and if the employer knows some of the employees that are prone to certain diseases , it is likely that the employee will be fired .
+A 18 18|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:NOUN:NUM|||employees|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As it is people with disabilities are often discriminated against .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||This is because|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:VERB:TENSE|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These people have to look for other alternative to earn a living .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||alternatives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Once the results are revealed , employees will have difficulties finding other jobs .
+
+S Hence , results should not be revealed to protect employees from environment that might harm them .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||environments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another difficulty involves disclosure of genetic information to insurance companies .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Applicants for insurance will be under increased pressure to undergo genetic tests and those prone to diseases are less likely to be eligible to buy insurance .
+
+S In conclusion , genetic testing results are a matter that should be kept private for the benefits of the patient and should only be released on an absolute need to know basis .
+A 25 32|||R:OTHER|||under certain extreme circumstances.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference :
+
+S National Human Genome Research Institute ( 2009 ) Frequently Asked Questions About Genetic Testing .
+
+S Retrieved 12 September 2009 , from : { http : //www.genome.gov/19516567 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.genome.gov/19516567 ] Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory ( 2009 ) What is Genetic Testing ?
+
+S Retrieved 12 September 2009 , from : { http : //www.lbl.gov/Education/ELSI/genetic-testing.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.lbl.gov/Education/ELSI/genetic-testing.html ]
+
+S Genetics plays the role in every disease .
+A 2 3|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Genetic testing informs individuals and family of their genetic status ; this knowledge may enable them to take adaptive measures against a genetic disease ( Jacobs , & Deatrick , 1999 ) , if disease is treatable .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||families|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 34|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , as technology advances , exploitation of genetic testing increases resulting in the breach of human rights to privacy .
+A 11 11|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Removing individual 's control over the results will in turn lead to freely accessible genetic information , causing social issues and family dilemma .
+A 17 20|||R:OTHER|||which may cause social problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , every human 's gene is unique and personal .
+
+S Sharing of personal genetic result is akin to being exposed .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The sharing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:OTHER|||to public scrutiny.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is undeniable that one is morally obligated to inform the relatives of the genetic test results .
+A 7 8|||R:MORPH|||obliged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:OTHER|||the patients about|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , one has the rights to confidentiality and to decide what information to reveal and how to disclose it .
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||decision on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , relatives , being the recipients of the bad news should have their choice whether to remain ignorant or not .
+A 19 21|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , one has the rights to their genetic privacy .
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||one 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , being able to access one 's genetic information will reveal the list of diseases one is susceptible to , and the one who possesses the information may have ulterior interest .
+A 30 30|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This can in turn cause social issues like genetic discrimination in the terms of employment and insurance ( Bereano , 2000 ) .
+
+S For example , potential employers may want their interviewees screened to carry the ideal genes for the job ; insurance companies may deny or increase their premium for carriers of certain genetic disorder ( Bereano , 2000 ) .
+A 11 18|||R:OTHER|||determine if they carry the ideal genes for the job .|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thirdly , family members generally inherit the same set of genetic codes from their parents , and may be susceptible to similar diseases ( Jacobs , & Deatrick , 1999 ) .
+
+S However , one would not be able to judge their preparedness for such information .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB|||determine|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It may not only cause unnecessary distress and anxiety to relatives , but will also unravel family secrets ; namely adoptions and parentage ( Doukas , & Berg , 2001 ) .
+A 2 5|||R:WO|||cause not only|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , it is still up to the discretion of individual to go for genetic testing if they are at high risk .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||individuals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , individuals whom requested for genetic testing should have the final say in whether to reveal the results of such testing .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||who have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S Jacobs , L. , & Deatrick , J .
+
+S ( 1999 , September ) .
+
+S The individual , the family , and genetic testing .
+
+S Journal of Professional Nursing , 15 ( 5 ) , 313-324 .
+
+S Retrieved September 11 , 2009 , from { http : //www.sciencedirect.com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/science ? _ob = MImg&_imagekey = B6WKV-4G603KK-8D-1&_cdi = 6916&_user = 111989&_orig = browse&_coverDate = 10 % 2F31 % 2F1999&_sk = 999849994&view = c&wchp = dGLzVtz-zSkWz&md5 = c717ac412e82a65d939a7a433c655514&ie = /sdarticle.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.sciencedirect.com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/science ? _ob = MImg&_imagekey = B6WKV-4G603KK-8D-1&_cdi = 6916&_user = 111989&_orig = browse&_coverDate = 10 % 2F31 % 2F1999&_sk = 999849994&view = c&wchp = dGLzVtz-zSkWz&md5 = c717ac412e82a65d939a7a433c655514&ie = /sdarticle.pdf ]
+
+S Doukas , D. , & Berg , J .
+
+S ( 2001 , June ) .
+
+S The family covenant and genetic testing .
+
+S American Journal of Bioethics , 1 ( 3 ) , 2-10 .
+
+S Retrieved September 11 , 2009 , from { http : //web.ebscohost.com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/ehost/pdf ? vid = 2&hid = 4&sid = bc517019-d829-4de1-bc8d-52b84fcdda08 % 40sessionmgr10 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //web.ebscohost.com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/ehost/pdf ? vid = 2&hid = 4&sid = bc517019-d829-4de1-bc8d-52b84fcdda08 % 40sessionmgr10 ]
+
+S Bereano , P. L. ( 2000 ) .
+
+S Does genetic research threaten our civil liberties ?
+
+S Retrieved 12 September , 2009 from http : //www.actionbioscience.org/genomic/bereano.html
+
+S " The individuals requesting genetic testing should not have the final say in whether to reveal the results of such testing .
+
+S "
+
+S Genetic testing has made it possible to identify individuals who are at risk of having a disease , and to test the probability of passing on a disease to their offspring .
+A 24 24|||M:PRON|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There is an ongoing debate in whether these individuals should have the final say in whether or not to reveal the results .
+
+S Since these results will affect not only the individual , but also his family , offspring , the future generations and even the society .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||This is because|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , individuals should not have the final say in the disclosure of genetic testing results .
+
+S First of all , it will benefit and protect the individual 's family members and offspring .
+
+S Research has shown that individuals tend to keep risk information to themselves ( Forrest , 2000 ) , but disease could be due to hereditary genes , individual 's family , offspring , and offspring of the family members might also inherit the disease .
+A 17 19|||R:PUNCT|||. But|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:OTHER|||. The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If individuals did not reveal the results , family members and offspring will not know they have a risk of inheriting the disease .
+
+S When symptoms of this disease appear , their chances of full recovery will decrease .
+
+S Secondly , individuals can receive better family support and further harm can be prevented .
+
+S If individuals do not have the final say , their family members will know their condition , and they can be more sensitive to the individual 's feelings , giving them better support and encouragement .
+A 8 8|||M:OTHER|||in revealing genetic test results|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 29|||M:OTHER|||such as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , people diagnosed with chronic diseases are more prone to getting depression ( IMH ) .
+
+S Bottling up emotions will worsen the condition , and in severe cases , will lead to suicide ( IMH ) .
+
+S This will do more harm than good to the individuals .
+
+S Thirdly , revealing of results will benefit the future generations and the individual .
+
+S It will benefit the future generations as scientists will be able to find new or more effective cures and treatments for the disease .
+
+S It will also benefit the individual as government will be able to come up with anti-discrimination acts to protect their rights , educate the public so as to minimize genetic discrimination , and build infrastructures and prepare the medical team to provide them with proper care .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||governments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:OTHER|||. Governments may also|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 38|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 40|||R:NOUN:NUM|||teams|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , individuals should not have the final say , as it will benefit the individual , their family , and the society .
+
+S References :
+
+S * Forrest , K. ( 2000 , December ) .
+
+S Disclosure is complicated .
+
+S BMJ .
+
+S Retrieved 15 September , 2009 , from http : //www.bmj.com/cgi/eletters/321/7274/1464 # 11280
+
+S * Institute of Mental Health [ IMH ] .
+
+S Coping with depression .
+
+S Retrieved 15 September , 2009 , from http : //www.imh.com.sg/patients_visitors/Depression.html
+
+S " The use of surveillance technology such as RFID to track people should be banned .
+
+S "
+
+S In modern times , there is an increase in the types of threat that can affect a nation 's security .
+
+S People need to collect intelligence about the situation before it can act against it ; this has led to the increasing employment of surveillance technology .
+A 6 7|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The use of surveillance technology has raised concerns over the intrusion of personal privacy ( Sim , 2006 ) .
+
+S However , since surveillance technology can help to identify problems , a solution or preventive measure can be formulated to prevent these problems from occurring , leading to the protection of people 's health and the country 's socio-economic stability .
+A 26 27|||R:OTHER|||and this in turn lead|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , such use of surveillance technology to track people should not be banned .
+A 2 5|||R:OTHER|||the use of such|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , the use of biometric surveillance in the form of a biometric passport will make it more difficult for terrorists to travel in and out of countries , due to increasing passport security and border surveillance .
+A 27 27|||M:ADJ|||different|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , this information which is kept in a central repository can easily be updated and shared among other government agencies by wireless internet , making biometric surveillance timely and accurate ( Sim , 2006 ) .
+
+S This method is highly efficient compared to traditional passport controls and surveillance methods .
+
+S Consequently , not being able to track terrorist movements could allow terrorists to enter a country and possibly carry out a terrorist attack ; it also makes it easier for them to escape .
+A 0 3|||U:OTHER|||Not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another advantage of using surveillance technology is during disease outbreaks such as the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ( SARS ) outbreak in 2002 .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN|||possibility|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S An electronic card embedded with a Radio Frequency Identification ( RFID ) chip was used to monitor the movements of patients , healthcare workers , and visitors within a hospital ( Defense Science and Technology Agency , 2003 ) .
+
+S This system resulted in an increased efficiency of the contact tracing process and quarantine procedures when a patient was confirmed with SARS .
+
+S Contact tracing and quarantine procedures would normally take two days with the previous method ; it was also more taxing on manpower .
+A 15 15|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Defense Science and Technology Agency , 2003 ) .
+
+S Thus , if the previous method was used , more people would be at risk of contracting the virus as it would take more time to identify and quarantine an infected person .
+
+S Some people would disagree with the use of surveillance technology as it is an intrusion to their privacy and for fear that personal information could be stolen and used against their interests .
+A 3 5|||R:OTHER|||not support|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||R:OTHER|||. There is a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , citizens should understand that surveillance technology was developed as a tool to help society , but it is the exploitation of people with criminal intent , or more often , when used without careful consideration that makes surveillance technology harmful ( Sim , 2006 ) .
+A 16 17|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 34|||R:OTHER|||the use of surveillance technology|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Perhaps a better solution is for the government to introduce a privacy act to ensure security and prevent the misuse of personal information ( Sim , 2006 ) .
+
+S In conclusion , surveillance technology should not be banned as it could result in a compromise of the nation 's security and could pose a danger to people and their health as well as the country 's socio-economic stability .
+
+S A better solution would be the introduction of a privacy act .
+
+S References
+
+S Defense Science and Technology Agency ( 2003 ) .
+
+S Faster SARS contact tracing with new system .
+
+S Retrieved September 13 , 2009 , from
+
+S http : //www.dsta.gov.sg/index.php ? option = com_content&task = blogcategory&i d = 0&Itemid = 809&limit = 9&limitstart = 1530 Sim , T. ( 2006 ) .
+
+S Biometrics and Privacy .
+
+S Information Technology Standards Committee Synthesis Journal 2006 , 81-88 .
+
+S Retrieved September 12 , 2009 , from http : //www.itsc.org.sg/2006index.html
+
+S Over the years , there has been an increase in the use of surveillance technology .
+
+S This has brought about a wild debate on the banning of the use of surveillance technology to track person .
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||the movement of people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S While most propositions agree to ban the use of surveillance technology , they have in fact overlooked the actual and potential benefits of the surveillance technology .
+
+S These benefits include disease surveillance and private surveillance on family members .
+
+S Thus , the use of surveillance technology should not be completely banned .
+
+S Surveillance technology can be used to control the outspread of acute diseases .
+
+S Firstly , the use of electronic cards allows hospitals to track the time and movement of people within the hospital .
+
+S This has helped to accelerate the tracing of contacts and implementation of quarantine procedures .
+
+S ( DSTA , 2003 ) .
+
+S Next , those who were under home quarantined during the SARS period were instructed to install a camera in their isolation zone to make sure they are always visible and contactable to prevent further spread of the disease .
+A 7 8|||R:MORPH|||quarantine|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 31|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , the use of infrared fever sensing system in Changi airport and along borders allows mass surveillance of body temperature , which can detect and isolate feverish passengers .
+A 29 30|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Basu , 2003 ) .
+
+S The SARS outbreak in 2002 clearly demonstrated how the surveillance of patients , suspects , healthcare workers , and the general public led to the eventual containment of the outbreak and prevented it from escalating into a pandemic .
+
+S Surveillance technology could also be used to ensure the safety of our family members .
+
+S Through the use of the permission-based location tracking service , which is provided by our local telecommunication provider , SingTel , the location of our loved ones can be detected readily by this new surveillance technology .
+A 36 37|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Daily Singapore News , 2008 ) .
+
+S This is very useful towards families with young juveniles and aging parents because their location could be tracked easily if they are lost in the crowd and thus preventing them from any possible harm they may encounter .
+A 4 5|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:OTHER|||this may prevent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , surveillance technology should not be banned as it can help to control the spread of diseases and also protect our family from harm .
+
+S Furthermore , the banning of this technology may cause more harm to society .
+
+S References : Defense Science and Technology Agency .
+
+S ( 2003 , May ) .
+
+S Faster SARS contact tracing with new system .
+
+S Retrieved Sptember 13 , 2009 from { http : //www.dsta.gov.sg/index.php ? option = com_content&task = blogcategory&id = 0&Itemid = 809&limit = 9&limitstart = 1530 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.dsta.gov.sg/index.php ? option = com_content&task = blogcategory&id = 0&Itemid = 809&limit = 9&limitstart = 1530 ]
+
+S Gay , A .
+
+S ( 2003 ) .
+
+S New system offers faster contact tracing .
+
+S Retrieved September 13 , 2009 from Defense Science and Technology Agency site : { http : //www.dsta.gov.sg/index.php ? option = com_content&task = blogcategory&id = 0&Itemid = 809&limit = 9&limitstart = 1530 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.dsta.gov.sg/index.php ? option = com_content&task = blogcategory&id = 0&Itemid = 809&limit = 9&limitstart = 1530 ]
+
+S SingTel Offers Location Tracking of Your Loved Ones .
+
+S ( November 27th , 2008 ) Daily Singapore News .
+
+S Retrieved September 14 , 2009 from http : //dailysingapore.com/2008/11/27/singtel-offers-location-tracking-of-your-loved-ones/
+
+S " The individual requesting genetic testing should have the final say in whether to reveal the results of such testing .
+
+S "
+
+S Over the years , drastic advancement in genetic testing allows the detection of defective genes associated with many hereditary diseases .
+
+S This impact of genetic testing posed on the individual and their family has brought up many debates on the ethical , social and family issues .
+
+S While some suggest that revealing of genetic results could benefit family members as they could seek appropriate medical treatment if tested positive .
+A 0 1|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||Some|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Jacobs & Deatrick 1999 ) However , negative implications such as violation of privacy , long- termed psychological and sociological effects inflicted on the individual outweigh the benefits therefore individual should have the final say in whether to reveal their genetic results or not .
+A 5 6|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:OTHER|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:ORTH|||Therefore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:NOUN:NUM|||individuals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , an individual should not be robbed of their basic right to privacy .
+A 9 10|||R:DET|||his|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although , it can not be denied that it is ethical to inform family members about their risk of hereditary disease however one do not have any obligation to reveal their genetic status since this information could be exploited and misused by others , threatening their welfare .
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:SVA|||does|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 44|||R:OTHER|||thus|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 47 48|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Jacobs & Deatrick 1999 ) .
+
+S Thus , they should have the right to decide either to disclose their genetic information or not and also to what extent do they want to publicize it .
+A 22 23|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , revelation of one 's genetic status subjects the individual to many social issues related to genetic discrimination .
+A 19 20|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Bereano , 2000 ) For instance , insurance companies would reduce healthcare coverage , increase health premiums or terminate the health insurance policies in individuals with potential genetic risk .
+A 4 5|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Bereano , 2000 ) Furthermore , discrimination imposed by employers and colleagues could influence an individual 's self- esteem and psychological well-being .
+A 4 5|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly , family dilemma could arise due to the tension caused by the unfavorable psychological influences of genetic testing .
+A 19 20|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Doukas & Berg , 2001 ) .
+
+S Since every individual have a different level of acceptance , disclosure of genetic results could cause them to experience unnecessary emotional distress .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Doukas & Berg , 2001 ) .
+
+S Hence , an individual should decide rationally whether to disclose their genetic results if it inflicts harm and misery to their family .
+
+S In conclusion , individuals should have the privacy to determine whether to reveal their genetic results or not since it not only inflicts emotional distress on their family but also subjects them social discrimination .
+A 32 32|||M:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference :
+
+S 1 .
+
+S Bereano , P. L ( 2000 ) Does Genetic Research Threaten Our Civil Liberties ? .
+
+S Retrieved 12 September 2009 from http : //www.actionbioscience.org/genomic/bereano.html
+
+S 2 .
+
+S Doukas , D. , & Berg , J .
+
+S ( 2001 , June ) .
+
+S The family covenant and genetic testing .
+
+S American Journal of Bioethics , 1 ( 3 ) , 2-10 .
+
+S Retrieved September 11 , 2009 , from CINAHL Plus with Full Text database .
+
+S 3 .
+
+S Jacobs , L. , & Deatrick , J .
+
+S ( 1999 , September ) .
+
+S The individual , the family , and genetic testing .
+
+S Journal of Professional Nursing , 15 ( 5 ) , 313-324 .
+
+S Retrieved September 11 , 2009 , from CINAHL Plus with Full Text database .
+
+S Advancement and breakthrough in technology has now made tracking individuals using surveillance technology a reality today .
+
+S This has sparked many controversial debates on ethical and moral issues on using such technology .
+
+S Some have highlighted that usage of such technology infringes on individuals ' personal privacy .
+
+S On the other hand , surveillance technology can also protect the well-being of people .
+
+S Since the advantages of surveillance technology far outweigh the disadvantages , it should not be banned .
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||outweighs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are many factors that support the use of surveillance technology to track individuals .
+
+S Firstly , surveillance technology such as biometrics , aids national security in areas like terrorism ( Sim , 2006 ) .
+
+S Surveillance of terrorist focus on countering terrorist threats and allows the government body to intervene before a catastrophe takes place .
+
+S If not controlled appropriately , it may lead to chaos and instability of the state .
+
+S Surveillance technology can be applied to private surveillance .
+
+S Private surveillance of individuals restricts their movements and helps to prevent the widespread of a pandemic in the country , especially during the SARS crisis back in 2003 .
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||spread|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||This was especially seen|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Defence Science and Technology , 2003 ) .
+A 1 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Probationers are also tagged to for better control on their whereabouts .
+A 4 5|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , loved ones can also be tracked , with Singtel 's Location Tracking Service ( Daily Singapore News , 2008 ) .
+A 16 19|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Arguments presented for the ban on the use of surveillance technology to track individuals are totally flawed .
+
+S For instance , the existence of surveillance technology in the virtual world helps to curb crimes against copyrights , piracy and bank frauds .
+
+S Copyright protection such as the TurnItIn Online Programme , is designed to detect unreferenced copying or plagiarism in individual 's work .
+
+S In addition , illegal file distribution , sale and download are acts that tantamount to promoting piracy .
+
+S Individuals can be sued by the relevant distribution companies and authorities .
+
+S Moreover , surveillance technology helps protect against bank frauds and illegal activities , such as hacking into personal Internet banking accounts .
+
+S DBS Bank has in place security surveillance systems that regularly " monitor and detect any potential form of illegitimate activities " ( DBS Singapore , 2007 ) .
+A 22 24|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the use of advanced technology to track people should not be banned , as it promotes and enhances the protection of people in many aspects , hence , contributing to a better society .
+
+S As the genetic testing is making rapid progress on providing information on the hidden DNAs which might cause diseases , the techniques have also aroused a large amount of heated debates on the ethical and moral issues surrounding the control of final say of the testing .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In terms of individual rights of privacy and long-term social influence , the one requesting genetic testing should have the final say in whether to reveal the results of such testing .
+
+S First of all , individual has the right to determine whether or not it is necessary to make the genetic testing results public .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to the definition released by Bereano ( 2009 ) in his article Does Genetic Research Threaten Our Civil Liberties , the right of privacy " involves notions of the dignity and integrity of the individual " .
+
+S The individual who received the genetic testing should determine for himself or herself how and to what extent the relevant information is communicated to the public .
+
+S Although it can not be denied that the other family members to some extent also have the right to know whether they share the same suspected genes as the tested , they can choose to test their genes by themselves , rather depending on other people 's testing result .
+A 42 43|||R:OTHER|||than to depend|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 48 49|||R:NOUN:NUM|||results|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If one 's privacy can not be protected so that the result might be made use of on any purpose , the human rights are endangered and hence this decision should be made on the individual requesting the genetic testing .
+A 33 34|||R:PREP|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , social problems such as genetic discrimination tend to be implemented .
+
+S For instance , the insurance companies can require the testing result before signing for a contact with a client who may have potential carriers of diseases .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Despite taking the risks of catching a disease , the client should as well own the right to buy the insurance .
+A 12 14|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nevertheless , insurance companies judge clients on the testing result and either refuse the healthcare coverage or even transfer this suspect diagnosis to the next generation " ( Lynch & Lynch , 1996 ) .
+
+S This kind of problem will be wide-spreading .
+
+S Thus the individual should have the right to decide whether to reveal the result or not , considering his own benefits .
+A 14 16|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To conclude , the one who request genetic testing should have the final right to determine whether this result should be made public or not .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||requests|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference :
+
+S Bereano , P. L ( 2000 ) Does Genetic Research Threaten Our Civil Liberties ?
+
+S Retrieved 12 September 2009 from http : //www.actionbioscience.org/genomic/bereano.html
+
+S Jacobs , L. , & Deatrick , J .
+
+S ( 1999 , September ) .
+
+S The individual , the family , and genetic testing .
+
+S Journal of Professional Nursing , 15 ( 5 ) , 313-324 .
+
+S Retrieved September 11 , 2009 , from CINAHL Plus with Full Text database .
+
+S { http : //www.sciencedirect.com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/science ? _ob = MImg&_imagekey = B6WKV-4G603KK-8D-1&_cdi = 6916&_user = 111989&_orig = browse&_coverDate = 10 % 2F31 % 2F1999&_sk = 999849994&view = c&wchp = dGLzVtz-zSkWz&md5 = c717ac412e82a65d939a7a433c655514&ie = /sdarticle.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.sciencedirect.com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/science ? _ob = MImg&_imagekey = B6WKV-4G603KK-8D-1&_cdi = 6916&_user = 111989&_orig = browse&_coverDate = 10 % 2F31 % 2F1999&_sk = 999849994&view = c&wchp = dGLzVtz-zSkWz&md5 = c717ac412e82a65d939a7a433c655514&ie = /sdarticle.pdf ]
+
+S Surveillance technology was first introduced in the seventies where video tape surveillance became the global norm to watch human behaviours in a small area .
+
+S Over the years , advances in science and technology had empowered surveillance technology by introducing many forms and magnifying the scope of surveillance .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This has brought about many controversies on the ethical , health and social issues surrounding the notion of mass surveillance .
+
+S While supporters argue that surveillance technology brings benefits to the human race , the harms it causes when it is excessively misused outweigh the benefits .
+
+S Thus , due to the implications of surveillance technology , it should be banned .
+
+S Firstly , the use of surveillance technology invades our privacy .
+
+S Privacy is the fundamental human right and we have the right to lead our life without public surveillance .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||a fundamental|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||lives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In Britain , there are 4.2 million CCTV cameras on the streets , about one for every 14 citizens ( BBC news , 2006 ) .
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||citizen|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Mass surveillance has infringed our right to lead a personal life as our every actions and behaviours are being watched and tracked .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||rights|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||all|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , surveillance technology should be banned as our basic right is being infringed upon .
+
+S Secondly , surveillance technology does not necessarily reduce the rate of terrorism .
+
+S September 11th would force world leaders to rethink their policies and implement all forms of surveillance .
+
+S Supporters suggest that surveillance technology provides a sense of security and helps to detect potential terrorist acts early by criminal profiling .
+
+S However , the truth is that surveillance technology does not prevent terrorism from occurring at all .
+
+S Surveillance technology also has loopholes and it is like a double- edged sword as anyone can use them for their own intentions which mean that terrorists might also use surveillance technology to observe their next " victim " .
+
+S Hence , it should be banned as it is redundant and a waste of resource .
+
+S Lastly , surveillance technology , such as RFID , might cause health problems in human implants .
+
+S Research shows that that implanted RFID tags are associated with tumors in rodents , mostly sarcomas ( Foster & Jaeger , 2008 ) .
+
+S This result is alarming as it suggests of the possibility of a similar effect in humans ( Foster & Jaeger , 2008 ) .
+A 7 8|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , surveillance technology should be banned as the implications are menacing .
+
+S Reference
+
+S Foster , K. , & Jaeger , J .
+
+S ( 2008 , August ) .
+
+S Ethical implications of implantable radiofrequency Identification ( RFID ) tags in humans .
+
+S American Journal of Bioethics , 8 ( 8 ) , 44-48 .
+
+S Retrieved September 12 , 2009 , from CINAHL Plus with Full Text database .
+
+S " The use of surveillance technology such as RFID to track people should be banned .
+
+S " Surveillance technology such as RFID ( radio-frequency identification ) should not be used to track people ( e.g .
+
+S human implants and RFID tags on people or products ) .
+
+S Do you agree ?
+
+S Support your argument with concrete examples .
+
+S Surveillance technology has advanced rapidly over the years and is commonly seen in many places , from leisure places to workplaces and even to our lifts and homes .
+
+S This monitoring of other people 's behaviour , activities , or information has brought about many debates on ethical issue , security issues as well as individual 's health issue .
+A 29 30|||R:NOUN:NUM|||issues|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Though some suggest that surveillance technology benefits us but the negative implications outweigh the benefits .
+A 8 9|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , surveillance technology should be banned .
+
+S Firstly , the use of surveillance technology has dehumanized and violated our most basic right which is privacy .
+
+S This is because surveillance technology such as closed-circuit television ( CCTV ) allows other to watch and track our daily activities .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||others|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We have lost our rights in leading a personal life and have to live in a constant fear that our every movement is being monitored .
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , unethical companies could easily obtain our personal information through social network and use it to manipulate us .
+
+S When we lose our privacy , we become vulnerable psychologically and easily manipulated by others .
+
+S Therefore , it is ethically wrong to invade other people 's privacy and there is a need to ban surveillance technology to protect our own rights .
+
+S Secondly , surveillance technology has failed to protect us .
+
+S Many countries use surveillance technology to prevent terrorism attacks but terrorists also use surveillance technology to plan their attacks .
+
+S Terrorists are able to track down the security system in other countries using computer monitoring and then launch their attacks successfully .
+
+S As a result , surveillance technology provides minimal prevention or protection for us .
+
+S Therefore , surveillance technology should be banned as it poses threat to us and is ineffective in protecting us .
+
+S Lastly , surveillance technology such as implantable radiofrequency identification technology ( RFID ) brings about potential health hazards .
+
+S Today , the use of RFID offers important health benefits such as convenient access to patient 's contact information and medical history .
+
+S However , it has also been testified that RFID brings about other health complications such as infections , especially in elderly and weak individuals .
+
+S Therefore , surveillance technology should be banned as it may do more harms than benefits .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||harm|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , surveillance technology should be banned as it not only ethically wrong but also poses threat to our security and health instead of protecting us .
+A 10 10|||M:VERB|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S Foster , K. , & Jaeger , J .
+
+S ( 2008 , August ) .
+
+S Ethical implications of implantable radiofrequency Identification ( RFID ) tags in humans .
+
+S American Journal of Bioethics , 8 , 44-48 .
+
+S Retrieved September 12 , 2009 , from CINAHL Plus with Full Text database .
+
+S The individual requesting genetic testing should have the final say in whether to reveal the results of such testing .
+
+S Genetic testing has been the forefront science research area in this 21st century .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With this unparallel knowledge of truth , came the issues of an individual 's ethical rights on whether the person should have the final say in revealing his own results .
+
+S Society that include doctors and family members need to know the truth .
+
+S Individual should not have the final say in revealing his genetic testing result .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||An individual|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Three important points can be raised to support this stand .
+
+S Firstly , it is an ethical issue .
+
+S " It is widely recognised that one of their roles is to inform patients ( consultands ) that relatives may be at risk and patients are encouraged to discuss this risk with their relatives " ( Forrest , 2000 ) .
+A 13 19|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If they decide to keep mute about it , it may cause harm to others .
+
+S Such as early detection of cancer will not only keep it under control but also keep their loved ones safe .
+A 0 2|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:ORTH|||Early|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Family planning with genetic testing can help married couples to prepare themselves mentally and emotionally if the probability of them having a genetic defective child is high .
+
+S Secondly , it is a political issue .
+
+S People have grown fearful of genetic testing due to the negative results for life insurances .
+
+S The government has to intervene by implementing policies that will help to prevent discrimination .
+
+S Educate the public to change their mindsets towards genetic discrimination .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||It is important to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Joly , Knoppers , and Godard ( 2003 ) found that with government over-sight , it ensured dependability for the system by the masses .
+A 11 25|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thirdly , it is from the psychological point of view .
+
+S Individuals will tend to keep the results from their family as they are afraid that they might be a burden and will cause tensions within the family but understanding the situation will give them better emotional support .
+
+S " Do n't bottle things up .
+
+S Try to talk to someone close to you .
+
+S It helps to have a good cry and talk things through " ( IMH , 2009 ) .
+A 12 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , individuals should not have the final say in revealing their genetic test results for the benefits of the people around them .
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||benefit|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With revealing of the results , trust can be generated and relationship between them and their loved ones will become closer .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||the revelation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Forrest , K. ( 2000 ) .
+
+S Disclosure is complicated .
+
+S BMJ Helping Doctors Make Better Decisions .
+
+S Retrieved September 11 , 2009 from http : //www.bmj.com/cgi/eletters/321/7274/1464 # 11280
+
+S Joly , Y. , Knoppers , B .
+
+S M. , & Godard , B .
+
+S ( 2003 ) .
+
+S Genetic information and life insurance : A 'real ' risk ?
+
+S European Journal of Human Genetics , 11 , 561-564 .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //www.mdinsurance.state.md.us/sa/documents/EuropeanJournalofHumanG enetics-LifeInsurance2003.pdf
+
+S IMH .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Retrieved September 11 , 2009 from http : //www.imh.com.sg/milestones.html
+
+S Surveillance technology has advanced rapidly , and it has dominated our lives .
+
+S This has brought about many debates on the ethical , security and health issues surrounding the use of surveillance technology .
+
+S While some suggest that the use of this technology brings benefits to both country and the world , it in fact not only affects the country 's safety but also the citizens ' privacy in the country .
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , due to negative implications that outweigh the benefits of using surveillance technology , it should be banned .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are three factors that arise from the use of surveillance technology .
+
+S Firstly , surveillance technology dehumanize citizens ' basic right to privacy .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||dehumainzes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Under this technology , citizens are being watched .
+
+S This resulted in the loss of personal space and constantly live in fear as they tend to be very cautious in their every movements .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||results|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S An article said that in US , " there is evidence that President Bush 's executive order authorizing eavesdropping on phone conversations of U.S. citizens , monitoring email and gaining access to private computers while failing to follow the law requiring court- ordered warrants may amount to criminal activity .
+
+S " ( Flocco , 2005 ) .
+
+S US citizens involves in the process have to be very careful with their daily lifestyle .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:FORM|||involved|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||lifestyles|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another example of an article , in Britain , there are 4.2 million CCTV cameras on the streets , about one for every 14 citizens .
+A 0 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:ORTH|||In|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( BBC news,2006 ) .
+A 1 3|||R:OTHER|||,2006|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is ethically wrong as , in general , humans has their basic right to privacy .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Too much intruding of privacy could also lead to the psychological factors of one 's mental status .
+A 2 3|||R:MORPH|||intrusion|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , surveillance technology should be banned because it is ethically wrong to invade other people 's privacy and it is an obligation to respect other people 's privacy .
+
+S Secondly , it lowers the level of security of a country when terrorists are able to hacked into their system and take control of the country 's well-being .
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:FORM|||hack|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As we know it today , the use of surveillance technology is globally used as a mass communication .
+
+S It is also been used as a safety to watch over one 's power grid just like what US is doing now .
+A 3 4|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " According to officials , cyberspies from China and Russia have hacked into the US electricity grid and hidden software that could be used to disrupt power supplies .
+
+S " ( Telegraph.co.uk , 2009 ) .
+A 2 3|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This impose a high risk to the US in a time of war or even crisis due to the disruption of network by these cyberspies .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:SVA|||imposes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , it is ironically contradicting the purpose of having a surveillance technology to secure us which in fact is back-fired .
+
+S Finally , critics have argued that by implanting a biochip ( eg .
+
+S Radio Frequency Identification , RFID ) into a dementia people , it ease the hospital authority to locate their patients ' whereabouts .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN|||person|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:SVA|||eases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:NOUN:POSS|||patient 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , there is often a health issue that involves in this implantation which causes complications to patients ' health. .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is involved|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In late 2007 , an anti-chip activist has raised that for more than one decade it has been known that implanted RFID tags are associated with tumors in rodents , mostly sarcomas ( Blanchard et al .
+A 7 8|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||an important point|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S 1999 ; Elcock et al .
+
+S 2001 ; Tillmann et al .
+
+S 1997 ) .
+
+S This causes a controversy about possible carcinogenic effects ; a substance or agent that tends to produce cancer ( Dictionary.com ) , that may occur in the implantation of chips on humans .
+A 19 20|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , this affect patient by adding a new disease to them when they are already ill .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||affects|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||patients|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the use of surveillance technology should be banned as it brings negative implications not only to the citizens but also the world and thus poses a high risk of insecurity to the world .
+
+S Surveillance dated back all the way from ancient times .
+A 6 7|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the past there was no real technological advancement , hence surveillance limited to mainly watching over live stocks and prisoners .
+
+S As the world advances so has technology , surveillance nowadays cover a wide spectrum of life from the wellbeing of a child left alone in the room to national security to prevent events such as terrorism and political instability .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB|||does|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:ORTH|||Surveillance|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:SVA|||covers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As there is always a consent threat to the equilibrium of peace , surveillance technology has played a huge part in society to help enforce law and order and should not be banned .
+
+S Due to the board spectrum of various surveillances technology available I would address only a few that is of interest namely national security and disaster security .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||broad|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:ORTH|||Namely|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S National security as the name implies means security measures taken by the various governments to ensure that his country is a safe place for its citizens .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some of the devices that have been set up and used are for example biometric passport .
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||passports|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It allows the immigration officers to have an idea of the background of the tourist or citizen that is entering the country .
+
+S This helps in preventing terrorism as appropriate measures can be taken to stop terrorist from entering the country .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||terrorists|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In 2001 , the capture of terrorist members prevented a bomb explosion to Yishun train station in Singapore .
+A 12 13|||R:PREP|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Critics may cite the flaws of the system in the case of Mas Selmat a member of the regional Islamic group called the Jemaah Islamiyah ( JI ) , who successfully escaped to Malaysia .
+
+S This however do not mean that the system of surveillance should be banned but rather this is where flaws of the systems are examined to come up with a more fool-proof system where such terrorist can not make use of the loop holes of the system to escape .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||does|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:ORTH|||This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 34|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Pandemics and epidemics have been prevalent since the ancient time like in the 18th century where small pox causing massive death .
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||times|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:FORM|||caused|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||deaths|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Today with the recent spread of SARS , H1N5 ( bird flu ) and the latest H1N1 ( swine flu ) , having surveillance technology help us to better battle these disasters .
+A 25 26|||R:VERB:SVA|||helps|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In 2003 when SARS spread causing thousands of death all across the world , the temperature radiation surveillance technology was invented to help identity those possible infected people from those who are not , and to separate those who are likely to be infected from the healthy population .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||deaths|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Other than that home tracking devices are implemented especially for those who are quarantined for the 10 days duration to ensure that they do not break the rules and venture out of their homes into the community .
+A 0 3|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:TENSE|||did|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Critics of tracking devices have lobbied for tracking devices to be banned as they have to been said an invasion of privacy .
+A 15 16|||U:VERB:FORM||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 21|||R:OTHER|||to invade|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However in this case tracking device although invasive to a person 's privacy served a good cause to ensure the safety of the general population .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 14|||R:OTHER|||although the tracking device ia an invasion to a person 's privacy , it serves|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Wellbeing of a child has been a major consideration and concern for most parents .
+
+S One of the advantages of advance surveillance technology is that it allows parents to keep track of their children regardless of where they are , and to have some ideas of what is happening in their children 's lives .
+
+S Critics have argued that by this , children have lost all form of privacy and that they are under the control of their parents .
+
+S Arguments for the surveillance technology agree that although it invades the children privacy , if the child does not do anything that causes their parents to be worried about , invasion of privacy should not be a major issue .
+
+S Recently SingTel mobile launched a mobile plan called the " Permission-based location device " where it addresses the issue of invasion of privacy and at the same time gives parents and guardians a peace of mind by allowing them to know the exact location of their loved ones to have an idea of what is happening in their lives .
+
+S As shown , surveillance technology and it uses ' benefits can outweigh the cons that it can bring .
+
+S To conclude , surveillance technology should not be banned as they have more positive advantages compared to its downside .
+
+S The main critic of using surveillance technology is the invasion of privacy , this is unavoidable as to safe guard a place , people or nation there are some sacrifices that need to be made .
+
+S As seen in the argument the three different areas namely national , disaster and personal security , surveillance technology should not be banned but rather to always to be improvised and improved upon .
+
+S References :
+
+S SingTel Offers Location Tracking of Your Loved Ones .
+
+S Daily Singapore News .
+
+S Retrieved September 12 , 2009 , from http : //dailysingapore.com/2008/11/27/singtel-offers-location-tracking-of-your-loved-ones/ Faster Sars contact tracing with new system .
+
+S DSTA in the news .
+
+S Retrieved September 12 , 2009 , from http : //www.dsta.gov.sg/index.php ? option = com_content&task = blogcategory&id = 0&Itemid = 809&limit = 9&limitstart = 1530 Sim , T. ( 2006 , October ) .
+
+S Synthesis Journal 2006 , { Biometrics and Privacy } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.itsc.org.sg/pdf/4_Biometrics.pdf ] , 4 , 81-88 .
+
+S Retrieved September 12 , 2009 , from http : //www.itsc.org.sg/pdf/4_Biometrics.pdf
+
+S Motion : The individual requesting genetic testing should have the final say in whether to reveal the results of such testing .
+
+S Over the years , genetic testing has become more available to the public .
+
+S An individual can request and afford to undergo genetic testing to find out whether or not his body houses a defective gene .
+
+S When the results of the test is given to the individual , the question of whether the results should be revealed or not arises .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although the individual may feel that he should have the final say on the revelation of the results , in fact , having the physicians decide whether the results should be revealed would be much more beneficial to the society and the individual himself .
+
+S Therefore , the individual should not have the final say on whether the results of such testing should be revealed .
+
+S Firstly , the physician is in a better position to decide if the results should be revealed .
+
+S This is due to the physician being more knowledgeable about the results , especially if a defective gene is detected in the individual .
+
+S The individual is unlikely to reveal their results to their family , potential and current employers , insurance companies for fear of discrimination from them ( Centre for Genetics Education , June 2007 ) .
+A 26 32|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , by doing so , he is actually putting his family at risk as they will not know whether they too carry the defective gene which would put them at a higher risk of developing the disease associated with the gene ( Centre for Genetics Education ) .
+A 43 47|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , the physician would not be able to determine if the defective gene is hereditary and whether the other family members have that gene or not .
+
+S Secondly , for his own reasons , such as family disputes , the individual may choose not to act responsibly and withhold the results from family members .
+
+S In such cases , the physician would have the right to reveal the results to the family of the individual , especially if the test results indicate that the defective gene is present , there is the possibility that others in the family has the gene as well .
+A 43 44|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , with regards to the problem of discrimination , which is the underlying factor for the individual not wanting to reveal the results , there are laws in place in many countries that states that it is against the law to discriminate against people who have tested positive for a particular defective gene .
+
+S The physicians also have their medical code of conduct that states information about the patient is confidential unless it poses threat to others ( American Journal of Obstetrics , May 2008 ) .
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 30|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the individual requesting genetic testing should not have the final say as to whether the results should be revealed or not as the benefits of revealing the results is substantial to the individual and his family , and it can not be assumed that the individual will be able to act responsibly to his family in the face of his own interests .
+
+S References :
+
+S Minkoff , H. & Ecker , J .
+
+S Genetic testing and breach of patient confidentiality : Law , ethics and pragmatics .
+
+S Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008 ; 198 : 498.e1-498.e4 .
+
+S The Australasian Genetics Resource Book .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S ( 8th ed. ) .
+
+S Centre for Genetics Education .
+
+S Genetic testing has made possible the determination of genetic diseases .
+
+S However , the release of genetic testing results has brought about a controversy .
+
+S Due to family members having similarities in genetic background , individuals may feel the need to disclose their results .
+A 0 2|||R:PREP|||If|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:FORM|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:MORPH|||similar|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , being likely to face discrimination from society , individuals should also have the choice to conceal the information from others .
+
+S This freedom of choice provides respect for their basic human rights .
+
+S Thus , individual consent should be obtained before the release of genetic testing results .
+
+S Firstly , the disclosure of a positive test result for a certain genetic disease may cause an individual to be susceptible to discrimination .
+
+S He may be treated less favourably than others due to his genetic disability .
+
+S For example , employers may prefer to employ individuals who are not predisposed to genetic diseases ( Greely 2005 ) .
+A 16 18|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Health insurance companies may also avoid clients with genetic disorders ( Greely 2005 ) .
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , the discriminatory treatment an individual may be subjected to makes it essential that their consent be obtained in advanced .
+A 20 21|||R:MORPH|||advance|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It may be argued that the legalization of the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act ( GINA ) may solve the problem of discrimination ( Kaiser Family Foundation 2008 ) .
+A 23 26|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , limitations in this policy may still subject individuals to discrimination due to the exclusion of those applying for life insurance , disability insurance or military benefits ( Keim 2008 ) .
+A 28 30|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , the ability of GINA to solve the problem of discrimination may be limited .
+
+S The failure to gain an individual 's approval to release the results denies him of his basic human rights , which is " the right to determine for oneself how and to what extent information about oneself is communicated to others .
+
+S " ( Narine 1993 , p.44 ) By releasing the results without an individual 's consent will subject the individual to a violation of his human rights .
+A 2 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , it is important that each individual 's approval is obtained before any circulation of the genetic testing results .
+
+S In conclusion , only the individual concerned regarding the genetic testing results may make the decision to reveal his results .
+
+S The violation of human rights and discrimination he faces may cause it to be unjust for the individual to feel compelled to reveal his results .
+
+S Therefore , it is of importance that confidentiality of the individual be preserved .
+
+S References
+
+S Henry , T. & Greely , J.D , ( 2005 , September 1 ) .
+
+S Banning Genetic Discrimination .
+
+S The New England Journal of Medicine , 353 , 865-867 .
+
+S { Massachusetts Medical Society } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.massmed.org/ ] .
+
+S Retrieved September 5 , 2009 , from { http : //content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/353/9/865 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/353/9/865 ]
+
+S Kaiser Family Foundation .
+
+S ( 2008 , May 22 ) .
+
+S Kaiser Daily Health Policy Report .
+
+S Retrieved September 5 , 2009 , from { http : //www.kaisernetwork.org/daily_reports/rep_index.cfm ? DR_ID = 52305 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.kaisernetwork.org/daily_reports/rep_index.cfm ? DR_ID = 52305 ]
+
+S Brandon , K. ( 2008 , May 21 ) .
+
+S Genetic Discrimination by Insurers , Employers Becomes a Crime .
+
+S Wired Science .
+
+S Retrieved September 5 , 2009 , from { http : //www.wired.com/wiredscience/2008/05/the-genetic-inf/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.wired.com/wiredscience/2008/05/the-genetic-inf/ ]
+
+S Brandon , K. ( 2008 , May 23 ) .
+
+S Genetic Protections Skimp on Privacy , Says Gene Tester .
+
+S Wired Science .
+
+S Retrieved September 5 , 2009 , from { http : //www.wired.com/wiredscience/2008/05/genetic-protect/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.wired.com/wiredscience/2008/05/genetic-protect/ ]
+
+S Patrick , N. ( 1993 ) .
+
+S Genetic Screening Ethical Issues , 54-64 .
+
+S Nuffield Council On Bioethics .
+
+S Retrieved September 5 , 2009 , from { http : //www.nuffieldbioethics.org/fileLibrary/pdf/genetic_screening.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.nuffieldbioethics.org/fileLibrary/pdf/genetic_screening.pdf ]
+
+S As a type of surveillance technology , RFID ( Radio Frequency Identification ) is drawing increasing attention and has caused many conflicts on the privacy , security and health issues .
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:FORM|||increased|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 24|||R:OTHER|||with regard to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Advocators suggest that using RFID to conduct social control and suspects tracking could benefit whole society .
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||tracking of suspects|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , RFID in fact is not as ideal as they thought .
+
+S On the contrary , it not only leads to invasion of privacy and identity theft but also risks health .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||R:OTHER|||poses health risks|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , the use of RFID to track people should be banned .
+
+S Using RFID to track people arises many issues .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB|||raises|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , the abuse of RFID invades privacy .
+
+S It is hard to guarantee that every racking is innocent and conducted in proper ways and .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN|||tracking|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , overzealous employers and criminally intent people could take advantage of the RFID readers to track employees and victims ' movement ( Jean 2007 ) .
+
+S In this case , victims may lose their privacy even without awareness .
+
+S Secondly , because a RFID embedded card is easily to be skimmed and cloned , to some extent , it is a loophole for identity theft .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB|||can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:VERB:FORM||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Using the cloned card , anyone could pass into a restricted area through the secure and locked entrance ( Jones 2008 ) .
+A 0 1|||M:PREP|||by using|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , using RFID equipped card to track and control entrance is not secure and effective at all .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thirdly , implantable RFID chips have connections with health issues .
+
+S Research showed that " implanted RFID chips caused cancer in mice and rats and may cause cancer in cats , dogs , and humans " ( Jean 2007 ) .
+
+S Additionally , " although an RFID chip in particular may not cause cancer , the inflammation caused by surgical implantation of a foreign object can increase the instance of tumor development " ( Jean 2007 ) .
+
+S According to these , there is no way to sacrifice people 's health to conduct tracking for any purpose .
+A 0 20|||R:OTHER|||sacrificing the health of people when conducting tracking is therefore unacceptable|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , RFID advocators may declare some arguments for the purpose of alleviating the fear of privacy invasion .
+A 5 6|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||argue|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , the reader needs to be within about ten feet of the chip in order to extract data , so it may not handle long-range tracking ( Jean 2007 ) .
+
+S However , it is still highly undetectable if the reader is installed inside doors or walls .
+
+S Furthermore , within such distance , RFID readers could still function ( Jean 2007 ) .
+
+S Hence , people are still under the risk of being tracked and losing privacy without knowledge .
+
+S To conclude , since using RFID to track people raises the possibilities of privacy invasion and identity theft and causes health problems , the use of it should be banned .
+
+S Reference
+
+S Jean A .
+
+S 2007 .
+
+S RFID - It May Be Inescapable , but Should It Be Implantable ?
+
+S [ Internet ] [ cited 2009 Sep 11 ] Available from : { http : //www.naturalnews.com/022116.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.naturalnews.com/022116.html ]
+
+S Jones KC .
+
+S 2008 Jan 31 .
+
+S California Senate Approves Bill to Outlaw Skimming RFID .
+
+S InformationWeek [ Internet ] [ cited 2009 Sep 11 ] .
+
+S Available from : http : //www.informationweek.com/shared/printableArticle.jhtml ; jsessionid = WRLX3H0ITLGABQE1GHPCKH4ATMY32JVN ? articleID = 206101115
+
+S Genetic testing is a test whereby the individual is tested for any deficiency in the genes that could indicate the presence of future diseases .
+
+S But once the result is out and the person has some defective genes , different issues starts to surface .
+
+S The person might be subjugated to discrimination and not even the Genetic Information Non-discrimination Act ( GINA ) would be able to solve the problem .
+
+S Furthermore , the individual have his own right to decide on whether the result could be disclosed or not .
+A 4 7|||R:OTHER|||has the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||should|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , I strongly agree that the person should have the final say on whether to reveal the genetic testing result so as to avoid these problems .
+
+S Firstly , the person would face discrimination by society if the results are declared openly without his consensus .
+A 17 19|||R:OTHER|||consent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The person would be unable to purchase insurance since they would cost the insurance company more money than the company had bargained for ( Henry T. Greely , J.D , 2005 , September 1 ) Moreover , employers would not want to hire them as the employee 's health problem would have an undesirable effect on the company 's productivity , such as , costing the company more money on the employees ' frequent sick leaves and medical reimbursements ( Henry T. Greely , J.D , 2005 , September 1 ) .
+A 26 30|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 34|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 82 90|||R:OTHER|||2005|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , the person will be ostracized by the community due to the community lacking the knowledge of genetic diseases ( WHO , 2009 )
+
+S Secondly , critics on the other end of the table may argue that there is the Genetic Information Non-discrimination Act ( GINA ) in the US that was passed down by the former US president , Mr. Bush on 21 May 2008 which states that 'the genetic carriers would be protect against discrimination when it comes to work and health insurance ' ( Kaiser Family Foundation , 2008 ) .
+A 3 4|||R:PREP|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , these laws generally fail to offer comprehensive protection to all people at risk for genetic discrimination .
+
+S Tera Eerkes , founder of personal genetic testing company { Qtrait } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.qtrait.com/ ] states that 'this measure does not prevent genetic discrimination against people when they are applying for life insurance , or long term care and disability insurance' .
+A 9 19|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , the insurance companies will be forced to hike up the cost of their premiums and might result in healthy individuals being quoted the same rate as the genetic risk group ( David , L.V .
+
+S 2008 , January 30 ) .
+A 2 4|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thirdly , the individual should not be denied of his rights in the decision on whether the result should be disclosed or not , or else , problems might occur .
+
+S The European Convention on Human Rights states that " Everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life , his home and his correspondence .
+
+S " ( Patrick , N.,1993 ) .
+
+S If an individual is denied of his right to decide on the disclosure of his test result , probably no one will dare to go for testing since they know that they do not possess the right to decide whether the result stays secret .
+A 23 24|||U:VERB:FORM||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will result in dire consequences for example ; there will not be proper family planning since genetic disorder is not taken into consideration , which might results in continued breeding of undesirable genetic traits off-springs .
+A 6 6|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:MORPH|||result|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:OTHER|||in one 's offspring|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the person who went for genetic testing should have the final say on whether to reveal the genetic testing result so that he will not be discriminated against or even denied of his basic human rights and causes problems
+A 39 39|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 42|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference
+
+S Henry , T. & Greely , J.D , ( 2005 , September 1 ) .
+
+S Banning Genetic Discrimination .
+
+S The New England Journal of Medicine , 353 , 865-867 .
+
+S { Massachusetts Medical Society } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.massmed.org/ ] .
+
+S Retrieved September 5 , 2009 , from { http : //content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/353/9/865 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/353/9/865 ] Kaiser Family Foundation .
+
+S ( 2008 , May 22 ) .
+
+S Kaiser Daily Health Policy Report .
+
+S Retrieved September 5 , 2009 , from { http : //www.kaisernetwork.org/daily_reports/rep_index.cfm ? DR_ID = 52305 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.kaisernetwork.org/daily_reports/rep_index.cfm ? DR_ID = 52305 ] Brandon , K. ( 2008 , May 23 ) .
+
+S Genetic Protections Skimp on Privacy , Says Gene Tester .
+
+S Wired Science .
+
+S Retrieved September 5 , 2009 , from { http : //www.wired.com/wiredscience/2008/05/genetic-protect/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.wired.com/wiredscience/2008/05/genetic-protect/ ] David , L.V .
+
+S ( 2008 , January 30 ) .
+
+S Genetic Discrimination Saves Lives .
+
+S Ludwig von Mises Institute .
+
+S Retrieved September 5 , 2009 , from { http : //mises.org/story/2808 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //mises.org/story/2808 ]
+
+S World Health Organisation , Genomic resource centre .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Genetic testing .
+
+S Retrieved September 5 , 2009 , from http : //www.who.int/genomics/elsi/gentesting/en/
+
+S Patrick,N. ( 1993 ) .
+
+S Genetic Screening Ethical Issues , 54-64 .
+
+S Nuffield Council On Bioethics .
+
+S Retrieved September 5 , 2009 , from http : //www.nuffieldbioethics.org/fileLibrary/pdf/genetic_screening.pdf William , A .
+
+S ( 1995 ) .
+
+S Genetic counseling : Your new job .
+
+S American College of Physicians .
+
+S Retrieved September 5 , 2009 , from { http : //www.acpinternist.org/archives/1995/02/gencoun.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.acpinternist.org/archives/1995/02/gencoun.htm ]
+
+S Recently , Radio Frequency Identification technology , also known as " RFID " is a hot topic for discussion .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the past , it is used to track equipments and data and this does not create much controversy in the issue of privacy .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN|||equipmentequipment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||did|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||with regard to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , as technology improves , RFID is more frequently used to track people .
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||improved|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:ADV|||now|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S While some argue that the use of RFID to track people is unfavourable , it in fact not only ensures one 's security and safety but also saves time and cuts cost for an industry .
+
+S Thus , due to the immense benefits of RFID , it should not be banned .
+
+S There are two important benefits of RFID .
+
+S Firstly , RFID is used in hospitals to keep a close watch on people for their own safety .
+
+S ( Getz , 2009 ) .
+
+S This reduces the need to hire full-time nurses to accompany the Alzheimer 's patients wherever they go .
+
+S When these patients wander around and get lost in an unfamiliar place , we are able to track their whereabouts and know where they are immediately .
+
+S Secondly , RFID is used to monitor employees ' movements .
+
+S ( Getz , 2009 ) .
+
+S This is especially useful in hospitals during emergency to track the whereabouts of doctors .
+
+S In life and death situation , doctors that are in the vicinity of the operation theatre can be called for help instantly , hence saving time .
+A 19 19|||M:PART|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Arguments put forth to ban RFID are faulty .
+
+S For instance , it has been argued that the excessive use of RFID tags result in deterioration of personal privacy .
+
+S ( Ward , 2006 ) .
+
+S However , for the group of people who requires constant attention , safety outweighs privacy issues .
+
+S Furthermore , RFID tags can be snapped in half to prevent the transmission of data when it is no longer in use .
+
+S Thus , this will not threaten individual 's privacy .
+
+S Finally , there has been greater concern about RFID not only tracking the data of the patient , but also the patient 's actual whereabouts .
+A 20 20|||M:VERB|||tracking|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Getz , 2009 ) .
+
+S On the contrary , this is a minor issue as only those with access to hospital 's database can interpret the information .
+
+S Otherwise , this information is purposeless .
+
+S In conclusion , RFID should not be banned as it not only saves time and effort but also ensures one 's protection from harm under close surveillance .
+
+S Advances in technology have made mass surveillance possible , even to track humans .
+
+S However , this has stirred up much controversy due to the privacy , security and health issues surrounding its use .
+
+S Supporters claim that surveillance technology can increase efficiency and effectiveness in tracking criminals and potential terrorists hence decrease crime rates and in tracking runaway or Alzheimer patients in hospitals to provide better care for every patient ( Jean , 2007 ) .
+A 16 16|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:FORM|||decreasing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||R:OTHER|||or|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:FORM|||track|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , it causes more security and health threats thus using it to track people should be banned to ensure their safety .
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||than|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Threats discussed here would be with reference to Radio Frequency Identification Device ( RFID ) .
+
+S The main argument to support the banning is the risk of identity theft .
+
+S RFID tags and cards can be easily hacked and cloned and used immediately to get past what we presumed to be secured ( Jones , 2008 ) .
+
+S If one had their pocket picked , he would know and can take measures to prevent .
+A 16 16|||M:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , if one 's personal information had been stolen without one 's knowledge , one is completely vulnerable .
+
+S It is against the law to steal other 's identification card but not the information by " skimming " ( Jones , 2008 ) .
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||another persons|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The problem is worsened by the fact that these RFID tags and cards carry unlimited information and there are no regulations to include these virtual crimes .
+
+S RFID has enabled potential criminals to commit crimes more easily than ever with technology that is so readily available and surprisingly inexpensive .
+
+S Another argument to oppose the use of RFID to track people is the possibility of contracting cancer with the implantation of the chips .
+
+S " Research in the 1990s showed that implanted RFID chips caused cancer in rats and may cause cancer in humans " ( Jean , 2007 ) .
+
+S Though rats are more likely to develop tumors regardless of the type of injection , " inflammation caused by surgical implantation of a foreign object still does increase the instance of tumor development " ( Jean , 2007 ) .
+
+S Therefore , for the sole purpose of tracking , this sacrifice is not needed .
+
+S In conclusion , the banning of the use of surveillance technology such as RFID to track people would be essential to protect vulnerable civilians from security and health threats .
+
+S References
+
+S Jean A. RFID - It may be inescapable , but should it be implantable .
+
+S Natural news [ Internet ] 2007 Oct 12 [ cited 2009 Sep 12 ] .
+
+S Available from { http : //www.naturalnews.com/022116.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.naturalnews.com/022116.html ]
+
+S Jones KC .
+
+S California senate approves bill to outlaw skimming RFID tags .
+
+S Information week [ Internet ] 2008 Jan 31 [ cited 2009 Sep 12 ] .
+
+S { http : //www.informationweek.com/shared/printableArticle.jhtml ; jsessionid = NASDI5LMXXJCNQE1GHPCKH4ATMY32JVN ? articleID = 206101115 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.informationweek.com/shared/printableArticle.jhtml ; jsessionid = NASDI5LMXXJCNQE1GHPCKH4ATMY32JVN ? articleID = 206101115 ]
+
+S The rapid advances in medical technology present genetic testing that uses to identify specific genes responsible for a significant disease in an individual ( Centre for Genetic Education , n.d. ) .
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||is used ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The perception of whether an individual should have the final say to reveal the results of genetic tests has lead to ethical dilemma in the society and individuals , especially in family-relationship .
+A 21 21|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:PREP|||amongst|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:ADV|||particularly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:NOUN:NUM|||family-relationships|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since , the advantages of revealing the results of genetic tests outweigh in most situations , therefore , an individual should not have the absolute authority to reveal their test results .
+A 12 12|||M:OTHER|||the disadvantages|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:ADV|||therefore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are two main benefits of not having the absolute authority on revealing the results of genetic tests .
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , physicians are able to carry out studies on the gene occurrence in the family , by using the samples of family members .
+
+S This would benefit both the individuals and the relatives on their own health and well-being .
+
+S It also provides understanding of specific genes occurrence to others ( Centre for Genetic Education , n.d. ) .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||gene|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||occurrences|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , the awareness of deleterious gene in individuals that leads to disease , like HIV , ensures their responsibility within the community .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||genes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||could lead|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The organization involved in genetic care has the authority to disclose the genetic information to appropriate people if harmful genes could lead to serious disease , infected individual does no effort to reveal it or little effort is made for diagnosis and treatments ( Minkoff and Ecker , 2008 ) .
+A 25 26|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:OTHER|||If an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:OTHER|||not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 32|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:OTHER|||then|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This would prevent harm to others , like the spread of HIV to the uninfected sexual partner and the future generations .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB|||cause|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , moral support from sexual partner would be a key determinant factor in motivating infected individuals to seek help .
+
+S Finally , the potential discrimination in the society upon revealing the genetic test results is faulty .
+
+S This is because , the Insurance and Financial Services Association ( IFSA ) in Australia have a policy that states , genetic testing or having family members at risk for certain disease , will not be required for assessment in the insurance companies ( Centre for Genetic Education , n.d. ) .
+
+S It has been suggested that there should be respect for individual health condition .
+
+S In conclusion , the individual requesting genetic testing should not have the final say in revealing the results since , the advantages of revealing the genetic test results outweigh in most situations .
+
+S References :
+
+S * Centre for Genetic Education .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S The Australian Genetics Resource Book .
+
+S ( 8th Edition ) : Some ethical issues in human genetics , 248-254 .
+
+S * Minkoff , H. , and Ecker , J .
+
+S ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Genetic testing and breach of patient confidentiality : Law , ethics and pragmatics .
+
+S American Journal of Obstet and Gynecol , 198 , 498.e1 - 498.ee4 .
+
+S Radio-frequency identification , more often known as RFID in short , is one of the most pervasive technologies developed since the late 1940s .
+
+S Today , enterprises found the use of RFID chips in wide variety of places including hospital , transportation system , corporations , schools , and worryingly , human beings ( Andrea Jean , 2007 ) .
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this paper , I would like to discuss some problems in the use of RFID chip on human .
+A 19 19|||M:NOUN|||beings|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Human implant is experimented and studied deeply over many countries .
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , this has been proved to have huge problems unfortunately .
+A 4 5|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Volunteer participated in controlled experiment on skimming has proven that a hacker is able to skim and clone an access card in a split second and using the card to get entrance to a " secure and locked " entrance ( Jones , 2008 ) .
+A 0 1|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Volunteers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:FORM|||proved|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This absurd result puts a question on the security use on human implant .
+A 3 5|||R:OTHER|||brings into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||of the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Looking at this piece of fact closely , it is not hard for us to see the more serious problem behind it .
+
+S RFID chip is able to store much information on personal identity .
+
+S Skimming from a skilled hacker is possible for the leaking of one 's personal information to unfriendly parties he or she is not willing to befriend with .
+
+S This may lead to wide ranges of problems such as blackmailing , complication of crime investigation , duplication of identity , and in some cases , it can even be used as a political weapon .
+
+S Human implant of RFID is against human right in this sense as there is a huge risk of losing one 's personal privacy .
+
+S Though outlawing skimming on RFID tags can be a possible solution , no one can be sure that it would not turn out to be like the case of computer hacking .
+
+S Though RFID has proven to be useful in many places , human implant will surely brings us more problems than benefits .
+
+S No doubt , under special circumstances , example implantation on babies and mentally disabled will make it easier for us to monitor them , RFID implant on human , however , is generally inappropriate .
+
+S References
+
+S Andrea Jean , 2007 .
+
+S RFID - It May Be Inescapable , but Should It Be Implantable ?
+
+S { http : //www.naturalnews.com/z022116_RFID_RFID_chips_cancer.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.naturalnews.com/z022116_RFID_RFID_chips_cancer.html ]
+
+S K.C .
+
+S Jones , 2008 .
+
+S California Senate Approves Bill To Outlaw Skimming RFID Tags .
+
+S Jan 31 , 2008 .
+
+S { http : //www.informationweek.com/story/showArticle.jhtml ? articleID = 206101115 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.informationweek.com/story/showArticle.jhtml ? articleID = 206101115 ]
+
+S With the advance of technology , surveillance technology has become prevalent in the society .
+
+S Radio Frequency Identification ( RFID ) as one type of surveillance technology is used as a tool to track people .
+
+S Although concerns on privacy issues are raised , RFID benefits the society by ensuring safety among people .
+
+S Hence , since RFID brings about positive benefits , it should not be banned .
+
+S One area which benefits greatly from RFID technology is the health sector .
+
+S Firstly , due to RFID , the safety and security of the patients are ensured .
+
+S RFID is used to track patients ' locations in order to make sure they are safe .
+
+S This is especially true for elder patients with Alzheimer .
+A 5 6|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:OTHER|||'s disease|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Patients suffering from Alzheimer have the tendency to wander .
+A 4 4|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , RFID will be able to lookout for these patients and ensure they do not go missing , making them safe ( Getz , 2009 ) .
+
+S Also , RFID technology can prevent newborns from being kidnapped .
+
+S With RFID , the locations of newborns can be monitored .
+
+S Thus , if there are to be unauthorized movements , immediate action can be taken ( Getz , 2009 ) .
+
+S With the newborns ' safety being ensured , their parents will not have to worry constantly when they are not able to take care of their infants around the clock .
+
+S Thus , RFID technology is able to protect the patients and ensure a safe and secure environment in hospitals .
+
+S Proponents for banning of surveillance technology in particular RFID argue that the privacy of people is invaded as people 's specific locations can be identified ( Getz , 2009 ) .
+
+S If there are standard laws put in place , so that information from RFID tags can only be obtained by authorized people , then , there should not be privacy concerns due to RFID ( Getz , 2009 ) .
+
+S The user can choose whether or not to give out his or her information , as an RFID tag can be broken into two so that information will not be transferred ( Ward , 2006 ) .
+
+S Since , privacy concerns are not much of an issue , RFID should not be banned .
+
+S In conclusion , the use of surveillance technology particularly RFID should not be banned as it results in a safe environment and the privacy concerns regarding it are not much an issue .
+
+S References
+
+S Getz , L. ( 2009 , March 16 ) .
+
+S Is RFID technology too nosy ?
+
+S For the Record , 21 , ( pp.20 ) .
+
+S Great Valley Publishing Co. , Inc .
+
+S Warden , W. ( 2006 , 10 March ) .
+
+S Radio tag study revealed at Cebit .
+
+S Retrieved September 7 , 2009 , from BBC , from http : //news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/4792554.stm .
+
+S The completion of Human Genome Project has contributed significantly to the rapid development of genetic tests valuable tools that aid in diagnosis and prevention of genetic diseases .
+A 16 16|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||tool|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||aids|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , due to the nature of the information generated , there have been many debates over who should hold the final decisions to the disclosure of genetic test results .
+
+S While some propose that giving individuals the authority to decide curbs arising ethical implications like discrimination , this in fact stops physicians from preventing illnesses and saving more lives .
+
+S Thus , the final decision should not be made by the individuals tested .
+
+S An important reason why patients should not be empowered in making the final decision is that it prevents doctors from tending to potential patients who could be at high risk of developing a disease if disclosure is not made .
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||to make|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Due to the need to maintain results confidentiality , doctors will be compelled to watch patients with the defective gene fall ill when appropriate intervention can be done to avert the harm .
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||confidentiality of results|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is has gone against their 'proper medical and ethical practices ' ( Minkoff & Ecker , 2008 ) of preventing harm or avoiding serious jeopardisation of the health of others ( www.genetics.edu.au ) .
+A 1 2|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 33|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In considerations of these competing obligations met by physicians , the genetic care and counselling organisations have devised guidelines which accept disclosure to relatives without the consent of those tested when there is going to be a high degree and immediacy of risk faced by them ( Minkoff & Ecker , 2008 ) .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||Considering|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB|||faced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It has been argued that genetic discrimination will arise in the context of insurance and employment if the decision is not made by those who are tested .
+
+S However , there has been limited evidence of genetic discrimination in both areas of insurance and workplace based on recent research .
+
+S ( www.genetics.edu.au ) Moreover , a policy statement by Insurance and Financial Services Association ( IFSA ) in Australia have made it mandatory that genetic testing will not be considered a requirement for policy risk assessment .
+
+S The statement also claims that the insurance industry will not utilise the genetic information of one for risk assessment of their family member ( www.genetics.edu.au ) .
+
+S In conclusion , individuals requesting for genetic testing should not be given the full authority to make the final decisions in results disclosure as it coerces doctors from fulfilling their duties in promoting the wellbeing of the society .
+
+S References
+
+S - Centre for Genetic Education ( n.d. ) The Australasian Genetics Resource Book ( 2nd ed. ) .
+
+S Some Ethical issues in Human genetics .
+
+S ( pp .
+
+S 248-254 ) .
+
+S Retrieved from : www.genetics.edu.au
+
+S - Minkoff , H. , & Ecker , J .
+
+S ( 2008 , May ) .
+
+S American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology .
+
+S Genetic testing and breach of patient confidentiality : law , ethics , and pragmatics .
+
+S ( pp .
+
+S 498-499 ) .
+
+S Retrieved from : www.AJOG.org
+
+S Modern advances in genetic research have helped scientists and doctors learn more about genes and how they affect us .
+
+S This has made it possible to know whether a person has inherited a disease before the symptoms start and show if a person is a gene carrier for a certain disease through genetic testing .
+
+S This brings up several issues , should the patient who tested positive for the disease be granted autonomy ?
+
+S [ 2 ] Lastly , should the patient be allowed to withhold the information from his/her family ?
+
+S [ 1 ] Due to the ethical and social issues genetic testing can bring , the individual requesting the genetic testing should not have the final say in revealing the results of the test but the medical professionals .
+
+S In the event in which the patient tests positive for a particular terminal illness , and refuses to receive the results , should the physician then respect his/her wishes although it violates the physician 's ethics of putting patient 's safety first ?
+
+S [ 2 ] Physicians trained to deal with the emotional burdens of a positive test results , are capable of properly counselling the patient of the implications of not knowing the test result and also providing the needed medical treatment for the long run .
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||result|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S [ 1 ] As the medical professionals would know what medical treatment the patient would need and also understand the encumbrance such knowledge would bring , it is best that the medical professionals decide whether or not to reveal the test results .
+A 16 16|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly , patients may , upon knowing the results of the test , refuse to share the results to immediate family members who will then be at risk as there is a chance that the same gene causing the disease runs through the family .
+
+S In this situation , the patient is unduly putting others at risk as knowledge of inheriting a disease could help to save a patient if diagnosed and treated early .
+
+S [ 2 ] Patients may also argue over the right to withhold the information as they have a right for privacy and autonomy .
+
+S Therefore medical professionals being experts in handling such situations would be able to recommend several other alternatives if the patient is insistent on withholding the test results .
+
+S [ 1 ]
+
+S In conclusion , the medical professionals are able to appropriately handle the delicate issues of genetic testing .
+
+S Hence , they should have the right in whether or not to reveal the results of genetic testing .
+
+S References
+
+S 1 .
+
+S Dr Lee SC 2005 .
+
+S In : Genetic Counselling and Genetic Testing : Hereditary Cancer Syndromes .
+
+S [ Internet ] .
+
+S National University Hospital , Department of Haematology-Oncology ; [ cited 2009 Sep 11 ] .
+
+S Available from : http : //www.bioethics- singapore.org/uploadfile/21825 % 20PMAnnex % 20C- 4 % 20Dr % 20Lee % 20Soo % 20Chin.pdf
+
+S 2 .
+
+S The Bioethics Advisory Committee , Singapore .
+
+S [ Internet ] 2005 November ; [ cited 2009 Sep 11 ] .
+
+S Available from : http : //www.bioethics- singapore.org/uploadfile/21729 % 20PMGT % 20Report.pdf
+
+S Technology has made our life so convenient that we have overlooked the { repercussion } [ HYPERLINK : http : //thesaurus.reference.com/browse/repercussion ] s that comes with it .
+A 13 23|||R:OTHER|||repercussions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S An example would be the use of surveillance in this case radio frequency identification ( RFID ) technology in our everyday life without considering the health risks , consumer privacy rights and also its vulnerability to information thefts .
+
+S With that the usage of RFID should be banned so as to safeguard the general public .
+
+S Firstly the health issue poses a big threat to the usage of RFID as these chips are used in close vicinity to our body .
+
+S Patients who wish to keep their medical information might chose to have the chip implanted right under their skin .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:FORM|||choose|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The safety of using these chips is still uncertain even its exact position as the chips " ( could ) migrate under the skin and become difficult to extract " ( Bacheldor 2007 ) .
+
+S Another concerning issue is that the " RFID tags may electromagnetically interfere with electrosurgical devices " ( Bacheldor 2007 ) with particular attention at { magnetic resonance imaging } [ HYPERLINK : http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging ] ( MRI ) scans .
+A 24 36|||R:OTHER|||magnetic resonance imaging|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Instead of aiding the patients to recuperate , the tags might in turn cause further deterioration to the patient 's health .
+
+S Secondly , consumers might be ignorant to the fact that the products they purchased could be tagged so as to provide companies with the sales data and for market research .
+
+S Customers could also be tracked with the products anywhere so long as there is a right reader that could read the frequency ( Free 2007 ) Consumer privacy will no longer be existent as consumers loses freedom in choice and also consistently losing personal information to marketers .
+A 35 36|||R:VERB:SVA|||lose|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 38|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 46 47|||R:MORPH|||marketeers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly as another information-carrying device , the RFID is also vulnerable to cyber criminals out to steal information about the users .
+
+S The attempts on hacking and spoofing the RFID tags had already been successful and so long as the frequency is replicated , the hacker would have access to the functions the RFID tag was made for ( Halamka , Juels , Stubblefeild and Westhues 2006 ) .
+
+S The user might lost his password for access to areas or monetary items and also his identity .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:FORM|||lose|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The possibility that the RFID technology would prove to be more of a hindrance than convenience is evident .
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore it should be banned in order to protect us from such vulnerabilities that the RFID would cause,
+
+S Citations : Bacheldor , B .
+
+S ( 2007 , July 17 ) AMA Issues Ethics Code for RFID Chip Implants .
+
+S Retrieved September 10 , 2009 from { http : //www.rfidjournal.com/article/view/3487/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.rfidjournal.com/article/view/3487/ ]
+
+S Free , B .
+
+S ( 2007 , April 10 ) Ramblings of an Affiliate Marketer .
+
+S Pros and Cons of RFID Technology .
+
+S Retrieved September 10 , 2009 from { http : //ezinearticles.com/ ? Pros-and-Cons-of-RFID-Technology&id = 522015 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //ezinearticles.com/ ? Pros-and-Cons-of-RFID-Technology&id = 522015 ]
+
+S Halamka , J. , Juels A. , Stubblefield Adam. , and Westhues J .
+
+S ( 2006 , May 10 ) The Security Implications of VeriChip Cloning Retrieved September 10 , 2009 from http : //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi ? artid = 1656959
+
+S Surveillance technology such as Radio Frequency Identification ( RFID ) makes use of technical means to track individuals .
+
+S This has brought about many controversial issues on the privacy and health concerns surrounding the use of RFID .
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||regarding|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S While some argue that the adoption of RFID is a violation of human 's privacy , it is indeed helps to protect the safety of family and public and identify patients .
+A 13 14|||U:NOUN:POSS||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:NOUN:NUM|||families|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 29|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , the use of RFID should not be banned due to the uses it brings about .
+
+S There are three important uses of RFID in tracking people .
+
+S Firstly , RFID protects the safety of loved ones by tracking the movements of kin in case when they went lost or been kidnapped .
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||cases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB|||got|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:FORM|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the help of RFID tag that worn on senile elderly , the tag enables the police to identify the missing elderly and then contact their family members .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||A|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:PART|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:TENSE|||can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , RFID tag helps to ease in assistance of police to locate the hostage and kidnappers .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||tags|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:MORPH|||help|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:MORPH|||assist|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , RFID ensures the safety of the public by monitoring suspicious people who might pose a danger to the society as to prevent them from causing harm to the public .
+A 19 20|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:PREP|||so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S RFID is useful in combating crimes .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||crime|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thirdly , RDIF improves the speed of patient identification in hospital .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||hospitals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Upon admission to hospital , each patient is given a RFID wristband which reveals patient name , patient identification number and patient medication record ( Antonio , n.d. ) .
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is to prevent misidentification of patients from happening .
+
+S Admittedly , the use of RFID presents some privacy and health issues .
+
+S Nevertheless , the current legislations are sufficient to deal with the development of RFID as to prevent the user 's privacy from invaded .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:INFL|||legislation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:PREP|||so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 20|||R:OTHER|||user|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:VERB:TENSE|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , the setting up of RFID Security Alliance ( RFIDSA ) provides assistance in RFID privacy issues .
+
+S Furthermore , the RFID tag does not bring health problems to the users .
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S An example is European council proposed on the limitation of the exposure of electromagnetic field to the public ( Council , 1999 ) .
+A 5 6|||R:MORPH|||proposal|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||fields|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the use of RFID should not be totally banned but it could be restricted in some cases .
+
+S RFID serves as a tracking device and an identification system in safeguarding the safety of loved ones and public and identifying patients .
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Antonio A. , Putten W. v. d. , & Gerald M. Positive Patient Identification using RFID and Wireless Networks .
+
+S Retrieved September 12 , 2009 , from http : //www.antonio-aguilar.com/files/papers/hisi_paper.pdf Europe RFID Consultation .
+
+S Retrieved September 13 , 2009 , from http : //www.rfidconsultation.eu/ The Council of the European Union ( 1999 ) .
+
+S Council Recommendation on the Limitation of Exposure of the General Public to Electromagnetic Fields ( 0 Hz to 300 GHz ) .
+
+S Retrieved September 13 , 2009 , from http : //ec.europa.eu/enterprise/electr_equipment/lv/rec519.pdf
+
+S Human genetics has made tremendous leaps over the past years , and consequently made significant impact on many people 's lives .
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As such , the growth of genetic testing technology has initiated considerable debate over the privacy and confidentiality of genetic information .
+
+S In any cases , I advocate and concur that the individual should have the final say in whether to reveal the results of genetic testing or not .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||case|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 8|||R:OTHER|||it can be advocated|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is due to the legislation polices that have been implemented for genetic testing as well as the moral aspects of genetic testing on individual or third parties involved .
+A 14 30|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , genetic information is not like any other medical information .
+
+S Basically , it is far more confidential as it may contain more enhanced personal health issues of individual such as determining whether one carries any defective genes .
+A 12 13|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:ADJ|||individual|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , it is rightful to say that genetic information should be kept confidential and could only be revealed by the individual .
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||should|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In accordance with United States federal law , it states that such medical information should be kept confidential and genetic professionals or doctors do not have the right to disclose any information without seeking the consent of the patient .
+A 3 3|||M:OTHER|||federal law in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Though , they may assist the patients by informing them the likelihood of their relatives contracting the same diseases , the final decision ultimately still depends on the individual .
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , critics may argue that genetic professionals can interpret the genetic testing results more accurately than the patients .
+A 20 21|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , they can explain the implications of the results more precisely to the family members .
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , only the patients will understand the family members ' different behavioural patterns .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This means that they are more appropriate to reveal the results by using a more desirable method .
+A 6 9|||R:OTHER|||suited to revealing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , they may help reduce the psychological stress on family members .
+
+S In conclusion , the decision of whether to reveal the results of genetic testing should lie only on the individual and not other third parties involved .
+A 7 9|||R:VERB:FORM|||revealing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Any disclosure of results by third parties will be considered breaching the genetic privacy and confidentiality law and may cause unnecessary moral implications .
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||a breach of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Abramsky , L. , Berry , C. , Carlton , L. , Chandler , J. , Dimavicius , J. , Ennals , P. et al .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Confidentiality & Medical Genetics Retrieved September 2 , 2009 , from Genetic Interest Group web site : { www.gig.org.uk/docs/gig_confidentiality.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.gig.org.uk/docs/gig_confidentiality.pdf ] .
+
+S Varga , E.A. , Sturm , A.C. ( 2008 , November ) .
+
+S Bleeding and Clotting Disorders .
+
+S Retrieved September 2 , 2009 , from Net Wellness Organisation web site : { http : //www.netwellness.org/healthtopics/clotting/familytest.cfm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.netwellness.org/healthtopics/clotting/familytest.cfm ] .
+
+S Genetic testing is generally used to test for any diseases that arise due to gene mutation .
+
+S Genetic testing is becoming more ubiquitous in recent years .
+A 2 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has become|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Issues that revolve around genetic testing are no longer limited to whether the individual should go for a genetic test but include the concerns of privacy and confidentiality .
+
+S I advocate the idea that the patients should have the final say to decide whether to disclose the test results to relative and families .
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:NUM|||relatives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First , the law and human rights declaration recognizes the rights to privacy of the individuals .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||right|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A law , under any circumstances , is justified and objective .
+
+S The law , by no means , states that moral implications have to be considered by the individual .
+
+S In serious cases of diseases which are infectious , even though the doctor thinks that the family has a right to be informed of the risk , he can not breach the confidentiality agreement between him and the patient .
+
+S Under the European Convention , article eight states clearly that " everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life .
+
+S " ( Abrumsky,L. , Berry , C. , Carltan,L. , Chandler,J. , Dimaricius,J. , Ennals,P .
+
+S et al. , 2009 ) Unless there is mutual agreement on both sides , the final say should lie in the patients .
+A 19 20|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Second , the final say should lie in the patient as he knows what is best for their family members .
+A 0 1|||R:MORPH|||Secondly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:DET|||his|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The patients know the different behavioral patterns of his family members and will know the best way to approach them regarding his genetic condition .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||knows|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S He can also decide not to tell his family members if he thinks that they might not be able to cope with the news emotionally .
+
+S In this way , the family members of the patient are protected from any emotional harm like stress and anxiety .
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A doctor can not determine how the family members will react to the news and hence should not have the final say in the disclosure of genetic test results .
+
+S In conclusion , the final say to the disclosure of genetic test results should lie in the patient according to the legal jurisdiction and to the fact that the patients understand the different personalities of their families and will have their best interests in mind .
+A 6 7|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Abrumsky,L. , Berry , C. , Carltan,L. , Chandler,J. , Dimaricius,J. , Ennals,P .
+
+S et al .
+
+S ( n.d ) .
+
+S Confidentiality & Medical Genetics .
+
+S Retrieved September 2 .
+
+S 2009 .
+
+S From Genetic Interest Group Website : { www.gig.org.uk/docs/gig_confidentiality.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.gig.org.uk/docs/gig_confidentiality.pdf ]
+
+S Varga , E.A. , Stum , A.C. / ( 2008 .
+
+S November ) .
+
+S Bleeding and Clotting Disorders .
+
+S Retrieved September 2 .
+
+S 2009 .
+
+S From Netwellness Organisation Website : { http : //www.netwellness.org/healthtopics/clotting/familytest.cfm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.netwellness.org/healthtopics/clotting/familytest.cfm ]
+
+S " The individual requesting genetic testing should have the final say in whether to reveal the results of such testing .
+
+S "
+
+S The advancement in Science and Technology has lead to many possibilities , one of which is the ability to predict one 's risk of contracting certain diseases , mostly hereditary , via the study of one 's genes .
+A 2 3|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Called genetics testing , the test results , though not definitive , are highly accurate .
+
+S Hence this predictive power leads to one of the many controversies- should the individual have the final say in whether to reveal his/her results ?
+A 12 13|||R:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Because the results could potentially be used to save lives , yet at the same time be misused , the individual requesting the test should not have the final say .
+
+S In fact , this authority should go to the medical professionals ; basically the physician undertaking the proceedings of the test and has the part in interacting with the patients firsthand .
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||physicians|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 26|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , the physician is a profession that is bounded with standard protocols and most importantly the physician possesses medical ethics .
+A 2 3|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:FORM|||bound|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||physicians|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:SVA|||possess|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the genetics results also apply to the family and relatives ' health risks other than the patient 's own , many lives are concerned and any unjustifiable reason not to disclose should be overwritten .
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||as well as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The American Society of Human Genetics even propose conditions whereby patient autonomy should be disregarded ( Bioethics Advisory Committee,2005 ) , emphasizing importance of disclosure of results .
+A 22 22|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , there are laws such as Genetic Information Non-discrimination Act ( GINA ) or the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act ( { HIPAA } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.hhs.gov/ocr/hipaa/ ] ) ( Norrgand , 2008 ) which protect the confidentiality and interests of the patient .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 39|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These are laws that the physician adheres to , which the patient may be un-familiarised with and overlook , despite pre- test counselling .
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||physicians|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||adhere|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||unfamiliar|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thirdly , the society benefits when sound decisions are made by pragmatic , rather than individualistic , individuals .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Patients can make informed decisions and adopt healthy practices when they face the harsh truth of the results ; something the patient may not anticipate at first hence must be brought to picture by the physician .
+
+S ( Lee , 2005 )
+
+S The opposition may state that leaving the decision to third party who may be insensitive and hence jeopardize the patient 's chances in employment and insurance .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||may|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , there are laws in place ( Norrgand , 2008 ) that will prevent such occurrences .
+
+S Moreover , the physician still respects patient autonomy unless certain conditions permit otherwise .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||physicians|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:SVA|||respect|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is also suggested that the harsh truth of inheriting a genetic risk may create an emotional impact , especially when disclosed despite the patient reluctance .
+A 1 3|||R:OTHER|||has also been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the physician is present to provide advice and post-test counselling .
+
+S Moreover , the mental preparedness of the patient is most likely moulded on the pre-test counselling before genetics testing is carry out .
+A 17 18|||R:MORPH|||genetic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||R:VERB|||carried|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Lee , 2005 ) In conclusion , the physician should have the final say in whether to reveal the genetics testing results as they have the know-how on managing the entire situation before and after the patient is subjected to the test .
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||physicians|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:MORPH|||genetic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S Bioethics Advisory Committee .
+
+S ( 2005 , November ) .
+
+S Genetic Testing and Genetic Research .
+
+S Retrieved September 6 , 2009 , from { http : //www.bioethics-singapore.org/uploadfile/21729 % 20PMGT % 20Report.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : https : //exchange.nus.edu.sg/exchweb/bin/redir.asp ? URL = http : //www.bioethics-singapore.org/uploadfile/21729 % 2520PMGT % 2520Report.pdf ]
+
+S Lee , S. C. ( 2005 , April ) .
+
+S Genetic counselling and genetic testing : Hereditary cancer syndromes .
+
+S Retrieved September 6 , 2009 , from { http : //www.bioethics-singapore.org/uploadfile/21825 % 20PMAnnex % 20C-4 % 20Dr % 20Lee % 20Soo % 20Chin.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : https : //exchange.nus.edu.sg/exchweb/bin/redir.asp ? URL = http : //www.bioethics-singapore.org/uploadfile/21825 % 2520PMAnnex % 2520C-4 % 2520Dr % 2520Lee % 2520Soo % 2520Chin.pdf ]
+
+S Norrgard,K ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Protecting Your Genetic Identity : GINA and HIPAA , Nature Education1 ( 1 ) .
+
+S Retrieved August 28 , 2009 , from { http : //www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/Protecting-Your-Genetic-Identity-GINA-and-HIPAA-678 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/Protecting-Your-Genetic-Identity-GINA-and-HIPAA-678 ]
+
+S Genetic testing is an issue that mankind has place great emphasis on .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:FORM|||placed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After test results are analyzed by physicians , there is a dilemma if the information should be made known to others or it being kept confidential by the individual .
+A 11 13|||R:OTHER|||dilema about whether|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:PREP|||whether|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:TENSE|||should be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Despite the fact that human rights exist , the physicians actually have a clearer understanding of the results and , the ethical and social issues that surfaces by withholding such information .
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:MORPH|||surface|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , the proposition that genetic test results be made known to others by the medical professionals should hold .
+
+S Firstly , genetic testing has led to the ethics of medical professionals being questionable .
+
+S There are instances when a patient tested positive for a disease , but refuses to know their results ( BAC , 2005 ) .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||refused|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I must admit that the rights to privacy should hold .
+
+S Nevertheless , by not sharing this critical information , it creates more problems for themselves .
+
+S This is clearly true as test results indirectly reflect genetic information related to family members and there is a possibility of them inheriting the disease too .
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In such a situation , the authority to release the result should lie with the healthcare professionals .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN|||resultst|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , genetic testing has also been deemed as a social issue .
+
+S It has been speculated that discrimination occurs during employment and the application of health insurance when genetic information lands in the hands of the employers and insurance companies ( Lee , 2005 ) .
+
+S However , they fail to realise that there have been laws legislated to prevent discrimination of such forms ( Lee , 2005 ) .
+
+S As a result , the employers and insurance companies should have the rights to request genetic information from their employees or clients directly , or indirectly from medical professionals who has a better interpretation of the genetic test results .
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||right|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , although on the surface there seems to be disturbing issues in sharing genetic information , but when observed in depth , the information when shared can be more of an advantage to the individual as well as those around him .
+A 18 19|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 32|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Eventually , the stand that test results should be made known to others by the medical professionals should hold .
+
+S References
+
+S Bioethics Advisory Committee .
+
+S ( 2005 , November ) .
+
+S Genetic Testing and Genetic Research .
+
+S Retrieved September 6 , 2009 , from http : //www.bioethics- singapore.org/uploadfile/21729 % 20PMGT % 20Report.pdf
+
+S Lee , S. C. ( 2005 , April ) .
+
+S Genetic counselling and genetic testing : Hereditary cancer syndromes .
+
+S Retrieved September 6 , 2009 , from http : //www.bioethics-singapore.org/uploadfile/21825 % 20PMAnnex % 20C- 4 % 20Dr % 20Lee % 20Soo % 20Chin.pdf
+
+S The use of the technology such as radio frequency identification ( RFID ) in tracking people has been heatedly discussed recently due to privacy and security concerns .
+
+S Nevertheless , these concerns are outweighed by its pros due to the benefits it brings in ensuring safety of loved ones , public as well as identifying patients .
+A 17 19|||R:OTHER|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , I strongly agree that surveillance technology such as RFID should be used to track people .
+
+S Firstly , RFID can ensure the safety of loved ones .
+
+S In case of kidnapping , those who had RFID implanted can be easily located by RFID readers .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For elders who suffer from memory loss , RFID can provides their identities once they are found lost their way home .
+
+S Secondly , RFID can ensure the safety of public .
+
+S By implanting RFID tags on prisoners , their movements can be monitored and their location can be easily spotted should they escape .
+
+S It can also be used on ex-convicts to track their movements and prevent them from committing crimes again .
+
+S Thirdly , RFID helps to identify patients .
+
+S A RFID tag which contains patients ' complete medical history can be implanted to enable treatments by doctors according to their conditions .
+
+S Furthermore , RFID tags help to prevent wrong prescription of medicine and any delay treatments which will endanger the lives of patients ( Antonio , Putten & Gerald ) .
+
+S There are some arguments about the disadvantages of RFID .
+
+S Firstly , people argue that RFID tagging will infringe one 's privacy .
+
+S However , this is not true as the existing rules and legislations are able to cope with the development of RFID and protect users ' privacy .
+
+S For example , the Data Protection Directive and the Privacy and Electronic Communications Directive had been set up in Europe to provide security for privacy and data security .
+
+S Another argument is that RFID tag may exert negative health effects to the users .
+
+S Nevertheless , the relatively low power of RFID actually gives minimum health risk comparing to other wireless applications such as mobile communications and broadcasting .
+
+S Moreover , World Health Organization 's research also shows that under certain limits , electromagnetic magnetic field from RFID will not incur any negative health effects .
+
+S In conclusion , surveillance technology such as RFID should be used to track people due to its advantages in ensuring the safety of loved ones , public and also identification of patients .
+
+S References
+
+S Community based sentences .
+
+S Retrieved September 13,2009 from http : //www.mha.gov.sg/basic_content.aspx ? pageid = 78&secid = 70
+
+S Antonio A. , Putten W. v. d. , & Gerald M. ( 200 ) .
+
+S Positive Patient Identification using RFID and Wireless Networks .
+
+S Retrieved September 12 , 2009 , from http : //www.antonio-aguilar.com/files/papers/hisi_paper.pdf
+
+S Europe RFID consultation .
+
+S Retrieved September 13,2009 from http : //www.rfidconsultation.eu/
+
+S Medical advances in technology have made it possible to detect if one has genetic disease through genetic testing .
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Genetic testing can be defined as the analyzing of one 's DNA to detect a possible risks in contracting genetic disease .
+A 14 15|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This brought about many debate on the ethical and law issues on whether the individual have the final say in revealing the genetic testing results .
+A 1 1|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||a lot of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Due to privacy and effects of emotional stress , the individual should have the final say .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , rights to privacy are recognized in many legal jurisdictions ( Abramsky , n.d. ) , especially in regards to personal information , such as genetic testing results .
+
+S Laws have been implemented to protect the confidentiality of such personal and sensitive information .
+
+S Therefore , due to law issues , only the individual has the right to decide whether or not to reveal their personal information .
+
+S Secondly , there will be emotional stress experienced by relatives , if results are revealed unnecessarily .
+
+S For example , letting parents know about the genetic risks may cause them to have a guilty conscience , they may feel responsible for passing a genetic mutation on to their child .
+
+S However , there is a common misconception that being tested positive means that they will definitely get sick .
+
+S ( Varga,2008 ) This is not necessarily going to happen as many other factors are needed like non-genetic risks such as smoking ( Varga,2008 ) to occur as well .
+A 16 16|||M:OTHER|||to occur as well ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 29|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , revealing of result could be redundant if relatives do not have non-genetic risks , but instead create undesirable emotional stress for the relative .
+A 3 4|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||results|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 18|||R:OTHER|||and furthermore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:OTHER|||it could|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So , the individual could first observe for any signs of symptoms of the genetic disease the relative may have , such as deformity or behavior problems , before deciding whether or not to tell .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||should|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this case , third parties such as doctors should not reveal , as doctors are usually more concerned of alerting the person of the possible chances of contracting the genetic disease , rather than the possible negative impacts this news may bring to the person .
+A 12 12|||M:OTHER|||the results|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , due to the law issues and the possible undesirable emotional stress by relatives , the individual should have the final say in revealing the results , as it is their personal information , and that they understand the relatives emotionally better .
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:VERB|||caused|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||individuals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 38|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 41|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 44|||R:WO|||better emotionally|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Abramsky , L. , Berry , C. , Carlton , L. , Chandler , J. , Dimavius , J. , Ennals , P. et al ( n.d. ) Confidentiality& Medical Genetics .
+
+S Retrieved September 2 , 2009 , from Genetic Interest Group Website : { www.gig.org.uk/docs/gig-confidentiality.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.gig.org.uk/docs/gig-confidentiality.pdf ]
+
+S Varga , E. A. , Sturm , A. C. ( 2008 , November ) Bleeding and Clotting Disorders .
+
+S Retrieved September 2 , 2009 , from Netwellness Organization Website : http : //www.netwellness.org/healthtopics/clotting/familytest.cfm
+
+S Tracking of individual 's movement using RFID technology is make possible when it is used in a combination with Global Positioning System technology , as proposed by RFID vendors .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:FORM|||made|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A person 's movements can be tracked if the RFID tag is associated with a person .
+
+S The RFID tag could be tag in an article of clothing or under the skin in some parts of the body and it could also serve as an identifier for the person wearing it .
+A 5 6|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||part|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S RFID should not be banned as it brings many benefits to our lives .
+
+S There are many advantages of using RFID technology to track people 's movement .
+A 4 5|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , companies/family members could leverage on this RFID technology to locate their loved ones/employees if they were missing or working in dangerous environment .
+A 6 7|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Jerry , David , Manuel & Thompson , 2007 p.469 ) Secondly , in hospital , a positive patient identification system uses radio frequency identification , RFID , to identify patients can led to fewer patient misidentification .
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:FORM|||using|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 38|||R:NOUN:NUM|||misidentifications|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Patient misidentification has been the leading causes of medical errors and medical malpractice , posing a serious risk to patient safety .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||cause|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Antonio , Putten & Gerald , n.d ) Thirdly , monitoring of RFID tagged convicts in prison can prevent possible prison break .
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||breaks|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , RFID tagged offenders that are serving their term in the community ; this can help to enforce their home curfews .
+A 3 21|||R:OTHER|||using RFID to tag offenders that are serving their term in the community can help to enforce|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is often argued that the implantation of RFID is a violation of privacy .
+
+S However in some cases like working in a dangerous environment , safely is prioritized over privacy violation .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , the tags can be deactivated to prevent tracking if there 's a need .
+
+S There are also worries over leaked confident information through RFID tags .
+A 6 7|||R:MORPH|||confidential|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the tags can be encrypted and cleared of information before discarding .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:TENSE|||being discarded|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Finally , there are health concerns over exposure to electromagnetic fields , EMF , from the usage of RFID .
+
+S But guidelines in recommended limits of EMF exposure have been adopted internationally to prevent any known negative health effects .
+A 2 3|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( The Council of the European Union , 1999 )
+
+S In conclusion , tracking of people 's movement using RFID technology should not be banned as its benefits heavily outweigh the downsides it might bring .
+A 4 5|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Jerry B.,David H.,Manuel A .
+
+S P. & Thompson L. G. ( 2007 ) .
+
+S RFID Applied , John Wiley & Sons , INC , Hoboken , New Jersey
+
+S Antonio A. , Putten W. v. d. , & Gerald M. ( n.d ) .
+
+S Positive Patient Identification using RFID and Wireless Networks .
+
+S Retrieved September 12 , 2009 , from http : //www.antonio-aguilar.com/files/papers/hisi_paper.pdf
+
+S The Council of the European Union ( 1999 ) .
+
+S Council Recommendation on the limitation of exposure of the general public to electromagnetic fields ( 0 Hz to 300 GHz ) .
+
+S Retrieved September 12 , 2009 , http : //ec.europa.eu/enterprise/electr_equipment/lv/rec519.pdf
+
+S Advancements in technology have allowed the inventions of new devices that have helped improve lifestyles and bring about much convenience in our lives .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||invention|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:VERB|||helped|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:PREP|||into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Surveillance technology such as the Radio Frequency Identification ( RFID ) is one example .
+
+S It has made tracking people a simpler task .
+
+S Hence , it should not be banned due its benefits .
+
+S RFID is an essential tool used for tracking of people .
+A 8 9|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It can be used in various situations .
+
+S In hospitals , RFIDs serve as a means for tracking of patients as well as indentifying them .
+A 10 11|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Instead of having to go through long procedures , one 's personal details , medical histories and other information can be obtained through the use of RFIDs .
+
+S This reduces time taken to track down these details and hence makes procedures simpler .
+
+S It also allows for the tracking of patients when they are lost .
+
+S This is especially the case for elderlies suffering from illnesses such as dementia who tend to lose their way .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||elderly people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hospital staff and family members can thus easily track down the locations of their loved ones with the use of the RFID .
+A 22 23|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( { http : //www.antonio-aguilar.com/files/papers/hisi_paper.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.antonio-aguilar.com/files/papers/hisi_paper.pdf ] , 2009 ) RFIDs are also used in monitoring crimes and to keep our society safe .
+A 16 16|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 26|||R:OTHER|||in keeping|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Through the use of RFIDs , escaped convicts can be easily traced .
+
+S Locations of ex-convicts can also be known so as to track their daily activities .
+
+S It also makes things easier for the police and government agencies to locate them should they engage in a crime .
+
+S Hence safety of the society in ensured .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Alternatively , RFIDs are a beneficial tool for convicts as it gives them a chance of entering society again .
+
+S This is because the police would be able to track the locations of the convicts and hence would be more willing to allow these convicts out of prison and into society .
+
+S ( Banks , Hanny , Pachano & Thompson , 2007 )
+
+S However , there are also downsides to the use of RFIDs .
+
+S The main issues are that concerning privacy and health .
+A 3 6|||R:OTHER|||concern|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The use of such tracking device would mean that the locations and actions of the person will always be known .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence the person might feel that he is always being watched and would not have the freedom to do whatever he wants .
+
+S Health is also a concern as the implants of RFID into the body might lead to complications and hence cause health problems .
+
+S Nonetheless , these problems can be solved with advancing technology .
+
+S Data protection technology has already been put in place to ensure that privacy of individuals is not compromised .
+
+S ( http : //www.rfidconsultation.eu/,2009 ) Restrictions can also be made to prevent leakages .
+
+S With regards to health concerns , precautionary measures can be put in place to ensure the safety of the human implants .
+
+S Operations can be carried out with extra care to reduce the risk of complications .
+
+S In conclusion , RFIDs should not be banned as it can benefit us widely in many ways .
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||society|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Despite the disadvantages it may pose , these can be offset with appropriate actions put in place .
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , we should not totally shun away from the use of RFID to track people but put in place measures to overcome the problems so as to ensure its optimal use .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||society|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S * Jerry Banks , David Hanny , Manuel A. Pachano , Les G. Thompson ( 2007 ) , RFID APPLIED , JOHN WILEY & SONS , INC. , Hoboken , New Jersey * { http : //www.rfidconsultation.eu/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.rfidconsultation.eu/ ] , ( 2009 ) * { http : //www.antonio-aguilar.com/files/papers/hisi_paper.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.antonio-aguilar.com/files/papers/hisi_paper.pdf ] , ( 2009 )
+
+S Today , Radio Frequency Identification ( RFID ) technology has been used almost worldwide .
+
+S Many countries are developing this technology with positive anticipation of its useful applications and benefits .
+
+S However , the use of RFID in tracking people has brought about many controversies .
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||a lot of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||controversy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nevertheless , the use of RFID technologies to track people is essential in today 's society as it is effective in locating people .
+
+S Therefore , the use of RFID to track people should not be banned .
+
+S There are two important reasons that RFID technology to track people should not be banned .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||why|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , its use in hospitals is important as it reduces the chances of misidentification of patients .
+
+S ( http : //www.antonio- aguilar.com/files/papers/hisi_paper.pdf , 2009 ) Besides , there have been many cases of infections that spread rapidly among the human population .
+
+S Thus , it is a challenge for authorities and medical personal to keep track of infected patients .
+
+S However with the use of RFID to track people , this challenge may be overcome as hospitals used a " specially developed Hospital Movement Tracking System ( HTMS ) to trace the movements of Health care workers , patients and hospital visitors .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:TENSE|||use|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " ( Banks , Hanny , Pachano & Thompson , 2007 p.420 ) Secondly , the use of RFID to track people is for the safety of workers who are working in hazardous working conditions .
+A 22 24|||UNK|||r|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In an event of an accident , rescue operators can locate workers who are RFID tagged and save them as soon as possible .
+A 1 2|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Banks , Hanny , Pachano & Thompson , 2007 p.469 ) .
+
+S Moreover , RFID technologies are durable which are able to withstand adverse conditions .
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Banks , Hanny , Pachano & Thompson , 2007 p.469 ) .
+
+S Thus , this can help reduce casualties and assist rescue work to proceed smoothly .
+
+S Arguments against the use of RFID to track people could be the long- term health implications to the human body .
+
+S ( http : //www.rfidconsultation.eu/ , 2009 ) However , the World Health Organization has found out that safe use of RFID will not have any adverse effects on human 's health .
+A 29 30|||R:NOUN:POSS|||health|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( http : //www.rfidconsultation.eu/ , 2009 ) .
+
+S Moreover , others oppose this as it causes invasion of privacy due to leakage of personal information to the third party .
+A 20 22|||R:OTHER|||part|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Banks , Hanny , Pachano & Thompson , 2007 p.269 ) .
+
+S Nevertheless , there has been data protection technology that is already in place to prevent unauthorized individuals from accessing .
+A 3 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:OTHER|||sensitive information|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( http : //www.rfidconsultation.eu/ , 2009 )
+
+S In conclusion , we should not ban RFID technologies to track people as there are many benefits and its use as an effective measure to locate individuals during times of emergencies .
+A 18 18|||M:PREP|||because of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S Jerry Banks , David Hanny , Manuel A. Pachano , Les G. Thompson ( 2007 ) , RFID APPLIED , JOHN WILEY & SONS , INC. , Hoboken , New Jersey
+
+S http : //www.rfidconsultation.eu/ , ( 2009 )
+
+S http : //www.antonio-aguilar.com/files/papers/hisi_paper.pdf , ( 2009 )
+
+S In recent years , the aging process has affected many countries as the life expectancy of people has increased .
+
+S This is due to countries becoming more affluent and thus have better living environment and are also more educated to be conscious of their health .
+A 8 8|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , living longer also means the need to depend on others as aging will weaker a person physically and thus results in a person unable to contribute to the society .
+
+S In order to ease the aging process such that the elderly can aged without being neglected and also in comfort , research and development and policies have been implemented .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB|||live|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 25|||R:OTHER|||various|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To a large extent , these have helped to ease the aging process through investing in healthcare for elderly , giving financial aids to the elderly and also enhancing the psychological well being of the elderly .
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , Governments are setting aside more funds for healthcare to meet the growing demand of the elderly .
+
+S In Singapore , $ 4 billion was committed over 5 years to expand the healthcare infrastructure which includes redevelopment of older hospitals and also building of 2 new hospitals .
+
+S ( Government of Singapore , 10 February 2009 ) Healthcare professionals like nurses are also trained to be able to handle more complicated procedures as compared to the past ( The straits times , 17 August 2009 ) .This provide quality healthcare for elderly in a high standard of living environment .
+A 39 40|||R:VERB:SVA|||provides|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 43|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It may be costly to implement these policies but it is necessary as in future the aging population is projected to soar .
+A 8 8|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In Japan , it is expensive to create and own a nurse robot but it is necessary as in future there will be lack of human resources to take care of the elderly .
+A 13 13|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( James Brooke , 5 March 2004 ) Such technology will allow elderly to be self equipped to take care of themselves which is vital in current competitive society where their children will be overload with work to take care of them .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:VERB:FORM|||overloaded|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , the financial aids come up by the policies makers also manage to ease the aging process .
+A 5 5|||M:NOUN|||plan|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:NOUN|||policy makers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 11|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:SVA|||manages|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Governments help to reduce the burden of the elderly by subsidizing healthcare , giving financial aid and also enforcing the people to save for retirement .
+A 18 19|||R:VERB|||forcing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In Singapore , elderly are entitled to a subsidy of 75 per cent of the fees charged at polyclinics and even free medical service for frail or disabled elderly .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Government of Singapore , 10 February 2009 ) However , some may argue that the financial benefits may still be inadequate as elderly may need long term medical treatment and take longer time to recover .
+A 23 23|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , elderly may abuse the medical services when it is provided through financial aid .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||they are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , to counter these problems there is also the Central Provident Fund ( CPF ) which consists of compulsory medical savings in Medisave , health insurance in MediShield and government aid in Medifund to make the people save for their own retirement .
+
+S ( Government of Singapore , 10 February 2009 ) This will lighten the financial burden of the elderly easing the aging process as they can retire with more security and less worries .
+A 18 18|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:NOUN:NUM|||worry|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , enhancing the psychological well being of the elderly can make aging less depressing and cultivates a pleasant lifestyle for the elderly thus making the aging process more enjoyable .
+A 24 24|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are policies like revising the retirement age from 65 to 67 in United States ( U.S. Social Security Administration , 1 April 2009 ) and also in Taiwan from 60 to 65 .
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 33|||R:WO|||from 60 to 65 in Taiwan|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( The China Post news staff , 19 April 2008 ) This allows older age group to continue to contribute to the economy and feel useful .
+
+S There are also retraining and upgrading programs , like the { Senior Community Service Employment Program } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.doleta.gov/seniors/ ] initiated by the United States Department of Labor ( U.S. Department of Labor , Employment & Training Administration ( ETA ) , 13 Jan 2009 ) , to make them be as competent as the young people making the elderly still feel young at heart .
+A 10 24|||R:OTHER|||Senior Community Service Employment Program|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 61 61|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These will have positive effects on the mental health of the elderly , easing the aging process .
+
+S Although it may be difficult to totally change the mindset of the elderly as aging will wear them out , these policies at least allow the elderly to not feel like a burden to the society .
+
+S Moreover , these policies will give the older aged group more choices for choosing the kind of lifestyles they want .
+
+S If they prefer a relaxing aging process , they can also engage in activities in the community centre which will also enhance their mental well being and ease the aging process .
+
+S However , Critics of this position point out that there are also policies that have not helped to ease the aging process .
+
+S This is particularly the case for policies that tackle on increasing birth rate .
+A 8 11|||R:OTHER|||aim to increase|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By increasing birth rate , there will be more productive population who can generate income to support the future aging population .
+
+S For example , the baby bonus scheme in Singapore was ineffective as the birth rate remains at 1.28 .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The attractive financial incentives like getting cash gift of up to $ 4,000 each for the 1st and 2nd child and $ 6,000 each for having a 3rd and 4th child and also paid maternity leave of 4 months were not enough to make people wants to have more children .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB|||giving|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 36|||R:OTHER|||providing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 41|||R:OTHER|||have not been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 45 46|||R:MORPH|||want|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This can be due to lifestyle of Singaporeans like having long working hours and high standard of living , thus they prefer not to have any children .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||R:OTHER|||; thus ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As long as government considers solution to these issues like encouraging working from home , the policy may be more effective .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||solutions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If these policies were successful , it will definitely ease the aging process .
+A 6 7|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , current policies have helped to ease the aging process in many different areas .
+
+S In the coming years , more countries will also be facing this problem and thus different types of research and development as well as policies should be explored to prepare for the future .
+A 18 24|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference List
+
+S The China Post news staff .
+
+S ( April 19 , 2008 ) .
+
+S Retirement age to be raised to 65 .
+
+S The China Post .
+
+S Retrieved 16 September , 2009 , from { http : //www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/national/national % 20news/2008/04/19/152582/Retirement-age.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/national/national % 20news/2008/04/19/152582/Retirement-age.htm ]
+
+S U.S. Department of Labor , Employment & Training Administration ( ETA ) ( January 13 , 2009 ) .
+
+S Older Worker Initiative .
+
+S Retrieved September 16 , 2009 , from { http : //www.doleta.gov/reports/dpld_older_worker.cfm # content } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.doleta.gov/reports/dpld_older_worker.cfm ]
+
+S U.S. Social Security Administration .
+
+S ( April 1 , 2009 ) .
+
+S The Full Retirement Age is Increasing .
+
+S Retrieved September 16 , 2009 , from { http : //www.ssa.gov/pubs/ageincrease.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.ssa.gov/pubs/ageincrease.htm ]
+
+S Government of Singapore .
+
+S ( February 10 , 2009 ) .
+
+S Budget 2009 : Expenditure Overview .
+
+S Retrieved September 16 , 2009 , from { http : //www.singaporebudget.gov.sg/expenditure_overview/moh.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.singaporebudget.gov.sg/expenditure_overview/moh.html ] Salma Khalik .
+
+S ( 2009 , 17 August ) .
+
+S Right health care at right place will help cut costs .
+
+S The Straits Times .
+
+S Retrieved September 16 , 2009 , from { http : //www.pmo.gov.sg/News/Transcripts/Prime + Minister/Right + health + care + at + right + place + will + help + cut + costs.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.pmo.gov.sg/News/Transcripts/Prime + Minister/Right + health + care + at + right + place + will + help + cut + costs.htm ] James Brooke .
+
+S ( 2004 , 5 March ) .
+
+S Japan Seeks Robotic Help in Caring for the Aged .
+
+S The New York Times .
+
+S Retrieved September 16 , 2009 , from { http : //www.nytimes.com/2004/03/05/international/asia/05JAPA.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.nytimes.com/2004/03/05/international/asia/05JAPA.html ]
+
+S Government of Singapore .
+
+S ( August 4 , 2009 ) .
+
+S Baby Bonus .
+
+S Retrieved September 16 , 2009 , from https : //www.babybonus.gov.sg/bbss/html/index.html
+
+S There should be a limit on public spending on the aged so that money could be diverted to other areas of the country 's development ( Peterson , 2001 ) is a suggestion that should be implemented in order to combat the rising cost of healthcare for the elderly .
+A 0 1|||M:PREP|||That there|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the rapid growth of the elderly population for example in a country like Singapore , where the median age is expected to hit 41 years old from the present 36 ( Wijaya , 2009 ) , increasing public spending in healthcare could further strain the government 's expenditure as more money need to be poured in to cater to the growing numbers of elderly in the country .
+A 8 8|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 52 53|||R:VERB:SVA|||needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are several factors that explains the need to limit public spending on elderly healthcare .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:SVA|||explain|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Government needs to focus the spending on more important sectors first like economic development before worrying about healthcare for the elderly .
+
+S As Friedland and Summer ( 2005 ) suggested , with more economic growth , the country will be able to have more choices and more resources to invest into the elderly healthcare sector .
+
+S This move will be beneficiary in the long run as it does not only ensure that the country is progressing economically , it is also securing a brighter future for the healthcare sector as more money could be spent on it in the long run .
+A 41 45|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In contrast , if the government decides to cut back spending on economic development and rather channel it into the elderly healthcare sector , tougher choices like tax increase have to be made in the future if the economic development is unable to sustain the rise in healthcare spending .
+
+S For example , assume that the government has 100 dollars and it has 2 choices of either investing it for 2 times the return or spending it on healthcare .
+
+S Assume that the government decides to invest all of the 100 dollars at first and gets 200 dollars in return .
+
+S The government can now choose to allocate some money into healthcare , invest the remaining money and as time goes by , not only the government will be earning more profits but the healthcare will be getting bigger allocation .
+A 37 37|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , should the government decides to spend all of the 100 dollars into healthcare , there will be no profits and the government will also suffer a deficit .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:SVA|||decide|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:PREP|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , public spending on elderly healthcare should only be limited to elderly who really need it to prevent abuse by other citizens .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If there are no limits implemented , the normal citizens could abuse the system by using it indiscriminately and denying the rights of healthcare to truly needy patients .
+A 1 6|||R:OTHER|||no limits are set|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||other|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S An example could be seen in the United Kingdom where healthcare is fully subsidized by the government .
+A 9 9|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S People would go to the doctor for even the smallest discomfort , causing doctors to waste time on non critical care and forsaking those that need immediate attention ( Messerli , 2009 ) .
+
+S This may in turn cause a clog up of cases where there will be more patients waiting longer for their operation reducing the quality of the healthcare sector ( Press Association , 2005 ) .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:FORM|||clogging|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides encouraging abuse , increased spending in healthcare for the elderly will also cause an increase in taxpayers ' money to subsidize the cost , placing a heavier burden on the people .
+
+S This could probably cause a public reprisal as the current economy crisis has yet to fully subside and the government should instead focus on recovering the country 's economy first .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN|||outcry|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:MORPH|||economic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Public spending on the elderly should therefore be limited to those with chronic conditions or need immediate attention who can not afford the cost of healthcare to avoid abuse and increase of taxpayers ' money .
+
+S Finally , the responsibility of taking care of the elderly should first rest on the children , not the government , if the elderly has any working child .
+
+S Some might argue that it is the government 's duty to look after the welfare of its citizens , but if the government were to look after all of the elderly without the help of the children , it would certainly cost the government an enormous amount of time and money .
+A 28 29|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government needs to first concentrate on more important matters regarding the country for example in issues regarding national safety , trade , education , international relations and defense to ensure that the nation 's interests is safeguarded and not act as a nursery home for the old .
+A 13 13|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 29|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 40|||R:OTHER|||that the government does|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Public spending on elderly healthcare must not be raised to compensate for the failure of children to look after their parents .
+
+S Children should be taught the importance of filial piety since young to ensure that they do not abandon all of their responsibility of taking care of their parents when they are old .
+A 18 20|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government could also enact a law to compel children to support their parents if the children are capable and the parents are in need .
+
+S An example would be the Maintenance of Parents Act in Singapore , where parents could lawfully demand support from their child in court .
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||children|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , there are many reasons on why and how public spending on elderly healthcare should be limited to allow government to channel the money to other areas of development .
+A 7 8|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:NUM|||governments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S While healthcare for the elderly is still important , however governments must ensure that other important areas will not get neglected as well .
+A 9 10|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S Friedland , Robert B. , & Summer , Laura ( 2005 ) .
+
+S Demography is not Destiny , Revisited .
+
+S Center of Aging Society , Georgetown University .
+
+S Messerli , Joe ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Should the Government Provide Free Universal Health Care for All Americans ?
+
+S Retrieved from www.balancedpolitics.org/universal_health_care.htm on 16th September 2009 .
+
+S Peterson , Peter G. ( 2001 ) .
+
+S A Graying World .
+
+S Harvard International Review .
+
+S 23.3
+
+S Wijaya , Megawati ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Singapore faces a 'silver tsunami' .
+
+S Asia Times Online .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/KH27Ae01.html on September 15 , 2009
+
+S Press Association , Guardian.co.uk ( 2005 ) .
+
+S Figures show more patients waiting for operations .
+
+S Retrieved 16th September 2009 from http : //www.guardian.co.uk/society/2005/jun/03/politics.publicservices
+
+S Ageing population is a serious problem faced by many developed state .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||states|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is mainly caused by the increased number of elderly and the drop in birth rate .
+
+S The ageing population is creating many social problems such as health problems , high government expenses and high income taxis , which are stressing the young workers and the aged people .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN|||healthcare|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:MORPH|||taxes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:OTHER|||causing stress for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many states such as the US , the UK , Japan and Singapore start to implement various policies such as increasing child birth rate , saving plans for elderly and health care policies to ease the ageing process .
+A 24 25|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:VERB|||introducing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , most of these policies tend to be ineffective in easing the ageing process because they either have their limitation or fail to solve the social problems behind the ageing process .
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||limitations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This essay is going to examine the limitation and the problem ignored by those current policies .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||limitations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Health care policies can be found in many developed countries in easing the ageing process to a very limited extent , because they creates social burden and fail to service minorities most of the time .
+A 3 12|||R:OTHER|||in many developed countries ease|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:SVA|||create|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , the UK has tried to make the nation to become welfare state , but this leaves heavy tax burden to the working class and created low working incentive for the workers .
+A 11 13|||R:OTHER|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:VERB:TENSE|||creates|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It shows that medical policies must be planned well to provide health care to people who really need it .
+
+S For example , Japan has introduced medical service , which allows its citizens to save for their personal medical account so that we can use the money when they fall sick in their old age .
+A 8 9|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Similarly , Singapore has introduced same kind of policies call Medi-save and Medi-shield .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:FORM|||called|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , these policies can not help those people who have long term disease because these diseases requires huge amount of money to cure .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||diseases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:SVA|||require|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Ironically , the World Health Organization has released a report in year 2006 which showed that the number of people who have long term disease such as heart disease and cancer is increasing sharply .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||shows|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN:NUM|||diseases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The data has also showed that stressful working life is contributing to the poor health of the people .
+A 2 5|||R:OTHER|||also shows|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||contributes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , the minorities who do not have proper job or income do not have a medical care account will not be taken care by the health service .
+A 12 12|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They will be having nothing to rely when they fall sick .
+A 2 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the health care policy in most developed countries should be improved to help those patients with long term disease and those who are neglected .
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||diseases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The baby bonus policy also has its limitation in easing the ageing process through increasing the birth rate to support the elderly .
+
+S Today , both two leading states such as Japan and Singapore in the area of slowing down the ageing population have implemented " Baby Bonus Policy " .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 8|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 20|||R:OTHER|||in the areas of slowing down the ageing population , Japan and Singapore ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Basically , families that give birth to more than one child will get economic support from child birth rate and ease the ageing process .
+A 16 19|||R:OTHER|||the government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||as they help|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is because the fact that many elderly couples only have one child to breed them and this always puts a heavy burden to the child .
+A 3 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB|||support|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , with more children , more economic support could be provided and the old parents could be taken care better .
+A 20 20|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the " Baby Bonus Policy " does not work well although almost everyone aware its benefit .
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||is aware of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , Singapore 's birth rate is 1.28 , which is the lowest in the world .
+
+S This is because firstly , the stressful social environment that forces couples to put their time and effort in their work , so that they are unable to spend time with each other .
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , getting more salary through longer working hours makes life much easier than appealing for limited economic aids after having many children .
+A 19 20|||R:PREP|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , government fails to notice the two root of the evil .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:NOUN|||causes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , baby bonus policy could not increase the birth rate effectively in easing ageing process .
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The modern society today is fulfilled with modern values that lead to the ageing population , thus caused the some government policies to become ineffective in easing the ageing process .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB|||imbued|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:FORM|||causing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many states have introduced housing policies , which allow the young couples to live near their parents or giving priority in purchasing house to those people who have married .
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||which give|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||houses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This allows the couples to take care each other especially when they are old , or to take care their parents when they are still young .
+A 7 7|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the states fail to realize that people 's value towards family is changing today .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||values|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The family bonding in most western society is very weak and the young generation does not really have a sense of filial piety in their head .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||societies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:NOUN|||minds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , the stressful working market created by capitalism today is taking away too much time and effort from people so that they can not spend them with their family , or even can not think of having a family .
+A 13 21|||R:OTHER|||so much time and effort from people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 26|||R:OTHER|||do not have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:OTHER|||time|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It creates modern value that allows people of opposite sex to live together without having a family .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So , what if people do not get married ?
+
+S What if the idea of family is vanished ?
+A 6 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||vanishes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S What if the young no longer care about their parents ?
+
+S If all these assumptions occurred , the housing policy therefore will not be relevant at all .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||occur|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , besides housing policies , the governments should also raise the awareness of having strong family bonding .
+
+S In conclusion , most of the current policies in easing ageing process have their limitation or ineffective .
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||limitations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:VERB|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The fundamental problem is because the states fail to realize the social problems behind , which contributed to the stressful ageing process .
+A 4 5|||R:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 14|||R:OTHER|||underlying social problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:TENSE|||contribute|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , in order to ease ageing process , the policies should be designed to solve the root of the evil rather than just focus on the surface of the problems .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:NOUN|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Population aging , as stated in the introduction of the report World Population Aging : 1950-2050 ( 2002 ) is the process by which older individuals become a proportionally larger share of the total population .
+A 19 19|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It was at first experienced by the developed countries , but now taking place around the globe .
+A 11 11|||M:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Why is our world aging ?
+
+S This can be explained through two main factors .
+
+S Firstly , the increased of longevity as the elderly are leading longer lives .
+A 2 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A special report from Economist.com ( 2009 ) stated that average life expectancy for the whole world was only 30 years during the 1990s , and the rich countries under 50 .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||states|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:PREP|||that for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the figures have each increased to 67 and 78 , and it has no signs of stopping .
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||the increase|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The next factor contributing to the aging phenomenon is the declining of birth rates as people tend to have lesser kids than the previous years .
+A 19 20|||R:ADJ|||fewer|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , as this phenomenon poses a certain threat to the development of a country , many governments have produced policies and initiatives to ease the aging process .
+
+S Nevertheless , the strategies taken do not seem to help ease the aging process .
+
+S Between the two significant contributing factors to this phenomenon , declining fertility is likely to hold primary responsibility for the aging global population .
+
+S As a result , new policies are now introduced to increase the birth rate .
+
+S For instance , the " Stop at two " policy that was once carried out in Singapore is now replaced by " Three , or more if you can afford it " policy , together with other incentives .
+
+S Despite these measures , the birth rate of Singapore has not increase significantly ( Mui Teng Yap , 2003 ) .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:FORM|||increased|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The " Stop at two " policy had been so successful that couples in Singapore saw that they can have a better standard of living with a smaller family .
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:TENSE|||could|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Educated women prefer to pursue their careers before getting married , thus women have a sense of insecurity in losing their job when they have to take maternity leave or when they are about to give birth to their child .
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||; thus ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Other than that , educated women do not just want to be successful in their careers , but also a good mother .
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||they also want to be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , by having a small family , a woman may be able to be more attentive to each and every child , in terms of education , values , and overall well being , so that the children will be able to survive in the competitive world ahead of them .
+
+S As we grow older , our body turns weak and so , we tend to face difficulties in conducting normal activities in daily life .
+
+S The decline performance of the body limits the ability of the aged to care for themselves .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:FORM|||declining|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But , we are now living in a world surrounded by all sorts of advance technology .
+
+S It has improved our quality of life in many ways , especially the field of medical science .
+A 12 12|||M:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S High awareness for healthcare among elderly people allows them to seek professional help such as undergoing kneecap replacement surgery to ease the pain of arthritics .
+
+S Their children are also willing to finance the medical bill as there are government policies to cover the spending .
+
+S For instance , in Malaysia by paying your parents medical bill , you are able to claim up to RM1000 .
+
+S This is a government policy to encourage filial piety .
+
+S However , this raises an implication that the upper class and middle class people who are likely more easily to access information will use this advantage .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||leads to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 21|||R:OTHER|||to have easier access to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 26|||R:OTHER|||take advantage of this policy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This , in turn will create a misguide impression that medical fees of the elderly are high , resulting in the debate between the government and policy makers whether to limit healthcare spending on the aged or not .
+A 7 8|||R:ADJ:FORM|||misguided|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , the welfare of those who are really in need is also neglected .
+
+S Some may argue that , the measure of increasing the retirement age should be able to reduce the negative effects of the aging population .
+A 4 5|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is true that by letting the elderly people carry on working can increase manpower in labor markets simultaneously letting them increase their savings to support themselves during old age .
+A 18 18|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , are employers willing to do so ?
+
+S Employers tend to hire the inexperienced young people in order to save money .
+
+S It is also a common mindset that young people have a higher level of work productivity in contrast to the elderly people .
+
+S In some cases , employers have the notion that employing the aged , the setting of the workplace might have to undergo some changes to accommodate to the needs of the elderly .
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||in order to employ|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In short , life today is not similar to the past , challenges lies ahead waiting for us to overcome .
+A 9 9|||M:OTHER|||that in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The effects of the aging population maybe exaggerated , but we should not lack foresight and neglect it .
+A 6 7|||R:ORTH|||may be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:PRON|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , government and policy makers have to put more effort to ease the aging process as the elderly are still experiencing inadequate protection .
+
+S Singapore 's population is the second fastest ageing in the world after Japan .
+
+S In year 2000 , 7.2 percent of the population was aged 65 and above .
+
+S By 2030 , the figure is expected to increase to 18.4 percent for those aged 65 and above .
+
+S By 2050 , the figure will increase to 35 percent for those aged 60 years and above ( Ministry of Community Development , Youth and Sports 2008 , February ) .Ageing population is a challenge for Singapore for the coming years .
+A 30 31|||R:ORTH|||. Ageing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore public spending on the aged should not be limited and used to divert to other areas of the country 's development .
+
+S The development of the country is important .
+
+S Money is needed in areas for countries development such as transportation , research and development , infrastructure , investment and military .
+A 5 8|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN|||defense|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , Singapore is currently a developed country .
+
+S In terms of quality of life , Singapore is tops in Asia and No.32 in the world ( Mercer Human Resource Consulting Survey in 2008 ) .
+A 8 9|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||is No . 32|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Singapore also scores 22nd in monocle 's list of top livable cities in 2008 and ranked top 5 in city infrastructure ( Mercer 's 2009 Quality of Living survey highlights 28 April 2009 ) Singapore change airport had accumulated 250 awards and is recognize as one of the best airport in the world .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||scored|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:OTHER|||. Singapore 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:MORPH|||Changi|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 38|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 44|||R:VERB:FORM|||recognized|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 49 50|||R:NOUN:NUM|||airports|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore the current problem Singapore facing now is the aged population .
+A 5 5|||M:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Money should be allocated on the ageing population .
+A 4 5|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Singapore is currently a develop country .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:FORM|||developed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Currently the investment in both the Marina bay and resort world at Sentosa will bring in more income to Singapore .
+A 4 12|||R:OTHER|||the resort worlds in both the Marina Bay and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S 35000 new jobs will be created and expected to bring in an estimated 1.5 billion annual boost for GDP in the country ( May 27 , 2006 Newspaper ) .
+
+S Hence money is still needed for the country development in order to maintain its world class standard which is important for the growth of the country .
+A 8 8|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 26|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Despite that money is important for the growth of Singapore ; the current ageing problem must still be dissolve .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||Although|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||problem of the ageing population|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||addressed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Citizen is the most valuable asset of a country .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||Citizens are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order for the development in Singapore to prosper , money is necessary to solve the problem of ageing population .
+A 3 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order to encourage elder dependency , the government introduces central provident fund in 1955 .
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||the elderly people 's self-reliance|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||introduced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It was a compulsory saving plan for the work force .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Every month both the employer and the employee contribute to the account .
+
+S This is to ensure that individuals will be able to take care of themselves when they grow old .
+
+S The money can also be used to pay for medical cost incurred related to health .
+A 12 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Despite the introducing of the central provident fund , the aged population feels that it was insufficient for them to retire .
+A 2 3|||R:MORPH|||introduction|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:SVA|||feel|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Having better medical facilities and better standard of living , people live longer now .
+
+S In 2008 , the lifespan of Singaporeans has increase making the average life expectancy to become 80 compared with 61 in 1957 ( Mon , Apr 14 2008 News Straits Times ) .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||average life expectancy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:FORM|||increased|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 16|||R:OTHER|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||R:OTHER|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence funds are needed to prepare for the ageing population who live longer now .
+
+S Money is needed to encourage elders to work longer and lifelong learning .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:VERB|||pursue|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example incentives are given to company like MacDonald who employ retired workers .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||companies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Trainings are given at subsidies rate for workers to upgrade themselves , to remain competitive in the workforce .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||subsidized|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Children are encouraged to take care of their parents .
+
+S For example , housing grants are given to encourage children to stay near to their parents .
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||close|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government had increased the housing grants from $ 30000 to $ 40000 ( HDB Website ) .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S New condominium units are built with two units on each level to encourage children to stay with their parents .
+
+S Even though government encourages children to take care of their parents , there are still cases where parents sue their children for not taking care of them .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Singapore government had passed the maintenance of parents act to make children responsible for their parents .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||look after|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In cases where the elder do not have any children or saving left , money is also needed to cater for their daily expenses , housing and medical expenses .
+A 4 5|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:OTHER|||do not have any|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:MORPH|||savings|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Public spending should not be limited as the population in Singapore is facing an ageing population .
+
+S Eventually by 2050 , 35 percent of the population will reach the age of 60 years and above .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have reached|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Money is needed to spend on areas like , medical centre , new infrastructural and homes for the elderly .
+A 8 9|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||centres|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:MORPH|||infrastructure|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S More medical centre is needed to cater for the ageing population which requires more healthcare system .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||centres|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:SVA|||require|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN|||assistance|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For current buildings like shopping malls and HDB flat , the government and developers spent more moneys on building elderly friendly infrastructural .
+A 1 2|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||flats|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||should spend|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||money|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:MORPH|||infrastructure|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Upgrading of existing HDB flats to make it more elderly friendly .
+A 0 1|||R:ORTH|||upgrading|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Examples lift upgrading , slopes for wheel chairs and old folk corner .
+A 1 1|||M:VERB|||include|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||corners|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Despite the fact that ageing population is imposing more cost on government , the well being of them must still be taken care of .
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 18|||R:OTHER|||their well being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If not , when elections comes , the government might lost their votes as 35 percent of the population will reach the age of 60 and above by 2050 .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:SVA|||come|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:FORM|||lose|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This makes a big difference in the election .
+
+S In contrast , although money is needed for areas of the country 's development , public spending should not be limited on the aged .
+
+S Reference
+
+S Ministry of Community Deveopment , Youth and Sports ( 2008 , February ) .Report on the Ageing Population .
+
+S Retrieved 17 September , 2009 , from { http : //www.mcys.gov.sg/successful_ageing/report/CAI_report.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.mcys.gov.sg/successful_ageing/report/CAI_report.pdf ]
+
+S Mercer 's 2009 Quality of Living survey highlights 28 April 2009 .
+
+S Report on quality of living .
+
+S Retrieved 15 September .
+
+S 2009 { http : //www.mercer.com/referencecontent.htm ? idContent = 1128060 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.mercer.com/referencecontent.htm ? idContent = 1128060 ]
+
+S Mon , Apr 14 2008 News Straits Time Singapore mines a 'silver ' lode Retrieved from 15 September , 2009 { http : //www.asiaone.com/Business/News/Office/Story/A1Story20080414-59669.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.asiaone.com/Business/News/Office/Story/A1Story20080414-59669.html ]
+
+S Public spending on the aged
+
+S Over the last 50 years aging population was considered as a big problem that influenced western countries economic development .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB|||affects|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , during the next 50 years there will be a dramatic increase in aged and it is inevitable for Asian countries to face this challenge from now on .
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To date , aging population whose age is above 5 comprise 14 percent of the world .
+A 9 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:SVA|||comprises|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to the survey done by United Nations , aging population in Asia is estimated to increase by 314 percent , from 207 million to 857 million in 2050 and among those sub regions East Asia will suffer most .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Japan is still the country with largest amount of and most rapidly growing aging population .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Both china and Singapore are anticipated to become the second right after Japan in 30 years and aged above 65 will make up 20 percent of the total population .
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||China|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||those|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , the rate of birth kept falling down and family will have less adult children than they had in the past , which puts more burdens together with aging population to the government to deal with .
+A 6 6|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:ADJ|||fewer|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 31|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 37|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So it has been a controversial issue that whether government shall cut public spending on the aged and divert to other areas of economic development to secure stable productivity and GDP .
+A 7 8|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||governments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||should|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It looks aging population will become a worse problem if current low-level government spending is going to be cut further .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||seems that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , taking all the advantages and disadvantages of this policy from the angle of the future into account , there will be more effective ways to handle this challenge rather than directly or indirectly giving " fish " to the elderly , so it will be necessary for the government to limit public spending on the aged .
+A 3 3|||M:OTHER|||into account|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||the policy of cutting government spending on the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 17|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:TENSE|||should|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There is not dispute that the average age is climbing up continuously as it is impossible to prevent people from getting old , which is the most outstanding but only one part of the features of aging population .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||no|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:OTHER|||Increased life expectancy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is more important to pay attention to other trends and characteristics of aging population in order to solve this problem it in some other ways .
+A 21 22|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the biggest factors that the aged may causes excessive burden on economic development is the less support to the family from their adult children as a consequence of less birth rate and higher child bring-up fees .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB|||put|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:OTHER|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:ADJ|||lower|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 38|||R:NOUN|||care costs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , there has been a baby booming period between 1947 and 1949 in Japan but since 1949 the total fertility rate started to fall , from 4.54 to 2.04 per woman in less than 10 years and from 2.14 to only 1.29 nowadays .
+A 4 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 45|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The same kind of situation is also confronted by Singapore , china , Thailand , South Korean and other Asian countries .
+A 5 8|||R:OTHER|||also occurs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:ORTH|||China|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||Korea|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , the number of adult children who are willing to live with their parents fell instead of rising .
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||has fallenl|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 22|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The proportion of Japanese elderly people living with their adult children fell from 80 percent in 1950 to 50 percent in 1990 ( Onawa and Rather 1997 ) , in south Korean from 78 percent in 1984 to 47 percent in 1994 ( Weinstein et al.1994 ) .
+A 30 32|||R:OTHER|||South Korea|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus it will be more essential for the government to emphasize the responsibility that adult children bear to support the family rather than directly give financial support to the aged , which will in turn lay more tax burdens on the working group .
+A 16 16|||M:VERB:TENSE|||should|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 43|||R:NOUN|||population|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In other words , making the adult children actively support their parents will be better than passively pay tax .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||word|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 18|||R:OTHER|||asking them to passively pay higher|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In some relatively politically stable regions like Singapore , it is good for the government to enact the laws for the adult children to provide family support .
+
+S In addition to getting support from adult children , it is identically important to give more employment opportunities or put off the mandatory retirement ages for the elderly , which is also a good method to ease the rapid productivity downturn as people tend to live longer than before .
+A 11 12|||R:ADV|||equally|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB|||provide|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN:NUM|||age|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 41|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Similar to the problem of adult children , although the number of aging population keeps rising , the amount of old people who could get chance to work either full time or part time tends to fall due to economic and social changes that less employers want to hire old labor - from 38 percent of the population 65 and above in 1950 to 25 percent in 2000 and 22 percent in 2010 by the survey from United Nations .
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN|||number|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 43|||R:OTHER|||changing economic and social environments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 44|||R:OTHER|||where|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 44 45|||R:ADJ|||fewer|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 73 74|||R:OTHER|||according to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 76 77|||R:OTHER|||conducted by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 77 77|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This opposite direction of number of aged and working group affects the economic productivity to a great extent .
+A 1 5|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN|||populations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So the government 's task is to make more policies concerning both the mandatory retirement age and employers ' restriction .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB|||implement|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:NOUN|||age|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , hiring the elderly as part-time worker may be a good choice for both aged and employers so as to enable the elderly to earn more as well as enhance productivity .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||workers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 31|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is also a good way to let the aging population take , if not all , part of the public spending by themselves .
+A 11 22|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Due to the fact that it may not be very realistic for those people who are already very old , disabled or need much medical care to be very productive , some other ways shall be combined to handle aging population .
+A 38 39|||R:OTHER|||tackle the problem of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Among them public housing policies and public pensions are good choices of public spending but simultaneously also cost the government a great deal .
+
+S Both Singapore 's and Japan 's pension scheme cover all of the work force , which sets great financial burden upon their government .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||schemes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||placing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||governments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although it 's useful in short term to stabilize aged , with the surprising speed of growth of aging population , it will be more difficult for government to sustain this policy and in some other countries such as Indonesia , India , Philippines where the political system is not stable or the demographic structure is mainly made up of low-income working class like china these policies would not be effective .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:OTHER|||the governments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 32|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:ORTH|||In|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 43|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 44 44|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 52 65|||R:OTHER|||in China , where the demographic structure is mainly made up of low-income working class ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And in a country with pay-as-you-go system like Japan there will definitely be some problem in the future if government does not stop spending more on public pension as the number of retirees becomes larger and larger relative to the number of employees .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S More taxes will also be conducted to future generation .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB|||collected|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:PREP|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So the best way to cope with this problem will be encouraging nowadays working force to save more money for themselves instead of depending on their descendants or government .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:FORM|||to encourage|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||today 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Basically set up a healthier financial saving system according to different period the different economic situation with proper interest rate and bonus .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||This method is basically to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 22|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Apart from the methods mentioned above , there are more and more effective methods to be come up with to handle aging population instead of direct public spending on the aged .
+A 14 19|||R:OTHER|||need to be devised|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 27|||R:OTHER|||directly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The elderly is a large part of the society that can not be ignored and the best way to keep a sustainable economic development as well as give them a beautiful autumn is to set up a systematic methodology rather than focus on any single policy .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 27|||R:OTHER|||and at the same time|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 39|||R:OTHER|||system|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 42|||R:VERB:FORM|||focusing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the major concerns of Singapore is its increasing aging population .
+
+S Today the median age in Singapore is 36 years .
+
+S By the year 2050 , our median age would be 54 years .
+A 12 13|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Lee , 2009 ) .The government have been taking the challenge of easing the aging process very seriously .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To a large extent , the government 's policies have helped to ease the aging process particularly through economic policies , infrastructure and healthcare .
+
+S In the economic sector , the government have implemented the Central Provision Fund ( CPF ) to ensure that the elderly would be financially capable to support themselves when they retire .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The CPF savings are entirely invested in special government bond which are risk free and has long term interest rate.CPF have been a major source of financial supplement for most of the retired elderly .CPF ensures that all working Singaporeans have a saving that is set aside to support their needs when they retire .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||bonds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:ORTH|||. CPF|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However the government also realises that the CPF savings might not be sufficient for aging needs hence to help enhance the function of CPF , the government is adding an annuity scheme known as the CPF LIFE ( Lifelong Income For The Elderly ) that will provide a secure stream of income for the elderly .
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||. Hence ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 55 56|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Lee,2009 ) .This is done when Singaporeans reach the age of 55 , part of their CPF savings will be transferred into an annuity which will provide a steady stream of income from the age of 65 for life.CPF is a mandatory saving scheme and therefore it ensures that the elderly will have the financial means to support their aging process .
+A 39 40|||R:ORTH|||life . CPF|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government have also been legislating laws that require employers to offer re-employment to their workers until the age of 65.This is a flexible approach because the workers do not have to get the same job or pay .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB|||enacting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government have incorporated this approach from Japan because it is a pragmatic step compared to just increasing the official retirement age .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By encouraging re- employment , the government is assisting the elderly to lead an active and productive life .
+
+S Life-long employability also helps the elderly to accumulate more wealth so that they can support themselves .
+
+S However most employers would prefer hiring younger working adults because they are more productive compared to the elderly .
+
+S To tackle this issue the government have introduced the Workfare Income Supplement which is a negative income tax and it is weighted in favour of older workers .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Workers above the age of 50 also pay lower CPF contribution to decrease the cost of hiring them .
+
+S These steps have increased the employment rate of older workers .
+
+S In addition to that , the government have various programs to retrain older workers and improve their skills .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Lee , 2009 )
+
+S The healthcare sector has also contributed in helping to ease the aging process .
+A 6 7|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The national health care expenditure have been kept at 4 % of Singapore 's gross domestic profit ( GDP ) ( Lee,2009 ) Although healthcare expenditure will inevitably rise in the coming years , the government have introduced the 3M that will help the needy in their healthcare expenditure .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||R:OTHER|||Lee , 2009 ) .|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 40|||R:NOUN:NUM|||3Ms|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The 3M are MediSave , MediShield and MediFund.The introduction of these 3M have helped the elderly in financing their healthcare .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||3Ms|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||3Ms|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On top of the 3M , the government have also introduced Eldershield which is an insurance scheme that gives financial protection to those who need long-term care , especially during old age .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||3Ms|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Eldershield policy holders can claim benefits at any age for the rest of their life .
+
+S ( Ministry of Health ) In any event where the elderly becomes severely disabled , they can get a monthly cash payout .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:FORM|||become|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To ensure that every elderly gets medical attention , the government have built new hospitals such as Jurong National Hospital and Khoo Teck Puat Hospital to accommodate more patients .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government is also building step down care sectors which includes more community hospitals , nursing homes and home care centres to provide better elderly care .
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||step-down|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:SVA|||include|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However these services are currently only provided by voluntary welfare organisations and they need more government support .
+
+S The government is aware of this situation and they have come up with a solution to overcome this problem by linking up acute hospitals with community ones .
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||it has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:ADJ|||acute-care|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This allows patients to recuperate at community hospitals and make room for more serious medical condition to be treated in acute hospitals .
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||conditions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:ADJ|||acute-care|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is an effective solution because the role of caring for the elderly is divided as effectively as possible between the private and government sectors .
+A 23 23|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To ensure better comfort for the elderly , the government have also been upgrading home care to serve the elderly better .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Channel News Asia , 2008 )
+
+S The government have also upgraded infrastructure to help ease the aging process .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Upgraded infrastructure helps the mobilization of the elderly .
+
+S The Housing and Development Board have been building more studio apartments to accommodate senior citizen .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||citizens|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Lee , 2009 ) .New lifts have been installed in every floor of apartments and flats .
+
+S The bus system is also improved by making buses wheelchair accesible.The trains in Singapore are already wheelchair assessable .
+A 17 18|||R:ADJ|||accessible|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government have also gone beyond transportation and housing to help ease the aging process by providing neighbourhoods with decent public toilets and green spaces which enables the elderly to lead an active lifestyle .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:VERB:SVA|||enable|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , most of the policies and steps taken by the government have helped eased the aging process to a large extend .
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||ease|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN|||extent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the areas of healthcare and financial security the government have been constantly upgrading and implementing new strategies to help ease the aging process .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence the measures taken by the government are effective ones and it has helped the elderly age comfortably .
+A 11 13|||R:OTHER|||they have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference List
+
+S AARP International Journal Winter 2009 .
+
+S Retrived on January 1,2009 from http : //www.aarprinternational.org/journal_sub/journal_sub_journal_show.htm ? doc_id = 777199
+
+S Channel News Asia,Healthcare system to be restructured to carter to ageing population Retrived on August 17,2009 from http : //www.channelnewsasia.com/asiapacific/index.htm
+
+S Channel News Asia,Social sector wants govt to move beyond law for parent maintenance .
+
+S Retrived on August 19,2009 from http : //www.channelnewsasia.com/asiapacific/index.htm
+
+S Ministry of Health Singapore Retrived on September 18,2009 http : //www.moh.gov.sg/mohcorp/hcfinancing.aspx ? id = 310
+
+S Ageing is an inevitable part of life and it is often not easy at all to deal with the difficulties that old age brings .
+
+S However , with the world noticing the shift in it 's demographic to a more aged society , things are becoming more accommodating for the elderly .
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||demographics|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Indeed , developments like companies becoming more inclined to hire older workers , government policies giving the elderly more protection , and medical policies being designed to ensure the affordability of health care have helped make ageing much easier .
+
+S The rising trend of companies hiring more numbers of older workers is providing the elder folks greater financial stability , allowing them to have the spending power to live independently .
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||a greater number|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:ADJ|||older|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The old notion of the elderly helplessly dependent on their children or social workers for their everyday needs is , thus , fast becoming dated .
+
+S In Singapore , seventy-five percent of unionized companies have committed to rehiring older workers , and forty percent of these unionized companies already have in place formal re-hiring procedures in addition to ad-hoc arrangements that are commonly made .
+A 38 39|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Lee , U .
+
+S ( 2009 , July 22 ) .
+A 2 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S More unionized firms to re-hire older workers .
+
+S Asiaone .
+
+S ) With these new job opportunities around , the elderly who previously often lose their livelihood to younger workers can be assured that finding an income is now easier for them so long as they are able to work .
+
+S The government has also set out better initiatives to ensure the elderly are provided for .
+A 4 6|||R:VERB|||introduced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Often , the issue is that the elderly are neglected by their adult children and left to survive by their own .
+A 18 19|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government thus introduced the Maintenance of Parents Act to prevent adult children from abandoning their elderly parents .
+A 18 19|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Khalik , S. ( 2009 , August 17 ) .
+A 3 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Govt may act against children who dump their elderly parents .
+
+S The Straits Times .
+
+S Retrieved August 24 , 2009 , from Prime Minister 's Office Singapore .
+
+S ) Furthermore , housing policies which entice married children to stay near or with their parents have been introduced as incentives .
+A 21 22|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Committee on Ageing Issues : Report on the Ageing Population .
+
+S Appendices , appendix C. Retrieved from http : //www.mcys.gov.sg/successful_ageing/report/Appendices.pdf ) These policies are targeted at curbing this social issue that has become serious enough to be highlighted in Singapore 's National Day Rally .
+A 10 10|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These two policies are some of the ways that governments are looking into to help the elderly have a better and easier life during their twilight years .
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||the government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Current medical policies have been improved to better protect the elderly from situations where medical care may leave them with debts , which will adversely affect their financial condition .
+
+S In the United States , an 80 year old retired truck driver was forced to sell his house of 33 years to pay off a $ 15 000 medical debt which was not covered by his health insurance policy .
+A 29 30|||R:NOUN|||bill|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 40|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Goldsmith , T. ( 2008 August 3 ) .
+A 3 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 8|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Medical bills pinch elderly .
+
+S The News & Observer ) .
+
+S Such possible failure of medical policies have spurred efforts to better protect the old .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S An example of these efforts is the Eldershield scheme created by the Singapore government in recent years .
+
+S The scheme ensures the elderly have the money to pay should they require long-term medical care .
+A 16 17|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Ministry of Health .
+
+S Electronic References .
+
+S Retrieved September 21 , 2009 , from http : //www.moh.gov.sg/mohcorp/hcfinancing.aspx ? id = 310 ) .
+
+S Thus , health care policies are continually improved upon to ensure the elderly are having an easier time coping with the ever increasing cost of medical care .
+
+S The difficulties in ageing are well-documented and hence have always been a source of debate for any society .
+
+S In our society , the aged have been marginalized in the struggle of the survivor of the fittest as their contributive power to society were reduced .
+A 23 23|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Yet , as society matures , one can see how ingenious and novel methods have been developed and set into place to help bring the elderly from living on the margins of society into being a part of the family structure again .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 32|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 41|||R:NOUN|||mainstream|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The three developments and policies highlighted are examples of the efforts made to help ease the ageing process for the elderly by helping them keep themselves relevant to society and their family .
+A 28 28|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , what were once sore sticking points in the issue of ageing has been tackled largely by the methods described .
+
+S It is interesting to note , also , that in helping to ease the ageing process , society has prepared itself to adapt to the prospect of an ageing population .
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Ever since the " Silver Tsunami " swept our regions , there has been much debate with regards to public spending on the aged .
+
+S Some feel that giving our full support to the elderly is of the utmost importance while others suggest limiting expenditure on the aged ; drawing concerns from other sectors of the country such as economic growth and sustainability .
+A 23 24|||R:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:OTHER|||being conscious of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I agree with the latter ; those concerns are very real , and if left unattended can pose a serious threat to the country 's development .
+A 16 16|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Though I feel that public spending on the aged should be limited , it should be done flexibly and contextually .
+
+S The seniors have in the past , contributed to our society as well and it would be our immediate moral obligation to support them .
+
+S Suffice to say , this must be done prudently lest we should neglect the well being of other sectors in the process .
+
+S In this essay , we will be addressing these dilemmas and attempt to propose several possibilities as well as solutions that come with it .
+A 23 24|||R:OTHER|||the various alternatives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Limiting public is something which the governments must consider seriously .
+A 2 2|||M:NOUN|||expenditure|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From a pragmatic stand , majority of the elderly are unable to contribute economic growth due to deteriorating health conditions which come naturally with aging .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN|||standpoint|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some common conditions such as rheumatism , failing eyesight and hearing , dementia , Parkinson 's disease , all of which render them unfit for work .
+A 18 21|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:VERB:TENSE|||may|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Not only are the elderly hindering the country 's economic growth , they are depleting it at an alarming rate as well .
+A 6 7|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Member of Parliament Paulin Tay-Straughan said that " ...spiraling healthcare costs could potentially be a major strain on the Singapore government 's resources .
+
+S If [ individuals ] do n't have adequate coverage , there will be a tremendous strain on subsidized care which will drain revenues from the state .
+
+S " [ 1 ] Suffice to say , limiting public spending on the elderly must be considered in order to maintain a sustainable economy .
+
+S Another reason why public spending on the elderly should be limited is so that the funds could be diverted into other sectors of the country 's development .
+A 12 13|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Experts predict a financial toll in the near future stating , " East Asia may experience widespread capital shortages as funds are diverted from financing productive investments in Hong Kong and Singapore to financing pension deficits in Berlin and Washington .
+A 9 9|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " [ 2 ] By diverting the funds into sectors such as foreign investments , it would enable us to provide for the elderly even more sufficiently with the extra capital .
+
+S Even if we had enough capital for elderly spending , recent surges of new pandemics such as the H1N1 virus , call for more funding into the medical field .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Not to mention there are others like the needy who need financial aid as well .
+
+S However , limiting public spending on the seniors should be done flexibly and contextually .
+
+S Limiting does not mean depriving them of support , but only to provide what 's necessary .
+A 1 1|||M:OTHER|||public spending|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 13|||R:OTHER|||it means providing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Certain categories fall through the gaps of the system and are left dry and powerless , even without the basic needs .
+A 3 4|||R:PREP|||into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S An example could be seen in the following article which writes " Is n't the HDB 's policies self-contradictory , when it 's income ceiling policy 'forces ' the lower-income to buy larger flats than they can afford... HDB 's income eligibility requires a household earning more than $ 2,000 a month to buy a flat that is bigger than a two-room flat... a household earning just over $ 3,000 , is also not eligible to buy a three-room flat , and have to buy a four-room flat .
+
+S " [ 3 ] This example is one that stresses for flexibility .
+A 10 11|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It does n't necessarily mean that when one has some money , he/she does n't need help .
+
+S Spending on the aged should also be contextualized accordingly with economic situations , such as the recent economic crisis where employers are extremely selective , making jobs all the more scarce for the elderly .
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Clearly , it can be seen that though limiting public spending on the elderly might produce certain immediate difficulties , it will ease the process inevitably during the long run .
+A 26 27|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is important that for us to maintain economic stability , we should keep our sights focused on a more macro scale .
+
+S However , the application of flexibility and context is most crucial as there are indeed too many factors and variations for the system to account for , thus it is better that humans master the system instead of the opposite case .
+A 19 20|||R:MORPH|||variables|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 28|||R:OTHER|||; thus ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 41|||R:OTHER|||other way around|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S -----------------------
+
+S [ 1 ] Wijaya , Megawati .
+
+S ( 2009 , 27 August ) .
+
+S Singapore Faces 'Silver Tsunami ' , Asia Times .
+
+S Retrieved 15 September,2009 from http : //yoursdp.org/index.php/news/singapore/2733-singapore-faces-silver- tsunami
+
+S [ 2 ] State of Families in Singapore , Well Being of Elderly in Singapore .
+
+S Retrieved September 15,2009 from http : //fcd.ecitizen.gov.sg/NR/rdonlyres/89400A6C-8621-4882-A238- 01D9067C86DB/0/Chpt7.pdf
+
+S [ 3 ] Leong , S.H. ( 2008 , October 9 ) .
+
+S The Online Citizen : A Community of Singaporeans .
+
+S HDB Means Testing ? .
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2009 from http : //theonlinecitizen.com/2008/10/hdb-means-testing/
+
+S The issues of age challenge the whole of society and put it to the test .
+A 15 16|||R:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " , says Simone de Beauvoir in The Coming of Age ( 1970 ) which clearly reflects the impact of the rising aging population that is happening around the world .
+A 1 2|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 17|||R:OTHER|||clearly reflecting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In today 's society , the elderly are often viewed as social and financial burdens .
+
+S Thus , the rise of the silver population poses various political , economic and social challenges globally .
+
+S Governments often rack their brains to come up with the best solutions in terms of policies and research and developments .
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||development|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The social policies that have been implemented in Singapore include the Baby Bonus Scheme to encourage bigger family size , raising the legal retirement age to lengthen work span , and the Parents ' Maintenance Act to impose filial piety .
+
+S Although these policies seek to ease the aging process , they are starting to show signs of weakness when viewed from a long term perspective .
+
+S One of the policies introduced by the government in tackling the aging population is the Baby Bonus Scheme .
+
+S However , despite being implemented for several years , the scheme has yet to produce satisfying results .
+
+S This is because many young Singaporeans are now leading a different lifestyle and adopting different ideologies about the concept of marriage and family .
+
+S For example , some of them do not see the need of having babies and viewed it as a potential source of problem to their ever-stressful life .
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||view|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||having children|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , many feel that the scheme is not attractive enough to offset the cost of having more babies .
+
+S With the relentless rising cost of living and competition , Singaporeans now have to work harder just to meet the ends .
+
+S Thus , many are put off by the idea of having more children due to the accompanying life- time commitment of raising a child .
+A 17 19|||R:ORTH|||life-time|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , due to these worries , many couples are not responding to the scheme despite the continuous efforts made by the government .
+
+S To lengthen working lifespan , the government introduced policies to reduce elder dependency by raising eligibility age for public pensions and government incentives .
+
+S However , depending entirely on legislation will not bring about substantial improvements in boosting employment prospects for the " silver population " .
+
+S For example , the employment rate for workers aged 55-64 was only 57 % in 2008 , a slow increase from 38 % in 1991 .
+
+S For those aged 65-69 , the employment rate was merely 27.5 % .
+
+S Thus , even if the legal retirement age was raised , it clearly produces limited results .
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||has clearly produced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The main reason is that even if older workers want to work , the deciding factor still lies with the employers .
+
+S In fact , stipulating higher retirement age can have an adverse effect .
+
+S Employers now think twice before employing or retaining older workers due to the potential higher liability and costs such as retraining programs and insurance benefits .
+
+S As a result , employers tend to shut their doors to the older workers .
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In line with the above efforts to tackle the graying population , the government introduced the Parents ' Maintenance Act in 1996 to impose on filial piety .
+A 9 9|||M:OTHER|||problem of the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the government can not simply legislate filial piety .
+
+S Law alone can not be used to solve the problems that cause some children to abandon their parents .
+
+S In fact , the Act is likely to cause even more distress among children who are already overly burdened with the ever rising cost of living in Singapore .
+
+S Family ties may be further strained since the children are not taking care of their parents out willingness .
+A 16 18|||R:OTHER|||willingly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , the government will be seen as shirking its responsibility towards the elderly citizens by pushing the load of parental care to their children .
+
+S Taking it from the parents ' perspective , some of them may not even consider the Act as being abandoned by their children is regarded as a shameful matter .
+A 16 17|||R:ORTH|||act|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 26|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These parents may want to protect their family 's name and want their children to take care of them out of gratitude instead of legal obligations .
+
+S Therefore , while it seems that the Act is based on well intentions , it is certainly not the solution to the root of the parents ' maintenance problem .
+
+S Clearly , the rise of the aging population brings about complex and multi- faceted challenges to the whole of society .
+
+S The government should first understand and address the changing mindset and values of today 's society towards problems created by the fast aging population before implementing the policies .
+
+S Merely depending on legislation will not help to improve the attitudes of the society towards the elderly significantly .
+
+S Instead , this will bring about further resentment and result in a strain of relationship between the young and the old .
+
+S In all , moving beyond law to enhance the perceptions of elderly is a more practical way to increase the ability and willingness of the society to coordinate with the government in tackling the " grey tsunami " .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the growing population and various problems that the present governments face today , the governments are finding it tedious to balance the budget to ensure that all areas of development are being met .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S No country or state is able to provide unlimited funding to the providence of the aged .
+
+S Besides this , there are also other areas of the country which require more monetary spending to ensure the future of the country such as Education and Research and Development ( R&D ) .
+
+S However , public spending on the aged should not take a backseat .
+
+S There should be a sum of money which is set aside for the welfare of the aged .
+
+S After all , they were once a pillar of the country and helped to perpetuate growth of the country economically .
+
+S Basically , from the moral viewpoint , regardless of race or religion , filial piety is an important moral value that should be inculcated into us .
+
+S By having the government to set the standard of caring for the elderly , the public should also share the economic burden of caring for the aged .
+
+S Thus , the society should be magnanimous in spending in areas of healthcare or recreational programs .
+
+S For example , pumping money into R&D of illnesses like dementia , osteoporosis and Parkinson 's disease will benefit the aged because these illnesses are more apparent as people grow old .
+
+S This prepares the medical sector to handle these illnesses .
+
+S The government could also conduct recreational programs such as medical talks on the possible health problems that could arise in the aged .
+
+S This will help the elderly to understand the causes and effects of these health problems which encourage them to adopt a healthy lifestyle that reduces the risks of contracting these illnesses .
+
+S Therefore , we should spend on the aged .
+
+S However , economic benefits will be minimal if the state decides to be a welfare state and compromises the economic development of the country .
+
+S Suppose a country were to provide full support to the elderly , other developments like education and public housing would be costly .
+
+S People will be discouraged to study and will be in a state of chaos as the standard of living is too high for people to cope .
+
+S Even though this policy largely benefits the elderly , the rest of the society will suffer .
+
+S If no money were diverted into education , the country will suffer economically as there will be insufficient " intelligent " resource to promote economic growth .
+
+S When there are few to sustain the high cost of maintaining the aged , the aged will eventually suffer .
+
+S It will be like a vicious cycle .
+
+S The situation will be made worse if the country faces declining birth rate such as Singapore .
+
+S There are lesser young people to support the aged .
+
+S This increases economic burden for them .
+
+S Therefore , unlimited spending on the aged would be clearly unthinkable .
+
+S It will be more realistic if a calculated amount of spending is being distributed to the aged .
+
+S Areas like education and R&D help to fuel the economy .
+
+S These two areas are considered to play key roles in the growth of a nation .
+
+S For example , in countries like Singapore where there is a lack of natural resources , with only human resource , it is important for most Singaporeans to be educated .
+
+S Having received education increases the probability of one being employed which helps to promote economical growth .
+
+S With economical growth , the standard of living will also increase for people living in Singapore .
+
+S Furthermore , Singapore depends largely on international trade for growth .
+
+S Exports in Singapore comprise of over 130 % of Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) ever since mid 1980s .
+
+S The main products being export out of Singapore are integrated circuits , computer parts and accessories .
+
+S Since export plays a significant role in contributing to the GDP of Singapore , a vast amount of finance should be diverted to R&D .
+
+S Therefore , by providing education and investment into R&D help generate capital for the country .
+
+S Economic growth leads to an increase in standard of living which benefits the whole society including the aged .
+
+S A budget should be set for the public spending on the aged .
+
+S In fact , the governments should adopt and develop appropriate systems and programs customized with respect to their cultural , economic and social context .
+
+S Furthermore , it is beneficial for governments to exchange pointers and assist one another in coping with the effects of greying population .
+
+S This help to ensure that majority will age with security .
+
+S Keeping the aged in mind , we must never neglect the future generations since they will be the ones who will support the nation .
+
+S Therefore , we should first cater the needs of the younger ones .
+
+S Public spending on the aged should be limited as there are other areas that are of equal , or even greater , importance .
+
+S A substantial amount is spent on the elderly annually , and this sum of money can be put to other uses .
+
+S Maintaining and sustaining a country is not just about looking after the aged , but also in developing growing sectors of our nation .
+A 16 17|||R:PREP|||about|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although it is essential for the government to spend on the graying population , there are , however , ways to minimize this spending , and this amount can then be used on other areas of the country 's growth and development , such as maintaining our country 's defense and improving the education system .
+A 16 19|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are several ways to reduce the fiscal cost of elder dependency .
+
+S One of which is to emphasize the importance of filial piety among the younger generations of our society .
+
+S Abandoning our parents might not be illegal , but it is morally unacceptable .
+
+S Our parents are the ones who brought us up since young ; providing us with basic necessities , educating and grooming us to be a worthy person of society , and showering us with love and concern that all individuals need .
+A 6 6|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We should reciprocate their love and be responsible by looking after them when they need us the most .
+
+S What our society is weak in now is the culture of supporting our parents when they are old .
+
+S This moral value should be instilled in our people since young , and they will then understand the importance and accept the responsibility of looking after their aged parents .
+
+S There will not be an overnight improvement in our citizens ' attitudes and behaviours towards taking care of the elderly in the society .
+
+S Therefore , there is a need to provide constant and adequate education to heighten awareness in the people regarding this issue .
+
+S Furthermore , lengthening the working lifespan of our citizens might be another viable solution in dealing with an aging population .
+
+S This is , however , hard to achieve in our present day society as employers , given a choice , tend to avoid hiring the elderly as they are thought to be less productive when compared to younger workers .
+
+S Therefore , there should be some government intervention with regards to employment of the elderly , as this will assist them in securing a place in the workforce .
+
+S Not only does it benefits the government as spending on the aged can be reduced , it also benefits them both economically and socially .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||benefit|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Longer working years will allow the elderly to accumulate more wealth for future use in times of need .
+
+S With this accumulated wealth , they will then be able to meet their basic needs and be less dependent on the government when they retire from the workforce .
+
+S Furthermore , working can help to decrease boredom in retirement , as time will then be spent engaging in productive activities at work , and not whiled away doing nothing .
+A 26 26|||M:VERB:TENSE|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These benefits of longer working lifespan can be made possible if employers are willing to hire the aged , who can then be self-sufficient with minimum , or no , help from the government .
+
+S The benefits of limiting public spending on the elderly is seen when this amount of money can be channeled to other areas of our country 's development .
+
+S One such area is defense , which is exceptionally important to an island country like ours .
+
+S We have to be prepared against terrorism and external attacks by other countries , at all times .
+
+S Apart from defense , the government needs to invest in out country 's development as well , and this includes improvements in our education system .
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||our|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will then ensure that our future generations will learn more and benefit from it , and it is of great importance as they are the future pillars of our society , who will lead our country to greater heights in order to be a successful and progressive nation .
+
+S There are clearly many areas that the government has to spend on annually , and the graying population is one of it .
+
+S However , other areas should not be neglected , as our nation 's growth and development is of vital importance as well .
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many ways are , indeed , present to help limit public spending on the age .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:FORM|||aged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It will be made possible if these are strongly enforced , and high cooperation among citizens of our society will help to deal with this issue too .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||The goal of limiting public spending on the aged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||the proposed measures|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S Peter G. Peterson .
+
+S ( 2001 ) .
+
+S A Graying World .
+
+S Harvard International Review .
+
+S It is well-known that people 's life expectancy is increasing , leading to the pressure of expenditures on the elderly who are considered to be weak and non-productive .
+
+S However , what we do not know or are still confused about is the effective way to both take care of the aged and enhance the development of other fields .
+A 13 14|||R:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is the matter of money usage .
+A 2 3|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There is a suggestion that the governments should limit the expenditures on the aged and therefore they will have money to spend on other areas to develop the countries .
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||so that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To some extent , I agree with this statement but it should be clarified at some points .
+
+S The first point needed to be clarified is how limited the government funding on the elderly should be and what will happen if the expenditures are under the agreed limit .
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 30|||R:OTHER|||below an acceptable level|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the framework of fast-aging population and the restricted national budgets which do not allow spending generously on the elderly , this limit should be maintained at an acceptable level which ensures that the aged 's basic needs such as food , clothing , housing , transportation and healthcare are met .
+A 0 4|||R:OTHER|||With|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 38|||R:OTHER|||basic needs of the aged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , in some nations , especially developing countries , blaming for the need of investing most of their capital in other areas to push the countries forward , the governments cut down the basic expenditures on the aged .
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||in order to meet|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 20|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Is it a wise choice ?
+
+S Cutting down the fiscal costs on the aging population to support other areas does not mean that those areas will receive the whole benefits .
+A 21 23|||R:OTHER|||all the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Let 's take a situation in which without sufficient support from the government , the aged become a burden to their families as an example .
+A 0 25|||R:OTHER|||Imagine a situation in which without sufficient support from the government , the aged become a burden to their families.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In that case , if the fiscal costs on the aged are cut down to rise up the expenditures on the young generation , it can lead to the result that the money aimed to support one target in a family the youth - will be shared to partly meet two demands , the elder 's and the younger 's .
+A 15 19|||R:OTHER|||spend more|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 41|||M:PUNCT|||-|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 43|||R:OTHER|||young|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 50 60|||R:OTHER|||the demands of both the elderly and the young|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In other words , the purposes of investing in other areas of development by using money saved from fiscal cost on the aged can not be fully fulfilled .
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||costs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In developing countries , declining the basic expenditures on the aged can lead to a worse situation .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB|||decreasing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The aged in these nations , especially in rural areas do not merely need money to lead the rest of their lives , but also to raise their children or grandchildren .
+A 10 10|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:OTHER|||need money|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They share with their younger generations their limited monthly retirement pensions or allowances to fulfill all the costs of living , and usually , run out of money before the pensions/allowances of the next month come to their hands .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB|||cover|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:CONJ|||but|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:OTHER|||they would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Living in poverty , the younger generations grow up with poor opportunities to accumulate wealth to support themselves , let alone supporting their next generations when they become old .
+
+S And sadly , the circle of poverty goes on .
+
+S The second point needed to be clarified is in which areas the money saved from maintaining the fiscal costs on the aged at the satisfactory level should be invested and how to make use of the money earned from these investments to benefit the aged .
+
+S One of the productive areas to invest is economy [ 1 ] since economic development helps to raise the national budgets and thus raise the public expenditures on the elderly .
+A 7 7|||M:ADV|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Money earning from investigations into other areas of the economics should be partly used to support the aged not only to lessen the burden on the families or to fade away the picture of poverty from generations to generations , but also to ease the elderly 's lives .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:FORM|||earned|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 10|||R:OTHER|||investments in economy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 34|||R:OTHER|||alleviate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The increasing size of the economy could be relatively limited , but it does allow the government to have more choices to take care of the aged in a better way .
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||spending more on the aged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In other words , what the government should do is not merely concerning the economic growth but also taking action to link each increasing level of economic growth with each respectively increasing level of the elder 's quality of life .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB|||promoting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 32|||R:OTHER|||a correspondingly higher|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 40|||R:OTHER|||quality of life for the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , limiting the fiscal cost on the aged without thorough considerations could lead to unexpected results which directly affect the elderly themselves and their families , as well as indirectly impact on the society and country 's development .
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||costs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 37|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In cutting down the spending on the aged , the governments must ensure that their basic needs are still satisfied and the money saved from this act of limiting should be efficiently invested to partially support back to the elderly .
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 17|||R:OTHER|||the basic needs of the aged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 29|||R:OTHER|||fiscal restraint|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 34|||M:VERB:TENSE|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 38|||R:OTHER|||plowed back into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The gap between theory and practice could be hard to close .
+
+S However , the way of taking action will be easier if the plan is well prepared .
+
+S -----------------------
+
+S [ 1 ] " Because capital is a produced factor of production , a society can change the amount of capital it has .
+
+S If today the economy produces a large quantity of new capital goods , then tomorrow it will have a larger stock of capital and be able to produce more of all types of goods and services .
+
+S Thus , one way to raise future productivity is to invest more current resources in the production of capital .
+
+S " ( Mankiw , N. Gregory & Taylo , Mark P. r .
+
+S ( Eds. ) .
+
+S ( 2006 ) .
+
+S Economics .
+
+S Cengage Learning )
+
+S In 1997 , there was an estimated 217,400 elderly persons aged 65 years and above forming 7.0 % of the population as well as the figures will increase to 798,700,forming 18.4 % of the population by year 2030.Currently,while comprising 7 % of the population , they utilize 20 % of public sector primary care and hospital services .
+A 21 24|||R:OTHER|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:NOUN:NUM|||figure|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 36|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 38|||R:OTHER|||2030.Currently ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 45 46|||R:OTHER|||the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It has been estimated that there will be a four-fold increase in the utilization of health resources in 2030 , based on the increased numbers of elderly and assuming the same utilization rate .
+A 17 18|||R:PREP|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:FORM|||increasing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN:NUM|||number|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 33|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Singapore Medical Journal , S L Ling , Retrieved from { http : //www.sma.org.sg/smj/3910/articles/3910ia1.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.sma.org.sg/smj/3910/articles/3910ia1.html ] ) Meanwhile spending on healthcare such as medisave , medifund , community hospitals and nursing homes is growing and it can continue indefinitely because of the continuous introduction of new technologies and treatments that are beneficial .
+A 1 23|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 39|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Such of this condition could be defined as scarcity which means resources are limited in quantity and it implies not all of society 's goals can be pursued at the same time .
+A 0 4|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||iimplies that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In brief the government has insufficient funds to fulfill all wants and needs of aged population .
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are certain country 's development areas such as education , infrastructure , defense , investment and also helping the poor and needy that still needs to be taken care of .
+A 3 7|||R:OTHER|||development areas of the country|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 23|||R:OTHER|||poverty|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:VERB:SVA|||need|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Government budgets should only cater on basic needs of elderly .
+A 5 6|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Consequently a country can not afford to spend too much on elderly because of practical realities .
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government budgets should be diverted to other areas of the country 's development since resources are limited .
+A 0 2|||U:DET|||Government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Governments and policy makers have to decide on what should be supported by the public sector , and what should be left to individuals to 'buy ' for themselves , depending on their own financial capacity .
+A 7 8|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , governments should only focus on those elderly who are poor , needy and abandoned by family .
+A 10 16|||R:OTHER|||whoa re poor and needy , and who have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Education , infrastructure , defense and investment are the other areas that need to be looked after by government .
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||governments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , if more public spending on education will be raising more productive children so that more affluent future generation and the size of tomorrow 's economy could be increased .
+A 3 4|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||raise|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:VERB|||can be produced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:VERB:TENSE|||can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover it will discourage foreign investments if government over-spending on aging population and neglect other developed areas .
+A 1 2|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 4|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:VERB|||will be discouraged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||governments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:FORM|||over-spend|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||developing other|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It would not be attractive for foreign investors if government budgets focus on aged populations that do not bring much profit .
+A 0 22|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore it does not help much in economic growth if governments provide too much welfare support for elderly .
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly elderly people are less productive than young people and most of them are retired or unemployment .
+A 16 17|||R:MORPH|||unemployed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They are unable continue to put their effort in developing country 's economy and infrastructure areas .
+A 3 3|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides there are infrastructure cost that need to build facilities to suit the elderly .
+A 0 15|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It will also increase the government spending on elderly .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||This/ These|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From the article " Doomsday Predications about Population Aging are exaggerated written by Robert B.Friedland and Laura Summer " , it stated out that with little economic growth , society faces fewer choices on how to care for those who are least able to care for themselves .
+A 0 2|||U:PREP|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 12|||R:OTHER|||Are Exaggerated "|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 21|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB|||points|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , with sufficient economic growth there are more choices and fewer persons in need .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore the government should set boundaries on public spending in this area before a country is able to achieve sufficient economic growth .
+
+S In addition , government should put more effort and invest on those areas that productive .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||governments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:PREP|||into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:VERB|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It will help on country 's economic growth .
+A 0 1|||R:PRON|||This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , Singapore casino-resort project will develop many working opportunities and it is estimated that there will be very high returns in the future .
+A 4 4|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB|||bring|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||employment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:OTHER|||for both Singapore as well as the investors of this project.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus income of citizens will be rising and it leads to increased savings .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||rise|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:SVA|||lead|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Citizens will have an easier life after their retirement .
+
+S It will reduce their reliance on others likes governments and families .
+A 0 1|||R:PRON|||This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||like|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||the government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For the part of government , they will be able develop medical technology and provide more medical schemes to help the aged .
+A 0 1|||R:PREP|||On|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , the rate of poverty will be smaller .
+A 0 4|||R:OTHER|||Furthermore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:ADJ|||lower|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S People can afford to look after their elderly .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||would be able to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Clearly any further expansion of financial schemes on the elderly will only impoverish future generations and limit future public spending .
+
+S Spending on elderly , especially healthcare , can continue indefinitely because of the continuous introduction of new technologies and treatments that are beneficial but expensive .
+
+S Government and policy maker have to decide on what is essential and should be supported by public sector .
+A 0 1|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Governments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||makers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In brief , leaders in government must raise all ideology and implement practical measure to cope with the problems of a fast aging population .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||governments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 10|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||measures|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government controls the spending of public funds , and usually allocates the funds according to the best interests of the country .
+
+S Public funds can be gathered through taxes on the citizens and also tariffs on incoming trade items from other countries .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB|||collected|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:VERB|||implementing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These funds are then used to either solve a current problem in a country , for example , an ageing population where help is needed to ensure livelihood of the older generation , easing the burden the current generation have on taking care of the old .
+A 27 27|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 34|||R:OTHER|||in order to ease|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 40|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Or these funds could be used on improving the education , communication and transportation infrastructure of a country , therefore improving the standard of living for the nation .
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||to improve|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:ADV|||thereby|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this case , I would think that more funds should be allocated to a country 's development and less on the aged , as there are many other ways a country 's development will help solve or ease the problem of an ageing population .
+A 25 45|||R:OTHER|||a country 's development will help solve or ease the problem of an ageing population in many other ways than directly allocating funds to address this problem.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Education plays a very important role in a nation 's development , as it is the most basic platform for a society to learn and improve .
+
+S The government should allocate more funds on a better building a better education system , leading to more educated and productive , future generations .
+A 6 7|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||which will lead|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the future generations are more educated and productive , they will be able to contribute more to the economy and this , in return , should get them a higher income .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN|||turn|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A higher income will allow the younger generation to support themselves better and therefore provide for their own parents , allowing the government to spend less on caring for the old .
+A 20 24|||R:OTHER|||so that the government can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another outcome of better education standards is that , both the younger and older generations will better understand what could happen to them when they grow old .
+A 3 4|||R:ADJ|||higher|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This means both the newer and older generations will be able to better plan for their old age and the problems that come with it , for example , deteriorating health .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||younger|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To stay healthy , they can exercise more and have a good diet .
+
+S This makes it possible for lower health subsidies from the government as more people know how to stay healthy .
+A 2 11|||R:OTHER|||lower health subsidies from the government possible|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Other than concentrating on better education , the government can also build on better communication and transportation infrastructure which will then attract more investors and foreign talent to Singapore .
+
+S With an improvement in education standards , more students will pursue their academic qualifications in Singapore , creating a chance to convert these visiting students to become local citizens which will therefore increase the tax base for the future .
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||studies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:PART|||into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 29|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:OTHER|||in turn|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And with a better communication and transportation infrastructure , Singapore will be a place where global companies will start investing and opening branches or offices .
+
+S This will then increase job opportunities for the people and also the country 's income .
+
+S Both the above improvements will boost Singapore 's income , allowing the government to use more money on various national issues , be it economic development or social problems , in this case , the aging society .
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||to address|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 34|||R:OTHER|||such as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S While the idea of improving education to ease the aging problem in the future is workable , there may still be a problem of individuals who will not be able to follow this plan .
+A 31 34|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As we are still dealing with a society , there will always be different people with different backgrounds , for example , the rich and educated versus the poor and illiterate .
+A 0 6|||R:OTHER|||In|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But the illiterate will not stay illiterate always , if they put an effort to improve and are given a chance for good education , they can still develop into a group of productive Singaporeans .
+A 8 9|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This makes the 'unproductive Singaporeans ' , who can not take care of their elderly , a minority group of the whole society , therefore , subsidies for such families to take care of the elderly will still be minimal .
+
+S By allocating more funds to education and infrastructure , governments can ensure good development in the country , therefore , increasing the standard of living .
+A 12 13|||R:ADJ|||effective|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:ADV|||thereby|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will also lead to more educated and self-sufficient families , where minimal subsidies are needed to help a minority of the population , therefore a limited spending for the problem of the aged or an aging population .
+A 5 5|||M:OTHER|||a society with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:ADV|||thereby|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 27|||R:OTHER|||limiting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We all know that the elderly have devoted all their intelligence , knowledge and strength for our society from the time of theirs .
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 23|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So should we abandon these people when they are not as strong and perspicacious as they were before ?
+
+S Basically , it is the moral responsibility of our society to do all its best to support the elderly even at the expense of other areas of the country 's development .
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There is no denying the fact that each country has its own limited set budget , so it can not afford to spend too much on the elderly because it also has to spend on other areas of the country 's development .
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For examples , there are also many needy people like orphans , the disabled or unemployed that want to be subsidized by the government .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||example|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:ADJ|||other|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They are all feeble and vulnerable people .
+
+S It is very hard for them to earn enough money for their selves .
+A 11 13|||R:OTHER|||themselves|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The fact is they can not compete with others for easy jobs but also have high salaries .
+A 9 17|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , it would be huge financial burden for their relatives to subsidize them .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB|||support|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Unless the government spends more money to support them and create more job opportunities for them , they will be left to fend for themselves and lead to very sad hires .
+A 26 31|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , we should consider who should be given priority and deserve national budget the most .
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||who deserves|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:OTHER|||a share of the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The elderly usually do not have enough strength to do manual labor whereas mental work requires perspicacity and concentration that they can not compete with other potential young candidates .
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||, areas in which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 27|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:ADJ:FORM|||younger|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For examples , in Singapore , I have seen that almost all people who do cleaning work are the elderly .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||example|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 17|||R:OTHER|||cleaners|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nevertheless , they look not strong enough to do such manual work , but they still have to do , to earn for their own livings .
+A 3 5|||R:OTHER|||do not look|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:NOUN:NUM|||living|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Obviously , old people have fewer chances to work for their own living compared with other needy people who still have healthy physical body .
+A 21 21|||M:ADV|||physically|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:MORPH|||physically|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN:NUM|||bodies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S What is more , the elderly should be respected and dedicated for their contributions in the days of youth .
+A 10 11|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S What we have today is partially an inheritance from previous generations .
+
+S The elderly once were hard working not only in raising children but also in devoting their strength , intelligence for a better society like today .
+A 2 4|||R:WO|||were once|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:OTHER|||the one we have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Now when they are old , they can not continue to do productive work , so it is our society 's responsibility to support them .
+
+S Although there is a limit to national budget and the government has to balance spending in different areas for the country 's development , subsidy for the elderly should not be cut .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If each person has a sense of responsibility towards increasing the size of today 's economy and tax base , then it will be not a big problem for us to spend more money on the aged .
+A 23 25|||R:WO|||not be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Ease Of The Aging Process : Through Research & Development and Government Policies
+
+S During the post World War 2 ( 1946 - 1964 ) era , there was a significant increase in the fertility rate in all parts of the world .
+
+S For example , the fertility rate in the United States of America were at an all time high which was around the range of 3.0 - 3.5 ( Baby Boom Generation .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:SVA|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Electronic References .
+
+S 2009 ) Hence , the name " baby boomers " was derived from increase in fertility rate globally after the World War 2 .
+A 2 2|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||In fact|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||rates|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Fast forward 53 years later , the baby boomer generation is moving from the middle age into the senior years , issues regarding the aging process started popping up like mushrooms after the rain .
+A 0 2|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||years , and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Singapore , one of the most developed countries in the South East Asian region has not taken this issue lightly .
+A 14 14|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to the Ministry of Community Development , Youth and Sports , the elder ( age 65 and above ) population in Singapore is at 8.6 % ( 2008 ) and it is expected to grow to 18.7 % by the year of 2030 .
+A 13 14|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 43|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 44 45|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Ministry of Community Development , Youth and Sports .
+
+S Electronic References , 2009 ) .
+
+S Through the research and development and social policies formed by the government , it is able to help ease the aging process of the aging population .
+A 0 15|||R:OTHER|||The research and development and social policies formed by the government are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the Medicine sector , extensive research and development has led to the advancements in the medicine sector in easing the aging process .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||medical|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Through the development of new supplements , we now have a wide array of vitamins , tonics and etc. for specific need .
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||so on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the common diseases that an elder has is osteoporosis .
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||elderly person|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Osteoporosis is a condition of decreased bone mass .
+
+S This would result to fragile bones which have an increased risk to bone fractures .
+A 1 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||results|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:VERB|||incurring|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Through research and development , the invention of bone densitometry enables the doctor to detect osteoporosis earlier and give the right medical advice in preventing the disease from getting more serious .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has enabled|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||R:OTHER|||doctors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This would greatly help the aging population as they are able to prevent themselves from diseases before it develops to a critical stage .
+A 1 4|||R:OTHER|||has greatly helped|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 24|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides that , the invention of the Magnetic Resonance Imaging ( MRI ) has also contributed in easing the aging process as cancer is able to detect more accurately compared to the previous imaging technologies .
+A 16 17|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:VERB:TENSE|||be detected|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 35|||R:OTHER|||when previous imaging technologies were used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , through advancement in Medical technology , the quality of life for the aged is still high and it enables to lengthen the life span of human .
+A 5 6|||R:ORTH|||medical|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 23|||R:OTHER|||thereby lengthening|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:NOUN:NUM|||humans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order to cope with the increase of the aging population , the government has created various social policies and schemes to ease the aging process .
+
+S One of the significant schemes that the government has implemented is the Central Provident Fund ( CPF ) scheme .
+
+S The main purpose of the CPF scheme is to provide a financial security for the retired after retirement .
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Under the CPF scheme , there are many subsidiary schemes under it such as Medisave , Medishield and Medifund .
+A 10 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These subsidiary schemes enable the aged to pay for the hospital and healthcare bills .
+A 9 10|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , these schemes would come in handy as when the aged grows older , one may not be protected through insurance as they have a certain age limit for medical protection .
+A 3 33|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the cost of living and healthcare has been increasing , these schemes are able to help reduce the financial burden for the aged .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||costs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , with the CPF scheme created by the government it has successfully created a financial security for the aged and they would not need to search for employment to support their financial needs .
+A 2 11|||R:OTHER|||the CPF scheme created by the government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB|||ensured|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Other than the CPF scheme , a scheme for the aged named Eldershield was created to help ease the aged who suffer from disabilities .
+A 17 18|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Eldershield scheme works like an insurance whereby it provides basic financial protection on a monthly basis for the aged .
+A 7 7|||M:NOUN|||scheme|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Housing Development Board has also created policies to cater for the aged such as " Granny Homes " and Lease Buy Back Scheme .
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " Granny Homes " are studio apartments equipped with elder-friendly features such as non-slip toilet tiles and grab poles ( Housing Development Board [ HDB ] , Electronic References , 2009 ) .
+
+S " Granny Homes " is an economical choice for the aged when they are living alone as the " Granny Homes " are small and easy to be upkeep compared to a normal HDB flat .
+A 13 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||live|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 29|||R:OTHER|||maintain|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition to that , the aged would be living in the community of people in their age group , and this provides a good platform for the aged to socialize with others .
+A 11 12|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:OTHER|||their peers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As for the Lease Buy Back Scheme , it provides an additional option for the low income elderly Singaporeans in a 3 room or smaller flats to cash out part of the money locked up in their HDB flats for their daily expenses ( HDB , Electronic References , 2009 ) .
+A 20 21|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As most elderly stay alone these days and not supported by their families , this scheme would come in handy for them especially when they do not have a stable financial security .
+A 8 8|||M:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 20|||R:OTHER|||be useful|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This two schemes created by the government would greatly relief the burden of healthcare cost for the aged and it would definitely benefit the aged .
+A 0 1|||R:DET|||These|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:MORPH|||relieve|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||costs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:ADV|||so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In a nutshell , easing the aging process just does n't stop here with our current findings in the medical sector as well as the others and policies created by the government for the aged .
+A 8 11|||R:WO|||does n't just|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 26|||R:OTHER|||as well as other sectors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:CONJ|||nor|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We , as humans should also play a part by taking care of our well beings than be dependent on others for support .
+A 1 2|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 4|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||well-being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||in order not to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S At this moment in time , research and development still continues on to discover new findings and new medical interventions to help ease the aging process and also improve the quality of healthcare for the aged .
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN|||inventions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government are also looking into better ways and alternatives to provide the baby boomer generation a more secure environment with lower financial burden , better health care and also , the employability of the aged .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||Governments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 32|||R:OTHER|||better|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S REFERENCES
+
+S * Baby Boomer Generation .
+
+S Electronic References .
+
+S Retrieved 16th September 2009 , from http : //www.u-s-history.com/pages/h2061.html
+
+S * Central Provident Fund .
+
+S Electronic References .
+
+S Retrieved 16th September 2009 , from { http : //mycpf.cpf.gov.sg/Members/home.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //mycpf.cpf.gov.sg/Members/home.htm ]
+
+S * Housing Development Board of Singapore .
+
+S Electronic References .
+
+S Retrieved 16th September 2009 , from http : //www.hdb.gov.sg
+
+S * Ministry of Community Development , Youth and Sports .
+
+S Electronic References .
+
+S Retrieved 16th September 2009 , from http : // mycys.gov.sg
+
+S Nowadays , nobody can deny that aging population is becoming one of the most serious problems to developed countries , including Singapore .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Recent researches have shown that the proportion of the country 's residents aged 65 and above can reach the number of 18.7 % in the next 20 years .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN|||research studies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN|||rate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Population aging has become a cause of concern in the realm of financial issue to the government .
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||finance|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It seems inevitable that we must spend more on the aged .
+
+S But what are we getting for all that money ?
+
+S Should we limit the public spending on the aged so that the money can be inverted to other areas of the country 's development ?
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB|||diverted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Answers to these questions are not easy to find .
+
+S However , in my opinion , the public spending could be more productive if the government knows how to control the money spent on the aged and also how to invest for other areas of development .
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Among several public spending on the aged , such as medical subsidies , public infrastructure , pension schemes , and financial aids , healthcare must be considered the most important sector .
+A 2 2|||M:OTHER|||areas of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:NOUN|||area|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the healthcare costs now are getting more and more expensive , consequently , it becomes harder and harder for old poor people to fulfill their payment for the hospitals .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 6|||R:WO|||are now|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||R:OTHER|||poor , old|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 30|||R:OTHER|||their medical bills|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Based on the situation , some claim that government should automatically spend more and more on the aged , who deserve to be helped .
+A 2 3|||R:DET|||this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the national budget will come under pressure when growing numbers of elderly persons are supported by relatively fewer young persons , which leads to the question that " Can we really afford so much health care for aging population , or are we heading toward a healthcare crisis in the near future ?
+A 28 29|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 39|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " Once again , the answer is not easy to find .
+
+S Nevertheless , the budget for healthcare is not infinite , so , the government and policy makers must decide at which extent they would give healthcare cost to an individual , depending on his own financial capacity .
+A 11 12|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:PART|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:VERB|||subsidize|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:OTHER|||and this would probably depend|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government needs to know how to set limits on the healthcare budget for the elderly .
+
+S The second reason is that public spending is not the only solution to the problem of aging population .
+A 16 18|||R:WO|||population aging|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Researchers and policy makers have made a lot of suggestions and strategies to help buffet the negative impact of aging population on our society .
+A 11 11|||M:OTHER|||developed a lot of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some of them are encouraging later retirement , raising more productive children , encouraging the elderly and their families to take more responsibility for their health , etc .
+A 2 3|||R:PRON|||these|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:VERB|||include|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 12|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , instead of spending too much money on the aged , the government can think about realize some of these planning policies , or other possible policies to solve the problem .
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:FORM|||realizing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:OTHER|||or developing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Last but not least , Singapore must spend money on a large numbers of other essential areas of development , such as education , infrastructure , defense , investments.. .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||number|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 30|||R:OTHER|||investmentsand so on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These areas of development are all the key things that a country needs in order to become a developed one .
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Without a good education system , there will not be a well-educated intellectual generation for the country .
+
+S Without good infrastructure , there will not be sufficient facility for the country to develop .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||facilities|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Without a good defense system , people will live in the danger of terrorism as well as of being invaded .
+A 20 20|||M:OTHER|||by enemy nations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , these areas of development must be well invested .
+A 10 10|||M:PART|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , when all of these areas are well invested enough to fulfill all the requirements , the living standard of Singaporeans will increase , consequently , the aged will received more help and budget from the society , or they even earn more money to support themselves too .
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||developed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 16|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 26|||R:OTHER|||. Consequently ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:VERB:FORM|||receive|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 40|||R:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 41|||M:VERB:TENSE|||may|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , Singapore , as well as many Europeans and North American countries , is facing the problem of aging population .
+A 9 10|||R:MORPH|||European|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If we do not put enough effort to solve the problem right now , it will be a really big issue in the future .
+A 18 20|||R:OTHER|||problematic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the problem is controversial and there are a lot of different opinions surrounding it , the government and the policy makers must know how to make the right decision to point out the best solution for the country .
+A 31 33|||R:OTHER|||come up with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The most essential thing is to think out of the box .
+
+S We always need to consider so many factors that affect our decision , such as do we have enough money to afford all the healthcare cost , or are there any other areas of the nation 's development that really need our investment .
+A 1 2|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||whether|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:PREP|||whether|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 30|||R:WO|||there are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , setting limits on the public spending on the aged , I think , is a much better and wiser choice .
+
+S Demographic changes have recently caused many controversial issues .
+
+S Among these , the increasing number of aged people as well as the decrease in fertility rate as a new way of living is such a challenge that the world has to face in the next decades .
+A 24 25|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||R:NOUN:NUM|||decade|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is definitely not out of public concerns , especially in developed countries like Germany or Japan , where the aged population will make up a large proportion soon .
+A 0 8|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:OTHER|||of the population|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Along with modernized society , the elderly is receiving more and more supports from the government , which is a strategy in social welfare development .
+A 0 4|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||support|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Ironically , these policies not only bring benefits for the old people but also partly have a negative impact upon the socioeconomic development of the country .
+
+S In other words , the public expenditures on the aged have created barriers which limit the improvement of other fields .
+
+S Therefore , this spending should be reconsidered carefully to avoid financial shortage on other areas of the country 's development .
+A 12 13|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As part of the effort to enhance the social welfare , a lot of schemes have been adopted and operated in recent years for the sake of the old population .
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:ADJ|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Truthfully , these policies are significantly beneficial to senior citizens especially with respect to health , a problem induced by the physical aging process .
+
+S Some intermediate and long-term care services like community hospitals , home medical or home nursing services and public subsidies in Singapore are perhaps good examples for supports from the government .
+A 5 17|||R:OTHER|||facilities like community hospitals , services like home medical and home nursing services , and aid like|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:NOUN:NUM|||support|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some statistics have showed that the government expenditure on community development , youth and sports went up by about 57 % from 2005 to 2008 while that on health rose dramatically by 128 % ( 1 ) .
+
+S In reality , these below schemes certainly accounted for not a small scale in the increased public spending .
+A 3 4|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 6|||R:WO|||schemes below|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN|||percentage|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , the growth in number of projects unconsciously puts heavier pressure on the government budget , which consequently creates an imbalance in expenses of different domains .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:SVA|||put|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:TENSE|||created|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN|||expenditure|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This spending , however , is likely to increase more and more in the next years .
+A 3 4|||R:ADV|||furthermore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||few|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , it is not all the government 's duties to take care of the elderly .
+
+S Firstly , from the personal point , the aged have to be responsible for themselves .
+A 2 6|||R:OTHER|||at the personal level|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When they are still in the working age , they need to provide in advance for their lives after retirement .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||individuals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:PREP|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||R:VERB|||should|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||life|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Saving and investing more of their income , for instance , are some solutions to prepare for their old age .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN|||ways|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , from the social point , it is also the filial obligation of the children to take care of their parents when they get old .
+A 2 6|||R:OTHER|||at the social level|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:VERB|||grow|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will obviously help to reduce the expenditures by sharing the dependency burden between the government and its citizens .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||expenditure|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 13|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The most appropriate reason why the government should limit spending on senior citizens is that it will constrain other fields from taking advantage of government budget .
+A 2 3|||R:ADJ|||important|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN|||sectors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Once the supports for them make up too much of the budget , then other spheres can not receive adequate financial assistance .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||support|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB|||takes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||sectors of society|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Take education for example .
+
+S Compared with the rise in health and community development , youth , sports expenditure as mentioned below , the public investment in such a strategic scheme like education in Singapore between 2005 and 2008 has a tendency to decrease from 994 to 856 million dollars ( nearly 14 % ) ( 2 ) .
+A 5 14|||R:OTHER|||expenditure for health , community development , youth and sports|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 24|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:NOUN|||sectors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 38|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||R:VERB:TENSE|||decreased|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are other domains such as industry , education , transportation , information technology which also play an important role in building a solid infrastructure for the nation 's development as well as require proper concerns from officials .
+A 0 1|||M:OTHER|||In addition , there|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN|||sectors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 33|||R:OTHER|||and which thus|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:NOUN:NUM|||concern|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , with a limited budget , government is not capable of covering all expenses .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To a certain extent , restriction on dependency spending is reasonable and necessary so that the reduced money can be used to expand many other crucial areas .
+A 7 9|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 18|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , it will contribute more to the social progress than the aged 's life improvement itself .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||progress of the society|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 17|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In short , the government and policy makers had better come to a reasonable decision on all projects .
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||should|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the face of limited budget , the public spending , however , should give priorities to necessary schemes and identify which cost can be reduced in order to make the best choice .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||priority|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 33|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Clearly , they can cut down on excessive supports for the elderly because there are many other ways that may help sharing the budget burden .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||the government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||support|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 25|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , the money saved can be transferred to more urgent and practical policies that also contribute to the nation 's strength and potential .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||In this way|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB|||used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:VERB|||implement|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S * , ( 2 ) Statistics Singapore .
+
+S Theme on Public Finance .
+
+S Government Development Expenditure .
+
+S Retrieved from August 13 , 2009 from { http : //www.singstat.gov.sg/stats/themes/economy/pubfin.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.singstat.gov.sg/stats/themes/economy/pubfin.html ]
+
+S According to the United Nations , 1 in every 5 person throughout the world would be aged 60 years or older by the year 2050 .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||persons|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the more developed regions , the number of persons aged over 60 would increase by 70 % from 231 million in 2000 to395 million in 2050 .
+
+S These alarming statistics would bring about economic and societal problems to many developed countries .
+
+S One of such is that the government might need to channel more revenue to meet the demands of the elderly group .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the long-term run , this can lead to shrinkage in the Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) of the country or even affect the other sectors of development .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||long|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To prevent such situations from happening , different governments in the developed nations have come up with policies to confront the challenges of an aging population .
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , these social policies that have been implemented are not effective in easing the aging process as they do not fully cater to the demands of their targeted group .
+
+S Firstly , the means-testing policy fails to protect every citizen that requires public funding in practical realities .
+
+S In the context of Singapore , the means-testing system carried out in nursing homes assesses the financial status of the entire family .
+
+S Under this system , if the family has a high income level , the government would provide lower subsidies to the patient .
+
+S However , this is not a fair assessment because there are elderly patients that are being abandoned by their children .
+A 14 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The elderly patient would not be able to afford the bills .
+
+S The flaws in the execution of the mean-testing system do not only occur in Singapore .
+
+S In Australia , even though the means-testing system is deemed as an important way to help the government to redistribute the money to those who are in need , it fails to protect all the elderly .
+
+S This is because some of them might find means testing humiliating as it forces people to declare themselves in poverty .
+A 18 18|||M:VERB|||to be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These examples go to show that the means-testing policy has not fully catered to the demands of their targeted group .
+A 17 18|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , population growth policies do not meet the demands of married couples .
+
+S In view of the graying population , many developed nations have come up with policies to encourage childbirth .
+
+S In the case of Japan , the government introduced its Tokyo Plus One Policy to attract married couples to give birth to more babies .
+
+S The policy included measures such as increasing the number of nurseries and making new changes in the child welfare law .
+
+S Despite the government 's effort in promoting childbirth , the total fertility rate of Japan remains low .
+
+S In addition , there are many considerations that married couples have when it comes to childbirth .
+
+S One of these considerations for couples is the need to strike a balance between family and work life when a new member is added into their family .
+A 24 25|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These obstacles show that population growth policies are not effective in meeting the demands of married couples .
+
+S Lastly , the policy to rise retirement age in developed nations does not serve as a long-term solution in meeting the needs of the elderly .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB|||raise|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In Singapore , the government intends to rise the retirement age of the working group to 62 so that the elderly can continue to support themselves financially .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB|||raise|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , it is undeniable that age discrimination is still evident in work places .
+
+S An employer would prefer to hire a young adult as compared to an elderly as they can contribute to the company for a longer period of time .
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||the former|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some might disagree that even though they can not compete with the younger generation for jobs , the government does organize job fairs to help elderly seek jobs .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB|||argue|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , although these job fairs provide more working opportunities for the elderly , the success of such job fairs is largely dependent on the receptiveness of the elderly 's expectations to the new job scope .
+A 31 32|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 36|||R:OTHER|||scope of the new job|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , there should be a maximum cap to the increment on retirement age as we also need to consider the physical capabilities of the elderly .
+
+S All these obstacles show that raising retirement age does not address well to the concerns of an elderly .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:NOUN|||well|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , it is clear that social policies do not always meet the needs of its catered groups .
+A 15 18|||R:OTHER|||the groups they seek to cater to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S No matter how well a social policy is constructed , there is still loopholes that are often neglected by policy-makers .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB|||overlooked|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This shows that much more can be done to improve the different kinds of policies .
+
+S Furthermore , it is important to note that social policies should be flexible so that they can make suitable changes to meet the demands of the society at different points of time .
+A 30 31|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Once the demands are being met , the route to easing an aging population would be much more smooth-sailing than it would have been thought .
+A 4 5|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 24|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References/Citations :
+
+S * United Nations Population Division-Department of Economic and Social Affairs , 2002 United Nations Publications , Retrieved on September 8 , 2009 , from { http : //www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/pdf/80chapterii.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/pdf/80chapterii.pdf ]
+
+S * Dr Adrian John Kok Chung Ming , ( 2007 , Jul 28 ) Have policies to protect rights of older workers .
+
+S The Straits Times .
+
+S Retrieved on September 8 , 2009
+
+S Colin Donald ( 2004 , Feb 16 ) Japan 's Birth Dearth .
+
+S The Straits Times , Retrieved on September 6 , 2009 .
+
+S It is common to see a society aging with the elderly population rising rapidly in the recent years .
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although society has a moral obligation to do all that it can to help the elderly , there are still limits to the expenses of the government to help the aged .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN|||budget|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 27|||R:OTHER|||the government can allocate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When there are limited resources , scarcity is unavoidable which lead to a situation where not everyone will benefit and there will be those who are in need who will be left out .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:SVA|||leads|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When policies are constraints by a budget it aim to have lesser cost that causes most strategies taken are unworkable and unpractical after they are introduce the public .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||constrained|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 28|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To minimize or eliminate the occurrence of this phenomenon there should not be a limit to government spending on the elderly .
+
+S One of the examples is the government plan to extent the working lifespan of the elderly .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB|||extend|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , this is not a practicable and long-term solution to the problem .
+
+S Firstly , to what limit should the government delay their retirement ?
+
+S A year or two or more ?
+
+S With every year passes by , they are facing the limitations of their physical and mental strength .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||face|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Physical loss in sight , hearing , mobility , continence are very common .
+A 0 1|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||as well as the development of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They also have to face the fact that they are unable to keep up with the workload they used to handle in the young old days even if they wanted to .
+A 22 23|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:ADJ:FORM|||younger|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:VERB:TENSE|||want|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although delaying retirement can help the elderly to accumulate some wealth , reality speaks differently when it comes to elderly people .
+
+S No matter how experienced or skilled an elderly is , he or she will always be in a disadvantage situation compare to those who are younger , more energetic and most importantly , more productive than them .
+A 8 8|||M:NOUN|||person|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:PREP|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:FORM|||compared|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , spending on the elderly should not be limited to be able to support them .
+A 10 13|||R:OTHER|||in order|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB|||better|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides that , what did the Singapore government did was introduced the Baby Bonus schemes to the public with the objective of encouraging the public to have more children .
+A 4 5|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:FORM|||introduce|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||scheme|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is important , as with more youth , it will increase the productivity of the country as well as spreading the cost of development over a large population .
+A 0 1|||R:PRON|||This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||having|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||youths|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:FORM|||spread|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , this scheme did not work as well as predicted even though the government has put efforts in promoting it .
+A 4 7|||R:OTHER|||has not worked|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:PREP|||into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The scheme netted only a gain in 129 citizen births last year in 2008 compared to 2003 .
+A 6 7|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:OTHER|||the number of births in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Such scheme is unpractical even it may work in the long run .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:ADJ|||impractical|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:PREP|||if|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The reason is that not everyone is willing to have a baby just to get the benefit from the scheme .
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||offered by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Having a baby is a long-term responsibility and burden not many are willing and prepared to take .
+
+S Therefore , resources used in it should have diverted directly to help the elderly to be able to cope with their problems immediately .
+A 3 6|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If we spend less on the elderly , children will have the filial obligation to take care of the elderly .
+
+S This may sound good and interesting but with the current economic status , there is less economic growth , tougher choices needed to be made to cope with the demand of the society .
+A 13 14|||R:ADV|||where|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:FORM|||need|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even if the economic is improving , the expenses of the elderly will just keep on getting higher , it seem to only benefit the government and not the elderly .
+A 3 4|||R:MORPH|||economy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||improves|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:SVA|||seems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , it will heavily burden those who have an elderly at home and such stress leads many of them to abandon their elderly .
+A 2 3|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:NOUN|||person|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides that , there are still a segment of people that have no job , no saving and even do n't have a family that we overlook .
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||savings|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:CONJ|||nor|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 22|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:DET|||no|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:OTHER|||often|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If expenditures on the aged were cut off how would we expect them to be able to pay for their living and supposedly it is the obligation of the government to provide shelter to these people .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||expenditure|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 21|||R:OTHER|||survive|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 25|||R:WO|||it is supposedly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As such , it is important for the government to spend more to help these people .
+
+S Although there are other areas such as education , infrastructure and defense that require our attention , it is also of equal important for us to have the same concern for the elderly .
+A 22 23|||R:MORPH|||importance|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These people are the one that have contributed themselves to the development of the country in the past .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||ones|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB|||dedicated|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is their right to enjoy the privilege provided by the government after their retirement .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||privileges|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As such , my point of view is that the spending on the aged should not be limited .
+
+S If the expenditure towards the elderly is limited , many will left in a lurch and thus raise rage among the elderly .
+A 11 11|||M:VERB:TENSE|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference :
+
+S 1 ) A Graying World,Peter G. Peterson
+
+S 2 ) Robert B. Friedland and Laura Summer , Demography Is Not Destiny , Revisited .
+
+S Center on Aging Society , Georgetown University , March 2005
+
+S Old age is a reality that we all have to face one day .
+
+S The tremendous improvement in nutrition and medication has led to life expectancy in the developed world to increase significantly .
+A 16 18|||R:VERB:FORM|||increasing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the elderly population soars , the demographic changes that occur will cause increased public spending on the elderly in different fields such as medical care and public infrastructures .
+
+S Thus , many national budgets and economies will come under pressure as growing numbers of elderly people outnumbered the number of younger people .
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:TENSE|||outnumber|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Despite all that , public spending on the elderly should not be limited and society has the moral obligation and practical to assist them in all aspect .
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:NOUN:NUM|||aspects|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The elders had contributed much to the country development and public expenditure for the elderly should not be limited .
+A 1 2|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is undeniable that the elderly have made immense contributions to the country and their sacrifices create the relative social and economics comfort we enjoy now .
+A 21 22|||R:MORPH|||economic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The elderly have become bright example for the younger generation in various domains .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||examples|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many of them have made valuable contribution to the country in different fields such as political arena , science and technology field , economics activities and culture as well .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||contributions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||politics|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On top of that , most importantly , they had contributed to the nation by imparting their knowledge and experience with the younger generation .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , over the years , the elderly have helped to build up the economy of Singapore by imparting several policies and they have worked hard in securing and maintaining the stability of the country .
+A 19 20|||R:VERB|||developing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although many may agree that public spending on the elderly should be limited , this will however creates an impact to the society and increases societal cost .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB|||argue|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:FORM|||create|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:SVA|||increase|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 27|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The limitation in public spending on the elderly may cause family members and individuals shoulder a bigger responsibility in taking care of the elderly .
+A 14 14|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , some of those cost on the elderly will end up getting shifted back to the public sector through less direct and more expensive means .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN|||expenses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||incurred to support|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , the rising cost of health spending for the elderly has taken its toll on them and many could not afford that .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN|||healthcare|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:TENSE|||can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , family members may need to fork out their own money to support their elderly parents .
+
+S Consequently , conflict and argument among family members may occur in this matter .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||arguments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , many other issues related to housing and transportation can not be resolved .
+
+S Families and local communities will have to deal with that by restructuring welfare programmes .
+A 9 10|||R:DET|||those|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , the limitation in public expenditure on the elderly people will also affect the level of physical , mental and emotional well-being of an elderly person .
+A 10 11|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the decrease in public spending on the elderly , many elderly will come under pressure as they will have less financial dependency on others .
+A 12 12|||M:NOUN|||people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:ADJ|||greater|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Subsidies on health care and treatment at community hospitals and nursing homes for the elderly for instance will be cut off hence leaving them to be self-supporting .
+A 21 21|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:OTHER|||the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 27|||R:OTHER|||fend for themselves|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All this pressure occur will make them suffer from mental illness as their children do not look after them in old age .
+A 3 4|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||could|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||may|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 22|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For most of the older people , family members are the major source of social and financial support .
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Without that , the elderly may start and spend time reflecting their past , remembering disappointment and that stage of life may turn into a time of despair and loneliness , with only little positive meaning in life .
+A 2 2|||M:NOUN|||support|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||disappointments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All this will eventually lead to suicide and depression among the elderly .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||could|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the whole , the government and society should support public spending for the elderly because the aged have in the past contributed to society and have made Singapore what it is today .
+
+S The elders should benefit from the government , family and community care in all aspects to help them to ease their burden after what they have done for us over the years .
+A 1 2|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The public spending on elderly constitutes a safety net for them and all parties should work hand in hand to resolve this matter .
+A 0 1|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Bibliography
+
+S Article
+
+S Robert B. Friedland and Laura Summer , Demography Is Not Destiny , Revisited .
+
+S Center on Aging Society , Georgetown University , March 2005
+
+S Website
+
+S The Health and the well-being of the elderly , Resolution adopted without a vote by the 90th Inter-Parliamentary Conference ( Canberra , 18 September 1993 ) < { http : //www.ipu.org/english/home.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.ipu.org/english/home.htm ] > { Medical help / subsidy / subsidies for Elderly in Singapore : Primary Care Partnership Scheme } [ HYPERLINK : http : //aroundsingapore2008.blogspot.com/2009/04/medical-help-subsidy-subsidies-for.html ] < { http : //aroundsingapore2008.blogspot.com/2009/04/medical-help-subsidy-subsidies-for.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //aroundsingapore2008.blogspot.com/2009/04/medical-help-subsidy-subsidies-for.html ] > Economic and social implications of population aging : proceedings of the International Symposium on Population Structure and Development , Tokyo , 10-12 September 1987 .
+
+S New York , New York , United Nations , 1988. : 418-30 .
+
+S ( ST/ESA/SER.R/85 ) < { http : //db.jhuccp.org/icswpd/exec/icswppro.dll ? BU = http : //db.jhuccp.org/icswpd/exec/icswppro.dll&QF0 = DocNo&QI0 = 201442&TN = Popline&AC = QBE_QUERY&MR = 30 % 25DL = 1&&RL = 1&&RF = LongRecordDisplay&DF = LongRecordDisplay } [ HYPERLINK : http : //db.jhuccp.org/icswpd/exec/icswppro.dll ? BU = http : //db.jhuccp.org/icswpd/exec/icswppro.dll&QF0 = DocNo&QI0 = 201442&TN = Popline&AC = QBE_QUERY&MR = 30 % 25DL = 1&&RL = 1&&RF = LongRecordDisplay&DF = LongRecordDisplay ] >
+
+S Party chief praises elderly ' s contributions to nation < { http : //mofa.gov.vn/en/nr040807104143/nr040807105039/ns060607082832 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //mofa.gov.vn/en/nr040807104143/nr040807105039/ns060607082832 ] >
+
+S Implementation of the International Plan of Action on Aging and related activities
+
+S The aging population has of late become a subject for discussion because the growing of an aging population has brought about serious health issues and social problems in the developed nations .
+A 13 14|||R:MORPH|||growth|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S National budget will also come under pressure as growing number of elderly supported by relatively fewer younger people .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||budgets|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , to deal with such challenges , researches and developments or policies have been brought out to help the elderly .
+A 8 9|||R:MORPH|||research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:VERB|||has been carried out|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||development|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||as well as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:VERB|||developed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The development in the field of economics has surprisingly contributed in easing the aging population .
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:NOUN|||problem|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Researchers believe that the critical challenge of an aging society is not only about how to accommodate the older population , but is about how to ensure the productivity of future workers , regardless of age .
+A 22 23|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , many have been done by the government in encouraging the economic growth in our country in order to decrease the problems that may arise from the aging process .
+A 2 3|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To encourage the economic growth of our country , our government has worked hard in developing the tourism industry in our country .
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||to develop|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Tourism in our country had successfully created a wide range of job opportunities for our citizens , such as tour guide , airline staff , drivers , hoteliers , caterers and interpreters .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||R:NOUN|||occupations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The lower barrier to elder employment which is set by the government has allowed employers to take older workers to work in the career mentioned above .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:ADV|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN|||jobs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , more people have the opportunity to work .
+
+S The rate of unemployment will decrease .
+
+S People can work longer , accumulate more wealth and increase the citizens ' savings .
+A 10 13|||R:OTHER|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S At the same time , poverty rate can be decreased .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S People can also afford to look after their elderly .
+
+S After retirement , the elderly can also use the money that they have earned without depending on their families .
+A 14 14|||M:OTHER|||to support themselves|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By improving the business condition , our country also undergo a dramatically climb of the economics .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN|||environment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||has also undergone|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:MORPH|||dramatic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:DET|||our|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:MORPH|||economy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This creates a bigger business volume for our local traders .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has created|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||more|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , taxes which are collected increase and the income of our country also rises .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||have increased|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||has also risen|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The money which is earned is being used in the development of medical technology to help the human being to cure the incurable , such as heart attack , tuberculosis , cornea impairment and cataract .
+A 0 5|||R:OTHER|||These taxes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 20|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are also medical facilities and systems which are being introduced lately , such as laser therapy , dialysis machines and microsurgery .
+A 8 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||R:WO|||lately introduced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With all these modern technology , human life can be extended and people can live healthier .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||technologies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||more healthily|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The elderly can be stronger and less of them will be suffering from physical illnesses , such as stroke , diabetes , cancer and high blood pressure .
+A 6 7|||R:ADJ|||fewer|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||medical conditions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Employers who claim that elderly are ability and mobility restricted will also no longer having any excuse to reject elderly who wish to work in their organization .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 10|||R:OTHER|||restricted in ability and mobility|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:FORM|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:NOUN|||individuals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government has done hard in creating opportunities for the foreign investment to encourage foreign investment .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB|||worked|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||to create|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 12|||R:OTHER|||foreign investors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This has increased the foreign currency exchange and stopped the outflow of our local currency and hence , strengthened the value of our money .
+A 17 18|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , there is a significant growth of economics in our country that increases the income of our country .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 14|||R:OTHER|||our economy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has increased|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The income that our country has earned is then being spent on the welfare of the elderly .
+
+S The government has used the money to build more community hospital and nursing homes which are well-equipped with the elderly-friendly facilities .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||hospitals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They also provide a range of services to meet the needs of elderly , such as the medical care , nursing care , physiotherapy , dietary services and dental care .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The elderly can be admitted into the community hospitals or nursing home if they need daily skilled nursing care or assistance in activities of daily living if they have no caregiver to look after them at home .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||homes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:PREP|||because|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Society has fewer choices on how to care for those who are least able to care for themselves when there is only little economic growth .
+
+S On the other hand , there will be more choices and fewer people in need when there is a sufficient economic growth .
+A 18 19|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The growth of the economy can solved many problems which arise from the aging population .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:FORM|||solve|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Abandoned and unmarried old people can stand on their own feet without relying on others .
+
+S Excuses such as high cost of living makes it hard for working adults to pay for their elderly living expenses will not exist too .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:FORM|||making|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Obviously , efforts that the government put in developing the economics of our country have resulted a successfully growth and inevitably , this has contributed in easing and solving the problems of aging population .
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:MORPH|||economy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:MORPH|||successful|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 32|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many developed countries are now facing the same crucial issue an aging population .
+A 10 10|||M:PUNCT|||:|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Taking Singapore as an example , she will be witnessing a drastic demographic shift in history , with the age population ratio predicted to change drastically from one in twelve residents over the age of 65 in 2005 to one in five residents in 2030 ( Community on Ageing Issues , 2006 ) .
+A 0 1|||R:VERB:FORM|||Take|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 31|||M:VERB|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , there would be a need for governments to increase expenditure on the aged to accommodate to this burgeoning age group .
+A 17 18|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Despite this , the crux of the issue here lies in how much should this spending on the aged be capped at .
+A 0 2|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 19|||R:WO|||this spending on the aged should|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , health care now accounts for 4.5 % of Singapore 's gross national expenditure ( Wijaya , 2009 ) .
+
+S If there is no limit set to this figure , it can continue indefinitely , perhaps up to a double-digit figure , and may even cut into the state budget for other areas of development .
+
+S Therefore , public spending on the aged should be limited so that there would be adequate resources available for other areas of the country 's development .
+
+S However , critics argued that by limiting the amount spent on the aged and diverting the resources to other areas of the country 's development , the essential needs of the elderly would be neglected .
+A 0 2|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||argue|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One such example is the healthcare need of the elderly .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It would hardly be a surprise that healthcare cost for the elderly would continue to escalate in the decades ahead .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||costs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the never-ending introduction of new medical technologies and the seriousness of prolonged illnesses associated with old age , medical treatments for the elderly would be increasingly expensive .
+
+S The limiting of the public spending on the aged would thereby shift more of this healthcare costs to the individuals , causing the elderly to shoulder heavier financial burden .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Furthermore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:DET|||these|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||elderly themselves|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The elderly would therefore be at the suffering end .
+
+S While this may indeed happen , the situation can still be remedied .
+
+S Additional profits reaped from the investment in other areas of the country 's development could in turn contribute to the public spending significantly .
+A 19 22|||R:OTHER|||on the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , it is inevitable for the government to divert money to the other areas of development as aging population has affected these areas significantly .
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||R:VERB:TENSE|||affects|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One considerable implication of aging population is its possible impact on the country 's future macro-economic performance ( Schuiz , Borowoki , & Crown , 1991 ) .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the baby boomers , the leading edge of the coming age wave , begin to move out of the workforce , the country will face the problem of a shrinking workforce .
+A 5 13|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In Singapore , there are currently 8.5 economically active persons to support one elderly .
+A 14 14|||M:NOUN|||person|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By 2030 , the labour-dependency ratio will drastically drop to only 3.5 persons supporting one elderly ( Central Provident Fund [ CPF ] Board ) .
+A 16 16|||M:NOUN|||person|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This shrinking workforce may signal the advent of less productive workforce and financial strain on the members of the workforce as they need to produce adequate amount of outputs to support the burgeoning elderly population ( Schuiz et al. , 1991 ) .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:ADJ|||greater|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:NOUN:NUM|||amounts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||UNK|||output|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On top of that , a shrinking and less productive workforce could have an adverse impact on the country 's economic growth .
+
+S Therefore , the government should divert more resources such as increased investments in human capital to improve , or at least sustain , the productivity of the workforce and the country 's economic growth .
+
+S With sufficient economic growth , it would bring prosperity to the country and in turn benefit the society as a whole .
+A 0 1|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The additional profits reaped from this investment may in turn regenerate to the public funds to help the needy ones , including the elderly .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB|||be re-channeled|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , the investments in other areas of the country 's development would not be at expense of the needs of the elderly ; in actual fact , it could create a win-win situation .
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , limiting the public spending on the aged and diverting resources to other areas may not necessarily mean that the government is neglecting the needs of the elderly .
+
+S Government is still taking care of the aged from various aspects .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One aspect is the formulating of policies with the elderly in mind .
+
+S For instance , the Singapore government has passed the Maintenance of Parents Act to allow elderly parents to file lawsuit against their children for financial support ( Khalik , 2009 ) .
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||lawsuits|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This legislation would help to discourage adult children from shirking their responsibility of looking after their aged parents .
+
+S In addition , the government has long enforced individual savings through the mandatory CPF , propelling the population to save for their old age ( Wijaya , 2009 ) .
+A 15 16|||R:VERB|||compelling|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This approach taken by the government would enable the individuals to accumulate wealth , and hence depend lesser on families and government financially in their twilight years .
+A 17 18|||R:MORPH|||less|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||their family|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Through these various aspects , it therefore shows that governments have taken a more well-rounded approach in taking care of the needs of the elderly ; and that public spending on the aged is not and should not be used as a single depiction of how governments can express their concerns towards the elderly .
+A 0 1|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||show|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In a nutshell , limiting the public spending on the aged and diverting resources to other areas of the country 's development do not necessarily mean that the government is neglecting the needs of the aged .
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One should note that setting limits on the public spending on the aged is to reduce the over-dependency of the aged on the government while diverting resources to other areas of development is to allow the country to prosper and sequentially benefit the whole community , which includes the aged .
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:SVA|||reduces|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 34|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:VERB:SVA|||allows|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 41|||R:ADV|||subsequently|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is through this approach , pressing issues such as economic implications of aging population can be resolved and at the same time , more revenue can be generated to help the needy ones that comprise the elderly as well .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:VERB|||includes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Bibliography Central Provident Fund Board .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Overview .
+
+S Retrieved September 13 , 2009 , from http : //mycpf.cpf.gov.sg/CPF/About-Us/Intro/Intro.htm
+
+S Committee on Ageing Issues .
+
+S ( 2006 ) .
+
+S The Report on the Ageing Population .
+
+S Retrieved September 13 , 2009 , from http : //www.mcys.gov.sg/successful_ageing/report/Chapter % 201 % 20- % 20Demographic % 20Realities.pdf
+
+S Economic Policy Committee .
+
+S ( 2001 ) .
+
+S Budgetary challenges posed by ageing populations : the impact on public spending on pensions , health and long-term care for the elderly and possible indicators of the long-term sustainability of public finances .
+
+S Retrieved September 19 , 2009 , from http : //www.epsv.org/documentos/demographic % 20outlook % 20ecofin % 20completo1101.pdf
+
+S Khalik , S. ( 2009 , August 17 ) .
+
+S Laws against dumping parents ?
+
+S The Straits Times .
+
+S Retrieved September 19 , 2009 , from http : //www.straitstimes.com/Breaking + News/Singapore/Story/STIStory_417824.html
+
+S Moody , H. R. ( 2000 ) .
+
+S Aging : Concepts and Controversies ( 3rd ed. ) .
+
+S California : Pine Forge Press .
+
+S Pifer , A. , & Bronte , L .
+
+S ( Eds. ) .
+
+S ( 1986 ) .
+
+S Our Aging Society : Paradox and Promise .
+
+S New York : W. W. Norton .
+
+S Sakuraba , R. ( 2009 ) .
+
+S The Amendment of the Employment Measure Act : Japanese Anti-Age Discrimination Law .
+
+S Japan Labour Review , 6 ( 2 ) .
+
+S Retrieved September 19 , 2009 , from http : //www.jil.go.jp/english/JLR/documents/2009/JLR22_sakuraba.pdf
+
+S Schuiz , J. H. , Borowoki , A. , & Crown , W. H. ( 1991 ) .
+
+S Economics of Population Aging : the " graying " of Australia , Japan , and the United States .
+
+S Westport : Auburn House .
+
+S Wijaya , M. ( 2009 , August 27 ) .
+
+S Singapore faces 'silver tsunami' .
+
+S Asia Times .
+
+S Retrieved September 20 , 209 , from http : //yoursdp.org/index.php/news/singapore/2733-singapore-faces-silver-tsunami
+
+S Public spending is defined as the amount of funding the government channels into the society from the monies it collects from the society .
+
+S This fund is generated through various economic activities , usually in the form of taxation .
+
+S The debate often revolves round how the government utilizes this fund , which is contributed by the citizens .
+
+S The total amount collected from an economy tends to be more or less fixed in the short term .
+
+S Therefore , if one group of people gets more , the others would get lesser .
+
+S Thus , by limiting the spending on the aged , it would mean that other sectors of the society would get more than before .
+
+S This essay will discuss on the limit that should be imposed to the amount of funds that should be budgeted for spending on the aged that would constitute as a fair distribution of government resources .
+A 4 5|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is due to the fact that the aged is not the only dependent group in society .
+
+S If there is a tendency to spend more than necessary on the aged ; other sectors of the economy might find that they lack finances to function normally .
+A 13 14|||R:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:ADV|||adequately|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some might say that it is immoral to deprive the aged of the help they need .
+
+S They tend to support this argument by considering the contributions made by the aged during their hey-days and the level of their dependency in this season of their lives .
+
+S However , this school of thought focuses on only one aspect of the issues of society .
+
+S There is no doubt that some of the aged need helps .
+A 10 11|||R:MORPH|||help|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , they are not the only dependent group .
+
+S A country is likely to also include the poor , the uneducated , the physically disabled , the intellectually underdeveloped , and many others who require constant monetary aid from the government .
+
+S Thus , it can almost be called an ill-informed decision when one claims that the government should take care of the aged without limits .
+
+S There is no doubt that we should ensure that the aged could age with dignity .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , not only for the aged , other citizens who are dependent on the government 's help should also have the right to live with dignity too .
+A 4 5|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||but|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , while the government educates the aged about their rights and campaigns about health maintenance methods , the other sectors of society in need of help should not be left out .
+
+S Therefore , public spending on the aged should be limited so that other citizens of the country who are in need can also receive aid .
+
+S A second argument is that financial support for the aged is essential to maintain a certain level of standard of living for the aged .
+
+S It may be true that without the help from the government , some senior citizens would struggle just to survive .
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , if the state takes care of the aged unconditionally , it would be a policy impossible to maintain in a long run .
+A 21 22|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Unrestrained expenditure on the aged can be likened to an endless pit .
+
+S Without clear guidelines , the elderly could easily abuse the system .
+
+S This is especially true when the cost of visiting subsidized public hospitals falls below that of visiting general practitioners , where the costs are borne solely by the patients .
+
+S Without a limitation based on the results of means testing , it would lead to a large number of people applying for grants even when they are not in dire need for such concessions .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Not having|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In Singapore , the government puts in place many rules and regulations for citizens to gain access to public aid like the Public Assistance Scheme .
+
+S This is to make sure that those who eventually get the money are those who genuinely need financial assistance , not simply because they are fall into the right age category .
+A 24 25|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Stolberg and Zeleny , 2009 ) President Obama aimed to modify America 's health care policy to one that 'provides security and stability to those who have insurance and cover those who do not , all without adding to the federal deficit' .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:FORM|||aims|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The New York Times ( 2009 ) states that the health care system in the United States of America ( USA ) today is 'full of waste and abuse' .
+
+S This is due to the fact that USA is a welfare state and provides pension for the retired .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This financial scheme resulted in USA being the country spending most on health care , leading to a great strain on the government budget ( The New York Times , 2009 , 14 September ) .
+A 3 3|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this light , we can be sure that this excessive amount of money is not well-spent .
+A 1 3|||R:OTHER|||light of this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , public spending on the aged should be limited to prevent misuse of funds that could be better channeled back to the economy , where more government budget would most likely be generated .
+A 28 29|||R:NOUN|||revenue|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are also others who argue that the aged should be entitled to unlimited funds as it is difficult to ensure that all the basic needs of the aged are met .
+
+S They would rather provide more so that all the aged are taken care of , rather than risk any one of them suffering due to insufficient aid .
+
+S However , this would likely benefit only a portion of the society and deprive the other sectors of the funds needed .
+
+S In society today , there are certain industries , known as the public goods , which require government involvement to exist .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , if the government does not invest in training an army of their own , no citizen will pay from their own pocket for it .
+A 3 27|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Such facilities benefit everyone in the country and it is difficult to exclude anyone from enjoying it .
+A 16 17|||R:PRON|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , everyone tends to wait for their neighbours to provide for them .
+A 0 14|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The widespread of such mentality would then result in the government having to provide these services .
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||wide spread|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , if public spending on the aged is not limited , there will be lesser funds channeled to works such as the building of roads , the provision of street lights , the maintenance of policemen and cleaning of the streets .
+A 15 16|||R:ADJ:FORM|||less|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN|||projects|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||R:OTHER|||the police force|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With restricted budget in these sectors , we may have to live with a lower quality of life and a less secured nation , which would also lower the living standards amongst the aged .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , it is necessary to specify limits to public spending on the aged , so that sufficient funds can be channeled to provide other facilities for the nation as a whole .
+
+S In conclusion , caring for the elderly is only right and necessary .
+
+S However , it should be within limits so that other parts of society would not be deprived of the help that is necessary for current support and future development .
+
+S Everyone is dependent on government aid varying degrees .
+A 6 6|||M:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A good balance must be struck to ensure that as little people as possible are deprived of government support due to poor distribution of state monies .
+A 10 11|||R:ADJ|||few|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Bibliography
+
+S Sheryl Gay Stolberg and Jeff Zeleny ( 2009 , 11 September ) Obama spells out health care view .
+
+S International Herald Tribune , pp .
+
+S 1 and 4 .
+
+S The New York Times ( 2009 ) Obama 's Health Care Speech to Congress Retrieved September 14 , 2009 , from http : //www.nytimes.com/2009/09/10/us/politics/10obama.text.html ? pagewanted = 5 &ref = politics
+
+S This essay will discuss about the current political research and development that help to ease the aging process in the context of Singapore .
+A 4 5|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Aging process involves in physical , psychological and social changes of human being , often brings about deterioration of physical and mental health and loneliness .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The aging|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 2|||M:OTHER|||, which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||among|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||beings|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These will bring about the increment of the nation 's health expenses and pension fund .
+A 2 7|||R:OTHER|||increase|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To a large extent , aging process has been alleviated with the current social policies and implementation that emphasise individual responsibility , familial commitment and residual model policies- often known as government intervention .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Government have placed policies that emphasise individual responsibility which are proven effective to ease the aging process .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Every working Singaporeans with a minimal income of five hundred dollars will have to make contributions to the Central Provident Fund ( CPF ) .
+A 2 3|||R:MORPH|||Singaporean|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||contribute|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With this compulsory saving scheme , Singapore citizens will have to save up for three accounts , which are the Special Account , Medisave Account and Retirement Account ( CPF , 2009 ) respectively serving different purposes .
+
+S These accounts serve as fee for medical expenses , investment , emergency and retirement fee to ensure that the citizens have sufficient money for their old age .
+A 2 5|||R:OTHER|||are meant|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||investments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||emergencies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 25|||R:OTHER|||when they reach|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Despite having these accounts , senior citizens may still face problems of paying their medical bill and daily expenses as these accounts are subjected to withdrawal limitations and high eligibility age barriers .
+A 0 1|||M:OTHER|||However , despite|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||bills|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , it is vital that senior citizens have a healthy lifestyle and to be active in the workforce in order for one to be in good health and ability to self-provide .
+A 22 23|||R:OTHER|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 29|||M:VERB|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 29|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Singapore government have been actively educating the senior citizen the importance of healthy living and promoting of community activities and campaigns .
+A 0 0|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||citizens|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:PREP|||about|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , Health Promotion Board introducing healthy aging program and forming of interest groups like Tai Chi and Karaoke Singing Clubs among the residents in the community .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has introduced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||programs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:FORM|||formed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:NOUN:NUM|||communities|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These activities promote physical , mental wellness for the senior citizens as well as enlarging their social circle by making friends which aids the aging process .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:FORM|||enlarge|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 26|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Singapore government have devised plans and policies to develop strong sense of familial commitment as to aid the aging population burden of the state .
+A 0 0|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||in order|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB|||ease|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Evidently , these policies have been demonstrated to work as statistics ( Ministry of Community Development , Youth and Sports [ MCYS ] , 2005 ) have shown that the majority ( 76.4 % ) of senior citizens lived with their children ( p. 10 ) and 44.7 % of the senior citizen depended on their child for financial support ( p. 28 ) .
+A 4 7|||R:VERB|||are deemed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||R:VERB:TENSE|||live|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 52 53|||R:NOUN:NUM|||citizens|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 53 54|||R:VERB:TENSE|||depend|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 56 57|||R:NOUN|||chilchildren|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Policies included tax relief for taking care elderly parents or grandparents taking care of grandchildren while both parents working , public housing schemes by permitting grants to citizens who are purchasing a flat in the area their parents live .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||include|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:FORM|||work|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:PREP|||like|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 30|||R:OTHER|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:VERB:FORM|||purchase|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 33|||R:OTHER|||flats|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:NOUN:NUM|||areas|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 36|||M:ADV|||where|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Indirectly , this will strengthen the family ties and allows the senior citizens to seek companionship of their children or grandchildren .
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:SVA|||allow|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , there are still cases , whereby children refuse to support their parents though they are capable of doing .
+A 6 7|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:ADV|||so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the introduction of Tribunal for the Maintenance of Parents ( Ministry of Community Development , Youth and Sports [ MCYS ] , 2009 ) , parents who are over 60 of age and incapable of supporting themselves can file petitions against their children to seek financial support from their children .
+A 31 33|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 44|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nevertheless , the pillars of the future are further instilled with the importance of moral values such as filial piety by having moral civics lesson in schools to infuse the importance of familial commitment .
+A 20 22|||R:OTHER|||through|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN:NUM|||lessons|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:VERB|||highlight|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly , Residual Model policies are in placed to ease the aging process as they act as the last straw of the social safety net when the elderly have inability of self-reliance or no familial support .
+A 7 8|||R:MORPH|||place|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 31|||R:OTHER|||lack|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 33|||M:VERB|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||R:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , Public Assistance Scheme whereby senior citizens are given cash grants and free treatment at polyclinics and government or restructured hospitals .
+A 0 1|||R:ORTH|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another example will be the Medical Endowment Fund ( Ministry of Health [ MOH ] , 2007 ) , which are known as Medifund and Medifund Silver , whereby elderly are given provision of medical funds due to not having a Medisave or Medishield Account , or who did not accumulate enough in these accounts , or have no immediate family member to pay their hospital bills .
+A 2 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 29|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 46 47|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 47 49|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 50 51|||R:VERB:TENSE|||having accumulated|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 57 58|||R:VERB:FORM|||having|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This enables every senior citizen to be able to receive medical attention when needed .
+A 6 8|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another argument against these assistance schemes is that these will increase the dependency of the senior citizen on the government as they know that if they will be provided if they have inability to pay for their medical bill .
+A 0 1|||R:DET|||An|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||citizens|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:VERB|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:OTHER|||unable|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||R:NOUN:NUM|||bills|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , government stresses that these policies do not entitle all citizens to share the same benefits through mean testing , whereby the individuals are accessed according to their financial situation and bill size .
+A 25 26|||R:VERB|||assessed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Affordability of a patient is now dictated by the government and patient who is considered not qualified for the fund will end up paying more , this will in turn highlights the importance of self- reliance .
+A 1 4|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:ORTH|||This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:VERB:SVA|||highlight|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 36|||R:ORTH|||self-reliance|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although there are still flaws in the current policies , shortcoming of one policy can be overcome with other policies and developments .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||shortcomings|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To a large extent , current policies have help to ease the aging process however it is essentially important that all the policies were put together to have the optimal result as the policies complement each other .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:FORM|||helped|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:ORTH|||However|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:VERB|||achieve|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 37|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the whole , Singapore government have not overlooked the underprivileged senior citizens by providing safety net to ensure their basic needs are met .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , in helping to shape the aging population to age gracefully , Singapore government have constantly emphasised on the importance of self reliance and shunning away from being a welfare state without undermining the familial commitment and work ethnic of the senior citizens .
+A 4 6|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 40|||R:NOUN|||ethic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 42|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Aging with grace , are ones with good health and lifestyles , financial stability and coupled with company of family and friends .
+A 3 6|||R:OTHER|||means|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||being in the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Central Provident Fund ( CPF ) .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Central Provident Fund Overview .
+
+S Retrieved from { http : //mycpf.cpf.gov.sg/CPF/About-Us/Intro/Intro.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //mycpf.cpf.gov.sg/CPF/About-Us/Intro/Intro.htm ]
+
+S Ministry of Community Development , Youth and Sports ( MCYS ) .
+
+S ( 2005 ) .
+
+S The National Survey of Senior Citizens in Singapore 2005 .
+
+S Singapore .
+
+S Ministry of Community Development , Youth and Sports ( MCYS ) .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Tribunal for the Maintenance of Parents .
+
+S Retrieved from { http : //app.mcys.gov.sg/web/faml_supfaml_tribunalmainten.asp } [ HYPERLINK : http : //app.mcys.gov.sg/web/faml_supfaml_tribunalmainten.asp ]
+
+S Ministry of Health ( MOH ) .
+
+S ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Healthcare Financing - Medifund .
+
+S Retrieved from { http : //www.moh.gov.sg/mohcorp/hcfinancing.aspx ? id = 308 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.moh.gov.sg/mohcorp/hcfinancing.aspx ? id = 308 ]
+
+S The aging process is the process of becoming older .
+
+S More countries are facing the problems brought about by the aging process in the social as well as the economic aspects .
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Over the years , the life expectancy of people increases due to factors such as better hygiene and improved healthcare .
+
+S Vaccination has prevented people from getting life-threatening diseases in the past , tuberculosis , which is no longer a big threat today .
+A 1 2|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:OTHER|||such as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Increased life expectancy coupled with decreasing birth rate as shown in some first world countries such as Japan , where the country 's fertility rate was 1.23 children per woman and 21 % of the population 65 years old and older ( Cardiosk , October 2008 ) , led to aging population .
+
+S Despite the perplexing issues arising in the process of aging , the government has put in much effort in developing policies and aiding in research to alleviate the negative impacts on society .
+A 27 28|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:NOUN:NUM|||impact|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With an aging population , less people are able to work and the development of the economy is likely to decline .
+
+S Faruqee and Men ( 2002 ) wrote that declining and aging population would cause the level of Global Domestic Product ( GDP ) to fall by twenty percent annually in the long run .
+
+S To increase the number of people in the workforce , countries such as Singapore encourages foreign talent to contribute to her economy .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:SVA|||encourage|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government also implemented baby bonus to encourage couples to procreate which would increase labour in the long run .
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||" baby bonus "|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the Singapore government has increased the retirement age to 65 years old so that the elderly can continue to contribute to the economy .
+
+S Reuters ( 2007 ) reported Singapore plans to raise the retirement age for citizens from 62 to 65 by year 2012 to account for the higher life expectancy of the population .
+A 5 5|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Despite increasing the retirement age to reduce the pressure on economic development , the children of the elderly might not be willing to let their parents continue working at such an old age .
+
+S Hence Japan invented robots to replace the lack of manpower due to the aging population .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These robots can also play a role in taking care of the elderly in the future for instance the wheelchairs that operates using buttons can replace humans pushing the wheelchair .
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:SVA|||operate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 30|||R:OTHER|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With technological advancements , pressure on economy can be eased .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||advancement|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The next problem that arises in the elderly is their reduced mobility .
+
+S Elderly are less flexible and their movement is limited especially when they are facing a stage in life when they are more susceptible to suffer from movement-restricting diseases like osteoporosis .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Bone density of people would reduce overtime as the body is unable to absorb calcium with old age .
+
+S On the other hand , improved healthcare has also cured or prevented some of these diseases from plaguing the elderly , allowing them to enjoy active lifestyles .
+
+S Statistics shown that elderly still engage in exercises and the elderly who take part in tai chi are 47 % less likely to fall down due to the increased balancing ability and confidence .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:FORM|||show|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , this research also showed that exercises reduced hip fracture rate by 25 % in postmenopausal women .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||shows|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Despite some elderly being more active than others , most elderly find it difficult to move about .
+A 0 1|||M:OTHER|||However , despite|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore the Housing Development Board ( HDB ) in Singapore has proposed to build lifts that stop at every storey in the Life Upgrading Programme .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , more ramps and slopes are to be built to ensure the mobility of wheelchair bound elderly and also the physically disabled .
+A 16 18|||R:OTHER|||wheelchair-bound|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Public transport is also becoming more wheelchair-friendly with similar upgrades over the years .
+
+S Most elderly live alone as their children move out after they have a family .
+
+S The psychological needs of these elderly are not met especially when the problems of old age are catching up with them and they need someone to share their thoughts with .
+
+S To solve this problem , the government proposed to build more community hospitals .
+
+S These community hospitals focus more on the psychological well-being of the elderly rather than the physical one when they are recovering from an illness .
+
+S However , the elderly might prefer to stay at their own home or recuperate under the care of their children .
+
+S The government supports this move by issuing tax relief for sandwiched families , giving priority to these children who are buying new flats within close proximity to their elderly parents and giving subsidy to singles who buy a resale flat to live with their parents .
+
+S These singles would get $ 20,000 grant , up from the $ 11,000 subsidy .
+
+S In conclusion , current research and policies implemented by the government has played a large role to ease the aging process .
+
+S The negative impact on society caused by the aging population can not be underestimated nor ignored .
+
+S Everyone has to play a role in alleviating the effects of the aging process .
+
+S The government can only implement policies or introduce incentives to encourage individuals to ease the aging process , it is up to the citizens to decide whether they want to take part in helping the economy and society in the long run .
+A 17 19|||R:PUNCT|||. It|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore I strongly agree that much as been done by the government to help ease the aging process .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hamid Faruqee , Martin Men ( 2002 ) .
+
+S Population aging in Japandemographic shock and fiscal sustainability .
+
+S Volume 15 , Issue 2 , April 2003 , Pages 185-210
+
+S Housing Grants for Singles ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Retrieved 15 September 2009 from HDB , http/gs239085/Housing % 20Grants/
+
+S M. Cardiosk ( October 27 , 2008 ) .
+
+S Japan 's Population Policy " Angel Plan " .
+
+S Retrieved 15 September 2009 .
+
+S EArticlehttp/japans_population_policy_angel_plan.html ? cat = 37
+
+S The Package ( 2009 , 17 August ) .
+
+S Retrieved 15 September 2009 from Housing Development Board , http/fi10208p.nsf/WPDis/Lift % 20Upgrading % 20ProgrammePolicies ? OpenDocument
+
+S Singapore to raise its retirement age to 65 ( 2007 , August 18 ) .
+
+S Reuters .
+
+S Statistics ( 2008 ) Retrieved 15 September 2009. httpand-statistics.html ( International Osteoporosis Foundation )
+
+S The rise of aging population has become a major issue in most parts of the world .
+
+S According to the United Nations statistics , by 2050 , one of every five people will be 60 years old and above and the total number of people who are 60 years old and above is projected to be around 2 billion .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is a cause for concern , as with more elderly present in the society , it will affect our economic and social development significantly .
+A 8 9|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , in most parts of the world , governments are coming up with policies and sponsoring researches to ease the aging process .
+A 17 18|||R:MORPH|||research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Aging process can be eased by increasing birth rates , increased workforce productivity and reduce the physical and psychological aspects of aging .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The aging|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:FORM|||increasing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:FORM|||reducing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Currently , governments have helped to ease the aging process in terms of the country 's economic development , social aspects and technological developments .
+A 13 16|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN:NUM|||development|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , aging population greatly threatens the country 's economic development because with more elderly retiring , the workforce productivity falls sharply .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , in most countries , governments have increased the retirement age in order to encourage the elderly to continue working to increase productivity .
+
+S In Finland , which had the most rapidly aging population in Europe has successfully raised the retirement age from 60.1 to 60.7 in 2004 , together with a pension reform introduced in 2005 to ease pressure on the state pension system .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 42|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Kunz , 2007 ) Another method to increase the workforce productivity is to invite foreign talents and immigrants to stay and work , in order to counter the low birth rate of the country .
+A 5 5|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , one of the main factors for Spain rising birth rates was due to a huge influx of immigrants from Latin America and North Africa .
+A 10 10|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Spain-Demographic Trends ) However , these policies may not be effective because due to the influx of immigrants , locals view foreign workers as a threat and may cause social unrest .
+A 4 4|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 20|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , in Australia , there is a rise of hate crimes against the immigrants .
+A 14 15|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even so , employers should hire their employees based on their capability and not nationality in order to avoid such crimes and through this policy , it will increase the country 's competiveness , which will increase the country 's workforce productivity and boost the economy .
+A 29 30|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 44 45|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , by increasing the retirement and recruiting immigrants , we have partly eased the economic aspect of aging process .
+A 6 6|||M:NOUN|||age|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , by growing old , it is inevitable to gain low self-esteem due to people stereotyping the old as slow and weak .
+
+S Also , their children may not be able to take care of their emotional welfare because of their busy career hence they maybe prone to depression .
+A 20 20|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:ORTH|||may be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , governments are now educating the public to volunteer their services to organizations and nursing homes in order to broaden the elderly social circle .
+
+S In addition , the government is trying to encourage companies to hire older workers by providing incentives to it .
+A 15 16|||R:VERB|||giving|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By doing so , the elderly will feel more socially accepted and less cases of elderly dying alone in their house .
+A 12 12|||M:OTHER|||there will be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , others may disagree that these actions are not effective because educating the young does take a long time especially when the aging problems are pressing at the moment .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB|||argue|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 27|||R:OTHER|||is a pressing problem|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is true that the fruits of education take years to harvest , however according to statistics given , the national volunteerism rate in Singapore has risen from 15.2 to 15.5 in 2006 , this does shows that more people are concerned about the elderly .
+A 12 13|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||However ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:ORTH|||This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||R:VERB:SVA|||show|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It was an improvement , albeit a small one .
+
+S However , through education not only the youths will be more accepting of the elderly but also , in the future they will most likely not to practise ageism in workplace and this thinking will be ingrained in the society thus generating positive outcomes .
+A 30 30|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , current policies and campaigns are effective in easing the social aspect of aging process .
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , with current technology advancement , we can tackle the physical barriers of aging problems such as low birth rate , increased productivity and reduced physical effects of aging , which may partly attribute to elderly low self-esteem .
+A 34 35|||R:VERB|||relate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With current technology , infertile couples can have a baby through In-Vitro Fertilization ( IVF ) .
+
+S In addition , in Japan , researchers and scientists have invented robots to replace older workers in order to increase the workforce .
+
+S With potent medicine , the aged are able to live longer and healthier .
+
+S Others may argue that the main cause of aging problem is actually longer life span itself .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , it does prove that current technological advancement is indeed effective in prolonging the population 's life span .
+
+S With longer life span , people can continue to contribute to society by imparting their knowledge and skills to the next generation .
+
+S By doing so , the aged will be more appreciated by the public and also it does help to improve the country 's economy with an increased workforce .
+A 13 13|||M:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 16|||R:OTHER|||it also|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , having longer life span does help to ease aging process .
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , technological advancement does help to ease the economic , social and physical aspects of aging process .
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , it seems like governments from all over the world are prepared to counter the rising aging population problems .
+A 5 6|||R:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although certain measures are not effective immediately , we should continue to support it as it is worth the wait .
+A 13 14|||R:PRON|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Through these policies , the elderly will be more financially independent and well taken care of .
+
+S There is a saying goes , " Give a man a fish and you feed him for a day .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Teach a man to fish and you feed him for a lifetime .
+
+S " By providing the aged with health services and benefits and inviting immigrants can only ease the aging process temporarily .
+A 1 2|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:ORTH|||Providing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , through education by changing people 's mindset , people will be less discerning of the aged and appreciate them more and are more willing to have more children .
+A 2 4|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||discriminating against|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , current research and policies have helped to ease the economic development , social and psychological aspects of aging process .
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||as well as the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the endnote , just remember that eventually every one of us will grow old therefore the effectiveness of these policies greatly concerns us and we should support it .
+A 0 8|||U:OTHER|||Eventually|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:OTHER|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:ORTH|||We|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:PRON|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Bibliography
+
+S Kunz , J .
+
+S ( 2007 ) .
+
+S " Population ageing : problem or opportunity ?
+
+S Lessons from the case of Finland .
+
+S " In Journal of Sociology ( 1 : 1 )
+
+S Reference list
+
+S Population Division , Department of Economic and Social Affairs , United Nations Secretariat .
+
+S ( n.d ) The Ageing of the World 's Population .
+
+S Retrieved on September , 17 2009 , from { http : //www.un.org/esa/socdev/ageing/popageing.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.un.org/esa/socdev/ageing/popageing.html ]
+
+S Our world population is facing an aging problem .
+
+S Thirteen countries which all in developed regions had a median age higher than 40 years in 2005.Heading these countries was Japan with a median age of 43 years ( United Nation Department of Economic and Social Affairs,2007 ) .The aging population results in the increase of public spending on aged .
+A 1 7|||R:OTHER|||developed countries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||2005 . Leading|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Nations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||R:ORTH|||Affairs , 2007|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 49 49|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Government has made adjustment to national budget to increase public spending on aged including expenditure on healthcare , housing , pensions and transportation to cater the need of the aged .
+A 0 1|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Governments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 4|||R:OTHER|||have adjusted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||budgets|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:NOUN:NUM|||needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The United States spent $ 2.1 trillion on health care in 2006 but increased to $ 2.26 trillion in a year after which elders have spent far more than children and adults ( The Office of the Artuary of US,n.d .
+A 39 40|||R:ORTH|||US , n.d|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ) .As aging problem is likely to get worse in the future , public spending on aged will be a large proportion in national budget .
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||. As|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB|||constitute|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:OTHER|||of the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , limitation in public spending on aged is needed as money can be diverted to other development areas .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||limiting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It establishes a bottom line for public spending to control the budget but does not necessarily mean to have a cut down .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||This limitation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||R:VERB:FORM|||having|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By limiting public spending on aged and diverting money to other areas of development , government can increase economic growth .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There is a large proportion of public spending on aged in national budget due to the fast aging population .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Government will have less money to divert to other development areas .
+
+S Money can be diverted into other areas which require more budgets such as business .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||budget|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , there was a significant shrinking in economic which is 3.8 percent in 2008 compared to 4.7 percent in 2007 ( Mussa,2008 ) .By diverting more money into business area , government gives incentives to companies in order to encourages them to explore and invest .
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||the economy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:ORTH|||. By|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:NOUN|||domain|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 42|||R:VERB:SVA|||encourage|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In long run , it will stimulate economic .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||the economy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , more working opportunities will be created .
+
+S It will help to solve unemployment problem .The real unemployment rate is 16 percent including persons who work less than they like and those who have dropped out of labor pool instead of the official jobless rate which was 9.4 percent in July 2009 ( Channel News Asia,2009 ) .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:ORTH|||. The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB|||would like to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 29|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , economic growth will be increased by limiting public spending on aged and diverting money into business area .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN|||domain|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , elderly is not the only layer in our society as public spending on aged should be limited so that money can be spent on children .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 10|||R:OTHER|||members of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Children are considered as foundation of a country as they will grow up to be leaders in the future .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , government needs to pay more attention to children 's welfare .
+
+S Children need good education and so that they can become well-versed and contribute to country development .
+A 4 5|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:OTHER|||" s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , public commitment to children has been threatened because of increasing spending on the elderly .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:FORM|||increased|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to an analysis was taken in the United States from 1980 to 2000,the number of children living in poverty is almost three times of the number of elderly over the past twenty years ( Organisation for Economic Co-operation Development,n.d .
+A 4 6|||R:VERB|||done|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:ORTH|||2000 , the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 40|||R:ORTH|||Development , n. d|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ) .Hence , diversion of money to children should help to improve their living standard .
+A 3 5|||R:OTHER|||diverting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||quality of life|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some critics argue that limitation to public spending on aged will become a financial burden to low-income families .
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||limiting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Their low wages are only sufficient to afford their household expenses and children school fees .
+A 6 9|||R:OTHER|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:OTHER|||" s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As prices are rising acutely , family members will face difficulties to support their elder parents .
+
+S However , low-income families can still obtain financial aid from government despite limitation to public spending on aged .
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Allowances and incentives are available for the needy .
+
+S Moreover , there is a tendency shows that elders themselves decide to have a longer working lives .
+A 2 4|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although they reach the retirement age , they decide to continue working and they will be able to support themselves in the twilight years .
+A 2 2|||M:ADV|||already|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:ADV|||still|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , Japanese usually continue working until 70-year-old ( OECD,n.d .
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||70 years old|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ) .They will be able to ensure financially secure by themselves instead of depending on their family .
+A 3 14|||R:OTHER|||continue to be financially secure , instead of starting to depend|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , limitation to public spending on aged and diversion of money to other areas of development should be implemented .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Money diverted into business area will able to stimulate economic growth .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN|||domain|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:VERB|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , children are at disadvantages because too much money is spent on elderly .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||a disadvantage|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||if|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Despite limitation to public spending on aged , the real needy will still able to obtain financial aid .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:VERB|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The consequences resulted by unlimited increase in public spending will become a financial burden to a country in long run .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||resulting from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:OTHER|||on the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Citation
+
+S * United Nations,Department of Economic and Social Affairs,Population Division ( 2007 ) .World Population Prospect : The 2006 Revision,vol-11 Sex and Age Distributionof World Population .
+
+S * The United States,The Office of Artuary , Natioanal Health Expenditure Data : Overview , { Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.answers.com/topic/centers-for-medicare-and-medicaid-services ] .Retrieved from { http : //www.answers.com/topic/health-care-in-the-united-states # cite_note-24 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.answers.com/topic/health-care-in-the-united-states # cite_note-24 ]
+
+S * Michael Mussa ( 2008 ) ,Global Economic Prospects 2008/2009 : Hoping for a Global Slowdown and a US Recession .
+
+S * Channel News Asia ( 2009 ) , Real US unemployment rate at 16 % , says Fed official .
+
+S Retrieved August 27,2009 , from { http : //www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_world_business/view/1001082/1/.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_world_business/view/1001082/1/.html ]
+
+S * OECD,Society at a glance .
+
+S * OECD
+
+S Singapore 's life expectancy at birth for males is 78.4 , for females is 83.2 ( SingStats , 2009 ) .
+A 10 11|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Total fertility rate per female is only 1.28 .
+
+S These statistics explain why Singapore is no doubt one of the fastest aging populations in Asia .
+
+S The problems associated with aging process can be categorized into five aspects , namely economics decline , mental agility , health , emotional and social problem .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:MORPH|||economic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Among all , economics and social policy aspects are widely discussed in the society .
+A 3 4|||R:MORPH|||economic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||policies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although it is impossible to increase the fertility rate in the short run , the problems of aging process is still alleviated by research and effective developments and policies .
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:NOUN:NUM|||development|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On economics aspect , aging population leads to shrinking workforce , low productivity and slow economic growth .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:MORPH|||economic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Annual inflation rate of has been increasing from 2.1 to 6.5 from 2007 to 2008 ( SingStat , 2009 ) .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The annual|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 4|||M:NOUN|||Singapore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Old age dependency ratio last year was 11.9 ( SingStats , 2009 ) which shows that 11.9 working persons would support one elderly .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The old|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Together with the problem of low fertility rate , government encourages Singaporean to work longer to cumulate affluence for future use .
+A 11 12|||R:MORPH|||Singaporeans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 21|||R:OTHER|||earn more for the future|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order to encourage late retirement , Singapore retirement age has been increased from 60 to 62 .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S CPF contribution rate for employer has been increased by 1.5 percentage point in 2007 in order for citizen to better prepare for aging problem .
+A 0 0|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||employers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||points|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||citizens|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However for older workers , CPF contribution by both employers and employee has also been reduced in order to keep the workers remain competitive and increase their take-home salary ( Channel NewsAsia , 2007 ) .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||employees|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB|||help|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Research on how to cater for elderly needs on public facilities has also come into action .
+
+S There are ramps for people using wheelchairs in most of the buildings , toilets and buses are specially designed to accommodate elderly and handicapped .
+A 7 7|||M:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Singapore social service sector have been taking care for elderly with current housing , healthcare and job support policies .
+A 0 0|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S HDB encourage child live in close proximity with their parents so that child can take care of parents during emergency .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:SVA|||encourages|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||children|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||children|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Under the Single Singapore Citizen Scheme in 2008 , single Singaporeans aged 35 and above are able to apply for higher CPF grant of $ 20,000 if they want to purchase HDB resale flats to live with their parents ( Channel NewsAsia , 2008 ) .
+
+S Beside , upgrading of housing lift on every floor would make elderly life easier .
+A 0 1|||R:ADV|||Moreover|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||lifts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Healthcare 3Ms , Medicare , MediShield and Medifund also provide subsidies for elderly .
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order to benefit whose who needs help more , subsidy for hospitalization in public hospital has been adjusted so that 60 percent of workers are able to enjoy full subsidy for type C and B2 wards whereas those have higher earning power will receive substantial subsidies for both C and B2 class wards ( Khalik , 2008 ) .
+A 4 5|||R:DET|||those|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||need|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||hospitals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S NTUC , WDA and employers have worked on the Job Re-creation Programme ( JRP ) to recreate and redesign jobs targeting older workers and provide training opportunities for them to take up new job openings .
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:FORM|||providing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , SPUR focus on retraining for older workers whereas ADVANTAGE !
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||focuses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S encourages businesses to employ older workers .
+
+S Opponents of this position will argue that healthcare cost is still the main problem for aging population .
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Medisave account may not be sufficient for many Singaporeans once they need to pay the medical bills for their parents , spouse and children .
+A 0 0|||M:DET|||A|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:NUM|||spouses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although most of the Singaporean have to pay for not only their own medical bills , there are other subsidy schemes which may lesser their financial burden .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Singaporeans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:OTHER|||pay for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:MORPH|||lessen|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Eldershield is designed for elderly who need long-term care or can not afford the expenses on severe disability .
+
+S Elderly will receive monthly cash payout therefore their children 's Medisave account can use to pay for their own bill .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||be used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Other than that , Interim Disability Assistance Programme for the Elderly ( IDAPE ) and Primary Care Partnership ( PCPS ) are other subsidy schemes available .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To summarize , government encourage later retirement in order to reduce elderly dependency and implement social policy such as subsidy on housing medical fee .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||encourages|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||policies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN:NUM|||fees|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S At the same time , more and more facilities are designed to meet the needs of elderly and disability .
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:MORPH|||disabled|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , current research and policies are able to cater most of the needs of Singaporean to prepare for aging problem .
+A 10 10|||M:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:MORPH|||Singaporeans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:OTHER|||old age|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , individual have to keep fit to reduce the probability of getting ill in order to avoid expensive medical bill at older age .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||individuaindividuals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||bills|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:PREP|||during|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference :
+
+S Khalik , S. ( 2008 , March 4 ) .
+
+S Means Testing At Public Hospitals .
+
+S The Straits Times .
+
+S Retrieved September 16 , 2009 , from Trevvy .
+
+S Channel NewsAsia .
+
+S ( 2008 , March 27 ) .
+
+S HDB Introduces Higher CPF Grant For Singles Who Live With Parents .
+
+S Retrieved September 17 , 2009 , from { http : //www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/337531/1/.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/337531/1/.html ]
+
+S Channel NewsAsia .
+
+S ( 2007 , February 15 ) .
+
+S Singapore to raise employers ' CPF contribution by 1.5 % percentage points .
+
+S Retrieved September 17 , 2009 , from { http : //www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/258752/1/.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/258752/1/.html ]
+
+S Statistics Singapore ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Key Annual Indicators .
+
+S Retrieved September 16 , 2009 , from { http : //www.singstat.gov.sg/stats/keyind.html # keyind } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.singstat.gov.sg/stats/keyind.html # keyind ]
+
+S The world is still recovering from the aftermath of the recent market crash .
+
+S Many economies have dipped into recession , job losses are prevalent and many countries are experiencing social instability .
+
+S Fortunately , with the introduction of multimillion rescue packages , the situation seems to be hopeful .
+
+S Slowly and steadily , the world 's economy will pick up again .
+
+S However , the world must address yet another dire issue an ageing population .
+A 10 10|||M:PUNCT|||:|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to the United Nation 's prediction , by 2050 , 22 % of the world 's population of 9 billion will be over 60 ( The Economist , 2009 ) .
+
+S Such statistics are indeed worrying .
+
+S The world will experience slow growth , shrinking labour and rising public spending .
+
+S Such cost even micrify the impact of the recent financial crisis .
+A 3 4|||R:SPELL|||micrifies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As stated in the Economist , the current crisis makes up about 10 % of the future ageing-related costs ( The Economist , 2009 ) .
+
+S However leaders of the world have stepped up measures to combat this unforgiving phenomenon .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Ongoing researches and implementations are initiated to allow the world to accept such emergence comfortably .
+A 1 2|||R:MORPH|||research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||implementation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reducing elder dependency is one way in which governments can take into consideration in tackling the worrying phenomenon of a greying population .
+A 1 2|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 15|||R:OTHER|||tackle|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One possible strategy is to enhance the opportunity of elderly employment .
+
+S In the past , the elderly are often labelled as slow and inefficient .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However in recent times , such stereotypes have been shelved away as the younger generations learn to embrace the wealth of experience the elderly share , thus increasing the likelihood for elder employment .
+
+S In Singapore , the ADVANTAGE !
+
+S Scheme ( Ministry of Manpower , 2007 ) is an initiation to help employers financially in hiring and retaining older workers .
+
+S This will open up more opportunities for the elderly to support themselves without burdening the tax-payers .
+
+S It also increases the labour force and tax revenue .
+
+S Therefore the elderly should not be deprived of employment by providing more incentives for employers to attract such workers and help for those seeking employment opportunities .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As such , the exchange of experience and skills will only benefit the workforce and hence reduce the effects of a greying population .
+
+S Another problem which the older generation may face is social discrimination .
+
+S Mental and physical health will inevitably deteriorate as one ages .
+
+S Such liability will only discourage the older ones and thus create an invisible segregation between the strong and the weak .
+
+S Thankfully in Singapore , such issues have been ironed out and certain measures have been carefully implemented .
+
+S Under the Main Upgrading Project ( MUP ) , grab- bars in the bathroom and non-slip floor tiles have been installed in upgraded sold flats .
+A 9 11|||R:ORTH|||grab-bars|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Recently , recreational facilities such as exercise corners and elder-care centres have also been built in the neighbourhood to provide social interaction opportunities among the community .
+
+S Also , the Housing Development Board ( HDB ) has introduced Married Child Priority Scheme ( MCPS ) to grant privileges to married children to live near or together with their parents .
+
+S These policies would greatly foster ties and improve communication between the young and old , in hope to eliminate the social discrimination and bolster the well being of the elderly .
+
+S On the contrary , as much as solutions are sought to reduce the effects of an ageing population , the rate of replacing the world 's population is not desirable .
+
+S According to the Economist , the fertility rate in member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development fell sharply from an average of 3.2 children per female in 1960 to 1.6 in 2009 , which is below the recommended replacement level of 2.1 ( The Economist , 2009 ) .
+
+S Women now are more career-proactive and hence delay marriages and family formations .
+
+S Additionally , the number of children in a family has been limited to two due to individual family 's preference and financial ability .
+
+S However , there are many ways in which governments can compensate the falling birth rate .
+A 11 11|||M:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Longer paid maternity leave , more child- care leave and greater incentives for working mothers are some possible corrections to the problem .
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||childcare|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In France , such policies were implemented and were rewarded with a near replacement fertility rate ( The Economist , 2009 ) .
+
+S Although this may increase the government 's expenditure , it is a necessary investment for the better future of the country .
+A 15 16|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For many decades , the world has been taking a lot of beatings .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||beating|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From economic crisis in 1997 to uncontrolled viral spread such as H1N1 pandemic in 2008 , the world survived all these obstacles .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On hand , the repercussions of an ageing population are tirelessly being subdued by various helpful and effective solutions .
+A 0 4|||U:OTHER|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These are proved successful in certain countries but with a necessary cost .
+
+S Results may seem moderate and unprogressive .
+
+S Nonetheless with many support in place , the future of world may not be as bleak as before .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:ADJ|||much|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S The Economist .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S A slow-burning fuse .
+
+S Retrieved September 12 , 2009 , from The Economist Website : http : //www.economist.com/specialreports/displaystory.cfm ? story_id = 13888045
+
+S The Economist .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Suffer the little children .
+
+S Retrieved September 12 , 2009 , from The Economist Website : http : //www.economist.com/specialreports/displaystory.cfm ? story_id = 13888118
+
+S The Committee on Ageing Issues .
+
+S ( 2006 ) Chapter 3 Housing for Seniors : Elder- Friendly Housing .
+
+S Retrieved September 12 , 2009 , from Ministry of Community Development , Youth and Sports Website : http : //www.mcys.gov.sg/successful_ageing/report/Chapter % 203 % 20- % 20Housing % 20for % 20Seniors.pdf
+
+S FAQs on Helping Singaporeans Work Longer .
+
+S ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Re-employment legislation .
+
+S Retrieved September 12 , 2009 , from Ministry of Manpower Website : http : //www.mom.gov.sg/publish/momportal/en/general/FAQs_on_Work_Longer.html
+
+S Aging is a difficult process as the elderly are more incline to get sick because of lower immune system and having to recuperate longer would be financially draining .
+A 10 11|||R:MORPH|||inclined|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They also face difficulties in finding and retaining jobs .
+
+S Under the seniority based-wage system , it 's more expensive to hire older workers and along with the perception that older workers are inefficient , it resulted in low employment rate among the elderly ( Lee , 2009 , para .
+A 7 8|||R:CONTR|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 26|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S 6 ) .
+
+S However , policies on the aged in Singapore have significantly help to reduce the problems they faced .
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||heled|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:TENSE|||face|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In recent years , the Ministry of Manpower have been working closely with its tripartite partners to enhance employability of the older workers ( as cited in NTUC , 2007 ) .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the schemes that were developed was the 'Advantage !
+
+S Scheme' .
+
+S In this scheme , companies are given a grant up to $ 400,000 to encourage them to retain its mature workers .
+
+S Coming in 2012 , the government will enact the re-employment legislation to enable elderly to work beyond the retirement age of 62 ( as cited in Re-Employment of Older Workers Portal , 2008 ) .
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is preferred than increasing the retirement age because a higher retirement age might cause older workers to be less employable as they are no longer cost competitive and resulting of them being layoff even before they are 62 ( cited in MOM , 2008 ) .
+A 28 31|||R:OTHER|||which may result in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:OTHER|||laid off|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With re- employment , employers can provide jobs to their mature workers and also offer them a different job position with different salary and terms .
+A 1 3|||R:ORTH|||re-employment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Here , both employer and employees can negotiate the terms and companies can remain competitive by adjusting the wages and benefits according to the value of the job .
+
+S In terms of healthcare , the government have come out with a few financial assistance schemes to ensure that the citizens are able to afford healthcare and are prepared during their old age .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Other than the basic healthcare financing schemes like Medisave , Medishield and Medifund , the government had come out with another scheme called 'Elder Scheme' .
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is an insurance scheme where those eligible pay premiums and they can claim benefits at any age of their life and receive monthly cash payout up to 72 months .
+
+S This would help support them should one day they stop working ( as cited in MOH , 2007 ) .
+
+S Other than financial schemes , the government also provide subsidies for patients who require intermediate and long term care .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:SVA|||provides|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The subsidies given could be as much as 75 % of the total bills depending on the family income and it 's extended to community hospitals ( as cited in MOH , 2007 ) .
+A 21 22|||R:CONTR|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is beneficial as sick elderly require long term care and they might choose to recuperate at community hospitals .
+
+S However , even with all of these policies and subsidies , there is no guarantee that the elderly is able to pay for all of their living expenses .
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even though they have worked for many years , they might have little or no savings because they might not know how to manage their money .
+
+S It 's essential that they learn how to not only manage their wealth but also expand it so that when they choose to stop working , they would have enough money to pay for their necessities and have enough for any unexpected expenses .
+A 1 2|||R:CONTR|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To ensure that its citizen will be financially prepared when they reach their retirement age , the Central Provident Fund Board ( CPF ) have came out with a learning portal called 'Retirement Ready @ my cpf ' to help citizens to plan for their retirement ( as cited in CPF , 2009 ) .
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Here they show a step-by-step process on how to achieve the desired retirement lifestyle a person wants .
+
+S They teach from how to do basic budgeting to doing investments .
+
+S This is one of many ways to ensure that Singapore citizens will live a better life when they get older .
+
+S Clearly the government and its related agencies have been working hard to help easing the aging process through many of its policies .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:FORM|||ease|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Through it , the elderly not only will be able to continue working , they also need not worry much on their health expenses .
+A 1 2|||R:PRON|||these|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:PREP|||about|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These policies along with early retirement planning would help to ensure that the elderly will be economically independent and lead a better life .
+
+S References
+
+S 1 ) Lee , Hsien Loong .
+
+S ( 2009 , January 8 ) .
+
+S Reinventing Retirement Asia .
+
+S Retrieved September 21 , 2009 , from Prime Minister 's Office Web site : http : //www.pmo.gov.sg/News/Speeches/Prime + Minister/PM + on + re- employment + of + older + workers.htm
+
+S 2 ) Advantage !
+
+S Scheme .
+
+S ( 2007 , May 16 ) .
+
+S Retrieved September 21 , 2009 , from NTUC Web site : http : //www.ntuc.org.sg/advantage/
+
+S 3 ) Re-Employment .
+
+S ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Retrieved September 21 , 2009 , from Re- Employment of Older Workers Portal Web site : http : //www.re- employment.sg/web/contents/Contents.aspx ? ContId = 164
+
+S 4 ) Helping Singaporeans Work Longer .
+
+S ( 2008 , July 1 ) .
+
+S Retrieved September 21 , 2009 , from Ministry of Manpower Web site : http : //www.mom.gov.sg/publish/momportal/en/general/FAQs_on_Work_ Longer.html
+
+S 5 ) Elder Shield .
+
+S ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Retrieved September 21 , 2009 , from Ministry of Health Web site : http : //www.moh.gov.sg/mohcorp/hcfinancing.aspx ? id = 310
+
+S 6 ) Subsidies for the Elderly .
+
+S ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Retrieved September 21 , 2009 , from Ministry of Health Web site : http : //www.moh.gov.sg/mohcorp/hcfinancing.aspx ? id = 16072
+
+S 7 ) Welcome to Retirement Ready .
+
+S ( 2009 , January 12 ) .
+
+S Retrieved September 21 , 2009 , from Central Provident Fund Board Web site : https : //www.cpf.gov.sg/cpf_trans/ssl/rnr/cpf_rnr_090109.pdf
+
+S Singapore is facing a shift in distribution of population towards greater ages , where the median age of population faces an increase , and a decline in fertility rates , resulting in a rise in the number of elderly in Singapore .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:ADJ|||older|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:OTHER|||as well as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Aging impacts a person 's well being in many ways , with both psychological and physical changes , including chronic diseases associated with aging .
+A 23 24|||R:OTHER|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The labour age composition has thus shift towards the older workers , where implications towards the competitiveness of Singapore 's economy will occur , especially if older workers do not make significant contribution to the productivity growth in the economy ( Thangavelu , Yong , 2006 ) .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:FORM|||shifted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:NOUN:NUM|||contributions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence more support and care for the aged should be provided which in turn will pose a strain to the younger generation .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As of 2008 , '8.4 economically active persons are supporting one elderly ' ( Singstats , 2008 ) and 'by 2030 , only 3.5 persons will be supporting one elderly ' ( CPF , 2008 ) .
+
+S This has reflected the importance for each individual to have the ability to support themselves through their golden years .
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||individuals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order to do so , Singapore has introduced policies that worked to ease the aging process .
+
+S Facing high cost of living , Singapore has moved up from the 13th position in 2008 to the 10th in 2009 , in the worldwide cost of living ranking ( Mercer , 2009 ) , especially for the medical cost , where each household spend an increasing amount of expenditure in health care , with 3.3 % in 1998 to 5.1 % in 2003 ( Singstats , 2007 ) , and is expected to further increase in the future years , with more aged citizens in Singapore .
+A 44 45|||R:VERB:SVA|||spends|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 79 80|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , Singapore has introduced policies to ease healthcare financing , such as Medisave , Medishield , Medifund , and Eldershield ( MOH , 2007 ) .
+
+S Singaporeans have recognized the need to prepare for aging in terms of escalating medical costs , thus net withdrawal of Medisave scheme , including Eldershield , has dropped to 213.6 million in 2009 , and Medishield scheme of 62.5 million ( CPF , 2009 ) .
+A 19 20|||R:PREP|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 40|||R:OTHER|||62.5 million from the Medishield scheme|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A drop in withdrawal of healthcare schemes has thus reflected that more Singaporeans have felt the need for such policies .
+
+S Singapore has not only faced with aging population resulted from low fertility rates , but also longer life expectancy for individuals .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:FORM|||resulting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With rising life expectancy , given only 2.5 % of annual interest in the Central Provident Fund ( CPF ) , and with most funds in the CPF used to fund housing or tertiary education , the CPF figure left is no longer sufficient to last through retirement ( OCBC , 2005 ) .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " The best way for people to adjust to longer life spans is to continue working for as long as they can " ( PM Lee , 2009 ) , as working provides a source of income , more savings can thus be build up .
+A 37 38|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 44|||R:VERB:FORM|||built|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Increasing the retirement age is insufficient to encourage individuals to work longer , hence the Re-employment policy will be enact in 2012 .
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:FORM|||enacted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order to ensure that older workers are not at disadvantage , Singapore established schemes such as smaller CPF contributions to the aged ( CPF , 2009 ) , as well as the Advantage !
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Scheme introduced in 2005 ( MCYS , 2009 ) to lighten the cost of hiring the aged as well as to move away from the seniority-wage system and provide assistance in funding to re-employ mature workers .
+
+S And as of 2005 , 1,142 companies have benefited from this scheme .
+
+S In addition , retraining programmes were also introduced ; an example would be 'Skills Programme for Upgrading and Resilience ( SPUR ) ' ( MCYS , 2009 ) .
+
+S Critics of the approach on lowered CPF contribution rates for older workers have argued that it is unnecessary , as 63 % of the respondents felt that " seniors are not weak and ill " , 87 % felt that " senior citizens can play an active role in society " ( C3A , 2008 ) .
+A 35 36|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , based on the last two economic recessions , older workers faced greater risk in losing their jobs , with 2.9 % of unemployment for 50 years and above , compared to 5.2 % for 30 years and below , in 2008 ( MOM , 2009 ) .
+
+S Therefore to make the aged more employable , there is a need to move away from seniority-wage system and reduce the CPF rates .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , people are living longer resulting from better medical facilities , with the policies introduced to help ease the aging process , Singaporeans will be able to keep themselves occupied before formal retirement , and to be able to build up their retirement nest and retire in comfort .
+A 12 14|||R:PUNCT|||. With|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References : Central Provident Fund- CPF .
+
+S ( 2009 , April 9 ) .
+
+S Overview- Like it or not , the facts and figures are very real .
+
+S 10th September , 2009 .
+
+S Available from source : http : //mycpf.cpf.gov.sg/CPF/About-Us/Intro/Intro.htm
+
+S Central Provident Fund- CPF .
+
+S ( 2009 , April 9 ) .
+
+S Section D : Withdrawals under CPF schemes within period - April to June .
+
+S 12th September , 2009 .
+
+S Available from source : http : //mycpf.cpf.gov.sg/CPF/About-Us/CPF-Stats/CPF_Stats2009q2.htm
+
+S Central Provident Fund - CPF .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Working together for our economic recovery - CPF Changes .
+
+S 12th September , 2009 .
+
+S Page 6 .
+
+S Available from source : http : //www.cpf.gov.sg/cpf_info/CPF_Booklet.pdf
+
+S Council for the Third Age- C3A .
+
+S ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Study on Public Perception and Attitudes towards Ageing and Seniors .
+
+S 20th September , 2009 .
+
+S Page 2 .
+
+S Available from source : http : //www.c3a.org.sg/pdf/PubPerceptAttTowardsAgeSnrs_08_Report.pdf
+
+S Lee , Hsien Loong , Prime Minister .
+
+S ( 2009 , January 8 ) .
+
+S Reinventing Retirement Asia- Conference .
+
+S 14th September , 2009 .
+
+S Available from source : http : //www.pmo.gov.sg/News/Speeches/Prime + Minister/PM + on + re-employment + of + older + workers.htm
+
+S Mercer United Kingdom .
+
+S ( 2009 , July 7 ) .
+
+S Worldwide Cost of Living survey 2009 - City Ranking .
+
+S 16th September , 2009 .
+
+S Available from source : http : //www.mercer.com/costoflivingpr # top_50
+
+S Ministry of Health - MOH .
+
+S ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Healthcare Financing .
+
+S 17th September , 2009 .
+
+S Available from source : http : //www.moh.gov.sg/mohcorp/hcfinancing.aspx ? id = 104
+
+S Ministry of Community development , Youth and Sports - MCYS .
+
+S ( 2009 , February ) .
+
+S Adding Lives to Years - Chapter 1 Work .
+
+S 14th September , 2009 .
+
+S Page 8 .
+
+S Available from source : http : //www.mcys.gov.sg/MCDSFiles/Download/AddingLifetoYears.pdf
+
+S Ministry of Community development , Youth and Sports - MCYS .
+
+S ( 2009 , February ) .
+
+S Adding Lives to Years - Chapter 1 Work .
+
+S 14th September , 2009 .
+
+S Page 11 .
+
+S Available from source : http : //www.mcys.gov.sg/MCDSFiles/Download/AddingLifetoYears.pdf
+
+S Ministry of Manpower - MOM .
+
+S ( 2009 , September 15 ) .
+
+S Unemployment - Annual average resident unemployment rate by sex , age and highest qualification attained .
+
+S 20th September , 2009 .
+
+S Available from source : http : //www.mom.gov.sg/publish/momportal/en/communities/others/mrsd/statistics/Unemployment.html
+
+S OCBC Bank .
+
+S ( 2005 , July 19 ) .
+
+S How to retire comfortably .
+
+S 14th September , 2009 .
+
+S Available from source : http : //www.ocbc.com.sg/personal-banking/wealth/download/TODAY190705.pdf
+
+S Statistics Singapore .
+
+S ( 2009 , August 12 ) .
+
+S Key Annual Indicators-Resident Population Profile .
+
+S 10th September , 2009 .
+
+S Available from source : http : //www.singstat.gov.sg/stats/keyind.html # note2
+
+S Statistics Singapore .
+
+S ( 2007 , June 30 ) .
+
+S Key Annual Indicators- Household Expenditure Survey .
+
+S 13th September , 2009 .
+
+S Available from source : http : //www.singstat.gov.sg/stats/themes/people/hes.pdf
+
+S Thangavelu , Shandre. , & Yong , Yik Wei .
+
+S ( 2006 , July ) .
+
+S Aging and Economic Growth : Issues Relevant to Singapore .
+
+S 11th September , 2009 .
+
+S Page 6 .
+
+S Available from source : http : //www.fas.nus.edu.sg/ecs/pub/wp-scape/0613.pdf
+
+S Through amelioration and subsidizing of healthcare and public facilities the process of aging population has been eased .
+
+S Through amelioration and subsidizing of healthcare and public facilities the process of aging population has been eased .
+A 9 9|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN|||problem|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Over the last 5 years , Singapore government health expenditure for the citizens has increased from $ 1.53 billion in year 2002 , to $ 1.93 billion in year 2006 which is an average growth rate of 6 % per annum ( as cited in Ministry of Health , 2007 ) .
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Through the increment on healthcare expenditure , we can see that the government is bringing in better technologies and putting the focus on the Singaporeans ' health .
+A 19 22|||R:OTHER|||focusing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With advance healthcare facilities , preventing or curing of diseases are made possible .
+A 1 2|||R:MORPH|||advanced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the most common diseases associated with the old age is the Senile Dementia , where the patient encounters mental deterioration ( loss of intellectual ability ) .
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Two major types of senile dementia are Alzheimer type and those due to vascular problems .
+
+S Studies show that of all people over 80 , 20 % suffers from Alzheimer ( as cited in health-cares.net , 2005 ) .
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:SVA|||suffer|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:OTHER|||'s disease|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Researchers have come up with several ways to improve and slow down the deterioration of elderly brain .
+
+S For instance , the researchers have invented medications such as tacrine and donepezil which are used by patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer 's disease ( as cited in health-cares.net , 2005 ) .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Researchers not only focus on inventing new medications , they also hope to protect people against mental decline through aerobic exercises and getting a dose of the sun - vitamin D ( as cited in health-cares.net , 2005 ) .
+
+S Singapore being one of the fastest aging populations in the world , with the estimation of 23 % of the population to be over 65-year-olds by the year 2030 , there is a need for more hospitals to be built to meet the needs of the aging population ( as cited in Singapore faces 'silver tsunami ' , 2009 ) .
+A 0 0|||M:PREP|||In|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:VERB|||having|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 16|||R:OTHER|||an estimated|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:OTHER|||65-year-old|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , Jurong General Hospital which will be up in five years and Khoo Teck Puat Hospital which will be up next year will be linked to a community hospital next door .
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||open|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:OTHER|||open|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is to ensure that older people will have the right health care treatment at the right place and in return helps them to cut costs ( as cited in The Straits Times , 2009 ) .
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:SVA|||help|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is understandable that older people often require more medical care , but they need not remain in hospital for this care .
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , it would be much cheaper for them to get such care from a community hospital - hence the idea of " stepping down " the care is needed .
+
+S Public transportation systems must continue to expand in order to deal with an aging population .
+
+S In June 2006 , Singapore Bus Services ( SBS ) transit launches Singapore 's First Ever Wheelchair accessible buses - Service 21 ( as cited in SBS transit , 2006 ) .
+A 10 11|||R:ORTH|||Transit|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||launched|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conjunction , another public transport operator Singapore Mass Rapid Transit ( SMRT ) came up with its first wheelchair-friendly buses on June 2009 ( as cited in Wheelchair-friendly bus , 2009 ) .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||Similarly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With these buses , the elderly and wheelchair bounded commuters could travel conveniently to hospitals and polyclinics for their medical appointments .
+
+S Even with government funding , not every Singaporean is able to luxuriate in the use of better healthcare and public facilities .
+
+S Even with government subsidies and paying through their CPF they might still find it hectic to handle hefty medical bills .
+A 6 7|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:ADJ|||difficult|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , even a small family with a monthly income of $ 10,000 might also find it difficult to cope with a big hospital bill , if they have to support one or two elderly people with chronic illness ( as cited in The Straits Times , 2004 ) .
+A 27 28|||R:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 37|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , policy such as senior citizens ' bonus the where lower-income elderly aged 55 and above with an annual income of $ 100,000 or less will receive $ 200 to $ 1000 over a period of 4 years ( as cited in GST Offset Package , 2009 ) to lighten the burden of lower income families .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||policies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There is no need to worry as statistic shows that direct subsidies to patients have increase from $ 850 million in 2001 to $ 1.6 billion in 2007 and it is project to increase to $ 2.2 billion in 2012 ( as cited in Ministry of Health , 2009 ) .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||statistics|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:FORM|||increased|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:VERB:FORM|||projected|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , amelioration and subsidizing of healthcare and public facilities has eased the aging population .
+A 14 14|||M:OTHER|||problem of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , maintaining a healthy lifestyle , saving up for the future and contribute monthly to their CPF account assist the citizen for in a better retirement and lower their economic burden .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:FORM|||contributing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||R:OTHER|||citizens|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 25|||R:OTHER|||to prepare them for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S Ministry of Health .
+
+S Electronics References .
+
+S Retrieved September 16 , from { http : //www.moh.gov.sg/mohcorp/parliamentaryqa.aspx ? id = 17896 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.moh.gov.sg/mohcorp/parliamentaryqa.aspx ? id = 17896 ]
+
+S Health-cares.net .
+
+S Electronic References .
+
+S Retrieved September , 14 , 2009 , from { http : //neurology.health-cares.net/senile-dementia.php } [ HYPERLINK : http : //neurology.health-cares.net/senile-dementia.php ]
+
+S THE NEW YORK TIMES .
+
+S Health Research .
+
+S Retrieved September , 14 , 2009 , from { http : //www.nytimes.com/2009/02/24/health/research/24aging.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.nytimes.com/2009/02/24/health/research/24aging.html ]
+
+S Southeast Asia .
+
+S Electronic References .
+
+S Retrieved September , 14 , 2009 , from { http : //www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/KH27Ae01.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/KH27Ae01.html ]
+
+S Salma , K. ( 2009 , August 17 ) .
+
+S Right health care at right place will help cut costs .
+
+S The Straits Times , p. A3 .
+
+S SBS transit .
+
+S Electronic References .
+
+S Retrieved September , 14 , 2009 , from { http : //www.sbstransit.com.sg/press/2006jun_26-1.aspx } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.sbstransit.com.sg/press/2006jun_26-1.aspx ]
+
+S GST Offset Package , Electronics References .
+
+S Retrieved September , 14 , 2009 , from { http : //www.gstoffset.gov.sg/Overview.htm # 2 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.gstoffset.gov.sg/Overview.htm ]
+
+S Ministry of Health .
+
+S Electronics References .
+
+S Retrieved September , 14 , 2009 , from { http : //www.moh.gov.sg/mohcorp/uploadedFiles/Publications/Educational_Resources/2009/MT % 20pamphlet % 20 ( English ) .pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.moh.gov.sg/mohcorp/uploadedFiles/Publications/Educational_Resources/2009/MT % 20pamphlet % 20 ( English ) .pdf ]
+
+S The Straits Times .
+
+S Electronic References .
+
+S Be careful how means testing is applied to hospital care .
+
+S Retrieved September , 16 , from { http : //www.moh.gov.sg/mohcorp/uploadedfiles/News/Current_Issues/2004/BeCarefulHowMeansTestingisAppliedtoHospitalCare.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.moh.gov.sg/mohcorp/uploadedfiles/News/Current_Issues/2004/BeCarefulHowMeansTestingisAppliedtoHospitalCare.pdf ]
+
+S Easing Aging Process in Singapore
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One in five residents in Singapore will be 65 and above by the year 2030 ( Yap , 2009 ) .
+
+S Singapore society 's aging process brings on numerous set of challenges for the government .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||sets|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The effects of aging process in Singapore are as follows .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:PUNCT|||:|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First , economic decline would occur as the size of the working force shrinks .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||wwill|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Second , decline in the citizen 's health due to weaker immunity system and age related illness .
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 7|||R:NOUN:POSS|||citizens '|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||age-related|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||illnesses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Third , social problems brought on by the living environment .
+A 4 10|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Fourth , emotional problems caused by the different mindsets of the young and old generations and connections to family and society .
+
+S Last , the decrease in mental agility affecting active aging .
+
+S Therefore , the government has embarked on reforming its older policies and implementing new ones to cater to and prepare for the trend of population aging in Singapore .
+A 21 24|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For the purpose of this essay , the focus would be on Singapore 's policies to ease the aging process on economic and social problems .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 25|||R:OTHER|||economic and social problems because of the problem of aging|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When one works , it helps one to stay mentally aware , physically energetic , socially connected and financially independent .
+A 6 6|||M:PREP|||if|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:VERB:FORM||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:SVA|||stays|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Policies have been introduced to help our citizens to work longer .
+
+S For example , the Tripartite Committee on employability of older workers consisting of unions , employers and the government was set up in 2005 ( Yap , 2009 ) .
+
+S Re-employment is one of their key goals .
+A 4 5|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By 2012 , new re-employment legislation would be passed .
+
+S Accordingly the constitutional retirement age of 62 would be increased eventually to 67 ( Yap , 2009 ) .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Next , the government has introduced The ADVANTAGE !
+
+S Scheme ( Yap , 2009 ) .
+
+S It was set up to finance a company 's efforts to employ , keep or re-employ mature workers ( Yap , 2009 ) .
+
+S Policies have not only been implemented in anticipation of the aging process but also in reaction to the external factors like the global recession .
+A 17 18|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In reaction to the economic downturn , Skills Programme for Upgrading and Resilience ( SPUR ) amounting to $ 600 million was started in November 2008 ( Yap , 2009 ) .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This shows the government 's quick response to situation changes while staying true to its aim of easing the aging process .
+
+S Critics might argue that the government introducing policies encouraging employability of mature workers or re-employment of older workers does not mean companies in Singapore would follow suit .
+
+S Also , not all the workers would benefit from the policies mentioned above .
+
+S However , in evident of the above policies , Singapore was the only Asian country which won the AARP International Innovative Employer Award ( Yap , 2009 ) .
+A 2 3|||R:PREP|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:PREP|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The award is given to companies in countries for showing innovative Human Resource practices that deal with matters related to the workforce , age 50 and older ( Yap , 2009 ) .
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:FORM|||aged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also by the end of 2008 , 700 unionised companies have already committed to re-employ close to 5,000 workers above the age of 62 ( Yap , 2009 ) .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The statistics show that the reemployment is a useful tool and the government 's policies have had a positive impact on the companies .
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , workers can refresh or upgrade their skills from more than 800 SPUR courses ( Yap , 2009 ) .
+
+S This benefit is not limited only to employed workers but unemployed workers also can turn SPUR to sharpen their skills while they search for jobs .
+A 15 15|||M:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moving on , Singapore wants for its seniors , even the less mobile to have a safe and accessible environment .
+A 13 13|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As such , a Barrier Free Accessibility Masterplan was executed ( Yap , 2009 ) .
+
+S The plan is for all our public housing estates to be barrier-free by 2011 ( Yap , 2009 ) .
+
+S Also by 2014 , eligible HDB blocks would have lift access to all floors .
+
+S In the past , there was no exact emphasis on structure for all ages .
+
+S However , since July 2006 , HDB 's new public housing projects are built are all people ( Yap , 2009 ) .
+A 12 17|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , switches and sockets low enough to be accessible from a wheelchair and toilets being wide enough and having hand rails .
+A 16 17|||R:VERB|||have been made|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , our government is not only building barrier-free estates but also concentrating on public transportation .
+
+S By 2010 , pedestrian walkways , public roads , taxi and bus shelters and access to MRT stations would be barrier-free , using a $ 60 million programme started by the government ( Yap , 2009 ) .
+
+S We can also observe that wheelchair-accessible buses are progressing gradually .
+
+S Thus , Singapore 's environment and transportation services for its citizens are transforming in line with the changing needs of Singapore society .
+
+S Our government 's constant review of the policies , setting up of many specified committees to head particular goals in relation to changing times , and counter measures to external and internal factors have been impressive .
+
+S It has also gained recognition in local and abroad .
+A 5 6|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:MORPH|||locally|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , our current policies clearly have helped to ease the aging process in Singapore .
+
+S It has enabled our society to be better prepared for the aging trend in Singapore .
+
+S References
+
+S Eleanor Yap .
+
+S Ministry of Community Development , Youth and Sports Copyright February 2009 .
+
+S Adding Life to Years !
+
+S Happy , Healthy , Active Citizens .
+
+S Retrieved September 11 , 2009 from { http : //app.mcys.gov.sg/web/home_main.asp } [ HYPERLINK : http : //app.mcys.gov.sg/web/home_main.asp ]
+
+S When Singapore 's Ministry of Finance unveiled the government budget for 2009 , it is stated that an estimated total of S $ 66 million or 0.15 % of the total government expenditure will be spent on establishing various programs and upgrading facilities for the elderly ( Singapore Budget 2009 , 2009 ) .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the problem of aging population intensifies throughout the years , there will always be a debate on how much of the public spending should be allocated to the aged .
+A 21 22|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S While it is important to provide funds for implementing policies to support the elderly , it is plausible for the government to work on areas which can aid both the country 's development as well as provide support towards the aged .
+
+S Firstly , it is vital to develop the country 's economy .
+
+S A sustained economic growth improves the level of business activities , ensures low unemployment rate and increases government tax revenue .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||revenues|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S More funds is thus available to finance additional projects for the needy including the aged .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , more people will become self-sufficient and therefore able to support themselves , even without government aid .
+
+S Hence , more funds can be directed to other economic development areas ( Friedland and Summer , March 2005 ) .
+
+S Contrarily , with slower growth , more people will be unemployed and more money would have to be spent on unemployment benefits .
+
+S This will inevitably constrict the public spending on the aged due to a smaller pool of resources .
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , the funding spent on the education sector can not be compromised .
+
+S Cheney ( 2007 ) wrote that children are the pillars of the nation .
+
+S This means that the country 's progression will depend on the next generation .
+
+S If the young are not well educated , there may be social implications such as increasing crime rates and unemployment .
+
+S In a research done by Shirley ( 2007 ) , crime rate and education have an inverse relationship .
+
+S This is due to the increased opportunity costs involved with a higher education level .
+
+S Adversely , there is a positive relationship between higher education and employment opportunities ( Harvey , 2000 ) .
+
+S This is because employers tend to link working abilities with academic qualifications .
+
+S Hence , reduction in education expenditure will put the country 's progress at risk .
+
+S Critics may argue that even if the country is performing well economically , she may not be progressing socially if she fails to address the people 's needs , especially the elderly 's .
+
+S This is because the elderly have once contributed to the country 's economy and their well-being should not be overlooked when they aged and unable to work .
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:FORM|||age|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:VERB|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , it is justifiable that the society should give in return and support the old members of the workforce , on the account of their past contributions to the nation .
+
+S Furthermore , aging is a natural process and everyone will grow old one day .
+
+S When the time comes , it is man 's instinct to hope that more efforts will be invested to help him .
+
+S Therefore , it is pertinent that the government does not overlook their needs .
+
+S However , it is essential to regulate the amount spent on assisting the aged .
+
+S Some fear that with government aid , some may in turn become over-reliant and fail to be self-sufficient .
+
+S Therefore , it would be better for the government to offer the basic infrastructure and introduce policies to help the aged gain independence while receiving necessary help .
+
+S For example , one feasible policy is to encourage companies to provide extra training for the older workers to stay in touch with the advancing technology , thus increasing their working lifespan disregarding health factors .
+A 23 25|||R:OTHER|||advanced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Not only will the elderly become more financially able , they will also attain a sense of belonging in the society and purpose in their lives .
+
+S Concurrently , the government can invest in other sectors , such as the research and development sector , which will indirectly aid the aged .
+
+S For instance , public facilities , such as buses , are being upgraded and improved to facilitate easier movement for the elderly and handicapped .
+
+S Also , there are ongoing medical research on senile dementia and Parkinson 's disease .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All these will improve the lives of the elderly significantly .
+
+S In conclusion , public spending for the aged is a necessity but should be regulated .
+
+S In order to strike a balance and better maintain the state of the economy , the government has to prioritize the country 's needs and analyze the current problems the country is facing .
+
+S Resources are always limited , thus the government has to allocate them cautiously for the continuous development of the nation .
+
+S References :
+
+S * Singapore Government - Ministry of Finance .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Singapore Government Budget 2009 .
+
+S Retrieved from September 13 , 2009 , from { http : //www.singaporebudget.gov.sg/expenditure_overview/mcys.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.singaporebudget.gov.sg/expenditure_overview/mcys.html ]
+
+S * California Association for Local Economic Development .
+
+S What is Economic Development ?
+
+S Retrieved from September 13 , 2009 , from { http : //www.caled.org/resources/what-economic-development } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.caled.org/resources/what-economic-development ]
+
+S * Shirley Dang .
+
+S ( 2007 , Dec 13 ) .
+
+S Crime rate drops when students finish school .
+
+S Retrieved from September 13 , 2009 , from { http : //findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4176/is_20071213/ai_n21164873/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4176/is_20071213/ai_n21164873/ ]
+
+S * Kristen E. Cheney .
+
+S ( 2007 , June ) .
+
+S Pillars of the Nation : Child Citizens and Ugandan National Development .
+
+S University of Chicago Press
+
+S * Lee Harvey .
+
+S ( 2000 , March ) .
+
+S New Realities : The Relationship between Higher Education and Employment .
+
+S Springer Netherlands .
+
+S * Robert B. Friedland and Laura Summer .
+
+S ( 2005 , March ) Doomsday Predictions about Population Aging Are Exaggerated .
+
+S Demography Is Not Destiny , Revisited .
+
+S Center on Aging Society , Georgetown University .
+
+S Aging is an ongoing process .
+
+S Everybody will grow old and is bound to experience the effects of it at one point in their life .
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||his or her|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although we can not escape from it , we can certainly make the process a less painful one to go through .
+
+S Indeed , current research and development/policies have greatly contributed in easing the aging process .
+
+S Research and development ( R&D ) is essential to help improve the lives of an ageing population .
+
+S Only through research and development will we be able to gain knowledge on the issues circling them and come up with ways to overcome it .
+A 25 26|||R:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , the development of humanoid robots in Japan which promises to free us from physical labor and help us with our household chores such as folding laundry , doing the dishes , cooking , etc ( Adams , 2004 ) .
+A 0 1|||R:ORTH|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||R:OTHER|||etc.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will therefore ease the burden of people from all these time-consuming chores .
+
+S In addition to this , there is also development on robots serving as companions .
+
+S A robotic companion could add a lot of fun and excitement to the life of a lonely retiree especially .
+
+S Another R&D policy that has played a role in easing the aging process includes buses that are elderly and handicapped friendly .
+A 17 18|||R:ADJ|||elderly-|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:ADJ|||handicapped-friendly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S An example would be the new SBS Transit single-deck buses that are capable in accommodating two wheelchair-bound passengers at any one time .
+
+S These new buses are also low floor and zero stepped enabling easy boarding and alighting for the elderly and handicapped ( SBS Transit , 2007 ) .
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||" low floor "|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 15|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , by coming up with new technologies , research and development do help in easing the aging process .
+
+S Apart from research and development , policies with regards to ageing population have also help to ease the ageing process .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||regard|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:FORM|||helped|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These policies help the elderly to age with grace and dignity .
+
+S For example , HDB has been actively implementing various policies and improvement programs in making the elderly feel more comfortable .
+
+S One such program is the Lift Upgrading Program where the lifts will now land on every floor as compared to the past where not all public housing are provided with the accessibility to lifts .
+A 27 28|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:MORPH|||access|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This does not only benefit the elderly , but the disabled as well as families with young children ( Housing and Development Board , 2001 ) .
+A 18 18|||M:ADV|||as well|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition to this program , HDB has also come up with policy which encourages children to live in close proximity to their parents .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This policy provides the children to buy resale flats with a housing subsidy of $ 40,000 higher-tier Family Grant under the CPF housing grant scheme .
+
+S For singles aged 35 years and above who wish to buy a resale flat , they will be provided with a housing subsidy of $ 20,000 higher-tier Singles Grant under the scheme ( Housing and Development Board , 2009 ) .
+
+S These policies all have the common intention of promoting the value of an extended family staying together for mutual care and support which will in turn ease the aging process of the elderly .
+
+S Research and development/policies are not the only ways in easing the aging process though .
+
+S Palliative care is now getting the recognition it deserves together with professional training and more funding .
+
+S On top of relieving a patient 's pain , palliative care also lightens the emotional burden of the patient 's caregiver too .
+
+S In light of the increased awareness and growing importance of palliative care , demand for it has increase .
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:FORM|||increased|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example there is a rose in the number of patient referrals to Dover Park Hospice from 680 in 2006 to 750 in 2008 ( " Lifting Spirits " , 2009 , p. 13 ) .
+A 2 2|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||rise|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By becoming more affordable , it helps to ease the financial burden of the patient and their family .
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||his or her|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although palliative care does not prolong life , it helps the ill to live meaningfully by helping to manage their pain and discomfort .
+
+S To conclude , research and development/policies have no doubt manage to ease the aging process but on top of that , palliative care also has a role to play in relieving suffering and improving the quality of life for people facing serious illness .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||managed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 43|||R:NOUN:NUM|||illnesses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S * Adams , M. ( 2004 ) .
+
+S The Top Ten Technologies : # 4 : Practical Robots .
+
+S Retrieved July 14 , 2004 , from Natural News Web site : { http : //www.naturalnews.com/000297.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.naturalnews.com/000297.html ]
+
+S * SBS Transit ( 2007 ) .
+
+S SBS Transit Launches New Single-Deck Buses , Scores Many Firsts .
+
+S Retrieved October , 2007 , from { http : //www.sbstransit.com.sg/press/2007-10-31-01-S.aspx } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.sbstransit.com.sg/press/2007-10-31-01-S.aspx ]
+
+S * Housing and Development Board ( 2001 ) .
+
+S HDB InfoWeb : Lift Upgrading Programme - Policies .
+
+S Retrieved from { http : //www.hdb.gov.sg/fi10/fi10208p.nsf/WPDis/Lift % 20Upgrading % 20ProgrammePolicies ? OpenDocument } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.hdb.gov.sg/fi10/fi10208p.nsf/WPDis/Lift % 20Upgrading % 20ProgrammePolicies ? OpenDocument ]
+
+S * Housing and Development Board ( 2009 ) .
+
+S HDB InfoWeb : Overview of CPF Housing Grant Scheme .
+
+S Retrieved April 16 , 2009 , from { http : //www.hdb.gov.sg/fi10/fi10201p.nsf/WPDis/Buying % 20A % 20Resale % 20FlatCPF % 20Housing % 20Grant % 20Scheme % 20- % 20Overview ? OpenDocument } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.hdb.gov.sg/fi10/fi10201p.nsf/WPDis/Buying % 20A % 20Resale % 20FlatCPF % 20Housing % 20Grant % 20Scheme % 20- % 20Overview ? OpenDocument ]
+
+S * Cheong , J .
+
+S ( 2009 , September 10 ) .
+
+S Lifting Spirits .
+
+S The Straits Times - Mind your Body , p. 12-14 .
+
+S Singapore is one of the fastest ageing countries in the world .
+
+S In the year 2000 , Singapore has 7.2 % of its population aged 65 and above .
+
+S By 2030 , the ageing population in Singapore is predicted to increase to 18.4 % of the total population ( as cited in Koh , 2002 ) .
+
+S This is a pressing issue which may lead to an economic decline as the workforce is affected .
+
+S The current research and development as well as the policies drawn are effective in alleviating the ageing process such as declining in health , economic downturn and the emotional problem of the elderly .
+A 20 21|||R:MORPH|||decline|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:NOUN:NUM|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this rat-raced world , everything seems to be progressing rapidly , leading to a higher standard of living .
+
+S Better medical facilities allow people to live longer but at the same time increase their cost of living as well .
+
+S As people age , their health starts to deteriorate and their savings will also decrease as the years pass .
+
+S They will not be able to afford the high medical costs and thus are unable to get proper treatment for their illness .
+
+S In this aspect , some critics argued that development in the medical field does not aid in the ageing process .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||argue|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||help address|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , one of the policies in Singapore includes healthcare subsidy for the elderly .
+
+S The Singapore government will provide up to 75 % subsidy for the elderly provided that they are either Singapore citizens or permanent resident and this also depends on the income of the family ( Ministry of Health : Subsidies for elderly , 2007 ) .
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||residents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:OTHER|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This aid enables medical treatment to be more affordable .
+
+S Hence , the policy is able to ease the ageing process of deteriorating health of the elderly .
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||through care for the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Current research in the medical field is conducted to find out the causes and cures for common aged illnesses such as senile dementia and Parkinson 's disease .
+A 17 19|||R:OTHER|||illnesses among the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One example is the Dementia Research Centre located at the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery in the United Kingdom .
+
+S It is the lead centre for finding new drugs to delay the onset of Alzheimer 's disease ( Dementia Research Centre , Queen Square , London , UK- about the DRC , 2008 ) .
+
+S When such research is successful , it will benefit humanity and better the medical treatments in the world .
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will decrease the suffering of the elderly , making them less susceptible to diseases and thus helping to abate the ageing process .
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are a few measures taken by the Singapore government to ease the ageing process .
+
+S One of the measures taken is to encourage the elderly to undergo training and upgrading of their skills .
+
+S This will enable them to enter the workforce again and increase their retirement age .
+
+S The 'ADVANTAGE !
+
+S Scheme ' was implemented in 2005 ; some companies such as the retail and logistics have adopted it to help them recruit and retain workers aged 62 and above ( Ministry of Manpower , 2007 ) .
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will increase the retirement age of the elderly and thus improve the economy and workforce in an aging population .
+
+S Another policy is the 'Central Provident Fund ( CPF ) Housing Grant Scheme ' which is a subsidy given by the government to encourage children to live in close proximity with their parents .
+
+S They will have a disbursement of grant if they live in the same town , or 2 kilometers apart from each other if they are to stay in different towns ( Housing Development Board , 2009 ) .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB|||receive|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When the children live near their parents , there is a higher probability of them visiting their parents often , hence making it easier for them to take care of their parents .
+
+S Moreover , the family is able to provide emotional support for the elderly .
+
+S Hence , these development plans and policies will help to ease the ageing process of the elderly .
+
+S In conclusion , the research conducted to discover more about the illnesses of the elderly and the policies implemented which provide subsidies as well as schemes to aid the elderly , will help to ameliorate the ageing process .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S An ageing population will still be a problem in time to come .
+A 9 12|||R:OTHER|||the future|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , such developments and policies are vital to ease the ageing process .
+
+S Family might be a better solution to abate the process , as they are the main emotional and financial support for the elderly .
+A 12 13|||R:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S 1 .
+
+S Dr Gerald CH Koh , ( 2002 ) .
+
+S CARING FOR AN AGEING POPULATION : A CALL FOR MORE GERIATRIC TRAINING AMONG FAMILY PHYSICIANS .
+
+S Retrieved September 13 , 2009 , from http : //www.cfps.org.sg/sfp/28/284/sfp77.pdf
+
+S 2 .
+
+S Ministry of Health : Subsidies for the elderly , ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Healthcare Financing-Subsidies for the Elderly .
+
+S Retrieved September 13 , 2009 , from http : //www.moh.gov.sg/mohcorp/hcfinancing.aspx ? id = 16072
+
+S 3 .
+
+S Dementia Research Centre , Queen Square , London , UK , ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Dementia Research Centre- Queen Square , London .
+
+S Retrieved September 13 , 2009 , from http : //dementia.ion.ucl.ac.uk/
+
+S 4 .
+
+S MOM : Efforts Carried Out to Increase Employment Opportunities for The Elderly , ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Retrieved September 13 , 2009 , from http : //www.mom.gov.sg/publish/momportal/en/press_room/press_replies/2007/200 70618-mom_s_reply.html
+
+S 5 .
+
+S InfoWEB : Buying A Resale Flat- CPF Housing Grant for Family , ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Retrieved September 13 , 2009 , from http : //www.hdb.gov.sg/fi10/fi10201p.nsf/WPDis/Buying % 20A % 20Resale % 20FlatCPF % 20Housing % 20Grant % 20for % 20Family ? OpenDocument # family
+
+S An elderly is an irreplaceable and valuable source of asset that acts like glue which holds families together .
+A 7 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These valuable assets are deemed to increase in numbers globally .
+
+S Being one of the fastest aging populations in Asia ( Chan , 2001 ) , Singapore faces a huge challenge in developing infrastructures and public policies in terms of healthcare , housing , re- training , transportation and financial aid to accommodate this changing age structure .
+A 0 1|||R:VERB|||Having|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Despite the large expenses in the various aspects for the aged , these implementations would also benefit the younger generations in due course .
+
+S Hence , the government and society would have to do everything that is possible to support and prepare for the inevitable increase in the aging population even at the expense of the country 's development in other areas .
+
+S Currently , the main concern for Singapore is the overwhelming baby boomers that are progressing into the senior status .
+
+S Nevertheless , the government should prioritize its spending and not neglect this aging population .
+
+S Reports have shown that ( Cire , 2009 ) in mid 2008 , an estimated 506 million population worldwide are above 65 years old .
+
+S However , this figure will reach 1.3 billion by 2040 .
+
+S In context of Singapore , the aged above 65-years old are projected to represent 23 % of the population by 2030 and this would be the second highest percentage in Asia after Japan ( Wijaya , 2009 ) .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The repercussions following the aging population would be social and economy concerns as the younger generations would have to struggle to support their families .
+A 10 11|||R:MORPH|||economic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , with less working population , Singapore 's economy would be greatly affected .
+
+S Therefore , the society should be aware of its situation and address to this problem before it becomes a severe issue for the country .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Subsequently , public spending on the different policies and infrastructures would benefit the society and support the economy in the long run .
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The different policies include financial aspects like the reinforcement of individual savings through the mandatory Central Provident Fund which help the population save for old age ( Central Provident Fund Board , 2009 ) .
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:SVA|||helps|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This would ease the burden on the younger generations having to support the aged .
+
+S In relations to healthcare , Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong stated in his National Day Rally Speech ( Channel News Asia , 2009 ) regarding the development of step-down care and the strengthening of 3Ms ( Medisave , Medishield and Medifund ) .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||relation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The step-down care involves the government 's support to the voluntary welfare organizations ( VWOs ) and linking community hospitals , nursing homes , general practitioners and home care together to cater to the aging population .
+
+S These policies would eventually apply to all individual as aging is part of a human cycle .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||individuals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , it is recently announced that the government is spending millions to encourage more people to upgrade or learn new skills by building training centres and providing training programmes ( Channel News Asia , 2009 ) .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government will also introduce the legislation in re-employment by 2012 ( Ministry of Manpower , 2008 ) where the older workers are able to remain active in the workforce for a longer period and save more money for their retirement .
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:ADV|||whereby|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , public spending in these three important aspects of finance , healthcare and employment would be beneficial to everyone .
+
+S Critics may argue that the aging ones will eventually pass on ; hence the society should focus on the younger generations as they are the talent pool of the country .
+A 11 12|||R:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To further groom and attract these young talents , spending in areas like improving educational systems ( i.e .
+
+S scholarships , awards ) , technology , research and development would be vital .
+A 10 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As in the end , these young talents would be the ones supporting the economy .
+A 0 1|||R:ORTH|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Despite the importance of grooming the younger generations , one must not forget the fact that the aged population was once the pioneers that first built the economy .
+
+S Hence , it is a moral obligation to care for the aged and not forget the roots of how the country has come thus far .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||we have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This would also be considered an ethical teaching to be cultivated in each individual on the importance in being socially responsible .
+A 5 22|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All in all , it is important that the government address to the needs and issues of the aging population .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:SVA|||addresses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S More public spending on the aged is critical as these expenditures on implementation of policies or infrastructures would be an advantage to all .
+A 9 10|||R:DET|||this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||expenditure|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Finally , this would also ease the impact of an aging population on the economy and society to the minimum .
+
+S Reference :
+
+S Angelique , Chan .
+
+S ( 2001 ) .
+
+S Singapore 's Changing Structure and the Policy Implications for Financial Security , Employment , Living Arrangements and Health Care .
+
+S Retrieved September 7 , 2009 , from http : //www.populationasia.org/Publications/RP/AMCRP3.pdf
+
+S Barbara , Cire .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Unprecedented Global Aging Examined in New Census Bureau Report Commissioned by the National Institute on Aging .
+
+S Retrieved September 9 , 2009 , from http : //www.nia.nih.gov/NewsAndEvents/PressReleases/20090720global.htm
+
+S Megawati , Wijaya .
+
+S ( 2009 , August 27 ) .
+
+S Singapore faces a 'silver tsunami' .
+
+S Asia Times .
+
+S Retrieved September 7 , 2009 , from http : //www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/KH27Ae01.html
+
+S Central Provident Fund Board .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Healthcare Financing Framework In Singapore .
+
+S Retrieved September 7 , 2009 , from http : //mycpf.cpf.gov.sg/CPF/my- cpf/Healthcare/PvdHC2.htm
+
+S Channel News Asia .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S National Day Rally Speech 2009 in English .
+
+S Channel News Asia .
+
+S Retrieved on September 03 , 2009 , from http : //www.channelnewsasia.com/nd09/rally_english.htm
+
+S Ministry of Manpower .
+
+S ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Helping Singaporeans Work Longer .
+
+S Retrieved September 9 , 2009 , from http : //www.mom.gov.sg/publish/momportal/en/general/FAQs_on_Work_Longer.html
+
+S With a paradigm shift in many countries towards a greying population , many governments are confronted with a responsibility of implementing policies that assist the ageing process .
+A 17 18|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The elderly often face emotional , mental and physical problems and if these issues are not addressed , there will be economic and social implications for the country .
+
+S Different countries respond to this problem differently and the ease at which the elderly are living their lives is evidence of the creative policies that many governments have introduced to benefit them .
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As countries face the daunting task of ensuring that the needs of their elderly population are met , Singapore is not spared .
+A 1 1|||M:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government estimates that by the year 2030 , 23 % of its population will be over the age of 65 ( Wijaya , 2009 ) .
+
+S Among the various policies introduced to allow the elderly to have an easier time aging include housing , employability and healthcare which will help to ease their ageing process .
+
+S Enhancing the employability of elderly workers by improving skills and retraining elder workers ensures that they have the relevant skills to take on different jobs should the need arise .
+
+S The government has also encouraged employers to be more welcoming in employing the elderly .
+
+S One such example is the Tripartite Committee which introduced the ADVANTAGE !
+
+S scheme in 2005 ( Minister Gan Kim Yong , Acting ,Minister for Manpower , 2009 ) .
+
+S This scheme was introduced to support companies to recruit and retain older workers as well as to re-employ them beyond age of 62 .
+
+S This ensures that companies are willing to review their work process to cater to older workers .
+
+S By introducing such policies , the government ensures that the elderly do not have to be afraid that they might face difficulties at work with rising competition from the younger generations .
+
+S Housing has always been a key issue for elderly during their years of retirement .
+
+S The government thus introduced the Lease Buy Back scheme in 2009 .
+
+S Through Singapore 's successful CPF scheme , many elderly have been able to become flat owners .
+
+S They may be asset-rich but many are cash poor .
+
+S Therefore the government introduced the Lease Buy Back Scheme this year to ease cash flow .
+
+S This scheme allows the government to buy back the HDB flats of the elderly by first giving them a lump sum payment of $ 5000 and a monthly income for the rest of their lives ( Chen , 2009 ) .
+
+S This eases the burden of the old as they are ensured they receive money every month .
+
+S As with old age , there is always a possibility of illness .
+
+S Therefore the government has introduced holistic affordable healthcare and eldercare .
+
+S Singapore 's government introduced Singapore workforce skills qualification ( WSQ ) to train more than 900 therapy assistants and patient service assistant over the next three years ( Minister Gan Kim Yong , Acting Minister for Manpower , 2009 ) .
+
+S These training programmes ensure that the elderly are properly cared for with upmost professionalism and efficiency to make certain that they do not face any obstacles .
+
+S Furthermore when the elderly are in good care of such trained professionals , families do not have to burden themselves with worry the of whether the safety and wellbeing of their elderly is being taken care of .
+
+S As much as government policies have been beneficial to the elderly , critics may state that by increasing the age when elderly can withdraw their CPF , the government is taking away a good few years away from the elderly which can be spent either relaxing , holidaying or purchasing something they have yearned for .
+
+S While this may be true , it is essential to remember that these retirement funds are meant to last the elderly till the end of their lives .
+
+S The earlier they receive the funds , the more the likelihood the funds may be depleted well before their actual intended duration of use .
+
+S Thus the intention of the government to increase the CPF withdrawal age has proved to be a wise decision .
+
+S In conclusion , it is of upmost importance that the government keeps coming up with new and improved policies to ensure that our elderly stay active for as long as possible and are able to fruitfully enjoy their old age .
+
+S It is only through policies such as these that the elderly will ensure that our future generations do not have to fear the process of ageing as they are certain that with continuous implementation of such policies , growing old would be a graceful process .
+
+S References
+
+S Chen , G. ( 2009 , March 2 ) .
+
+S Least buyback scheme starts .
+
+S The Straits Times .
+
+S Retrieved 11 September , 2009 { http : //www.straitstimes.com/Breaking % 2BNews/Singapore/Story/STIStory_344849.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.straitstimes.com/Breaking % 2BNews/Singapore/Story/STIStory_344849.html ]
+
+S Speech by Mr Gan Kim Yong , Acting Minister for Manpower at the Launch of Health Management International limited as a Continuing Education and Training Centre , ( 2009 , January 16 ) .
+
+S Retrieved 8 September , 2009 from { http : //www.mom.gov.sg/publish/momportal/en/press_room/mom_speeches/2009/20090116-speech_by.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.mom.gov.sg/publish/momportal/en/press_room/mom_speeches/2009/20090116-speech_by.html ]
+
+S Wijaya , M. ( 2009 , August 27 ) .
+
+S Singapore faces a " silver tsunami " .
+
+S Asia times online .
+
+S Retrieved 10 September , 2009 from http : //www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/KH27Ae01.html
+
+S Singapore : The fact that the majority of the elderly is reliant on their children for financial support still remains .
+
+S In 2005 , it was 31.9 % among those aged 55 to 64 , 55.8 % for those aged 65 to 74 and 63.7 % for those aged 75 years and above .
+
+S Shockingly , the age-support ratio has declined from 10.4 in 1998 to 8.4 in 2008 , resulting in the challenge that the current caregiver generation has fewer or no siblings with whom to share the burden .
+A 18 21|||R:OTHER|||a situation in which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , the percentage of elderly persons aged 65 and above has increased from 6.8 % in 1998 to 8.7 % in 2008 .
+
+S Thus , the government has to critically consider these worrying demographic changes and allocates a satisfactory portion of the national budget to lighten the burden of the caregiver generation .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:SVA|||allocate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The first approach to reduce elder dependency is to ease barriers to elder employment and encourage the elderly to work longer and retire later ( Peterson , 2001 ) .
+
+S According to the national survey conducted in 2005 , more than half ( 65.9 % ) of the elderly population aged 55 and above were economically inactive .
+A 2 3|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The main reasons included retirement and a drop in their fitness and agility levels .
+
+S It is reported that the government will be raising the current retirement age of 62 to 65 by 2012 and ultimately to 67 and has also made amendments to the Retirement Age Act which increases the employability of elderly workers .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By working longer and saving more , the elderly can build up their retirement nest egg much faster than before .
+
+S Secondly , couples are encouraged to settle down early and set up families , hence , expanding the economy 's size and tax base .
+
+S Meanwhile , the cost burden of providing for the elderly can be spread over a larger future generation .
+
+S ( Peterson , 2001 ) However , the first barrier to starting a family among Singaporeans is the sky-high costs associated .
+A 18 19|||R:ADJ|||immense|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Just the housing policy alone affects the young couples ' choices .
+A 0 2|||U:ADV|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S During the process of house-hunting , the initial excitement to starting a family among couples starts to fade .
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB|||might|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Bigger families require bigger homes at steep prices which force couples to reconsider about the decision to have more children .
+A 13 14|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Is it possible for a couple to purchase a spacious and comfortable place at an affordable price for a family of five ?
+
+S Making matters worse , if the retirement costs and providing for aged parents are added into the equation , having children will be the last thing on the couples ' minds .
+A 0 1|||R:VERB:FORM|||To make|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Last but not least , the strategy about emphasizing filial obligation and increasing the willingness of grown children ( Peterson , 2001 ) is not an easy feat .
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is heartening to read that almost fourth-fifth of the elderly ( 76.4 % in 2005 ) lived with their children .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||fourth-fifths|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:TENSE|||live|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the children are not always the party at fault .
+
+S In fact , there are some parents who do not welcome the prospect of having unmarried children in their 30s living with them as they have a perception that living with more people under the same roof require some sacrifice of personal space and freedom .
+A 26 27|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 38|||R:VERB:SVA|||requires|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The truth lies in the fact that singles under the age of 35 are not eligible to purchase resale flats and are not able to move out of " Hotel Mama " their parents ' flat .
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||below|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 32|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In any case , humans tend to be self-centred and less obliged to give of their time beyond personal pursuits .
+
+S In any event when the government cuts down or eliminate welfare benefits due to rising elderly-related expenditure , it ought to bear in mind the net effects of such actions ( Friedland and Summer , 2005 ) .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:SVA|||eliminates|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is obvious that the daily lives of the families will be adversely affected and the living standards will deteriorate , particularly the low-income families .
+
+S Consequently , there will be a surge in family and social problems .
+
+S The children may isolate the fragile elderly , leading to higher suicide rates and psychological problems .
+
+S Bringing the issue closer to the government , the confidence level inflicted on the government by the citizens will plummet and they would rather render their support for opposition parties .
+A 8 15|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In essence , while the education and defence still remains as the government 's priority , it does not simply mean that expenditure for elderly welfare can be diverted into other areas .
+A 29 30|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Bibliography
+
+S Peter G. Peterson ( 2001 ) , A Graying World
+
+S Robert B. Friedland and Laura Summer ( 2005 ) , Doomsday Predications about Population Aging Are Exaggerated
+
+S Singapore Department of Statistics , Population trends 2008 .
+
+S Retrieved 17 September 2009 , from http : //app.www.sg/data/usermedia/documents/population2008.pdf
+
+S Ministry of Community Development , Youth and Sports , The National Survey of Senior Citizens in Singapore 2005 .
+
+S Retrieved 17 September 2009 , from http : //www.mcys.gov.sg/MCDSFiles/Resource/Materials/NSSC % 202005.pdf
+
+S Reuters , ( 2007 , August 19 ) .
+
+S Singapore to raise retirement age to 65 by 2012 Retrieved 17 September 2009 , from http : //business.inquirer.net/money/breakingnews/view/20070819- 83520/Singapore_to_raise_retirement_age_to_65_by_2012
+
+S EnterpriseOne Retirement Age Act .
+
+S Retrieved 17 September 2009 from http : //www.business.gov.sg/EOS/Templates/EOS- GenericContentTemplate.aspx ? NRMODE = Published&NRORIGINALURL = % 2fEN % 2fBusinessT opic % 2fHiringNTraining % 2fEmployersResponsibilities % 2fLawsNRegulations % 2fhiri ng_laws_retireact.htm&NRNODEGUID = { EFFD1D9F-BE50-48B9-878D- A57B3AECE907 } &NRCACHEHINT = Guest # 2
+
+S Nowadays , " ills of old age " is no longer a topic that " only poets and philosophers " would interest in .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:OTHER|||be interested|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " Governments and policy makers are now confronted with the unprecedented problem of a fast aging population , " claims Peter G. Peterson , ( 2001 , p66 ) .
+
+S Although problems related to aging population become increasingly severe , with more important priority , governments should limit the spending on aging population .
+A 6 6|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is because of three reasons : an increasing spending in dealing with problems in regard to aging population would probably affect other objectives with higher priority ; government can not solve the " ills of old age " alone ; and the cost of " unlimit " the spending on aging population can not justify the benefits in the long run .
+A 14 15|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:OTHER|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 45 49|||R:OTHER|||unlimited|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , with limited budget , unlimited government spending on aging population would severely affect the economic developmentat first priority of most governments ' objectives .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 25|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S While someone may argues that financial support to the elders offered by a government should be increased regardless of other objectives with higher priority so long as there is need in concord with public moral standards , this could in fact weaken a government 's capacity in taking care of the elders in the future .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:FORM|||argue|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 56|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since the tax is the main resource of governments ' revenue , and the tax base could hardly be increased in short run , overspending limited budget on retirement welfare for the time being means less investing in improving infrastructure , and developing advanced technology , which could greatly accelerate economic development in the long run .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||taxes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:TENSE|||can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:OTHER|||a/ the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In that case , governments would have less financial flexibility due to the relatively smaller scale of economy with less tax revenue generated by limited scale of workforce .
+A 24 24|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In real life , the shrinking workforce caused by aging population has contributed to a significant decline in real GDP in some developed countries such as French and Germany .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:NOUN|||France|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This means that the capacity that these governments have to support aging population in the long run would eventually be weakened due to a lower budget .
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , the answer to the problem with regard to aging population should be the cooperation between the elders themselves and the government , not simply by given priority in terms of unlimited government spending .
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , government could help in training elders and engaging them with more jobs .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A new welfare law with higher retirement ages could also be passed so that the elders would have more time to accumulate wealth in preparing for the future .
+
+S By doing so , government spending on aging population could be effectively reduced .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With larger part of welfare supported by elders themselves , more elder citizens would have access to limited government budget .
+
+S With a relatively higher income and a broader base of beneficiaries from the government financial support , the average elder citizen should be able to enjoy a better living quality .
+
+S Meanwhile , governments could invest more money in economic development , which is at governments ' first priority , and generate more revenue to support the aging population in the future though a larger scale of economy instead of an unlimited percentage increase in government spending .
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Last but not least , with an increasing aging population , the cost of easing aging-society problems through larger government spending can not justify the benefits in the long run .
+
+S A government 's first priority should be the economic development and the overall improvement of the citizens ' life quality .
+
+S These goals could not be achieved with most of the budget transferred to take care of the elders in the short run .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , governments should deal with objectives with first priority and limit the budget for aging population .
+
+S In conclusion , it is clear that the problems generated by aging population can not be ignored .
+
+S However , government should limit the spending on aging population and take care of the objectives with higher priority first .
+
+S This is because , due to the limited budget , in order to make the cost justify the benefit for the whole society in the long run , governments have to ensure a growing economy through continuously invest in infrastructure and advance technology with most of its budget .
+
+S The problem in regard to aging population would eventually be eased through more financial support generated from a larger scale of economy instead of increasing percentage cost of budget and participation of the elders themselves .
+A 2 3|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ''It is well known that our society is aging .
+
+S Media stories and political rhetoric abound concerning the impending demographic challenges as the population aged 65 and older is anticipated to more than double by the year 2030,' ' ( Friedland and Summer , 2005 ) .
+
+S Increase in the population of aging group implies there will be more government spending on the old aged .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||An increase|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If the population of aging group is still expanding , the national budget will soon be drained up by supporting the old aged group with welfare treatment .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The nation will be affected if this continues changes .Therefore , government should amend the policy by limiting public spending on the aged so that money can be diverted to other areas of the country 's development which will benefit the nation .
+A 7 7|||M:NOUN|||practice|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In my opinion , limited public spending on the aged enables the government to divert the money to other areas for country development for a bigger picture .
+A 21 22|||R:OTHER|||the country 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 27|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Money could be diverted to develop agriculture , medical and healthcare services , welfare program and others .
+
+S For example , the money can be used to support researches such as research on hybrid seeds plant .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will promote economic growth and increase the national income as introduction of hybrid seeds plant can increase the productivity of the crops .
+
+S There are critics about the act of government spend more money on country development will set aside the welfare of aging group .
+A 2 3|||R:MORPH|||criticisms|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:FORM|||spending|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||the country 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , if the government spends more money on the aging group , the country development will become stagnant and imbalance as there is a lack of fund to run country development projects .
+A 15 15|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:MORPH|||imbalanced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:NOUN:NUM|||funds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:OTHER|||the country 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Whereas , if the public spending is diverted to other areas for country 's development , the nation including the old aged will both gain benefits from the country development and economic growth .
+A 0 2|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 29|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides that , there are other groups of population who need more money than the elder which are the orphans , the handicapped and others .
+A 9 10|||R:PRON|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 18|||R:OTHER|||such as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These groups of people have to struggle for their living resources and cost of living as they are vulnerable in the society .
+
+S Often , the handicapped can hardly make a stand in applying for job if they are to compete with the others because of their physical weaknesses and lack of living skills .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The public spending will come in handy to support their living .
+A 0 1|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some may argue that the old aged need more money as they are unable to earn income to support their living .
+A 5 6|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the old aged are still be able to involve in the work field by extending their working lives and accumulate wealth for their latter years .
+A 3 4|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||be involved|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:FORM|||accumulating|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:MORPH|||later|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In a contrast , the handicapped can hardly get a job not to mention that they can accumulate wealth through working .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thereby , public spending should be diverted to other areas to help the needy and unfortunate .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||Therefore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , limited public spending on the elderly can encourage the grown children to take up their filial responsibility .
+A 11 12|||R:ADJ|||grown-up|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If the government reduce public spending on elders , elders whose living cost depends on the public spending have to rely on their children support .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||reduces|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||those|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||t|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the past , the elder have worked hard to raise their children and provide the best for their children .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||elders|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , the grown children should appreciate their upbringing and take good care of them in return .
+
+S There may be opposing view which claims that the grown children do not have much money to support the elderly as they have their own family living to support .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||views|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 27|||R:OTHER|||families|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nevertheless , the grown children can actually do some adjustment to their monthly expenditure by practicing cost saving to have sufficient money to support their own family and their elder 's living cost .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||adjustments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will increase the willingness of the grown children to take care of their parents and realize their obligation to their parents .
+
+S In a nutshell , government should change their mindset and policy in order to meet the modern challenges .
+
+S Policy maker should limit public spending on the aged and divert money to other country 's development to maintain a balance development of the country .
+
+S Or else , the country development would be stagnant and the nation would not have to live in a comfortable life .
+
+S If the government helps the senior citizens with public spending by constraining the fiscal cost on other areas of country development , the government would actually put the country in a straggling condition .
+
+S References : Peter G. Peterson , ( Fall 2001 ) .
+
+S A Graying World .
+
+S Harvard International Review .
+
+S Robert B. Friedland and Laura Summer , ( March 2005 ) .
+
+S Demography Is Not Destiny , Revisited .
+
+S Center on Aging Society , Georgetown University .
+
+S Due to poor fertility rates and late marriages , the government is now confronted with the problem of an aging population .
+
+S This is a phenomenon with dire consequences , such as having to direct large amounts of money to take care of the elderly .
+
+S Examples include a need to build facilities that are elderly-friendly and heavy subsidizing of their medical fees due to their poor health and low income .
+A 13 14|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although forking out a lump sum of money for medical fees is inevitable , the government should not neglect the economic growth of the country .
+
+S Thus funding for the elderly medical fees should be limited so as to divert funds to other areas which are more necessary for improvement .
+
+S We can not deny the fact that what we have today is a result of the hard work of the elderly in their prime years .
+
+S It is only right that the government take care of them , and spend vast amounts of money on them with no questions asked .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||takes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:SVA|||spends|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Critics of this approach have argued that if the government continues spending , more tax will be imposed on each working individual and elder dependency will rise .
+
+S It would be very stressful for them , having to keep up with both the pace of work and tax expenses .
+
+S Furthermore , there are key areas such as tourism , education and technology which will produce significant results if enough resources are channeled to them .
+
+S Other than the government spending on them , there are other alternatives which can be implemented to remedy the situation .
+A 5 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , it is through stressing filial obligation and increasing the willingness of tomorrow 's grown children , however numerous or productive they are , to support their own elderly parents through informal and familial channels .
+A 22 24|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Peterson.P , 2001 ) .
+
+S This is a social responsibility for each working individual , and it is often easier to get people to be socially responsible than to increase their tax contributions .
+
+S The government should give incentives to children that live near their parents , such as cheaper housing , or give priority to them when allocating flats .
+A 7 8|||R:PRON|||who|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , it is by requiring people to provide in advance for their own old-age dependency .
+
+S They should be encouraged or compelled by law to save and invest more of their income earned while they are active in the work force .
+
+S ( Peterson.P , 2001 ) .
+
+S Minor monthly contributions made during their working years will definitely accumulate to a substantial pool of wealth for their retirement days .
+
+S Diverting funds to other more vital areas of improvements has its benefits too .
+
+S Firstly , there will be economic growth and country prosperity .
+
+S Singapore has strived hard to achieve the status as a tourism hub , and the revenue that could be generated from it alone should never be overlooked .
+
+S Therefore , if more funds are diverted to it instead of the elderly , there is no doubt that the country will experience tremendous economic growth and be prosperous .
+A 11 11|||M:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , the future workforce of the country will be very productive .
+
+S A productive workforce is often defined as one which possesses the best qualifications , and education emphasis is the only way to go about it .
+
+S Thus , expanding the current budget on education will surely result in a larger and more affluent generation in the future .
+
+S Spending on the elderly is necessary , but it could be done on a ration basis .
+A 7 8|||R:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We 've discussed the far-reaching effects of diverting to other more vital areas of improvement and it outweighs any existing issues .
+
+S There are also other available alternatives which could be implemented to deal with the medical needs of the elderly , such as the stressing of filial obligations and the introduction of retirement schemes .
+A 22 25|||R:OTHER|||stressing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 31|||R:OTHER|||introducing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The limit , however , should be duly considered by the government in line with its current policies .
+
+S In a survey conducted by Manpower Incorporated , 40 % of global leaders felt that ageing population was to be one of the most crucial problems in the future ( AARP Multinational Survey of Opinion Leaders 2006 , March 2007 ) .
+A 15 16|||R:VERB|||introducing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus it comes as no surprise that governments around the world have stepped up their efforts to alleviate the effects of global aging .
+
+S The social policies adopted have greatly introduced the older population into the workforce and the volunteering sector , thus keeping them actively involved in the community and easing the aging process to a large extent .
+
+S Firstly , governments have reduced the dangers of ageing population by encouraging retirees to participate actively in volunteering ( MCYS Media Release No .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S 03/2008 ) to increase their mental alertness and at the same time tap on their wisdom to aid the community .
+
+S However , critics argue that citizens are unaware of these volunteering opportunities .
+
+S Also , they contend that most would be unwilling to volunteer during their 'golden years ' , thus wasting the government 's efforts to increase volunteering opportunities for the elder population .
+
+S This claim is flawed as the government has been stepping up its efforts to increase awareness of elder volunteerism through public campaigns and functions .
+
+S Fairs have also been organised to encourage active ageing through volunteerism ( MCYS Media Release No .
+
+S 03/2008 ) .
+
+S As a result , there has been a rising trend of senior volunteers over the years .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN|||number|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Retired and Senior Volunteers Programme ( RSVP ) is an example of an avenue that provides opportunities for retirees to volunteer and use their skills to help others and also nurture new skills along the way .
+
+S To date , it has over 500 , 000 volunteers ( Senior corps , electronic reference ) , thus proving wrong the notion that people are unaware and uninterested to volunteer in their 'golden years' .
+
+S The high membership is testimony to the fact that volunteering will give the elderly spiritual fulfillment in their later years .
+
+S Secondly , governments in affected countries have introduced incentives to encourage companies to hire and retrain older workers , thus boosting the workforce and easing the aging process .
+
+S This will ensure that the huge older population can contribute effectively to the workforce .
+
+S Also , they will be able to accumulate more savings and not be over-reliant on the government for pension benefits .
+
+S This policy has been effective as surveys have proved that with the retraining and incentives to hire older workers put in place , employers have been increasingly open about hiring older workers .
+
+S According to a survey conducted by Manpower Incorporated in October 2006 , 48 % and 43 % of employers had strategies to hire and preserve older Singaporean workers respectively , whereas in Japan , 83 % of employers had strategies to preserve older workers .
+
+S This proves that the governments ' strategies to promote the hiring of older workers into the workforce have been effective .
+
+S According to the Singapore 's Ministerial Committee on Ageing ( MCA ) , employment of Singapore citizens aged 55 to 64 increased from 53.7 % in 2006 to 56.2 % in 2007 ( MCYS Media Release No .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S 03/2008 ) .
+
+S This shows that the retraining of skills have indeed helped older workers to become more productive leading to the increased willingness of employers to hire them .
+
+S Lastly , the Singapore government has been encouraging citizens to retire later to accumulate more savings .
+
+S As a result , Singaporean working males aged 60 to 64 increased from 49 % in 1996 to 63 % in 2006 , while those of females increased from 15 % to 26 % ( Ministry of Manpower Press Release , 22/2/07 ) .
+A 24 25|||R:OTHER|||the number|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This proves that the government 's promotion of a longer working life have effectively influenced the mindset and convinced the older population to contribute to the workforce for a longer period of time .
+
+S Fiscal cost that was previously used to distribute pension benefits to retirees could now be diverted to funding retraining programmes and monetary incentives to companies to hire and retrain older workers , thus further boosting the economy .
+
+S As seen from the above , current social policies adopted by the government have indeed alleviated the ageing process significantly .
+
+S The elder population , equipped with better skills , now has greater ability to contribute to the workforce .
+
+S Companies , with increased cash grants from the government , can now afford to retrain and hire older workers .
+
+S Also , senior volunteer opportunities are abound to effectively tap on the skills of retirees and ensure their mental well-being .
+
+S References 1 .
+
+S AARP Multinational Survey of Opinion Leaders 2006 , March 2007 report ; Retrieved from http : //assets.aarp.org/www.aarp.org_/cs/gap/aarp_asia_final_report_2_16_07.p df
+
+S 2 .
+
+S MCYS Media Release No .
+
+S 03/2008 , 15/1/08 ; Retrieved from , http : //www.mcys.gov.sg/MCDSFiles/Press/Articles/03-2008.pdf
+
+S 3 .
+
+S Senior Corps .
+
+S Electronic References .
+
+S Retrieved from , http : //www.seniorcorps.gov/about/programs/rsvp.asp
+
+S 4 .
+
+S Ministry of Manpower Press Release , 22/2/07 ; Retrieved from , http : //www.mom.gov.sg/publish/momportal/en/press_room/press_releases/2007/20 070222_-_Profile_of_Older_Workers.html
+
+S 5 .
+
+S Manpower Inc. Electronic References .
+
+S Retrieved from , http : //files.shareholder.com/downloads/MAN/119477554x0x91562/798c81fb-96ad- 40b0-89ac-0f14eb000d7b/Older_Worker_Survey_Results_FINAL_20Apr07.pdf
+
+S Facing an ageing population , the Singapore government had done research and development to improve the ageing process .
+
+S This is so that we will be able to harness the social possibilities , while at the same time , prepare to tackle challenges arising from the ageing population .
+
+S The ageing process brings to mind deteriorating health situation which requires lots of medical attention .
+A 8 9|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To make matters worse , social problems such as disrespectfulness and the lack of filial piety among the younger generations arises .
+
+S This would lead to emotional problems , where elderly feels like the " leftover of society " .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Gerard Ee , chairman of Council for Third Age said , we have to deal with housing , health , financial needs and accessibility before older people can be fully integrated into society .
+
+S Singapore has looked into the development of infrastructures to create a barrier free society for the elderly .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||infrastructure|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The main areas of concerns were the Housing Development Board ( HDB ) precincts and public transports island wide .
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||transport|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , the government had launched the Lift Upgrading Programme for the benefit of flat owners without direct access to lifts .
+A 4 5|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By doing so , elderly can then conveniently leave their HDB homes to access shops and services within the precinct ( HDB , 2001 ) .
+
+S Next , new buses are now designed low-floor , step-free and wheelchair accessible .
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||with low floors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to the Committee of Aging Issues ( CAI ) , a barrier free environment is important to allow senior citizens live independently and move out into the community to participate actively in society ( CAI , 2006 ) .
+A 21 21|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The newly designed buses complement the elder friendly Mass Rapid Transit ( MRT ) systems , making Singapore an accessible city for all .
+
+S Hence , today 's elderly has unobstructed access from homes to public amenities , communal and recreational facilities .
+
+S In recognition of what the government had done , people begin to ask if these improvements could really ease the ageing process .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have begun|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Now elderly are given more access to the public , but the ultimate choice still lies with them .
+
+S What could be hindering the decision is their children 's disapproval or even themselves .
+
+S This is the case as most people will agree that elderly are not able to take care of themselves outside .
+
+S We can not deny that they require more response time and have certain constraints in physical movements .
+A 4 4|||M:OTHER|||the fact|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A little carelessness on the road could cause accidents , thus creating more burdens to their love ones .
+
+S Also , they are usually the victims of crime .
+
+S However , the government has been creating awareness on looking out for each other especially the elderly in society .
+
+S For example , from young school teaches civic and moral education to educate us on how to take care of elderly , to be patient with them , to respect them and even offer help to them .
+A 5 5|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||schools|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||teach|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Television programs such as Crime Watch also increases the knowledge of elderly to be vigilant to conmen and to prevent crime by not wearing excessive valuables .
+A 14 15|||R:ADJ|||wary|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The second area of research and development is on dementia .
+
+S Researchers found that people who retired later are able to avoid Alzheimer 's disease longer than people who retired earlier ( The Straits Times , 2009 ) .
+
+S The first way of tackling this issue is to raise the retirement age to 62 years old .
+
+S It not only keeps the elderly mind active , it also helps to cope financially with rising medical costs and brings in self-satisfaction for being able to contribute to the society .
+A 0 1|||R:PRON|||This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:PRON|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , CAI emphasizes on having strong family ties across generations to ensure that the family continues to be the first line of support .
+A 4 5|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is essential to the elderly as they will not feel so helpless and unwanted .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly , the Government have also encouraged activities and interactions by setting up elderly corners under void decks with facilities such as chess tables .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The aim is to prevent elderly from shutting themselves out of the society resulting to mind-robbing Alzheimer 's disease .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the current research and development approaches adopted by the Singapore Government are helpful to a large extent in easing the ageing process .
+
+S With the development of infrastructure and medical field as mentioned above , these problems are better coped .
+A 16 17|||R:VERB|||handled|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The elderly can now move around independently and conveniently , decreasing the burden on working adults .
+
+S References
+
+S Housing Development Board ( 2001 ) .
+
+S Electronic references .
+
+S Retrieved September 7 , 2001 , from http : //www.hdb.gov.sg/fi10/fi10208p.nsf/WPDis/Lift % 20Upgrading % 20ProgrammePolicies ? OpenDocument
+
+S Committee on Ageing Issues ( 2006 ) .
+
+S Report on the Ageing Population .
+
+S Retrieved February 3 , 2006 , from { http : //www.mcys.gov.sg/successful_ageing/report/CAI_report.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.mcys.gov.sg/successful_ageing/report/CAI_report.pdf ]
+
+S Work longer , delay dementia ( 2009 , May 18 ) .
+
+S The Straits Times , { http : //www.straitstimes.com/Breaking % 2BNews/Tech % 2Band % 2BScience/Story/STIStory_378502.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.straitstimes.com/Breaking % 2BNews/Tech % 2Band % 2BScience/Story/STIStory_378502.html ]
+
+S The aging population has been an ongoing problem on the countries over the world .
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is not much of a difference in Singapore as the Strait Times ( 2009 ) stated that there has been an increase in the aging population to about 300,000 people who are over the age of 65 today and this figure is expected to increase to 900,000 by 2030 .
+
+S This shows that more attention is required for the aging population so as to prepare the society in embracing these elderly in the near future .
+A 11 13|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||R:OTHER|||to embrace|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , the public spending on the aged should not be limited and to be spent on other areas of the country 's development as the money is needed for the healthcare and financial aspect for the aged .
+A 13 14|||U:VERB:FORM||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:NOUN|||needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:PREP|||needsr|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As one gets older , they are more vulnerable to illness which explains the need of spending on the healthcare industry .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||one|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the CIA factbook ( 2009 ) , the life expectancy for Singapore is 81.98 years which is ranked fourth in the world .
+A 16 16|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This means that the aged would live longer and drain their families and their own savings as the hospital fees are costly and thus more subsidies are required ( Friedland & Summer , 2005 , p.g.17 ) .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:POSS|||family 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , money is also needed to provide the prevention and screenings programmes for the elderly and to educate them about the benefits of having a healthy lifestyle and ways to stay healthy .
+
+S These screenings can also help to identify potential health problems that they might have and get them to seek treatment before it worsens and disrupt their daily activities .
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:SVA|||disrupts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , spending on elderly healthcare is necessary as it helps to educate the elderly on the importance of healthy lifestyle while reducing the burden on the elderly and their family for the costly healthcare services .
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , there is a high chance that the elderly may use up their retirement savings on healthcare and daily necessities despite the implementation of Central Provident Fund ( CPF ) to lessen their burden .
+
+S Dr Ng ( 2007 ) stated that CPF members would also use up their CPF account in time due to the higher standard of living in the future .
+
+S In addition , based on Statistic Singapore ( 2008 ) , the old age support ratio has decreased from 11.8 in 1990 to 8.4 in 2008 .
+
+S This shows that there are fewer young working adults to support the elderly .
+
+S It also signifies that the elderly has to either prolong retirement or increase their saving in order to support themselves after retirement .
+
+S Therefore , retraining is needed for the elderly as through these retraining , they can upgrade their skills and adapt to the demanding working environment to save up for the future and contribute to the economy .
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , spending on pension and retraining for the elders is essential and should not be limited as it aids them in being financially independent after retirement .
+A 9 10|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , money is also needed in the other areas of development like education .
+
+S Education plays an important part in the country development and growth as it helps in nurturing the young who are the country 's future .
+A 8 8|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , the expenditure on education is also important instead of focusing on the aging population .
+
+S Nevertheless , the Ministry of Finance ( 2009 ) had stated that they are planning to provide quality education by setting aside $ 4.4 billion for basic education for the young and $ 3.5 billion for the higher education like the polytechnics and universities .
+A 38 39|||R:MORPH|||educational|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 39|||M:NOUN|||institutions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is in hope of improving education sector and nurture the young better for the future of Singapore .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , the Ministry of Education ( 2009 ) had also stated that the budget for education had increased by 5.5 % .
+
+S Hence , this shows that despite the increase in the spending for the aged , it does not mean that the other areas of development will be neglected as each development plays an important part in the growth of the country .
+
+S In conclusion , spending on the aged should not be limited due the costly healthcare expenses and limited retirement saving for the future .
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These expenditures can help to improve the lifestyle of elderly and being healthy the elderly will be able to prolong their retirement which in turn helps in improving the economic .
+A 29 30|||R:MORPH|||economy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , not only the country but its people will also benefit from the economic growth .
+
+S References :
+
+S Newspaper Article
+
+S 1 .
+
+S Liaw , W.C. ( 2009 , June 4 ) .
+
+S Help for studies on the elderly .
+
+S The Straits Times
+
+S Government Reports
+
+S 2 .
+
+S Ministry of Education .
+
+S Press Release ( 2009 , Febuary 10 ) .
+
+S Information Sheet on Building Strong Fundamentals , Expanding Opportunities for All .
+
+S Retrieved on September 13 , 2009 , from
+
+S http : //www.moe.gov.sg/media/press/2009/02/information-sheet-on- building.php
+
+S 3 .
+
+S Ng , E.H. ( 2007 , August 21 ) .
+
+S Ministry of Manpower .
+
+S Press Briefing .
+
+S CPF Reforms and Other Measures to Help Older Singaporeans Improve Retirement Adequacy and Work Longer .
+
+S Retrieved on September 13 , 2009 , from
+
+S http : //www.mom.gov.sg/publish/momportal/en/press_room/mom_speeches/2007 /20070821-Press_Briefing.html
+
+S 4 .
+
+S Minstry of Finance .
+
+S ( 2009 , February 12 ) .
+
+S Expenditure Overview .
+
+S Electronic References .
+
+S Retrieved on September 13 , 2009 , from
+
+S http : //www.singaporebudget.gov.sg/expenditure_overview/social_dev.html
+
+S Internet Sources
+
+S 5 .
+
+S Central Intelligence Agency .
+
+S Publications .
+
+S Retrieved on September 13 , 2009 , from https : //www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world- factbook/geos/sn.html
+
+S Readings
+
+S 6 .
+
+S Friedland , R.B .
+
+S & Summer , L. ( 2005 , March ) .
+
+S Doomsday Predictions about Population Aging are Exaggerated .
+
+S Demography Is Not Destiny , Revisited .
+
+S Center on Aging Society .
+
+S Georgetown University
+
+S 27.3 % of Singapore 's GDP ( Gross Domestic Product ) is attributed to the manufacturing sector ( Nah , March 2006 ) .
+
+S The manufacturing industry in Singapore is one of the important growth engines of the economy .
+
+S Large amount of money is diverted to the R&D ( Research & Development ) sector to give Singapore a competitive edge over its competitors .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||A large|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But this has resulted in uproars from the people and they claim that more resources should be diverted into the welfare schemes for the aged instead .
+
+S So , who is defined as the aged ?
+
+S Currently there is no fixed age group where the aged is clearly defined .
+
+S Regardless of how the aged is defined , no human is able to survive without money in this current world .
+
+S Therefore in order for the aged to be better off , the Singapore economy has to be constantly growing and this can be achieved by diverting more resources into our R&D sector so the local products will be greatly differentiated and value added .
+
+S There is a common misconception that most welfare states end up being in debt and the people have a higher tendency to be over-reliant .
+
+S However there are no statistics to show that higher government expenditure on the social welfare leads to lower growth and lower productivity .
+
+S Well known welfare states such as Germany and Denmark do not necessarily do better or worse off economically than countries who have limited social expenditure such as Japan .
+A 16 17|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:PRON|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Denmark 's welfare expenditure contributes to 37.9 % of the nation 's GDP and the GDP per capita ( PPPUS $ ) is $ 37,265 whereas Japan 's welfare expenditure contributes to 16.9 % of the nation 's GDP and its GDP per capita ( PPPUS $ ) is $ 38,559 ( Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development [ OECD ] 2001 ) .
+
+S From this statistic , we can draw that it is also possible for Singapore to learn from these success stories and increase welfare expenditure while achieving economic growth at the same time .
+A 1 2|||R:DET|||these|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||statistics|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB|||conclude|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Singapore is different from the welfare states in Europe such as Germany and Denmark .
+
+S Singapore is practicing the open market policy thus being more susceptible to external factors .
+A 7 7|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:FORM|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A recent example would be when the United States 's economy fell during the credit crisis , Singapore was badly impacted by the recession .
+
+S One of the major growth engines in the Singapore 's economy is the manufacturing sector .
+
+S Unlike China who has abundance in labour , Singapore on the other hand has little natural resources and is unable to compete with China on a large scale .
+A 2 3|||R:PRON|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Singapore , a small country with limited resources can outperform others by ) distinguishing our manufacturing goods by investing more money to invent cutting edge technology , to increase efficiency , to make our products unique and competitive in the market .
+
+S In order to finance the current schemes in Singapore , the economy has to be growing first so that it could support its schemes .
+
+S Currently Government Health Expenditure has been limited at 0.9 % from 2005 to 2007 ( Ministry of Health [ MOH ] , 2001 ) .
+
+S Since Government Health Expenditure is capped at a percentage of GDP regardless of boom or bust in the economy , therefore the amount of money diverted to Health Expenditure in a bullish economy is higher than when it is during a bearish economy .
+
+S As the saying goes " Give a man a fish and you feed him for a day .
+
+S Teach a man to fish and you feed him for a lifetime " This is especially true for the senior citizens whose skills are outdated in the current society but has an able body to earn an income for themselves .
+A 30 31|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Instead of diverting resources to finance the welfare schemes , the government should instead divert resources into retraining and integrating the senior citizens back into the work force .
+
+S Senior citizens possess a large amount of experience which are valuable to the younger generation now , thus they are more of an asset than a liability .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " For every working adult in Singapore , He/She has to support 8.4 elderly Residents aged 65 years and above ( Ministry of Community Development , Youth and Sports [ MCYS ] 2008 ) .
+A 14 15|||R:ORTH|||residents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore to ease the burden on the younger generation who has to support the post baby boomers as they approach their retirement years , it would be a win-win situation if we integrate senior citizens back into the work force .
+
+S As countries differ both ideologically and geographically , there is no one solution that solves the current situation of an aging population .
+
+S Thus with different government 's goals , the solution will adjusted to suit the country .
+A 10 10|||M:VERB:TENSE|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But in Singapore 's context , Singapore does not have any natural resources and ( we ) dependent on innovation and creativity to gain an advantage over its competitors .
+
+S In order to finance these welfare programs , we need to divert resources to other areas in order to have continuous growth in Singapore .
+
+S However government intervention alone is insufficient to finance the welfare schemes alone .
+
+S Thus it has included private charity organization such as National Council of Social Service ( NCSS ) to attend to the needs of the aged and the needy together with the help of the government .
+
+S Most importantly , is the care and concern from the family which is vital to the well being of the elderly .
+A 2 3|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S Health Facts Singapore .
+
+S Ministry of Health Singapore .
+
+S Retrieved 14th September 2009 .
+
+S From http : //www.moh.gov.sg/mohcorp/statistics.aspx ? id = 5972
+
+S Nah , Seok Ling ( March 2006 ) Singapore 's Manufacturing Sector 1991-2005 .
+
+S Statistics Singapore Newsletter .
+
+S Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) ( 2001 ) .
+
+S Retrieved 14th September 2009 .
+
+S From http : //www.oecd.org/dataoecd/56/37/31613113.xls .
+
+S " Singapore Social Statistics in Brief 2008 " .
+
+S Ministry of Community Development , Youth and Sports .
+
+S The aging process of the elderly is an on-going problem , as the first batch of baby boomers will reach 65 by 2012 .
+
+S " The number of elderly aged 65 and above is one out of every 12 Singaporeans .
+
+S By 2030 , it will be one out of five .
+
+S " ( Building Construction Authority [ BCA ] , 2008 ) .
+
+S In view of this growing trend , government agencies and local service providers came out with some very innovative and creative designs to ease the everyday life of elderly .
+
+S The BCA has acknowledged the aging problems in Singapore and released a series of Home improvement designs to cater to the needs of an aging population in Singapore .
+
+S Those designs include the manoeuvring space for wheel chair bound elderly , visuals and vibration door bells for elderly with hearing impairment and additional safety features like emergency bell in toilets .
+A 28 29|||R:NOUN:NUM|||bells|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All this features will enhance the life of elderly as they can perform daily duties with ease .
+A 1 2|||R:DET|||these|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These also allow the elderly to be independent as they no longer need to rely on other 's help with their daily life .
+A 16 18|||R:NOUN:POSS|||others '|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Bus service provider SBS transit took the lead to introduce the elderly and handicap friendly buses in 2007 .
+
+S The low floor and zero stepped bus is an initiative by the SBS to ease the travelling journey for the elderly .
+
+S " This means that the elderly and other less mobile passengers will be able to board and alight easily .
+
+S This is especially important given Singapore 's ageing population .
+
+S " ( SBS Transit , 2007 ) .
+
+S It is an important innovation by the transport company , as it showcases its determination to improve the local transport facilities to facilitate the transportation for the ones with special needs .
+A 23 24|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Land Transport Authority ( LTA ) did their part by introducing the new elderly- friendly traffic system in March 2009 .
+
+S Making use of the new Radio Frequency Identification ( RFID ) technology , " Traffic lights will open their eyes to keep a look out for elderly pedestrians " ( LTA , 2009 ) .
+
+S With the new technology , traffic lights will detect elderly that 's still crossing the roads and adjust the timing accordingly .
+A 9 9|||M:OTHER|||any/an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With this system in place , lesser traffic accidents involving slower moving elderly are expected , as it allows elderly to finish crossing before the drivers are signalled to go .
+A 6 7|||R:ADJ|||fewer|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Preliminary rounds of test involving 30 elderly pedestrians shows that the new system is welcomed by the elderly .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:SVA|||show|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Local technology company ALCOM recently came out with the elderly friendly GSM mobile phone during the COMEX 2009 .
+A 6 7|||R:PART|||up|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The simple mobile phone captures the essential needs of the elderly in a simple package .
+
+S Big key pads , easy call and hang up buttons , basic SMS functions and Phonebook memory .
+A 0 17|||R:OTHER|||It has big key pads , easy call and hang up buttons , basic SMS functions and Phonebook memory .|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It provides additional functions like quick dial buttons for them to gain quick access to those they contact very often .
+
+S The SOS button behind the phone will provide instant access to their family members in time of emergencies .
+A 15 18|||R:OTHER|||times of emergency|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The launch of this mobile phone has made communicating easier and inevitably eased the process of communication for elderly .
+
+S Despite numerous efforts to ease the process of ageing , government agencies seems to forgot about the basic survival requirements for the elderly .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:SVA|||seem|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:FORM|||forget|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Most of the above technologies came with a price , and not having enough cash for the elderly are effectively cutting off all their access to the aids provided for them .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||come|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " By 2013 , those with less than the Minimum Sum of $ 120,000 and the Medisave Required Amount of $ 25,000 ( currently $ 11,500 ) , will not be able to withdraw any CPF money " ( Leong , 2007 ) .
+
+S With the increase of minimum sum to $ 120,000 in 2013 , many lower income workers will not meet the requirements as their CPF savings are used to finance their home loan and children 's tertiary education .
+
+S Together with the increase of unemployment rates in Singapore , it presents a worrying trend of its citizen entering the retirement age of their life .
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||citizens|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Understanding the needs of its citizen , Housing Development Board ( HDB ) introduced the " Lease Buyback Scheme " in March 2009 ( HDB Info Web , 2009 ) .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||citizens|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The scheme aims to allow lower income families to cash out part of their money locked in the HDB flat and still be able to retain the flat for stay .
+
+S Current Research and Developments like the Home improvement designs from BCA , elderly - friendly buses from SBS transit , RFID traffic lights from LTA and GSM phones from ALCOM all hopes to achieve the ultimate target of an easier life for the elderly .
+A 31 32|||R:MORPH|||hope|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Together with the government 's policies to improve financial independence of the elderly , their life will definitely be greatly enhanced by the new innovations .
+
+S In this economic driven society , taking too much of the public 's resources to support the elderly does not bore well for the future of the country .
+A 2 3|||R:MORPH|||economy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:ADV|||bode|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , placing a cap on the public spending to support the aged should be implemented .
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By limiting the resources used on the aged , other developments of the country can be better financed in order to drive the country forward .
+
+S The public spending used for the elderly such as healthcare , pension and welfare programs can be diverted into development sectors instead .
+
+S For example , the education for our youths , the nurturing of the country 's youth is more important as these are the people who will eventually be the ones to carry the responsibility of maintaining the economical state of the country and to ensure a brighter future for her people .
+A 37 38|||R:MORPH|||economic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A total budget of $ 8,701 million has been voted to MOE in FY2009 ( Singapore Budget , 2009 ) , most of which goes into the subsiding of school fees for local students .
+A 27 28|||R:MORPH|||subsidising|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This ensures that Singapore youngsters get a chance at education despite their financial status .
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||regardless of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By exposing every possible citizen to education , Singapore then , will she be able to continue in development .
+
+S Singapore being a resource scarce country , the only resource we can make use of is our people .
+
+S Therefore funds should go into the upbringing of the people whom are able to drive the country forward in the future .
+A 10 11|||R:PRON|||who|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another development sector in which Singapore directs most of its funds is to our defenses .
+A 3 4|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the 2009 government budget , the defense sector alone accounted for 11.4 billion Singapore dollars , which is equivalent to more than a quarter of the country 's ' spending ( Singapore budget , 2009 ) .
+
+S With the recent increase in terrorism , it is important that such a huge amount goes into protecting the people of Singapore .
+
+S Some may argue that , as much as youths are our country 's future , we can not neglect the fact that these are the elders that have paved a path for the next generation to come .
+
+S Their contribution to the society should at least be recognized and to a certain extend rewarded for .
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN|||extent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some may argue that the incentives given by the government now are more than enough , however the amount of elderly people with no homes are still alarming till date .
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||; however ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN|||number|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If the government was doing enough , no elderly should be seen sleeping on chairs in parks they should be instead living comfortably in their homes enjoying the fruits of their labor .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||M:PUNCT|||. They|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus by limiting the funds in this sector , would mean restrictions placed around how much can be done to help these people .
+A 1 9|||R:OTHER|||limiting the funds in this sector|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , as mentioned , in this economic driven world , it would be impractical to focus our finances on the people whom are no longer efficient in what they used to do .
+A 10 11|||R:MORPH|||economy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:PRON|||who|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The country will simply be burden by placing more funds into rewarding or simply sustaining the elderly .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:FORM|||burdened|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They should have had savings in either the form of cash or CPF to sustain them , alongside with subsides from the government to helps loosen the dependency on others for help .
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:FORM|||help|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The rewarding of the elderly does not push the country forward , whereas it is the upbringing of our youth that will ensure a future for our country .
+
+S There is too much human factor involved when it comes to whether elders should get more funds to help them cope in their later days , which should not be part of any equation when other development sectors can benefit instead .
+A 23 24|||R:MORPH|||latter|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In sum , the limitation of public spending on the elderly and diverting them to other developments would serve well in driving the country forward .
+A 13 14|||R:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On one hand it is only moral that they are well taken cared because of the fact that they are the ones who contributed to the society before a new generation took over , while on the other by allocating more public spending on them would hinder the growth of the country as a whole .
+A 12 13|||R:MORPH|||care|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 38|||M:NOUN|||hand|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 44|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Trading the future for the past simply is not a practical choice .
+A 6 8|||R:WO|||is simply|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Resources
+
+S Security and External Relation .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Retrieved September 20 , 2009 , from Singapore Budget Web site : { http : //www.singaporebudget.gov.sg/expenditure_overview/security_external_relations.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.singaporebudget.gov.sg/expenditure_overview/security_external_relations.html ]
+
+S Singapore has one of the fastest aging populations in the world , with people over 65-year-olds estimated by 2030 to make up 23 % of the population , making Singapore the country with the second highest percentage in Asia just behind Japan ( Asia Times , 2009 ) .
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||65 years old|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 37|||M:OTHER|||of this age group|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the growing number of the aged in Singapore , the government should establish its bottom line for financing public healthcare for the elderly .
+
+S However , the government should also plan and allocate its expenditures on other areas appropriately in order to fuel the country 's development .
+
+S A country can not afford to spend too much on the elderly because of practical realities .
+
+S Some people think that the government has moral obligation to do all that it can to support the elderly .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The high standard of living in many developed countries causes greater difficulties for working adult to support their parents ' medical expenses and still take care of their children 's needs .
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||adults|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , rising medical cost makes it more imperative for elderly to receive help in order to support their medical needs in the future .
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However this is not a practicable solution .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Other than the elderly , there are also other groups of people equally in need of the government support to help them .
+
+S People like the handicapped , intellectually disabled and single mothers also experience great difficulty in living in Singapore where cost of living is relatively high .
+
+S The government should spread out its public spending to the various groups of people in need instead of just focusing on the elderly .
+
+S The government 's moral obligation should not be supporting the elderly only .
+
+S Technology is an important area of development that will benefit everyone in the country .
+
+S Increasing public spending on technology would lead to an increased activity in Research and Development ( R&D ) and new advancement in technology .
+
+S Certain new innovations brought about by the rise of R&D activities would in turn help the needy people improve their living standards .
+
+S Some examples are the invention of robot that is able to do household chores and the modification of public buses that can accommodate the elderly and the handicapped .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Advancement in technology will also attract more investors and business opportunities to the country that will contribute to the country 's economic growth .
+
+S Investing in technology would not just benefit the needy people but also the people as a whole in the country .
+
+S Military spending is crucial in maintaining an 'insurance policy ' with no buffer zone against potential aggressors .
+
+S In 2009 , more than a quarter of the country 's expenditure , or $ 11.4 billion , had been directed to defence - an increase of 5.6 per cent over previous year 's budget ( Singapore Budget , 2009 ) .
+A 31 31|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This has shown the importance the government place on the Singapore defence .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||places|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Singapore sees terrorism as one of the biggest threats to its security and economy .
+
+S Attacks in recent years in the United States and neighbouring countries such as Indonesia have prompted it to increase its vigilance against similar risks .
+
+S With the threat of terrorism intensifying , Singapore should never let its guard down but invest more on its defence in order to be more vigilant .
+
+S Military spending should strive to be one of the top priorities of the government as it concerns the safety and security of everybody in Singapore .
+A 3 5|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In summation , it is important that the government continue to provide financial assistance for the elderly due to the increasing number senior citizen .
+A 22 22|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN:NUM|||citizens|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , this public spending should not be done at the expense of other expenditures that concern the country as a whole such as technology and defence .
+
+S Investing in technology and defence will eventually benefit everyone in Singapore including the elderly and other people in need in terms of better living condition and greater security .
+
+S Singapore government should continue to be cautious about how it allocates its expenditure such that it will bring the utmost profit to the country .
+
+S Resources :
+
+S Asia Times .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Singapore faces 'silver tsunami' .
+
+S Retrieved September 14 , 2009 , from Singapore Democrats Web site : { http : //yoursdp.org/index.php/news/singapore/2733-singapore-faces-silver-tsunami } [ HYPERLINK : http : //yoursdp.org/index.php/news/singapore/2733-singapore-faces-silver-tsunami ]
+
+S Security and External Relation .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2009 , from Singapore Budget Web site : { http : //www.singaporebudget.gov.sg/expenditure_overview/security_external_relations.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.singaporebudget.gov.sg/expenditure_overview/security_external_relations.html ]
+
+S The 'greying of society ' has become a serious issue for several developing and developed countries in the world today .
+A 16 19|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are several detriments of this issue that prove to be a cause for concern and public spending is seen as one of the ways to curb the problems .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN|||aspects|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , failure to efficiently plan public spending can have disastrous effects on the society and the nation at large especially in the current phase of global economic crisis .
+
+S For example , in Singapore , the economy has been projected to shrink by 6.4 to 9.6 % ( T , 2009 ) .
+A 18 24|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore to ensure effective public spending , funds should be channelled into several other economical and social aspects of the country 's development by limiting spending on the aged .
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:MORPH|||economic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To begin with , the current global economic climate is not helping matters much .
+
+S Therefore , firstly , money should be diverted into the economic sector , namely stimulation of the domestic economy .
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||for the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , the $ 20.5 billion resilience package announced by the government of Singapore is intended to save jobs by helping valuable companies survive the recession , prepare for the near future , increase the competitiveness of the country and prevent a further slump in the economy ( The Online Citizen , 2009 ) .
+
+S Assistant schemes such as the 'GST ' offsets , rebates , service and conservancy charge rebates serve to act as a stimulus for the country in hope that the people will spend more to keep the economy afloat .
+A 0 1|||R:MORPH|||assistance|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the face of such a situation , spending on the aged is of least priority .
+
+S The second way in which money can be diverted into the economy is through spending on infrastructure .
+
+S Banking , communication and transportation are just some examples of infrastructure that a country needs to invest in to stay ahead in the age of globalisation .
+
+S Such investments will provide stability to the country in the long-run as it increases the confidence of potential investors .
+
+S Investments in communication and transportation make the country more 'accessible ' , hence promoting both local and overseas investments .
+
+S However on the other hand , critics argue that the economic growth alone does not dictate a country 's development .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They claim that spending on the aged is as important .
+
+S According to Peter G. Peterson ( 2001 ) , " demographic changes such as the increasing population of the aged will have a serious consequence on healthcare issues in developed countries " and he also goes on to advocate ways to spend on healthcare .
+
+S But if this spending can be alternatively channelled into other sectors of the country 's development , such as infrastructure and domestic economy as mentioned above , the country will achieve long-run success and stability .
+A 31 32|||R:ADJ|||long-term|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence the demographics of a country alone , does not determine its destiny .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , public spending should be spent on a country 's economical development .
+A 11 12|||R:MORPH|||economic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another way in which money can be well spent on the country 's development would be to spend on societal needs such as education and general healthcare .
+
+S As the saying goes , " knowledge is power " and rightly so .
+
+S Singapore was able to pull itself out of the rut from a third world country to a first world country in one generation due to its focus on well utilised human resource .
+
+S And the main contributor was education .
+
+S Public spending on education accounts for 19.3 % of the total budget and is second in terms of priority in spending succeeding defence ( Singapore Budget , 2006 ) .
+A 21 22|||R:OTHER|||only to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A well educated society will always be at an advantage and this will act as a catalyst for further growth in several other sectors in Singapore 's economy .
+
+S Hence a knowledge based economy will propel the nation into societal development .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The flipside to this issue is that , sectors such as healthcare play an important role in a country 's societal development too .
+
+S Public spending on aged healthcare accounts for the bulk of the spending which is precisely why it should be limited .
+
+S Children of the aged should be given more responsibility for shouldering the financial needs of their parents rather than the government .
+
+S This allows money to be spent on more pertinent sectors such as education which has been a traditional source of growth for Singapore .
+
+S Hence , public spending on the economy and aspects of society outweigh spending on the aged as money can be better utilized elsewhere for a country 's development .
+A 8 8|||M:ADJ|||other|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A failure in proper public spending would therefore cripple the country and its development .
+
+S References
+
+S Readings
+
+S ( Peter G.Peterson , 2001 ) pg 66 .
+
+S A Graying World .
+
+S Harvard International Review
+
+S Websites
+
+S ( T , 2009 Jan 23 ) Response to " Economic growth fell well below expectations " .
+
+S Posted to http : //theonlinecitizen.com/2009/01/economic- growth-fell-well-below-expectations/
+
+S ( The Online Citizen , 2009 Jan 23 ) " Economic growth fell well below expectations " http : //theonlinecitizen.com/2009/01/economic-growth-fell-well- below-expectations/
+
+S ( Singapore Budget , 2006 ) Ministry of Finance .
+
+S http : //www.mof.gov.sg/budget_2006/expenditure_estimates/attachment/MOE_EE200 6.pdf
+
+S The issue of graying population was highlighted in Mehta and Wee ( 2004 ) that one out of four Singaporeans will be 60 years and above by 2030 .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:OTHER|||, who reported|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( p.105 ) .
+
+S In other words , there will be a significant portion of the nation 's populace being a senior citizen in the near future .
+A 16 19|||R:OTHER|||senior citizens|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To facilitate the aging process , the Singapore government has since build on existing policies as well as develops new ones that are pertinent to the current society .
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:FORM|||developed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First and foremost , as Ministry of Community Development , Youth and Sports has announced , a law was revised in 1996 for aged parents to seek maintenance from their children , who are competent of supporting them and yet unwilling to do so .
+A 34 35|||R:OTHER|||capable|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this aspect , the government is entirely supportive of children fulfilling the filial obligations .
+A 12 13|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The law advocates for adult children to care for their aged folks instead of leaving them alone by themselves to integrate with the society and figure about survival .
+A 3 4|||R:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:VERB:FORM||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN|||parents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 27|||R:OTHER|||find their means of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This was further supported by Peterson ( 2001 ) who has also brought up the concept of children 's responsibility in sustaining elderly parents .
+A 21 22|||R:VERB|||maintaining|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( p.6 ) .
+
+S Secondly , the Central Provident Fund ( CPF ) was wittingly devised as a social safety net for every Singaporean adult and his or her family members who are reliant .
+A 10 11|||R:ADV|||cleverly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 30|||M:OTHER|||on them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Every month , a portion of the individual 's income goes into the CPF .
+
+S The total sum will then be released to the individual on monthly basis once he or she is above 60 years old and is no longer working until the sum is exhausted .
+
+S This will then aid the retirement process .
+
+S In fact in Mehta and Wee ( 2004 ) , when a minimum amount of money is used to buy a life annuity from an official insurance company or bank , the retiree will obtain a flat monthly income for life even if he or she outlives the balance in the annuity account .
+
+S ( p.96 ) .
+
+S A MediShield scheme is also part of CPF where money can be utilized for part of the hospital bills and costly medical expenses .
+
+S In spite of the CPF being in favour for retirees or to alleviate medical expenses incurred , not everyone in the Singapore population would stand to gain from it .
+
+S In the society , there is still a fraction who remain jobless or whose job do not have a steady contribution to the CPF .
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||jobs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB|||provide|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This means to say upon retirement , there will be those who are not entitled to receive a fixed amount monthly or be subsidized partially for their health disbursement .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 29|||R:NOUN|||healthcare expenditure|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As age increases , chronic illnesses inevitably rise alongside and the burden of medical cost may simply be too much for one to bear .
+
+S To make things worse , treating of illnesses goes beyond long hospital stays , it stretches on to after being discharge as well as the need for rehabilitation , medication and the list goes on .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN|||matters|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:MORPH|||treatment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 20|||R:OTHER|||after|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 24|||R:OTHER|||and includes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 34|||R:OTHER|||so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Unfortunately , amidst the other expenditures such as housing rentals and utilities bills , families usually opt to decline treatments or even ignore their chronically illed parents .
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||treatment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:MORPH|||ill|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , there are even cases where adult children abandon their parents in nursing homes to fend for themselves .
+
+S On the other side of the coin , as in Mehta and Wee ( 2004 ) , PAP government has promised that no Singaporean will be deprived of basic hospital care even if he or she is incapable of affording it .
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 40|||R:OTHER|||paying for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( p.99 ) .
+
+S Thus , a MediFund scheme which is not part of CPF and is non-contributory was produced .
+A 15 16|||R:VERB|||devised|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The fund is out from the government budgetary surpluses .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||comes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Additionally , Government has also provided a sum of $ 30 million for National Council of Social Services ( NCSS ) and those under its umbrella to execute a range of social services .
+A 2 3|||M:DET|||the government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These finances will definitely relieve the burdens shouldered by individuals without the CPF .
+
+S Social workers are also plant in the society who can direct families to appropriate helpline for instance , the rent and utilities assistance scheme ( RUAS ) whenever the need arises .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:FORM|||planted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||helplines|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , in any areas which individuals require assistance be it medical affairs or retirement issues , there is always a policy or two which one can turn to for alleviation of current situation .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||area|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||where|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 32|||M:OTHER|||one 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Indeed , the government has come up with numerous policies and measures to help smooth the process of aging .
+
+S References :
+
+S Mehta , K. K. , & Wee , A .
+
+S ( 2004 ) .
+
+S Social work in context : A reader .
+
+S Singapore : Marshall Cavendish Academic .
+
+S Ministry of Community Development , Youth and Sports .
+
+S ( 2005 ) .
+
+S @ MCYS Corporate Book : : KidzGrow Online .
+
+S Retrieved September 16 , 2009 , from http : //www.mcys.gov.sg/MCDSFiles/CorpBook/html/kidzgrow.htm
+
+S Peterson , G. P. ( 2001 ) .
+
+S A Graying World .
+
+S Harvard International Review , 23 ( 3 ) , 66 .
+
+S Fast aging in population is an issue that most countries including Singapore can not avoid .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||A fast aging|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Several problems which relate to the issue include Health , Financial and Welfare of the elderly has come under the concern of the government .
+A 8 13|||R:OTHER|||health , financial and welfare problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Solutions such as having different subsidy frameworks for community hospitals to help patients to cope with the expensive bills ( Ministry of Health [ MOH ] , 2009 ) and monthly Transport allowance for elderly who visit day-care centres ( Lin , 2008 ) were implemented to ease the tension that fast aging has brought to the low income elderly .
+A 34 34|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 57 59|||R:OTHER|||low-income|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A decrease in the labour force due to retired workers and providing elderly with a place to stay are the issues that the Singapore government is working on now .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:FORM|||retiring|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||the need to provide|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Fast ageing in Singapore has certainly affected its labour market as the level of retirement rate increase .
+A 12 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||increases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A research report done by the Ministry of Manpower Singapore in year 1999 showed that in year 2020 the old age will be increased to 32 % compared to 16 % in 1998 ( Ministry of Manpower [ MOM ] , 1999 ) .
+A 18 21|||R:OTHER|||proportion of the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This implies that there will be a labour shortage of experienced workers who are able to contribute to the labour force after they have retired .
+
+S For example , new workers who are hired to replace the vacancy of the retired workers often lack experience and knowledge .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB|||fill|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , the workers might not be able to complete the task due to their minimum knowledge and skills therefore , the functioning of the company will be affected ( MOM , 1999 ) .
+A 21 22|||R:OTHER|||; therefore ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the solutions to minimize the impact of labour shortage could be to re-employ the retired workers and allow them to guide the new workers on the job as well as sharing their working experience that will benefit the new workers .
+A 32 33|||R:VERB:FORM|||share|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Providing shelters to the single or low-income elderly is one of the priorities in the housing estate development program .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||shelter|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Single or low-income elderly could choose to rent a flat from the Housing Development Board ( HDB ) or downgrade their current flat to a smaller one as this will allow the elderly to have extra cash for them to spend after their retirement .
+
+S HDB will also be building more compact and affordable 30-year lease studio apartment to cater to the demand for the elderly who aged 55 and above ( Tan , 2009 ) .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||apartments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides that , more HDB rental flats will also be upgraded with more Elderly-Friendly Facilities .
+
+S Facilities such as , having lifts on every floor , installing features like support handbars in the toilets and along common corridors to assist in the mobility of the elderly and installing an alert alarm system in the house when the elderly residents need to seek for any emergency help ( Housing & Development Board [ HDB ] , 2005 ) .
+A 0 4|||R:OTHER|||These include|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 44 47|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S No matter how many hardware facilities were installed to improve the staying environment of the elderly , they still feel empty and lonely especially if one has no family .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN|||living|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 27|||R:OTHER|||they have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to a health topic published by Changi General Hospital , elderly tends to be at a much higher risk of depression and ending one 's life than the young as they are facing several changes in their life such as illnesses , losses of family member , life partners and friends as well as financial issues which include no income after retirement ( Changi General Hospital [ CG ] , n.d. ) .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||related article|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:MORPH|||tend|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 27|||R:OTHER|||suicide|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 44|||R:NOUN:NUM|||loss|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 46 47|||R:NOUN:NUM|||members|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 59 60|||R:OTHER|||loss of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , several voluntary programs have been implemented to serve as a helping hand to the elderly .
+
+S Program such as The Befriender Service , provided by Lions Befrienders is working closely with Central Singapore ComCare Local Networks ( CLN ) in the aim of easing the loneliness , isolation and boredom of the single elderly and the homebound and also providing services such as advisory and assistance to the elderly ( Central Singapore ComCare Local Networks , n.d. ) .
+A 0 1|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Programs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 3|||R:OTHER|||include|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||R:OTHER|||who work|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 28|||R:OTHER|||to ease|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 44|||R:VERB:FORM|||provide|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 47 48|||R:MORPH|||advice|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Coping with fast ageing in Singaporean is a slow and tough process which requires both the government and its citizens to work closely together .
+A 4 5|||R:PREP|||among|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Singaporeans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Either encouraging retired workers to return to the work force or providing a decent shelter for the low income elderly will defiantly send a positive message to the elderly that they are not being abandoned and they are still recognised by the society .
+A 21 22|||R:ADV|||definitely|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Programs such as visiting the elderly or providing assistance to the elderly will also increase their confidence and accept the society again .
+A 17 19|||R:OTHER|||to engage|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the near future , the tax burden on each individual working adult would increase due to the issue of aging population .
+A 10 11|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It may not seem like a major issue in Singapore from the public 's eyes , but not so in the near future .
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||it will not be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The old age dependency ratio will increase from one elder adult relying on 10 working adults in 2000 to 3 working adults in 2030 .
+
+S ( Fu & Hughes , 2009 , p.g.124 ) .
+
+S Therefore , some might argue , why not reduce the spending on elderly and invest in other areas of the country 's development which are profitable .
+
+S The repercussions and generator of economic growth indicates to us why the public spending on the aged should not be limited .
+
+S Singapore has a population of 4.8 million and 8.7 % percent of them are aged .
+
+S The aged are part of the society ; we should also take into consideration their needs ( Singstat , 2008 , p.g.1 ) .
+
+S With limitations , it will create more social problems and repercussions that result in higher costs that far outweigh the amount of money that was transferred to other developments .
+A 2 2|||M:OTHER|||to ... ( what ? )|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB|||exceed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Due to the decrease in healthcare aid for elderly , lack of community hospitals and housing homes , social problems would be generated .
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN|||nursing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The outcome would be homeless elderly turning into beggars and outbreak of diseases as healthcare becomes unaffordable for them to maintain and hygiene becomes an issue .
+
+S Investors and tourists would be deterred from entering Singapore as this does not reflect the branding of Singapore to be clean , green and having a stable economy .
+
+S The government might end up paying more for the aftermath just for the sake of transition of budgets in other developments .
+A 11 22|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The spending on the aged should be treated as a social and economic development which prepares healthcare facilities for the society as a whole and boosts healthcare spending by the tourists .
+
+S By investing in healthcare facilities and medical insurances for the elderly , this will result in a high profile ; risk free , user friendly , low cost and safe healthcare solution that does not just benefit the elderly but the society as a whole ( Munshi , 2007 , p.g.1 ) .
+A 0 2|||U:PREP|||Investing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||insurance|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In times of recession , the spending on the aged would have a direct relation to employment as there will be more labour required to take care of the elderly .
+
+S This employment can help to spur economic growth and help in recession .
+
+S Singapore is seen as a medical hub due to its excellent geographical location and provision of top notch healthcare services .
+
+S Thus , the spending in a way brings in medical tourism revenues for healthcare services and tourism for the medical travellers ( Yin , 2009 , p.g.1 ) .
+
+S Treatments that take up to years may result in migration of the family of the sick ; this eventually snowballs to a few million dollars of revenue for the tourism industry .
+
+S In contrast , public spending on the aged should be limited and routed for the less well-off section of the society .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||On the other hand|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||chanelled to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With consumer price index ( CPI ) for low income groups rising to 7.5 % in June 2008 and developments in globalization , it creates vast income inequalities in Singapore ( Singstat , 2008 , p.g.1 ) .
+A 23 28|||R:OTHER|||vast income inequalities are created|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Department of Statistics ( 2008 ) commented that 14.8 % of households here earned $ 2,000 or less a month in 2008 , which explains the need for more money to be pumped into the social safety net .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB|||reported|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , there are initiatives such as Comcare Fund , which assists the less privileged group in Singapore .
+
+S The Comcare Fund 's budget is $ 63.7 million in 2008 and this amount is estimated to be $ 168 million in this financial year ( MCYS , 2008 , pg.1 ) .
+
+S MCYS would also adjust the budget according to situations such as setting aside $ 1million to help the needy cope with inflation ( Majid , 2008 , p.g1 ) Hence , the Government has provided an effective social safety net that provides assistance yet at the same time promotes self-reliance to the needy .
+A 50 51|||R:PREP|||among|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It also portrays an image that the Government is concerned with other developments in Singapore other than the aged .
+
+S To sum up , the spending on the aged should not be limited as it spurs economic growth and prepares the healthcare industry to combat this pressing issue .
+
+S In the future , the effects of aging population would have a much greater impact on Singapore and all resources assigned to the developments should be prioritized based on exigency .
+A 29 30|||R:NOUN|||expediency|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The policies and investments on the aged for today is the preparation by the Government to mould a better future for tomorrow .
+
+S References :
+
+S Newspaper Article
+
+S 1 .
+
+S Hasnita Majid .
+
+S ( 2008 , April 6 ) .
+
+S ComCare sets aside S $ 1m to help the needy cope with inflation .
+
+S Channelnewsasia
+
+S Book
+
+S 2 .
+
+S Tsung-hsi Fu , Rhidian Hughes .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Ageing in East Asia , Challenges and Policies for the twenty-first century .
+
+S New York : Routledge
+
+S Government Reports
+
+S 3 .
+
+S Statistics Singapore .
+
+S ( 2008 , Febuary 10 ) .
+
+S Key Annual Indicators .
+
+S Retrieved on September 13 , 2009 , from
+
+S http : //www.singstat.gov.sg/stats/keyind.html # keyind
+
+S 4 .
+
+S Statistics Singapore .
+
+S ( 2008 , February 10 ) .
+
+S Key Indicators on the Elderly Population , Retrieved on September 13 , 2009 , from
+
+S www.singstat.gov.sg/stats/themes/people/elderly.pdf
+
+S 5 .
+
+S Singapore Statistics .
+
+S ( 2009 , March 23 ) .
+
+S Singapore Consumer Price Index For Households in Different Income Groups .
+
+S Retrieved on September 13 , 2009 , from
+
+S www.singstat.gov.sg/news/news/cpi-jul-dec2008.pdf
+
+S 6 .
+
+S Singapore Budget .
+
+S ( 2009 , 12 February ) .
+
+S Expenditure Overview .
+
+S Retrieved on September 13 , 2009 , from
+
+S http : //www.singaporebudget.gov.sg/expenditure_overview/mcys.html
+
+S 7 .
+
+S MCYS .
+
+S ( 2008 , 9 June ) Overview of Comcare .
+
+S Retrieved on September 15 , 2009 , from
+
+S http : //www.mcys.gov.sg/MCDSFiles/Download/Snapshot % 20of % 20ComCare % 20Dev t.pdf
+
+S Internet Sources
+
+S 8 .
+
+S Smruti Munshi .
+
+S Retrieved on September 15 , 2009 , from
+
+S http : //www.hhmglobal.com/knowledge-bank/articles/health-spending- projections-through-2015-changes-on-the-horizon
+
+S 9 .
+
+S Shares Investment .
+
+S Electronic References .
+
+S Retrieved on Septmber 15 , 2009 , from
+
+S http : //www.sharesinvestment.com/articles/501640/
+
+S It is an undeniable fact that our society is aging rapidly .
+
+S By 2030 , 20 % of the population in Singapore will be aged 65 and above ( Ministry of Community and Development , Youth and Sport , 2009 ) .
+
+S Hence , several polices have been implemented by the government to help ease the aging process .
+
+S The upgrading of housing and encouraging later retirement age policies have indeed helped to ease the aging process to a large extent .
+
+S Upgrading of housing by the HDB , particularly the elderly households , has helped to ease the aging process .
+A 8 11|||R:OTHER|||for the households with elderly residents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Facilities within the blocks were enhanced significantly to aid in the day-to-day movement of the elderly ( Housing and Development Board , 2008 ) .
+A 9 10|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These include installing lifts at every floor as well as support hand bars in the toilets .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN|||rails|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order to allow the elderly to receive immediate help in times of emergency , alert alarm systems are fitted in every flat .
+
+S These changes have made the lives of the elderly more convenient leading to a greater sense of security instilled in them .
+
+S Voluntary Welfare Organization ( VWO ) , which is located below the block , will operate a Seniors Activity Centre to provide support services for the elderly living in the block ( Housing and Development Board , 2008 ) .
+A 0 0|||M:DET|||A|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It creates a cohesive community where the elderly can integrate themselves into the society through participating in various social activities .
+
+S Consequently , some of the social and emotional problems that the elderly faced have been resolved .
+
+S In addition , encouraging later retirement has proved to ease the ageing process .
+
+S Working reduces the elderly reliance on their children as well as the society in terms of economic and social needs ( Peterson , 2001 ) .
+A 4 4|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As work keeps them occupied , they do not feel the need for their children 's companionship .
+
+S On top of that , working provides the elderly a source of income enabling them to remain financially independent , hence reducing the financial dependency on the children .
+A 13 13|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Government has been cooperating with employers and unions as part of the Tripartite Committee on Employability of Older Workers to enact re-employment legislation by 1 January 2012 so that employees can continue to work beyond the statutory retirement age of 62 , up to 65 ( Adding Life to Years !
+A 37 37|||M:ADJ|||current|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Happy , Healthy , Active Seniors , 2009 ) .
+
+S Even before this re-employment legislation has taken effect , more than 700 unionized companies have committed to re-employ around 5,000 workers above the age of 62 .
+
+S In fact , working not only allows the elderly to spend their time meaningfully , it can also help to increase their self-esteem and find their own identity in the society ( Adding Life to Years !
+A 14 15|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Happy , Healthy , Active Seniors , 2009 ) .
+
+S This helps them realize that they still stand a foothold in the society as they can still contribute to the nation and economic growth , therefore helping them to lead an enriching and fulfilling life .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:ADV|||thereby|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , critics have argued that the elderly might not possess the essential skills that are relevant and required in the workforce today ( Seah , 2007 ) .
+
+S This is because the society is constantly changing , hence the skills possessed by the older generation becomes obsolete and no longer applicable today .
+
+S Moreover , it has been rebutted that they may face difficulty coping with the fast-paced society and technologically advanced workforce of today ( Seah , 2007 ) .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB|||argued|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , there are retraining programs available for the elderly to upgrade their skills in order to keep themselves updated and constructive in the workforce .
+A 18 19|||R:PRON|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For an instance , a $ 600 million Skills Programme for Upgrading and Resilience ( SPUR ) was launched by the government in November 2008 to retrain and upgrade both the employed and unemployed to prepare them for the newer and better jobs .
+
+S ( Adding Life to Years !
+
+S Happy , Healthy , Active Seniors , 2009 ) .
+
+S Hence , allowing the older generation to stay longer in the workforce not only promotes economic growth of the country , but also keeps them physically active , mentally alert , resilient and socially connected to the society .
+A 0 3|||U:OTHER|||Allowing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Aging population is an unavoidable issue today that needs to be addressed urgently .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||An aging|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is therefore important to make sure that policies implemented are useful in helping to ease the aging process .
+
+S With the current policies such as upgrading of their residences ' facilities and longer working lives , the aging process has been eased to a large extend .
+A 26 27|||R:NOUN|||extent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References Housing and Development Board .
+
+S Electronic References .
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2008 , from { http : //www.hdb.gov.sg/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.hdb.gov.sg/ ]
+
+S Ministry of Community and Development , Youth and Sport .
+
+S Electronic References .
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2009 , from { http : //app.mcys.gov.sg/web/indv_abtageing.asp } [ HYPERLINK : http : //app.mcys.gov.sg/web/indv_abtageing.asp ]
+
+S Peterson , Peter G. ( 2001 , September 22 ) .
+
+S A Graying Population .
+
+S Harvard International Review , 66 .
+
+S Seah Chiang Nee .
+
+S ( 2007 , July 23 ) .
+
+S Aged : Penniless in a land of plenty .
+
+S Think Centre .
+
+S Retrieved September 17 , 2009 , from { http : //www.thinkcentre.org } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.thinkcentre.org ]
+
+S Adding Life to Years !
+
+S Happy , Healthy , Active Senior ( 2009 , February ) .
+
+S Ministry of Community and Development , Youth and Sport .
+
+S Retrieved September 10,2009 , from { http : //app.mcys.gov.sg/web/indv_policy.asp } [ HYPERLINK : http : //app.mcys.gov.sg/web/indv_policy.asp ]
+
+S According to Singapore Department of Statistics , the average life expectancy for a boy and a girl born in 2006 is 78.0 years and 82.8 years respectively .
+
+S As compared to 2003 , it shows an increased of 1.4 years and 1.2 years correspondingly ( Singapore Department of Statistics , 2008 ) .
+A 8 9|||R:MORPH|||increase|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Increasing life expectancy has inevitably led to the growth of aging population .
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Aging is a complex and continuous process that begins with birth and ends with death .
+
+S Every person will experience the effect of aging process when they age .
+
+S In order to help ease the aging process , efforts have been made in the research developments and policies implementation to meet the physical and financial needs of each individual .
+
+S It is crucial to meet the physical needs of the people so as to ease their aging process .
+
+S As people become old , their physical health will deteriorate .
+
+S Moreover , their body immune system usually weakens .
+
+S Hence , efforts have been made in development to minimise the physical problems and vulnerabilities of the people .
+A 2 8|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One such effort is to make commuting more convenient for the aged and wheelchair-bound through the introduction of Wheelchair Accessible Buses .
+
+S With low-floor and steps-free design , these new transit buses have made boarding and alighting more manageable for the aged and disabled ( Ministry for Community Development , Youth and Sports , 2006 ) .
+
+S Furthermore , the Lift Upgrading Programme has also aided the elderly by having lifts landing on every floor ( Channelnewsasia , 2009 ) .
+
+S These developments have created a living environment that is more barrier-free for our seniors and people with disabilities .
+
+S As such , they can fully participate in their everyday activities .
+
+S In addition , much has been done to provide the essential financial assistance for the elderly .
+
+S The inability to pay for expensive medical treatments has revealed the need to provide healthcare support for them .
+A 0 1|||R:DET|||Their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , Prime Minister Mr Lee Hsien Loong had introduced a step-down care policy during the 2009 National Day speech .
+A 9 10|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is to link up acute hospitals , such as Tan Tock Seng Hospital , with community hospitals , such as St Andrew 's Community Hospital , to provide skilled and suitable healthcare especially for the aged ( The straits Times , 2009 ) .
+
+S When patients are sick , they will go to acute hospitals for treatment and recuperate at the community hospital .
+
+S This way , proper healthcare at a reduced medical cost is made available for them .
+
+S Another example is the introduction of Medisave .
+
+S It is a national medical saving policy designed to help Singaporeans build up sufficient savings to meet their hospitalisation expenses .
+
+S ( Central Provident Fund , 2009 ) .
+
+S Hence , healthcare needs can be met without increasing the financial burden faced by the people .
+
+S On the contrary , critics pointed out that the current policies and research improvements have only helped to minimise problems on a superficial level but have not fully met the emotional needs of the individuals when they grow old .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||Meanwhile|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When one ages , he may be less optimistic and feel disconnected from the society .
+
+S Hence , emotional support is an important psychological factor in helping them to forget the negative aspects of their lives ( Clark , 2005 ) .
+
+S However , we can not deny the recent efforts that had been made to help to satisfy such needs .
+
+S For instance , Government Organisation has moved from seniority-based to performance-based wage structure .
+A 3 5|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Senior workers , with their rich working experience may be able to contribute greatly to the organisation and are encouraged to be re-hired .
+
+S This wage structure ensures employability and job security for the elder workers and it prevents them from feeling detached from the society ( National University of Singapore , 2009 ) .
+A 10 11|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , under the Central Provident Fund 's Housing Grant Scheme , the government provides a grant of $ 10,000 to $ 40,000 for families buying flats near their parents ' residences ( Committee on Aging Issues , 2006 ) .
+
+S This allows the elderly to be closed to their children and some may even undertake the responsibilities of taking care of their grandchildren .
+A 6 7|||R:MORPH|||close|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This helps them to feel valued and thereby , aids in the re-discovery of their identities as a senior citizen .
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||identity|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , in order to help ease the aging process , the Singapore government has been improving and implementing various policies and research developments to meet the physical , financial and emotional needs of the individual .
+
+S These efforts have proven to be effective .
+
+S References :
+
+S 1 ) Singapore Department of Statistics .
+
+S ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Singaporeans are living longer .
+
+S Retrieved September 12 , 2009 , from http : //www.singstat.gov.sg/news/news/ip12022008.pdf .
+
+S 2 ) Ministry for Community Development , Youth and Sports .
+
+S ( 2006 ) .
+
+S The launch of SBS Transit LTD Wheelchair Accessible Buses .
+
+S Retrieved September 12 , 2009 , from http : //app.mcys.gov.sg/WEB/corp_speech_story.asp ? szMod = corp&szSubMod = sp eech&qid = 2782 .
+
+S 3 ) Channlenewsasia .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Potong Pasir , Hougang now eligible for Lift Upgrading Programme .
+
+S Retrieved September 12 , 2009 , from http : //www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/442132/1 /.html .
+
+S 4 ) The Straits Times .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Right health care at right place will help cut costs .
+
+S Retrieved September 13 , 2009 , from http : //www.straitstimes.com/STI/STIMEDIA/sp/nationaldayrally2009/090817 _right_health_care.html .
+
+S 5 ) Central Provident Fund .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Healthcare Financing Framework In Singapore .
+
+S Retrieved September 13 , 2009 , from http : //mycpf.cpf.gov.sg/CPF/my-cpf/Healthcare/PvdHC2.htm .
+
+S 6 ) Clark , Corey M. ( 2005 ) .
+
+S Relations between Social Support and Physical Health .
+
+S Retrieved September 13 , 2009 , from http : //www.personalityresearch.org/papers/clark.html .
+
+S 7 ) National University of Singapore .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Social and health challenges of aging in Singapore .
+
+S Retrieved September 13 , 2009 , from http : //www.nus.edu.sg/research/rg143.php .
+
+S 8 ) Committee on Aging Issue .
+
+S ( 2006 ) .
+
+S Report on the Aging Population .
+
+S Retrieved September 13 , 2009 , from http : //www.mcys.gov.sg/successful_ageing/report/CAI_report.pdf .
+
+S Over the years , an aging population has become an impediment at hand as many countries have been experiencing it , especially in Singapore where statistics have shown that 11.3 % of the population will be aged fifty-five years and above in 2015 ( Hateley & Tan , 2003 , p. 10 ) .
+
+S The younger generation is more career-oriented , which has resulted in later marriages and also lower birthrates .
+
+S This burgeoning trend ultimately leads to an aging population and the Singapore government has come up with several policies and development in different fields such as ameliorating the CPF scheme and inventing elderly-related products to cater to the elderly needs .
+A 26 30|||R:OTHER|||enhancing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In light of the many policies and development that have been devised by the Singapore government to address elderly concerns , the aging process will be eased as most of their problems have been addressed .
+
+S Some would argue that policies implemented by the Singapore government might not be fully utilized as some companies find it troublesome to comply with it to employ older workers due to several factors .
+
+S Critics have claimed that some companies refrain from hiring seniors to avoid spending more time , money and effort in retraining them ( Tay , 2003 , p. 82 ) .
+
+S However , this is not a plausible reason to deter the companies from hiring the elderly as the government has improvised a scheme known as the ADVANTAGE fund to encourage more companies to shift towards automation that facilitate the older populace and to re-employ the elderly by giving out incentives and subsides for retraining programmes of the elderly ( Lim , 2007 ) .
+
+S For example , Sheng Siong Supermarket , who hires senior workers , was able to buy machinery that helps to expedite the production process from one month to ten to fifteen days and increase their productivity by using the government subsides ( Chia , 2009 ) .
+
+S Therefore , social policies , such as the ADVANTAGE scheme , are pertinent to facilitate the elderly in working in a less physically-demanding environment and stay productive .
+A 12 19|||R:OTHER|||effective in helping the elderly to work|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is mandatory for everyone in Singapore to have a Central Provident Fund ( CPF ) account .
+
+S This initiative by the government helps to ensure that all elderly will have a means of income that will provide them through their golden years .
+A 20 20|||M:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Recent adjustments made to the CPF on 3 September 2009 have played a significant role in reducing the working-age population 's tax burden and also in increasing the elderly 's CPF .
+
+S For instance , the interest rate of the CPF for savings in the Special , Medisave and Retirement Accounts ( SMRA ) will be maintained at 4 % floor rate instead of the current 3.40 % for the next two years ( Central Provident Fund Board [ CPF ] , 2009 ) .
+
+S This eases the economic aspect of an aging population as the elderly can benefit from a higher interest rate and therefore alleviate the deterioration of the aging process .
+A 23 28|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With an increasingly aging population , many innovative companies have invented several elderly-related products such as hearing aids and automatic wheelchairs to support their large demand for health-care products .
+
+S The government has also developed property such as studio apartments with barrier-free accessibilities for the elderly .
+A 12 13|||R:SPELL|||access|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All these helped to lessen the elderly 's problems of hearing , seeing or moving properly .
+
+S For example , two students from Temasek Polytechnic have developed a wheelchair that automatically engages the safety gear whenever it slides backwards .
+
+S This helps to ease the inconvenience for those who are incapable of engaging the conventional brakes or holding on to the wheels manually ( Temasek Polytechnic [ TP ] , 2009 ) .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN|||difficulty|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Such innovations ease the problem that the physically restricted are encountering in the process of aging .
+
+S In conclusion , it is true that the current research and development or policies have helped to ease the aging process due to the proper and effective planning adopted by the Singapore government .
+
+S Issues such as the reluctance of companies to hire older workers are ameliorated due to the ADVANTAGE scheme whereby subsides encourage them to re-employ the aged .
+
+S The changes made to the interest rate of the CPF for savings in the SMRA will provide a social safety net for the elderly , while the increase in elderly- related products and studio apartments further eases the physically restricted aspects of an elderly .
+A 38 41|||R:OTHER|||physical restrictions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , these policies and development can help to ease the aging process only if people abandon their social stigma on the elderly populace .
+
+S References :
+
+S 1 .
+
+S Hateley , L. , & Tan , G. ( 2003 ) .
+
+S The Greying of Asia : Causes and Consequences of Rapid Ageing .
+
+S Singapore : Eastern Universities Press .
+
+S 2 .
+
+S Tay , B.N .
+
+S ( 2003 ) .
+
+S The Graying of Singapore .
+
+S Singapore : Huminities Press .
+
+S 3 .
+
+S Lim , B.H .
+
+S ( 2007 ) .
+
+S NTUC & Unions Speeches .
+
+S Retrieved September 11 , 2009 , from National Trades Union Congress : NTUC NeXus Web site : http : //www.ntuc.org.sg/ntucunions/speeches/speeches_171204.asp
+
+S 4 .
+
+S Chia , S.A. ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Sheng Siong gets a lift from machines .
+
+S Retrieved September 10 , 2009 , from Singapore Press Holdings : AsiaOne Business Web site : http : //business.asiaone.com/Business/SME + Central/Dollars + % 2526 + Sense /Story/A1Story20090803-158762.html
+
+S 5 .
+
+S Central Provident Fund .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S CPF Interest Rate for Special , Medisave and Retirement Accounts ( SMRA ) .
+
+S Retrieved September 14 , 2009 , from the Central Provident Fund : News Releases Web site : http : //mycpf.cpf.gov.sg/CPF/News/News-Release/N_3Sep2009.htm
+
+S 6 .
+
+S Temasek Polytechnic .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Intempo : Wheelchair wins silver at IES Design Award 2009 .
+
+S Retrieved September 14 , 2009 , from Temasek Polytechnic : Intempo Web site : http : //www.tp.edu.sg/ezines/intempo/apr_-_jun_2009/student2.htm
+
+S It is extremely difficult for societies to find ways to care for the needy during economic downturns when funding becomes limited ( Friedland & Summer , 2005 , p. 16 ) .
+
+S And in countries like Singapore and Japan , which faces an aging population , the dilemma is even greater .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:SVA|||face|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With more children not being able to or refusing to provide for their parents , the government definitely has to play a bigger role .
+
+S The country 's finances will be eaten up as more elderly asks for financial help from the government to cover for their medical fees and basic needs .
+A 6 8|||R:VERB|||exhausted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:MORPH|||ask|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However this burden can be lessen if the elderly mindset is changed .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:FORM|||lessened|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order to change their mindset , the public spending on the aged should be limited in the future , and in turn use the money for other areas of the country 's development like Education , Retraining and Healthcare .
+A 23 26|||R:OTHER|||the money used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In Singapore , it is true that government aid is important to the current generation of elderly , as the majority of them did not have or did not have enough CPF to last through their retirement .
+A 32 32|||M:NOUN|||savings|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The current generation of elderly is most probably the first batch to learn about the CPF in 1955 , and being a young scheme then , there is a high chance that they unable to fully benefit from it .
+A 33 33|||M:VERB|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The situation is even worse when elderly is faced with illness .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Sick elderly who are single are not able to work to provide themselves , thus leaving them with no income to pay for their high medical fees .
+A 12 12|||M:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And even though married elderly have children , the high cost of living is also putting a challenge on the children 's finances , which makes it hard for them to provide for their parents .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Moreover ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the elderly have to rely on the government .
+
+S But all these shall change in 20 years time ; the next generation elderly then shall be equipped with sufficient money in their CPF to provide for themselves .
+A 11 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order to lessen the country 's finances burden , the elderly have to change their mindset .
+A 7 8|||R:MORPH|||financial|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The time has changed and the elderly should too .
+
+S First , they should change their overly dependent mindset ; they should not expect the government or their children to provide for them in their golden years .
+
+S The reason being that the standard of living is rising and adult children find it difficult to provide for their parents , especially those stricken with illness .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:FORM|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Sociologist thinks that this is the cause of the growing trend for children to abandon their elderly parents in nursing homes ( Popatlal , 2009 , para .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||Sociologists think|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S 3-6 ) .
+
+S Next , the elderly should change their mindset towards being to old to work , when in actual fact working slows down their brains from aging .
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||that they are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||too|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 26|||R:OTHER|||the aging of their brains|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government will not be able to provide much as the population continue to age , and there will not be as much people in the workforce as birth rates continue to drop .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:SVA|||continues|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:ADJ|||many|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So if the elderly do not continue to work , it will put a huge strain on the country 's finances .
+A 0 1|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So how do we go about in changing the elderly 's mindset ?
+A 0 1|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The answer is to invest more money into aspects like Education , Retraining and Healthcare .
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN|||areas|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The best way to influence on one 's thinking is one 's young age , and the ideal of being independent can be taught during one 's Education .
+A 5 6|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||a person|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 14|||R:OTHER|||to do it while one is young|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , with higher education level it provides better job aspects , which in turn benefits individual financial prospect .
+A 2 3|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN|||prospects|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Education also equips one with better knowledge and planning skills , like the importance of health and financially planning for their golden years ( Lim , 2009 ) .
+A 17 18|||R:MORPH|||financial|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As for Retraining , it enables both adults and elderly to improve their skills to continue working .
+
+S Lastly , Healthcare aspects like Community activities and Health awareness campaigns lead to a healthier lifestyle .
+
+S People of all ages can take lessons to maintain their health and make friends , which will provide them with a healthy mind and body .
+
+S In conclusion , the elderly have to change their mindset about being old and dependent .
+
+S Elderly should continue to work as they possessed experience that should be pass on to younger generation .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||possess|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:FORM|||passed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And to ensure the elderly to- be are prepared , it is important to indulge them with a healthy mindset through promoting education , retraining and community activities .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB|||inculcate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nothing beats aging with a healthy body and mind , the golden years should be spent enjoyably .
+A 9 10|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference :
+
+S Lim , C. ( 2009 ) .
+
+S " More Singaporeans to be trained in ageing issues " .
+
+S Retrieved on September 20 , 2009 , from http : //www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/ singaporelocalnews/view/1004947/1/.html
+
+S Friedland , R. B. , & Summer , L. ( 2005 ) .
+
+S " Doomsday Predictions about Population Aging are Exaggerated " .
+
+S USA : Georgetown University .
+
+S Popatlal , A .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S " Social sector wants govt to move beyond law for parent maintenance " .
+
+S Retrieved on September 20 , 2009 , from http : //www.channel newsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/449608/1/.html
+
+S As Singapore has been facing aging population since 1990s , there has been a shortage of skilled worker and declining birth rate .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||faced with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||workers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order for Singapore to sustain its economic development and improve the quality of life of its people , it can not afford to spend too much on the elderly .
+
+S In a globalizing world , Singapore must stay competitive in order to be successful .
+
+S This can be achieved by managing resources efficiently in areas such as investing in foreign talents and education which are vital to its future growth .
+
+S Some critics argued that senior citizens are assets to the society since most of them possessed valuable skills , knowledge and work experience .
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||possess|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , the government is supporting the elderly by increasing its health budget such as building new hospitals in old HDB towns ( Khoo Teck Puat Hospital and Jurong General Hospital ) ( Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong , national day rally speech ) .
+
+S Other initiatives were also implemented such as the re-training effort for the elderly in workforces .
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||workforce|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Increasing healthcare budget would be an initiative which might be seen as a necessity by the government .
+
+S However , there are other areas which are vital for consideration since they are important to Singapore 's future development .
+
+S As Singapore is facing a decline in its birth rate and transiting into the knowledge based economy , attracting foreign talents could be vital to its growth .
+
+S Foreign talents would bring in specialized skills and valuable ideas to Singapore .
+
+S For example , in the area of research and development ( R & D ) Singapore need to develop own talent pool and technologies to create new and better products , thus we need foreign talent like accomplished researchers who can lead us into the innovation of new products with their experience and knowledge .
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:SVA|||needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||her|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , this could increase business and job opportunities for citizens in Singapore .
+
+S In addition , with more foreign talents bringing in different cultures around the world , Singapore would be seen as a more cosmopolitan country .
+
+S As a whole , foreign talents can help Singapore gain a competitive edge in the globalizing world .
+
+S Educating the young in their early age is essential to the country 's development and growth .
+
+S This would be so as education encourages critical and creative thinking since young .
+
+S This would be supported by current schools ' curriculum where children are given problem based learning activities where they have to work on their research and ideas .
+
+S This in turn trains them to be able to think independently and innovatively which would be vital to the future workforce .
+
+S Therefore , investing into the education system would help Singapore in sustaining its growth in the globalizing world .
+A 3 4|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , a country should tap into other areas of resources in order to stay competitive in a globalizing world .
+
+S At the same time , there should also be certain amount of public spending on the aged as the senior citizens are still part of the society and they should be taken care of as so that a country can progress and prosper .
+
+S References
+
+S { http : //www.pmo.gov.sg/News/Messages/Highlights + of + PM + Lee + Hsien + Loong + s + National + Day + Rally + Speech + 2009.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.pmo.gov.sg/News/Messages/Highlights + of + PM + Lee + Hsien + Loong + s + National + Day + Rally + Speech + 2009.htm ] ( Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong'sNational Day Rally Speech 2009 , retrieved on 20/9/2009 )
+
+S Singapore has one of the world 's most rapidly aging population and currently this situation has started to put pressure on our economic growth , with increasing emphasis on health care for the elderly .
+
+S From the World Health Statistics 2009 , approximately 3.3 % of Singapore 's Gross Domestic Product is spent on healthcare in the year 2006 , and this figure is projected to increase even more in the future and is definitely directly related to the fast aging population .
+
+S Therefore , public spending on the aged should be limited to prevent over reliance on the government and that more emphasis could be made to other sectors to promote economic growth .
+A 18 19|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:VERB|||given|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is true that most of the aged people in Singapore have contributed to the building and development of Singapore up to this stage and it is time for the nation to look after them .
+
+S However , the current healthcare structure may lead to an over dependence on the government for their own health .
+
+S With the current CPF structure that part of a Singaporean 's monthly wage goes into Medisave and Medishield , which is an 'untouchable ' fund that can only be used for hospital and most healthcare bills , Singaporeans may get complacent thinking that they have already saved enough for their medical bills in the future .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||where/ in which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But if one is to be diagnosed with a chronic disease or incapacitating illness , the fund in his Medisave might not be enough for the hefty bill over time .
+
+S Therefore , instead of investing money into healthcare infrastructures like new hospitals and nursing homes , it would be wiser for the government to help Singaporeans plan out their retirement more strategically .
+A 6 7|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Other than extending their retirement age , the government might consider collaborating with the insurance companies and help Singaporeans to purchase a basic insurance with their CPF to facilitate illnesses associated with old age .
+
+S In this way , not only the reliance on the government will decrease , Singaporeans will be more protected and not be at the mercy of the others when disease strikes .
+
+S With much said , it is still important to provide the basic healthcare benefit to the elderly .
+
+S However , other areas like education and welfare must not be neglected .
+
+S In year 2006 , about 6.7 % of the government expenditure was spent on healthcare and the figure will continue to increase in years to come due to the 'post war baby boomer aging ' effect .
+
+S Although Singapore 's education system is one of the most efficient in the world , there are still many people not able to get a proper education due to financial limitations .
+
+S This might result in a multiplier effect of people with less education earning less and being less healthy in a way .
+
+S Also , this group of people might not be able to earn enough to sustain their own medical fees when they grow old thus the burden will again be borne by the government .
+
+S Therefore , by paying more attention to education and making sure that all if not most Singaporeans can get a proper education , it ensures that most people will be literate enough to get a proper paying job and thus increasing the working adult is to elderly ratio .
+A 44 45|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the increase in the ratio , it will without doubt , relieve the government in financing for the aged healthcare .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||The increase ...|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On top of it , a case by case basis might be a more plausible way of giving healthcare subsidy rather than just applying healthcare subsidy to the general elderly as a whole .
+
+S This will really improve the allocations of funds to those who really need it from people who still can afford the healthcare in Singapore .
+
+S Even though healthcare expenditure is inevitable in any country , money does not solve all the problems and it is still very important to educate the people on the importance of retirement planning .
+
+S Therefore , instead of encouraging people to rely on the government with subsidized healthcare services , the money should be put into better use like education or other aspect of the nation 's development .
+A 1 29|||R:OTHER|||instead of channeling public funds into subsidized health care , the money should be put to better use in education or other aspects|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the issue of an ageing society escalating in many countries within these few years , governments have been showing an increased concern towards this unprecedented problem of an ageing population with extremely low reproduction rates .
+
+S Singapore is definitely not alone in handling this challenge , as in 2005 , both Germany and Japan saw for the first time ; their death rates out-number their birth rates .
+
+S Currently , there are no clear explanations as to why the phenomenon of low fertility rates has increased in recent years .
+
+S Studies , however , suggested that it might be due to the rise in educated citizens and with that , they were taught the importance of family building and hence , would only plan to have a child when they are financially and emotionally ready for one .
+
+S This calls for some social policies to be put in place by the governments , to encourage citizens to be more willing to reproduce .
+
+S Social policies such as incentives being given out to encourage procreation and increasing the influx of immigrants would help to ease the ageing process to a great extent .
+
+S However , they might introduce some new problems , as would be explored in-depth later .
+A 8 9|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||these will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Recognising the problem of a possible financial burden that might be incurred by families with a new child , the governments of developed nations are providing generous incentives with the birth of each new child , in the hope to encourage their citizens to reproduce by helping to ease their financial burden .
+A 39 40|||R:PART|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 41|||R:VERB:FORM|||encouraging|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In Singapore , we have the " Baby Bonus " scheme , which citizens will get to enjoy a cash gift of up to S $ 4,000 each for their first and second child and S $ 6000 each for their third and fourth child .
+
+S ( cited from { https : //www.babybonus.gov.sg/bbss/html/faq.html } [ HYPERLINK : https : //www.babybonus.gov.sg/bbss/html/faq.html ] , retrieved on September 10 , 2009 ) Similarly , the Australia 's baby bonus pays their citizens with AUD $ 5,185 per eligible child in 13 fortnightly instalments , as of 1 July 2009 .
+
+S ( cited from { http : //www.fahcsia.gov.au/Guides_Acts/fag/faguide-1/faguide-1.2/faguide-1.2.2.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.fahcsia.gov.au/Guides_Acts/fag/faguide-1/faguide-1.2/faguide-1.2.2.html ] , retrieved on September 10 , 2009 ) One may argue that this is just a narrow viewpoint .
+
+S Nowadays , people bred on notions of free choice .
+A 3 3|||M:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They do not like to be bribed into the government 's " propaganda " of procreation .
+
+S Also , being more educated , they do not see the need for many children , as time and much money is needed to raise the child in the future .
+
+S However , this is definitely not true as firstly , it is the citizens ' role to procreate , and not the government 's .
+
+S Hence , it can not be conveniently stated that such policy is " propaganda " of the government .
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , there is evidence of an increased replacement rate .
+
+S In Australia , its total fertility rates rose from 1.76 in 2004 to 1.82 in 2006 .
+
+S ( as cited in { http : //www.melbourneinstitute.com/news/news/media_releases/2009/final-WP-Baby % 20Bonus.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.melbourneinstitute.com/news/news/media_releases/2009/final-WP-Baby % 20Bonus.pdf ] , retrieved on September 10 , 2009 ) As for Singapore , we will have to observe carefully for the next few years to see if its policies will nudge her past the subreplacement zone .
+A 37 37|||M:OTHER|||the situation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 50 51|||R:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another social policy that governments seem to turn towards to is the encouragement of the inflow of immigrants into our society .
+A 9 10|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is to ensure that the workforce will remain sufficient and efficient , as a shrinking society will only face the threats of declining economic vitality .
+
+S Singapore , for instance , welcome talented immigrants to 1 " help us reach our goals " .
+
+S However , critics argued that though this social policy is feasible to ease the ageing process in Singapore , it does not take into account of the issue of increased competition for jobs in Singapore , due to the high influx of foreign talents .
+A 25 26|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This might mean that Singaporeans will have to compete for jobs with the foreigners , and might stand chances of losing their jobs to them .
+A 17 20|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:FORM|||lose|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , it also does not take into account of the fact that attracting more immigrants might mean a threat to the culture and identity of a country .
+
+S For example , in Europe , 2it is estimated that a quarter of her inhabitants will be non-European in origin , character and beliefs , if she continues to depend on importing immigrants to ease her ageing problems .
+
+S This reasoning might be flaw as it is inevitable that the locals have to upgrade their skills to ensure high employability in the fast and highly competitive society .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:FORM|||flawed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , in this increasingly globalised society , it is even more imperative that one keeps one updated , so as not to be outdated , or they will risk losing their jobs to someone more capable , either a local or a foreigner .
+
+S In conclusion , I agree to a great extent that social policies such as the implementation of the baby bonuses and the introduction of immigrants into our society will help to ease the ageing process .
+
+S However , the government might wish to monitor the situation closely so as not to welcome too many immigrants such that the nation 's culture and identity will be at risk .
+
+S Also , they must ensure that the country 's employment rate is healthy before encouraging more foreign talents to the workforce .
+
+S This way , citizens might not complain and the society will see a more productive workforce and more birth rates , hence helping to reduce the problem of excessive ageing in a society .
+
+S It is a fact that we are experiencing an aging population problem throughout the world , especially in the developed countries such as Singapore .
+
+S Due to the fast advancement of medications , we are having a longer life span compared to the past .
+A 9 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||no article needed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:SVA|||spans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , many countries are spending more efforts and money to aging population problem .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||effort|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||the aging population problem|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , there are many ways which can help the elderly to take care of themselves and public spending on the aged should be limited so that money can be diverted to other areas of the country 's development .
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Elder dependency should be reduced by encouraging later retirement , longer working lives , and lower barriers to elder employment ( Peterson , 2001 , p.66 ) .
+A 15 16|||R:ADJ|||fewer|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By increasing the eligibility age for public pensions , we are forced to retire at a later age and we will be able to accumulate more money as we grow older .
+
+S But in order to achieve that , employers should learn the importance and benefits of employing older employees .
+
+S Older employees have more working experiences and better knowledge than the younger ones and these are the crucial factors that will contribute to the company growths .
+A 25 26|||R:NOUN:NUM|||growth|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Government should encourage their citizens to have more children so that that the cost burden of taking care of the elderly is spread over a larger and more affluent future generation ( Peterson , 2001 , p.66 ) .
+A 0 0|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some of the children feel that they are having financial problems and they are not capable of taking care of their parents ' expenses .
+
+S However , their burdens can be reduced if they have other siblings to share the cost of their parents ' expenses .
+
+S Government is also increasing their incentives to parents with more children as a mean to increase fertility rate .
+A 0 0|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The fiscal cost of elder dependency can be further reduced by stressing filial obligation and increasing the willingness of tomorrow 's grown children to support their own elderly parents through informal and familiar channels ( Peterson , 2001 , p.66 ) .
+
+S This is very important as having more children do not assure that the parents are having higher chances being taken care of by their children than the parents with fewer children .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:SVA|||does|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||of being taken care of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , it is necessary to educate the children in their early age on filial obligation .
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Parents definitely play a critical role by showing a positive role model to their children .
+
+S For example , they can show more of their care and concern on their children needs rather than just focusing on their jobs .
+
+S Children will be grateful to their parents and increase their willingness to support their parents in future .
+
+S Lastly , the fiscal and economic cost of elder dependency can be reduced by requiring people to provide in advance for their own old-age dependency ( Peterson , 2001 , p.66 ) .
+
+S This is like a form of long term saving plan where people are compelled by law to save a portion of their monthly income if they start to work .
+
+S The amounts that they have saved can only be withdrawn at a certain age and those savings will be a form of support for them when they reach older age and are not capable of working anymore .
+
+S This is especially useful for those people who do not have the habit of saving up .
+
+S Nevertheless , we also should n't completely ignore the aging population .
+
+S Although there are plans to reduce elder dependency , there will still be a small partial of elders that are not capable of taking care themselves .
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||percentage|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They may not be physically able to work and at the same time their children have abandoned the task of taking of them .
+A 21 21|||M:NOUN|||care|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In some of the worst situation , elders do not even have any children that they can be depended on .
+A 17 19|||R:OTHER|||depend on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As such , government can be more lenient to these groups of elders by providing financial cares and giving them public pension benefits whenever possible .
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||care|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Clearly , as many counties are experiencing aging population problems , the importance of solving this problem in the long term period is rather crucial .
+
+S Government can offer many public pensions and financial helps to the needy elders , but when will this end ?
+A 0 0|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:MORPH|||help|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , public spending on the aged should be limited and people should be educated since young on the ways to prevent aging population problems rather than to find a solution for it .
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Public spending for the elderly , is it insufficient still ? .
+A 11 11|||M:OTHER|||Remove full stop|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In an expenditure overview of this year 's budget 2009 , the Ministry of Community Development , Youth and Sports has set aside $ 42.1 million to fund the community and residential based care programmes for the elderly , $ 15.1 million for projects under the GO !
+
+S ( golden opportunities ) and Council for Third Age ( C3A ) , which advocates the elderly to lead healthier and more active lives .
+
+S Another $ 3.2 million will be set aside to pilot the Wellness Programme to promote active and healthy ageing in the community .
+
+S 12 constituencies will set up the Wellness Programme in this pilot phase ( http : //www.singaporebudget.gov.sg ) .Given the countless funds being channeled to them and given that most of the aged nowadays are capable of supporting themselves , the government expenditure on the elderly exceeds what they need .
+
+S Whereas the other sectors of the country 's development such as education and healthcare , are still underdeveloped .
+
+S Therefore , the public spending on the aged should be limited and more funds should be invested in these areas in order to secure the future of the county and maintain its competitiveness in this fast-paced world .
+
+S People would argue that more money should be spent by the government to the elderly , given that the elderly are the more disadvantaged group of the society .
+A 12 13|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , the government spending is only beneficial towards the active and healthy elderly , with lesser concern towards those who are unwell and not permitted to work .
+
+S And as old age is often associated with deteriorating health , the elderly will have trouble coping with the high medical costs .
+
+S Based on a text entitles " Doomsday Predictions about Population are Exaggerated " , writers Robert B Friedland and Laura Summer stated that large and long-term healthcare expenses will become a burden to the elderly , especially those who have not been able to save when they were young ( Friedland and Summer,2005 ) .
+
+S This would give even a larger burden to the working adults and taxes will definitely increase .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||an even larger|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , as we all know , the elderly only constitutes a smaller part of the society , and the younger ones in the social group must be taken care of the same way or more so than the elderly since they are the determinants of the country 's future .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:SVA|||constitute|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 44 45|||R:MORPH|||determiners|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S More money should not be invested on the healthcare of the elderly who are unwell and not fit for work since they do not have any other means to spend on with that much money given by the government , except for their medical fees .
+
+S Instead investing more money in education will increase the likeability of the younger people to secure better jobs , and enabling them to provide their elderly parents financial support , no matter in what condition their parents are in .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Based on the statistics obtained from a government statistical website , The level of education attainment among resident non-students aged 25-39 , despite increasing rapidly in the past few years , is still low at 70 percent in 2008 ( www.singstat.gov.sg ) .This means that the government must set aside more money in instilling awareness of the importance of education towards the young .
+A 11 12|||R:ORTH|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This can be done by organizing campaigns , and through media such as advertisements and short documentaries .
+
+S The Global Campaign for Education for example , has campaigned in many countries in order to instill awareness towards the importance of education .
+
+S Therefore , by succeeding in education and secured better jobs , the working adults will ease the burden of the government from having to invest a lot of money to the welfare of the elderly .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:FORM|||securing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Healthcare for the elderly is important in order to enable them to lead better lives .
+
+S However , the well-being of the citizens in general is much more important .
+
+S As discussed earlier , the younger citizens are the jewels of the country that determines its future .
+
+S The country needs healthy and abled citizens to ensure the country 's progress .
+A 5 6|||R:SPELL|||able|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , more of the government 's investments should go to the younger citizens .
+
+S Moreover , these younger citizens are the ones who will be responsible for their elderly parents ' health and well-being , therefore thier health and well-being should be prioritized.Based on a study by the .
+A 22 23|||R:SPELL|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:OTHER|||remove full-stop|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Commonwealth Fund which is released on Wednesday , in the Healthday News/Detroit Free Press reports , which includes 4,052 U.S. adults ages 19 or older between September 2003 and January 2004 , about 16 million U.S. residents care for sick or disabled family members , and approximately nine million of those caregivers have medical problems , according to the study .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Three out of five caregivers said they had trouble paying their medical bills ( http : //www.medicalnewstoday.com ) .
+
+S This shows that in the course of taking care of their parents , the working adults do not take care of their own health , and what makes it worse is that they are financially in need , as evidenced by their incapability to settle their own healthcare bills .
+
+S Therefore as evidenced by these kinds of scenarios , the government should set aside more money on healthcare ,especially for working adults who are taking care for their elderly parents , since caregivers of the ill and unhealthy should be healthy in the first place .
+
+S In conclusion , the government has shown much concern to the elderly by investing a lot of money in their cause .
+
+S However , the amount of money invested way exceeds the amount they need .
+
+S Therefore , the amount of money that the government has obtained should be invested on the other important areas of development , such as education and healthcare .
+
+S A country needs to progress , and this would never be achieved by solving one part of the problem only , but all the parts that lead to the problem .
+
+S An ageing population can bring about many serious problems to a developed country .
+
+S Lower productivity of an older workforce can lead to a decline in economic growth .
+
+S Demand for health care services will increase as elders are prone to illnesses and take long time to recover .
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Resources will be needed to upgrade the country 's infrastructure to cater to the needs of the older population .
+
+S By 2030 , 20 % of Singapore 's population will be 65 years old and above .
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||full-stop should come after the in-text citation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( MCYS , 2007 ) Despite the high number of seniors , the birth rate remains low at 1.29 per female in 2007 .
+
+S ( Statistic Singapore , 2007 ) Since the population is unlikely to be able to replace itself in the near future ( The Business Time , 2007 ) , it is important to have policies that help to ease the ageing process by helping the elders to increase their retirement savings so as to lighten their dependency on the younger generation .
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Times|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In February 2006 , the ministerial Committee on Ageing Issues proposed a polices such as the HDB 's rules of housing nucleus families closer to their elders , the Parents ' Maintenance act and higher retirement age , to protect the elders and ease old-age dependency .
+
+S However , these current government policies have not helped to ease the ageing process .
+
+S Most policies are ineffective or attract minimal attention , hence , most of the elderly are still not independent .
+
+S The Married Child Priority Scheme ( MCPS ) introduced by the HDB encourages married children and parents to live near one another .
+
+S Married children are given priority if they apply for a flat to stay near or together with their parent .
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||parents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( MCYS , 2007 ) By encouraging adult children to stay with their parents can definitely benefit the elderly as the increased interaction can foster care for their parents .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||no need for 'by '|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , even if the married children live with their parents , they may have no time to look after them .
+
+S With the rising inflation , both married children have to work to support the increasing expenditures .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||no need for article|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||expenditureno need for plural form|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A dual career family means that the adult children spend lesser time at home and that the elder parents are often left alone in the day as their children go to work .
+A 10 11|||R:ADJ:FORM|||less|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , MCPS does not guarantee more care for the aged parents .
+
+S The Maintenance of Parents Act give parents above 60 years old who could not support themselves the legal means to claim maintenance from their children .
+
+S ( Mathi , 1999 ) By compelling children to provide support for them , the elderly parents can be assured to retire comfortably with the financial support from their children .
+
+S The Act is proposed with the assumption that some children selfishly abandon their parents .
+
+S However , the Act overlooked the constraints of the adult children .
+
+S Young adult children , especially those who already started a family , find themselves sandwiched between providing care for their elderly parents and their children .
+
+S Health care for the elderly can cost up to thousands of dollars , being strained financially , adult children simply can not afford it .
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the problems go beyond the issue of filial piety , government need to look each case individually .
+A 16 16|||M:PREP|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Retirement age will rise from 62 to 65 by 2012 to account for the higher life expectancy of its ageing population .
+
+S ( Inquirer , 2009 ) The elderly who are healthier and able to work longer can therefore increase their retirement savings by retiring later .
+
+S Even so , more have to be done to change the mindsets of the employer .
+
+S Many employers often associate old-age with lower productivity .
+
+S Older workers find it difficult to compete with the younger applicants who are youthful and demand lesser pay .
+
+S Moreover , there is a certain group of elderly who have substantial education attainment such as the older single women .
+
+S ( Friedland and Summer ) This group of elderly will have lower income and more difficulties in finding jobs .
+
+S In such instances , the government needs to provide more financial help to this group of elderly who are more vulnerable .
+
+S In conclusion , the policies are not effective in helping the elders to ease their old-age dependency .
+
+S The government needs to see the real reasons contributing to the different problems faced by the elderly .
+
+S Besides introducing policies that help the elderly , people have to also change their attitude towards the aged to engage the elderly into the society and strive together to ease the ageing process .
+
+S The ramifications of ageing population have always been a challenge to many developed countries .
+
+S The immense social cost arises from ageing population can be attributed to mounting healthcare problem , diminishing of economic productivity and increasing accountability of younger generation towards the elderly .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:FORM|||arising|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In view of the accelerating of ageing population , Singapore 's government has been revamping the related policies constantly to mitigate the problem .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||accelerated growth|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||the aging|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||the Singapore Government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With a carefully constructed policy , government agencies get to develop a holistic approach that meets the needs of the elderly .
+
+S The diminishing of economic productivity due to ageing population may have an abysmal effect on a country .
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||the aging|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Peter G. Peterson has claimed that later retirement could be a sensible method to maintain one nation 's productivity and reduce the dependency of elderly .
+
+S ( Peter G. Peterson , 2001 ) Singapore 's government has adopted this measure and raised the retirement age up to 62 to ensure elderly contribution to the society .
+
+S Moreover , such policy emphasizes the principle of self-reliance and reduces the burden and social cost of the community .
+
+S The existence of the older workforce not only increases the input of the economy but also enables elderly to gain some form of steady income .
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will ameliorate the deteriorating effect on a nation 's economy due to ageing progression .
+
+S However , this policy will remain fruitless without the collaboration between elderly , employers and the state .
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Employers tend to discriminate elderly frequently as they are deemed to be vulnerable and unproductive .
+A 4 4|||M:PREP|||against|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order to remove such prejudice , government provides incentives by reducing the employer 's contribution to elderly Central Provident Fund ( CPF ) .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Initially government will top up the remainder sum for the elderly so that the welfare of elderly will not be jeopardized .
+
+S Healthcare is another prevalent problem in a society where the number of elderly is increasing tremendously .
+
+S Elderly has a higher possibility to encounter a long-term management of chronic diseases such as diabetes and heart disease .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:PART|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:FORM|||encountering|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore it is essential for government to keep healthcare cost at an affordable rate for this vulnerable group .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Singapore 's government subsidizes heavily on medical service and grants some flexibility in the CPF system so that elderly can utilize part of their saving in the CPF account for hospitalization expenses .
+A 3 3|||M:ADV|||heavily|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , family responsibility is always being stressed such that children are required to contribute to the Medisave account of their elderly member .
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||is always stressed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Transfer of fund from the Ordinary Account to parents ' Retirement Account is also available .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The transfer|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||funds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Such policies spread over the cost of ageing progression to family and community and minimize the state fiscal provision .
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||minimize state fiscal|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , in order to make medical service easily accessible to the needy , polyclinic which is an affordable subsidized one-stop health centre , offer outpatient medical care and pharmacy services .
+
+S This facilitates elderly who is bedridden and confined to wheelchairs .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Despite heavy subsidization on healthcare , elderly who is destitute without family support may still find medical service prohibitive .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As such , Public Assistance and Medifund have been introduced to assuage this problem whereby rigorous diagnosis is being carried out and relevant assistance will be given to the needy accordingly .
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||diagnoses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||R:VERB|||carried out|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly , the mentality health of elderly is exceptionally vital to enhance their social functioning and to maximize their potential .
+A 3 4|||R:MORPH|||mental|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Sense of isolation and loneliness among homebound and single elderly might result in mental illness and social problems .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The sense|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Family binding and accompaniment are paramount in addressing such phenomenon .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN|||bonding|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN|||company|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reinforcement of the ethic of filial pity can vicariously develop strong bond between children and parents .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||bonds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In line with this ideology , Singapore 's government introduced Multi-Tier Family Housing Scheme and CPF Housing Grant to encourage married couple to buy a flat in the same town with their parents .
+
+S It is a housing subsidy and family comprising parents and married children staying together in the same household will be given priority for public housing apartment .
+
+S Consequently , this can prevent elderly abandonment by children and forms family cohesion among the community so that the aged will not be neglected .
+
+S Singapore 's government believes that social service should involve the participation of all sectors of society including the community and non-profit organization .
+
+S Thus , several programmes have been set up under the joint MCYS-HDB project to improve the quality of life of the aged .
+
+S One of it would be the Senior Citizens ' Club which helps to enhance family relationship and promote interaction among elderly .
+
+S Psychological needs of elderly can not be overlooked so that they can be socially integrated into the family and community .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In a nutshell , curbing the enigmas of the ageing population to a large extent , depend on the social policies of a state .
+
+S Robert B. Friedland and Laura Summer caution government to carry out wise and forward-thinking planning and therefore government should adopt pragmatism while formulating social policies related to the ageing population .
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Robert B. Friedland and Laura Summer , 2005 ) Society should also shift their paradigm and not to equate elderly with social marginalization to maximize the social functioning of elderly .
+A 18 20|||R:OTHER|||marginalize the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 24|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In developed countries such as the United States , Japan and Singapore , the aging population has been an important issue .
+
+S The Singapore government has implemented policies which have helped to solve problems arising from the aging process to a large extent .
+
+S The problems include a need for more health care services , increase in elder dependency on the government and draining the country 's resources .
+
+S However , due to the growing aging population , further research is necessary in order to cater to this growing segment .
+
+S I will explore in-depth in the policies implemented by the Singapore government in the social aspect .
+
+S One of the strategies from the text , " elder dependency should be reduced by making people work longer " ( Peter G. Peterson ) can be applied in the Singapore context whereby the retirement age has been raised from 60 to 62 in 1999 .
+
+S With longer working lives , people will be able to save more money for old age .
+
+S However , longer working lives may have implications on their health , which may lead to an increase in medical expenditure .
+
+S Nevertheless , this can be solved by the flexi-work hour program such that the elder group can work shorter hours and not ruin their health .
+
+S Moreover , based on a government survey conducted last July , more than 60 per cent of 25,000 unemployed older folk who planned to look for work preferred part time .
+A 28 28|||M:VERB|||to work|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , only 43 per cent of the employers are willing to offer flexible work to older workers , while 57 per cent are presumably against such arrangements .
+
+S Furthermore , figures from Ministry of Manpower show that the proportion of employees on flexible work arrangements in 2008 was 9.4 per cent from the public and private sectors .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , I will suggest a development of new models of work which will be required as the workforce ages and employees search for greater flexibility in work organization .
+
+S This will encourage the elder group to return to the workforce and achieve a reduction of elder dependency on the government .
+
+S In Singapore , education has been a main concern and the government has implemented policies such as compulsory primary school education and subsidies for students from poor families .
+
+S Furthermore , in the 2009 Key Budget Initiatives , the government is enhancing school education by " providing better facilities for an all-round education in every school , enhancing both the size and quality of the teaching force and bringing in allied educators into schools to collaborate with teachers in providing better attention for every child .
+
+S " ( Key Budget Initiatives ) With a strong education system base , everyone has a chance to receive high level of education , which will secure them higher paying jobs in the future and also help to stimulate the country 's economic growth .
+
+S As a result , " the cost burden can be spread over a larger and more affluent future generation " .
+
+S ( Peter G. Peterson ) Nevertheless , one can argue that with a low birth rate , the system established will not be fully utilized .
+
+S However , education system is important in a country 's development for future generations , hence the government can only further revise the baby bonus policy in order to encourage families to have more children .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another social problem will be elderly parents being abandoned at nursing homes or children living overseas and there is no one looking after their parents in Singapore .
+A 17 19|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , recent study has found that " seniors here are generally well cared for by their children " .
+
+S Moreover , " two in three respondents pay for their senior 's medical bills and keep them company " .
+
+S ( The Straits Times Article ) On the other hand , there is also a setback such that there will be another generation of elderly who are not prepared for their own retirement .
+A 33 33|||M:OTHER|||, the reason being that ..|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The reason being their income will be used to support elderly parents , to cover family expenses and provide for their children .
+
+S However , with the CPF scheme in place , there should be savings when they reach retirement age , but I will suggest that research has to be conducted to find out how much people will need to save for their retirement and whether the current CPF contribution rate is sufficient .
+
+S Moreover , compulsory insurance scheme can be introduced to ensure more savings .
+
+S The government is also " committing to a substantial expansion of the healthcare sector by investing $ 4 billion to restructure the heath care system to handle the aging population such as the development of community hospitals " .
+
+S ( Key Budget Initiatives ) Patients can then recuperate at these community hospitals which generate savings and increase efficiency on treatment of more acute cases .
+
+S In evaluating the government policies , I do agree that these are workable solutions to a large extent .
+
+S However , more research has to be done in order to keep elder dependency low and provide cost effective and affordable healthcare .
+
+S In 1950 , there were 205 million persons aged 60 or over throughout the world .
+
+S Fifty years later , the number of persons aged 60 or over increased about three times to 606 million .
+
+S Over the first half of the current century , the global population 60 or over is projected to expand by more than three times to reach nearly 2 billion in 2050 .
+A 12 12|||M:OTHER|||of people aged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Aging population is defined as any person who is age 60 and above .
+A 2 5|||R:OTHER|||includes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:FORM|||aged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , there is a lot of concern with whether the government is going to spend more money to help the aging population or otherwise .
+
+S If the money spent is not planned properly , there may be disastrous consequences .
+
+S The aged can still contribute to our society economically and socially , hence there is a need to allocate more money for them .
+
+S The aged can still help to develop and push the economy to greater heights since they still have the capability to work .
+
+S Public policies are put in place to motivate them to work harder .
+
+S One example would be the Central Providence Fund ( CPF ) in Singapore .
+
+S It is a savings account that the working class will put a certain percentage of their monthly salaries into .
+
+S This money can be used for themselves or their descendants .
+
+S Awards and money incentives are also given to those who have performed outstandingly in their fields of work .
+
+S The government should spent more money to come up with new awards as a form of motivation .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:FORM|||spend|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They are also the ones who will do all the " dirty " work like collecting garbage and sweeping the floor .
+
+S No degree holder will want to exchange their air-conditioned room for standing under the hot scorching sun .
+
+S Others may argue that the aged work and learn slower compared to a working adult , however , we must also consider the difference in their salary and job scope .
+
+S They may be slower but they do not complain .
+
+S No matter how much they earn , be it a little or a lot , they still contribute to the economy .
+
+S The aged have a lot of invaluable experiences which can not be brought in terms of money .
+
+S We can still learn a lot from them .
+
+S It helps us to plan better , not making the mistakes that they have made in the past , as in the case of World War 2 .
+
+S The British thought that the Japanese will not attack through the forest ; as a result , we were caught by surprise when they actually came in through the forest .
+
+S It is these experiences and mistakes that we learnt from and thus improving ourselves .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:FORM|||improved|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government should spend more money on them for talks and teachings so that they are able to share their experiences with younger generation .
+
+S They can also publish self-improvement books .
+
+S People may argue that action speaks louder than words , since all the aged do is to talk , it will definitely sound easy .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||actions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 23|||R:OTHER|||it definitely sounds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Yet , it is through this life experiences that we are able to better plan and think of our future .
+
+S Hence , I believe that the government should spend more money to subside talks by the elderly .
+A 12 13|||R:MORPH|||subsidize|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With aging , the physical and mental parts of the human body will start to deteriorate with time .
+A 16 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , there is a need for the government to spend more on elderly healthcare and rehabilitation centres .
+
+S Life expectancy across the world is increasing .
+
+S People are living longer and tend to fall sick more compared to the past .
+
+S What if they do not have enough money to see the doctor ?
+
+S Do we let them die on the streets ?
+
+S As the standard of living increases , a minor operation will cost at least a whopping $ 10 000 .
+
+S The medicine and the appointments to see the doctors are normally for a lifetime , which would mean more necessary costs .
+
+S Some of the elderly may not be eligible for the government policies because they do not fulfil certain requirements .
+
+S There are people who believed that the aged should fend for themselves .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||believe|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , if we take a closer look , we will see a vicious cycle where the problem will eventually fall back on the children and back to the economy since they will have a keep a portion of their salary for the medical bills .
+
+S In conclusion , the government must plan properly to allocate sufficient resources for the aged , yet not forgetting other aspects of the country .
+
+S As policies makers decide on how much resources to allocate , they must remember that these policies will be subjected to changes as everything else changes .
+
+S Hence , we must be flexible and focused to know which direction our country is heading towards and plan adequate resources properly .
+A 7 8|||R:MORPH|||focus|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:PART|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:FORM|||knowing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:PART|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S * { http : //www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/pdf/80chapterii.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/pdf/80chapterii.pdf ]
+
+S Nowadays , the aging population has been one of the most worrying problems .
+A 5 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The percentage of people who are 65 years old and above in Singapore in 2008 was 8.67 % ( 1 ) .
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For this reason , the government has been placing much emphasis on spending the budget for the aged .
+
+S However , in my opinion , the funding for the senior citizens should be cut back so that we could take full advantage of this amount of money to develop other fields to contribute to the country 's growth .
+
+S First and foremost , the government ought to invest much time and energy in education .
+
+S As a matter of fact , due to the fact that people who are " well equipped " with knowledge get more opportunity to have higher salary and better social status , education ensures a happy hoary age ( 2 ) .
+
+S The ground for this fact is that because of their hard working during younger years , they are able to put aside for their future .
+A 11 12|||R:MORPH|||work|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , they can cater for themselves without any financial aids from the outside world .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||aid|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , according to the statistic , though small , there is still about 2.4 % of people could not find a job with an acceptable pay to prepare for their old time .
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||statistics|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:TENSE|||can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:NOUN|||age|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S What is more , the government may open some training programs to offer jobs for those who are about to retire but are unemployed for the time being owing to their lack of education .
+
+S Singapore 's government seems to make the most of this policy to make more and more people employed despite their shortage of education before .
+
+S Data show that compared with 2007 , there are more than 11.7 million people of this type having the ability to work on their own .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:SVA|||shows|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , science should be appreciated more .
+
+S With more esteem , new technology is possible to be invented to help ease the aged .
+
+S From that point , old age is not appalling anymore .
+
+S People are more likely to work longer , and it is not necessary for the government to help them .
+
+S For example , studies have proved that insomnia in the elderly is probable to easily cure by non-drug therapies ( 3 ) .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||can be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:FORM|||cured|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This can be seen as a step forward to what we want to achieve .
+
+S Suppose that the science is properly concerned , no one knows whether it might create something which makes people ever young .
+
+S This thing , if happens , could be the most marvelous one that has ever happened in the world .
+
+S At that time , everybody , irrespective of age , is capable of increasing the productivity of their own country in particular and of the global village in general .
+
+S Then , aging population does not exist anymore , and this word would come out of the dictionary .
+
+S With the expansion of science , nothing seems hard to imagine and we have the right of hoping such world would become into existence .
+A 16 17|||R:PART|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:MORPH|||hope|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:OTHER|||come into existence|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Last but not least , opponents of this position would argue that senior citizens are also our own citizens , they need care from the government and the strategies above take many times to complete when the senior citizens can not wait anymore .
+
+S However , based on what I have argued above , the government 's concern to the aged still exist but should be limited to some extent to take care of the other 's areas .
+
+S If the government continues to excessively worry about the senior citizens , it will be a good example to rely on the government .
+
+S They do not need to worry for their future during their early times because sooner or later they will be provided with help by the government .
+
+S This thing must be a disaster to a society .
+
+S Furthermore , to place more emphasis on other 's areas such as education , science , etc. is considered to be a visionary step to see to our aging population of our near of far future .
+A 8 9|||U:NOUN:POSS||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And as far as I am concerned , to run a country , we need to take interest in far view more than near view .
+A 19 21|||R:OTHER|||long term|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 25|||R:OTHER|||short term|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In short , " public spending on the aged should be limited so that money can be diverted to the other areas of the country 's development " .
+
+S Two areas that can be invested more are education and science , which will make some differences in our aging population so that this problem would no longer be an awesome matter , but one of the proudest ones to be mentioned .
+A 6 6|||M:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S 1 .
+
+S Statistics Singapore http : //www.singstat.gov.sg/stats/keyind.html # popnarea .
+
+S 2 .
+
+S Robert B. Friedland and Laura Summer , Demography Is Not Destiny , Revisited .
+
+S Center on Aging Society , Georgetown University , March 2005 .
+
+S 3 .
+
+S Crystal Phend .
+
+S AGS : Non-drug therapies ease insomnia in elderly .
+
+S MedPage Today .
+
+S May 3 , 2007 from Seattle .
+
+S http : //www.medpagetoday.com/MeetingCoverage/AGS/5565
+
+S With the continued decline in fertility and the improvement in health in Singaporeans , Singapore faces a greying population ( MCYS , 2005 ) .
+
+S In addition , the ageing phenomena are becoming more complex with rapidly changing social-economic-political and technological environments ( Mehta , 2004 ) .
+
+S For example , Chow and Chan 's study ( as cited in Lee , & Mehta , 2004 ) states that as families become more modernised , the level of the family social support to the old will suffer deterioration .
+
+S Without new policies and further research and development in all fields of study , relating to the aged , they will face difficulties in living their current environment .
+A 25 26|||R:DET|||inheir|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Despite the complex changes in the environment , there are theories on successful aging which could help us in our investigation on to the extent of the current policies have helped to ease the aging process .
+A 22 23|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:OTHER|||to which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The following theories are role theory and social exchange theory .
+
+S The role theory suggests that people play specific roles in their families and communities throughout their life time .
+
+S With regards to social exchange theory suggests that the degree of interaction of elderly is determined by their ability to engage in social exchange .
+A 0 3|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We will focus on whether the current policies have made life easier for the elderly on the basis of these theories .
+
+S In Singapore , the existing policy on employing the elderly does not do enough to allow senior worker to continue playing their roles in working community .
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||workers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Companies in Singapore tend to prefer employing younger employees , and when the company is undergoing restructuring , the older workers are usually the ones to be retrenched .
+
+S Despite the incentives given out by Singapore government to encourage companies to continue employing the elderly , companies still hesitate to keep them because of possible health problems .
+
+S Forcing them to accept less respected job , also mean lower income , to earn for a living as retirement age has increased .
+
+S This creates undue stress and negative psychological impact on the aged , at the same time a social stigma on them and also inadequate income .
+
+S A survey from MCYS ( 2005 ) shows that there is an increased in the proportion of those aged above 55 and above who found their income usually inadequate , 29.9 % of them credit it to low income .
+
+S Unlike Japan , the companies tend to treasure the experience of older workers and recognise their loyalty towards the company , allowing them to stay on to managerial position provided that they are competent .
+
+S The aged in Japan are very much respected as compared to those in Singapore , hence , aging with more dignity .
+
+S Taking a closer look , the success of the policy on employing the elderly is still inconclusive , as it takes years to change the perspective of a society .
+
+S At the very least , the elderly is still able to be part of the workforce .
+
+S To a large extent , most of the existing policies have helped to ease the aging process .
+
+S The HDB housing policy which encourages families to stay closer to their parents allows elderly to continue their role in helping their children or even an additional role as a grandparent .
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The HDB provides additional grants through CPF for families to purchase flats within a certain radius of their parents .
+
+S With the close proximity , family members can travel to and fro with ease , helping them in terms of household matters and even taking care of young children .
+
+S This allows bonding to increase between them and also increasing the self-worth of the elderly .
+
+S In terms of improving the ability of the elderly in engaging social exchange , mobility and places are the important aspect .
+
+S The government is creating a more disabled and elderly friendly environment by making improvements in housing estates and public areas .
+
+S For example , the transport authority aims to have lift facilities in every mass rapid and light rail transit stations .
+
+S In order to encourage active aging , the government is bringing activities closer to housing estates like the RC or CC .
+
+S These activities include not only physical activities , and also voluntary activities .
+
+S The government also set up the Council for Third Age to further promote active aging ( MCYS , 2009 ) .
+
+S Presently , though social policies are still solely draft out by the government .
+A 3 3|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:FORM|||drafted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , Singaporeans can be involved in improving these policies by providing feedbacks through government portals like Reach .
+
+S With such initiatives , policies are now more focused in terms of improving the lives of Singaporean as a whole .
+A 9 12|||R:OTHER|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Aging population is now the uprising enigma that alarms the nation of its increasing elderly dependency and diminution of productivity .
+
+S The proportion of elderly Singapore residents aged 65 and above had increased from 7.4 % in 2003 to 8.5 % in 2006 .
+
+S The number shall increase further as the proportion of children below 15 years has steadily declined from 28 % in 1980 to 19.3 % in 2006 .
+
+S It is undeniable that Singapore is facing the emerging healthcare ramifications due to the aging process .
+
+S Thus , the healthcare medical advancement indubitably has a pivotal role in easing the aging progression .
+
+S Additional healthcare facilities and services are to be provided in line with the aging process .
+
+S The escalating figure of aging population will certainly increase the numbers of patients afflicted to intricate diseases such as Ischaemic heart diseases .
+
+S With aging population , the likelihood of patients suffering from multiple organ failure will start to augment too .
+A 16 17|||R:VERB|||increase|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nonetheless , the number of hospitalizations due to such medical conditions may amplify as well .
+
+S In order to rectify the homeward bound predicament , not only more elderly friendly facilities have to be constructed , but the critical care medical treatment and surgery is chiefly required too .
+A 12 13|||R:ADJ|||elder-friendly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , this could point out to be a major hitch as there is an emerging need for critical care programmes .
+A 4 6|||R:VERB|||prove|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Various medical institutions should offer trainings and preparations to medical professional personnel to equip them with the necessity to countenance the upcoming crisis .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||training|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||preparation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:MORPH|||counter|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The progression of aging could be also alleviated with new and hi- tech medical advancement .
+
+S Since the 2003 , Singapore General Hospital has performed numerous robotic surgeries ever since the robotic surgical system , known as Da Vinci Surgical was introduce .
+
+S This has significantly augmented the precision of intricate surgeries as well as trimming down much of the risk faced by the patient during surgical operations .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:FORM|||trimmed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the marvel breakthrough of medical advancement , elderly members who are the ones that are commonly affiliated with healthcare problems are better furnished with finer medication procedures .
+A 15 19|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN|||health|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , technology and science can not replace the need for healing relationships among the medical personnel and patients .
+
+S Dr Vivian Balakrishnan , Minister for States and National Development once says that while technology and science continue to alter medical procedures and techniques , health care at its core remains a high-touch profession .
+
+S Care is provided by people , not technology , buildings or drugs .
+
+S ( Dr Vivian Blakrishnan , 2002 ) Through caring interactions , patients especially the old and needy members can be emotionally and psychologically motivated to wrestle against the associated sickness .
+A 25 26|||R:VERB|||fight|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , healthcare professionals are required to constantly enhance their ability to communicate and care , not just mainly rely on the development of technology and science .
+
+S In addition , with the robust production of supplementary healthcare products nowadays , the level of personal healthiness of the elderly can be much maintained .
+
+S Taking healthcare products such as natural vitamins and mineral salts is able to build up one 's immunity system against viral and bacterial infections .
+
+S It is often said that prevention is better than cure .
+
+S These supplementary products not only can fortify one 's immunity system , but also improve one 's mind alertness and body vigor .
+
+S Elderly should be taking complementary healthcare products to strengthen their body against diseases as we well as retaining their mental alertness .
+
+S At this point one may wonder that whether the manufactured supplementary healthcare products are safe to be consumed as there are cases that the products are proven to be potentially health hazardous .
+A 6 7|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , numerous measures have been imposed by authorities such as the Health Sciences Authority to insure that the merchandises are secured to be utilised .
+
+S Nonetheless , consumer themselves have to prudent when selecting the varieties of healthcare products .
+
+S In conclusion , progress of development in healthcare needs have to always be maintained at a high pace as the tempo of aging progression hastens .
+
+S More funds should be provided to increase more research and development in the pharmaceutical and medical sciences fields as well as importing more advance technologies .
+
+S This would largely aid in resolving the predicaments of declining personal health system that an aging population will encounter .
+
+S Peter G. Peterson concludes that global aging may still impose unsustainable fiscal and economic burden unless the developed countries confront the daunting problem of rising healtcare cost and how to set limits on healthcare .
+
+S ( Peter G. Peterson , 2001 ) Yet , insufficient healthcare development spending may degenerate the health standards of the nation and so , in turn reduces productivity even more significantly .
+
+S Public spending should therefore be more focus on providing excellent healthcare facilities and services which would benefits and eases the growing health crisis amidst the aging population .
+A 6 7|||R:MORPH|||focused|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:MORPH|||benefit|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:SVA|||ease|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the recent years , besides many issues such as wars in the Middle East , financial crisis , terrorism , a fast-aging population has become an unprecedented problem which many countries have encountered , especially the developed ones .
+
+S This demographic change has lead to several serious consequences which not only challenge the whole society but also the government and policy makers .
+
+S Such a problem like this could not be solved overnight , but need to have a suitable long-term plan .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:SVA|||needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although there are still arguments surrounding old age issues , it can be believed that much have been done to ease the aging process , particularly medical advancement and efficient social policies .
+A 10 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To begin with , it is no doubt that when a person becomes older , he will meet health problems , physically and mentally .
+A 17 18|||R:VERB|||experience|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , better healthcare is one of the most important priorities when finding out solutions to help the elderly .
+
+S Most developed countries offer the long-term care including nursing home , day cares , home health care and hospice care , and upgrade the facilities as well as infrastructure in the medical sector .
+
+S In the Singapore context , there are some hospitals will be built such as Jurong General Hospital opened in 2015 , and Khoo Teck Puat Hospital in Yishun is under-constructed and will be opened in 2010 .
+A 5 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:MORPH|||opening|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 33|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:MORPH|||opening|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , on the understanding that elder people need a longer time to recover , the Ministry of Health has launched a new model to set up a link between acute hospitals with community ones where patients can receive relevant care after discharged from the acute hospitals .
+A 42 42|||M:VERB:TENSE|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 45 46|||R:ADJ|||mainstream|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To illustrate this type of healthcare is Tan Tock Seng Hospital with Ren Ci Hospital as well as Changi General Hospital with St Andrew 's Community Hospital .
+
+S Shortly , with the development in medical aspect , it could be fairly assured that elderly healthcare would be improved .
+
+S Secondly , from a social and financial standpoint , the government and policy makers have generated many possible ideas to deal with a graying population .
+
+S A question has been set up in Straits Times lately " Who cares for these when they grow old ? " .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB|||brought|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , there are some older people having no child or being single , so it is more difficult for them in their old days .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:FORM|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To deal with this problem , conceived by the Ministry of Community Development , Youth and Sports , The Centre for Enabled Living is the first-top centre for persons needing care .
+
+S It is a centre to help the elderly not only with their daily life but also emotional life by providing many helpful services - for example Befriending , Neighbourhood Links and Senior Activity Centres , and so on .
+
+S Another solution to reduce elder dependency is The Central Provident Fund ( CPF ) system , a source of financial support to Singaporeans during retirement .
+
+S It is mandatory for every employee and employer to put some money of his income per month into CPF .
+
+S Besides , the government also encourages its citizens to work as long as possible and contribute to the CPF to have a good preparation and more financial security in old age .
+
+S On the other hand , some people still doubt whether or not the advancement or development has actually helped the aging population .
+
+S Although governments raise fund and increase budget to support the elderly , healthcare costs is still high and some of the treatments which apply new technologies and methods are so expensive that money they save will run out after a few days .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||funds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||budgets|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another point is that some of the policies can only be efficient and useful in developed nations .
+
+S Due to the shortage of budget , many other social problems such as poverty , starvation , inflation , etc. developing or poor countries may not take many actions to help their older people .
+
+S Hence , there should be more effort to be done to solve these problems .
+
+S All things considered , it can be concluded that current development and policies have helped to ease the aging process in a certain degree .
+
+S Solving these problems is not an easy task and can not achieve in a short-run as well .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||be achieved|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 18|||R:OTHER|||either|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , with strong effort , many things can be done to help our elderly .
+
+S References : * Peter G.Peterson .
+
+S Harvard International Review .
+
+S 23.3 ( Fall 2001 ) : 66 * Central Provident Fund , from Wikipedia http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Provident_Fund * eGov monitor .
+
+S Singapore Minister Articulates Government Thinking on Addressing Issues of An Ageing Population http : //www.egovmonitor.com/node/28185
+
+S " As Singapore becomes accustomed to being an affluent and rapidly ageing society , the issue of financing the aged has become more pressing requiring reassessment of the existing arrangements .
+
+S " ( Chan , 2002 ) Should the Singapore government spend more on the aged or should the money be diverted to other areas of the country 's development ?
+
+S By generating economic growth for the country , the aged would also benefit .
+
+S Public spending on the aged should be limited so that money can be diverted to other areas of the country 's development .
+
+S Public spending refers to expenditure by government .
+
+S A principal source of revenue or income to pay for public spending is taxation .
+
+S ( Tiscali , 2009 ) Some of the other areas in the country 's development that require public spending are like social services and benefits , education , infrastructure and development projects like transport , housing and employment .
+A 38 39|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Anonymous , 2009 ) It is important for the government to spend in this area so that the country 's economy and social condition will improve .
+A 5 5|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many argue that limiting public spending on the elderly would only leave individuals and their families to face issues pertaining to education , housing , social services and transportation .
+A 12 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:OTHER|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By cutting expenditure on welfare programs for the elderly , individuals and families are more responsible for a larger share of the elderly costs .
+A 14 15|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 24|||R:OTHER|||cost incurred by the elderly.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They would need to provide the cost for their own old age dependency , according to Robert B. and Laura S. in Doomsday .
+A 22 23|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , such costs may even be bigger than the original cost of running welfare programs for the elderly .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||cost|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:ADJ|||greater|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the contrary , diverting public spending on other areas of the country 's development will expand its economic opportunities and improve social conditions .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Such financial and social problems would actually not be faced by the individual and families .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||individuals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When there is more expenditure on social services and benefits , education , infrastructure and development projects , the country is capable of build a better economy for its people .
+A 8 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 30|||R:OTHER|||there is a greater chance for the country to build a better economy.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And with economic growth , the country becomes richer and the people enjoy a higher standard of living .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will become|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:VERB:TENSE|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , public spending on higher education pays off , especially in times of economic crisis or downturn ( Aisha , 2009 )
+
+S For example , the society becomes more educated and affluent as more money is being pumped to ensure higher education and people get higher income when they work .
+A 16 16|||M:OTHER|||into the economy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:OTHER|||for its people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 28|||R:OTHER|||; and the people will get higher income when they work .|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In such a situation , the country becomes richer and there would not be a need to cut down on program benefits or raise taxes .
+
+S Henceforth , economic growth would ensure the continuation of welfare programs for the elderly in the long run .
+A 0 1|||R:ADV|||Therefore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The burden on the people to pay for higher taxes in the future would be lessened as the economy serve to benefit the aged .
+
+S In addition , limiting public spending on the aged would mean that individuals have to provide the cost for their own old age dependency .
+
+S This is a beneficial for the country as people learn to depend on themselves .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:VERB:TENSE|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They would be able to able to work better , attain higher income so as to help support education , housing , social services and rising cost of transportation for themselves .
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It would be more practical in a case when there is economic downturn and the government is not able to spend on the aged .
+A 3 4|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:ADJ|||useful|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 8|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " An aging population will push up pension and healthcare costs , forcing major increases in public spending that could slow economic growth in rich and poor countries .
+
+S " ( Fox , 2009 ) Clearly , as Singapore experiences the problem of ageing population , it is important to generate economic growth for the country and benefit the aged .
+A 27 28|||R:OTHER|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Higher expenditure on areas like infrastructure and education , allows the country to achieve greater economic growth which this in turn solve the problems of aging population .
+A 18 19|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:VERB:TENSE|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With better economic and social condition in the country , people would become richer and affluent .
+
+S This would then reduce the worries of individuals and their families about issues pertaining to education , housing , social services and transportation .
+
+S In today 's society , ageing population is increasingly a problem that many countries , such as Singapore , Sweden and Japan , are now facing .
+A 14 15|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S An ageing population brings challenges but also opportunities for people to explore .
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There is a need to put in place government policies and programmes to meet the emerging needs of an ageing population .
+
+S Therefore , I agree to reduce public spending on the aged so that more resources and funds will be allocated to other areas of development such as the economy , education , technology and general healthcare within the country but help for the aged should not be neglected as well .
+A 11 11|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 40|||R:OTHER|||. But ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 48 50|||R:ADV|||too|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S People will learn to be self-reliance when their support is being limited , in this case , the funding for usage of healthcare and public facilities ; they will have to plan their future needs .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||self-reliant|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||the support given by the government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 16|||R:OTHER|||. For example|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 35|||R:OTHER|||people need to make their own plans to fund for their own health care .|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the case of Singapore , the government implemented policies such as Medisave and Medishield , to " force " her citizens to set aside money and plan financially for their future .
+A 28 32|||R:OTHER|||for their future finances.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will help ease the burden on the government as the people are able to afford their own medical fees through their own savings .
+
+S Another scheme that Singapore government adopt is the Central Provident Fund ( CPF ) , people have to save a part of their salary every month , upon retirement , they are able to withdraw and use it for their old age .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||adopted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:PUNCT|||. People|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 42|||R:OTHER|||and could only withdraw and use the savings upon retirement .|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Because of such schemes , the government has more resources to focus more on other developments of the country which are equally important ; this is to ensure competitiveness in this globalised world .
+A 23 26|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore limiting public spending on the aged will reduce the dependency of the aged on the government and also to ensure continuous developments in other areas of the country .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even though , family members are responsibility of taking care of their elderly , but due to the large allocation of resources and money for the aged , many assumed that the government will take care of all the elderly .
+A 2 3|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:MORPH|||responsible|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 40|||R:OTHER|||many assume that the government would be responsible for it because of its vast resources .|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some took advantage of the situation and make use of the low-cost medical facilities , this can be seen by the long queues at the polyclinics in Singapore .
+A 15 28|||R:OTHER|||as can be seen in the long queues formed at the polyclinics in Singapore.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This may lead to people who are in urgent need for medical consultation to be delayed which in turn , may cause serious consequences .
+A 13 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Financial help should be given to those really in the need , instead of allocating large amount of funds to all the elderly .
+A 7 7|||M:OTHER|||who are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many elderly are still able to work and support themselves , thus they do n't need the help of the government .
+
+S According to the one article , PM Lee said that " the best way to keep health costs down is by maintaining a healthy lifestyle " ( Channel News Asia 2009 ) .
+
+S [ pic ] This implies that as long as the elderly keep themselves healthy , lesser burden will be placed on the government .
+A 0 3|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , part of the public spending on the aged can be diverted to develop other sectors of the country , so as to ensure that the public spending is well-allocated .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:FORM|||developing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But even though there are schemes to make people save for their aged now , the older generation who have little or no education , are not able to comprehend what these schemes are about and what benefits do they get .
+A 0 1|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||Even|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||old age|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 41|||R:OTHER|||they will get.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore they need the aid of the government to help them cope with their medical issues and their daily lives .
+
+S More elderly friendly facilities along neighbourhood should be built and good values such as giving up seats to the elderly should be taught to the public to help the elderly get along with their daily lives .
+A 4 5|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||the neighbourhood of the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 32|||R:OTHER|||to cope|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Like in Singapore , there are priority seats for elderly so that they do not have to stand for long distances .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||For example ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN|||hours|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If money were to be diverted to other area of developments , the problem of ageing population will still persists , the situation might worsen as they may not know how to support themselves and cause even more social problems .
+A 12 40|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore public spending is essential , it should not be limited to assist the developments of other areas of development and neglect the major problem of ageing population that many countries face .
+A 6 6|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:FORM|||assisting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 32|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , many social problems caused by the elderly are mainly due to the lack of education .
+
+S More resources should be allocated to develop the country 's education system so as to ensure the continuous supply of good labour and also to educate the public the importance of self-reliance .
+A 28 28|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With more people receiving education , they will understand the importance of planning for their future and develop the culture of taking care of themselves and their elderly .
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:FORM|||developing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , funding for the aged should be limited so as to allow the other areas of development such as the education sector which have a greater impact on society to thrive .
+A 9 9|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||provide more funds for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 32|||R:OTHER|||development of other areas , such as the education sector.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , for a country to be successful , it not only has to look after the well-beings , in this case , the elderly , but also to ensure the continuous development of the country in the economy , education and technology sectors .
+A 18 24|||R:OTHER|||welfare of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 38|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 40|||R:MORPH|||economic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 41|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 44|||R:MORPH|||technological|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These sectors will in turn ensure the vibrancy of the country , which will lead to long lasting growth .
+
+S It is not wise to allocate large public spending on the aged due to social problems such as ageing population , but instead , set the sights further , tackle the root of the problem , which is to educate the public the way to plan financially for their future .
+A 12 20|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 23|||R:OTHER|||. But instead ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:OTHER|||one may|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 44|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 46 50|||R:OTHER|||for their future finances.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will help to develop the country as a whole , as it diversifies the country 's development .
+
+S The question whether national economies should be spent on the aged or not has long been a controversial one .
+A 2 2|||M:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Each people have his or her own opinions .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN|||person|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some people say that the country 's budget should focus on healthcare for the elders , as old , retired people are hard to cope with their problems without any supports of the governments .
+A 21 22|||R:OTHER|||find it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:NOUN:NUM|||support|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:PREP|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , others argue that the money should be used in other areas of the country 's development .
+
+S Each opinion has its own merits .
+
+S In my own opinion , I agree with the latter , for these following reasons .
+A 12 13|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:PUNCT|||:|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , national budget should be spent on more essential areas of the country 's development .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||firstly ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , more money should be spent on education than any other areas .
+
+S Education has an irrefutably important part of a country 's development .
+
+S Investing in education , in my opinion , is the key to growth of any country .
+A 13 14|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With a strongly educated workforce , the national economy would dramatically rise .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB|||strengthen|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are many ways to invest in education .
+
+S One of them is upgrading the facilities and the quality of teaching .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:FORM|||to upgrade|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S More money should be spent on re-constructing old buildings and build more needed ones ( laboratories and libraries system ) .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:FORM|||building|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The upgrade of facilities is privileged , as it will be easier for students to acquire knowledge .
+A 0 18|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , more sport facilities should be built for healthy and entertaining purposes of students .
+A 0 16|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , the governments should pay more attention to the teaching quality by using national budget to provide better results .
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||quality of teachers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 23|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Inviting more good professors from overseas to come and join our teaching staffs could do this .
+A 7 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||staff|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 16|||R:OTHER|||may be helpful|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , the money of the country should also be used in improving health care .
+A 11 13|||R:OTHER|||to improve|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S More hospitals with better equipments should be built .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||equipment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , not only facilities but also the treatments of patients should also be improved .
+A 2 15|||R:OTHER|||it is not just the facilities that need improvement , but also the treatment of patients.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This has again proved the point that I have proved before .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB|||made|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Better education results in better labours .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||quality of labour|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , better labours in health , with assists from better facilities and equipments , will be the ideal workforce for national health care .
+A 0 24|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , this is also a way to solve the heavy burden of aging process , because the elders are who need the supports of health care the most .
+A 11 13|||R:OTHER|||problem|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:DET|||those|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN:NUM|||support|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Last but not least , technological researches and new inventions are also what the government should pay attention to .
+
+S The development of technology and its effects has always been one of the most important factors that totally change the way we lived from the past .
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:TENSE|||changed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 26|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S More and more inventions are made in order to enhance the basis of our daily life .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN|||quality|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||lives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Such improvements indisputably made our lives more enjoyable and our works more effective .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||work|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These researches and inventions can cover numerous aspects of the country .
+A 6 11|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Technology improvements will intensify the educational level , the quality of health care , the living standards , etc... To some extent , these strategies also indirectly assist the elders .
+A 0 1|||R:MORPH|||Technological|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:VERB|||improve|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:OTHER|||of people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With some of my points that are listed above , I think my idea is not considered as telling the old people " To go and die faster " .
+A 0 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 29|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Rather , what I try to point out is that even the national budget is spent on other fields , it still indirectly benefit the elders .
+A 9 26|||R:OTHER|||the elderly could stand to benefit even if the national budget is spent on other fields.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The most prominent demographic trends in the world today would be the aging of population , which can also be known as demographic aging which simply means the shift in the age distribution ( i.e. , age structure ) of a population toward older ages .
+A 15 24|||R:OTHER|||. Demographic aging ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Demeny , P. G. , & McNicoll , G .
+
+S ( Eds. ) .
+
+S ( 2003 ) , The Encyclopaedia of Population .
+
+S New York , Macmillan Reference USA ) .
+
+S An aging population have many social , economic and health implications to a country and this common occurrence is not just a short term resultant but a long term problem caused by the falling of fertility rates and high mortality .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:OTHER|||issue|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Aging of a population has become such a natural process that is happening among most of the developing countries and Singapore is not being spared too .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||the aging|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , Singapore is one of the fastest aging populations in Asia and therefore , there is a need for the government to develop and implement new public policies to accommodate to this newly emerging group of people in the near future .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , with a need for new public policies would mean a need for greater public spending on the aged so as to cater for this newly emerging group who is age 65 years and above , this would make up nearly one-fifth of our population by 2030 .
+A 0 3|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:ORTH|||A|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||R:OTHER|||. This is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:OTHER|||to the needs of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 36|||R:OTHER|||whose mean age is 65 years .|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 38|||R:OTHER|||and it will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although aging population is of a direct consequence to the drop in fertility rates , it is however the result of high life expectancy and mortality rates .
+A 17 18|||R:ADV|||also|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This has come about due to the improved in medical technology , public health awareness and sanitation , which actually shows that many Singaporeans are living better than they had before .
+A 7 8|||R:MORPH|||improvement|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||in turn|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:TENSE|||showed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:OTHER|||in better conditions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Currently , there are about 7 % of Singapore 's population that is over the age of 65 , however as statistics have shown , this figure would increased to 19 % by the year 2030 .
+A 18 25|||R:OTHER|||; and statistics have shown that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:VERB:FORM|||increase|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Angelique , Chan .
+
+S Structure and the Policy Implications for Financial Security , Employment , Living Arrangements and Health Care .
+
+S Rep .
+
+S Ser .
+
+S 3 .
+
+S ASIAN METACENTRE RESEARCH PAPER .
+
+S Web .
+
+S ) With such a sizeable amount of aged in a small country like Singapore , it will definitely have many socio-economic implications on Singapore , thus the government should generate more public polices to care for this group of people in the years to come .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN|||number|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 24|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:OTHER|||; and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Because this group of people will generally make up a significant amount in our population , government should divert more funds to improve on its healthcare system and also upgrade our infrastructure and facilities to cater to an older population .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN|||number|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , our local government is already preparing Singapore to a new paradigm of aging as can be seen from the funding of projects such as the building of Studio Apartments , which is specially built to cater to the needs of the aged .
+A 4 5|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||, as this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These apartments have special facilities that look after the elderly such as lifts stopping at every floor and handgrips built around the flat so that it is more convenient and safer for the elderly .
+A 10 10|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , public spending should not be limited , in fact we should even divert more funds to similar projects that will cater to the needs of an older population as they will after all make up a significant amount in Singapore , thus more focus should be placed on them .
+A 8 11|||R:OTHER|||. In fact ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 40|||R:NOUN|||number|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 43|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , public spending should not be limited as more funds should be dedicated to improve the healthcare systems by building more nursing homes and also hospitals for the aged as old age will usually be an age that is more prone to illnesses and diseases .
+A 3 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:FORM|||improving|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 31|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore we will need a large pool of specialise trained nurses and caretakers to look after them .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:FORM|||specialised|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This can be seen in the building of more nursing homes and encouraging more people to take up professions relating to this field so as to increase the number of trained professionals with accordance to the increase in older population in our society .
+A 3 5|||R:OTHER|||done through|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||the encouragement of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 43|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , aging population is an issue that we can not afford to neglect and public policies should adapt to this new demographic trend by focusing more on the increasing older population size , hence more funds should be dedicated to projects which will better prepare Singaporeans for an aging population .
+A 18 19|||R:VERB|||cater|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 35|||R:OTHER|||. Therefore ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , although aging population is a serious issue that will affect the productivity and competitiveness of Singapore , we should also note that the aging of a population is happening not only in Singapore but around the world as well .
+
+S It is a natural consequence of economic development which extends life spans and lower birth rates .
+
+S Hence , government should not over focus on this issue and throw in excessive funds in this area as this will inhibit the growth of other sectors as funds can be diverted to other areas of the country 's development such as investment and building better infrastructure to strive towards our goal of becoming a world class global city .
+A 27 28|||R:OTHER|||. This is because|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 40|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 43|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 48 58|||R:OTHER|||support the country 's development into a world class|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Singapore is never a welfare state to begin with ; the government has adopted policy to ensure self-reliance such as the introduction of Central Provident Fund ( CPF ) which makes it compulsory for all Singapore citizens to save for future use .
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , it is impossible for our government to provide welfare and pension for everyone , thus the Medisave Scheme under Central Provident Fund ( CPF ) was introduced which make it compulsory for all Singaporeans to set aside 6-8 % of their salary to put into their personal account that can be used to pay for hospital fees .
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:ORTH|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:OTHER|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 44|||R:NOUN:NUM|||salaries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 45 46|||R:VERB|||deposit|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Members of the CPF must keep a minimum of $ 17,000 in their Medisave account to pay for medical expenses .
+
+S According to statistics , the average active member 's balance in 1994 was S $ 73,816 which shows how efficient the CPF saving scheme is .
+A 2 3|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||73 816 ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Angelique , Chan .
+
+S Structure and the Policy Implications for Financial Security , Employment , Living Arrangements and Health Care .
+
+S Rep .
+
+S Ser .
+
+S 3 .
+
+S ASIAN METACENTRE RESEARCH PAPER .
+
+S Web .
+
+S ) Therefore with such policy in place , public spending on the aged is already limited in this sense .
+A 2 2|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Similarly , the government also promotes life long employability which can be seen from the extension of retirement age from 62 to 65 years old , this is to ensure that the aged can accumulate more wealth before retiring when they are still able to work therefore reducing the public spending of our government on the aged .
+A 25 27|||R:PUNCT|||. This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 46 47|||R:OTHER|||, thereby|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition to all these policies , filial piety and greater familial support is also emphasised as the government encouraged the children to take care of their parents when they are older as this will ease the funding of the government for each and every of the elderly , but instead only focused on the needy elderly who has no children to look after them .
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||family|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:MORPH|||emphasized|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 22|||R:OTHER|||Children are encourage|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:ADJ:FORM|||old|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 46|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 48 50|||R:OTHER|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 50 53|||R:OTHER|||Instead the government could just focus|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 58 59|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence in conclusion , aging population is a natural occurrence due to low birth rates and higher life expectancy , therefore the government should not reduce on their public spending on the aged , but should however increased to an extent whereby it able to provide the necessary care for the aged , especially to those who do not have any children to rely on .
+A 19 21|||R:OTHER|||. Therefore ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||R:ADV|||instead|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 38|||R:VERB:FORM|||increase|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 65|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , over focusing on this situation may inhibit the growth of our economy as these precious funds can be diverted to other uses especially in the area of development .
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 30|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One should also identify the fact that Singapore is not a welfare state in the first place , and the policies were shaped more to self reliance than relying on government to take care of them when they are older , thus in this context , it is possible to justify the point that public spending should not be limited so that money can be diverted to other areas of the country 's development .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB|||recognise|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 27|||R:OTHER|||according to the policy of self-reliance|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 40|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 42|||R:PUNCT|||. Thus|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 60 60|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As Singapore 's total fertility rate ( TFR ) decreases year by year , we are in increasing danger of having an ageing population in the very near future .
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||after|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As of 2007 , Singapore 's TFR is 1.29 which is well below the replacement level of 2.1 .
+A 9 9|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The old-age support ratio has also decreased to 8.5 ( 2007 ) from 17.0 ( 1970 ) .
+
+S This trend suggests that Singapore is confronted with the problem of a rapidly fast aging population .
+
+S Singapore 's TFR is getting lower and lower every year because more Singaporeans are settling down at a later age .
+
+S They are putting more focus on their careers first .
+
+S Couples are also giving birth to fewer babies , opting for smaller families to have a higher level of income .
+
+S As the aging population in Singapore increases , more and more money have to be allocated to the aging population .
+
+S I feel that public spending on the aged should be given more attention and more funds , as for the long-term , the aging population could potentially become a major problem .
+A 18 19|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Public spending could be focused more on giving incentives for couples to have bigger families .
+
+S As Singapore 's TFR is very low , the government could do more to encourage couples to give birth .
+
+S The government could give higher monetary incentives for families who have more children .
+
+S Singapore has a high standard of living , thus it is expensive to raise a child .
+A 8 8|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government could divert more money to the " Baby Bonus Scheme " , as it seems the incentives are not enough at the moment for Singaporean families to want to have a bigger family .
+A 14 15|||R:PREP|||though|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If the incentives work , there will be more youths in the future , this will help to ease the financial burden of the elderly .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||worked|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||R:PUNCT|||. This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There would be more people supporting the old and the aged would be better taken care of .
+
+S If the TFR is higher , there would also be more people to work in the future , contributing more to the economy and sustaining its high growth .
+A 12 13|||R:PART|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This would also mean that the government would not need to worry about spending more money to recruit people for national defense , as there would be enough young people to defend the country in the future .
+
+S This is one reason why money can be spent more on other areas for the country 's development instead on the aged .
+A 19 19|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Public spending towards encouraging higher birth rates .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||may help to encourage|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the near future , it is inevitable that Singapore will have an aging population .
+
+S To tackle the problem , public spending should be given more to the aged .
+
+S The government could set up more schools to train the elderly new skills , these new skills would allow more opportunities for the elderly to find jobs .
+A 13 15|||R:PUNCT|||. These|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government could also give more subsidies for the aged .
+
+S This will help ease their cost of living as many of them could be unemployed and unable to cope with the higher cost of living .
+
+S There should also be more public spending on elderly health care .
+
+S As the elderly are prone to more serious illnesses , some would not be able to pay their medical bills .
+
+S The lower number of working people would mean that the elderly would be more dependent on fewer people , these people would be heavily burdened .
+A 0 1|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:ADJ|||Smaller|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:OTHER|||in society|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The aging population would need more public spending as their dependents would be smaller and heavily burdened .
+
+S They would need more subsidies and monetary help to continue to lead a comfortable life .
+
+S The government could also spend more money on the health sector in general .
+
+S They should concentrate public spending on the health sector , on research and improvement of technology , promoting better and cheaper health care .
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:FORM|||to promote|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This would improve the lives of everyone in general and also help to give cheap and good health care for the elderly .
+
+S Public spending for the health care sector would benefit everyone and could prove to be very effective .
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To conclude , I feel that public spending on the aged is very important .
+
+S Singapore 's population is increasingly becoming an aging population , it would be a problem that we can not ignore .
+A 10 10|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Good long-term planning is essential to solve this problem of the aged and public spending on the aged is very crucial , it can not be neglected .
+A 22 22|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government could also spend more money on giving incentives to encourage more families to have more children .
+
+S This would be good for the economy in the future , and would also result in more people to support the elderly .
+A 18 20|||R:VERB:FORM|||supporting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If this fails , public spending on the aged is the only option and more money should be diverted to it instead of the other areas .
+
+S " Over the past two decades , journalists and scholars have periodically commented on how rising public spending for older people is expected to threaten if not erode public commitments to other deserving groups .
+
+S " said Paul W. Newacheck ( Health Affairs , 2004 ) .
+
+S Public spending is money expended from the government to pay for the country 's expenses ( Business Dictionary , 2009 ) .
+
+S The money can come from different sources , with the majority coming from taxation .
+
+S For instance , the tax policy in Singapore is drawn out based on the notion of guiding desirable behaviour towards different economic and social goals .
+
+S Therefore , public spending should not emphasize only social , but also economic development of the country .
+A 5 7|||R:WO|||emphasize not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , there are many emerging concerns about the ageing society in many developed countries .
+
+S Limiting public spending for the aged may in turn bring about social problems ; major issues regarding family responsibilities and dignity .
+A 13 17|||R:OTHER|||, as well as other issues that concerned|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the percentage of the aged increases , the percentage of people generating income in the country diminishes .
+
+S Without the government to shoulder part of the burden , most immediate families of the elderly will find it financially taxing on their part .
+
+S In worse cases , cash-strapped children will be unwilling to take care of them due to the high standards of living and healthcare costs increasing each year .
+
+S This problem falls back on society , as abandoned parents will be left to fend for themselves ( Megawati Wijaya , 2009 ) .
+
+S A research in Singapore shows that the Geylang East Home for the Aged , a shelter for elderly abandoned by their family , said that its 37-bed home is always full .
+
+S In many cases , the families of these abandoned aged just passed their responsibility to another institution .
+
+S ( Avia Collinder , 2008 ) Also , I feel that most elderly people have a strong sense of dignity and self worth , considering their lifelong achievements and efforts throughout the years ( Nordenfelt L , 2003 ) .
+
+S These people are most probably not going to turn to government 's aid even if their own families reject them .
+
+S Without the government 's initiatives , the elderly people are going to go through a hard time coping in the society .
+A 19 20|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nonetheless , it still can be argued that directing public spending to other areas of the country 's development can indirectly offset these social problems .
+
+S With the flexibility to invest in other areas , we can empower these three groups of people : Employers , families and the elderly .
+A 0 3|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 5|||R:OTHER|||By investing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:ORTH|||employers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , this amount of money can be used to help businesses and individuals struggling from the recent economic crisis .
+
+S For instance , the government implemented the Job Credit Scheme in Singapore .
+
+S This scheme was introduced to preserve jobs during the economic downturn .
+
+S Basically , participating employers will receive a cash grant based on the CPF contributions they have made for their existing employees .
+
+S ( IRAS , 2009 ) It serves as a winning tool as the employers get to bring their businesses to a higher level , and the existing workers in turn retain their jobs .
+A 25 26|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this way , these benefiters can fulfill their basic responsibilities better , in taking care of their own families with the higher purchasing power they have .
+A 13 13|||M:OTHER|||such as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , education and learning are important factors attributing to one country 's success .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB|||contributing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the society changing constantly , the monetary support which the government can provide is only temporary .
+
+S Often , people need to improve themselves to keep up with the demands and needs of their surrounding milieu .
+
+S For example , investing on current employees to advance their expertise in the workplace can land them with better promotion prospects and job security .
+
+S Equipping the younger generation with relevant skills can also allow them higher chances of securing better jobs of their preferences in the future .
+
+S Also , the government can educate these people about their responsibilities by emphasizing the role of the family in caring for the elderly ( Megawati Wijaya , 2009 ) .
+
+S With better jobs and increase in income , they can help the families in coping with the high standards of living and spiraling healthcare costs for the aged .
+A 4 5|||R:MORPH|||increases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||to cope|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , social stability can be fulfilled while economic growth is being spurred .
+
+S Lastly , investments can be made on healthcare to empower the aged to take charge of their own health .
+
+S Research studies in New York showed that living a healthy lifestyle is very important to the elderly people in their journey of conquering new physical , emotional and mental challenges ( Admin in Aging , 2008 ) .
+
+S The level of physical activity needed to be exerted for beneficial results is attainable by majority of the aged ( Gerontology , 2002 ) .
+
+S The government can also hold " Healthy Lifestyle " campaigns to encourage the aged to engage more actively , and promote healthy aging .
+A 18 18|||M:OTHER|||in activities|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On top of that , the involvement of their immediate families in the process will be a bonus in helping them cope with ageing .
+A 21 21|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With a blissful mind and a healthy body , these elderly will be less likely to seek emotional and social help from the government .
+
+S All in all , limiting public spending on the aged and directing on other areas of development such as businesses , education and healthcare is more rewarding then just focusing on the needy groups .
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||the funds into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although the help is theoretically superficial , it is indirectly helping the society to deal with the ageing society more effectively than using the monetary support , which is a temporary solution .
+A 21 22|||R:OTHER|||as compared to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This solution is made much easier when we understand the bigger picture .
+
+S If we do not pay attention to the long term effects the problem is going to cause , we will risk the possibility of allocating the limited resources for the wrong usage .
+A 25 26|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is well-known that there are various areas of country 's development which demand substantial expenditure from public spending such as urban development , infrastructure projects , biomedical research , edbiz , and so on .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:OTHER|||. These areas are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Abundant financial resources are alloted to each area mentioned above , since the development of these areas are essential in national construction and facilitate the prosperity of economy .
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||of the areas|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 28|||R:OTHER|||economic growth|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , accompanying the aging population , much public spending including pension and health provision is expended on the aged .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:OTHER|||increasing in number|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:ADJ|||more|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S More and more elderly people , especially some of those who can not take care of themselves , empty nesters , other special groups , as well as their families have a greater demand for pension services , which requires social services to provide old-age pension ( Wu Li Min , 2009 ) .
+A 30 30|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 46|||R:OTHER|||; and social services will be needed to provide for old-age pension .|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the public spending on the aged should not be limited so that it guarantees the welfare of the aged and protects their rights and benefits .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The aged might have devoted their youth and even their whole life to serving the society , public spending on the aged is therefore necessary .
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||; and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , every one of us either doing mental or physical work , have made a significant contribution towards the development of society .
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||, regardless of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One 's life to go through a juvenile , youth , middle-aged and older period is an irresistible law of nature .
+A 0 21|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , as long as a person has sacrificed for the social development , then , when he is old and no longer contribute his own force in his area of work , the state government should give him his deserved rewards by taking care of their future .
+A 13 13|||M:OTHER|||of society|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 48|||R:OTHER|||he should be looked after by the state when he is old , even if he could no longer contribute in his area of work.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If the public spending on the aged is limited , the burden on the children or younger generation will be much heavier since they have to bear more expenses of their parents .
+A 24 24|||M:VERB:TENSE|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 30|||R:OTHER|||with more expenses incurred by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It was claimed that families and individuals will face many issues if welfare programs are cut or restructured ( Robert B. Friedland and Laura Summer , 2005 ) .
+
+S A survey in China showed that " living and working pressure makes people powerless to take care of their parents " has become a great difficulty for young people now ( Wang Jun , 2009 ) .
+A 21 21|||M:OTHER|||; and this kind of pressure|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In today 's society , many people of working age , with their own careers and families , withstand considerable economic pressure .
+A 18 18|||M:VERB|||have to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Once the elderly reach their old age , it is followed by a variety of ailments .
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||they are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||afflicted with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Expensive medical and health care costs other than the very high daily cost indeed cause a more serious difficulty .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||cost|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||, in addition to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||have indeed caused|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||difficulties|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So when the children have to bear the medical expenses and the costs of everyday life of their parents , they tend to live beyond their income .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||cost|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||lives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The gap between the rich and the poor in the present society is still apparent that when the government subsidies reduce , high-income groups of retired people may still have an easy life , but the relatively poor people will face even tougher difficulties of livelihood .
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||. When|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are reduced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 27|||R:OTHER|||retired people from high-income groups|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 33|||R:OTHER|||be comfortable with their finances|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 43|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 44 45|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Higher income people tend to have more savings , so that they can enjoy a carefree retirement .
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||and so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , low-wage sectors of the population in general do not have much savings since they even face insufficiencies of money during daily life .
+A 2 7|||R:OTHER|||people from the low-wage sectors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 24|||R:OTHER|||are often faced with the problem of having insufficient money to spend|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To the later years , if they encounter ungrateful children who are unwilling to take care of them , then how do they spend their remaining days ?
+A 0 1|||R:PREP|||In|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||encountered|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 28|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many people today spend money on their own organized families , to meet the needs of their children , as well as the pursuit of material comfort of their own instead of taking out money to supply their parents .
+A 8 9|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 30|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 30|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 37|||R:OTHER|||spending money on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S At this point , a notion of " Parental Support Law " has been suggested to force the children to be filial to their parents ( Huang Yu Shan , 2002 ) .
+
+S However , children ' support for their elderly parents is a kind of moral value and the performance of the human behavior norms under the education system .
+A 2 27|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If law is to require people to support their parents , does it mean that our moral values have to deteriorate to such an extent ?
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||a legal act|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 5|||R:VERB:FORM|||required|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:VERB|||to force|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:VERB:FORM|||deteriorated|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 25|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Clearly , the public spending on the aged should be conserved to protect the rights and benefits of the aged .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB|||continued|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The aged have dedicated so much to the development of country that they should be thanked .
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reduced public spending will increase the burden of the children and furthermore , poor people will become poorer .
+
+S We should care for the aged despite only considering for the sake of economic interests .
+A 0 15|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , we all grow old one day .
+A 5 5|||M:VERB:TENSE|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to Singapore Department of Statistic , the life expectancy of Singaporean has increased noticeably to 78.0 for male and to 82.8 for female ( as cited from Press Release , Singapore Department of Statistic , 2008 ) .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Statistics|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Statistics|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although that is good news proving for Singapore 's success ; as other developed nations , it also leads to some unpleasant consequences for Singapore such as raising the financial burden for elderly-caring .
+A 5 15|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:VERB|||increasing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:OTHER|||elderly-care|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From my perspective , economic development is not only the key factor easing the aging but also is the key solution for some serious problems caused by this process .
+A 12 12|||M:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:NOUN|||problem|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First of all , judging this issue from one particular angle , it is commonly believed that well-funded life which rises from economic success will help people to be able to purchase sufficient food for their own demands .
+A 4 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB|||arises|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 31|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 38|||R:NOUN|||consumption|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S At the same time , there are more facilities supplying for human needs on physical exercise , such as pools for swimming , courts for playing tennis , indoor gyms for various kind of sports .
+A 9 16|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the financial sufficiency , people can ease their life and avoid dangerous work by using some helpful equipment .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||live an easy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 19|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , living in air-conditioning building helps us confront with hot summer and cold winter or using remote robots reduces the cost of lives in some high-risk jobs .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||buildings|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 16|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 25|||R:OTHER|||death rates|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the other words , as a result of the spreading of economic , we have been enjoyed a better physically-healthy life .
+A 9 13|||R:OTHER|||economic development|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:FORM|||enjoying|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||and healthier|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:NUM|||lives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S At the second point , economic development also encourages the improvement of services which support human life .
+A 0 4|||R:OTHER|||Secondly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 17|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Among of them , entertainment industry should be mentioned as the most noticing one .
+A 1 2|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:ADJ|||obvious|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Together with its urging , more and more entertainment parks , visual and virtual products such as films and games come into our life .
+A 0 4|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , the expansion of consultation services and the growth of tourism have considerably contributed to satisfying our mental demands .
+A 0 20|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , a typical citizen in a globalised city , such as Tokyo or London , now can enjoy the weekend-time in a hundred destinations for recreation and some of them are world-wide known .
+A 17 19|||R:WO|||can now|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||his or her|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN|||weekendtime|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 35|||R:OTHER|||known worldwide|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Alternatively , they can stay at home and choose among tens of local and international channels to watch or can surf internet to visit millions of websites .
+A 15 15|||M:NOUN|||TV|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Indeed , it is no doubt that they all have been enriched the human mental life .
+A 7 16|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S What is more , a prosperous economy can also foster further technological invention , medical innovation as well as educational improvement which all are considered as important factors alleviating the aging process .
+A 21 21|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:OTHER|||to be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Once government sufficiently finances medical research , more diseases can be cured or prevented more effectively .
+
+S In the same pattern , once the educational level is raised , people can be more aware of how to take care of themselves as well as to live long and healthily .
+A 24 24|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S At last , the rapid development of nation 's economy not only makes the aging slow down but also partially solves its annoying consequences .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||Lastly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:OTHER|||process of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Among of its consequences , Peter G. Peterson on the article " A Gray World " raised his concern on the huge expenses for elderly caring services ( Peter G. Peterson , 2001 ) .
+A 1 2|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To my way of thinking , economic factors should be the most considerable solution .
+A 0 5|||R:OTHER|||In my opinion|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:ADJ|||important|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As discussed above , financial sufficiency can urge the improvement of the other factors .
+
+S Accordingly , people enjoy and better health with a longer age which enables them to stay in work for a longer time .
+A 4 5|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 11|||R:OTHER|||and live longer|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||. This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:PREP|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since they are also healthy , they can contribute to society as long as they intend to .
+
+S In addition , financial factors are also incentives for long-life working , as they can support the current life and save more for the rest of life if they decide to keep working .
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||life long|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||lives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:OTHER|||their lives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:VERB:TENSE|||had decided|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There is a citation from Frank Field , British chairman of the all-party committee : " If you look at life expectancy in 1948 , when the state pension was introduced , and take that as a reasonable length of time to receive a pension , you would have a retirement age of 74 today .
+
+S " ( British Broadcasting Corporation , 2002 ) .
+
+S Judging this issue from another angle , some argue that economic factor can even worsen the aging and its consequences .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Looking at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:VERB:TENSE|||may|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:NOUN|||process|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They may prove that busy lives resulting from economic surging can harm human lives and the benefits coming from economic development are not advocated fairly among people .
+A 0 15|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 28|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , the development of economy itself can not wholly solve the problems , and it needs more complex solution among social , political and economical factors .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||the eonomy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:PRON|||one|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 21|||R:OTHER|||to examine more complex solutions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:OTHER|||in terms of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , economic issue should be first-top considered in any topic relating to the aging process .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||the first to be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , today developed countries have been increasingly confronted with the aging process and its consequences .
+A 4 4|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the common thought , all economics , science , social policy contribute to easing this process but economic factor attracts most of our concerns as it should be viewed as the most important one .
+A 0 4|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 12|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 35|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All things are considered , a prosperous economy not only lengthens the life expectancy but also make people live more healthily and lighten social burden on elderly-caring .
+A 0 4|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||of the general population|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB|||allow|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:OTHER|||elderly care|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S While the population is shifting towards a greying one , many would start to worry about the ease of aging in the current society , especially amidst the time of financial crisis and difficulty .
+A 27 28|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Current research and development such as medical advancement and barrier free housing estates are examples that have helped ease the aging process .
+
+S However , more emphasis should be placed on the development of social policy helping to alleviate and address concerns such as the lack of financial support and social care , as it affects the elderly more directly .
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||that will help|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 32|||R:OTHER|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Meanwhile , there are already policies in place , such as the Central Provident Fund ( CPF ) , Lease Buy Back Scheme ( LBS ) and housing grants for married children staying near parents , which are all structured to aid the aged in terms of financial and healthcare issues .
+
+S Central Provident Fund is a savings account for all workers in Singapore to set aside a sum of 33 percent of their wages for retirement purposes while working .
+A 0 0|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:OTHER|||for them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 28|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This sum of money will serve as a source of income when one can not work in the future due to old age .
+
+S On top of that , a subset of the CPF called the Medisave account , will serve as a backup sum to pay for any medical bills should the need arises .
+
+S Thereby , they would not have to strain their pockets to pay for healthcare when they have already stopped working .
+A 0 1|||R:ADV|||Therefore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||their health care|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S At this juncture , one may wonder how could the Medisave account be sufficient when medical fees these days are so steep .
+A 8 12|||R:WO|||the Medisave account could|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Common illnesses such as stroke would already chalk up thousands for treatment and things could be a lot worse , should there be more than one illness to treat .
+A 0 1|||M:OTHER|||Treatment for common|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 2|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||have already chalked|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:ADJ|||more|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , this could be solved by purchasing Medishield or third party healthcare insurance using the Medisave itself .
+
+S The insurance will serve to cover most of the medical expenses , if not all .
+
+S In the event that an individual is not able to pay the minimum amount , they can apply for the Medifund , which is an endowment plan funded by the nation 's economic growth , targeted to help those who still can not afford to pay the bills despite already being heavily subsided .
+A 8 8|||M:VERB|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 52 53|||R:MORPH|||subsidised|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With these in place , the aged will be well taken care of and have a peace of mind , in monetary aspect , living in a more comfortable environment during old age .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB|||given|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 25|||R:OTHER|||; and they could live|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For those elderly who have funds but are locked in the area of housing assets , have a solution too .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN|||form|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 19|||R:OTHER|||there is a solution for them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Just recently in March 2009 , the government has introduced the Lease Buy Back Scheme ( LBS ) for elderly to sell off their tail end thirty years lease of their flats in return for life-long monthly retirement income .
+A 2 2|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 35|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These elderly will stand to enjoy a supplement to their retirement income on top of what they are receiving from CPF payout .
+A 17 19|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will receive|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Depending on the age group , an amount ranging from $ 500 to $ 800 will be issued to them monthly after an upfront sum of $ 5000 .
+
+S Again , we can see how public policy has shaped to help the elderly have a less financial taxing aging process .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB|||to acquire|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:MORPH|||financially|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Apart from being well taken care of in medical bills , the social well-being of the aged is taken into consideration as well .
+A 12 23|||R:OTHER|||elderly needs to be looked after in their social well-being too.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is in the government 's interest that these elderly do receive an appropriate amount of attention and care so that they will not be deprived of company at old age .
+
+S This is why the Housing Development Board ( HDB ) came up with a housing grant of forty thousand dollars to encourage the housing of nucleus family members near their parents .
+A 23 29|||R:OTHER|||younger generations to live in flats close to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The policy will not only benefit the purchaser in cutting cost but will also help to propagate the importance of filial obligation in the society .
+A 3 6|||R:WO|||benefit not only|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||terms of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||, but it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN|||piety|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When the married children are housed near to their parents , they are more likely to visit them frequently due to convenience and simultaneously , the elderly will be taken care of physically as well .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Opponents of this position may argue that the opposite may take place instead .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN|||scheme|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Rather than having the married couple to look after their parents , it might be the children exploiting the convenience of their parents , living off them or even increasing the burden on them such as treating them as babysitters for their own children .
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN|||couple|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 21|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:OTHER|||; such as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 36|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nevertheless , taking this situation from another point of view actually aligns with the government 's aim : fostering mutual care between the young and elderly .
+A 2 10|||R:OTHER|||this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By housing them in vicinity , it actually adds livelihood and purpose to the lives of the elderly as well .
+A 4 4|||M:ADJ|||close|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " That 's why fitness facilities , children 's playground and elderly exercise equipment are put together " quoted Mr Mah BT ( 2008 ) in a housing speech .
+
+S All this contributes to making the aging process a more fruitful and meaningful one .
+
+S In the presence of these numerous social policies , many aspects of the aging process have been well covered by the government and this has served to mitigate some of the most common concerns among the elderly .
+A 17 19|||R:OTHER|||addressed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These policies have benefited the elderly and will continue to provide assistance to them in the future .
+
+S Therefore , it is evident that current research and policies have helped to ease the aging process and make retirement a less burdensome one .
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:TENSE|||made|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The growth of the aging population is increasing at an alarming rate .
+
+S From research , in developed nations , people born in the twentieth century can live 35 years longer than people who were born in the nineties .
+A 15 15|||M:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The increase in aging population reflects the need of better healthcare and social services .
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is because as people aged , their health will deteriorate and results in the increase of healthcare and social cost .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To ease this aging process , government and other industries initiated various efforts to reduce spending on healthcare and elderly dependency on the younger generation .
+
+S With continual advancement in the medical industry , current research and development in better healthcare services and facilities like building new community hospitals , providing long-term care services and developing electronic health record system ( EHR ) can help ease the problems of healthcare cost and elder dependency .
+A 37 37|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 46 47|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , I agree that current research and development in the field of medicine have eased the aging process .
+
+S Firstly , building of new community hospitals provide intermediate healthcare for elderly who do not require consultation from the general hospitals .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With such developments , elderly can save cost and receive appropriate healthcare treatments more conveniently .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In contrary , convenience does not mean it is affordable .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||However|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Healthcare cost in Singapore is constantly rising with the advance in technology .
+
+S A single hospitalization can cost up to thousand of dollars .
+
+S If elderly do not have enough savings to support , they may depend financially on the government or their children .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 9|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , Singaporeans enjoy healthcare subsidies .
+
+S The amount of subsidy on hospitalization will be determined by means-testing .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||subsidies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This way , the government reduces the financial dependency of elderly by providing help based on their financial needs .
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , there are also other financial subsidies available like the Medisave , Medishield and Medifund to keep healthcare cost affordable for Singaporeans .
+A 10 10|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , Long-term care services like home care and rehabilitation can allow patients to recover in surroundings that are more comfortable or with their families .
+A 21 25|||R:OTHER|||and with their families around them.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These Long-term care services involve two board categories , residential healthcare and community healthcare managed by voluntary Welfare Organizations ( VWO ) or by Private operators .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:FORM|||involved|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:PUNCT|||:|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:OTHER|||, which are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:ORTH|||Voluntary|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:ORTH|||private|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These are cheaper support alternatives to leaving elderly patients in hospitals .
+A 5 5|||M:OTHER|||as compared|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In cases where family can not provide attention or support for the needs of the elderly , they can seek for community healthcare services carried out at home or in a centre .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:OTHER|||that are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Such services can help to reduce elderly emotional dependency on their children too .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||the elderly 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , some volunteers for elderly home care or rehabilitation centre may lack of profession skills provided in hospitals .
+A 0 4|||R:OTHER|||However|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:OTHER|||, as compared to those|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Elderly may not be receiving the most appropriate medical help .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Fortunately , the government had already recognized the importance of such services to ease aging process .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the 2009 budget speech , over $ 500 million will be spend in the next five years on training staffs and improving this long-term care services for elderly Singaporeans .
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||staff|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thirdly , the development of electronic health record system ( EHR ) helps to increase efficiency and accuracy of a medical diagnosis .
+
+S Elderly with chronic illnesses may have complex medical backgrounds .
+A 0 1|||M:ADJ|||Many elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With this system , medical information of the elderly will be stored in the database and it is accessible to medical institutions island wide .
+
+S As a result , doctors and staffs can reduce time in gathering healthcare background of elderly and reduce the amount of complicated paperwork .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||their staff|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||the amount of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:NOUN|||information|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are arguments that implication of this system involves excessive costs .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||the implications|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB|||would be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Just by setting up the system nation-wide , the government will be spending about SGD $ 200 million over the next two years .
+
+S However , base on research , usage of the Electronic Health Record system can help to reduce duplication and error in medical prescription resulting in a cost reduction as much as USD $ 50 billion per year .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:FORM|||based|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , we can conclude that this research and development can help to decrease healthcare spending and improve quality of service efficiently .
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Today , as our society faced with the issue of ageing population , the needs of better healthcare and social services increased .
+A 5 5|||M:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will increase|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Advancement in research and development within medical industry has helped to ease aging population .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:OTHER|||the effects of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , better healthcare services and facilities are created and have effectively reduced healthcare cost and elderly dependency .
+A 12 12|||M:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the constant advancement in healthcare system , people can enjoy a longer life with better health without putting the society in threat of aging .
+A 18 19|||R:VERB|||subjecting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||R:OTHER|||to the adverse effects|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To a large extent , I strongly agree that medical advancement have helped to ease the aging process .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In Singapore context , it states that 8 % of the Singapore 's population is over the age of 65 and by 2035 it will increase to 20 % .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||the Singapore 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , medical advancement will prove to be beneficial for the aging population in Singapore .
+
+S Despite the above mentioned , I would like to stress that not the entire aging population can access to the medical advancement .
+A 0 4|||R:OTHER|||However|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||R:OTHER|||take advantage of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The reason is because medical advancement is too costly in Singapore .
+A 0 11|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As such , a lot of aging population in Singapore will not be able to afford the high fees for medical advancement that includes the use of advance technology in medicine and treatments .
+A 20 22|||R:OTHER|||advanced medical treatment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This might also lead to the sign of withdrawal from part of the population who would choose not to seek any medical help due to their affordability of the fees for medical advancement .
+A 5 9|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 33|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , this arising problem has alerted the government to offer financial aids for the needy aging population in Singapore .
+A 0 4|||R:OTHER|||Nevertheless|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Singapore government has been actively promoting awareness of health care issues among the elderly population in general .
+
+S The Ministry of Health ( MOH ) has recently launched insurance financial plans for elder care .
+
+S The names of the insurance plans were called Eldershield and Eldershield Supplements ( as cited from Central Provident Fund Board Ask Us , 2009 , ) .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These programs will help provide helping hands for all needy aging population in Singapore .
+A 3 4|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This also encourage all the needy aging population in Singapore to sign up this insurance plan for them .
+A 2 3|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:DET|||these|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||plans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The reason for doing this is because the needy aging population in Singapore will be covered by this insurance plan .
+A 8 9|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , when they want to use this insurance plan for any emergency uses , they can use it anytime .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||use|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Premiums for this insurance plan can also be made from Medisave .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB|||paid|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , all the needy aging population in Singapore will be taken care of by the Singapore government .
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As such , families from aging population can also go to the respective hospitals to seek for financial aids for the medical advancement .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||Therefore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN|||group|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 23|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Singapore government will be providing subsidy for all the elderly when they seek for medical advancement .
+A 4 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||provide|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||subsidies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN|||treatment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , with the solutions given by the Singapore government , it will help all the aging population to gain an equal entitlement to the medical advancement .
+A 11 12|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 27|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order to solve this high medical advancement expenses , Ministry of Health ( MOH ) has been reaching out to the senior citizen in Singapore by implementing mobile screening buses for the monthly health check ( as cited from Health Promotion Board , 2009 , ) .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB|||reduce|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN:NUM|||citizens|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 45 46|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Ministry of Health ( MOH ) has decided to make the efficient accessible screening more affordable and convenient for all the needy aging population in Singapore .
+A 0 0|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 24|||R:OTHER|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All the needy aging population just need to pay less than $ 10 for the blood test for their health check comprising of diabetes and high cholesterol .
+A 3 5|||R:OTHER|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:NOUN|||package|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 27|||R:OTHER|||checks for diabetes and high cholesterol levels|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This also resulted that all the needy aging population in Singapore were given a chance to receive certain treatments of the medical advancement in Singapore .
+A 18 23|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Not only that , all the residential committees ( RC ) and community centres in the neighbourhoods were promoting this meaningful and encouraging health program to the needy aging population in singapore .
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||many|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:ORTH|||Singapore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , this will be beneficial to all the aging population in Singapore who could not afford any medical fees .
+
+S Last but not least , I strongly agree that medical advancement have eased through the aging process with the help of the Singapore government .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , this also shows that all the aging population in Singapore is being well taken care of by the Singapore government .
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the budget given by the government , the aging population in Singapore will be given an equal entitlement to the medical advancement so as to maintain a healthy lifestyle .
+A 20 21|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 25|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " Public spending on the aged should be limited so that money can be diverted to other areas of the country 's development .
+
+S " Do you agree ?
+
+S Introduction
+
+S It is always a thorny issue when it comes to allocation of the budget pie for the country 's development .
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Whether is it for educational , economical , societal or military advancement , it is of paramount importance that policy makers make suitable decisions in the best interests of the country and its people .
+A 1 3|||R:WO|||it is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In my opinion , channeling too much government funds to taking care of the aged can have detrimental effects on the country 's development .
+
+S Therefore , I am for the statement that public spending on the aged should be limited .
+
+S Uncontrolled government spending on healthcare or infrastructure for the aged could result in other groups of needy people not getting their share of the government 's financial aid .
+
+S These include the handicapped , juvenile delinquents and low income families .
+
+S These less privileged groups of people are also members of the society who require our assistance .
+
+S Not attending to their needs may have serious impact on the society .
+
+S People from low income families struggling to make ends meet may be desperate and might resort to robbery and burglary to ease their financial burden .
+
+S Teenagers who engage in unlawful behaviours that defy established criminal codes or deviate from societal norms may continue with their misbehaviours such as running away from school or home , or even petty crimes , if they fail to receive help from respective government bodies and the community .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||defied|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 32|||M:VERB|||committing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 38|||R:VERB:TENSE|||failed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These are complex social problems that might significantly impact other members of the society , and hence , development of the country , if not handled appropriately .
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many may argue that the elderly are also equally , if not , more in need of the funds , especially since they were once economically active , it 's only right that their welfare is being taken care off now that they have lost the ability to take care of themselves .
+A 26 30|||R:OTHER|||. It is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 40|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , some would argue that it is of social obligation that this should be done .
+A 10 10|||M:OTHER|||the country 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But , like many countries , Singapore does not have a pension system for the retired old aged .
+A 16 17|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If the responsibility of taking care of the aged falls solely on the government , the huge increase in fiscal budget will not be an amount the existing workforce and taxpayers can meet .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||fell|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Public funding is also required in the development of our education sector as Singapore continue to establish herself as an education hub .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:SVA|||continues|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In Singapore , the importance of education can not be over emphasized .
+
+S Large amount of funds are pumped into the education sector so that the younger generation can receive the best education .
+
+S These could be in the form of better school sports and laboratory facilities , more funding for enrichment courses or even upgrading of school compound to accommodate more students .
+
+S On the hindsight , funding could also imply subsidies for needy students .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||In addition|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Students under Finance Assistant Scheme ( FAS ) could be provided with school uniforms , school shoes and basic school materials .
+
+S Merit bursaries and scholarships can be awarded to students who excelled in their academic and exhibit positive traits and qualities in other aspects of their life .
+
+S Singapore also has a mandatory six years Primary Education for all Singaporean .
+
+S Financial aid will be needed to ensure that poor families , who can not afford to send their children to school , could do so .
+
+S The ministry stands by the notion that no deserving student should be deprived of education .
+
+S As former president of the United State of America once said , " Our progress as a nation can be no swifter than our progress in education .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The human mind is our fundamental resource .
+
+S " It is clear that education is one of the key aspects for the progress of a nation .
+
+S Without sufficient funds from the government , these plans can not be implemented to the fullest extent .
+A 14 15|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S People often mention that Singapore only have got human resource .
+A 5 8|||R:OTHER|||has only|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Not developing our resources ' full potential through education will indeed impede our country 's development .
+
+S If significant amount of funds are needed in the education sector , there is then a need to limit expenditure on the aged .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many may then question .
+A 4 5|||R:PUNCT|||:|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Why target public spending on the aged ?
+A 0 1|||R:ORTH|||why|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Why not cut down other areas like urban renewal ?
+A 4 4|||M:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Or even cutting back on military spending ?
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:FORM|||cut|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I believe it is difficult question to answer directly because the essence of the argument lies in the fact that government should always spend wisely , where necessary , within the national budget .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I am not arguing for the Government to cut down public spending on the aged so as to spend without consideration on defense or urban renewal .
+
+S To limit military spending might weaken the country 's first line of defense .
+
+S Singapore being an island represented by a little red dot on the world map requires strong military defense as a form of deterrence against our potential aggressors .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Without sufficient funds , the military loses its ability to procure better and more effective weapons and devices to train and equip soldiers .
+
+S This would prove vital for a country 's survival , especially when a weak army force may attract potential invaders .
+A 3 4|||R:ADJ|||detrimental|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In light of these reason , it would be justifiable if bigger share of the budget pie is given to the military .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reasons|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:VERB:TENSE|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Similarly in urban renewal , there is a need to refurbish the neighbourhood and upgrade the old estates .
+
+S It is difficult to draw the line as to who should be given how much of government 's budget .
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But it is important to realize that , channeling funds into the education sector for example may bring about more productive future generation who would in turn help to support the old aged in time to come .
+A 14 16|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||generations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In comparison , diverting funds to support the aged would appear to have no returns .
+
+S Diverting funds to other areas can be regarded as a better " investment " by policy makers and would aid in the country 's development .
+
+S In conclusion , the government has to carry out careful planning on public spending .
+
+S Channeling excessive budget or limiting any one of the areas is not beneficial to the country 's development .
+
+S The Government has to make critical decisions , reviewing their decisions regularly , so as to determine which aspects of the country 's development should be the main focus at different period of time .
+A 31 32|||R:NOUN:NUM|||periods|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the long run , the government must seek to make aging more secure for the older generation , at the same time less burdensome for the younger generation .
+A 10 14|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Perhaps government should introduce policies which could add value to the aged workers , in turn increasing their productivity .
+
+S Not try to accommodate the aging issue while limiting public spending on the aged .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||The government should|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With their vast knowledge and rich experience from the many years of contributing to the society , the aged would definitely be an important resource the country could tap on .
+A 8 9|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S A Graying World .
+
+S Peter G. Peterson .
+
+S Harvard International Review .
+
+S 23 .
+
+S 3 ( Fall 2001 ) : 66 .
+
+S http : //en.proverbia.net/citastema.asp ? tematica = 377
+
+S Salma Khalik .
+
+S ( 2009 , September 4 ) .
+
+S Higher govt subsidies for hospice care .
+
+S The Straits Times , p.C1
+
+S In the highly modernized world , most democratic countries depend on their government for support in an array of areas , usually in the form of monetary support .
+A 1 2|||R:DET|||this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Such financial supports by the government are termed as public spending .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||singular|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A principal source of income for public spending comes from taxation .
+
+S As widely known , taxation is very limited and thus public spending has to be circumscribed .
+
+S Hence the efficient allocation of funds on public spending is deemed important as there public spending is definitely not able to cover the amount of funds required by the entire society .
+A 13 14|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , the question as to how much we should spend on an area compared to another emanates .
+
+S Public spending are funds that are used on the society and the aged certainly has a share of it as well .
+
+S Diverting much of the public spending to different areas of the country 's development is certainly abominable as we would be leaving the defenseless aged to fend themselves against the numerous problems that surface while aging .
+
+S Hence , we should limit the spending on the elderly , but only to a small extent so as not to create another problem to the elderly which adds on to their already heavy burden .
+A 24 25|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In a pragmatic view , channeling large amounts of funds to the developments of the country such as research and development and education would in the long run benefit the country 's economic growth .
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||singular|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , it would be morally wrong to leave the elderly who are part of the society alone .
+
+S The elderly did contribute much to the country in their younger age and the society should be obliged to look after them when they are older and not cast them aside .
+
+S Furthermore , public spending is made for everyone in the society to enjoy and seek help from and we can not limit the funds for the elderly just because they are not able to produce any returns after enjoying the funds .
+
+S Therefore we should not limit public spending to a large extent .
+
+S With changing values in the developed countries , people are giving birth to fewer children .
+
+S This change in mindset changes the percentage of young against the old .
+
+S As a result , the percentage of old is certainly rising rapidly .
+
+S With increasing amount of people turning into old age , the portion of the public spending on the aged should not be decreasing instead .
+
+S Nonetheless , the focus of a country is to grow and prosper and developments on other areas are seemingly more important .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||development|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the society has to maintain a high standard of living as a developed world and since elderly is the bulk of the society ; we should spend more to help improve their live so as not to lower our overall standard of living .
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||form|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:NOUN:NUM|||lives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence we should spend on other developments but not to the expense of forgoing that for the elderly .
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Spending on education , research and development and urban renewal s are long term projects and needs a large amount of funding in order to succeed .
+A 9 11|||R:ORTH|||renewals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:SVA|||need|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Much of the limited fund should be diverted to such projects which will be successful in the long run and profit generating .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||funds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||R:OTHER|||generate profits|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , this profit generated will make it easier to look after the old ( Robert B. Friedland and Laura Summer , March 2005 ) .
+A 4 6|||R:WO|||generated profit|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 27|||R:OTHER|||incorrect in-text citation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Spending on the elderly on the other hand is short term and not profit generating .
+A 12 15|||R:OTHER|||does not generate much profit.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , living in a democratic society , the interest of the people should be taken care of as well other than blindly focusing on the growth of the country so as to engage them as citizens which is crucial to a republic country .
+A 20 21|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 44|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , we should take into consideration of much more implications rather than economic growth of the country .
+A 7 8|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As such , public spending on the aged should not be forgone for developments of the country .
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||the development|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Society is made up of people and the interest of people is no doubt very important and on par with the country 's development .
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||undoubtedly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S No one should be sacrificed and disadvantaged over another .
+
+S Similarly , public spending should not be diverted largely to the country 's development and limited for the aged and a balance should be made .
+
+S Therefore , policy makers should take into consideration of different implications and not just being pragmatic in order to make sound allocation of the funds and the allocation should be divided equally in order to provide a fair distribution since both issues are as important .
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||insert 'the ' and delete 'of '|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:FORM|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:OTHER|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:ORTH|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 44|||R:ADV|||equally|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S Hera Diani ( 2005 , August 25 ) .
+
+S Number of Elderly People Increasing .
+
+S Retrieved September 16 , 2009 , from { http : //www.globalaging.org/elderrights/world/2005/increasing.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.globalaging.org/elderrights/world/2005/increasing.htm ]
+
+S Ng Eng Hen ( 2003 , January 3 ) .
+
+S Speech at the launch of the A * STAR Graduate Scholarship ( AGS ) .
+
+S Retrieved September 16 , 2009 , from { http : //www.moe.gov.sg/media/speeches/2003/sp20030103_print.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.moe.gov.sg/media/speeches/2003/sp20030103_print.htm ]
+
+S Ministry of Community Development , Youth and Sports .
+
+S 2008 Proportion of Elderly statistics .
+
+S Retrieved September 16 , 2009 , from { http : //app.mcys.gov.sg/web/indv_abtageing.asp } [ HYPERLINK : http : //app.mcys.gov.sg/web/indv_abtageing.asp ]
+
+S The aging process is an inevitable part of life .
+
+S It brings about physical , emotional and social changes that affect individuals significantly .
+
+S Following developments and advancements around the world , governments of developed nations are faced with the challenge of a fast aging population .
+
+S For example , in Singapore , it was reported that by the year 2030 , one in five residents will be 65 years or older , a significant shift compared to one in twelve residents in the year 2005 .
+
+S CITATION The04 \ l 1033 ( The Committee on Ageing Issues , 2004 ) .
+
+S As Singapore has limited resources , there is much concern about how much of the resources the government should spend on the aged .
+
+S However , public spending on the aged should not be sacrificed even in the face of practical realities as society has a moral duty to take care of the elderly .
+
+S The significance of limiting public spending on the aged is the shift of financial burden to the individuals and their families .
+
+S When government spending on the aged is cut down , it leaves the individuals and their families to shoulder a larger portion of the costs involved .
+
+S The financial allocation for the different usages and needs in the family have to be reconsidered as a result .
+
+S Adult children face with the dilemma between providing for their aged parents or supporting their young children education .
+A 0 1|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Adults|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 2|||M:VERB:TENSE|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In most cases , the aged would be neglected or a few may even be abandoned in nursing homes .
+
+S CITATION Sal09 \ l 1033 ( Khalik , 2009 ) .
+A 0 5|||R:OTHER|||incorrect in-text citation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This gives rise to the social implications like the issue of filial piety that would have a negative impact on society .
+
+S The elderly had commendable contribution to the society when they were younger and active in the workforce .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||made a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Being an active part of the workforce in their earlier days , the elderly had contributed to the country 's economy in a way .
+
+S They had played their part in the economy by being a tax payer in the country and bringing investment to Singapore by being productive and efficient members of the workforce .
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||R:OTHER|||plural|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , the elderly had undergone experiences that differed significantly from the younger generations .
+
+S The lessons , skills and knowledge learnt through these experiences could be important and useful to the younger generations in dealing with the present and future challenges .
+
+S Hence , the elderly has significant contribution to the country even as they aged , which provides a strong background for the government and society to provide for the elderly .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB|||made|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||contributions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 30|||R:OTHER|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Asian moral values provides for individuals to help and respect their elders .
+A 0 1|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 13|||R:OTHER|||involves helping and respecting the elders.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The elder population is seen to be knowledgeable with the ability to impart valuable lessons and experiences to the younger generation .
+A 1 2|||R:ADJ|||older|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , the elderly had worked in bringing up the younger generation .
+
+S Hence , in Asian culture , there is moral obligation to care and provide for the elderly .
+
+S While there is strong presence of moral obligation to care for the elderly , it can not be denied that there are other groups of people who are similarly in need of government financial help .
+
+S For instance , the physically impaired population requires extensive medical needs which require government funding .
+
+S However , the elderly make up a large part of the population and is estimated to be on the rise as the years progress .
+
+S CITATION The04 \ l 1033 ( The Committee on Ageing Issues , 2004 ) .
+A 0 5|||R:OTHER|||incorrect in-text citation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Whereas , the physically impaired make up a relatively small part of the population in comparison and is present in different cluster of people .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:NUM|||clusters|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It would thus , be more feasible for the physically impaired to turn to communal help from charitable organization than for the elder to turn to these organization for aids .
+A 18 19|||R:MORPH|||organisations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:MORPH|||organisations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:OTHER|||singular|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , it would be a wiser choice for the government to provide for the elderly population as the huge population will require a significantly large amount of funding .
+
+S The challenges of an aging population will continue to increase as the years progress , and the issues arising from it are multifaceted .
+
+S However , this does not mean that we should limit public spending on the aged on the basis of their decreased efficiency and productivity to society .
+
+S Instead , moral responsibilities should be taken into consideration in policy planning , in order for planners to make acceptable policies for the community .
+
+S Bibliography
+
+S BIBLIOGRAPHY Khalik , S. ( 2009 , Aug 17 ) .
+
+S Govt may act against children who dump their elderly parents .
+
+S The Straits Times .
+
+S The Committee on Ageing Issues .
+
+S ( 2004 ) .
+
+S Report on the Ageing Population .
+
+S Allocation of the state 's budget has to be justifiable .
+
+S With competing interests that necessitate public spending , public spending on the aged would most likely be restricted .
+
+S Our government needs to be pragmatic in its allocation of financial resources .
+
+S Areas of country 's developments such as expanding on economic capability through business investment , allocating financial resources on infrastructure and technology , and investing on human capital place greater importance than providing to the financial needs of aged .
+A 0 1|||M:ADJ|||several areas|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 30|||R:OTHER|||seem to be of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 38|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , a more prosper economy should provide the economic means to support the public spending on the aged .
+A 5 6|||R:MORPH|||prosperous|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , managing the economy should come first .
+
+S A pragmatic government would rather channel resources to other areas of country 's developments .
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||singular|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , public spending on the aged should and will be limited .
+
+S Economic growth is the basis to substantiate the monetary and social welfare benefits for the aged people .
+
+S In most countries , a large fiscal budget is on the engines of economic growth .
+
+S In Singapore , the engines of growth are from the tourism sector and knowledge and research intensive industries .
+
+S In tourism sector , the focus is on two integrated resorts which are currently being developed .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is critical for such investments to establish as it provides employment opportunities .
+
+S Increase in tourism arrivals and the attraction of high end consumers will result in generation of high tourism revenues and revenues from high end retail shops .
+
+S On the other hand , knowledge and capital intensive industries have started up quite recently in Singapore .
+
+S Fusionpolis , Biopolis and business hubs are set up in various parts of Singapore .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With all these economic developments , our economy can be expanded and sustained .
+
+S A stronger economy leads to higher household income .
+
+S Consequently , a larger tax base should then sufficiently provide a larger portion of public finances for the aged .
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||finance|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S History reminds us of the contributions by our forefathers .
+
+S It is thus the responsibility of the society to look after them .
+
+S In countries such as United Kingdom , welfare system and pension scheme are in place .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||the United Kingdom|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||systems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||schemes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In contrast , public spending for the aged is limited in Singapore .
+
+S We can increase public spending on aged , but it will compromise financial resources allocated for the general population .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||for the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , investment should be on nurturing of our people as they are contributors to the economy .
+
+S Through training , re-training and investing on quality education , it nurtures the people .
+A 0 1|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:SVA|||nurture|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Educational institutions provide quality teaching while re-training centres impart new skills so that skills do not become obsolete .
+
+S More public finance on aged will compromise the investments on human capital .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , it only satisfies the social and moral obligations to the aged .
+
+S Being pragmatic , we should look towards creating a future for ourselves and the future generation .
+
+S In addition , the aged are not the only ones who require monetary support , other needy groups , such as handicaps , also require monetary support to fund their healthcare needs .
+A 21 21|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the emphasis is not just on the aged .
+
+S Nonetheless , the aged will also benefit monetarily when the economy prospers and tax payment has increased .
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Most countries have embraced the wonders of technology .
+
+S Like the rest of the countries , Singapore has infused huge financial resources on investment for technological upgrades and infrastructural developments .
+
+S The installation of an islandwide wireless broadband service is one of the recent technological upgrades .
+
+S With this service provision , it enables everyone to stay connected .
+
+S Apart from the improvement in telecommunication , our transport network has recently been extended , with an addition of Circle Line route , which doubles the MRT stations by 2020 .
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 26|||R:OTHER|||will lead to an increase to the total number of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With greater accessibility on public transport system , it improves efficiency and reduces travelling time for most people .
+A 0 11|||R:OTHER|||An improved public transport system increases accessiblity|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although these projects have huge cost borne by the government , the benefits still outweigh the cost .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||costs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Society benefits as these developments can be accessed by the public .
+
+S In addition , both of these long term provisions will reap in profits .
+
+S In comparison to public funds on aged , government only serves the social responsibility of looking after the aged .
+A 0 19|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , aged people can not rely on government to take full responsibility for their needs since there are other priorities in country 's developments which will create job opportunities , greater economic revenues , convenience and efficiency.Though Government has a social responsibility to look after the aged , families should take up the bulk of responsibility for caring and providing essential needs .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 40|||M:DET|||the government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With more competing interests for financial resources , public finance on aged is least of a concern .
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||R:WO|||of least|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S it will definitely put a strain on the economic budget and reaps no economic returns if public spending on aged has no limits .
+A 11 15|||R:OTHER|||does not reap any return|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In many countries , there is a common similarity , a baby-boomer period .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN|||phase|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Now , another similarity that most nations are facing is the ageing population .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN|||phase|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Countries are aware that this issue is pervasive and it will have profound implications to the facets of the society if they are not responding fast to it .
+
+S However , the question is , how much of a focus should a country place in it when there are other important areas to look at as well ?
+A 25 26|||R:PREP|||into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the stiff competition amongst nations , public spending on the aged should be spend only if necessary , but more focus should be place in other aspects like for example , education , tourism and security which are the key factors to a country 's economy and thus the survival of it .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:FORM|||spent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:FORM|||placed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Funds placed in these aspects can help ease the ageing process in the long run , critically looking at minimizing the dependency of the aged on the governments .
+A 16 29|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I believe that measures to ease ageing issues can be done at low cost and effective at the same time .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||can be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are several viable methods .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||such as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Strong emphasis of family support and educating the aged about taking responsibility of themselves for example like filial obligation , insurance , healthy lifestyle , financial planning and ensuring they have enough retirement fund .
+A 6 9|||R:OTHER|||creating an awareness|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 17|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:OTHER|||the aged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are more private sectors dealing in health and nutrition , financial consultants to help in the management of assets .
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S More support could be given to all these sectors from the government .
+
+S It is more of a one time method , when inculcated to become a habit and trend .
+A 0 17|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To those who are not educated , information may not reach out to them ; funds still has to be allocated to help them .
+A 0 18|||R:OTHER|||Information may not reach out to the uneducated . Hence funds have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These are necessary spending that is unavoidable .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN|||expenditure|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some argue , that the aged are also part of a community , we should make sure we can provide more for them as well .
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||and that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is more ethical to do there and take up the responsibilities rather than finding them a social burden and just make sure that " just enough " funds for them or even neglect them just because of pragmatic reasons .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 26|||R:OTHER|||there are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 33|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As much as all nations want this , for countries with limited resources , a choice has to be made based on practicality .
+
+S With more funding allocated to other development , more social issues can be resolved , allowing more potential economic growth .
+
+S It sounds unfair , but it is definitely a solution that a nation should employ .
+
+S It is inevitable .
+
+S With allocation of funds more to other development , it will ensure that we need not make such heartless and controversial decision in the future .
+
+S Government can encourage voluntary welfare organization to help those aged .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||plural|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||the aged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Responsibilities will be spread among larger group .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||groups|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Last of all , placing more funds to enhance and maintain the security and economy of a nation should be one of the top priorities .
+
+S Without this , a nation will face stronger challenges , helping the aged will not be even possible .
+A 9 10|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:ORTH|||Helping|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:ADV|||then|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:WO|||even be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It has been proven that countries with strong economy and security do pose a threat to others , example the four giants .
+A 17 18|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||A good example are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the context of Singapore , being small , other than taking diplomatic approach , she also has to make sure her economy is strong and attractive for foreign countries or companies to invest in .
+A 0 31|||R:OTHER|||in the context of a small country such as Singapore , besides taking a diplomatic approach , the country also has to make sure that her economy is strong enough for foreign|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This ensures her safety unlike countries like Afghanistan and Pakistan .
+
+S When more jobs are created , businesses prosper more could then be done to support the aged .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||business|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||prospers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:OTHER|||and more|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although , this strategy may lessen the attractiveness for foreigners to choose the country for retirement due to less policies and emphasis on the aged , it definitely helps a country to a larger extent .
+
+S Countries without good economy have more social issues like corruption , crime rates etc. Countries with poor security , military force , usually ca n't really negotiate terms .
+
+S With strong economy and security , it ensure a nation 's long-term status , which covers the welfare of the nation , indirectly making sure that the aged still has people to support .
+A 0 34|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The aged should not be forgotten but spending on them needs to be limited , spend only if needed .
+A 14 16|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , this will require the whole community 's effort to make sure that cultivation of moral values ; virtues are deeply rooted in them .
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is to ensure that the future batch of elderly are well-prepared for their own ageing process and not just wait for the government to take care of them .
+
+S Public spending on aged can then be reduce much more and more must be placed in other developments that can bring prosperity to the nation and minimize social issues .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:FORM|||reduced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With much credit to swift medical advancements , average life span of a human being in America has shot up by 5 years in just a decade to 82 years today .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Such increase in longevity and the reduce in birth rates , will no doubt lead to an inevitable rise to the problems of aging , as there are fewer and fewer young people to support the rising number of elderly , whether financially or socially .
+A 41 42|||R:OTHER|||both|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 44|||R:OTHER|||and/|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Aging is a big issue , governments from all over the world are pushing forward policies and Research and Developments to stem its economical and social impacts to a country .
+A 27 28|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Aging is one process most people dread , especially for those without children .
+
+S In Singapore , our government has recently implemented a policy , Lift Improvement and Facilities Enhancement , which aims to improve the living conditions of single elderly or those who have been abandoned by their family .
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||known as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:NOUN:NUM|||families|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Residential areas with high elderly density are set to undergo upgrading to provide more elderly-friendly-facilities .
+
+S Installation of lifts on every level and hand bars in the toilets , for instance , can help elderly overcome certain movement difficulties which they encounter in their daily lives .
+
+S The setting up of the senior citizens ' corner can also act as a platform for interaction among the elderly , especially when travelling out of their house is made easier , they would be more willing to engage in more social activities , thus becoming more receptive to happenings around them and learn to be more self reliant .
+A 31 32|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:ORTH|||They|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , the new alarm system and window grills can also ensure a higher level of security in their area .
+
+S This current policy of facility upgrades is very comprehensive as it ensures the convenience , security , entertainment and thus the social well-being of elderly .
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of our current policies to ease the aging process is by encouraging the inclusion of elderly in our workforce .
+
+S Lowered barriers of entry to the elder employment , allows the elderly to enter the workforce and maintain a spot in the society .
+A 0 8|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the elderly working , they can gain an additional source of income for their family and increase the productivity of the society .
+
+S However , it is often argued that such policies could actually stifle competition between the current working group and the elderly .
+
+S Working adults , who are already putting too much focus on their career rather than on family planning , tend to postpone their child bearing plans even further .
+
+S In such a situation , there will be a surge in productivity initially , but we may expect a serious drop in the long run which aggravates the aging problem due to the shrinking population .
+
+S But in the case of elderly employment in Singapore , they tend to be given menial jobs , due to their physical and mental handicap as compared to younger workers , which are unattractive to the career-driven adults in Singapore and fill up the shortage in that area .
+A 30 31|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:OTHER|||these menial jobs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 41|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 42|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are filled|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 48|||R:OTHER|||by these older workers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to the Ministry of Manpower , such jobs are usually occupied by people aged 65 and above and there is still a prevailing shortage of manpower .
+
+S Therefore , it would be desirable to have the elderly join the workforce as they could serve to aid in the economy with their spending power and even reduce their need for social welfare , which can be highly taxing to an economy .
+
+S The number one killer of elderly is heart failure .
+
+S For instance , in Australia , 5 % of all the people aged 65 and above suffers from heart failure .
+A 3 5|||R:OTHER|||in- text citation is required|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although some elderly who suffers gentle heart failure could still maintain a relatively normal life , those who suffer to a severe extent have their day-to-day activities affected .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||suffer|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They no longer have the ability to pursue a normal and perhaps happy life .
+
+S However with R&D in the area of heart-related diseases , led to the developments of new drugs and treatments to control and reduce the effects of heart failures to their everyday life .
+A 10 10|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence our current R&Ds have no doubt helped elderly by increasing their quality of life .
+
+S All in all , aging is part of the natural life cycle of an organism .
+
+S Everyone has a role to play to solve the persisting aging problem in many developed societies .
+
+S Policies to upgrade housing in Singapore have improved the living conditions of the elderly , together with the setting up of the senior citizens ' corners , I am convinced that the elderly can now participate more actively in the society and live off with a higher social well being .
+A 26 27|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As for the improvements in current R&D , we can all anticipate more ground-breaking inventions to relief elderly of pains from illness .
+
+S Also , having the elderly joining into the workforce can increase the total productivity and reduce the burden piled on family members .
+A 6 7|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nonetheless , I am convicted to feel that current research and developments/ policies do play an important role to help ease the arduous aging process .
+A 4 6|||R:VERB|||convinced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN|||developments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this ever competitive world , the idea of the weak being more susceptible to elimination and the strong emerging victorious is not unfounded .
+
+S Indeed , this concept is applicable to a real life context in our society - the old versus the young workers .
+
+S The society now has this notion that the old would eventually become obsolete , exhausted and unproductive .
+
+S However , the aged has come a long way before they hit the supposed end of their economic lifespan .
+
+S Without their contributions , the modern society might not even exist .
+
+S The State has a certain responsibility to provide for the old .
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||state|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To simply cut back funds on the grounds that the elderly could no longer yield any economic profits is an irresponsible act .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The old is worthy of every resources spent on them as they are still important assets to the nation .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In Singapore , much emphasis has been placed on providing a holistic education .
+
+S Children are spoilt for choices when it comes to choosing their desired education route and with a fourth university in the planning , learning has never been easier .
+
+S Nevertheless , no matter how refined the education system is , it could never instil moral values in children which are critical in tackling the ageing problem .
+
+S The State only has a partial duty in alleviating the situation of the elderly ; the rest would belong to their closest kin .
+
+S Changing norms and mindsets coupled with an increasingly high standard of living though , is driving children to abandon their parents .
+A 12 13|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With no one to rely on or any proper financial aid , the elderly would be unable to fend for themselves and perhaps left homeless .
+
+S This would result in a degrading of the society as the wandering aged would eventually resort to desperate measures such as begging , stealing and possibly dying on the streets .
+
+S The increase in life expectancy would indicate a growing pool of aged workers .
+
+S As this segment of the population becomes more significant , spending is unavoidable .
+
+S In fact , the resources allocated do not have to be solely for the old as other sectors could also seek betterment from it .
+
+S For instance , the Lift Upgrading Programme ( LUP ) benefits the old as well as the disabled and the general citizens .
+
+S The society must avoid the pitfalls of classifying and relating old age to low productivity .
+
+S Ageing does not equate to redundancy .
+
+S The elderly have had accumulated a considerable amount of refined expertise that are still of societal use .
+
+S Instead of seeing them as a sector that would yield no returns , the old should be considered as an investment where providing them opportunities to share their experiences would enable the young to gain precious knowledge and learn from past mistakes .
+
+S This would pave the way for a more meaningful future for the subsequent ageing generation .
+
+S For countries with small population such as that of Singapore , there exists the need to recruit foreign talents to fuel their economy .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reduced tax rates , solid infrastructure and business-tailored policies are some of strategies utilized by the local government .
+
+S However , this would not sustain the interest in foreigners if the country lacks an appealing living condition .
+
+S One way to retain these foreigners is to improve on the welfare system for the aged .
+A 9 10|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is not a totally farfetched approach based on the previous case where Singapore established a comprehensive child care system that resulted in many expatriates moving their family over to work and dwell here .
+
+S We could similarly use an impeccable retirement scheme to entice them to settle down permanently .
+
+S By making Singapore a better place for old age , it could resolve the issue of a diminutive pool of human resources as well as boost the State 's economy .
+
+S All in all , the elderly should not be viewed as incapable of providing any further services to the nation .
+
+S Rather than condemning their low productivity , we should incorporate the old into our community for they had garnered experiences which are of practical use to the young .
+
+S The State share a part in supporting the elderly for these are the people who had have a hand in nation building and morphing the society which we lived in now .
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||state|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||shares|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:VERB:TENSE|||live|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Spending on the old does not denote an economic dead end .
+
+S To the contrary , the old has the potential to open new doors and bring about more opportunities both within and into the country .
+
+S Taking care of the aged is now a global issue that no country can steer clear of .
+
+S Some people might think that we should take a pragmatic approach and ignore the needs of the elderly as they can no longer serve the society .
+
+S However , who can deny that our older generations have contributed immensely to our society ?
+
+S No one can also be sure that all the aged people can lead good lives without any federal help .
+
+S Therefore , no matter whether it is due to moral obligation or for fulfilling one 's responsibility , compromising public spending on other areas of the country 's development for the aged is unavoidable .
+A 2 4|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is true that by doing so , a country 's development and productivity will suffer .
+
+S Nevertheless , I believe that as long as the government is able to obtain a balance in the areas of public spending , the country 's development can still progress without limiting public spending on the aged .
+
+S It is only right for us to take care of the aged as they contributed a great deal to what we have now .
+
+S Without the hard work of the older generation , we would not have the fundamental of our society .
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||fundamentals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We can only prosper with a strong foundation , which the elderly had given us .
+
+S As a result , when they become feeble and require assistance , we should lend them a helping hand .
+
+S Not to mention , it is also a moral value to take care of the elderly .
+
+S However , spending money on them could have disadvantaged other groups of needy people .
+
+S For instance , it could have deprived the children in low income families from education .
+
+S Therefore , there is a need to organize strong branches of organizations , like Community Development Councils ( CDCs ) , to decide who to help in extreme cases .
+
+S The government should also engage in long term solution , like Research and Development , to save money .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||solutions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This would ensure the welfare fund is being distributed evenly .
+
+S To add on , Declining spending on the aged could have roused social problems .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||less|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB|||caused|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Cases of conflicts over money problems at home ; elderly loitering in void decks and parks ; lonely elderly died and only discovered after a few days had passed , are not unheard of .
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||found dead|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 29|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reducing funds on this growing age group could cause these problems as the attention paid towards them would then be cut .
+
+S Some mentioned that it should be the children 's responsibility to take care of elderly and some of the problems are inevitable .
+
+S Nonetheless , Government intervention can minimize the possibility of having these problems .
+A 2 3|||R:ORTH|||government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Maintenance of Parents Act is one good example of government intervention to make taking care of elderly mandatory when necessary .
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||where|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Under CPF Hosing Grant , there is now an incentive to live near parents too .
+
+S Thus , there is more likelihood for the younger generation to take care of their parents .
+
+S If the government can put in enough funds for the elderly and handle the aging problem holistically , this would benefit the country in the long run .
+
+S Working class Singaporean would be motivated to work hard as they know government would contribute in taking care of them as they aged .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Singaporeans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This could stimulate economic growth .
+
+S Foreign talents would also be attracted to migrate here when we establish a welfare state image .
+
+S There is a worry that the diversion of spending could also result in a country 's slow growth and low productivity .
+
+S Nevertheless , countries with more limited expenditure do no better or worse economically than countries with high social expenditure .
+
+S Taking Denmark for example , it is a welfare state , but yet , it is one of the top countries in income ranking ( OECD , 2005 ) It is also important to implement measures that require people to rely on oneself rather than government .
+A 27 29|||R:OTHER|||full stop after in-text citation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 45 45|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the whole , a country 's public spending requires very delicate planning .
+
+S Since the aging population is one big issue now , necessary spending on the aged can not be stingily kept away .
+
+S Not only is it due to moral obligation , ignoring the aging population would also result in other social problems that might be even more difficult to solve .
+
+S As the government wants to maintain a country 's development , public spending on the aged should be limited but not to the minimal .
+
+S It should be at the maximum limit where the government can still withstand so as to help as many elderly as possible .
+
+S A nation 's success does not solely depend on economic growth but the welfare aspect too .
+
+S Therefore with careful planning of expenditure , solving aging problem generously would benefit the country in long run .
+
+S References :
+
+S Healthcare system to be restructured to cater to ageing population .
+
+S ( 2009 , August 17 ) Channel NewsAsia
+
+S Ministry of Community Development , Youth and Sports ( 2009 , Feburary ) ADDING LIFE TO YEARS !
+
+S Happy , Healthy , Active Seniors
+
+S Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) .
+
+S ( 2005 , September 15 ) Policy Brief Economic Survey of Denmark , 2005
+
+S Peter G. Peterson ( Fall 2001 ) .
+
+S A Graying World .
+
+S Harvard International Review Social sector wants govt to move beyond law for parent maintenance .
+
+S ( 2009 , August 19 ) Channel NewsAsia
+
+S The aging process is not a pleasant process for humans to go through .
+
+S However , the Singapore government had come up with some policies to help make the aging process a more comfortable one .
+
+S This is especially important , considering that Singapore had got one of the fastest aging populations in Asia , according to reports by the Ministry of Community Development , Youth and Sports ( MCYS ) .
+A 33 34|||R:OTHER|||incorrect in-text citation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some of the developments and policies are the construction of studio apartments specially for the elderly , the upgrading of the Housing Board ( HDB ) lifts which helps to improve the elders living area , increasing the retirement age to allow the elders to be more self-dependent and implementing more healthcare benefits and subsidies for the elder Singaporean such as subsidies for community hospital stay .
+A 58 59|||R:MORPH|||Singaporeans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All these developments and policies have contributed towards easing the aging process in Singapore .
+
+S One of the many important points to take note for an aging society is the fact that the elders ' physical ability , such as walking and bathing , would tend to deteriorate over time .
+
+S Therefore attention needs to be paid , to ensure a safe environment for the elders to live in .
+
+S The Singapore government acknowledged this requirement by introducing the studio apartments and the HDB lift-upgrading projects .
+
+S In January 09 , HDB stated that they would be building more studio apartments for the elderly .
+
+S These studio apartments were equipped with elderly-friendly features such as non- slip toilet tiles , grab poles and they are small , easy to upkeep while being offered at an affordable price .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 21|||R:OTHER|||small grab poles|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:OTHER|||which are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 27|||R:OTHER|||delete this and replace with 'and '|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The upgrading of lifts in the older flats , so that the lifts stops at every floor of the HDB flats also helped to ensure barrier-free accessibility for the elders .
+A 8 11|||R:OTHER|||delete the highlighted and replace with 'where '|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , some problems cropped up for the lift-upgrading projects .
+
+S Mainly due to the fact that not every flat was suitable to undergo lift-upgrading project and money were needed from the elderly in order for the projects to take place .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||This was mainly...|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:SVA|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To minimize these problems , subsidies were given out for the projects .
+
+S Overall , all these facilities would help to create a safer environment for the elders to live in .
+
+S In order to ease the aging process , the government introduced later retirement and incentives to companies that employed elderly .
+
+S These would decrease the elder dependency .
+
+S Elders who are working would be able to keep themselves updated with the current trends and developments through interaction with the younger generation .
+
+S The experience of the elders would also be passed on .
+
+S Longer working lives also meant that elders would continue to play an active role in contributing to the economy and society , thus making them feeling a sense of fulfilment .
+A 25 26|||R:VERB|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although increasing the retirement age would give rise to competition for the limited amount of jobs available and increase the unemployment rates .
+A 22 23|||R:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The positive impacts of raising the retirement age still outweigh its ' negative impacts as nothing can replace the valuable experience that the elders would bring to the companies and the fact that single elders would also be able to earn more savings to look after themselves .
+A 33 35|||R:OTHER|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S During the aging process , it is easier for the elders to fall sick as we can see from the statistics shown by the Hospital Admission Rates by Age and Sex in 2007 .
+
+S The government have thus planned healthcare subsidies and benefits for the elderly .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is important as not every elderly is able to pay for the heavy medical bills .
+
+S These healthcare subsidies would help to offload certain percentage of the community hospital 's fees .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There is one problem with this policy that is there are quite a few criteria that need to be fulfilled before an elderly could enjoy the healthcare subsidies and benefits .
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||in thats|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , these criteria were meant to sieve out the elders who truly needed help as compared to those who were actually able to afford their own medical bills .
+
+S The Singapore government had inputted many measures to help ease the aging process .
+A 3 5|||R:OTHER|||has put in place|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The construction of the studio apartment , lift-upgrading project , extension of the retirement age and the implementation of healthcare subsidies and medical benefits have all gone a long way to help ease the aging process .
+
+S All these developments and policies have helped to ensure that Singapore will be prepared in both the short run and long run against the problems of an aging population .
+
+S However as the aging population in Singapore becomes bigger in size , more research and development/ policies will need to be carried out to slow down the rapid growth of the aging population instead of easing the aging process .
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN|||development|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Bibliography
+
+S 1 ) Ministry of Community Development , Youth and Sports ( MCYS ) .
+
+S Electronic references .
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2009 , from http : //app.mcys.gov.sg/web/indv_abtageing.asp
+
+S 2 ) Theresa Tan ( 2009 , January 12 ) .
+
+S HDB to build Granny flats .
+
+S The Straits Times .
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2009 , from http : //www.straitstimes.com/Breaking + News/Singapore/Story/STIStory_325164 .
+
+S html 3 ) Hospital Admission Rates by Age and Sex in 2007 .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S 2007 Mediclaim System .
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2009 , from http : //www.moh.gov.sg/mohcorp/statistics.aspx ? id = 20514
+
+S One and a half decades ago , many countries had to support the aging population through ways like subsidies and public spending on health care services and facilities .
+
+S This has led to countries diverting some of the government revenues for the elderly .
+
+S As time passes , there is an increase in elderly in the society whereby 3 out of 10 people are elderly ( Statistics Singapore ) .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||passed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 24|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The society finds it even more taxing to support the elderly in ways like subsidizing on healthcare or even facilities .
+
+S This leads to a continuous search for new research and developments/policies which can aid in today 's aging population growth .
+
+S Emphasizing on the importance of filial obligation , encouraging greater productivity and improving in medical and science research are some of such examples .
+
+S Researches generally targets the constellation of problems faced by the elderly , such as declining health - growing physically weak and feeble , emotional problems - live life in a shade of negativity , and social problems - feeling foreign and out of place in the society that they have once experienced .
+A 0 1|||R:MORPH|||Research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:VERB:FORM|||living|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the current research and development/policies unfortunately have provided more of a hindrance than an aid for the elderly .
+
+S An increase in emphasis on filial obligation can promote closer relationship within a family through policies such as rebates given to those living within certain proximity of their parents .
+
+S However , it does not cause the elderly to feel happier or even help to relieve the financial needs for medical treatment or basic necessities .
+
+S Firstly , working adults have a high cost of living which makes it difficult for them to pay for their parents ' living expenses and at the same time afford their children 's enrichment classes .
+
+S Moreover , working adults have very little time for themselves in this fast pace society , let alone for their parents .
+
+S As a result , the elderly often feel lonely as there is little or no interaction with their children .
+
+S They have no one to turn to when they need help , causing them to feel more negative .
+
+S Encouraging greater productivity among the non-elderly can increase the size of the economy and tax base .
+
+S This helps facilitate the public spending on the elderly .
+
+S For example , working more for the working-age citizens and attracting more foreign talents .
+A 3 9|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S While these may seem to be plausible policies , they still cause the elderly to feel uneasy in the society .
+
+S Firstly , people would be pressured to accomplish more tasks in a given period which can lead to mental problems such as depression .
+
+S Elderly parents may end up looking after such working adults instead , imposing a heavier burden onto the elderly and government .
+
+S Furthermore , more elderly would be unemployed as they are unable to work as efficient as the working-age adults which cause their social circle to shrink .
+A 14 15|||R:MORPH|||efficiently|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They will feel out cast by the society as they have the mentality that they are useless , and unable to contribute to the society .
+A 3 5|||R:ORTH|||outcast|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There is an improvement of the medical and science research to cure illnesses which are usually associated to old age such as research on heart diseases and invention of the artificial pancreas to replace any which fails with age .
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||delete highlighted and replace with 'in '|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , these breakthroughs hardly ease the lives of the elderly .
+
+S Firstly , many low and middle income group elderly are unable to enjoy such medicines and healthcare treatments because such treatments tend to be long term care which can be very expensive for them to afford .
+
+S In addition , Operations/ drugs have side effects which the elderly might not be able to recover from due to their failing health .
+A 3 4|||R:ORTH|||operations/|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , they might end up having more illnesses that can cause health to deteriorate .
+
+S Medical cost will be much higher than before .
+
+S In conclusion , the current research and development/policies has not quite fulfilled its aim of helping the elderly cope with their aging process .
+
+S The government is helping the general population of the elderly in terms of providing subsidies on research and development such as emphasizing on the importance of filial obligation , finding cures for illnesses that plague the elderly , and encouraging greater productivity .
+
+S All these ideas are good but in today 's world , it is actually not feasible in helping the elderly to cope with aging process .
+
+S Very often , the elderly would be left feeling sad , weak and even outcast even with these current research and development .
+
+S The new research and development/policies in the future should be well thought so that they will provide aids for the elderly instead of hindrances for them to go through the last phase of their life .
+
+S Aging has been an issue in many countries and especially developed countries .
+
+S The declining workforce not only causes problems to the countries ' economy but also brings along social problems as well .
+
+S Therefore , the governments shoulder the heavy responsibility of easing the aging process through helping individuals and in turn helping the public as a whole .
+
+S However , policies implemented by the Singapore government have mostly been unable to relieve the aging problems faced by the country due to their impracticality .
+
+S The Parent Maintenance Act is one of the many policies aimed at helping the elderly with their financial needs .
+
+S However , this policy does not solve the root of the problem , which is the erosion of filial piety value amongst the younger generation .
+
+S Being in an Asian country , many of the older generation have traditional views which hold that it is a family shame for an aged to be abandoned by their own children .
+
+S Furthermore , it would be emotionally traumatic to the old if they had to bring their children to court .
+
+S Thus , many would choose to suffer in silence than to sue their children .
+
+S In addition , implementing the Parent Maintenance Act does not benefit many of the illiterate aged as they have insufficient knowledge about it , yet they are the ones most in need of financial assistance as they would have little savings with their low-income due to their low education level .
+
+S A recent survey shows that the median annual income rises with the level of education of individuals ( Digest of Education Statistics 2005 ) .
+
+S Also , the needs of an elderly are not only limited to financial ones but also emotional and physical ones as well .
+
+S Older people are more prone to having health problems .
+
+S Thus , care and concern from their family is just as important as money in order for them to survive .
+
+S The biggest issue is the willingness of the elderly in taking up the help rendered by the government .
+
+S Therefore , the policy is unfeasible and unable to fulfill the needs of the elderly .
+
+S Policies aimed at improving the employability of older workers may prove to be ineffective , thus creating economical problems apart from the existing social issues .
+
+S Retirement age of all Singaporeans was raised from 55 to 62 with effect from 1 January 1999 , as announced by the Ministry of Manpower .
+
+S Employers are also allowed to reduce the wages of employees beyond the age of 60 by up to ten percent .
+
+S Furthermore , the Central Provident Fund contribution by employers decreases with the age of the workers .
+
+S Some would argue that this policy would help older workers retain their job and get employment as the cost to employers is lowered .
+
+S However , employers may still not be willing to accept older workers due to their lower productivity .
+
+S As workers grow older , their health deteriorates and becomes less agile and thus less productive .
+
+S In the event where a company needs to lay off several staff , the older workers would usually be the ones retrenched as they would most likely draw the highest salaries .
+
+S Therefore , unemployment amongst elderly would be a common sight , increasing the number of financially dependent elderly .
+
+S Government would have to tap into its budget to support the needy aged , resulting in a heavy burden on the working class .
+A 0 0|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , these policies are ineffective without first changing the mindset of employers and would eventually cause social and economical problems in the society .
+A 13 25|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another step taken by the government to help the aged is the provision of incentives for their children to live near them with the Housing Development Board ( HDB ) policy .
+
+S Children are given privileges when applying for a flat near their aged parents such as subsidized rates and priority during purchase .
+
+S Yet , along with the well intentions of the government 's policy , negative effects may follow and the success of this policy will largely depend on the child 's on filial piety value .
+A 30 31|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 35|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The lower cost of flats no doubt brings about advantages , especially making it more affordable for those from the lower income group .
+
+S With the close proximity , the physical needs of the elderly will be better provided for by their children .
+
+S The mental needs of the elderly can also be satisfied with the companionship from their family living just a few blocks of flats away .
+
+S Savings from the purchase of housing may also be used to supplement the financial needs of the elderly .
+
+S However , the policy is not perfect and the privileges enjoyed may also be abused by individuals .
+
+S For instance , elderly may be exploited by their children where the homes of these elderly turning into a dumping grounds for kids .
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are turned|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These highly active grandchildren may become a burden on the aged physically .
+
+S Hence , it is dependent on the individuals ' filial piety values that determine the success of the HDB policy .
+
+S Evidently , the policies aimed at easing the aging process of a country have various aspects to fulfill in order for it to be effective .
+A 17 18|||R:VERB|||be fulfilled|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Governments have to look into the economical and societal impacts an aging population brings along .
+
+S Apart from that , they have to satisfy the three different needs ; i.e .
+
+S the financial , social and emotional needs of the elderly .
+
+S If any one of these aspects is compromised , Singapore would risk losing her foothold in this competitive world .
+
+S With an expanding aging population , Singapore is faced with a situation where more resources need to be allocated for the well-being of the elderly .
+
+S This places an increased strain on the budget .
+
+S The issues concerning an aging population are far-reaching and there will be detrimental effects if these issues are simply ignored .
+
+S How much should a government spend on the elderly then ?
+
+S In the process of taking care of the aged , Singapore will have fewer funds to invest in the other areas that are pivotal to the country 's development .
+
+S However , deciding on how much the government should contribute is a feat as a society has many needsit is the role of the government is to weigh which issues should be focused on in the short and long term .
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||needs . It|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Public spending on the aged should not be limited as the aging population is not one to be looked down upon , however , the other areas of development should not be neglected .
+
+S Scholars argue that it is more worthwhile to spend on other areas of development in a country such as defense , education , tourism and technology .
+
+S In Singapore , as well , emphasis is placed on these other areas .
+
+S For instance , in a recent Business Times article , it was mentioned that " government spending on Infocomm technology is set to rise 8 % " .
+A 27 27|||M:OTHER|||delete full stop|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( 2009 , February 19 ) The Business Times .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||delete close bracket|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:OTHER|||insert clasoe bracket after|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Such development is indispensable for a country to survive in a rapidly advancing world .
+
+S If the government has to spend on the aged , fewer funds will be channeled into these areas , which is a cause for concern .
+
+S It may be a better decision to spend on the young as there are higher odds of return in this investment .
+
+S The young are more productive and equipped with updated skills .
+
+S The elderly are deemed to be less valuable to the society as they are weak and dependent on others .
+
+S An ageing population may cause a low productivity rate as seen by the Annual Growth in Labour Productivity figure ; currently at : -7.8 % .
+
+S ( 2008 , { www.singstat.gov.sg } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.singstat.gov.sg ] )
+
+S However , a purely pragmatic approach may not always be the best way to tackle the problem .
+
+S Singapore can tap on the aging population to assist in the growth of the country : " Singapore , with its well-established reputation for clinical and medical excellence , is poised to tap on Asia 's growing and aging population andentrench itself as a premier regional healthcare hub .
+A 15 16|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 41|||R:ORTH|||and entrench|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 48 49|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " Singapore Tourism Board , ( 2003 , October 20 ) Singapore Set to be Healthcare Services Hub of Asia .
+A 1 20|||R:OTHER|||inocrrect in text citation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although it may be costly to provide healthcare , pensions and other welfare programs , the country 's social and economic aspects will deteriorate if an aging population is unattended to .
+
+S A country with sick elderly people will hinder the growth of investments as it shows a lack of planning on the government 's part .
+
+S Singapore has realized this , hence , the efforts to cater to the aging population .
+
+S The government has assured that he would " pour in more resources into healthcare " .
+A 5 6|||R:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Channel NewsAsia ( 2009 , August 17 ) Healthcare system to be restructured to cater to ageing population .
+A 0 8|||R:OTHER|||incorrect intext citation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is also our duty to take care of the aged before acknowledging our society as an ethical one .
+
+S In fact , counsellors have observed an increasing trend of the elderly living alone or being left under the care of charities or old folks ' homes by their families ( The New Paper , 2009 ) .
+
+S In such situations , the government has to play a part to provide for and protect the aged .
+
+S Also considering that the elderly had contributed to society during their working years , there is a moral responsibility on the government to pay them back .
+
+S It is not always necessary to measure everything in dollars and cents , and we must recognize that the aging process is not a simple one and accentuate on the development of 'elderly-friendly ' facilities to ease the aging process for them .
+
+S An aging population may prove costly to the society and economy if the country fails to prepare for the situation .
+
+S Public spending on the aged is therefore deemed necessary to avoid such a crisis .
+
+S Despite the drawbacks , an aging population is linked closely to the development of Singapore .
+
+S The issue is also set to worsen in the future considering the low birth rate .
+
+S Nevertheless with proper planning , Singapore is currently handling the situation very well without compromising on the other areas of development .
+
+S Furthermore , with an increasing emphasis on filial piety , the government is able to ensure that the aged are taken care of even as they concentrate on defense , education , tourism and even the needy who require aid and are all in all vital to the growth of Singapore as a nation .
+A 28 29|||R:SPELL|||defence|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thomas Love Peacock ( 1786-1866 ) once said , " The waste of plenty is the resource of scarcity " .
+
+S This quotation implies to everyone , including the government to make wise decision when allocating limited resources in order to reduce further , unnecessary wastage .
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There is much concern about the governmental decision to allot a huge sum of the national budget on the elderly as it is uncertain on whether the investment on the aged will attribute or detrimental to the country 's development .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||government 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:OTHER|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The best alternative is therefore to make a more sizeable investment by limiting the spending on the aged and diverts the budget to other areas of the country 's development .
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:SVA|||divert|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The present paradigm of care for the elderly is a partnership between the government , community and family .
+
+S However , children often forgo their responsibilities to care for their parents and often point the thrust to the government because they believe their parents had gotten everything from the government .
+
+S Besides , children tend to abuse their parents ' privileges allotted by the government by maximizing the usage of those privileges even though it is unnecessary .
+
+S For an example , elderly with little ailment often seek the best treatment as they are provided with either free or subsidized treatments .
+
+S Thus , those with chronic ailments were unable to seek the proper treatment they are supposed to get .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If the public spending is limited , children will have to send their parents to the appropriate level of the treatment and this will reduce wastage and increases efficiency in quality of care at the same time .
+A 14 15|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:VERB:SVA|||increase|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , judging from the explanation , it is convincing to limit the public spending on the elderly .
+
+S Government should divert the budget initially allocated for elderly to the Research and Development ( R&D ) sector instead .
+
+S Investment especially in enhancing the medical research will make everyone better off and also indirectly helps the elderly in a way .
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:SVA|||help|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since elderly are prone to chronic ailments such as renal disease or heart failure , medical research will be able to produce new drugs and more flexible treatments for them .
+
+S This will eventually increase the life span not only for the elderly , but also to the other generations .
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , investment in R&D will be able to develop new technologies and new sectors will be introduced to collaborate with the usage of the technologies .
+
+S More job opportunities will be provided and everyone will be able to live a higher standard of living .
+
+S Thus , diverting the budget from the elderly to R&D will provide mutual advantage for both the elderly and the economic development .
+A 19 20|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Government should invest more in the current education of the youth instead of investing the budget in the elderly .
+A 0 0|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is mainly because youth are more progressive towards economic development in comparison to the elderly .
+
+S Thus , the opportunity cost to invest in the education is lower than to invest on the elderly .
+
+S Besides , moral value especially to make the children beholden to their parents can be inculcated by introducing the appropriate modules in their education .
+
+S This will help the elderly indirectly as the children are trained to embrace the Eastern value to respect and taking care of their parents .
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:FORM|||take|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Investment in education will also lead to development in the country as education serves as a platform for further development in all other sectors such as R&D and Health .
+
+S Thus , such investment will definitely pay off in the future economic growth .
+
+S In view of providing mutual advantage to both elderly and economic development , it is best for the government to revise on its budget allocation so that the right proportion of budget is divided wisely among the ministries in the country .
+A 21 22|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Elderly should not be granted a lump sum but instead divert the fund to other areas which will lead to future economic growth .
+A 10 13|||R:OTHER|||the fund should be diverted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is because administrating the budget to the elderly is only one-way benefit but if the budget is allocated to other areas such as Education and R&D , everyone including the elderly can enjoy the advantage .
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S What are therefore needed are a wise policy planning and a closer look at how the allocation will influence our future and society as a whole .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||is both|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Statistics have shown that by 2030 , 20 % of the population will be aged 65 and above ( AoA 2009 ) .
+
+S This has raise concerns about the issue of our graying population and how can we allocate our limited resources efficiently .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:FORM|||raised|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:SPELL|||ageing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||we could|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S During the recent years , the increasing competition between the old and other groups in the society for scarce resources has been on many countries political agenda .
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 27|||R:OTHER|||the political agenda of many countries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S How much public spending should the aged receive is a widely debatable topic .
+
+S Public spending should be channeled into developing infrastructure that caters to the needs of the aged , subsidies to lighten the financial burden of the medical bills of the aged and also activities to help bridge the elderly and society .
+
+S Ideally , there should be no restrictions to how much resource is diverted to the elderly .
+
+S However , due to practical reasons , spendings have to be limited .
+A 7 8|||R:MORPH|||spending|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many may argue that public spending on the aged should not be restricted .
+
+S Restriction on the public spending may raise ethical debates ; after all we have the responsibility of taking care of the aged to credit them for past contributions to society .
+
+S Although we have the obligation to look after the elderly , we have to limit the public spending on the elderly .
+
+S This is because it might result in detrimental social problems in the long run as other more beneficial developments might inevitably be neglected in the process .
+
+S Public funds could be channeled into education , military and other vital sectors of the economy , instead of to the aged .
+
+S These sectors may be critical to the nation 's progress .
+
+S Hence with society 's interest in mind , we should limit public spending on the aged so as to not impede the country 's economic growth .
+
+S The changing demography of the population has led to many concerns regarding the large health expenses on the aged .
+
+S We tend to need more health care as we age , in addition to that , medical advancement has led to a rising health care cost , these has led to an increased pressure on the nation 's budget .
+A 14 15|||R:DET|||this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government can not afford to bear the huge cost of public spending on the aged , as it would drain the government resources .
+A 21 22|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If we fail to limit the public spending on the aged , the pressure is likely to have an effect on public spending for other priorities , and also affect economic growth .
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , from a pragmatic point of view , public spending on the aged would yield little or no returns .
+
+S Public spendings on the aged may be beneficial for the society 's welfare in the short run ; however , it might incur a huge cost on the economy in the future .
+
+S If we reasonably limit the spendings on the elderly , we could divert it to other investments , such as education and development of infrastructure , which improve the nation 's competitiveness and global position , it would yield long-term returns and even generate revenue .
+
+S The products of the investment could then be used as public spending for the aged .
+
+S Public spending could be diverted to other areas , which could in turn sustain the aged in the future .
+
+S Therefore it is critical that we limit government spending on the aged now .
+
+S In conclusion , public spendings on the elderly should be limited due to the social problems which may arise from the lack of limitation , the huge cost of the these public spending and the sustainability of the spendings .
+A 23 24|||R:OTHER|||limited resources|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We should not shortchange other groups of society and other developments of the nation , for the needs of the elderly .
+
+S Nonetheless , we must not fail to help the aged , but we could prioritize the expenditure such that other developments are not shortchanged in this process .
+
+S The community should do its part to help the elderly as well , after all the well being of the aged is our responsibility .
+
+S Charities such as the Community Chest can help to reach out to the elderly and hence lightening the financial load of the aged .
+
+S Individuals should fulfill their filial obligations and take care of their elderly parents or relatives .
+
+S Most countries , by now , should be aware about the increment in the ageing population and also the heavy expenditure it brings about .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN|||rise|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Must a country totally channel its expenditure on this population and forget about the future savings for its younger generation ?
+
+S Robert b. Friedland and Laura Summer ( 2005 ) mentioned public policies that encourage and facilitate education , basic research , and the application of promising technologies can enhance the well-being of current and future generation of older people .
+A 0 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||M:PUNCT|||" Public|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 39|||M:PUNCT|||"|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 39|||M:OTHER|||( Robert.B.Friedland and Laura Summer.2005 )|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , the writers are trying to show that public spending on the aged should be reduced .
+
+S Indeed , some countries , despite facing ageing population , do not make expenditure on the elderly as their first priority , for example , Singapore .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nevertheless , with the good economic growth it is facing , the issue on the aged is taken care very well .
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This essay aims to discuss that by channeling public expenditure on other factors of development of a country will not only boost the economy but indirectly benefit the elderly too .
+A 6 7|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Increasing public spending on the education sector will generate significant external benefits for society , especially the aged .
+
+S A person who have received an education not only benefit from having more knowledge and skills but has higher productivity and is able to command a relatively higher wage for his contribution in the economy .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:SVA|||benefits|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As such , by investing in a good education , it will benefit a country in the long run .
+A 3 4|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , Singapore government realized that quality education was the key to creating a pool of Singaporeans who were well qualified and highly productive and as a result , this might lead to an economic boost .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 32|||R:OTHER|||it has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As such , the government has placed great emphasis on developing our education sector to ensure that the country maintains its global and regional competitiveness .
+
+S Also , incentives should be provided to students who wish to proceed to higher education level , meaning the tertiary level .
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||specifically|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the reasons mentioned is " typical college graduates earn 73 percent more than a typical high school graduate , and those with advanced degrees earn two to three times as much as a high school graduates " ( Baum and Payae , 2005 , p. 9 ) .
+A 37 38|||R:NOUN:NUM|||graduate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By earning greater wages , they would be able to prepare themselves for their 'golden age' .
+
+S However , it has remained a reality that by forcing people to increase their productivity labor through having more knowledge and skills is indeed , stressful for them .
+A 15 16|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:PREP|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , a boost in the economy , might lead to higher standard of living .
+
+S Adding on , people today are becoming work-oriented and adding to the notion of higher standard of living , they tend to be " afraid " of getting married as they do not want to burden themselves with the expenditures they have to face when having a family .
+A 0 3|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:ORTH|||People|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , it may lead to an increase in the aging population due to a low birthrate .
+
+S For example , in Germany , the birthrate has proved a decreasing trend from year 2000 to 2007 .
+
+S Still , in order to counter such reaction , the government has provided various incentives like the baby bonus introduced in Singapore which is to promote marriage and also providing incentives to boost birthrate .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN|||concerns|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:NOUN|||scheme|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:VERB:FORM|||to provide|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 33|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , Peterson ( 2001 ) has mentioned that raising more productive children , through good education , the cost burden is spread over a larger and more affluent future generation .
+
+S Thus , public spending on the education sector will indirectly benefit the elderly .
+
+S Next , public spending on the economic sector , international trade , will make a country more affluent , hence benefiting the society especially the aged .
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Due to globalization , most countries are now involved in international trade .
+
+S Free trade allows wider range of goods and services and most importantly it is cost saving .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This would therefore , enhance the exports of a country .
+
+S Also , by having international trade it forces firms in a country to be more competitive ( increase competition among firms ) .
+
+S This leads to greater improvement in technology as firms would invest in the Research and Development ( R&D ) .
+
+S With trade , it forces a country to be niche in a certain area , for example , Singapore economy is generally capital and knowledge intensive .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 26|||R:OTHER|||The Singapore economy is a knowledge based one.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , it has a large pool of highly skilled and educated workforce .
+
+S As a result , Singapore has strong tripartite ties between research institutes , industry and universities facilitate a fluid exchange of ideas and competencies that assist the fast adoption of innovative creations .
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:FORM|||facilitating|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since Singapore is also technologically inclined , R&D commitments have been on the rise for the past few years .
+
+S Thus , adding to the country 's GDP .
+
+S However , international trade causes countries to be interdependent .
+
+S This results in a 'domino effect ' if one of the countries involved in the trade faces an economic downturn .
+A 14 15|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S An example would be the current economic downturn faced by United States .
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S USA is one of the prominent countries involve in the international trade and as a result to its economic downturn it adversely affected countries like Singapore who practice an open economy .
+A 0 0|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:FORM|||involved|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Despite this , Singapore was not really badly overthrown by USA 's economic deficit due to the government 's strong policies in handling such situation .
+A 24 24|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Indeed , Singapore niche in R&D has resulted in the advancement in the healthcare sectors ; better healthcare facilities .
+A 3 3|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||sector|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||providing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since the aged are usually the ones in need of healthcare facilities , they greatly benefitted from it .
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:INFL|||benefit|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , public expenditures to boost international trade have resulted in the investment of R&D which significantly benefitted the aged in terms of better healthcare services .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||expenditure|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly , public spending should be channel to providing better infrastructure .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government 's objective is to provide a comfortable living condition for its citizen .
+
+S In Singapore , the creation of The Circle Line that would be fully operated by 2011 , has increased the accessibility of places in the country .
+A 13 14|||R:MORPH|||operational|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , people can easily get to their specific destination at a short period of time .
+A 12 13|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , with the increasing affluence and standard of living , the people are now afford to purchase cars and thus , getting around would not be so much hassle .
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||able|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 29|||M:OTHER|||of a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Still , increasing car ownership in Singapore leads to congestion on the road during peak hours .
+
+S Also , with the wide income gap in Singapore , not everyone ; lower income earners , could purchase a vehicle .
+
+S As a result , some might still choose public transportation over private transport .
+
+S Better infrastructure also made the government improve its transportation system .
+A 2 2|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , most public transport these days is designed to benefit those with special needs and the elderly .
+
+S Also , with better infrastructure provide , more investors are incline to invest in the country resulting to a boost in economy .
+A 5 6|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:MORPH|||inclined|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||to the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , not only expenditure on the development of infrastructure indirectly improvised the public transports but also boost a country 's economic development .
+A 11 12|||R:MORPH|||improves|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||transport|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:SVA|||boosts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , indirectly , the elderly are able to benefit from it .
+
+S Clearly , by shifting public expenditures to other development of the country , it not only boost a country 's development and make living more comfortable within the country , it also indirectly benefitted the elderly too .
+A 9 9|||M:NOUN|||needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:SVA|||boosts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:SVA|||makes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:VERB:INFL|||benefits|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By channeling more funds into other factors of development like education , international trade and infrastructure boost a countries economy and at the same time the elderly would be able to enjoy such affluence .
+A 0 35|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , public spending in such areas provides long term objectives and goals .
+
+S Therefore , it is like killing two birds with one stone .
+
+S Aging population are compelling governments to create or revise policies and development that may affect life of citizens .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||populations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||R:OTHER|||its citizens|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S At the same time , this sustainable shift in aging population poses challenges to policy makers .
+
+S Policy makers start facing the challenges such as how changes in the ratio of working-age citizens to retirees affect the ability of the public to fund for the aged .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||are faced with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:PUNCT|||?|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In what ways can the health system adapts to the needs of the aged who have a higher probability of having chronic diseases .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||adapt|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:PUNCT|||?|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly will the implementation of policies result in increase or decrease in public saving and investments .
+A 16 17|||R:PUNCT|||?|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I do agree that the above challenges prove that the country is doing research and working on policies that can help to ease the aging process .
+
+S No doubt , country is working on policies that can help to ease the aging process .
+A 3 5|||R:OTHER|||countries are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , for policy makers their main objectives are to think of policies and developments which can help the country in expansion or to ensure that it will not hinders economic growth .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||objective|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:VERB:FORM|||hinder|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order for country expansion , policy makers are working on developments that can provide a valuable " public product " such as education and infrastructure .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||a country 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The development on education sector will enable the further generations to be more educated and to possess a higher level of skills .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||of the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Next , development on the infrastructure will attract more foreign investors to set up companies in the country .
+
+S With development in both education and infrastructure , foreign investors will choose to set up their companies in a country with a pool of talents and with great infrastructure with this it can boost up the country economics .
+A 34 35|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 37|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 38|||R:MORPH|||economy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nevertheless working policies and development to ease the aged can help with the country expansion .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB|||assist|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This can be achieve by emphasize in increasing and raising more productive children in the further generation as mention " by raising more productive children so that the cost burden is spread over a larger and more affluent future generation " ( Paterson , 2001 ) .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||placing emphasis|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||futurer|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||generations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Raising and increasing productive children not only can , attract foreign investors to invest in a country with pool of talents and the burden of looking after the aged population is being spread out with prosperous further generations .
+
+S At such , a win- win situation can be achieved as we not only ease the aged population but also assist in country expansion .
+A 0 1|||R:PREP|||As|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:OTHER|||The Country 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Next , advancement in technological tools is required to ensure the sustainability of the health care system .
+
+S These technological tools are developed to make life of the aged easier , less stressful and even healthier for them to continue live independently .
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:FORM|||living|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , monitoring systems are currently researched to allow the aged to remain in their homes longer even they are being treated with chronic diseases , rather than moving them into a nursing home which may incurred more costs .
+A 19 19|||M:PREP|||if|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 38|||R:VERB:FORM|||incur|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly , research in life science areas has show ways to prolong human life and to prevent illness .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:FORM|||shown|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A recent research that lighter meals may prolong human life by having calories-restricted diets .
+A 3 3|||M:VERB|||shows|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Calories restricted diets can induce a slowdown of the aging process and showing increased survival , resistance to diseases , prevent brain deterioration and lastly on less muscle loss .
+A 0 1|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Calorie|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:SVA|||increases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:SVA|||prevents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 27|||R:OTHER|||reduces|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In additional research states , that oxidative stress may help prolong life as oxidative stress has link with aging , cancer and other disease .
+A 0 1|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:ADV|||not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||links|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Researchers have suggests minimum exposure to oxidative conditions actually offer protection from acute doses .
+
+S With the research and advancement in life sciences to prolong human life and prevention of illness can help to reduce the fiscal costs on heath care .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:VERB:FORM||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:FORM|||prolonging|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , research , development and policies help to ease the aging process is relative important .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:MORPH|||relatively|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , increase and raising productive children not only can reduce the cost burden spread but also to attract foreign investors to invest in the country with pool of talent .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:FORM|||increasing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN|||t|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:VERB:FORM||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , technology advancement will enable the aged to live independently even they suffered with chronic diseases and their children can spend more time to focus on their work .
+A 12 12|||M:PREP|||if|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||suffer|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly , research in life sciences to prolong life can help to reduce the fiscal costs on heath care and prevent illness .
+
+S Therefore , we must pay attention to focus on current research , development and policies to ease the aging process .
+A 6 8|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Government usually faces problems caused by aging population .
+A 0 1|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Governments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||face|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Problems such as shrinking workforce and increased need in healthcare support have been exerting pressures on government spending .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 15|||R:OTHER|||exerted pressure|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the national budget is limited , decisions on the allocation of resources have to be made regularly to create a better livelihood for its people whom include the young , the working adults and the aged .
+A 26 27|||R:PRON|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Despite the important role played by government in ensuring the well being of the aged , there should be a balance in maintaining its social presence to prevent the elderly from over relying them .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 33|||M:PREP|||upon|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , in an Asian society like Singapore , it is also the moral obligations of children to perform filial piety towards their parents financially and emotionally .
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||obligation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , public spending on the aged should be limited so that money can be diverted to other areas of the country 's development .
+
+S Some people argue that welfare of the aged is a full responsibility of the government as they have contributed to the society for many years and it is a way of showing appreciation to them .
+A 9 10|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This can be achieved by providing the aged full medical support and adequate living allowances .
+
+S However , the limitless spending on them will hurt the country 's development on areas which are of importance such as education , employment and communication infrastructures .
+A 13 14|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , if the government decides to retain its limit of spending on the aged , higher tax burden will eventually be imposed to increase revenues to fund the areas .
+A 25 26|||R:NOUN:NUM|||revenue|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 30|||R:OTHER|||these interventions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , education sets the foundation for a country to progress economically as well as socially .
+
+S The government should increase expenditure in this area to maximize the potential of each individual from young .
+A 15 17|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Free education can be implemented till they start working .
+
+S This will allow the population to contribute productively to the economy in future .
+
+S In addition , retirement programs should be emphasized and introduced to the people in their early working days .
+
+S Creating such awareness is crucial during this period as it prepares them mentally and financially of the challenging aging process .
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 20|||R:OTHER|||challenges of aging|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Learning is also a lifelong process .
+
+S Peterson ( 2001 ) said that elder dependency could be reduced through longer working lives which require them to retrain and learn new skills .
+
+S In other words , government which spends more on this area not only benefits the young now but also the old in the future .
+A 4 7|||R:OTHER|||Governments that spend|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 24|||R:OTHER|||will not only find it beneficial to those who are presently young but also for the future elderly population|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , it is futile to have a skilled and knowledgeable workforce without sufficient job opportunities and career advancements .
+
+S As a country develops into a knowledge based society , there will be a shift in the employment situation .
+
+S More people are less willing to provide labor work in manufacturing sectors with low career advancements .
+
+S As a result , job dissatisfaction of the people will lead to a rise in the unemployment .
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , creating the desired job opportunities often lies in the role of government to rectify the deficit .
+A 12 13|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Governments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:VERB|||play|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the excess money diverted from spending on the aged , the government can promote foreign investments through incentives and tax reliefs to create employment for their people .
+
+S Alternatively , it can fund small-medium enterprises which encourage entrepreneurship as well as career advancements .
+
+S As the world has been globalized , the need to stay connected and informed with one another is necessary for a country to develop economically .
+A 3 4|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 7|||R:OTHER|||becomes globalized|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , in order to enable efficient trades globally , telecommunication network has to be maintained and improved to reach out to other parts of the world .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||trade|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||networks|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , government spending on infrastructures is important to boost the economy .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||infrastructure|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A decrease in the spending to fulfill the constant needs of an aging population will not be worthwhile to incur the economic loss resulted from the communication breakdown .
+A 18 28|||UNK|||t|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Clearly , the trade off for limiting public spending on the aged is rewarding .
+
+S Education marks the beginning of the human capital investment which will benefit the country 's economy in the long run .
+
+S At the same time , unemployment issues can be reduced by creating more relevant job opportunities through foreign investments and entrepreneurship .
+
+S In addition , communication infrastructure bridges the link between a country and the world to ensure trade efficiency .
+
+S Therefore , it is critical to spend more in the areas to develop the country 's economy rather to adhere to the needs of the aging population and bear full financial support .
+A 9 10|||R:DET|||these|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference BIBLIOGRAPHY \ l 1033 Peterson , P. ( 2001 ) .
+
+S A Graying World .
+
+S Harvard International Review , 66 .
+
+S The dawn of the twenty-first century has not slowed down the technological progress that man has been perusing for so many decades .
+A 17 18|||R:VERB|||pursuing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S New products and innovations are produced by the day .
+
+S These advances in technology have , most importantly , eased the lives of our aged citizens .
+
+S With the world consisting of an ever expanding aged population , there has been a greater necessity for simple household appliances that can be used by the aged and the disabled .
+
+S In addition , social policies are constantly evolving and changing , with some newly implemented policies greatly easing the aging process of the elderly .
+
+S Researches in economics have also resulted in new policies , as will be discussed below .
+
+S The policy that resulted from economical research stated that the size of today 's economy and tax base could be increased by encouraging the inflow of working age immigrants .
+A 26 28|||R:OTHER|||employable|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This fact is proving to be false .
+
+S For it must be kept in mind that these immigrants will also grow old and require pensions some day .
+
+S Furthermore , evidence shows that there is no relationship between immigration and economic growth whatsoever .
+
+S This , therefore , does not solve the problem of the present , but worsens future prospects too .
+
+S On another note , some social policies may not be beneficial in the long term .
+
+S For instance , the policy that advocates late retirement means that the working period of the citizen is extended beyond the usual age of 55 and 60 .
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||citizens|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although it aims for the greater good , by providing the elderly with greater self sufficiency , it is more harmful in the long term because the most critical issue here is the health of the elderly persons .
+A 37 38|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They are often unable to withstand high stress of the mind and the body that these work require and fall ill frequently .
+
+S The policy of passing laws that make it a must for children to look after their elderly parents is also much speculated over .
+
+S I feel that this is not the correct approach to the problem .
+
+S Taking care of one 's parents is not a straightforward transaction , like paying one 's taxes .
+
+S Instead it is one which also involves time and constant emotional attention .
+
+S This does not ease the problems of the aged or their children who are coping with the rising prices of goods and services and caring for their children in addition .
+A 24 25|||R:OTHER|||who must care|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 30|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , the banes of today 's new policies .
+
+S However , it is unquestionable that technology has contributed on a massive scale in helping the aged .
+
+S The SANYO technical review reveals the existence of " systems that remind the elderly person to take their medicine ; systems that detect when he/she is in the room , so that electricity costs can be minimised .
+
+S There are systems that will assist you in various day to day activities without the presence of another person including washing oneself , dressing up and doing one 's toilet .
+A 26 30|||R:OTHER|||using theoilet|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another invention is a telephone that utilises voice speed control technology .
+
+S This technology allows the aged person to slow down the speed at which the person on the other side is speaking .
+
+S " This is especially useful for the older citizens , for one 's senses become less acute with age , and they can not comprehend what others are saying , at the rate at which they are speaking .
+
+S " The medical alert system is another good example .
+
+S This system is set up in the aged person 's house and consists of a speaker that is able to know where you are in the house , and guides you simply by tracking the signals emanated by the wristlet you wear on your hand .
+
+S " In addition , it alerts the health authorities and your closest relatives in the occasion of an emergency .
+
+S It is particularly useful for those who are old and who live alone .
+
+S The possibilities of technology are endless .
+
+S In addition , I am an advocate of the social policy that deems it necessary for all citizens to put aside a small percentage of their monthly salary , during the working period of their lives .
+
+S For this seems to be a rather effective policy , with the value-added element of being able to lighten the economic burden supported by the government otherwise .
+A 26 27|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It consequently does ease the aging process , for the elderly person need not be at the mercy of others to obtain full medical care and other comforts .
+A 11 12|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another policy suggests that money be invested in the educational system , so that more productive children are raised , " resulting in a larger and more affluent future generation " ( Peter Peterson , 2001 ) .
+
+S I feel that this is the key solution to easing the aging process , for a more productive younger generation means that all costs required to keep the aged healthy and comfortable can be borne by this efficient younger workforce .
+
+S Hence , the progress of the world in aspects of technology , economy and social policies have by far and large proven to be beneficial to the elderly gentleman of today 's society .
+A 19 21|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It has made his life after retirement one of relaxation , with comforts close at hand , always .
+A 3 4|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It has made him more independent from others , and ceased to be seen as a burden in the eyes of his children and society .
+A 3 4|||R:PRON|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Progress will always have its hindrances and flaws , but progress is always the correct path to success .
+
+S Resources : http : //sanyo.com/technical_review/jp/no69/data-e.html
+
+S The trend of ageing population is here to stay .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S At present 7 % of Singapore 's population is over the age of 65 ; however , by 2030 this will increase to 19 % ( Inter-Ministerial Committee on Aging Report 1999 ) .This is especially so for developed countries where people are living longer and are less willing to give birth due to the high costs of living .
+
+S Therefore , as much as other problems , mainly those dealing with the economy , may seem to demand and need more immediate attention , the ageing population issue can not be ignored and the spending on this area should not be reduced in order for majority of the population to benefit .
+A 46 46|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some people may argue that elderly dependency should be reduced through various means CITATION Pet011 \ l 1033 ( Peterson , 2001 ) to make way for other developments in other areas , especially the economic sector .
+A 13 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In lieu with the current economic crisis , many have found themselves unemployed or retrenched and are finding it difficult to survive , particularly those who live on credit or have a household to provide for .
+
+S Even with various upgrading schemes such as the Skills Programme for Upgrading and Resilience ( SPUR ) , it is still difficult for the economy to regain its vigour to the state before the economic crisis .
+
+S This is due to the lack of job opportunities and not because of the lack of proper skills in the workers .
+A 18 20|||R:OTHER|||among|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , more budget should be channeled to the economic sector to boost the country 's economic situation .
+
+S Indeed , the above issue warrants a substantial amount of concern .
+
+S However , this does not affect majority of the population .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , the people who belong to the working class are not the ones who are most vulnerable to the economic crisis .
+
+S The elderly is the more vulnerable group in this situation due to the fact that they are not capable of generating income to provide for themselves .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is attributed to the fact that employers are constantly seeking people with higher productivity .
+
+S Besides , stressing on filial piety at this point in time is not going to be of any help since the working adults should probably be busy fending for themselves .
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , the government should not reduce public spending in this area to protect the vulnerability of the aged in terms of health care cost and enabling them to be self-sufficient through elder-friendly facilities in the housing districts .
+
+S Furthermore , there is also a need to continue to provide such support to the elderly for the government to retain support and instill a sense of belonging amongst the citizens to the prevent people from migrating .
+A 32 33|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There is an increasing trend of young people migrating to countries such as Australia and Canada due to lower stress levels and also the welfare benefits available for the aged .
+
+S At this rate , the country is going to lose a large pool of talented people since those who migrate overseas are usually more affluent and better educated .
+
+S As much as the policies being implemented currently are able to attract foreign talents to become citizens of Singapore , native Singaporeans still seem to be unsatisfied .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||talent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The current net migration rate stands at 5.82 migrant ( s ) /1,000 population CITATION CIA09 \ l 1033 ( CIA World Factbook , 2009 ) .
+A 14 25|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This means that there are more people entering than leaving the country .
+
+S Even so , this figure is attributed by the influx of foreign talents .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||talent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This implies that more and more Singaporeans are moving out of the country than before .
+
+S Thus , in order to keep her citizens in the country , welfare benefits have to be maintained or even increased such that people do not turn to foreign lands to enjoy their retirement .
+
+S In a nutshell , government budget spending on elderly should not be reduced as it would potentially be unfavourable especially since the current aging trend involves the " baby boomers " , a substantial amount of people .
+A 5 6|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , there should be an increase in such spending as the aging trend is set to increase in future .
+A 20 20|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is a crucial issue and not one that can be ignored .
+
+S To add on , the government has not been neglecting other sectors but instead , it is trying its best to make economic conditions more favourable for the country to prosper .
+
+S Hence , public spending for the elderly should not be reduced .
+
+S Public spending on the aged should not be limited although the money can be diverted to other areas of the country 's development .
+
+S Tremendous demographic changes in aging will create many unprecedented problems .
+
+S Population aging does not cause problems only in wealth and developed countries such as USA , Japan and Singapore , but is also faced by developing countries such as China and Thailand as well .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||An ageing population|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||wealthy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||the USA|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , solutions that will help to ease the aging process are much needed .
+
+S If the public spending on the solutions are limited , thus effects of these solutions will not be able to meet our expectations .
+
+S First of all , we must understand that a country is built by its people 's hard work and effort .
+
+S The significant contributions of the aged on a country 's infrastructure , economics , and many other things should not be forgotten .
+A 6 7|||R:PREP|||towards|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The young generation should be grateful to their senior citizen 's contribution because the prosperity of today 's country is built by the older generation when they are young .
+A 1 2|||R:ADJ:FORM|||younger|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although now the people who strive for our country are aging and could hardly contribute to the country , still , we should always remember their contributions and take good care of them when they need help .
+
+S Senior citizens should be regarded as an asset rather than a liability to a country .
+
+S Frequently , we will need to heed advice from them because they have more experience than us .
+
+S For example , Mr Lee Kuan Yew , the Minister Mentor of Singapore , who always gives advice to Singaporean Government .
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , the welfare of the aged must be assured .
+
+S Public spending on the aged such as health spending should not be limited .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN|||care|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , the aged are more vulnerable to fall sick than young people as their immune system are degenerating .
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||systems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Peterson ( 2001 ) has mentioned that healthcare was once meant an occasional visit to the doctor , but it has today become a lifelong process .
+A 8 9|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , their declining productivity has also lessened their income .
+
+S So government should aid them .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||governments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , government can subsidize their medical expense so that the aged can have lower rates on health care spending .
+A 3 4|||M:DET|||The Government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will definitely benefit the aged because with the current increasing health care cost , the medical bills are always shocking .
+
+S As a result , the aged with low income are usually reluctant to see doctor whey they are not feeling well .
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||when|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a consequence , an illness may not be discovered in early stage and will only be discovered when it becomes severe .
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||at an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , if the illness has became too severe , it might lead to life danger and it will be much more expensive to cure it .
+A 12 16|||R:OTHER|||be life threatening|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Next , public spending on pension should not be decreased .
+
+S As we all know , the senior citizen is one of the groups with lowest income .
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||the lowestt|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S More than that , some senior citizens are retired or unable to work .
+
+S Even if they work , their meager income is insufficient to support themselves , especially with the high inflation rates now .
+
+S It follows that we often heard the aged living in poverty .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||hear|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , if they are in need of help , why not just help them ?
+
+S After all , they are the ones who brought our country to prosperity .
+
+S It is perfectly right that we ought to ensure their living quality in return .
+
+S On the contrary , the increasing in public spending on the aged by the government will increase the fiscal budget .
+A 5 6|||R:MORPH|||increase|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will inevitably increase the government 's load .
+
+S Therefore , the spending in other essential areas such as infrastructure , financial , and education will have to cut down .
+A 19 19|||M:VERB:TENSE|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The cut downs of spending in these essential areas might hinder the growth of a country .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||down|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Considering these important factors , many people will eventually support that public spending on the aged should be limited .
+
+S However , in my opinion , every choice we made definitely has an opportunity cost which means something has to be given up in order to attain the objective we want .
+A 9 15|||R:OTHER|||make will incur some cost ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So , I think with proper planning on the spending by the government , we should be able to meet the balance between public spending on the aged and other essential spending .
+
+S In conclusion , the public spending on the aged should not be limited because it is as important as other areas of the country 's development .
+
+S The country 's budget is generated through taxpayers ' contributions and returns on investments made .
+
+S At present , a substantial amount is spent on the elderly every year through direct and indirect ways , such as giving out subsidies or building elderly-friendly infrastructure .
+
+S This compromises the opportunity cost that this amount can be used on , namely on education , health care and creating economic growth .
+A 2 12|||R:OTHER|||spending that could be used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Public spending on the aged , should thus be limited in a country , for the money can be used to further enhance societal growth as a whole , and not just focused solely on this particular age group .
+A 32 33|||R:MORPH|||focus|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Children are the future and the hopes of our society , for they provide us with the enthusiasm and vigor towards new technological breakthroughs and societal betterment .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||hope|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Through education , children open their eyes to more opportunities and logical reasoning .
+
+S Solutions ranging from micro everyday problems like constructing better roads to ease traffic to major predicaments like global warming and environment conservation can surface with greater education for the future generations .
+A 23 24|||R:VERB|||emerge|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Providing subsidies for education benefits and scholarships encourage students to excel in their academic work .
+A 4 5|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Competition leads to a greater benefit to the society in general , as now the whole generation gains more knowledge collectively .
+A 0 22|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Better understanding of the world and how it functions make the average citizen able to appreciate and take care of his environment more .
+
+S This , as a result , allows for easier implementation for policies which advocate the environment and society welfare .
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The country can stand to benefit , not only through better leadership , but responsible citizens in the society as well .
+
+S Health care should be one of the government 's top priority as well .
+
+S As people get wealthier , their waistlines get bigger as well .
+
+S Obesity , high cholesterol levels and diabetes are diseases that shot up in the last century due to greater wealth and easier access to unhealthy diets and lifestyles .
+A 10 12|||R:VERB|||increased|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These health problems will inevitably affect the productivity of these workers , and the time and resources spent to remedy them are costly , both to the individual and the country .
+
+S Thus , it is more cost-effective and sensible that we should divert our budget towards prevention and treatment of patients .
+
+S Money can be spent on educational messages and guidelines on prevention of contracting diseases , coupled with subsidies for health care providers and medication .
+
+S Certainly , such spending will benefit the elderly , but it should not be exclusive to them , for there are other age groups who require assistance in this sector as well .
+
+S Economic growth is crucial to any country .
+
+S It ensures the majority of the population finds employment and inflation stays under control .
+
+S A country with a flourishing economy finds investors more readily to invest there and the people stand to enjoy the range and variety of material comforts that a thriving market economy is able to provide .
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||willing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government can attract foreign investment ventures and increase the competitive edge of firms by reducing tax and rent abatement .
+
+S The government can also create a more competitive labour force without compromising their wage level .
+
+S This can be done through upgrading the skills of our workforce .
+
+S For instance , the Skills Programme for Upgrading and Resilience ( SPUR ) programme introduced in Singapore enhances its workforce 's abilities to compete in the global market , Another option is to allocate part of the budget to Research and Development for local institutes to attract and develop the best talents .
+
+S This can be exemplified by the efforts the Singapore government had been making to finance the Agency for Science , Technology and Research ( A * STAR ) .
+
+S All these evidence show how money can be effectively diverted towards generating greater economic growth .
+
+S Proponents of substantial public spending on the greying population issue will argue that the problem will escalate due to a declining birth rate , resulting in a proportionately larger population of elderly in the world .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB|||aging|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , we should solve the problem we are facing now , rather than allocating resources in other areas .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:FORM|||allocate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , is it not short-sighted if we are to solve only the problems we can see now , rather than investing in and conceiving possibilities to solve the problem fully ?
+
+S We definitely have to allocate resources towards this growing issue of greying population , but we should limit the spending to only what is sufficiently necessary , and not to the extent that it handicap the society with a large financial burden .
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:VERB|||restricts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Instead , we should allocate use of the resources towards betterment of the society , bringing up ideas and opportunities that can possibly solve this problem subsequently .
+A 26 27|||R:ADV|||eventually|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Internet Sources : Singapore Budget 2009 .
+
+S Electronic References .
+
+S Retrieved on 12 September 2009 , from http : //www.singaporebudget.gov.sg/key_initiatives/cashflow.html
+
+S Recently , studies can be shown that Singapore is becoming to have the fastest aging populations in the world ( Bryan , 2008 ) .
+A 0 5|||R:OTHER|||Recent studies have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||one of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The elderly people are already taking around a quarter of the population in Singapore .
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||amounting to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the rapidly aging population is a problem that the government needs to address .
+
+S There is a concern regarding the rising health and living costs which will become a risk to economic growth and social security .
+
+S What is then needed is the public expenditure towards the needs of the aging population should be carefully looked into instead of diverting it to the country 's development .
+A 5 5|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , slow population growth results in an increased of burden for the young population to take care of their parent ( Peterson , 2001 ) .
+A 9 10|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 15|||R:OTHER|||children in having|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||parents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , when the families have an average of one child instead of two or three children , the only child will have a very huge task and burden to take care of his or her family in the future .
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:ADJ|||single|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 32|||R:OTHER|||the task of taking|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Elderly people always tend to depend a lot on their children and it results in a strain in family relationship .
+
+S The rising health care costs make it even tough for the child to cope with it and some are not willing to support their parent .
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN:NUM|||parents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The elderly people will then need to support themselves which is impossible without the government 's help .
+
+S Secondly , there is a scheme called Central Provident Fund ( CPF ) , which is to make Singaporeans start saving when they are young , but it is not enough for them to survive with having CPF alone .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although the government enforced individual saving through CPF , not every people will benefit from it .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||enforces|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN|||person|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Self-employed people do not have CPF as they are not working under any employers , so the employees and employers do not contribute part of the employees ' salary to the CPF .
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||an employer|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many elderly people do not have much CPF left as they have used it to pay for their house or child 's education .
+
+S This makes them to have not much savings when they grow old .
+A 1 6|||R:OTHER|||causes them to not have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thirdly , the aging people are very important to the society and country .
+A 3 7|||R:OTHER|||aged have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Without them , the country and people will not be so prosperous and developed now .
+A 14 14|||M:OTHER|||as they are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The shape what is Singapore now and support their families when they are young .
+A 0 15|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They still contribute to the society by looking after their grandchildren when the parent are working and our Minister Mentor , Mr Lee Kuan Yew , who still contribute very much to the country 's polities although he is over eighty years old .
+A 11 16|||R:OTHER|||while the parents are at work|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 29|||R:OTHER|||is one example of a person who contributes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They are still very much important and the government must help take care of them in a way and not to overlook them .
+A 4 5|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly , elderly people tend to have different needs and behaviours than younger people .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||to that of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Older people tend to work and save less and also require more health care .
+
+S In many countries , they depend on retirement pension to live through their remaining years .
+
+S Therefore , it is difficult to cut down on health or retirement benefits , as the aging population is becoming so serious .
+
+S Those people aged 70 and above have even weaker health than people of aged 50 to 70 .
+A 12 13|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They need money to support their increased health care costs because they have already used up their savings .
+
+S As so , they will place further demand on government funds .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||a result|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S At this point , one may wonder that aging population is a very important issue to take note .
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||if the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||R:OTHER|||the most|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , country 's development is also one of the matters that Singapore needs to be concerned of .
+A 2 3|||M:DET|||the Country|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 11|||R:OTHER|||a matter|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:PREP|||about|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The country 's trade , finance , transport , sports and education are key factors to drive a country 's economy which can not be neglected .
+
+S Having to maintain good trade relationship with the other countries such as having free tax and levy on imports and exports will help to grow the economy and benefit the people in Singapore .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||relationships|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Spending on education will help to nurture the people to have a good education from young and make Singapore a good place to seek education .
+
+S Development in sports such as hosting the Youth Olympic Games will be a great boost to the tourism sector as the Games is expected to generate a minimum of more than 150,000 visitors per night for Singapore ( Patwant Singh , 2008 ) .
+
+S All of these will boost the county 's economy .
+A 2 3|||R:DET|||this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Singapore is moving through a transformation to an aging society .
+A 2 7|||R:OTHER|||transforming into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The challenge is to encourage healthy and productive life of the aging population and find ways for them to contribute more to the society so that they can play a valuable role for the country .
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government should not use aging population as a reason to limit public spending as they always encourage productive and healthy living for the elderly people .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||the ageing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They are still very important to the country and the government must play a part to take care of them .
+
+S References :
+
+S 1 ) Bryan Lee ( 2008 , June ) Ageing population may hurt Singapore .
+
+S The Straits Times .
+
+S Retrieved from asiaone .
+
+S 2 ) Patwant Singh ( 2008 , Feb ) Inaugural Youth Olympic Games will boost Singapore 's tourism industry .
+
+S Channel NewsAsia
+
+S 3 ) Peter G. Peterson ( 2001 ) A Graying World .
+
+S Harvard International Review .
+
+S Demography is shifting today .
+
+S People are having fewer children and living longer .
+
+S By 2050 , our median age would increase from 36 years to 56 .
+
+S Singapore would be among the demographically oldest countries in the world and there will be fewer working adults looking after more aged dependents .
+
+S The issue of aging population should be taken seriously , and more has to be put in place in addressing the issue .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||an ageing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As such , judging from Singapore 's current demography , the aging population will be a long term situation .
+
+S Despite the government 's constant effort in introducing and crafting attractive policies and benefits to her people , the bid to boost child bearing still remains bleak .
+
+S Thus , public spending on the aged should be limited so that money can be diverted to other areas of the country 's development such as Education and Architecture , so as to focus on the long term situation .
+
+S First of all , money can be diverted to Singapore 's education system so as to increase the productivity of the younger generation to acquire sufficient wealth for future financial burden ( Peterson , 2001 ) .
+A 28 28|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 31|||UNK|||f|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is essential to build on the development of the country 's future - the younger generation - since the aged rely on the young and the young rely on the younger when old .
+
+S Clearly , a cycle is formed .
+
+S Raising the productivity of children via education can take place in the form of meeting the different needs and learning capabilities of them .
+
+S This includes reducing the ratio of the number of students to a single teacher , allowing the teacher to better focus his attention on the students .
+
+S Also , the government can direct more technological resources to school so as to better equip the younger generation in the technological-edged world , improving their economical worth .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||schools|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:OTHER|||for a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , the government can instill filial obligation ( Peterson , 2001 ) or family values and encouraging early marriage by diverting money in crafting new programmes via the education system .
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:FORM|||encourage|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These ensure while the younger generation is able to contribute economically , they do not neglect the filial obligation towards the aged and at the same time hope to raise fertility .
+A 27 31|||R:OTHER|||raise the fertility level|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Economically , by raising the productivity of the children via diverting more money to the education system , it increases the younger generation 's opportunity to increase their economic worth , and hence their future income .
+
+S Since the government 's ability to provide social and welfare services for the aged is based on the tax revenue gained , diverting money to Singapore 's education system would indirectly aid the aged and improve the aging population in the long run .
+
+S Secondly , money can be diverted to Singapore 's architecture developments in terms of increasing the accessibility of physical facilities for the aged .
+A 9 10|||R:MORPH|||architectural|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By improvising on Singapore 's physical infrastructure , it not only benefits the current generation of the elderly , but also future generations in time to come .
+
+S This is considered a long term investment by the government .
+
+S One of the most significant improvisations is the lift upgrading programme .
+
+S New lifts are being installed in both new and old public housing blocks so that it now stops on every floor instead of the old , which only stops on every third or fourth floor .
+A 25 25|||M:NOUN|||system|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Other than the lift upgrading programme , the Singapore government can direct more money into enabling housing estates to be barrier-free .
+
+S The refurbishment is clearly beneficial as recently residents at Nee Soon South were rejoicing about the fully equipped barrier-free access they are enjoying at Khatib MRT station .
+
+S Before work on the two new ramps began , it was a chore for the estate 's elderly folks to climb the stairs to get to the station .
+
+S Drawing from these two examples , money should be diverted to Singapore 's architecture developments as it acts as a long term investment the government has towards the issue of aging population .
+A 30 30|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However some may argue that public spending should not be limited .
+
+S This is because it does not address the current and impending situation of the aging population , and at the same time the aged are the most vulnerable in the society .
+
+S Hence the government should do more to help , instead of cutting down on the resources .
+
+S The aged not only require financial support , because of their inability to sustain themselves , but they also require emotional and social support .
+
+S Many social agencies in Singapore run on the basis of government and public funding .
+
+S If the government is to cut back on his funding , social agencies will face difficulties in sustaining their operation , not to mention the support they are able to provide for the aged .
+A 8 9|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In contrast , I feel that in Singapore 's context , limiting public spending and diverting money to the country 's Education & Architecture in order to address the long term aging population issue is viable .
+
+S This is due to the policies that the Singapore 's government has put in place , before the aging population surfaced .
+
+S The two most significant polices are , the Central Provident Fund ( CPF ) and home ownership .
+
+S CPF has required people to save up for their retirement , and hence old age , while home ownership has allowed at least a basic shelter and home sanitations for the aged .
+
+S Thus , the Singapore government has provided a safety-net in which the aged can fall back on while diverting money to other areas of development .
+
+S In conclusion , in Singapore , limiting public spending to divert money to other areas of the country 's development is a feasible option to address the long term aging population issue .
+
+S This is largely due to the compulsory legislations that are enforced upon by the government .
+
+S At the same time , cutting back on public spending does not equate to cutting off public spending , with careful planning and considerations , there can still be efficient allocation of money in aiding the aged .
+
+S Diverting money to Education and Architecture developments will prove to be beneficial for the aged and the generations to come .
+A 5 6|||R:MORPH|||Architectural|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||development|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since the aging population will be a long-standing issue , it is time the government put in place long term measures .
+
+S Therefore , public spending should be limited so that money can be diverted to other areas of the country 's development .
+
+S References Residents cheer barrier-free access at Khatib MRT station ( 2009 , September 02 ) .
+
+S The Strait Times .
+
+S AARP International ( 2009 , January 01 ) .
+
+S Preparing for an aging population : The Singapore Experience .
+
+S http : //www.aarpinternational.org/journal_sub/journal_sub_show.htm ? doc_id = 777199
+
+S Aging society is a primary concern for most parts of the world , especially the developed countries .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||An ageing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As such , policies that were introduced had much more emphasis on health and welfare benefits , where the aged are the key beneficiaries .
+
+S However , Friedland and Summer ( 2005 ) mentioned that " the critical challenge of an aging society is not so much how to accommodate the older population , but how to ensure the productivity of future workers , regardless of age .
+
+S " Although the government has the responsibility to care for the aged , they should direct their focus to training and educating the future workforce and generation .
+
+S Hence , public spending should be limited on the aged .
+A 5 5|||M:ADV|||not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Economy growth is vital to a country as with a good economy , it increases government revenue .
+A 0 1|||R:MORPH|||Economic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To achieve economic growth , productivity and knowledge of workforce is important .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the government can have funds for training and upgrading to improve workers ' productivity and knowledge .
+
+S For instance , in Singapore , the government set up an Employment and Employability Institute ( e2i ) .
+A 16 17|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the mission 'better jobs for life ' , this institute is to provide help to the workforce .
+
+S They have training courses for the working population , regardless of age , to enhance their skills and improve productivity and competitiveness .
+
+S They also have a referral centre to help jobseekers .
+
+S This allows people to keep upgrading and maintain their competitiveness in the workforce , which is essential to the economy .
+
+S In addition , emphasis should be placed on educating the young generation , as they will be the future workforce .
+A 10 11|||R:ADJ:FORM|||younger|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government has to maintain quality education and teach the right values when they are young .
+
+S The government should also ensure no one is deprived of a good education because of money issues .
+
+S In today 's economy , students not only have to be knowledgeable , they have to learn to appreciate other cultures , languages to be able to compete internationally .
+
+S For that reason , student exchange programs in schools are increasing .
+A 1 2|||R:DET|||this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Similarly , the government should have subsidies to encourage the underprivileged students to sign up and allow them to gain insights to other cultures .
+
+S Every student should have an equal chance in receiving quality education and money should not be an issue to any student .
+
+S This is where the government should step in and eliminate any money issues .
+
+S However , public spending on the aged should not be limited as they had made contributions to the economy when they were of working age .
+
+S When they were working , they had to pay taxes .
+
+S These taxes paid are a significant amount added to the public funds .
+A 2 4|||R:VERB|||contributed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This means that every individual contributed in a way and should be entitled to the benefits .
+
+S For example , a 70 year old man has been slogging his whole life working , contributing to the economy .
+
+S Now , he is sick and requires medical treatment .
+
+S However , with little savings , he is unable to seek treatment .
+
+S This is where the government has to step in and help .
+
+S With rising medical costs , the government has to set aside a considerable amount for health and medical subsidies for the elderly as most of them would not be able to afford it .
+
+S The government should not ignore them as they certainly helped and contributed to the country during their early years .
+
+S A good economy will ensure the overall well-being of the society .
+
+S That is why the government should focus on economic growth primarily ; taking care of the aged should be secondary .
+
+S One of the ways to improve economy is to ensure the competitiveness of the workforce by having and encouraging people to upgrade their skills .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The other way is to have students receiving quality education since young .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the government should have wise policy planning .
+
+S A significant amount of money should be diverted to other areas such as education and research for the country 's development and a smaller amount for subsidies in medical and healthcare .
+
+S Public policies that encourage and facilitate education , basic research , and the application of promising technologies can enhance the well-being of current and future generations of older people ( Friedland and Summer , 2005 ) .
+
+S This is true as when public funds are directed into research , education and technology , it initiates economic growth .
+
+S With economic growth , it means increasing revenue for the country .
+
+S Subsequently , with the increased public funds due to a good economy , the government will have a larger budget for the aged .
+
+S Every year , governments take into serious considerations on the allocations of their limited public spending .
+A 4 9|||R:OTHER|||seriously consider|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||allocation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In Singapore 's Financial Year 2009 , the expenditures allocated had been revised and redistributed .
+
+S They are social development ( 41.5 % ) , security and external relations ( 34.3 % ) , economic development ( 20.4 % ) and government administration ( 4.0 % ) ( Ministry of Finance , 2009 ) .
+
+S One of the reasons why social development has the highest percentage is because governments are facing the problems of aging population and are looking for ways to resolve them .
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , other than directly diverting the money on the aged , there are other ways to resolve these issues .
+
+S Majority of the public spending should be directed to areas that can assist in the country 's developments such as the improving of the education system and creating of more job opportunities , so substantially , lesser public spending on the aged should be set aside .
+
+S However , some argued that public spending should not be limited to the aged .
+A 3 3|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some aging issues included economic reduction and workforce inefficiency ( Peterson , 2001 ) .
+
+S With these rising issues , there is an urgent need to pump in more money for this group of needy people .
+
+S For instance , Singapore should consider subsidizing more of the costly medical bills for the aged .
+
+S When one gets old , one tends to have poorer health .
+
+S This results in the need to undergo several medical treatments .
+
+S Consequently , majority of the savings will be directed to the payment of their medical treatments .
+
+S This further strains their financial burden if they still have children who are depending on them .
+
+S Furthermore , elder people tend to be less efficient than the younger working adults .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , companies are not willing to offer a higher salary rate even if they manage to secure a job .
+
+S Hence , it is vital that government does its part by diverting more of its spending to help the aged .
+A 6 7|||M:DET|||the Government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although these issues can be address by not limiting the public spending , there are still other ways to resolve them by diverting the money to another area - improvement in the education system .
+
+S Education prepares the younger generations for the future workforce , making them more affluent and teaching them to achieve success .
+
+S In addition , it emphasizes the importance of filial piety which encourages children to have the full responsibilities to take care of their aged parents when they grow up .
+
+S The provision of a higher standard of education also encourages the children to be more independent for their own survival in the future .
+
+S It also creates a " work more and save more " mindset so as to reduce government dependency .
+
+S Most importantly , improving the education system helps in developing the country socially and economically , so diverting the money to this area is a more effective and efficient way to help the aged indirectly .
+
+S Secondly , creating more job opportunities is another area whereby money should be diverted to .
+
+S In order to reduce the needs of the aged to fully depend on the government , the government should encourage the aged to support themselves instead .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||need|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is impossible to support them in the long- run as there are many other areas of concerns which the government needs to look into as well .
+
+S Hence , with the creation of more jobs , the government can assist the aged to secure a job and allow them to support themselves , with the condition that they are still in healthy conditions .
+A 26 27|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It also allows the younger generations to easily secure a job and support their aged parents independently .
+
+S All these promote social and economic developments of a country too .
+
+S Looking ahead , jobs creation is a more resourceful way in developing a country with its public spending .
+
+S With regards to all the points mentioned , it is concluded that public spending on the aged should be limited .
+
+S The idea of limiting the spending on the aged and diverting the money to the improving of education system and creating of more job opportunities is to prevent the over-reliance of the aged on the government , eliminating the wrong perception of " I will still survive with this 'free ' money from the government " .
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , since the improvement of education system and creation of more jobs bring about more long-term benefits than having an unlimited public spending on the aged , money should be diverted to these areas as part of the country 's developments which eventually , will impact the aged positively .
+
+S * " To a large extent , current research and development/policies have helped to ease the aging process .
+
+S " Do you agree ?
+
+S Discuss this statement in relation to your particular field of study or interest ( e.g .
+
+S economics , science , medicine , social policy , architecture , psychology , technological inventions ) .
+
+S N.B You can draw examples from more than one field of study or interest .
+
+S However , your essay should demonstrate in-depth analysis .
+
+S " To a large extent , current research and development/policies have helped to ease the aging process " Looking at large scale , there are a number of countries have problem with the aging issue which is the faster the elders ' rate increases , the more urgently the problem must be solved .
+A 18 20|||R:OTHER|||on a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 29|||M:DET|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 30|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 43|||R:OTHER|||rate of elderly people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the governments are funding for many realistic researches and technologies to weigh down the deadweigh loss of aging process .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||a lot of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||technology|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 21|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although there still have some burden apportionments that should be considered such as the cost of facilities , equipment and finding sponsorship to make the development , it is proved that we must be serious in extending the method of easing aging process .
+A 0 7|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 30|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:OTHER|||governments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 41|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to the Wikimedia statistics : " the median age of the population rose from 29.0 in 1950 to 37.3 in 2000 , and is forecast to rise to 45.5 by 2050 .
+
+S The corresponding figures for the world as a whole are 23.9 for 1950 , 26.8 for 2000 , and 37.8 for 2050 .
+
+S In Japan , one of the fastest ageing countries in the world , in 1950 there were 9.3 people under 20 for every person over 65 .
+
+S By 2025 this ratio is forecast to be 0.59 people under 20 for every person older than 65 " ...we can observe that the dramatically increasing proportion of elderly will have tremendously wide impacts on our society .
+A 19 22|||R:OTHER|||...It can be observed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 29|||M:NOUN|||people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 31|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:NOUN:NUM|||impact|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , The elderly seem to be burdensome for young generation for the young must share their budgets to take care of the elder .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||generations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 25|||R:OTHER|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , the increase of the elder 's rate can cause trouble in health care costs which means more funds used for maintaining healthy life for no-more-able-working portion in society .
+A 4 5|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 9|||R:OTHER|||rate of elderly people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 30|||M:OTHER|||no longer able to work|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , we must have some solutions to solve this critical problem .
+A 2 12|||R:OTHER|||some solutions to solve this critical problem must be found.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Let take a look in Singapore policies nowadays .
+A 6 6|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Based on the estimation of 7 % percent of Singapore 's population is over 65 currently and foreseen estimation about 19 % by 2030 ( cited in Asian Metacare research paper ) .
+A 0 33|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Under the thread of bearing the burden of aging , the Singapore 's government implements some policies such as constructing the new infrastructures for the elder and for the next generations also .
+A 2 9|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has implemented|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , the policy makers also plant to extend the financial security of the elderly through either rising the working age or prolonging the retirement bursaries .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB|||plan|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB|||raising|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Those policies are easing gradually the aging process for they create good conditions to the elder who would be likely thought as useless elements in society have more opportunities to contribute their productive labour and have more happiness for the rest of their life .
+A 3 5|||R:WO|||gradually easing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 26|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 35|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , the improvement of healthcare system is also lightening the aging burden .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||improvements|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||in the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S More and more medication innovation has applied to extend the expectation of life so that the working-age has been lengthened consequently .
+A 3 4|||R:MORPH|||medical|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 13|||R:OTHER|||life expectancy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the result , the productivity of citizen has also increased rapidly which leads to the increase in national revenue .
+A 1 2|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||citizens|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Despite of the disagreement among economists about the cost of investing money in developing new technologies and drugs for maintaining good heath for the elder , the investment in health care is profitable and wise .
+A 1 2|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN|||health|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When the elderly workers have more choices to keep their healthy lives longer , they are eager to become potential consumers for medical care ; therefore , the national budget will grow tremendously which relatively increase a big amount of GDP rate ( cited in the " Government will control media cost ?
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:VERB:SVA|||increases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 42|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " Article ) .
+
+S So the fact that the governments put efforts to develop health care system is logical and actually they have done well .
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:PART|||into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:FORM|||developing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||systems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , according to the National Bureau of Economic Research study by economists Laurence Kotlikoff and Christian Hagist : " the study found that the annualized rate of growth in government spending on health care was not only tops in the U.S. , at 6.23 percent , but that the rate of growth here was the fastest relative to increases in gross domestic product among the 10 countries studied .
+A 5 19|||R:OTHER|||a study by economists Laurence Kotlikoff and Christian Hagist of the National Bureau of Economic Research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 25|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S That 's one reason why today the U.S. devotes about 16 percent of it domestic product to health care , compared to an average of less than 9 percent in other industrialized countries " .
+
+S Hence , the USA spent money on nursing , building hospitals and strengthening clinical care for the elder .
+A 17 19|||R:OTHER|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Likewise , in Singapore , the government spends S $ 110 million to pay basic Medishield premiums for two years for Singaporeans aged 61 to 69 so that 90 % of the elder can have health care benefits ( cited in Asian metacare paper ) .
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||on paying|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In short , from the economical and social points of view , we can conclude that the elder have been taken care of well than in the past by the improvement of technological equipments , healthy care systems and the serious awareness of the governments .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||point|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 15|||R:OTHER|||it can be concluded|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:OTHER|||better|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:NOUN:NUM|||equipment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:OTHER|||health|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 44 44|||M:OTHER|||issue by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The elder must be respected because they are the factor to make the society be better-off in either economics or society .
+A 1 2|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||a factorr|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||in making|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:MORPH|||economically|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the result , we should continue to put efforts in dealing with the aging process issue .
+A 1 2|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||governments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References : ASIAN Metacare RESEARCH PAPER SERIES , byAnglque Chan , retrieved in 2000 .
+
+S Website : ( { http : //www.populationasia.org/Publications/RP/AMCRP3.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.populationasia.org/Publications/RP/AMCRP3.pdf ] ) Government Will Control Medical CostsBy Steven Malanga ?
+
+S July 01 , 2009 .
+
+S website : { http : //www.manhattan-institute.org/html/miarticle.htm ? id = 5017 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.manhattan-institute.org/html/miarticle.htm ? id = 5017 ] Wikimedia-the free encyclopedia .
+
+S Population aging post .
+
+S Overview topic ,retrieved in May 2008 , website : { http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_ageing } [ HYPERLINK : http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_ageing ]
+
+S As a result of a growing aging population , public spending on the aged has increased in an attempt to minimize the negative impacts of a fast aging population .
+A 4 5|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Such strategy translates to increasing pressure on national budgets and economies which can be used in other areas of the country 's development .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:PREP|||into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:TENSE|||could|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some have argued that public spending on the aged is redundant as the productivity and contributions of the aged to the nation is questioned .
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||contribution|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:MORPH|||questionable|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , public spending on the aged should be diverted to other areas of the country 's development due to the potential fruitful returns from these investments .
+
+S However , the assumption that the aged is non productive is untrue due to the increasing emphasis on healthcare .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This allowed the aged to remain healthy and continue working hence they are able to remain productive despite their age .
+A 1 1|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 15|||R:OTHER|||has allowed the aged to remain healthy , continue working and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , public spending on the aged is crucial in ensuring the continuance productivity of the aged which in turn benefits the country .
+A 12 13|||R:MORPH|||continued|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , the high medical and healthcare services fees can " substantially drain the resources of many elderly " ( Friedland , & Summer , 2005 , p.17 ) .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||service|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Without healthcare benefits for the aged such as subsidized medical fees , most elderly are unlikely to afford the high medical expenses incurred .
+
+S Despite having insurance coverage , it is still possible that the medical bills are insufficiently covered .
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , the health of the elderly can deteriorate as they may not seek treatment due to the inability to pay the medical bills .
+
+S The economy in turn suffers due to the threats on the productivity of the aged .
+
+S Therefore , the government should not neglect the healthcare benefits for the aged as the consequence is undesirable .
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , a fast aging population would mean that " growing numbers of elderly persons are supported by relatively fewer younger persons " ( Peterson , 2001 , p. 7 ) .
+
+S This indicates a lack of resource , whether monetary or non monetary to support the large numbers of elderly .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||resources|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , the younger generations will come under heavy pressure due to the disparity ratio support of the aged .
+
+S To lighten this pressure , public spending such as healthcare benefits can help lighten the financial burden faced by the younger generation .
+
+S Besides , it brings us back to the aspect of high medical expenditures where the younger generations are probably unable to afford as well .
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S An example would be an only son having to support his aging parents and elderly grandparents .
+
+S He is likely to face financial constraints due to the high medical expenditures .
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To solve this problem , public spending on the aged can provide an alternative resource to support the aged which therefore lighten the burden of the younger generations .
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:SVA|||lightens|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , the additional healthcare resource can improve the health of the elderly hence , enhancing the productivity of the aged .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||resources|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thirdly , the shrinking ratio of younger generations in the future indicates the importance of elderly to remain productive to the economy .
+A 16 18|||R:VERB:FORM|||remaining|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Generally , it is assumed that the young should support the elderly .
+
+S The younger generation should remain in the workforce while the elderly tend to retire at a stipulated age .
+
+S However , this scenario may change in the future due to the lack of human resource in the job market .
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||resources|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To prevent the disruption of labour market , elderly are likely to remain in the work force in the near future .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , an elderly friendly environment is essential to enhance the efficiency of the work force .
+
+S As the country ultimately benefits from the productivity of the aged , it is rational for the government to utilise public spending on the aged .
+
+S Therefore , the public spending on the aged is as crucial as other areas of country 's development .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the assumption that public spending should be used in other areas of country 's development due to the lack of productivity of the aged is flawed .
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Increasing awareness on healthcare has allowed the elderly to remain productive in the workforce which in turn benefits the country as a whole .
+
+S Therefore , public spending is essential due to the high healthcare services fees , the lack of resources to support the growing numbers of aged and the labour input of the aged in the society .
+
+S In essence , public spending on aged is rationalized and valid as the aged remain to be a valuable asset in the country .
+
+S References Doomsday Predications about Population Aging Are Exaggerated , Robert B. Friedland and Laura Summer : Friedland , & Summer ( 2005 ) .
+
+S Doomsday Predications about Population Aging Are Exaggerated ( pp .
+
+S 17 ) .
+
+S A Greying World , Peter G. Peterson : Peterson ( 2001 ) .
+
+S A Greying World ( pp.7 )
+
+S The aging process has indeed become a phenomenon in Singapore .
+
+S This is mainly due to a shift in the country 's population .
+
+S The government has responded to this issue by establishing policies and programs to manage the aging process .
+
+S Most of the policies aim to reduce the problems associated with an aging population .
+
+S One crucial is problem the increase in government expenditure for the aging population which in turn strains the future working population .
+A 2 4|||R:WO|||problem is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although some policies do facilitate in reducing the expenditure towards the elderly to a certain extent , it may still prove to be insufficient in easing the aging process .
+
+S One segment of policies that the government has implemented is to increase the total fertility rate of Singapore .
+A 13 14|||R:ADJ|||overall|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These policies aim to produce a higher rate of productive children for the future workforce .
+
+S They will be the ones to support the large number of the future aging population .
+
+S However , the policies have proven to be ineffective ( Wong & Yeoh , 2003 ) .
+
+S For example , the Baby Bonus Scheme which was introduced in April 1 , 2001 , was established to reduce the financial costs of raising children by providing cash grants .
+
+S The cash grants can be used to pay for child care , preschool and healthcare expenses .
+
+S The scheme caused an adverse effect as it only focuses on the explicit costs .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||focused|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government failed to include the implicit costs of raising children .
+
+S Some of which includes giving up one 's career to take care of their children .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||include|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||one'sr|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , with the progressive economy , many prefer to establish their careers before having children .
+A 4 6|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The cost of raising children has also risen in the past years due to the need to enroll them in numerous programs .
+
+S Parents in this modern society want their children to be equipped with numerous amount of skill to prepare them for the future workforce .
+A 13 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||skills|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another policy implemented by the government involves providing for oneself through life-long savings .
+
+S This policy is implemented through the Central Provident Fund , CPF scheme .
+
+S The CPF scheme is a compulsory savings meant to meet one 's basic living needs upon retirement .
+
+S Under the CPF scheme , the Medisave scheme is developed to lessen the impact of medical and hospitalization expenses .
+
+S However , the Medisave scheme have proven to be insufficient because medical expenses for the elderly are simply too high that one 's Medisave savings can be used up within one week ( Popatlal , 2009 ) .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:ADV|||so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:OTHER|||people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , with longer life expectancy , the Medisave savings may not be adequate .
+
+S This problem becomes worst if the elderly does not have any children or children who choose to neglect their responsibilities to support their elder 's healthcare finances .
+A 3 4|||R:MORPH|||worse|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||do|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus the National Housing policies were introduced to encourage filial responsibilities of the adult children .
+
+S However , it has been proven to be unsuccessful .
+
+S This may be due to the change in culture and values of the modern adult generation since they prefer to live further from their parents .
+
+S On the other hand , housing policies may have an opposite effect as some couples may misuse the policy by using the grant for their own benefit .
+A 9 10|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One example of a housing policy that has proven to be unsuccessful is the Multi-Tier Family Housing Scheme which encourages parents and married children to live together ( Hill and Kwen , 1995 ) .
+
+S Nevertheless , some developments that the government has implemented do ease the aging process .
+
+S The current development of new community hospitals which links up with the main hospitals is an example of a measure that will ease the aging process .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:SVA|||link|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Community hospitals are built to allow the elderly patients , usually with chronic illnesses , to recover with the assistance of a professional medical team but at a lower cost .
+
+S This will reduce medical expenses for the elderly .
+
+S In addition to that , community hospitals will free up beds in the main hospitals for acute illnesses .
+
+S Easing the aging process by establishing policies that solves explicit problems has proved to be inadequate .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:SVA|||solve|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These policies may be useful only as a short-term solution .
+
+S The government may need to consider the social changes and needs of the younger population to improve the aging process on a long-term basis .
+
+S This may include the impact of the rise in living expenses and the influences of the western culture .
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Without considering these social changes , the aging process may increase government expenditure and the burden of the future workforce generation .
+
+S Ageing Population has become an unprecedented fast developing phenomenon reining many countries in the 21st century , more prominently in the developed countries .
+A 9 10|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In face with low birth rate , policy makers are concerned about the social and economic impacts brought about by this phenomenon .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||Faced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||rates|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Public spending on the aged and effects on the national budget has been identified as one of the pressing issues pertaining to an ageing population .
+
+S Despite strains experienced on public spending , to a large extent in my opinion that the well being of the elderly should be attended to first with priority before any other aspects come into considerations during policy making .
+A 11 15|||R:OTHER|||given the severity/urgency of the problem , the well being..wt|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Only so can then the other problems arising from an ageing population be resolved simultaneously .
+A 1 2|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 4|||R:WO|||then can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With longer average life expectancies in the ageing population , demand for a good healthcare system to be in place is critical .
+A 16 20|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With higher standard of livings as compared to past conditions , people are living longer today .
+A 2 5|||R:OTHER|||standards of living|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This situation is especially pronounced in the case of developed countries that are facing an ageing population .
+
+S Therefore government has the need to channel more resources into building of healthcare infrastructures and services .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||governments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 4|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A good healthcare system will be one whereby the elderly are able to access with ease in time of needs and that it should be one that is made affordable to all .
+A 14 14|||M:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||need|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nobody should be deprived from receiving of treatments on any grounds .
+A 6 7|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||treatment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Investments on a good healthcare system would ensure that the ageing population is healthy and hence more government attention could then be diverted onto issues like economic development and etc .
+A 1 2|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover a healthy ageing population would also mean that more labours will be available for deployment and hence contributing to the nation 's productivity and development indirectly .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN|||workers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S 'By shrinking the budget allocated to public spending on the aged does not reduce the cost incurred on the society .
+
+S It is just a switch in roles from governments to families and individuals to shoulder these expenses , which most of the case actually involved a higher cost ( Friedland & Summer , March 2005 ) .
+
+S ' This point justifies that by reducing the budget in necessary public spending on the aged might in fact hinder the country 's development under certain circumstances .
+A 5 6|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In recognition to changing demographic patterns experienced in today 's world , there is a need to have appropriate amenities in place to meet society 's needs .
+
+S With regards to the ageing population , governments should adopt a flexible approach in policy making in order to cater to their country 's ever changing needs .
+
+S This would mean that more resources should be allocated to address the ageing population issue rather than to disregard it .
+
+S Increasing investment of capitals in amenities such as day care centres , elderly friendly housings and facilities , establishing more homes for the elderly etc should be carried out in response to the ageing population .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||capital|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Despite the increase in capital investments on elderly friendly amenities , the allocated budget for country 's development need not be jeopardized .
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Instead governments could undergo reallocation of budget whereby more funds initially set aside for childcare amenities be transferred to fund the development of elderly friendly amenities since the precede needs fewer resources due to low birth rate in the population .
+A 3 7|||R:OTHER|||reallocate budgets|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:OTHER|||former|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 34|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover having in place all the amenities for the elderly , it would allow the elderly to be more independent and less reliant in taking care of themselves .
+A 20 23|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S More policy making attentions and resources hence could be placed on other aspects in the country 's development as a result .
+A 3 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However welfare for the elderly should be offered on varying levels with accordance to individual elderly needs , in order to better allocate a country 's limited resources and eliminate inefficiency and wastage ( Peterson , 2001 ) .
+A 15 16|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As shown by several welfare states such as Britain and Canada , the pension scheme might cripple peoples ' motivation to work and brought about early retirement .
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:FORM|||bring|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This in turn would lead to lower labour deployment for the country and hence lower productivity , having an adverse effect on the country ' development .
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Increased public spending in this case encourages senior citizens to stay idle , when the resources can be better diverted to other areas of country 's development .
+A 24 24|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This reminds policymakers to adopt a more caution mindset while allocating fund to public spending .
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||cautious|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||funds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We have identified that public spending on the aged is necessary due to changing demographic patterns of today 's society and should not be disregarded .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||This essay has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Only when the ageing population issue is well managed can then lead to a desirable outcome on the country 's development .
+A 10 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:VERB|||be achieved.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However public spending budgets should be drafted with more considerations to avoid any misuse of the country 's resources .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||consideration|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References Robert B. Friedland and Laura Summer , Demography Is Not Destiny , Revisited .
+
+S Center on Aging Society , Georgetown University , March 2005 .
+
+S A Graying World .
+
+S Peter G Peterson .
+
+S Havard International Review .
+
+S 23.3 ( Fall 2001 ) : 66
+
+S Public spending on the aged is favorable , but other areas of the country 's development should not be compromised as the resources are limited .
+
+S Undoubtedly , the spending on the aged is essential as they have contributed to our society greatly , but this should only be done to an extent and shall not be the full responsibility of the government .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:VERB:TENSE|||should|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , the advances in technology , prolonged the life expectancy of every single human , making expenditure for old age soars to a great high , due to the high medical cost .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:SVA|||soar|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:NOUN:NUM|||costs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to the Friedland and Summer ( 2005 ) , if a nation spend more on the aged , besides slowing down the growth of the nation , it will also create more costly problems in future .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:SVA|||spends|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These problems include insufficient housing for the people , higher unemployment rate and insufficient budget for the future aged population may occur .
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||rates|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , public spending on the aged should be limited to an acceptable level whereas it covers the neediest that are desperate for help , while most of the other portions of the public fund should be invested into the expansion of the nation to generate more funds for the aged when the investments ripen .
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||where|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 27|||R:OTHER|||. Most|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A country that is not expanding as fast as the population grows will bring forward insufficient housing for its people .
+A 13 15|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , the reduction in housing spending while spending more on the aged , may cost the government more to subdue the problem created by the former .
+A 19 27|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is because the government may need to build and set up temporary accommodations for the homeless , where the manpower , materials and resources will cost more than the problem associated with the limited spending on the aged .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||accommodation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:NOUN:NUM|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , the people will lose the loyalty and sense of belonging to the country when there is n't even shelter above their heads .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This may cause mass emigration of the working age group which will bring down the nation 's economy largely and further implicates the aging population problem .
+A 18 19|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB|||aggravate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The other implication of overspending on the aged will be slowing down the growth of the economy which leads to unemployment as the market is unable to support the additional people .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||Anotherr|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This again will cost the government even more as now the government will need to support the increased number of people whom are in needs .
+A 21 23|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN:NUM|||need|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Then , the government not only needs to help the aged but also the additional working age group .
+
+S Furthermore , the current working age group may not have anything to rely on when they grow old as the government did not invest enough in the market while placing large amount of the funds on the aged population now .
+A 28 29|||R:OTHER|||instead|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 40|||R:OTHER|||current/present aged population|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The consequences might be a deficit in the government 's spending which will be a burden for the next generation .
+
+S This is totally unfair as the former are reaping the fruits sowed by the latter .
+
+S Social issue such as the lack of filial piety will be the outcome if there are no limitations set on the spending for the aged .
+
+S This is because the working age group will choose not to take care of the aged as the government will be looking after them .
+
+S Thus , it pulls down their awareness of responsibility for looking after their own aged parents , while pushing the responsibility to the state .
+
+S This is an act of unfilial .
+A 3 6|||R:OTHER|||unfilial act|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another social issue will be the aged takes the government helps for granted and being inconsiderate for depriving those aged people who are really in needs such as those old single women and disabled aged personnel .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:FORM|||taking|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:MORPH|||help|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 17|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:MORPH|||need|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 36|||R:OTHER|||people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These two social issues will not happen if there is limitation on the public spending on the aged for the fund will help those who are really in need rather than it is entitled to all elderly .
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 37|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , public spending should be limited to an extent where no single needy is deprived from the assistance .
+A 15 15|||M:NOUN|||person|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government should also diversify the funds to develop the economy , so when economy grown , means there will be more money for the government to support those aged who are unfortunate and vulnerable .
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:FORM|||grows|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , the people will also have greater disposable income , to be self reliance , in order to support their aged parents .
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 18|||R:OTHER|||self-reliant|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference list :
+
+S Robert B. Friedland and laura Summer , Demography Is Not Destiny , Revisited .
+
+S Center on Aging Society , Georgetown University , March 2005 .
+
+S The baby boom period did not happen without reason .
+
+S It was a worldwide phenomenon that took place as a quick solution for population growth .
+
+S However , many countries now , are experiencing its consequences .
+
+S As Peterson ( 2001 ) has aptly titled his analysis , we are in a " Graying World " ( p.66 ) .
+
+S Singapore is no exception , but to quite a large extent , many policies and community services have been developed over the years to help ease the weight of an aging population .
+
+S Singapore has noticed the growing pressure of an aging population .
+
+S Our population pyramid ( The Singapore Department of Statistics , 2008a ) is one that is constrictive , with " fewer people in the younger age categories " ( Richmond , n.d. , p.64 ) .
+
+S As reported by SDS ( 2008b ) , we have a decreasing old age support ratio , with 17 residents aged 15 64 years old supporting one senior citizen aged 65 and above in 1970 , reduced to just 8.4 in 2008 .
+A 22 22|||M:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to the Ministry of Community Development , Youth and Sports ( 2009a ) , in 20 years ' time , " one in five residents in Singapore will be aged 65 and above " , which would make us " one of the fastest ageing populations in Asia " .
+
+S At this rate , sustaining our country 's silver generation can not just be the duty of the children , but as far as possible , a great work of cooperation , with the help of policies .
+
+S Instead of just 'feeding ' , the government aims to get senior citizens to learn a new way of fishing emphasizing self-reliance unless impossible .
+A 22 24|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To oversee the progress of how the nation can ease the aging process , the Ministerial Committee on Ageing was set up to ensure " an inter-ministry approach to prepare for rapid population ageing " ( MCYS , September 12 , 2009a ) .
+
+S For starters , the elderly can approach their district 's Community Development Council , which can help in job-matching , recommending government assistance schemes , applying for skills upgrading workshops and assisting in healthcare issues .
+
+S To encourage job security , they can receive the Chinese Development Assisting Council ( CDAC ) Skills Training Award when they successfully complete their skill upgrading courses ( MCYS , 2009b ) .
+
+S These initiatives are supported by the fact that it was reported four years ago , " 63.1 per cent of senior citizens aged 55 and above had their own source of income " ( MCYS , 2006 , p.4 ) .
+
+S Another example is that many districts also hold regular free health screenings for the elderly .
+
+S While the country has to bear the initial costs , it helps seniors pick up telling signs of illnesses in order to be treated early .
+
+S In 2005 , " more than half ( 64.2 % ) of senior citizens above the age of 55 went for regular health screening " ( MCYS , 2006 , p.9 ) .
+
+S If majority of our senior citizens are able to be as independent and pro-active , it helps to ease the dependency on our younger working population .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even with the plethora of schemes , policies and aid , there will always be some who are unable to be as independent .
+A 21 22|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It can be a range of reasons , such as disability , health , old age and even their mentality towards post-retirement work .
+A 0 1|||R:PRON|||This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 3|||M:OTHER|||due to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In many traditional families , it is a social expectation for children to support their elderly parents after retirement .
+
+S This obligatory gesture is seen as filial piety .
+
+S Based on the findings from 2005 , it was found that inevitably , " dependence on financial support from children increased with age of senior citizens " .
+
+S It was reported by MCYS that more than half of those aged 55 to 64 years old were given help by their children .
+
+S As expected , percentage " increased to 77.9 % for those aged 75 and above " ( MCYS , 2006 , p.9 ) .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S At the same time , it could be the mindset of some senior citizens , who feel the government should be footing their bills , as a right being the country 's eldest .
+A 28 29|||R:OTHER|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:ADJ|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S An aging population is a reality that can not be postponed and it is happening now .
+
+S With the foresight of our country 's leaders , sociologists and policy makers , Singapore has many solutions to help alleviate the problems and hopefully , work towards sustaining the country better .
+A 26 27|||R:OTHER|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , policies and solutions can only work if they are tried and feedback is given to continuously improve them .
+
+S Everyone has a part to play , regardless as a working adult , a retiree , an elderly or more importantly , as a citizen .
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||if they are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:NOUN|||person|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:ADV|||just|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Ministry of Community Development , Youth and Sports [ MCYS ] , ( 2006 ) .
+
+S The national survey of senior citizens in Singapore 2005 .
+
+S Retrieved on September 12 , 2009 from http : //www.mcys.gov.sg/MCDSFiles/Resource/Materials/NSSC % 202005.pdf
+
+S Ministry of Community Development , Youth and Sports [ MCYS ] .
+
+S ( 2009a ) .
+
+S About Seniors : The aging population .
+
+S Retrieved on September 12 , 2009 from http : //app.mcys.gov.sg/web/indv_abtageing.asp
+
+S Ministry of Community Development , Youth and Sports [ MCYS ] .
+
+S ( 2009b ) .
+
+S Directory of family & community services .
+
+S Retrieved on September 13 , 2009 from http : //app.mcys.gov.sg/web/serv_dss_searchPI_results.asp ? InterestID = 3,10,5,1
+
+S Peterson , P. G. ( 2001 ) .
+
+S A Graying World .
+
+S Harvard International Review , 23 ( 3 ) : 66 .
+
+S Richmond , M. ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Population pyramids .
+
+S Retrieved on September 13 , 2009 from www.fsl.orst.edu/pnwerc/.../5...Populations/5h.pyramids_web.pdf
+
+S The Singapore Department of Statistics [ SDS ] .
+
+S ( 2008a ) .
+
+S Population age pyramid .
+
+S Retrieved on September 13 , 2009 from http : //www.singstat.gov.sg/stats/charts/popn-area.html # popnB
+
+S The Singapore Department of Statistics [ SDS ] .
+
+S ( 2008b ) .
+
+S Old age support ratio .
+
+S Retrieved on September 13 , 2009 from http : //www.singstat.gov.sg/stats/charts/popn-area.html # popnB
+
+S As the effects of an ageing population are usually associated with " impending " problematic issues such as the need for " publicly-financed health and welfare packages " ( Friedland & Summer , 2005 ) , it is considerably detrimental to the economical progression of a country .
+
+S Furthermore , the process of ageing itself can be a traumatic affair .
+
+S To experience a changing state of the body , generally for the worse , an individual could undergo tremendous amount of psychological stress .
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||amounts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , besides the critical assessment of allocating and maximising the use of the country 's resources , the government also have a part to play in ensuring that the people have a smooth transition into old age .
+A 29 30|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There have been many proposed strategies , policies and researches that acts to target people of all ages in alleviating the effects of a greying population .
+A 9 10|||R:MORPH|||research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:SVA|||act|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But , because such approaches tend to operate with the concept of initial loss and future substantial gain , the majority may be unwilling to accept such propositions .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||However ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As such , I do not agree on the statement that the current policies have helped to ease the aging process to a large extent .
+A 3 8|||R:OTHER|||critics disagree with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Without inculcating social responsibility to both the aged and the young , these propositions may only lead to a paradoxical effect .
+
+S Indeed , some policies may serve its sole purpose in reducing the fiscal issue but not entirely easing ageing as a whole .
+
+S As purposed by Peterson ( 2001 ) , " requiring people to provide in advance for their own old-age dependency " is one solution which is evident .
+
+S This concept is very much like the Central Provident Fund ( CPF ) of Singapore , aiming to prepare the people through imposed sanctions on savings for retirement .
+
+S Although this method follows a " institutional-redistributive model " ( Metha & Wee , 2004 ) that is beneficiary to all citizens of Singapore , it involves the compulsory allocation of a portion of the salary , which in a short-term perspective is unfavourable .
+A 4 5|||R:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Goals like car ownership may be disrupted by such interventions since the supposedly 'extra income ' is used to cover the individual for insurance and possible medical cost .
+A 27 28|||R:NOUN:NUM|||costs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Through a holistic approach of both attitudes and actions towards such policy , it can then be comfortable for them in apprehending ageing .
+A 13 23|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They have to align their ideology with that of the government to reap the equal benefits of such policies .
+A 0 1|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another problem we have to address is people 's compliance to the proposed strategies .
+
+S Peterson suggested " to increase the size of today 's and the future 's economy and tax base by encouraging greater productivity among the non-elderly " , the workforce and children ( 2001 ) .
+
+S He believes that through the upgrading of the people , they can contribute more to the society with the newly imparted skills .
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In contrast , by creating policies to boost productivity of the workforce , the government would firstly have to set aside resources for upgrading and incentive , posing more potential of cutting welfare programs of the aged to fund the new regime .
+A 25 26|||R:NOUN:NUM|||incentives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since the intended result is also not substantial , imposing these policies may then cause aggravation to the people as most may prefer our resources to be put into more beneficial and tangible use like funding welfare programs .
+A 23 24|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:NOUN:NUM|||uses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The people may not work more despite the fact that they became more qualified in multiple professions .
+A 0 1|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , in order for such policies to ease the issue of a greying population , the paradigm of aiding the country must be observed by the society .
+A 26 27|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I would also like to highlight that in the National Day 's Rally 09 ' speech made by PM Lee , he has also re-emphasised on the significance of social responsibility .
+A 0 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 24|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S He mentioned that though Singapore is on the way of new hospitals and strategies of saving cost in the recovery of the economical downturn , the community themselves should be obliged to maintain a healthy lifestyle ( 2009 ) .
+A 6 10|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:PRON|||itself|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The aged have to acknowledge that community hospitals are recommended for rehabilitation while the general hospitals are meant for acute problems .
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Families and communities should also supervise the wellness of these people through regular medical checks or even maintaining a healthy social network .
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are many existing initiatives that the society can play in the absence of such policies to ease the ageing process .
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB|||implement|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order for any development or strategies to work , it must incorporate the social responsibility of the people .
+
+S By campaigning pro-activeness as an integral part of the people 's lives , we can be certain that for any policies implemented , it will be embraced by the majority 's positive perceptions .
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 16|||R:OTHER|||it is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 24|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , with societal and governmental support , the process of ageing will be eased not only through the dampening fiscal consequences but also very importantly , the willingness of the society in comprehending the greying issue .
+A 20 20|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:PREP|||through|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ______________________________________________________________ Reference List Robert B. Friedland and Laura Summer .
+
+S ( 2005 ) .
+
+S Demography Is Not Destiny , Revisited .
+
+S Centre on Aging Society .
+
+S Georgetown University .
+
+S Peter G. Peterson .
+
+S ( 2001 ) A Graying World .
+
+S Harvard International Review .
+
+S 23 .
+
+S 3 ( Fall 2001 ) : 66 .
+
+S Kalyani K Mehta and Ann Wee .
+
+S ( 2004 ) .
+
+S Social Work in Context , A reader .
+
+S p.31 National Day Rally ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Speech by PM Lee Hsein Loong .
+
+S Japan , United kingdom , France , Singapore , United States are some countries that are facing the inevitable challenge of an aging population .
+A 2 4|||M:DET|||the United Kingdom|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:OTHER|||and the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Various measures are implemented by state to cope with the rising needs of the old age .
+A 2 4|||R:VERB|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Government has increased national expenditure to provide extra subsidies and financial aid for the old age .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In my opinion , I disagree that public spending on the aged should be limited so that money can be channelled into other areas of development .
+A 0 5|||R:OTHER|||However , some people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many elderly in society are still in need of public funds to support them financially , to subsidise for their costly healthcare bills and also to enjoy more elderly services and facilities .
+A 2 2|||M:NOUN|||people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Public funding is necessary to support the low income group of elderly and to provide the necessary social services .
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Elderly could be the ones who are physically disabled , not having the ability and necessary qualification to earn a sufficient amount of income for subsistence .
+
+S When the elderly in society have no means to further finance themselves , the government has to step in and provide the extra financial assistance .
+
+S For instance , in the United States , there is cash payment for the elderly under social security system , supplemental security income program , programmes catering meals for the elderly and even subsidized housing ( Brecher , Knickman , Vogel , 1986 , Pg 366 ) .
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 28|||R:WO|||catering meals programmes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , it is also important that stringent guidelines be set to ensure that those elderly who are eligible for the financial assistance scheme are really the ones receiving them .
+
+S Public spending should not be limited to help elderly with financial difficulty .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:FORM|||helping|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||difficulties|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government will also have to channel more funds into these areas so as to look after the social welfare of the elderly .
+
+S More nursing homes and rehabilitation centres have to be built for the elderly .
+
+S They can be provided through public spending .
+
+S The state will have to pay for the workers that are running in these homes for the old age and rehabilitation centres .
+A 12 13|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 19|||R:OTHER|||retirement homes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Community services and befriending services provided for the elderly also require government expenditure .
+
+S Thus , public funding is still necessary to help elderly who are in financial need and also to promote social welfare services for them .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S An aging population is also accompanied by the rising cost of medical bills .
+
+S Chronic illnesses and diseases that are often set off by old age can be a source of financial burden for the elderly .
+
+S Some elderly who have retired might find themselves unable to cope with their rising medical expenses .
+A 2 2|||M:NOUN|||people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government should actually help to subsidize the medical bills for the elderly .
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , in Singapore , the Medifund set aside by the government can help the elderly to subsidise their hospital bills .
+
+S Furthermore , in United States , there is the Medicaid programme .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is directed to the marginal elderly for their stay in hospitals and nursing homes ( Nelson , 1982 , Pg 93 ) .
+
+S Around thirteen percent of the total personal health care expenditure run by public programmes comes from Medicaid .
+
+S ( Nelson , 1982 , Pg 93 ) .However , the elderly should be responsible for their own health by maintaining a healthy lifestyle first .
+
+S They should keep themselves physically fit to prevent serious health implications at a later age in life .
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN|||stage|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Prevention is better than cure .
+
+S Nonetheless , public spending on healthcare subsidy should neither be reduced nor limited as the elderly still deserve the care from the society to lead a prolonged life .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||subsidies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the contrary , excessive public spending can also hinder the development of a country too .
+
+S The continual provision of public assistance for the elderly through public spending can actually drain the resources of the state .
+
+S It could jeopardize government spending on other areas of country 's development in the long run .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , it might also create reliance in the elderly to depend on the government to provide for all their needs through public spending .
+
+S Clearly , public spending on the aged should not be limited for money to be diverted to other areas of the country 's development .
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Providing assistance for the elderly is essentially part of social responsibility .
+
+S The aged is part of the fabric of society , and we should not discriminate them .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 16|||R:OTHER|||the should not be discriminated against|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Relevant help should be rendered to them when necessary .
+
+S After all , the elderly has toiled hard while they were young and had contributed significantly to the economic development of their country .
+A 5 6|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||when|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Their efforts should be compensated when they are old by providing suitable assistance scheme through public spending
+A 11 11|||M:OTHER|||them with a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References : Charles Brecher , James R. Knickman , Ronald J .
+
+S Vogel .
+
+S ( 1986 ) .Local Simulations of Alternative Policies for Financing Services to the Elderly .
+
+S Medical Care , Vol .
+
+S 24 , No .
+
+S 4 ( April 1986 ) , pg .
+
+S 363-376 Gary Nelson .
+
+S ( 1982 ) .
+
+S Social Class and Public Policy for the Elderly.The Social Service Review , Vol .
+
+S 56 , No .
+
+S 1 ( March 1982 ) , pg .
+
+S 85-107
+
+S Quickly rising aging population has caused a dilemma situation to the government .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||The rapidly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Revenue from taxes is insufficient for the government to develop the country .
+
+S The increasing dependency by the elderly is causing a rising burden to the national budget .
+A 3 4|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " Development is becoming a people-centered process , whose ultimate goal must be the improvement of the human condition .
+
+S " commented by Boutros Boutros-Ghali ( sixth Secretary-General of the United Nations ) .
+
+S Without development , there will be no progress , whether economic , social , or political .
+
+S If we neglect the importance of country 's development and choose to spend more on the elderly instead , it will get us nowhere .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||governments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 24|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Public spending on the elderly should be limited , so money can be better spent for country 's development , such as technological advancement for the betterment of the nation .
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN:NUM|||advancements|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is wide belief that the government should care for the elderly , as a return for their valuable contributions to the country .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||widely believed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the country 's modernization should be prioritized , as this helps to improve the welfare of the elderly in the long run .
+
+S In most developing countries , the budget deficit is one of the important indicators of the country 's economic prowess .
+
+S When expenditure exceeds income due to a rising aging population , certain expenses have to be reduced .
+
+S This includes limiting public spending on the elderly .
+
+S Maintaining or increasing the budget allocations for the elderly regardless of limited resources means running the risk of larger budget deficits .
+
+S Focusing on the country 's development is a long term measure to double government coffers .
+
+S An increase of income can be used for financial aid for the elderly .
+
+S This is proven during a recession , where financial packages for the elderly be temporarily reduced .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Elderly usually form a minority of the population in a society .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In Singapore , the elderly comprises only 8.7 % out of the total population .
+A 6 6|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So besides concern for the elderly , the welfare of the society has to be taken care of .
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government should increase spending in public amenities and infrastructure .
+
+S Every government must fulfill their duty to build a society , where all citizens have an equal right , not just focus on the elderly .
+A 15 18|||R:OTHER|||equal rights|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Educational for the youth should be stressed more , school and other facilities ought to be build .
+A 0 1|||R:MORPH|||Education|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:FORM|||built|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We should invest more on the young and adult instead of the elderly , as it is more promising to do so .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||adults|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thanks to government allocations in education , healthcare , and infrastructure , the society and economy can grow .
+
+S This is only possible with public spending in sectors other than financial aid for the aged .
+
+S Every government should see it as their responsibility to create and sustain a society where their citizens , in particular the youth , can secure a livelihood and build a future ( Thalif Deen , 2006 ) .
+
+S It is important for the government to know their role , to provide opportunity for their citizens to grow and embark .
+A 19 21|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lack of development will render a country rudderless in the sea of a more modern and competitive world .
+
+S ''Migrants should be able to migrate out of choice rather than out of necessity,' ' says the 25-member European Union ( Thalif Deen ) .
+A 20 24|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It seems that workers tend to move out from an undeveloped country to seek for better job or opportunity .
+A 14 15|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 20|||R:OTHER|||opportunities|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And where do they go ?
+
+S To the well developed country indeed .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||countries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||of course|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Of the 191 million international migrants last year , about 115 million lived in developed countries , according to UN figures ( Thalif Deen ) .
+
+S This shows that become a developed country not only prevent the lost of workforce but also attract talents to join our nation .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:FORM|||becoming|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:SVA|||prevents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:SVA|||attracts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This in turn increases income tax and corporate tax collection which can be use for the benefit of the elderly .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:FORM|||used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A larger and efficient workforce will be good news for the civil service and private sector .
+
+S This is only possible with public spending in sectors other than financial aid for the aged .
+
+S Obviously , the notion of reimburse the elderly with financial aid for their contributions to the country is naive .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:FORM|||reimbursing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are plenty of methods that we can provide to aid the elderly .
+A 6 7|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:VERB:FORM||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Elder dependency should be reduced by encouraging later retirement ( Peter Peterson , 2001 ) .
+
+S This is an example of alternatives that can be used to reduce the spending on the elderly .
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So reducing the spending on the elderly for the sake of country development is a wise act .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||a country 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference list entry : Peter G. Peterson ( 2001 ) .
+
+S A Graying World .
+
+S Harvard International Review .
+
+S Thelif Deen ( 2006 ) .
+
+S DEVELOPMENT : Pros and Cons of International Migration .
+
+S Electronic References .
+
+S Retrieved September 14 , 2009 , from { http : //ipsnews.net/news.asp ? idnews = 34748 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //ipsnews.net/news.asp ? idnews = 34748 ]
+
+S While public spending on the aged is vital , it should not comprise the other aspects of the country 's growth and development .
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As mentioned by Friedland and Summer ( 2005 ) , " With little economic growth , society faces fewer choices on how to care for those who are least able to care for themselves .
+
+S On the other hand , with sufficient economic growth , there are more choices and fewer persons in need " .
+
+S This underlines the importance of economic development in the country to neutralize the implications of an aging population .
+
+S Thus , instead of spending excessively on the aged , resources of the country should be diverted to other areas like healthcare , education , and infrastructure , which will in turn benefit the country economically .
+
+S Despite the above said , it may be objected that as the elderly had contributed significantly to the country 's development in their younger days , in view of their long term hard work , they should be entitled with more benefits than the rest of the population .
+A 3 4|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB|||argued|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 40|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Governments should also set aside sufficient funds to assist them in coping with their old age life , be it in terms of financial or social assistance .
+
+S For instance , as people age , there is an increased need for more healthcare resources , hence leading to an inevitable spending in healthcare arena .
+A 20 21|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , for the old-aged with low or no income , they may face difficulties and restrictions in seeking appropriate medical treatment due to financial problems .
+A 4 5|||R:ADJ|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is therefore crucial for governments to extend assistance to the elderly in the form of medical subsidies , allowances , rebates and other kinds of financial aids to ensure that the needs of the elderly are met and protected .
+A 27 28|||R:NOUN:NUM|||aid|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In contrast to the above , although public spending on the aged is essential , there is also a need for investment of resources in the educational sector to provide better education for the younger generation .
+
+S As the common saying goes , " Children are the future pillar of the nation " .
+
+S They should be given every right to receive education under any circumstances .
+
+S Resources of the country should be diverted into this aspect to provide scholarships and bursaries for the needy children who are keen to further their studies and allow them to be exposed to better working opportunities in the future .
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Not only that , an educated population will also mean a more productive workforce for the country , which will allow them to have an edge over others .
+
+S Moreover , as mentioned by Friedland and Summer ( 2005 ) , " Public policies that encourage and facilitate education , basic research , and the application of promising technologies can enhance the well-being of current and future generations of older people " .
+
+S This further suggests that with education , future older people will be more affluent and will have a lesser tendency to rely on the government for their well-being .
+A 7 10|||R:OTHER|||older people in the future|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In turn , the government will not need to set aside huge resources for the aged , and will be able to divert these resources into other areas of the country 's development .
+
+S In addition to education , infrastructure of a country also plays a crucial role in drawing in investments and potential profits for the country .
+
+S With a pro-business infrastructure , not only will Meetings , Incentives , Conventions and Exhibitions ( MICE ) groups will be enticed to make more frequent visits to the country , there will also be a rapid increase of Small and Medium Enterprises ( SME ) within the country as local entrepreneurs will be more willing to venture and establish businesses in a pro-business climate .
+
+S Moreover , foreign investors may also seek the opportunity to invest in the country which generally contributes to the overall economic growth of the country as a whole .
+
+S To summarise , governments should also recognize the fact that unlimited spending on the aged will not be viable in the long run as individuals will only grow to be more reliant on the government to provide for them in their old age .
+
+S In all , a better suggestion will be for countries to place more emphasis on its economical development , as with economic growth , people are generally more affluent and hence will possess the financial capabilities of providing for themselves in old age .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||short|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even though there will also be minority who are less capable of doing that , they will only comprise of the few who requires assistance from the government .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:SVA|||require|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Just a few decades ago , most economies were so focused in developing the country economically that they have ignored the issue of an aging population .
+A 13 14|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , this issue of a graying population has become a world phenomenon now .
+
+S Yet , it was only until recently that the government , especially those in developed countries , started to pay much more attention to the problem .
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||governments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In today 's globalized world where global economies are interdependent on each other , the undesirable ripple effect brought about by an aging population is not to be under estimated .
+
+S For this will eventually beset and hinder not only a country 's development but also slowdown the pace of the world 's economic growth as well .
+
+S Undoubtedly , more public spending would be channeled to deal with the issues piggybacked along with a graying population .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||should|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As such public spending on other areas of the country 's development such as education would be cut to maintain a budget balance .
+A 16 16|||M:VERB|||need to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nevertheless , public spending on the aged should be limited so that money can be diverted to other areas of the country 's development .
+
+S In today 's globalized world , whereby economies are growing at a tremendous rate in a diverse way , national spending has to be planned concisely and utilized fully in order to achieve an optimal economic growth .
+A 6 7|||R:ADV|||where|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With an aging population , the government has to direct more resources to take care of the needs of the elderly in areas such as medical care .
+
+S With public spending reduced in areas such as education and housing so as to fund the elderly , the country 's development would be hindered with the lack of funds .
+A 25 26|||R:PREP|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Eventually , this will lead to a less thriving economy , which can pose a major problem to a country .
+
+S As supported by Peterson ( 2001 ) in his article , 'A Graying World ' , the government 'must realize that any further expansion of retirement benefits would only impoverish future generations and limit future public spending .
+
+S ' Resources available to a country are scarce and limited and the government should not compromise the budget spent on other areas to fund the aged instead .
+
+S With an aging workforce , productivity of the workers will be reduced .
+
+S This would greatly affect a country 's development as there are not enough people to fuel for the economy .
+A 16 17|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is especially true in countries such as Singapore , whereby its economic growth is largely dependent on its people .
+A 10 11|||R:ADV|||where|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The issue of an aging population will pose threat to her future economic development .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the government has come up with policies such as increasing the retirement age for the working age population ; re-skilling so as to help them keep up with the new technology required in their field of work .
+
+S The underlying objective of implementing such policies is to prolong the period of time that the aging workforce can assist the country for progression .
+
+S For this reason , public spending on the aged can not and should not be limited .
+
+S Nonetheless , the government should fund the age with a perimeter in mind for such heavy subsidy comes with heavy taxes levy on the citizens and investors .
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||subsidies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 23|||R:OTHER|||tax levies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With high personal and corporate tax , citizens may end up migrating to other countries causing a brain drain .
+
+S Investors may well eventually be deterred from investing in the country .
+
+S Moreover , the aged may become over dependent on the government for subsidiary .
+A 12 13|||R:MORPH|||subsidies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the long run , these are unhealthy and detrimental to a country 's development .
+
+S Therefore , polices to encourage self-reliance can be implemented to shift the burden of financial aid required when one ages to the individual .
+
+S One good example is the implementation of Medisave in Singapore .
+
+S Instead , funds should be diverted to other areas such as building more industrial infrastructures so as to attractive more foreign-direct investments for the country 's development .
+A 18 19|||R:MORPH|||attract|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , public spending on the aged should be limited .
+
+S Ultimately , the issue of a graying population can not be solved immediately .
+
+S While it seems that it is necessary for a government to increase the public spending to fund for the aged so that productivity of the workers can be maintained , this can not be sustained in a long run .
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government should not be myopic and divert most of the funds to support the aged but instead weigh the pros and cons carefully when implementing various long terms polices .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||Governments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References : Peter G. Peterson , A Graying World .
+
+S Peter G. Peterson.Harvard International Review .
+
+S 23 .
+
+S 3 ( Fall 2001 ) : 66 .
+
+S In today 's context , ever changing societies frequently face a plethora of issues .
+
+S Likewise , most countries are currently tackling the main perplex issue of an increasing ageing population .
+A 9 10|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since today 's silver population of 65 years and above is 15 percent and is estimated to grow phenomenally to around 25 percent by the year 2030 ( Centre for Strategic and International Studies , 2009 ) , thus , governments are deeply concerned with the implementation of fiscal and welfare policies that would directly impact the aged .
+A 34 35|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 40|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A component of fiscal policy , public spending , should be limited so that self-reliance can be inculcated into the aged through forced savings and , the economy can function better by shifting monetary inputs to facilitate trade and investments in infrastructure .
+A 25 26|||R:OTHER|||so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:NOUN:NUM|||input|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Contrary to limiting public spending , critics of human rights have been rampantly advocating that state funding should not be minimized at the expense of growing the economy .
+A 12 13|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As it is often said that the most valuable resources of a country are its people , so , the particular group of people who had initially shaped the formative years of a country are now well into their aging years where they are valued and appreciated as a result of their hard work and contribution .
+A 0 57|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The mindset of respecting those who built the country from scratch resonates with feeling indebted to take care of them when old and providing them with the best of health-care .
+A 21 21|||M:OTHER|||they are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , in this instance , financing the elderly is an obligation in which public spending should not be cut back just because the aging population is growing at an alarming rate .
+
+S Moreover , to a large extent , the government should favour to fund programmes and policies for the elderly so their interests are well looked after for .
+A 11 13|||R:OTHER|||funding|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although it has always been the case that an appropriate amount of public spending is set aside for the aged , however , it is more of utmost importance to instill a sense of self-reliance in them , which can be effected through educating about saving for retirement throughout the period in the workforce .
+A 21 23|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 42|||R:MORPH|||effective|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 44|||R:MORPH|||education|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 49 54|||R:OTHER|||their working life|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This plan of accumulating savings by an individual is compelled by law in some countries and at the same time , while the savings can help to enhance one 's responsibility for his own life , they can also provide him with financial security after retirement .
+A 32 33|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 41|||R:OTHER|||people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this way , the aged would not be too dependent on family and the state for financial assistance .
+
+S Furthermore , when public spending is minimized through self-reliance on the part of individuals to save for their future , the money can instead be put to better use to help those who really need it .
+
+S Another point in case is that since the elderly can be self-sufficient to support themselves in old age , public spending in this area is thus limited , and may eventually result in a shift of state funds and capital to boost other sectors of the country 's economy .
+
+S As such , there may be a huge concentration of growth in the area of trade because when more capital is used to invest in trade , it reaps substantial rewards in the form of revenue and , higher growth and stability of the economy will ensue .
+A 37 38|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides that , state funds and capital can be used to improve on the infrastructure of the country ; e.g .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S public transport systems , telecommunications sector , energy and water resource divisions and etc , so that the country may possibly advance and prosper with the advent of new technologies and infrastructure .
+A 12 13|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , when the economic growth is stable , this will lead to avenues of vast opportunities to further develop the country , and also result in fewer elderly in dire needs ( Friedland and Summer , 2005 ) .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a whole , the notion of public spending can be viewed as akin to a coin which has two sides .
+
+S One aspect is that of favouring the elderly to the extent of fulfilling their needs to the best the state can provide because of their esteemed position as 'forefathers ' of the country .
+
+S Whereas , the other aspect is seen as benefitting the whole community at large since such capital and funds are diverted to improve the economy .
+
+S Henceforth , the problems associated with an aging society is one such situation which can not be dismissed lightly as having a definite solution , as often there are severe repercussions that occur with it .
+
+S Bibliography Centre for Strategic and International Studies .
+
+S Electronic References .
+
+S Retrieved 16 September , 2009 , from { http : //csis.org/program/global-aging-initiative } [ HYPERLINK : http : //csis.org/program/global-aging-initiative ] Friedland , R.B .
+
+S & Summer , L. ( 2005 ) .
+
+S Doomsday Predications about Population Aging are Exaggerated .
+
+S Demography is not Destiny , Revisited .
+
+S Centre on Aging Society , Georgetown University .
+
+S By 2030 , senior citizens will comprise about 19 % of the Singapore population .
+
+S ( S. T. Tan , F. L. Leong , D. H. Tan , C. M. Tan , A. L. Chan , 2009 ) .
+
+S In view of this , the Singapore government has been actively engaged in formulating elderly-friendly policies .
+
+S It is even more vital for a small city-state like Singapore , to deal with its ageing society because the consequences of not taking into account the ageing population could bring several adverse implications on the country .
+
+S For instance , the demand for welfare benefits and healthcare subsidies will rise as the population ages .
+
+S The problems that come with the ageing process can be resolved by implementing targeted policies for the elderly .
+
+S Hence , to prevent the ageing process from becoming a burden on the country , it will require policy treatments to cushion the adverse impact of the demands of an ageing population .
+
+S With an effective government leading the way , Singapore has made much headway dealing with an ageing population .
+
+S Singapore 's HDB has been making our public housing estates more elderly-friendly through initiatives like the Lift Upgrading Programme and Home Ownership Scheme .
+
+S The Home Ownership Policy ensures that Singaporeans have something set aside for their old age .
+
+S ( S. T. Tan , F. L. Leong , D. H. Tan , C. M. Tan , A. L. Chan , 2009 ) .
+
+S First , HDB has introduced studio apartments with a shorter lease of 30 years .
+
+S Elderly homeowners can sell their flats and move into a more affordable studio apartment .
+
+S Secondly , it has also introduced a Lease Buyback Scheme .
+
+S Under this scheme , HDB will buy back the tail end of the lease on the flat and leave the elderly homeowner with a short lease of 30 years on the same flat .
+
+S This means that the elderly can continue to stay in their flat without having to move out .
+
+S Additionally , they will receive a lump-sum payout as well as a monthly payment in the form of a lifelong annuity .
+
+S The schemes offered by HDB have certainly helped to ensure that the elderly in Singapore can continue to provide for themselves in their old age .
+
+S In the area of healthcare , Singapore has maintained a high level of quality and accessibility for every Singaporean .
+
+S In addition to granting government subsidies , individuals are also expected to shoulder a portion of their own healthcare costs .
+
+S They have put in place the highly effective 3Ms framework - which refers to Medisave , Medishield and Medifund - which is Singapore 's healthcare financing approach .
+
+S ( S. T. Tan , F. L. Leong , D. H. Tan , C. M. Tan , A. L. Chan , 2009 ) .
+
+S Over the years , various policy changes have further been made to improve the existing system .
+
+S This has shown that the government is committed to address the needs of an ageing population in its policies .
+
+S The changes have also included the extension of Medisave to cover more outpatient treatments and the enhancement of Medishield to improve the payout for larger hospital bills .
+
+S Even though the policy frameworks to contain rising costs and to raise effectiveness are already in place , future policy amendments will still be needed as the society evolves .
+
+S These healthcare policies will ensure that the elderly will be adequately self-sufficient in their golden years .
+
+S Even in the face of success , it is important to periodically review the economic and social impact of housing and healthcare policies , as they will remain the key concerns in Singaporeans ' lives .
+
+S Our public housing policies will have to adapt and respond to the changing needs and aspirations of Singaporeans .
+
+S With the rising standard of living , the housing needs in Singapore will change as well .
+
+S HDB will also have to do rigorous planning on its housing policies .
+
+S As Singapore has limited land constraints , it will have to think of ways to increase land usability and rejuvenate the old estates .
+A 5 6|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Pressures to spend on healthcare will also rise with an ageing population .
+
+S Public request for subsidies to cover the latest medical treatments , the improvement of service quality , and the reduction of fees for subsidized specialist consultants are becoming more common .
+
+S With such pressures , the need to prevent healthcare costs from escalating remains a key challenge .
+
+S Policy makers will have to ensure that the best feasible outcome is achieved .
+
+S All in all , Singapore has been largely successful in accommodating the rising proportion of elderly in its society .
+
+S By providing support in the areas of housing and healthcare , the country has prepared well for the ageing process .
+
+S To conclude , Singapore has constantly adapted and adopted policy reforms to ease the impact of its growing number of senior citizens .
+
+S More importantly , the country has also ensured the well-being of its citizens .
+
+S Reference :
+
+S S.T .
+
+S Tan , F.L .
+
+S Leong , D.H. Tan , C.M .
+
+S Tan , A.L. Chan ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Economics in Public Policies : The Singapore Story .
+
+S Singapore : Marshall Cavendish .
+
+S The previous draft work is as attached below
+
+S By 2030 , senior citizens will comprise about 19 % of the Singapore population .
+
+S As a result of that , the Singapore government has been actively engaged in formulating elderly-friendly policies .
+
+S It is important that the needs of the elderly are factored into policy formulation as the demand for welfare benefits and healthcare subsidies will rise as the population ages .
+
+S Hence , to prevent the ageing process from becoming a burden on the country , it will require policy treatments to cushion the adverse impact of the demands of an ageing population .
+
+S Singapore has made much headway dealing with an ageing population .
+
+S Singapore 's HDB has been making our public housing estates more elderly-friendly .
+
+S First , HDB has introduced studio apartments with a shorter lease of 30 years .
+
+S Elderly homeowners can sell their flats and move into a more affordable studio apartment .
+
+S Secondly , it has also introduced a Lease Buyback Scheme .
+
+S Under this scheme , HDB will buy back the tail end of the lease on the flat and leave the elderly homeowner with a short lease of 30 years on the same flat .
+
+S This means that the elderly can continue to stay in their flat without having to move out .
+
+S Additionally , they will receive a lump-sum payout as well as a monthly payment in the form of a lifelong annuity .
+
+S The schemes offered by HDB have certainly helped to ensure that the elderly in Singapore can continue to provide for themselves in their old age .
+
+S In the area of healthcare , Singapore has maintained a high level of quality and accessibility for every Singaporean .
+
+S In addition to granting government subsidies , individuals are also expected to shoulder a portion of their own healthcare costs .
+
+S They have put in place the highly effective 3Ms framework - which refers to Medisave , Medishield and Medifund - which is Singapore 's healthcare financing approach .
+
+S Over the years , various policy changes have further been made to improve the existing system .
+
+S The changes have also included the extension of Medisave to cover more outpatient treatments and the enhancement of Medishield to improve the payout for larger hospital bills .
+
+S These healthcare policies will ensure that the elderly will be adequately self-sufficient in their golden years .
+
+S Even in the face of success , it is important to periodically review the economic and social impact of housing and healthcare policies .
+
+S Our public housing policies will have to adapt and respond to the changing needs and aspirations of Singaporeans .
+
+S With the rising standard of living , the housing needs in Singapore will change as well .
+
+S Pressures to spend on healthcare will also rise with an ageing population .
+
+S Public request for subsidies to cover the latest medical treatments , the improvement of service quality , and the reduction of fees for subsidized specialist consultants are becoming more common .
+
+S With such pressures , the need to prevent healthcare costs from escalating remains a key challenge .
+
+S All in all , Singapore has been largely successful in accommodating the rising proportion of elderly in its society .
+
+S By providing support in the areas of housing and healthcare , the country has prepared well for the ageing process .
+
+S " To a large extent , current research and development or policies have helped to ease the aging process .
+
+S " I strongly agree with this agreement .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN|||statement|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nowadays , lots of researchers and developments have been carried out and many policies have been implemented in order to ease the aging process .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||a lot|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 7|||R:OTHER|||researches|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The three main policies that I will be discussing are filial obligation , later retirement and government subsidies .
+
+S Firstly , the main problem of aging population is that the children do not want to take care of their parents when they are old , because they think that parents are troubles for them , since they are old and unable to contribute .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the methods to resolve this problem may be through legislation .
+
+S For example , the Singapore government has implemented the Maintenance of Parents Act since 1996 , and a Tribunal for the Maintenance of Parents has been established .
+
+S Under this act , parents who are above age of 60 and are unable to support themselves can claim maintenance from children .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Children who are failed to do so may be fined up to $ 5000 or jailed up to 6 months .
+A 2 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||fail|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to the statistics made by a government organization , in the first 3 years that this act was implemented , 400 parents sought for aid under this act .
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||after|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some may argue that filial obligation should be by their own will and shall not restricted by law .
+A 8 12|||R:OTHER|||voluntary|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB|||enforced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But , if the children are still failed to do so after much education , legislation will be a must in solving this problem .
+A 5 8|||R:OTHER|||still fail|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||support their elderly parents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If children are bounded by such filial obligation , they will then take care of their own parents , and hence , the elderly dependency on government subsidies or the public may be reduced .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:FORM|||bound|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , some of the senior citizen who do not have any children will have no support at all .
+A 3 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||citizens|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , it is crucial that they have their own jobs , own income , in order to support themselves .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , later retirement is encouraged by government from many countries .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||governments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After retirement , elderly always stay at home and have less activities .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:ADJ|||fewer|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Eventually , they will become weaker , more forgetful , slower in reaction and less agile .
+
+S Not only that , the biggest problem is they will have no income to support themselves .
+A 8 8|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , later retirement will be a good option for them .
+
+S The reason is , with a job , the aged can keep themselves busy and do more thinking in order to complete their work .
+A 3 3|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So , it keeps them healthy .
+
+S At the same time , they may have stable income to support themselves .
+
+S For example , the Singapore government has extended the retirement age of Singaporeans from 60 to 62 , and at the same time , provides them with trainings and courses , such as the Ling Kwang Home and Seniors @ eCitizen , in order to meet the requirements of the employers .
+A 49 50|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some may argue that later retirement is too burdening for elderly , but it is actually optional for them , depending on their own abilities and desire .
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||much a burden|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:NOUN:NUM|||desires|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In short , later retirement can help the elderly to accumulate more wealth to support themselves , maintain healthy bodies and find new purpose of life so that they are less dependent on the others .
+A 18 20|||R:OTHER|||health|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN:NUM|||purposes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly , it is undeniable that , some of the elderly have no children , and they are unable to work , especially those who are too old or uneducated .
+
+S Hence , the government and the public will play an important role in order to curb this problem .
+
+S For example , the Singapore government has implemented lots of policies and provided much subsidies to help those elderly .
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||many|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||a lot of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the subsidies will be Home Medical and Home Nursing Subsidy provided by the Ministry of Health ( MOH ) .
+A 4 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S MOH targets to fund 50 % of the elderly population requiring home care services .
+
+S With the subsidy , the elderly can stay in their own houses as they do not have to stay in hospitals .
+
+S As a result , the lonely elderly can also stay healthy in a community .
+
+S In a nutshell , there are various problems arose due to the aging population .
+A 4 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have arisen|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , rather than to discriminate and despise the elderly , we should put in more effort in trying to ease the aging process .
+A 6 6|||M:PREP|||against|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The three main methods in solving this problem will be filial obligation , later retirement and government subsidies , Last but not least , every single people and organizations should combine strength together to curb this problem , as quoted in the MOH Philosophy , " An elderly person should stay in community for as long as possible as institutionalization should only be a measure for the last resort .
+A 18 19|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 29|||R:OTHER|||person and organization|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S "
+
+S The ageing population in Singapore has been growing gradually since the mid 90s .
+
+S This increase was deal to the larger number of babies born between the baby boomers ' years of 1954 to 1964 , and the fall in birth rates subsequently .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||due|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover the size of the ageing population is expected to increase more by the year 2030 ( by 18.7 % ) , it is therefore be expected that the government spending should likewise increase .
+A 21 23|||R:PUNCT|||. It|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The question is how much should the increase be and should there be a limit put in place ?
+A 5 8|||R:WO|||the increase should|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 19|||R:OTHER|||whether there should be a limit put in place .|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These questions proved to be contentious and controversial and I will be further expanding these ideas through this paper .
+
+S Considering that a minority of the elderly population are stuck in the poverty cycle and continues to be weak and dependent on the government financially , we also should not however assume that all the elderly are unable to support themselves financially .
+
+S Statistics have shown that it is expected that the predominant of the elderly population by year 2030 will be more affluent since they are given better access to education and other opportunities .
+
+S Good health and material needs being granted , the elderly population would be expected to be capable of being responsible for their own financial needs .
+
+S In this case , there would not be a need to allocate limitless public spending upon the aged .
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Minister Mentor Lee mentioned about continued nation building and there being a need for more promotion of local entrepreneurship programmes and education .
+
+S He advocates that more of such programmes will help Singaporean feel more " rooted " and possess a greater sense of belonging , since they will then have a 'stake ' in this country .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Singaporeans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore he also mentioned that our country needs to find new sectors such as the life science field to invest upon so as to keep the economy competitive .
+
+S When more money is being invested in these entrepreneurship programmes , there should be an increase pool of business-savvy talents .
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:FORM|||increasing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Our economy and the population should be expected to benefit from this increase .
+
+S The ageing population in Singapore , also known as the " silver industry " will provide a potentially lucrative market of labourers to attract foreign companies and business opportunities .
+
+S With the increase of local businesses involving the aged population , there would naturally be new products and services in leisure , retail , asset management , insurance and even healthcare catered to the needs of the elderly .
+
+S In other words , there will not be a need for a deliberate public welfare to take care of the needs of the aged population .
+
+S With reference to MM Lee 's sentiments about venturing into new economic sectors , the money invested serves to seek growth .
+
+S However we must also take into consideration to either sustain these new fields or deal with its potential after effects .
+A 4 7|||R:OTHER|||consider|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:PREP|||whether|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 20|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Taking an example of the stem cell research centres at Jurong Science Park .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Let us take|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In attracting these foreign lucrative industries , the government build new roads and infrastructures to remain competitive globally .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||built|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Singaporeans are equipped with the necessary education and skills to become local sources of labourers for the stem cell research centres .
+
+S All these intangible costs would require a bigger share of public spending to sustain growth of the foreign industries investments in the long run .
+
+S It would be economically rational to place a limit on public spending on the aged population and subsequently channel the excesses to attract more economic investments for the country in the long run .
+
+S There are several other notions which are possible to argue in favour of extending a 'limitless ' public spending on the aged .
+
+S The adequate welfare of the local population would definitely enhance the citizen 's quality of life .
+
+S By providing limitless welfare to the aged would generally improve the living conditions of some of the less fortunate but that might potentially give room to 'free-riders ' who would exploit the welfare system .
+
+S It is not a question to reduce or increase public spending upon the aged population , but it is about keeping a healthy balance in public spending efforts .
+
+S In conclusion , I believe that spending on the elderly should be limited because with the increase in an independent group of elderly in the future , and new economic challenges which requires more government spending would arise .
+A 14 23|||R:OTHER|||the elderly will be increasingly independent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:PREP|||because|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:VERB:SVA|||require|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The benefits of investing on education , new economic fields , and infrastructures would benefit the nation economically in the long run .
+
+S I would propose that public spending should be allocated based on the relative contributions each sector is able to make to the country 's economic growth .
+
+S The key is about seeking a balance .
+
+S References
+
+S Online news articles " A Singaporean 's views on obstacles that stand in the way .
+
+S By siew91 , newsintercom Jul 12 , 2006 " accessed to website from Sept 10-14 2009 From { http : //www.littlespeck.com/informed/2006/CInformed-060712.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.littlespeck.com/informed/2006/CInformed-060712.htm ]
+
+S Online Journal Article The article : " Chapter 1 Demographic Realities : Opportunities and Challenges " , references to pages 1/ 3/ 4/ 5/ 6 downloaded on Sept 13 2009 from { http : //www.mcys.gov.sg/successful_ageing/report/Chapter % 201 % 20- % 20Demographic % 20Realities.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.mcys.gov.sg/successful_ageing/report/Chapter % 201 % 20- % 20Demographic % 20Realities.pdf ]
+
+S It is commonly agreed that our society is facing an inclination of growing old .
+
+S In Singapore , the proportion of residents aged 65 and above increased from 6.8 % of the resident population in 1998 to 8.7 % in 2008 .
+
+S The effect of this aging issue is often being over-emphasized .
+
+S In fact , aging population is normally seen in all developing and developed countries due to the explosion of technologies and enhancement in lifestyle .
+A 3 3|||M:OTHER|||the issue of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It shall be handed with wise policy planning but not putting in as much country wealth to take care of the welfare of the elderly as possible .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB|||handled|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In other words , public spending on the aged should be limited to a certain extent as the money can be distributed to other aspects of development .
+
+S As a country is moving forward , the aged population tends to be neglected in terms of welfare .
+
+S This is why the topic issue is raised , as a result of not forgetting the elderly that contributed much to all the improvements in their younger ages .
+A 17 18|||R:PRON|||who|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Yes , who are we without them ?
+
+S However , in conjunction with the positive feedback of modern technologies , elderly in this era are enjoying a much more comfortable lifestyle comparing to decades ago .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:FORM|||compared|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They are better educated , healthier and richer due to the economical and sociological changes .
+
+S In this case , they have stronger ability to take care of themselves independently .
+
+S We shall not be hauled back by the aging issue which welfare is actually better taken care of than before but just taking care of the group of elderly that is really weak .
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||the welfare for the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||, but we should focus on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:PRON|||who|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Government spending is necessary for the welfare of elderly but the bigger portion of it must be retained for other parts of national development .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On a larger scale , government policy should be made based on the advantage of all but not just the aged community .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||policies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Public policy is still needed to be drawn up taking into account of the problems the elderly meet , but not to an unlimited extent that goes for their good at all cost .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||policies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It 's inevitable there is still a group of aged people who could n't take care of their own welfare , it 's the responsibility of a caring government to take care of their needs .
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||will still be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||can not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||R:PUNCT|||. It|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As implemented in Singapore , filial obligation is drafted in law , which means that children are compulsory to take care of their parents ' elder life , agreeing to the quote " It would be agreed that children owe to their parents respect and kindness generally and assistance in case of infirmity or any special need... " ( Henry Sidgwick 1907 ) .
+A 27 32|||R:OTHER|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For the layer of aged population who is still healthy but with lower income , they might have problems in accumulating wealth .
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Extending the retirement age is a great way to let them choose whether to work longer or not .
+
+S Although government spending is to be cut down , the healthcare of elderly should be done at least for the poor .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB|||provided|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Subsidized regular check up and medical fees must be offered to the senior citizens who are not able to pay up the amazing high medical costs .
+A 22 23|||R:MORPH|||amazingly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Money saved by cutting off unnecessary projects due to the exaggerated aging issue can be divided wisely into fields that can either promote the enhancement of the country or improve the life of all .
+
+S This covers government expenditure ranging from education , health , information and communication , environment , transport and many more .
+
+S For instance , education is the most important part to invest , knowing that new generations will be the future work force and taking over the power and leadership position .
+A 11 11|||M:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:FORM|||take|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As in Singapore , 743.4 million dollars was spent in 2007/08 to achieve a high literacy rate of 96 % ( among residents aged 15 years and over ) .
+A 0 2|||U:PREP|||In|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Other than that , economy should be injected a greater amount of fund to ensure low redundancy rate and minimize the loss in economic crisis .
+
+S Other requirements that can be achieved include a green environment , an integrated transport system and excellent communication coverage .
+
+S In short , government expenditure should be spent on the welfare of elderly , especially those who are in need .
+
+S However , due to the high independence of senior citizens nowadays , it 's not necessary to provide all-range policy to all of the aged population as there 're still many other aspects that should be taken care of .
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This concludes that public spending on aging issue is fairly needed but to an extent that allows more improvement in other fields .
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||the aged population|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S * POPULATION IN BRIEF : 2009 - { http : //www.singstat.gov.sg/stats/themes/people/popinbrief2009.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.singstat.gov.sg/stats/themes/people/popinbrief2009.pdf ]
+
+S * Methods of Ethics , Henry Sidgwick , Book III , Chapter IV - { http : //www.laits.utexas.edu/poltheory/sidgwick/me/me.b03.c04.s04.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.laits.utexas.edu/poltheory/sidgwick/me/me.b03.c04.s04.html ]
+
+S * 29 GOVERNMENT DEVELOPMENT EXPENDITURE ON EDUCATION ( '000 SGD ) - { http : //www.moe.gov.sg/education/education-statistics-digest/online-interactive/tables/table-29-2007.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.moe.gov.sg/education/education-statistics-digest/online-interactive/tables/table-29-2007.pdf ]
+
+S * Statistic Singapore - Key Annual Indicators - http : //www.singstat.gov.sg/stats/keyind.html
+
+S Old age has been always been associated with poor health and loneliness as people reached the final journey of their life .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||reach|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN|||stage|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The aging process is exacerbate when children abandoned their parents as they feel that the old ones are a burden to them .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:FORM|||exacerbated|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||abandon|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is evident by the increasingly number of old people being send to old folks home every year .
+A 4 5|||R:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:MORPH|||increasing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:FORM|||sent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the past , such cases were lesser as abandoning of parents is seen as a social stigma , an unfilial act .
+A 7 8|||R:ADJ|||fewer|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Despite this , current research , development and policies have helped to ease the aging process to a great extent .
+
+S Unprecedented advances in technology resulted from extensive research and implementation of different creative policies have make the process of aging more pleasurable .
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:FORM|||made|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This could be in the form of less illness associated with old age and more activities available for older ones to participate in .
+
+S Firstly , in the medical arena , huge amounts of money has been poured in for research and development .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is without waste , as much cures have been found .
+A 6 7|||R:ADJ|||many|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Previously incurable diseases such as tubercolosis can be eradicated and this leads to an increase in life span and higher quality of life .
+
+S People in old age can receive better medical attention .
+
+S With a healthier body , the aged can enjoy their later years .
+
+S Secondly government policies reforms have impact the lives of the aged positively .
+A 3 4|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:FORM|||impacted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of them is the introduction of subsidies .
+
+S Old people tend to have little or no savings .
+
+S Hence to be entitled to subsidies greatly increase their welfare .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||increases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore more and more countries are compelled by the law to set aside certain amount of money for their old age .
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In Singapore , a certain portion of working population income is set aside in their Central Provident Fund ( CPF ) in which the money can only be taken out at aged 55 or later .
+A 31 32|||R:MORPH|||age|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With more savings the old ones can provide for themselves and have more to spend for themselves instead of relying on the small sums pay out by the government .
+A 24 26|||R:ORTH|||payout|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another government policy that comes to mind that benefits the aged is the increment of the retirement age .
+A 4 8|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is to encourage more people to work longer and reduce the dependency of old people on the government .
+
+S Other than the economic benefits , old people can involve themselves in their work and research have shown that working do reduce of risk of getting illness associated with old age such as Alzheimer 's disease .
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 23|||R:OTHER|||reduces|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thirdly , developments in infrastructure have resulted in more communities centre built .
+A 9 11|||R:NOUN|||community centres|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are many activities ongoing in these communities centre which is open to anyone interested .
+A 7 9|||R:NOUN|||community centres|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Old people are encourage to participate in these activites as it not only allow them to fill their time with activities they are passionate about but also expose them to opportunities to mix with a variety of people .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:FORM|||encouraged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Such activities could include singing competition , karaoke , dancing and mind games .
+
+S These activities makes the aging process more fulfilling and engaging .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||make|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As countries get more developed , its citizens are more affluent and trends and culture changes .
+A 6 7|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||cultures|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:MORPH|||change|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S More and more people are forsaking their parents in old folks homes as they could afford to .
+A 11 11|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Old people in old folks homes may have to deal with loneliness and the harsh fact that their own children whom they have brought up , have abandoned them .
+A 5 5|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The 'loss ' of the company of their loved ones may be difficult for them to accept and they may end up not enjoying the rest of their life .
+
+S To conclude , advancement in technology , breakthroughs in medical research and various government policies have contributed to the aging process where the aged can have better , quality and pleasurable time completing their last journey of their life .
+A 35 36|||R:NOUN|||stage|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However to a small extent in certain cases where development has causes a weakness in the extended family .
+A 1 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:FORM|||caused|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S 'Aging ' is a natural process of human life-cycle , whereby one grows older and gains his wisdom to the fullest before he departs from Earth .
+A 25 25|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , with the increase in this group of 'intellectual ' people , our world is turning grayer than before .
+
+S According to Gavrilov and Heuveline ( 2003 ) , population aging is expected to be among the most prominent global demographic trends of the 21st century .
+
+S It is characterized by the decline of the fertility rates as well as the rise of life expectancies worldwide .
+
+S As such , this intensifying phenomenon creates a huge economic impact on numerous countries across the globe , which presents challenges on the allocation of fiscal budget to mitigate rising healthcare costs as well as other areas .
+A 18 20|||R:OTHER|||presenting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:OTHER|||costs in other related|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , given the budget constraint of each country , it is crucial for the government to maximize its resources effectively to have a well-balanced development of other areas .
+
+S With the growth of aging population , public spending on healthcare costs will be exorbitant .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Each working individual will have to contribute more taxes due to the decline of economically-productive people .
+
+S Nevertheless , it is important for the government to implement feasible policies to assist the aging population .
+
+S Measures to ease the aging process include architecture upgrades and restructuring of healthcare system .
+
+S The first measure consists of building innovative features like small bumps on the ground to lead the visually-impaired .
+
+S In addition to escalators , lifts are constructed at train stations to allow the wheelchair-bound to traverse between different levels .
+
+S The latter consists of building more community hospitals for the elderly as well as extending the services of community hospitals to homes to save costs ( Majid , 2009 , para .
+
+S 3 and 11 ) .
+
+S However , government should also ascertain the limit of healthcare finances based on individual 's capability .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , cutting of elderly welfare finances may increase the financial burden of the family members .
+
+S Therefore , it is essential for the government to focus its resources on developing various areas , especially on those that are important to the sovereign interests like defense , education and economy .
+
+S A nation military spending always takes up a substantial proportion of its fiscal budget due to the importance of having a strong defense force to defend itself against aggressors should diplomatic negotiations failed .
+A 2 2|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:VERB:TENSE|||fail|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , the proliferation of nuclear weapons by North Korea has sparked off a regional arm race , causing neighboring countries like South Korea to purchase more sophisticated weaponry from America .
+A 17 17|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , since the '911 ' incident , the world has came to see the threat of terrorism as very real .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:FORM|||come|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Terrorists are able to conduct their operations anywhere around the globe due to their extensive network of terror cells worldwide .
+
+S Given the rapid technological advancement today , conflicts between countries can also exist in 'virtual ' form like hacking into sensitive websites to disrupt the country 's economic activities .
+
+S Therefore , it is inevitable for countries to increase more of their military budget to upgrade their defensive capabilities against various sophisticated forms of external threats .
+
+S Education is the key to sustain economic livelihood .
+
+S A proper educational structure will nurture more knowledgeable and capable people in the future to run the country .
+
+S Educated people will also be more inclined to be independent and make financial planning for themselves during their economically-active years .
+
+S They will also have better quality of life when they grow older due to their healthy lifestyles .
+
+S Therefore , this would incur lesser healthcare costs as they remain fit and productive in their golden years .
+A 5 6|||R:ADJ:FORM|||less|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A nation 's economy is the main source of country 's income as it is an indicator of a country 's wealth .
+
+S People living in well-developed countries have high standard of living due to their affluence brought about by the stable economy .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||standards|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , they remain fit and robust despite the rise in their life expectancies .
+
+S This also means that lesser healthcare spending is required to sustain these affluence groups of elderly .
+A 4 5|||R:ADJ:FORM|||less|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:MORPH|||affluent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 16|||R:OTHER|||elderly people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The lower-income group will also benefit from a well-developed economy as higher economic growth enables government to provide more healthcare finances to support the elderly .
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This would thus reduce the financial burden of these group of people based on their income ceilings .
+A 8 9|||R:DET|||this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Despite the volatility of the country 's economy due to the global market , it is imperative for government to implement feasible economic policies to facilitate trade and growth .
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , having a sturdy economy will also incur lesser financial costs on elderly welfare .
+A 9 10|||R:ADJ:FORM|||less|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In retrospect , countries around the world face challenges with global aging .
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||an increasingly aging population|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Governments need to strike a delicate balance in allocating scarce resources to develop other crucial areas as they are indirectly related to healthcare costs incurred by the aged .
+
+S Likewise , they need to forecast future demographic trends and be flexible in changing and implementing new fiscal measures to deal with the graying population .
+
+S Reference List :
+
+S - Peter , G.P .
+
+S ( 1999 ) .
+
+S Gray Dawn : The Global Aging Crisis .
+
+S Retrieved September 12 , 2009 , from http : //www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/54620/peter-g-peterson/gray- dawn-the-global-aging-crisis .
+
+S - Leonid , A.G. , & Patrick , H. ( 2007 ) .
+
+S " Aging of Population .
+
+S " In : Paul Demeny and Geoffrey McNicoll ( Eds .
+
+S ) The Encyclopedia of Population .
+
+S New York , Macmillan Reference USA , 2003 .
+
+S Retrieved September 12 , 2009 , from http : //longevity-science.org/Population_Aging.htm .
+
+S - Peter , G.P .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S A Graying World .
+
+S - Hasnita , M. ( 2009 , August 16 ) .
+
+S Healthcare system to be restructured to cater to ageing population .
+
+S Channel NewsAsia .
+
+S Retrieved September 12 , 2009 , from http : //www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/449200/1 /.html .
+
+S Aging is no doubt , one of the most pressing issues that many developed countries are facing today .
+A 2 2|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Japan and Singapore have been battling the aging society for many years where the birth rates are at depressing levels and better healthcare facilities are available .
+A 6 7|||R:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Because of this aging process , there is a need for research and development to come out with ideas to counteract it .
+
+S Thus , to a large extent , I agree that current research and development is the solution to this aging process .
+
+S The process can be eased through economical , social and architectural means .
+
+S Firstly , through economical means , elderly people are becoming increasingly part of the working community , working past retirement age .
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Singapore for example has a minimum retirement age of 62 years .
+
+S Elderly people can continuously upgrade themselves through job retraining to acquire relevant skills required for the job .
+
+S There are subsidies from government to employers to send workers aged 40 and above to upgrade their skills .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S An example is SDF course fee subsidy of up to 90 % for workers aged above 40 with 'A ' levels and below qualifications .
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||level|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , critics may argue that employers may hire younger workers due to their lower wages and higher working efficiency as compared to the older workers .
+A 23 24|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is not always the case as companies are less likely to waste time and effort to train the newcomers over a period and may not have the satisfied results at the end of the training .
+
+S Instead , they may want to retain the more experienced and skilled older workers to maintain a consistent working standard .
+
+S As for wages , people aged above 50 will contribute lesser to their CPF accounts and this includes the employer 's CPF contribution .
+A 10 11|||R:ADJ:FORM|||less|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will in turn lighten the cost of employing older workers and the company would prefer to hire the more experienced older workers over the less experienced younger workers .
+
+S Thus , economically , elderly people will be able to work longer and be more independent by supporting themselves for their retirement .
+
+S Secondly , through social policy , there are increasing entertainment activities to keep the elderly personnel occupied .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||policies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||more and more|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To cope with the increasing loneliness in elderly people , there are activities that can bond the elders together and engage them in fun-learning and enriching activities according to their interests .
+A 3 9|||R:OTHER|||elderly people 's increasing loneliness|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Take for example , the Wellness Programme in Singapore provides companionship with the other seniors through activities like brisk walking , dancing , gardening or cycling .
+A 0 2|||U:VERB|||For|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , not all elderly people are willing to participate in such events .
+
+S Although there are a lot of activities set up for elderly people , it is optimally up to them to decide whether or not to join the activities .
+
+S We can not force but encourage them to take up the relevant activities that may interest them .
+
+S They should also make an effort to keep a healthy lifestyle .
+
+S Take for example , in China , it is common to see many elderly people practising Taiji in the morning in public parks and dancing along the streets at night .
+A 0 2|||U:VERB|||For|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is thus important to maintain a healthy , yet entertaining lifestyle especially at an old age .
+
+S Last but not least , through architectural means , there are many infrastructure and facilities put in place for the convenience of the elderly .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||infrastructures|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For the safety of the elderly , ramps and slip resistant footpaths are being set up in residential estates .
+
+S An example would be at Macpherson Gardens in Singapore where such features are being put in place , creating an elderly-friendly estate .
+
+S The flats built in the past in Singapore were not accessible at every floor as the lifts are built in a way where they stop only at specific levels .
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:TENSE|||stopped|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Today , to improve the convenience of the residents , especially the elderly , upgrading works are being carried out at various locations , ensuring that lifts will stop at every level .
+
+S All these upgrading works are carried out to ensure that the place is made suitable for the elderly to live in .
+
+S In conclusion , as many developed countries are facing a fast aging population , proper research and development have to be carried out in order to ease the aging process .
+
+S Through economical , social and architectural means , we are thinking ahead for the future and creating an elderly- friendly environment for the elderly people to live in .
+
+S Internet Sources :
+
+S Ministry of Manpower .
+
+S Electronic References .
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2009 , from http : //www.mom.gov.sg/publish/momportal/en/communities/workplace_standards/e mployment_standards/The_Retirement_Age_Act.html
+
+S Singapore Workforce Development Agency .
+
+S Electronic References .
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2009 , from http : //app2.wda.gov.sg/web/Contents/Contents.aspx ? ContId = 650
+
+S Central Provident Fund .
+
+S Electronic References .
+
+S Retrieved September 25 , 2009 , from http : //mycpf.cpf.gov.sg/Employers/Gen-Info/cpf- Contri/ContriRa.htm
+
+S Housing & Development Board .
+
+S Electronic References .
+
+S Retrieved September 25 , 2009 , from http : //www.hdb.gov.sg/fi10/fi10208p.nsf/WPDis/Lift % 20Upgrading % 20ProgrammeOv erview ? OpenDocument
+
+S Online Newspaper Article :
+
+S Sue-Ann Chia ( 2009 , March 16 ) .
+
+S Govt still alert to ageing issue : PM .
+
+S The Straits Times .
+
+S Retrieved September 25 , 2009 , from
+
+S http : //www.pmo.gov.sg/News/Transcripts/Prime + Minister/Govt + still + alert + to + ag eing + issues.htm
+
+S Mavis Toh ( 2009 , March 8 ) .
+
+S Private estate to be elderly friendly .
+
+S The Straits Times .
+
+S Retrieved September 25 , 2009 , from http : //www.propertyguru.com.sg/news/2009/3/4746/private-estate-to-be- elderly-friendly
+
+S Nowadays , our society is highly concern about the impact of aging process on our lives .
+A 6 7|||R:MORPH|||concerned|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order to be a valid candidate for an explanation of the aging process , the changes proposed by the theory must meet the following criteria : ( 1 ) they will commonly occur in all or most humans ; ( 2 ) as an individual ages , these changes will become more pronounced ; and ( 3 ) the changes will lead to cellular or organ dysfunction that ultimately cause failure of the organ or system ( Steven N. Trautwein ) .
+A 70 71|||R:VERB:SVA|||causes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although aging process has arisen many problems in our lives , current science research and social policies have helped to solve these problems .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB|||raised|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the lifecycle of human beings is irreversible , human life expectancy is heavily depends on the rate of aging .
+A 2 3|||R:ORTH|||life cycle|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:MORPH|||dependent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , lots of money and efforts have been put in by governments , some companies and scientists worldwide to do the research in aging in order to slow down the aging process and also help to resolve some health problems that are caused by aging .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||a lot|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , there are scientists who have created fruit flies that are able to live of their normal life spans and thus have made old human cells behave like youth human cells again .
+A 15 17|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 32|||R:OTHER|||young|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This research is possible to let us living in a longer time and leading to a healthier life in our old age .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||has made it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:FORM|||live|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , degenerative diseases of old age such as arthritis , diabetes and hypertension can be solved and thus help to ease the aging process .
+A 18 19|||R:VERB|||treated|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Back in the old days , human longevity is comparably shorter than today 's .
+A 0 5|||R:OTHER|||Centuries ago|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||human longevity today|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is because that the invention of medicine has helped human beings to sustain a longer life .
+A 0 1|||R:PRON|||This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As we know , human cells tend to become unable to regenerate when we reach our old age and this will lead to the failure of organs such as kidneys , livers and hearts .
+
+S The only way to cure these diseases is undergoing transplantation .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:FORM|||to undergo|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the growing aging population has increased the need of organs , it is hard to get enough needed organs for the transplantation .
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||R:WO|||organs needed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this case , artificial organs can help to bridge the time to transplantation and thus improve the survival of patients while they are waiting for transplantation .
+A 11 13|||R:OTHER|||gap in time until a donor organ is available for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , we should appreciate the hard work of scientists in the lab and medical center since it has improved our old age lives in many aspects .
+A 20 21|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Other than the medical breakthroughs , social policies for the elderly are also playing important roles to ease the aging process .
+A 16 18|||R:OTHER|||in easing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , there are social policies such as introducing advanced insurance scheme that encourages young people start saving more to be financially secure in their old age .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||schemes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many countries have made individual retirement fund mandatory and hence successfully increase the number of nations who are able to support themselves in their old age .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||funds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:FORM|||increased|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN|||individuals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , some social welfare programs especially those which help to resolve the aging problems , including provide financially help to needed elderly are under way .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||In addition|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:FORM|||providing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:MORPH|||financial|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:OTHER|||needy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These programs protect those underprivileged elderly from starving for food or homeless .
+A 8 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:OTHER|||from being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S At the same time , some social societies have organized lots of activities for elderly to enjoy their lives and help them refrain from getting mental illness such as depression as they will feel they are worthless and also some of them may lose their partners .
+A 6 7|||R:ADJ|||charitable|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||many|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 23|||R:OTHER|||prevent them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:ADJ|||psychological|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:NOUN:NUM|||illnesses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 33|||R:OTHER|||that could make them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 46|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These activities have provided a place for them to socialize with other , get friends , and do exercise as well .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||others|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB|||make|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB|||get|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So , these social policies have brought a happy , healthy , safe and comfortable life to the elderly .
+A 0 1|||R:ADV|||Hence|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , our society should pay high attention to the aging problems and come out with solutions .
+A 7 8|||R:ADJ|||much|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:PART|||up|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We are unable to reverse the time but in average we can live in a healthier lifestyle and longer time compare with our ancestors since current research and policies are practical in solving some of aging problems .
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||R:OTHER|||for a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:FORM|||compared|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Apart from that , there are also many studies in different aspect such as architecture and psychology that are helpful to the elderly .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN|||fields|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the time passed , everybody will eventually become older and so we should prepare for it from now on .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||passes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 20|||R:OTHER|||now|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Referencing
+
+S Report from a private organization , available on organization website : 2003 : Splendiani G ; Cipriani S ; Vega A ; Casciani C U Artificial organs and transplantation .
+
+S Artificial cells , blood substitutes , and immobilization biotechnology2003 ; 31 ( 2 ) : 91- 6 .
+
+S Retrieved September 14 , 2009 from { http : //www.biomedexperts.com/Abstract.bme/12751825/Artificial_organs_and_transplantation } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.biomedexperts.com/Abstract.bme/12751825/Artificial_organs_and_transplantation ] Internet sources : Steven N. Trautwein .
+
+S Retrieved September 14 , 2009 from { http : //www.biologyreference.com/A-Ar/Aging-Biology-of.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.biologyreference.com/A-Ar/Aging-Biology-of.html ]
+
+S 2000 Friends Behavioral Health System .
+
+S Retrieved September 14 , 2009 from http : //www.friendshospitalonline.org/elderlyfacts.htm
+
+S Focus Elsewhere : A Better Solution
+
+S For the past few years , the issue of aging population has been debated widely across the globe as it took our world by storm .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:OTHER|||the world|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As our economy develops , the sign of aging population worsen .
+A 1 2|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||signs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Facts of such can be seen in developed countries like Germany and Japan , where the median age of citizen in the country is pushing towards 53 and 54 respectively ( Peterson 2001 ) .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||Such signs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||citizens|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As an older population will directly result in lower productivity and higher social and welfare cost in a nation , many sociologist of today are attending and bringing forth strategies , hoping that the issue of elder dependency will be taken care of without threatening a nation 's economy .
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:NUM|||sociologists|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S While majority of the solutions were revolving around increasing public spending on the aged , many think that such proposal is not viable and well balanced , as the economic aspect of a country has not been taken into account .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||revolve|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:CONJ|||nor|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S People at this opposing end , on the other hand , believe that public spending on the aged should be limited so that money can be diverted to other areas of the country 's development , indirectly solving the aging matter effectively .
+A 6 11|||R:OTHER|||thus|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the midst of such controversy , I personally agree that the problem of elder dependency will be better taken care of if a nation limits its spending on the elderly .
+
+S For the first reason of my standpoint , it is believed that the root of the elder dependency problem can only be solved if the country invests in other specific areas that would indirectly relief the situation .
+A 0 7|||R:OTHER|||Firstly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:MORPH|||relieve|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By spending directly on the aged , the government is only trying to deal with the consequences and not the source of the problem .
+
+S On the other hand , if the country invests in other specific areas like education , the burden of responsibility in taking care the elderly will literately shift from the government to the younger generation .
+A 19 21|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:MORPH|||literally|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is due to the better inculcation and cultivation of morale values among the youth as a result of better education system , thus increasing their responsibility in taking care of their immediate elderly family members .
+A 10 11|||R:MORPH|||moral|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A country could also focus its spending on developing its financial economy , as the result of such action would be that the working population would be financially better off to take care their immediate elderly family members , reducing the burden on government spending .
+A 13 14|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||R:OTHER|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 33|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 40|||R:OTHER|||thereby|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For the second reason of my standpoint , allowing massive public spending on the elderly tends to create a negative impact on the society .
+A 0 7|||R:OTHER|||Secondly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Having the mindset that the government would unconditionally support one who gets old , citizens would most likely abuse the system .
+
+S Since there are no future worries financially , the working population would eventually spend all their income on personal items without saving for the future .
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||financial worries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This would put on even more pressure on the government financially in terms of funding medical and social expenses of the elderly .
+A 3 4|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , by limiting public spending on the aged , it serves as a good warning sign to people in the working society .
+A 2 11|||R:OTHER|||limiting public spending on the aged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It reminds people that they have to play a fair part in taking care of their own health and wealth management is necessary to ensure financial security in the long future .
+A 30 31|||R:NOUN|||run|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Such approach can be seen in countries like Singapore , where employees have obliged to contribute part of their monthly salary to their Central Provident Fund ( CPF ) Account .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The purpose of such account is to ensure that Singaporeans would have sufficient funds to support their own life when they grow old .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 19|||R:OTHER|||themselves|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Given my above two reasons , one may argue that the ideology of such approach in dealing with aging population is too long-term oriented .
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As such , it is impractical and it lacks of ability to deal with the problem in the short run .
+A 9 10|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN|||term|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the benefit of the approach can only be seen in the long run , reducing and limiting the public funding amount immediately will result in shortage of funds to deal with current demand .
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will then result in a sudden vulnerable position , where many elder needy will not get the medical and financial attention that they need .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||could|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 9|||R:OTHER|||precarious situation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||may|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In my opinion , such an opposing view is incorrect .
+
+S By reducing the public funding , the government seeks to be more stringent in their subsidization criteria .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:OTHER|||for the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will ensure that those who really need help will still get the attention needed , while those who can still afford to look after themselves will receive lesser in contrast .
+A 28 29|||R:ADJ:FORM|||less|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Instead of ignoring those who demand help , this approach simply re-evaluates the subsidizing criteria , enforcing the practice of self responsibility for those who can and asking the public to play a fair share in taking care of themselves or their immediate family members .
+A 31 32|||R:VERB|||take|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All in all , in order to tackle the root of the elder dependency problem , corresponding nation should not focus on dealing with the current tangible problems .
+A 16 17|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||nations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Instead , more attention should be placed on the intangible source .
+
+S This will eventually result in a smoothen path in securing the aging process , and lessen the burden of the nation 's economy .
+A 6 7|||R:MORPH|||smoother|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB|||easing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference
+
+S - Peter G. Peterson .
+
+S ( 2001 ) .
+
+S A Graying Population .
+
+S Harvard International Review .
+
+S 23 .
+
+S 3 ( Fall 2001 ) : 66
+
+S " To a large extend , current research and development or policies have helped to ease the aging process .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN|||extent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " I agree with the statement .
+
+S Recent years , many Asian countries such as Japan , South Korea , Hong Kong and Singapore are tackling with a long term issue - burgeoning ageing population , which is the repercussion from rapid economy development , with high quality of health care but relatively low fertility rate .
+A 0 1|||M:PREP|||In recent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:MORPH|||economic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 45 45|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S An aging population has caused an increase in public spending and declination in Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) , owing to a decrease in the people who are highly productive .
+A 11 12|||R:MORPH|||decline|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conjunction with this issue , The Council for Third Age ( C3A ) has been established in Singapore with the aim of promoting active aging .
+
+S In fact , the wellness of seniors is very vital .
+
+S Survey showed that many elder prone to suicide because they could not bear the overwhelming effect of ill health and the feeling of loneliness .
+A 0 1|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Surveys|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||show|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||elderly individuals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:VERB|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||effects|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Fortunately , plenty researches and policies have helped in buffering the aging process .
+A 3 3|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||research studies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB|||easing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Prime Minister of Singapore , Lee Hsien Loong said , " We are crafting new policies , improving our infrastructure and developing effective programs to enable older citizens to lead full and happy lives .
+A 8 8|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:ADV|||once|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " An important policy the government had adopted is " Supporting Lifelong Employability " .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to this strategy , government legislates to require employers to offer re-employment to workers for another three years after their official retirement age , not necessarily in the same job or at the same pay .
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||legislation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 9|||R:VERB:FORM|||requires|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Government is going to retrain the older and enhance their skills so that they are ready to contribute themselves .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:NOUN|||workers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , on July 2007 , C3M and local university , Uni SIM offered courses to senior citizens so as to enable them to earn credits through courses and pursue a degree in future .
+A 3 4|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:OTHER|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , there is discriminations argues that the older are inefficient , conservative and out-dated .
+A 2 5|||R:OTHER|||critics|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:SVA|||argue|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:ADJ|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They are a burden rather than an asset in working area .
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||the workplace|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nonetheless , most of the older workers are independent , mature and deliberate .
+A 3 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They possess valuable experiences to impart and mentor the younger that are more productive and innovative , but lack of experience .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||experience|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:OTHER|||to the younger workers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||they can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:NOUN|||workers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:PRON|||who|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The strategy makes senior citizens keep engage and contribute in working field , more self-reliance in finance , boost the economic development of Singapore , with the combining power between the older and the younger , and thus , slow down the aging process .
+A 0 1|||R:DET|||This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:VERB|||enables|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB|||to stay|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:MORPH|||engaged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:FORM|||contributing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||the workforce|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 35|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , the introduction of Central Provident Fund ( CPF ) , a mandatory saving scheme , is also a policy carried out by government to ease the aging process .
+A 0 1|||R:ADV|||Furthermore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Under the CPF scheme , employees have to pay into their individual employee accounts during working years and the savings can be drawn when a person retire to afford his medical expenses or long- term care .
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:VERB:SVA|||retires|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:OTHER|||pay for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The policy is quite useful in grappling aging issue from economic view point as it encourages financial planning of the elder during their economically active years and lower the rising social issue such as their burden hinder younger generation 's development in terms of their daily living consumption .
+A 7 7|||M:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:PREP|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:OTHER|||individuals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:VERB:SVA|||lowers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 32|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||R:VERB:FORM|||hindering|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 37|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 48|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Government can also reduce the incentive allocated to the elderly and the public spending can be used in an economical way in the development of country in other areas .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN|||privileges|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||R:OTHER|||a more prudent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Maybe from the younger 's perspective , the policy does n't make sense as it not only incurs less payout every month , it is also still long to plan the spending for their old age .
+A 4 4|||M:NOUN|||generation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 20|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:CONJ|||but|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 36|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , it is a worthwhile practice for citizens to plan for their income and expenditure and yet their future .
+A 17 18|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , the implementation of " Wellness Program " and policies to create age-friendly environment also help in buffering the aging process .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:SVA|||helps|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Wellness Program is a social program designed to encourage active and healthy lifestyles among seniors .
+A 0 0|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||senior citizens|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It includes 3 parts- health screening , regular exercise programmes and social activities like brisk walking , dancing , cycling and so on .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB|||comprises|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Recently , we realise that the housing estate and public transport have made strides or free from element .There are also lifts access to all floors of The Housing and Development Board ( HDB ) .
+A 2 3|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||estates|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 18|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:SVA|||lift|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 35|||R:OTHER|||block of flats|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All these create a safety and accessible environment to the older .
+A 4 5|||R:MORPH|||safe|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:ADJ|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In effect , the policies sound because the welfare of the elder is greatly taken care and they will not be neglected by the community .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:ADV|||well|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Despite this social policy consumes a lot of money , it is crucial because senior citizens are part of our societies and as a responsible man , it is our duty to take care of their wellness when they are physically unable .
+A 1 1|||M:OTHER|||the fact that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB|||requires|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||society|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 26|||R:OTHER|||responsible members of society|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||R:NOUN|||welfare|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 41|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 42|||M:OTHER|||to do so themselves|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , aging process is complicated and multifarious , it affects every one of us .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We may not able to prevent aging process from happening but we can try to slow down the process as far as we can .
+A 3 3|||M:VERB|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Current research and development indeed , help a lot in slowing down the process .
+A 5 6|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||helps|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Aging issues is disastrous ; it may slow down the economic growth in a country and create long-term stagnation .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||The aging problem|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:ADJ|||serious|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , we must contribute and support the policies available so as to achieve a successful aging in long term .
+A 5 5|||M:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||on a societal level|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ____________________________
+
+S Reference :
+
+S Journal Article : Lee Hsien Loong ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Preparing for an Aging Population : The Singapore Experience .
+
+S AARP Journal Winter 09 ( pg.12-17 )
+
+S 2 Book : Ministry Of Community Development , Youth and Sports .
+
+S Adding Life to Years - Happy , Healthy & Active Seniors ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Singapore .
+
+S 3 Online newspaper article : Hoe Yeen Nie ( 05 July 2007 ) Council for Third Age and UniSIM offer courses to senior citizens .
+
+S Channel NewsAsia
+
+S There have been recently some issues of the ageing population that make people feel strongly about .
+A 2 4|||R:WO|||recently been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Someone think that policy makers should reduce the funds for the old , and spend more money on other areas for government developments .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Some|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:ADJ|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:OTHER|||the country 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , some critics would argue and objective to this way .
+A 0 2|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:MORPH|||object|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , in my view , I agree with the first opinion .
+A 2 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , this essay will talk about the support for the first idea .
+
+S Firstly , the portion of public funds spent on ageing population issues should be reduced .
+
+S By this way , governments could make people who are nearly the age of retirement aware of the necessary of actively working to accumulate more money to support themselves in their later time .
+A 0 1|||R:PREP|||In|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:MORPH|||necessity|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 33|||R:OTHER|||retirement|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , children certainly have to look after and take responsibility on their old parents thoughtfully than before because they do not want to see their parents be affected from the decrease in funds for old citizens .
+A 4 6|||R:VERB|||should|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||care of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:ADV|||more|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:PREP|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:ADJ|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , we can see that the elderly nowadays look healthier and more pleasure than ever before .
+A 12 14|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is due to the fact that our services for the population are now improved date by date .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:FORM|||improving|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 18|||R:OTHER|||day by day|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , the quality of life is made better as the improvement in health care and sciences now make us possible to turn down many difficulties for senior citizens .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||R:OTHER|||improvements|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||R:OTHER|||it possible for us|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 30|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Retiree probably do not need too much money , the main things they want at their age are satisfaction and a good health to live with their family as well as help their offspring to be more experienced .
+A 0 1|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Retirees|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 23|||R:OTHER|||to be satisfied ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:ADV|||healthily|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 31|||R:OTHER|||and to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the decline of the money for the old should not have an bad impact on ageing population .
+A 3 7|||R:OTHER|||decrease in funding|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:ADJ|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is worth remembering that policy makers should also focus on other areas to develop the countries as well as reduce the pressure of the graying population .
+A 15 16|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , an effective solution to the ageing population is increasing the percentage in the governments ' treasuries of other factors such as economy , science , transportation , education and some areas else .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:FORM|||to increase|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 22|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 35|||R:OTHER|||other areas|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The reason for this way is that those agencies play a significant roles in making the nations go up .
+A 4 5|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN|||sectors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||role|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 19|||R:OTHER|||the development of the nations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Once the countries are strong enough , certainly the older will be benefited .
+A 9 10|||R:ADJ|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||R:VERB:TENSE|||benefit|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To illustrate , spending money on economic researchs help predict the trend of consumption and reduce the bad effects of unstable markets on the whole nations ' economies .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:INFL|||research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:SVA|||helps|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , the improvement in science can not only help the people healthier but also diminish the cost for hospital and medicines .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Moreover|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||improvements|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB|||decrease|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 22|||R:OTHER|||size of hospitalisation and other medical bills|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , education is surely the most important areas which governments must focus on as well .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||area|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The more effectively students are educated , the more productivity and responsible citizens we have .
+A 9 10|||R:MORPH|||productive|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the supports from those essential factors , there is no doubt to say that the worry for ageing population no longer exists because authorities have great potential to deal with such problem .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 7|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||related to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||R:OTHER|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:OTHER|||resources|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:NOUN:NUM|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many critics should disagree to spend less money on the elderly because it is opposite to traditional moral .
+A 2 3|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||with spending|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 16|||R:OTHER|||contradicts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||morals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Those opponents say that because the number of old households is increasing as the people born in the boomer baby are nearly 65 in 2012 .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||They|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||households with elderly members|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||R:NOUN|||baby boomer generation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , at present , there are still many children who can not take care for their parents and have to leave them in retire house because those younger people have their own family but they still do not afford to get by in this becoming complex world .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN|||people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 26|||R:OTHER|||old folks ' homes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 30|||R:OTHER|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 40|||R:OTHER|||are still struggling|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 45 46|||R:OTHER|||increasingly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , in my view , limitation on the public spending for the old does not mean that we do not care about the ageing population .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||placing a limit|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:ADJ|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If we still keep focus on the old , that is a provisional methods , how can we deal with such issue while we are still lack of support from others factor such as science and economy ?
+A 0 14|||R:OTHER|||Keeping our focus on the elderly is only a temporary solution|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:PUNCT|||. How|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 28|||R:OTHER|||still lack|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 32|||R:OTHER|||other factors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 36|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Governments should serve their old citizens in a long run but not in a short time .
+A 4 5|||R:ADJ|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:PREP|||over|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN|||term|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||instead of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||term only|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Once they make a rich economies and an improvement in science , policy makers can not only emphasize on the graying population but also come out with the solutions to many other problems .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB|||develop|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:ADJ|||strong|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||improvements|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB|||focus|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:PART|||up|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Overall , governments should change their focus on other factors of the country first before they want to help the elderly .
+A 16 18|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Public spending , therefore , should be used to develop other important areas .
+
+S Once those main agencies are strong enough , the solution for the old can be carried out .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN|||sectors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:ADJ|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:VERB|||implemented|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The speed of aging process around the world is being hastened due to the high life expectancy and low fertility rate .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN|||increase|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN|||populations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:ADJ|||long|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||rates|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:OTHER|||in many countries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Most countries have poured a great deal of resources into this increasing population .
+
+S However , if this trend of spending has been continuing in the future time , it will be destructive to a country 's financial structure .
+A 7 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||continues|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , spending on the aged should be limited in order to transfer valuable resources to other sectors which also require the country 's attention .
+
+S When we flip through the newspapers recently , we usually will read much news which is reporting that countries are battered by the prevalent recession .
+A 6 7|||R:ADV|||nowadays|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||R:WO|||will usually|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 20|||R:OTHER|||about countries being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The countries in recession are trying by all means to revive their economy now .
+
+S According the data calculated by IMF ( International Monetary Fund ) to measure the impact of the financial crisis , the price of financial crisis will indeed be high , like the G20 advanced countries ' GDP will be contracted by 8 % in 2008-09 .
+A 1 1|||M:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:OTHER|||For instance ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:OTHER|||developed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 40|||R:VERB:FORM|||is expected to contract|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nonetheless , these costs incurred during the recession will only be about 10 % of the spending related to elders care in the long-term period from now to 2050.Compared to the influence brought by financial crisis , it is critical for a country to divert more resources from the age-related spending to pump up the dire economy .
+A 19 20|||R:MORPH|||elder|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:OTHER|||2050.Due|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:NOUN|||consequences|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 34|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 48 49|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 49 50|||R:ADJ|||elderly-related|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 52 53|||R:VERB:FORM|||pumping|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The substantial cost of generous elderly care will not be fully supported if the countries ' financial position is in a predicament .
+A 19 22|||R:OTHER|||unstable|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although many rich countries have accepted that it is time to reform their policies , the transformation is progressing only timidly due to reluctance of introducing unpopular measures affected by political factors like election .
+A 19 21|||R:ADV|||very slowly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 26|||R:OTHER|||to introduce|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:OTHER|||. Such reluctance is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , it is well accepted that a country should have a balanced financial image and appropriate development plans for gaining healthy growth .
+A 11 15|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The country should not focus much of their effort to explore the incentives for spending in the elderly care , instead , they should set an adequate plan for the sectors which are equally important to the country 's development .
+A 5 5|||M:ADV|||too|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||on exploring|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:VERB|||develop|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We can not neglect the significance of the education .
+A 0 1|||M:OTHER|||For example , we|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Education acts a critical role to help a country grow from time to time .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB|||plays|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||in helping|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 14|||R:OTHER|||phase to phase|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The productivity and monetary income of a country can be improved hugely due to a well-established educational structure .
+A 3 5|||R:OTHER|||revenue|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:ADV|||tremendously|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For an instance , the federal government in Canada is promoting innovation strategy whose the skills and learning agenda of it is being propelled by a statement , " rests on the principle that in the knowledge economy , prosperity depends on innovation which , in turn , depends on the investments that we make in the creativity and talents of our people .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||where|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 21|||R:OTHER|||its skills and learning agenda|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 28|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " Through investing in innovation strategy to brew new knowledge for the economy and in return , it will then create an environment with innovation excellence to protect and improve our quality of life .
+A 0 1|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 19|||R:OTHER|||which will in turn|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the long run , we are still maintaining our level of elderly care thought a different way .
+A 14 15|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , a country , which insists on providing maximum resources to the elderly care , will face a dilemma when proposing a financial budget .
+A 4 5|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S While elders care will inevitably account for a large portion of expenditure , the consequence of this improper budget is the financial burden of raising fund which results mounting a full load of debts and raising tax .
+A 1 2|||R:MORPH|||elder|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:NOUN:NUM|||funds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will result|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 29|||M:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||R:NOUN:NUM|||taxes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The original intention of helping elders will be tainted as it is in fact suffering more people .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:ADV|||then|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||the resulting situation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 14|||R:OTHER|||would in fact cause|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the contrary , the alternative to support the help elders lead a better life is not only limited on a large spending budget , it is also achievable while the country boosts the economy through different incentives , like supporting the entrepreneurship of people by cutting tax and giving allowance .
+A 7 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:FORM|||helping|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:CONJ|||but|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:MORPH|||achieved|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 47 48|||R:NOUN:NUM|||taxes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 50 51|||R:NOUN:NUM|||allowances|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It creates an environment that people will have accumulated more wealth in their early stage of life and they can support themselves in the future .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||where|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:OTHER|||later stage of their life|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the reality , some elder employees will challenge that raising the retirement age to be eligible for the pensions as they are irresistible inducements to leave early .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||the raising of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 20|||R:OTHER|||as this delays their eligibility for their pension .|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 28|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is a challenging task for the government to persuade people to agree over such adjustment .
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In a nutshell , a solid development of a country is built on a healthy look of the financial position and an unbiased development plan .
+A 4 5|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Having a superior elderly care system does not mean having a great success in governing a country .
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On top of that , spending should not be narrowly limited on the age-related spending only , but to allocate the resources justly over all the sectors instead of overlooking their importance .
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:ADJ|||elderly-related|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 23|||R:OTHER|||resources should instead be evenly allocated|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference list
+
+S 1 .
+
+S A slow-burning fuse , a special report on ageing populations .
+
+S ( 2009 , Jun 25 ) .
+
+S The Economist , from http : //www.economist.com/specialreports/displayStory.cfm ? story_id = 13888 045 2 .
+
+S Canada Business .
+
+S Canada 's Innovation Strategy , from http : //www.canadabusiness.ca 3 .
+
+S IMF ( 2009 , June 09 ) .
+
+S Fiscal Implications of the Global Economic and Financial Crisis , from http : //www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/spn/2009/spn0913.pdf 4 .
+
+S Industry Canada .
+
+S Detailed documentation concerning the federal innovation strategy , from http : //www.innovationstrategy.gc.ca 5 .
+
+S Scrimp and Save , a special report on ageing populations .
+
+S ( 2009 , Jun 25 ) .
+
+S The Economist , from http : //www.economist.com/specialreports/displaystory.cfm ? story_id = 13887 853
+
+S During the baby boom in the 1960s , the education system in Singapore was not very good .
+
+S Many people focus on working instead of studying , therefore literacy rate was not high .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||focused|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:ADV|||so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The aging problems have not arise until recently , where those who were born during the baby boom period are turning 50 to 60 years old .
+A 0 2|||U:DET|||Aging|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||did|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:ADV|||when|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This issue has led to a heated debate on whether we should limit the spending of public funds on the aged .
+
+S It is undeniable that spending on the aged is important , however , we should not neglect the more important areas like education and economy to make sure that the future generation does not suffer from the same problem again .
+A 10 11|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I believe that spending on the education is one of the more important areas where public money should be spent on .
+A 3 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , a good education is the only way out of the rat race , to a better and secured future .
+A 20 21|||R:MORPH|||secure|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although Singapore literacy rate is relatively high as compared to the rest of the world , I still believe that can be done .
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:TENSE|||should|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , increasing the mandatory schooling for Singaporean to secondary school and providing more funding for student from poorer background .
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:MORPH|||Singaporeans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||until|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||students|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Funding can be in the form of pocket money , subsidies school fees and more scholarship programs for the needy families .
+A 7 9|||R:NOUN|||disbursing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||subsidising|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:VERB|||developing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:OTHER|||children of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This incentive will encourage children from the poorer family to study more .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||These incentives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||families|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:ADV|||further|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With higher education , people will be able to earn more income and thus save more for the future .
+
+S For instance , in the form of forced saving like Central Provident Fund or life annuity scheme .
+A 8 9|||R:MORPH|||savings|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||schemes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will decrease the number of elderly that require funding from the government to get by in their old age .
+A 7 7|||M:NOUN|||persons|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Higher educated personal also tends to plan ahead for their retirement .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||More highly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN|||people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||tend|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They are more responsible and dependent on themselves .
+
+S Beyond that , Singapore should also spend more on educating citizens to lead a healthy lifestyle and work longer .
+
+S For example , Workforce development agency ( WDA ) Source : ( { http : //www.wda.gov.sg/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.wda.gov.sg/ ] ) encourages retrenched or older workers to upgrade themselves to increase their employability .
+A 3 25|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Education may be one of the ways to minimize the number of the elderly relying on government funding .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN|||percentage|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another area that Singapore should also spend more money on developing is the economy .
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||is in developing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is where the country 's wealth can continue to grow when the economy is stable .
+A 2 3|||R:ADV|||when|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We should spend more money to attract talents from all over the world and transform Singapore into a world class financial and medical hub .
+
+S Coupled with better education , it will not be surprising that the disposable income of Singapore would also increase .
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:TENSE|||be increased|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will improve the standard of living for Singaporean and will eventually contribute to better healthcare system in Singapore .
+A 8 9|||R:MORPH|||Singaporeans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As Singaporeans become more well off , it will lead to research for innovative products to tap on the sliver industry ( market for the old people ) .
+A 7 11|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:VERB|||will result|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Similarly on the other end , the users of the innovative products will be in a better position , financially , to afford it .
+A 1 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With that , the sliver industry will becomes lucrative market and more companies will be willing to invest time and money into developing innovative products for the elderly .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:FORM|||become|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government should also encourage companies to tap on these markets .
+
+S Recently , 5 companies have received 500k grant from the government to develop elderly friendly products for the silver industry .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||M:OTHER|||$ 500K|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Source : ( { http : //www.asiaone.com/Business/News/SME + Central/Story/A1Story20080807-81208.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.asiaone.com/Business/News/SME + Central/Story/A1Story20080807-81208.html ] ) .
+A 0 21|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides focusing all her resources on education and economy , Singapore should also be spending some of her resources on the aged .
+
+S There is an immediate problem here and we can not ignore that these 50 to 60 years old elders as they did contribute to the success of Singapore in many ways .
+A 13 18|||R:OTHER|||50- to 60-year-old|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have contributed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even if Singapore successfully brings Singapore education and economy to greater heights , there will still be people who fall through the cracks .
+
+S These people will need even more help in this highly competitive society .
+
+S Beyond that , solutions like nursing those elderly in other countries like Malaysia where expenses will be lower are not well received by the elders .
+A 24 25|||R:OTHER|||elderly themselves|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , we still need to spend on maintaining the welfare of these people .
+
+S In conclusion , by spending more on both economy and education , we will be able to decrease effects of the aging problem .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By investing in education and economy , Singaporean will be able to generate more disposable income and hence , less reliance on the government funding when they grow old .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:MORPH|||Singaporeans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:VERB|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:MORPH|||reliant|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Still , we should not forget to leave some for the aged as they have contributed in many ways to the country .
+
+S We should still be a responsible country which will take care of its citizens .
+
+S Limiting Public Spending on the Aged
+
+S Public spending on the aged should be limited so that money can be diverted to other areas of the country 's development .
+A 18 19|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Being a firm believer of 'Prevention is better than cure ' , I agree to a certain extent .
+A 5 5|||M:OTHER|||the saying|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:ORTH|||'prevention|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||with this statement|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In year 2000 , seven percent of Singapore 's total population is over the age of sixty-five , however , by 2030 this will increase to nineteen percent ( Inter- Ministerial Committee on Aging Report 1999 ) .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||R:OTHER|||but|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Singapore can limit public spending on the aged , using the savings and indirectly alleviate or even reduce the total expenditure catered on the aged in terms of healthcare and accommodation .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:FORM|||use|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By three methods that tackles the problem in a long run .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||There are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||can tackle|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , by channeling the money saved to making a more robust educational system , the government can have better civics and moral education .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:FORM|||make|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Starting from a tender age , we should no longer rely on parents to inculcate the youth on what they deem as unimportant issues .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB|||educate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The new comprehensive education system should include firm beliefs that one should take care of their parents when they 're old , instilling a filial piety mind-set .
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||one 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||R:OTHER|||. This will help instil|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:OTHER|||in the youths.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As more often than not , education can help one out of poverty .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Indeed ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , by having a superb educational system , the government can essentially worry less on meeting the needs of lowly-educated population , tackling the affordability issue .
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||about|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||the less educated|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:ADV|||thereby|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 27|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , we should encourage family bonding sessions with our elderly parents .
+
+S By spending on the development of public amenities like beaches , larger parks , family-oriented shopping malls , etc. , family can get to foster better relationship amongst them .
+A 20 23|||R:OTHER|||the government can encourage families|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:NOUN:NUM|||relationships|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:OTHER|||family members|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With better understanding , I believe the child of elderly parents will feel more obliged to compromise their time and money to provide better care and concern for them .
+A 0 6|||R:OTHER|||I believe that with better understanding ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||individuals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB|||spend|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Beaches and parks also provide an avenue for the aged to keep fit and stay healthy , cutting down unnecessary healthcare costs arising when one grows old .
+A 22 23|||R:OTHER|||that arise|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 27|||R:OTHER|||from age-related problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thirdly , there should be an increase in fund on the healthcare sector .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||funding|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One primary concern for providing healthcare for the aged is the cost .
+A 3 4|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although some might argue that increasing the fund just targets at providing for the aged , by looking at the bigger picture , the improved healthcare system provides for all .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||healthcare|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||funding|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:OTHER|||one will see that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By treating and preventing more problems to arise before one gets old , detecting early symptoms of diseases , etc. , a person can be healthier especially when coupled by good social-policy planning by the government .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN|||diseases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||from arising|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 36|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is well known that depression is more destructive than any sickness the aged will have , having a fit mind is essential for having a fit body .
+A 17 17|||M:ADV|||so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , as recently mentioned in the media , Singapore will get a boost in fund for palliative care .
+A 0 3|||U:OTHER|||As|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||funding|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The new initiative by the Health Ministry mentioned that the use of Medisave for home palliative care will be liberalised .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB|||means|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This was done in view that the aged actually cherish the quality rather than the quantity of life , similar to the direction of hospice care in providing comfort rather than cure .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||. Such care is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||R:OTHER|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The revised funding also will not only include in-patient hospice care , but also to home hospice care .
+A 3 5|||R:WO|||will also|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:VERB|||cover|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But despite the revision of spending in this area , they must thread the issue with care as there are doubts over the sustainability over the provision of this free service .
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||the government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Interestingly , aid for the aged in their psycho-social needs is still lacking .
+A 6 7|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nevertheless , with the extra pump in money given in these examples , better service will be provided for the aged .
+
+S In conclusion , it is noted that capping of public spending to the aged will provide more cash flow to other sectors , which will in turn reduce and tackle the problems faced now .
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All three areas of education , healthcare and social policy are equally important whereby unnecessary funding to other sectors , like to the military , can well be avoided or reduced .
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||whereas|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 27|||R:OTHER|||should|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As mentioned by Mr. Lim Boon Heng : " As the population of the aged grows and the numbers grow , the sustainability of a free service is one we have to look carefully at .
+
+S Naturally , for those who ca n't afford it , we should extend help funded by public generosity .
+
+S " There is only a certain extent the government can increase its public spending on the aged , in particular home care .
+A 20 22|||R:OTHER|||in the area of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Ultimately , prevention is still better than cure , we need to solve the problem from its root .
+A 9 9|||M:PREP|||so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference :
+
+S Developing palliative care in Singapore gets a boost by S Ramesh , Channel NewsAsia.com
+
+S Inter-Ministerial Committee on the Ageing Population , Singapore .
+
+S Ministry of Community Development ( 1999 )
+
+S Friedland ( 2005 ) says that " policymakers must not only concern themselves with the rising expenditure related to programs to support a growing elderly population , but they must also consider the net impact of these expenditures have and changes that would occur if these programs did not exist " .
+
+S It is a well-known fact that the society is growing old and old .
+A 7 7|||M:ADJ|||global|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Because of that , it is important to make a policy that will be able to support the elderly in their late life .
+A 2 3|||R:DET|||this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , it is still not the best thing to do .
+
+S It is quite a pity to limit the public spending on the elderly regarding some of the disadvantages that are brought by such policy .
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 25|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , if we limit the public spending on the aged , the money can be diverted and used to develop the country in other areas , such as economy and education , which will eventually lead to a more advantages for the country .
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First of all , if we limit the public spending on the elderly , the first one to suffer is the younger generation who have to take care of their parents .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||Nevertheless|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They will have to spend more money for their parents while sometimes they even can not fulfil their own needs .
+A 13 13|||M:OTHER|||may not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||be able to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Just imagine if the parents have a cancer and they have to carry out a surgical operation which will cost the younger generation thousands of dollars .
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||go through|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will bring more burdens on the young .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||burden|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , there are also some parents who have their children work overseas or even have no child , which will eventually lead them to nothing to lean on except the government .
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:FORM|||working|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||children|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:TENSE|||may|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 27|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:VERB:FORM|||leaning|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 29|||M:OTHER|||no one|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , if the government are about to limit the public spending on the aged , a lot of young and elderly will suffer .
+A 5 8|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:SVA|||limits|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , by diverting the money into some other areas , the government can gain some advantages in certain areas .
+
+S The first one is in the economy area .
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||area of the economy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By diverting the money to develop the economics , the government will be able to create more working fields so that they can reduce the unemployment rate as well as increase the Gross Domestic Product , which is the indicator of the economic health and standard of living in a country , of their own country .
+A 7 8|||R:MORPH|||economy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||R:OTHER|||jobs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 51 56|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides that , Friedland ( 2005 ) suggests that " with sufficient economic growth there are more choices and fewer persons in need " .
+A 1 2|||R:DET|||this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , by diverting the money in the area of economy , we can prevent the elderly to keep depending on the government help .
+A 6 7|||R:PREP|||into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:PART|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The second one is in the area of education .
+
+S As we know that by the statistic gathered at the year 2008 in Singapore , 68.2 % of the residents who are 55 years and above have only graduated from secondary school .
+A 0 4|||R:OTHER|||Based on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||statistics|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is one of the reasons why the elderly earn less money and therefore need the government help .
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , by diverting the money in the education area , we can provide the youngsters with the education that will help them in their later life .
+A 6 7|||R:PREP|||into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||area of education|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||young|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By providing the youngsters with good education , we can also prevent such thing happening again .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||the same|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , with a higher level of education , they will be able to learn how to invest well , which will eventually lead to the more salary they will be able to earn and it will result in the increase in the Gross Domestic Product , which is good for their country .
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:TENSE|||may|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 34|||R:OTHER|||higher earnings|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:PRON|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||R:VERB:TENSE|||may|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 37|||M:ADV|||also|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , even if the limitation on the public spending for the elderly will result in more burdens for the young and elder generations , we still have to limit it because of the long-term impact that it may have , such as more working fields , better education , and increase in Gross Domestic Product , are really good for the country .
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||burden|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 32|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 45 47|||R:NOUN|||jobs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 57 64|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , it is better to try preventing things to happen rather than just try covering it up all the time .
+A 9 10|||R:PART|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:FORM|||happening|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:PRON|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Ministry of Community Development .
+
+S Electronical References .
+
+S Retrieved September 14 , 2008 , from { http : //app.mcys.gov.sg/web/indv_researchstd.asp } [ HYPERLINK : http : //app.mcys.gov.sg/web/indv_researchstd.asp ] Friedland , Robert and Summer , Laura ( 2005 ) .
+
+S Demography is not destiny .
+
+S Georgetown University .
+
+S Nowadays , aging problem becomes a real concern not only for the government but also the public .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has become|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The vast increase in aging population has leaded the economic to the lack of effective worker .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:FORM|||led|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:MORPH|||economy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||workers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , the elderly people , who are unable to continue earning and have little support from the younger , seem to have many financial difficulties and become a burden to the society .
+A 18 19|||R:ADJ:FORM|||young|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Having said that , the aging problem is worth considering but the government should n't spend too much money on it while the effectiveness of recent solution for aging problem are still uncertain and the problem can be solve indirectly by the development of other areas of the country like economic or education .
+A 2 3|||R:DET|||this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:CONTR|||not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:NOUN:NUM|||solutions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 29|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||R:VERB:FORM|||solved|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 50 50|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 50 51|||R:MORPH|||economy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some of the most well-known strategies for dealing with the aging population are extending retirement age , lengthening working lives and encouraging financial planning during economically active year .
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||the retiring|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These strategies ' view is that if people are given more opportunities to work , they can be able to save enough money for their retirement .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN|||point|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:TENSE|||may|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , there are many problems rising from reality that may make it not suitable to apply this strategy .
+A 2 4|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:ADJ|||real|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB|||arising|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 19|||R:OTHER|||this strategy inappropriate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since the retirement age come from many careful research on human 's health as well as ability of working , extending it irresponsibly may be harmful for the workers .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||comes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:ADJ|||much|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:NOUN:POSS||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:PART|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:FORM|||work|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When more elderly people are employed , there will be less work-place for younger , more effective workers and it is really a huge waste of human resources .
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||workplace|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:PRON|||this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The second thing is that not everyone is able to make an effective financial plan for the economically active year .
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||during|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||years|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It required some basic financial knowledge which is difficult for the normal worker to know .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||requires|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are still many things to deal with before supporting these strategies .
+
+S In spite of focusing only on the aged , diverting money to economic can not only bring benefits to the country but also help solving the aging problem .
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||the economy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:FORM|||solve|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When the government invest more money in economic like reduce tax for the companies , allow more foreign investment , working-age immigrant , the concern about lack of effective labor which aging population bring to the society is over .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||If|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||invests|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:MORPH|||economy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:FORM|||reducing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:FORM|||allowing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||investments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:OTHER|||among|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 31|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 37|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 38|||R:VERB:TENSE|||may be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||R:OTHER|||addressed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , growth economy brings the society more sufficient fund to raise pension and welfare to elderly people for helping them with financial difficulties .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:MORPH|||growing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB|||provides|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 8|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||funds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB|||increase|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:VERB|||improve|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 25|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , when the economic is developed , salary of the worker will be increased so that they can have more saving when they retire .
+A 4 5|||R:MORPH|||economy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||salaries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||workers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:FORM|||increase|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||such|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:NUM|||savings|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Spending money in economic seems to be a wise choice for the government .
+A 2 3|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||the economy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Improving education is also a way to develop country and a solution for aging problem .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||countries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With more money investing in education , the schools , universities can provide more modern educational equipments , better teachers , and most importantly , reduce the tuition fee so that more people are encouraged to study and have better education .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:FORM|||invested|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||equipment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:NOUN:NUM|||fees|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 36|||R:OTHER|||can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , with higher education , people will have more chances to have higher salary , thus increase saving in their working lives for later needs .
+A 13 14|||R:PART|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB|||earning|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||salaries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:FORM|||increasing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:MORPH|||savings|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 25|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When people are given some basic knowledge about managing money , they will be able to make financial plan , which help them to use their money wisely and reduce waste , by themselves .
+A 16 17|||R:VERB|||do|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||planning|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:VERB:TENSE|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 35|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , elderly people with better education tend to have more active , healthier life than the others and are not burdens to the society .
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||lives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:OTHER|||a burden|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , since elderly people have some knowledge about nutrition , they will have ability to choose healthy food like vegetable , beans , fish instead of high-cholesterol food which is harmful at their age like butter , sugar , meat .
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:NUM|||vegetables|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 36|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 41|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Good education is really necessary not only for the society but also for people who do n't want to face financial difficulties when they retire .
+A 3 4|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:CONTR|||not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In general , aging population is a global problem and need to be solved as soon as possible but we have to consider the solutions carefully .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:SVA|||needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the uncertainty of recent strategies for this problem , we should diverse our money and effort in another areas which have more potential benefits .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB|||divert|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:PREP|||into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||other|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By doing this correctly , we will be able to develop our countries in many aspects , including the aging issue .
+
+S The word aging has always been a great fear for most in the society .
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||greatly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:FORM|||feared|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The reason for the fear is basically due to the fact that aging makes us fragile .
+
+S The moment when we became aged , it implies that we are closer to the end of our lives .
+A 2 3|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||become|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:ADJ|||old|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We can hardly move as freely as the young , productivity will be much lower and most of the time we will be bedridden by illnesses .
+A 11 13|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:PREP|||because of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Life will be sheer torturing instead of enjoying .
+A 4 5|||R:MORPH|||torture|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:MORPH|||enjoyment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The aging process , to me , means the progressive steps to become old , the transition to suffer from illnesses , immobility and short of money for retirement .
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN|||lack|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To prevent such situations happening , research and development in science and medicine , innovative projects on the infrastructure and socially policies have been constantly done to reduce the effect of these problems , make the life of elderly so much easier more comfortable .
+A 4 4|||M:PREP|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 19|||R:OTHER|||infrastructure projects|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:MORPH|||social|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:VERB|||crafted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 42|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , I agree , to a large extent , current research and development/policies have helped to ease the aging process .
+A 4 5|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The old-aged are weak and vulnerable against various diseases .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||aged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As one 's age increase , the body immune system deteriorates .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||increases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The ability to fight against germs and viruses gets much less effective .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB|||becomes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , the older the people , the more they are susceptible to illnesses .
+
+S Any small disease can be much more fatal to the elderly .
+
+S However , as medical science and technology develops at a breakneck pace , many of the illnesses are no longer feared .
+
+S Doctors acquire better knowledge of the diseases .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With much improved equipment and tools , they able to treat illnesses with much higher efficiency .
+A 8 8|||M:VERB|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Through research and development , more effective medicines are invented to cater for different types of problems .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Diseases , such as tuberculosis , which were deemed incurable in the past , can be easily treated by current level of medical procedures .
+A 15 15|||M:ADV|||now|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Vaccinations are formulated to prevent us from even getting the diseases .
+
+S These breakthroughs elevate illnesses from the aged , thus they can enjoy the remaining of their lives healthier , happier and with less suffering .
+A 2 8|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As medical procedures get so advanced , the cost of medical treatments is too heavy a price to bear .
+A 4 5|||R:ADV|||very|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , if money is spent to recover from illness and ease pain and suffering , the lives of elderly are still made more comfortable than before .
+A 6 8|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , research and development in medical science helped to ease aging process .
+A 8 8|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Other than health , decreased mobility has given elderly persons the most headaches .
+
+S As mobility decreases , daily major activities would be greatly reduced too .
+A 7 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This significantly decreases the amount of entertainment an elderly person can have .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB|||enjoy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order to facilitate movement of older people , there are several developments in the infrastructure of the society .
+
+S For instance , in Singapore the elevators in an older HDB flat can only stop at certain levels .
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||flats|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Residents live in other levels will have to climb staircases from their home to the lift .
+A 1 1|||M:PRON|||who|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , under the new development , elevators in the newly built HDB flats can stop at all levels , in an attempt to make seniors citizens going up and down the flats easier .
+A 20 34|||R:OTHER|||thus making it easier for senior citizens to go up and down the flats.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Other than making the lift accessible to all levels , conscientious efforts have been done to further simplify the lives of the elders .
+A 22 23|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some elderly people can hardly walk up or down any stairs , ramps are paved out , hand railings are erected in parks to assist them walk around .
+A 12 12|||M:ADV|||thus|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Owing to research and development on the social infrastructure , the elderly are allowed to pursue their leisure and entertainment .
+A 5 6|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As aging population can be a big problem to many countries , several social policies are put in place to ensure the old having enough money after retirement .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:FORM|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In Singapore for example , all working adults have to contribute about 14.5 % of their salary into CPF account and their employers have to contribute 20 % .
+A 2 2|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All the money deposited into CPF account will be invested by the government and in return , offer a 3 % of annual compound interested to CPF contributors .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:MORPH|||interest|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By reaching the age of 55 , they are allowed to withdraw their CPF funds and use them for retirement .
+
+S They can use the money to go for holidays and pursue other interests .
+
+S The lifestyles of elderly people are maintained with the effect of CPF schemes .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN|||help|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , aging process is eased by current social policies .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The research and development of medical science , improvements of social infrastructure and social policies have helped in ensuring good health of the elderly , building facilities to create convenience for the elderly and establishing CPF schemes to make sure elderly have sufficient money for their retirements .
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:PREP|||among|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 33|||R:OTHER|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 40|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 46 47|||R:NOUN:NUM|||retirement|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When problems related to healthy , mobility and finance are being solved , elderly will be able to enjoy a much better improved lifestyle .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||health|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " To a large extent , current research and development/policies have helped to ease the aging process .
+
+S " It is true to say that as it states with different improvements from different field , we can face the challenge and solve the problems of arising aging population .
+A 7 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||fields|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:NUM|||challenges|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:PREP|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As we know , if this problem is not solved , the median age on many first-world countries will reach 51 by 2050 .
+A 0 4|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:ORTH|||If|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:DET|||these|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S During aging process , the elderly will face financial problems and be abandoned by their children .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:VERB:TENSE|||may|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although this problem is unlikely to be solved in the short run , many ways were carried out to ease the aging process , particularly in social policy and science research .
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Singapore government improves returns on CPF Savings to help the retirees .
+
+S Some of the people claimed that it was everyone 's responsibility to plan financially for old-age to reduce dependency on children However , for those who are physically disabled and suffering from sicknesses , they do not have the ability to work and look after themselves .
+A 1 3|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB|||claimclaim|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:NOUN|||illnesses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Improving returns on CPF savings will ensure the savings can last for the lifetime of CPF members .
+
+S Older CPF members who volunteer to defer the draw-down of their savings to the age of 65 will receive a Voluntary Deferment Bonus .
+
+S This policy is used to encourage them to accumulate more wealth to support themselves during the old age .
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government is considering implementing a longevity insurance scheme that provides basic and affordable plans to ensure long-life income .
+
+S Hence , with the effort of Singapore government to improve returns on CPF Savings has buffered the impact of aging problem .
+A 2 3|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides Singapore , countries around the world also put in efforts to ease the aging process .
+
+S Silver jobs fair , established to find jobs for people aged 60 and over , is part of a government effort in South Korea to assist a rapidly growing population of older Koreans .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The silver|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This jobs fair has mushroomed across South Korea in the past year .
+
+S In the past , it was a tradition that adult children should take primary responsibility for the good care of their aging parents .
+
+S However , the phenomenon we notice today is that the elderly are dismayed to find themselves dependent on children .
+
+S Children often expect their parents to contribute to household chores when they move in not because of the responsibility to look after them .
+A 14 23|||R:OTHER|||and do not expect to be made responsible for their parents ' well-being.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , most of them need to work themselves and master new technologies in order to earn their living after retirement .
+A 8 9|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Though some said that the elderly are not well performed , this group of people can actually bring improvement to the sectors they involved by contributing their own experiences .
+A 2 3|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 10|||R:OTHER|||do not perform well in their work|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:PREP|||through|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This silver jobs fair has helped many older and unprepared Koreans to enter the last stages of their lives more easily in a culture transformed by longer life .
+
+S Viewing from healthcare prospective , researchers have taken a big step toward discovering that human hearts can grow new cells .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN|||perspective|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:ADV|||also|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is a significant research to help to ease the aging process as we know heart diseases are common among the elderly .
+
+S There are some people who claim that this breakthrough is only in the realm of basic science research but it is a good start for future use .
+
+S It was previously thought that human heart was unable to grow new cells after birth .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However there is a study can disprove it .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The scientists announced the evidence that new heart cells are made through one person 's life .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB|||reported|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This study could help doctors to design treatments for the damage caused by heart attacks , which was previously thought to be irreversible .
+
+S Now , it is possible to say that we can regenerate heart muscle after having heart attack .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||muscles|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , it is a new hope for the elderly who are suffering from heart diseases .
+
+S In conclusion , aging problem is concerned all over the world .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:MORPH|||concern|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The older population is growing at a considerably faster rate than the world 's population .
+
+S It is a complex issue but not insurmountable .
+
+S It is important to understand the problems faced by the elderly before taking further actions so that leaders can implement practical measures to cope with this problem .
+
+S With the current policies and development in science study , aging process will be solved in a long run .
+A 16 17|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Challenge for the future is to ensure people with different ages can continue to participate in the societies as citizens with full human rights .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The challenge|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 18|||R:OTHER|||society|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , I hope that the relationship between the generations can be nurtured and the children will take the responsibility to take care of their parents .
+A 14 15|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:PART|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:FORM|||taking|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Referencing
+
+S Internet sources : United Nations .
+
+S Department of Economic and Social Affairs .
+
+S Population Division .
+
+S Study on World Population Aging 1950-2050 , from http : //www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ Article about growing new cells in hearts http : //www.suite101.com/blog/anthonylee06/growing_new_cells_in_the_heart
+
+S To the large extent , current researches , developments and policies have help easing the aging process ?
+A 1 2|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:MORPH|||research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:FORM|||helped|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:FORM|||ease|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Fast growing number of aged population has been occurring all over the world .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||A fast|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:VERB|||increasing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 4|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As people aged , their income drops but their medical expenses are actually increasing .
+A 2 3|||R:MORPH|||age|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , every research , development and policy that will help them to reduce their burden is a gospel to them .
+A 17 19|||R:OTHER|||important|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To the large extent , current researches , developments and policies have helped to ease the aging process .
+A 1 2|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:MORPH|||research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Medical expenses are most likely to be the burden of aged population .
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As human aged , metabolism rate and immunity will start to drop , limbs and body organ such as kidneys , livers , hearts , and other organ will start to fail due to long years of usage .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||humans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:MORPH|||age|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||rates|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||organs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 28|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S That is when all the medical expenses start to rise as a result of health problems .
+
+S To ensure that the aged population is able to pay large amount of medical expenses which could arise due to their old age , the government has set up a few policies to assist them .
+A 17 18|||R:VERB|||happen|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 26|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Take for examples , Medisave helps people to save money for their future medical expenses during their younger age , Medishield allows more people to be able buy an affordable insurance since the premium of the Medishield can be deducted from their Medisave accounts , while Central Provident Funds allows people to be less worried about their silver age expenses , include medical expenses .
+A 0 2|||U:VERB|||For|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||example|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||when they are younger|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 19|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||It|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 37|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 49 50|||R:VERB:SVA|||allow|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These policies have helped to ensure that people will be more able to pay for their future medical expenses .
+
+S Although some people might think that the government forces them to contribute part of their income as CPF is against their will , they fail to realize that this 'forcing save ' can be good as it prevent them from squandering it on other less important merchandise .
+A 16 17|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 22|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 32|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 38|||R:VERB:SVA|||prevents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , when they aged , they will not be so dependent on the government thus the government can divert the fund to other important development plan .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||age|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:ADV|||very|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:OTHER|||, which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:NUM|||funds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:PREP|||into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:NOUN:NUM|||plans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Other than the expenses , the science and medical discovery is one of most important factor that will help easing the aging process .
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||factors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:FORM|||ease|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since the risen of consciousness of balance diet , people have been consuming less salt , sugar or high fat food , and , it thus reduced the chances of suffer from chronic diseases like hypertension , diabetes , or cardiovascular diseases .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN|||increase|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN|||awareness|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:MORPH|||balanced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 25|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:VERB:FORM|||reducing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:VERB:FORM|||suffering|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although statistics have shown that people have become more vulnerable to these kinds of diseases , their chance of survival has been increasing as medical technology become more advance .
+A 26 27|||R:VERB:SVA|||becomes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:MORPH|||advanced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In additional , medicines that use to counter hypertension , diabetes have been popularized .
+A 1 2|||R:MORPH|||addition|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:FORM|||used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:MORPH|||popular|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , it enables hypertension sufferer and diabetic to work and live as normal after taken the medicine .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||these|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:MORPH|||enable|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:OTHER|||and diabetis|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN|||patients|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 8|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||normally|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:FORM|||taking|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S What will happen if older people need these medicines but these medicines is not affordable to them ?
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The medisave and medishield they bought will help them pay for their expenses , although not fully pay , it would still reduce significantly .
+A 13 14|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides those , architectural improvement has helped aged people both with and without disability to be able to travel by themselves .
+A 0 3|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:ORTH|||Architectural|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||also linked|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instances , SMRT company has installed lift at every MRT station and provide bus services that is able to carry wheelchair users .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||instance|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||lifts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:FORM|||provided|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With those little extra efforts provided by the company , it would be more convenient for those aged people to ride MRT or public bus .
+A 1 2|||R:DET|||these|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A decade ago , most Singapore HDB apartment lifts are not accessible on every floor , thus it was very inconvenient for older people as they still have to take the stairs which may imposed more danger to them .
+A 27 28|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:VERB:TENSE|||might have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Seeing this problem , the government decided to upgrade the lift systems , so we can see most HDB apartment lift is accessible on every floor now .
+A 14 17|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||lifts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These cost of architectural improvement required a large amount of fund , but what driven SMRT , SBS Transit and the government to spend so much money on those upgrades even though those upgrades may not affect their profits or themselves much ?
+A 0 1|||R:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||funds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:FORM|||drove|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:DET|||these|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 34|||R:OTHER|||these|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have affected|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 38|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 42|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It was because they had seen a future benefits from the upgrades as the improvements will not only benefit aged or disabled people , they will also reduce people travel time thus increase their productivity .
+A 3 4|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||may have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:DET|||these|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:CONJ|||but|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 29|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:VERB:FORM|||increasing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , we can find government policies has help people to be more able to meet their medical expenses , the science discovery has help improving aged people health condition , and architectural improvement has made aged people life easier .
+A 3 4|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:FORM|||helped|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:FORM|||helped|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:VERB:FORM|||improved|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:NOUN:NUM|||conditions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 38|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Combined all points mentioned above , we can conclude that current researched , developments and policies has not only been easing the aging process but also brought a lot of other benefits as well .
+A 0 1|||R:VERB:FORM|||Combining|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:MORPH|||research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||helping ease|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By the year 2030 , one in five people in Singapore will aged 65 and above .
+A 12 12|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If there is a limit to the budget , the quality of life that the government provides for the elderly will be affected .
+A 8 8|||M:OTHER|||meant for the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lacks of family support , unemployment due to lower education level , social and political impact on the country are some of the factors why public spending on the aged should not be limited .
+A 0 1|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Lack|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:ADJ:FORM|||low|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It should instead be increasing gradually over the years .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:FORM|||increased|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Traditionally , the family has been the main source of support for the elderly but over the years , due to the effects of massive migration of young adults and higher cost of living in Singapore , more elderly are being deprived of such support .
+
+S Many of the young adults are leaving Singapore because of the stifling atmosphere of the country and the political and intellectual lock step enforced by the government .
+A 21 23|||R:ORTH|||lockstep|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some are also attracted by the job offers overseas .
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With them leaving the country , elderly are the ones who suffer because they are being left alone and most of the time , their children do not have the intention of coming back .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||these young adults|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Tribunal cases of elderly demanding financial assistance from their children in Singapore has increased over the years .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although the government is studying the best way to use the Maintenance of Parents Act to get such children to do their filial duty , they should also set aside more budgets each year so as to act as a cushion in case the children themselves have difficulty financing their own family .
+A 20 21|||R:VERB|||fulfill|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 30|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:ADJ|||bigger|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:NOUN:NUM|||budget|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 38|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 51 52|||R:NOUN:NUM|||families|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Most of the elderly do not have proper education that is needed in today 's society in order to meet ends needs .
+A 19 22|||R:OTHER|||make ends meet|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With age catching up with time , their productivity is decreasing and eventually companies will hire new employee to replace them .
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||decreases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||employees|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If the government were to limit our spending on them , they will face lots of potential problems such as unemployment or retrenchment , which will have a spillover effect on their children supporting them financially .
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||many|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However some companies do retain their older workers because of loyalty but if there is a crisis , they will still be the first one to get laid off .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:OTHER|||ones|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government has done well by providing handouts to the elderly but this could only satisfy a percentage of the elderly population .
+A 5 6|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB|||giving|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN|||doleouts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are still many families who need the government 's aid in order to meet their needs .
+
+S Our population is aging and by spending more on the aged , people can be assured that when they aged , the government will be there to support them .
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||grow old|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With this in mind , they will be spurred to work harder and contribute more to society .
+
+S On the other hand , if there is a limit spending on the aged , people will tend towards individualism .
+A 10 10|||M:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:TENSE|||might|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will over time causes them to be more focus on their individual interests without taking the interests of society into consideration .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||cause|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:MORPH|||focused|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will greatly affect Singapore since we are a multi racial society and working together towards a common goal is important for us .
+
+S Besides social impact to the country , political impact will be another factor to take into consideration .
+A 0 1|||M:OTHER|||Moreover , besides|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By not limiting the budget for the aged , the government can be assured of support from the elderly during a political election which may be critical for winning since Singapore is turning into an aging population .
+
+S According to Singapore statistics the percentage of elderly in Singapore is 8.7 % of the entire population and this number is increasing slowly every year .
+A 4 4|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It may not be the bulk of the population but it might be a significant percentage of votes .
+
+S Singapore has done well over the years by implementing projects helping the poor and it had gained the trust and support of the citizens .
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:OTHER|||consequently ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is therefore crucial to maintain or improve its image of doing so .
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||through|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In summary , having a limit to the budget will eventually have long-term implications to the country 's process and growth .
+A 10 11|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government should increase the limit gradually every year in pace with economic growth .
+A 3 7|||R:OTHER|||gradually increase the budget for the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 12|||R:OTHER|||alongside its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Instead of treating the elderly in society as an expense , the government can think of ways to harness the knowledge and experience from them so that they can contribute back more into society .
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||a burden|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||should|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 25|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S 1 ) http : //www.singstat.gov.sg/stats/themes/people/elderly.pdf
+
+S .
+
+S In the recent years , along with the decline in birth rate , the proportion of the aged in our population has also increased .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||rates|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This leads us to a major problem of our time , known as ageing population .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has led|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Governments around the world have been actively seeking measures to cope with the problem , one of which is to increase the public spending on the aged .
+A 21 22|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even though public spending on the elderly is essential for a country to deal with an ageing population , it should be limited because of the underlying negative implications .
+A 9 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||in dealing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Instead , more of the expenditure should go towards other forms of development .
+A 3 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Though some may agree that public spending on the aged largely aids the society in coping with the needs of an ageing population , however , it may hinders the development in other sectors .
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 26|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:ADV|||also|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:VERB:FORM|||hinder|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is because , as the world becomes more globalised , what follows is the surge in the cost of living .
+
+S Services for the aged will become more expensive .
+
+S Hence , this implies that public spending on the elderly will have to increase simultaneously as well .
+
+S With greater expenditure into helping the aged , the country will possess fewer funds for development in other areas such as infrastructure .
+A 3 4|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:ADJ|||less|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , with an inadequate input into these areas , the development of the latter will be neglected .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As such areas are the key pillars to a country 's development , any slowdown in these areas will affect the country 's regional competitiveness .
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S EU for instance , has been dealing with an ageing population .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It has been predicted that the growth rate will be reduced by half in the near future as a result of over public spending on the aged .
+A 6 6|||M:OTHER|||region 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S [ 1 ] Hence , negative impact has been imposed on the progress on the economy , which is detrimental to the country 's development .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 16|||R:OTHER|||impact on the economy is negative|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 25|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , since expenditure on the aged puts the country 's growth at risk , the former should be limited .
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Though many may claim that the bulk of the amount needed to support the aged should come from the government who has the greatest financial power in supporting them , however , this public spending should be limited .
+A 20 21|||R:PRON|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:PART|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:VERB:FORM|||support|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 32|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The reason is , the government is not the only form of support for the aged .
+
+S The elderly 's children are also another form of support .
+
+S If large expenditure were to be dedicated in helping the elderly , the children may in turn over rely on the government to support their aged family members instead of both parties playing a part in sharing the burden of supporting them .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||expenditures|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:ADV|||too heavily|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In Singapore for instance , the government is not the sole party that is responsible in supporting the ageing population .
+A 2 2|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government only contributes through the distribution of subsidies to help the aged while their children carry the responsibility in supporting them .
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , to prevent over dependence on the government by the children , public spending should be limited and be diverted to other areas for better use .
+A 4 6|||R:ORTH|||overdependence|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Alternatively , limited public spending may not be ideal .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||Some may argue that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the event that the government 's expenditure on the aged is restricted while the number of elderly is surging , the needs of the elderly may not be completely attended .
+A 31 31|||M:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Such a circumstance will affect a country 's development .
+
+S This is because since the aged 's basic needs are not attended , they have to work in order to fulfill them .
+A 12 12|||M:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the presence of the aged in the workforce , the latter will not be competitive .
+
+S Hence , since the workforce is the main sector that drives the economy , an ageing workforce which is inefficient will slow down economic growth and hinders the country 's progress .
+A 26 27|||R:VERB:SVA|||hinder|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , this usually assumes that there are no measures which prepare the people for old age .
+
+S Currently , many governments have implemented measures which enforce compulsory savings for old age , such as the Singapore government which implemented Medisave .
+A 21 22|||R:VERB|||implementa|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , even though if public expenditure on the aged were to be limited , people have these savings in which when combined with the government aid , are more than sufficient to attend to their needs .
+A 4 5|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||expenditures|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:ADV|||still|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 35|||R:OTHER|||meet|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , limitation of public expenditure is still feasible and should be encouraged so that money can be diverted into other areas of the country 's development .
+
+S In conclusion , it is inevitable for countries to deal with an ageing population .
+
+S However , apart from coping with the latter , a country must not neglect other parts of developments which are crucial to the country as well .
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||countries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||development|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:DET|||these|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN:NUM|||countries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , it is advisable for public expenditure on the aged to be limited so that , no other sectors are being sacrificed at the expense of dealing with the aged .
+A 16 17|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 31|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S -----------------------
+
+S [ 1 ] In the year 2040-1.3 billion senior citizens by Maggie fox http : //www.canada.com/health/seniors/year + 2040 + billion + senior + citizens/18088 30/story.html
+
+S As we know , the aged , which also known as gray population , is increasing rapidly nowadays .
+A 0 4|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:ORTH|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||number of aging people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Growing gray population means more things to be sacrificed ; one of them is public money that is spent to fund the aged , or usually known as public spending for the aged .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||A growing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||sacrificed--|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In Indonesia , the budget on it is not so clear that government can spend much money for them without any limitation .
+A 5 12|||R:OTHER|||does not specify whether the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the infrastructure of Indonesia is not well constructed yet .
+
+S We can see it from many evidences that present , such as the currency of Indonesian rupiah which is very weak compared to other currencies .
+A 5 6|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||evidence|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:VERB|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , we can say that limitation on spending for the aged is a good idea since in Indonesia , there is still many areas that are not well developed yet especially in economic area .
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 31|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 33|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , the aged do not need much public spending as it is now .
+
+S Public spending on the aged covers many aspects of their life , starting from healthcare until their living place .
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||R:OTHER|||accommodation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The fact is that according to Asian culture , they still have family who should support them for those kinds of thing and the government does not need to spend much money on it .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:NUM|||things|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 35|||R:OTHER|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the government of Indonesia should encourage the family of the aged to fund them .
+
+S There are also many old folks ' homes in Indonesia which have permanent donator .
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||benefactors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They usually take care of abandoned older people .
+
+S The government also should make a clear policy regarding public spending on the aged which states about how much money or what is the percentage from public income that should be spent to support the aged .
+A 16 17|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , Indonesia 's economic situation is still not up to par .
+
+S It is still very sensitive to any changing , whether it is from Indonesia itself or from the world .
+A 7 8|||R:MORPH|||changes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are many weaknesses in Indonesia 's economic , such as the climate of investment which is still unstable .
+A 7 8|||R:MORPH|||economy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We can infer that from big uncertainty in many obligations .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||uncertainties|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides that , there are many problems that make Indonesia 's economy is not competitive , they are laboring problems and other structural problems such as the number of corruption which is still big .
+A 12 13|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:PUNCT|||. They|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 29|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 30|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:ADJ|||rampant|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Indonesia 's government finds it hard to fight against corruption since it has been in Indonesians ' mentality from long time ago .
+A 8 9|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nepotism also becomes a big problem in Indonesia an this is also very tough to fight .
+A 1 3|||R:OTHER|||is also|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In banking sector , we also can see many weaknesses , e.g .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S the lack of manpower in which Bank of Indonesia keep fixing .
+A 4 4|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:SVA|||keeps|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From the examples I have given , we can say that there are so many areas to be fixed in Indonesia 's economy that can improve the situation of it .
+A 16 23|||R:OTHER|||in Indonesia 's economy that needs fixing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 31|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thirdly , limitation on public spending for the aged is not as bad as it is heard .
+A 15 17|||R:VERB|||seems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , the government makes a policy which says that only 2 % from Nett National Product should be spent on older people .
+
+S If Nett National product of Indonesia is about 10 billion Rupiah per month , it means that 200 million Rupiah should be allocated to be spent on the aged .
+
+S Then , the government uses the rest of Nett National Product to improve Indonesia 's economy .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After one year , due to economical improvement , Indonesia 's Nett National Product raises up to 20 billion per month .
+A 6 7|||R:MORPH|||economic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:VERB|||rose|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Then Indonesia should allocate 400 million Rupiah to fund the elderly .
+
+S This example reflects that spending on the aged will be raised together with the raising of Nett National Product which is earned from the improvement of the economic sector in Indonesia .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB|||shows|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To sum up , government of Indonesia should limit its spending on the aged and improve other areas of the country , especially economic area .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , limitation on it does not always mean bad .
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||a bad effect|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We can us percentage system for the policy on it which means that the amount of spending for the aged will raise altogether with the improvement of economy sector .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||use|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB|||rise|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:ADV|||together|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:OTHER|||the economic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Now , the challenge for the government is to look for the best way to improve the economic situation in Indonesia .
+
+S As the proportion of the world 's population in the older ages continues to increase , many observers are concerned that an ageing population will accelerate growth in health care spending as individuals tend to use more healthcare facilities when they age .
+
+S In the case of Australia , government spending on health rose by $ 6.1 billion or $ 267 per person in 2003 to 2004 .
+A 20 21|||R:PREP|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Increased health care spending results in a smaller ratio of the government 's spending on other areas like infrastructure and defend , leading to economical impacts .
+A 20 22|||R:OTHER|||defence|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:MORPH|||economic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I do not agree that public spending on the aged should be limited because spending money on the aged such as facilities and equipment is something that is definitely necessary for a society to be able to advance with no one left behind .
+
+S Rather than it being limited , public spending on the aged should be referred to as being controlled .
+
+S As long as needs are fulfilled , spending within a budget allows sufficient funds to be disturbed to other areas as well .
+
+S Public spending may not be appealing because there are no advantages and immediate benefits received from spending on the aged as compared to using these resources to invest in the economy , defend or infrastructure sectors .
+A 32 33|||R:OTHER|||defence|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Individuals do not see the worth in investing in aged population as they tend to associate it with having a high opportunity cost .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN|||benefit|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , it may not be true because the repercussion of not spending on the aged will be even larger in the long run .
+A 19 20|||R:ADJ|||greater|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If we were to deprive and limit out aged population of the basic amenities and equipment , what kind of image does it portray of the country to its foreign investors and even its own countrymen ?
+A 5 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||our|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 27|||R:WO|||of the country does it portray|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The image and morality of the society will be adversely affected as a whole ; foreign investors might lose confidence in the country as they have the impression that the country is uncompassionate and unfeeling .
+
+S Her own fellow countrymen might feel that they are not able to depend on the government for help and support in their golden age , hence this may lead to the possibility of an outflow of her people .
+A 2 3|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 26|||R:OTHER|||. Hence ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is especially important to a country where the most valuable resource is its people , like Singapore .
+
+S Therefore the government should not limit public spending on the aged as these effects are long-term and permanent to a country 's development .
+
+S To some individuals , the aged are outdated and relatively less productive as compared to the younger generation because they are not as well abreast of the latest technological advancements nor as agile as the young .
+A 24 25|||R:OTHER|||aware|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Individuals do not see the values in retaining these older populations in workforce .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||value|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN|||workers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , far from the common thinking of these individuals , this aged population encompasses wisdom and experience which is useful in guiding the young as future leaders .
+
+S In the case of Singapore , her government is cognizant that these elder workers are assets ; with effect from 1 January 1999 , the minimum retirement age is raised from 60 to 62 years .
+A 16 18|||R:PUNCT|||. With|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , the government encourages active participation of the aged in the workforce by offering free trainings to these workers .
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||training|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This implemented policy highlights the importance of spending on the aged to ensure that they continue to contribute to the society and lead a meaningful life .
+
+S This will promote active ageing and guidance to occur .
+A 5 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Society might find it difficult to advance if the aged population is being left behind as the mindsets , cultures and values of these different age groups would not be able to shift together with time .
+
+S This will result in the clashes of opinions and thinking , especially during the process of implementation of policies .
+
+S These clashes will slow down the progress of administrative work , causing possible long term impacts to be felt by the economy .
+
+S In conclusion , public spending on the aged should not be limited because the impacts caused by the limited spending will lead to long run negative impacts on the country 's economy .
+
+S By 2040 , the number of over-65s will top 1.3 billion people and account for some 14 % of the world 's population .
+
+S Therefore , by encouraging the older workforce to go for retraining , it will increase the productivity of these workers and hence their employability .
+A 2 3|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||retraining|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will reduce the burden on the government as the government is no longer required to look after the basic necessities of the aged if they were able to be independent and self-reliant in meeting the needs of their daily lives .
+
+S References :
+
+S i .
+
+S AAP General News ( Australia ) 09-30-2005 Fed : Howard says health spending linked to ageing population http : //www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-113699630.html
+
+S ii .
+
+S Reported by : WROC-TV Monday , Jul 20 , 2009 @ 07 : 16pm EDT http : //rochesterhomepage.net/content/fulltext/ ? cid = 106982
+
+S Public spending on the aged should be limited for the overall sustainable growth in a country 's development such as in the areas of national economy , education and defence .
+
+S In recent years , reforms to curb public spending on the aged have become a cornerstone on many national governments ' policies .
+
+S As governments have limited budget , they can not afford to spend limitlessly on the aged .
+
+S National governments are urgently seeking the best options to such challenges and one of the few options on the table is to restrict public spending on the aged .
+
+S While critics acknowledge the huge budget deficit is caused by the ballooning public spending on healthcare and activities for the aged among many nations , they are against the idea of containing public spending on the aged .
+
+S For many years , opponents to such plans believed that the European style of welfare states were the perfect models where healthcare should be accessible to everyone and that care should be delivered to the aged without them having to pay for it .
+A 20 20|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They argued that the aged needs the best possible care in their sunset years .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||argue|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Citizens of such welfare states were envied by many of their peers in other countries .
+
+S This system worked its magic for the past decade where the global workforce population to the aged ratio was approximately 9 working adults to 1 aged .
+
+S Stanford Center on Longevity ( 2008 ) But , the global upward trend in growing elderly population and a shrinking younger workforce coupled with low birthrates has turned against such a model .
+A 7 7|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There is a growing concern to rein in public spending on the aged as its continual increase can become a threat to a nation 's economy which in turn can affect its survival .
+
+S Furthermore , excessive spending on the aged can hinder a country 's growth which demands equal attention .
+A 13 13|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , advocates of limiting public spending on the aged argues that optimal and prudent spending is the solution so that it is able to sustains the current and future aged .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:SVA|||argue|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:VERB:FORM|||sustain|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , the United States is currently the largest spending on healthcare as per percentage of Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB|||ihas|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S California Healthcare Foundation ( 2008 ) Yet , there is little evidence to support that the American system is superior .
+A 12 14|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The extravagant public spending on the aged does not justify its cause .
+
+S The average US life expectancy ranks 27th at 77 years .
+
+S In comparison , many nations are achieving higher life expectancy rates with much significant lower public spending .
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||significantly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , the growing public spending for the aged has further taken its toil on the slow recovery of the US economy as it continues to grow the budget deficit .
+
+S If the public spending on the aged is not bring under control , the government will have to raise taxes to sustain its coffers which can irk its citizens and result in exodus of businesses if labor costs increases .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:FORM|||brought|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||R:NOUN:NUM|||increase|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , for a country to prospers , it has to invest on its youths through education which will boost literacy .
+A 6 7|||R:MORPH|||prosper|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the role that education plays in the economic development of a country is unquestionable .
+
+S Illiteracy often limits the economical growth of a nation where knowledge intensive industries are much highly valued .
+A 14 15|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Education will nurture the best brains which will in turn power the economy and bring wealth to the nation .
+
+S So , for the country 's very survival , it can not afford to neglect education .
+
+S Thus , spending on the aged has to be controlled for the benefits of future generations .
+
+S Thirdly , national defence is vital for a country 's security and ability to defend it against potential aggressors .
+A 15 16|||R:PRON|||itself|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Defence will ensure the stability of economic growth in a country to deter internal and external threats .
+
+S In terms of internal threats , defence spending can boost a country 's resources in time to deal with natural disasters while external threats can be to protect the freedom of the country .
+A 26 26|||M:OTHER|||in the form of the need|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This makes defence spending equally important in the context of economical progress .
+A 10 11|||R:ADJ|||eeconomic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , public spending for the aged must be capped .
+
+S The government 's coffer is not a ceaseless goldmine and if public spending for the aged is not bring under control , it will eventually run out which in turn will affect future generations when they become the aged .
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:FORM|||brought|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S * Stanford Center on Longevity ( 2008 ) .
+
+S What Global Aging Means for the Workforce .
+
+S Retrieved Monday , 7 September , 2009 from { http : //longevity.stanford.edu/myworld/articles/globalworkforce } [ HYPERLINK : http : //longevity.stanford.edu/myworld/articles/globalworkforce ] * Healthcare Economist ( 2009 , 11 February ) .
+
+S Healthcare Spending .
+
+S Retrieved Monday , 7 September , 2009 from { http : //healthcare-economist.com/2009/02/11/health-care-spending/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //healthcare-economist.com/2009/02/11/health-care-spending/ ] * UC Atlast of Global Inequality ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Inequality in World Healthcare Spending .
+
+S Retrieved Monday 7 September , 2009 from { http : //ucatlas.ucsc.edu/spend.php } [ HYPERLINK : http : //ucatlas.ucsc.edu/spend.php ]
+
+S There always have been numerous on-going researches , development or policies to help the easing of the process of aging .
+A 1 3|||R:OTHER|||has always|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S How exactly do we define " easing of the aging process " ?
+
+S In the simplest terms , it refers to helping the elderly to age with convenience , to age with ease , and to age with grace .
+
+S Personally , I agree to a large extent that current research , development or policies in the architecture , economics and medical fields have help to ease the aging process .
+
+S There will be three reasons to be elaborated in the following paragraphs .
+A 1 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:VERB:TENSE|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , the mobility for the elderly has been improved .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In Singapore , the Building & Construction Authority ( BCA ) has been implementing a " Barrier- Free " blueprint known as the Code on Barrier-Free Accessibility in Buildings 1990 ( Building and Construction Authority , 2006 ) .
+
+S In this code , they drew up restrictions and regulations which engineers and architects have to comply to make the built environment accessible-friendly for the elderly .
+A 0 7|||R:OTHER|||This code contains|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:PART|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For examples , the authority ensures the installation of lift at every storey of Housing Development Board ( HDB ) flats and Mass Rapid Transportation ( MRT ) stations , as well as building of ramps at all entrances of buildings .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||example|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||lifts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 35|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , people pointed out that the plan is not fully-developed and there are still several shortcomings .
+
+S They had commented on one shortcoming that there are still a large number of buildings which are still not full-accessible .
+A 19 20|||R:ADJ|||fully-accessible|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With regards to this , the BCA has already stepped up with the plan by applying another 5-year plan , known as the Barrier-Free Accessibility ( BFA ) Upgrading Program ( 2007-2011 ) to make sure that all buildings will be equipped with barrier-free improvements .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||regard|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||introduced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , BCA has also set-up a $ 40 million Accessibility Funds for private buildings to be transformed into barrier-free buildings .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Fund|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , one can not possibly comment that privatized buildings are not accessible-friendly for the elderly .
+
+S In addition , lifts and ramps are currently built at those older MRT stations such as Queenstown MRT station in view of helping the elderly to travel from ground level to ticket gantries easier .
+A 8 8|||M:VERB:TENSE|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 23|||R:OTHER|||to help|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:ADV|||more easily|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With all these concurrent efforts by BCA , mobility has improved vastly for the elderly .
+
+S As such , they can age with more convenience and hence improving their connectivity with others .
+
+S Secondly , the Singapore government has employed initiatives to help elderly to extend their working lives .
+
+S This is to achieve reduced financial and emotional dependency on the younger generation by the elderly .
+
+S This is especially important for any aging population just like Singapore .
+
+S The news articles also have been reportedly quoting that the government hopes to reduce the impacts of an aging population by extending working lives .
+A 3 5|||R:WO|||have also|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As such , they came up with initiatives like Skills Program for Upgrading and Resilience ( SPUR ) , for the elderly who wish to work longer .
+
+S This program will enable the elderly to upscale their skills so that they can be retained in employability by their employers ( Singapore Workforce Development Agency , 2009 ) .
+A 17 18|||R:MORPH|||employment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another initiative is the Lifelong Income For the Elderly under the Central Provident Funds Scheme ( CFP LIFE ) , whereby there is a fixed amount of income for elderly who is aged 65 years old and above .
+A 29 29|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will then ensure financial protection for the elderly when they reach the age ( Prime Minister Office , 2009 ) .
+A 17 17|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the contrary , people often question the effectiveness of these initiatives .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||However|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They may have doubts about is the fund enough to achieve a high percentage of elderly to work longer or can the companies cope with re-employment of older workers ?
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||whether|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:VERB|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB|||enable|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With regards to this , the Prime Minister of Singapore , Mr. Lee Hsien Loong had reassured the public that the government will continue to revise the initiatives to make sure that the elderly can work longer with ease .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||regard|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:OTHER|||, had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With regards to the ability of the companies to cope with re-employment of older workers , the government has introduced another program know as the ADVANTAGE !
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||regard|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Scheme ; which offer grants up to $ 400,000 to companies who are interested to re- employ older workers ( NTUC NeXus , 2006 ) .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||Scheme ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||offers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is to help them to deal with changes in areas such as wage restructuring and the cost to re-train the older workers .
+
+S As such , with these initiatives , the public should be rest assured that the minimum of initiatives will be carried out to guarantee that the elderly can extend their working lives with least problems .
+A 10 11|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this way , they can then work to occupy themselves and age with ease that they can at least contribute to the economy .
+
+S Thirdly , there are constant medical innovations to slow down the aging process ; such as Botox injections , placenta injections , and skin-lifting .
+
+S These medical procedures are being shaped by the media that they can help the elderly ( especially women ) to deal with the physical changes in their body .
+
+S This will appeal to people who do not like the signs of aging process to be displayed on their body .
+A 13 14|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , there are increasing numbers of people who are adapting to these procedures as they rebut that they can age with more grace by doing so .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB|||resorting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S No doubt on the other hand , people criticized about the negative impacts of such procedures and the attitude of people who engaged such procedures .
+A 0 2|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:ORTH|||On|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They emphasize on the side effects such as the addiction to Botox injections and they often think otherwise for the attitude of this group of elderly .
+A 2 3|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , as a matter of fact , any medical procedures will carry a certain factor of risks .
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN|||number|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore it is up to the weighing of risk the individual want to take .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:SVA|||wants|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Coming to the attitude of the elderly who engaged such procedures which is causing a large debate ; it should be up to the discretion of the individual .
+A 0 29|||R:OTHER|||It should be left to the individuals to decide whether they want to take such risks|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is actually up to how the individual want to age and their way to deal with the process of aging .
+A 14 15|||R:PART|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:FORM|||dealing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If they feel that they can age with grace and happiness by engaging such procedures , they can do so by all means .
+
+S This is as long as they had fully considered the negative impacts of such procedures and agreed to accept them without condition .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As an outsider , we should keep an objective outlook on this issue and we can not impede them from what they deem is the best for themselves .
+A 14 15|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We should only focus on the stand that these medical innovations do help those who want to age in the way which they define themselves in .
+A 21 22|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , current research and development have indeed helped the elderly in their aging process in the ways as mentioned above .
+
+S Despite the fact that we do not know the exact measurements of how well these developments have helped the elderly , it is for sure these developments are done to make sure our aging population can be well taken care of .
+A 23 25|||R:OTHER|||clear|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , the most important thing here is that we can see everyone to age with ease , grace and happiness so that there will be lesser aging issues to be addressed .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB|||help|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:ADJ:FORM|||less|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I agree that to a large extent , current research and development/policies have helped to ease the aging process .
+
+S Over the past decade , improvements in the fields of technology and medicine have greatly aided in the aging process .
+
+S Further emphasis by governments with regards to public architecture has also made aging easier .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||regard|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This could not have been timelier , a study done by the United Nations in 2000 states that by 2010 , all developed countries would have an increase in percentage of senior citizens as a whole .
+A 6 8|||R:PUNCT|||. A|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Advancement in technology has made aging much more pleasurable and enjoyable than before .
+
+S This can be attributed to greater awareness by technological companies in the needs of an elderly individual , thus attributing greater emphasis in this field of research .
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A noteworthy example is Accenture Technology Labs .
+
+S All the while , Accenture has been into business research and development .
+
+S In recent years however , it has branched out into a video analysis application scans streams from in-home cameras and detects when someone has fallen and automatically notifies kin and emergency services if necessary .
+
+S Another good example will be the electronic wheelchair .
+
+S Due to the weakening of their legs , many elderly faces mobility issues .
+
+S Previously , a person in a wheelchair would require another to push .
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||for assistance|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This made the user of the wheelchair extremely reliant on an able bodied person .
+
+S An electronic wheelchair was not an option as it was too cumbersome and prohibitively expensive .
+
+S Furthermore , the battery had very short lifespan and would require constant recharging , which further compounded problems associated with such wheelchairs .
+
+S However , over the past decade , improvements in the electronic wheelchair have made it significantly lighter and the battery able to last longer .
+A 20 20|||M:VERB|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With more companies manufacturing such wheelchairs , the cost of a wheelchair has declined sharply , thus making it more affordable .
+
+S Evidently , the aging process has been made easier by technological developments .
+
+S As the field of medicine rapidly progresses , many illnesses and ailments previously difficult to treat , have now been reduced to mere inconveniences .
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||treat|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The field of medicine can be broken down into two broad categories : drugs and treatment .
+
+S In the category of drugs , improvement and discovery of new drugs allow greater management of age-related problems such as high blood pressure and diabetes .
+
+S According to the Lancet , a renowned medical journal , new drugs in the market allow patients to control their blood pressure or sugar level without the need for so much dietary restrictions .
+
+S On the treatment front , improvements in the pin-hole surgery have greatly minimized the trauma to the patient , leading to shorted recovery time .
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S An example would be surgery to repair the cartilage in the patient 's knee , which gets worn out due to wear and tear .
+
+S According to MIOT hospital , the current pin-hole surgery requires no cutting , thus no bleeding and no need for anesthesia .
+
+S The patient can practically be up and running the day after .
+
+S With such leaps in the field of medicine , health problems associated with aging no longer is such a big issue as before , allowing people to have greater quality of life in their twilight years .
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||issues|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S An often overlooked aspect when it comes to aging is the crucial role the government plays in it .
+
+S Social policies , especially with regards to the country 's architecture , implemented by the government will have significant effects on the respective country 's aging population .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||regard|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S More often than not , the construction and maintenance of common walkways fall under the prerogative of the local government .
+
+S Hence , in the developed European nations and Singapore alike , the authorities do build walkways which do not have sharp edges which make it difficult for wheelchair users to mount .
+
+S Rather , they taper the ends of the walkways into slopes with non-slip coating on them .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is an example of how social policies with regards to architecture can make life easier for the elderly .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||regard|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In Singapore , the government has commissioned the building of elderly-friendly public housing .
+
+S The flats are equipped with non-slip flooring and many handle bars strategically placed to aid movement within the house , and many other additions which an elderly citizen may require .
+
+S To sum it up , social policies that influence architectural designs do play an important role in easing the aging process .
+
+S In a nutshell , development and improvement in the field of technology , medicine and architecture have helped to ease the aging process .
+
+S Expenditure by government , health , education , infrastructure , industrial and socials are examples of government public spending .
+A 1 4|||R:OTHER|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:MORPH|||social|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:NOUN|||amenities|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Today , government emphasizes more on the aged and spends a high sum of money to assist them .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:ADJ|||large|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Quoted from the NHS Community Care Statistics in year 2009 , 1221000 older people are receiving some local authority supported care services which use £ 5.9 billion .
+
+S This amount of money can be use for further development .
+
+S Therefore , public spending on the aged should be reduced so that more spending can be diverted to other sector of the country 's development .
+
+S Government should increase education spending in order to nurture people to create a brighter future for the society .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As we all knew , Dr Bill Harrison stated that education is the key to a better future for our children .
+A 0 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Children who are well-educated will have more opportunity in contributing to the society .
+A 8 9|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:FORM|||to contribute|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides that , professionals should be given more incentive to further their studies .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||incentives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Government should raise the salary for professionals as a way to motivate them .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Having a higher-education qualification can aid the government in education matters such as teaching .
+
+S Channel New Asia reported that two thousand more preschool teachers are needed in the next three years to meet the growing needs of the childcare industry in Singapore .
+
+S Moreover , retrenching the education cost can initially give the poor some opportunity to have education in rural areas , thus this will definitely benefit to the society .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB|||reconsidering|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:OTHER|||. Thus ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 27|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to Wikipedia , statistic shows that 19.6 % from the resident non-students aged 15 years and over got no qualification in education of year 2000 .
+A 17 18|||R:PREP|||above|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , infrastructure development requires a higher percentage of spending compare to spending on aged because infrastructure plays an important role in ameliorating the standard of living of a country .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:FORM|||compared|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Transportation is very important in Singapore because almost all will need to travel .
+
+S Singapore transportation consist Mass Rapid Transit ( MRT ) , Singapore Changi Airport and others .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||consists|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 3|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Government should spend more on transportation by providing more facilities for the disable and poor .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:ADJ:FORM|||disabled|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Other than that , improvement in waste management is required as pollution is a big issue till today .
+
+S More recycle bin or " Saving the Earth " event should be carried out by the government .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||bins|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||events|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , renewable energy usage such as solar energy , wind energy and water energy should be used more frequently in order to reduce the usage of nonrenewable resources .
+A 0 4|||R:OTHER|||Furthermore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , wind power generation has a significant share in total electricity generation in Denmark ( around 20 % ) , Spain ( around 11 % ) and Germany ( around 7 % ) .
+
+S Hence , government should pay more attention into saving natural resources .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another significant reason is to concern more on industrialization .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN|||area|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 8|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Industrialization can be a core of a country as it is the second widest sector in most country .
+A 5 5|||M:NOUN|||concern|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:ADJ|||largest|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||countries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Industrial agriculture requires a lot of funds to improve their harvesting and planting .
+
+S The Wikipedia claims that intensive farming is an { agricultural } [ HYPERLINK : http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural ] production system characterized by the high { inputs } [ HYPERLINK : http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input ] of { capital } [ HYPERLINK : http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_ ( economics ) ] ,labor , or heavy usage of technologies such as { pesticides } [ HYPERLINK : http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticides ] and chemical { fertilizers } [ HYPERLINK : http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilizers ] relative to land area .
+A 0 1|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 68 69|||R:NOUN|||pesticides|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Agriculture requires high spending to enhance their skills .
+
+S Moreover , manufacturing industry also needed attention from the government since manufacturing is satisfying the citizens .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Manufacturing factory creates many products and sells it to the consumer due to their demand in the market .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||factories|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||create|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:PRON|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||consumers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||according|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , construction industry is momentous as it will determine how a country will be developed .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As we can see today , there are constructions everywhere in Singapore and this prove that Singapore is advancing in a quick pace .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||construction|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:SVA|||proves|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:PREP|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Singapore 's building and construction industry accounts for about 4 % ofgross domestic product and S $ 27 and S $ 32 billion construction demand estimated for the sector in 2008 , according to John Keung , CEO of the Building and Construction Authority ( BCA ) of Singapore .
+A 6 7|||R:MORPH|||account|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Each and every sector of a country is undeniably important to make the country a better place .
+
+S However , each sector should have priority depends on the level of importance .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:FORM|||depending|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Government should think wisely and choose the sector which has more privileges .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , government must pay more attention to other important sectors because every sector plays an important role for the sake of the country .
+
+S Therefore , government should not focus too much of their spending on the aged .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Public spending is the government 's expenditure on various sectors , which includes funding for the aged , defence , education and health .
+
+S Public expenditure is usually funded by taxing the working class .
+
+S In most countries , the government funds the elderly population .
+
+S Public spending should be limited , as it can not be used as a long-term solution to help the aged .
+
+S Funds should be diverted to other areas of the country 's development which are equally , if not more important .
+
+S It is the government 's responsibility to take care of the people 's welfare and support them financially .
+
+S Hence , it is only right that there are funds allocated to helping the aged .
+
+S Many countries have allocated part of the country 's annual budget to helping the older generation .
+
+S Take for example in Singapore , the Ministry of Community Development , Youth and Sports , often works closely with voluntary welfare organisations to provide community-based programmes and residential care for the aged .
+A 0 1|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||For|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 3|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This includes elderly homes and activity centres .
+
+S However , public spending on the aged should be limited as the people should be self-reliant .
+
+S Compulsory savings implemented in certain countries such as Britain , Australia and Singapore help ensure that the people have enough savings to meet their retirement needs .
+
+S Britain has introduced a compulsory pension scheme in 2006 where the employees have to contribute 4 percent of their monthly pay while their employers have to contribute 3 percent .
+A 1 2|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Australia 's compulsory superannuation system also prepares the people for their old age .
+
+S These saving schemes in different countries would help ensure that the people have a minimum amount of savings after they have retired .
+
+S Hence they would most likely be more self-sufficient and public spending on the aged should be limited .
+
+S Sufficient government funding on the aged ensures that the elderly are well taken care of and they have a proper environment to live in .
+
+S An article from The Straits Times in 2007 states that the age group above 65 has a " higher rate of being homeless and poor " as well as " desperately sick " .
+
+S It is only socially and morally ethical that we take care of this more vulnerable group of people .
+
+S The government should hence allocate enough funds to ensure that all the elderly in the country have a place to stay and proper medical treatment should be made available to them regardless of whether they are able to pay .
+
+S However , while this solution reduces the problem of poor and homeless old people , it gives rise to other social problems .
+
+S Children of the aged may shirk responsibility and abandon their parents , thinking that the government would take care of their parents .
+
+S From a recent article from The Straits Times , some " Singaporeans were using the recession as an excuse to avoid paying their parents ' nursing home bills " , even though some looked like they could very well afford it .
+A 41 42|||R:OTHER|||( Reference needed )|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , 67 parents sued their children under the Maintenance of Parents Act last year .
+
+S If the government continues to fund the old aged , children may think that the government would support their parents financially even if they do not .
+
+S This would eventually lead to more children abandoning their elderly parents .
+
+S More resources can be diverted to education instead .
+
+S Children should be inculcated with moral values from young and taught the virtue of filial piety .
+
+S This would prevent them from abandoning their parents when they grow up .
+
+S Public spending should be emphasised , especially in countries with a large proportion of elderly .
+
+S Countries facing an ageing population include Singapore , Japan and Italy .
+
+S Governments should therefore set apart more funds to support the aged and provide more facilities for them .
+A 4 5|||R:ADV|||aside|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Japanese government has established several facilities to meet the needs of the ageing population .
+
+S Facilities include nursing homes , residential care facilities and healthcare services .
+
+S Government expenditure on these facilities would help prepare the country for the ageing population .
+
+S This is however , only a short-term solution to the problem of ageing population .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Government spending on the aged should be limited and funds should be diverted to other areas of the country 's development .
+
+S Education is an important area that requires public spending .
+
+S More productive children can be raised such that financial burden can be distributed over a greater and more affluent future generation .
+
+S Public spending on the aged should be limited such that funds can be allocated to other sectors of the country 's development , especially education .
+
+S By educating the younger generation , we would be able to reduce public spending on the old aged on a long-term basis .
+
+S Talking about the most striking features of ages we can not forget the progress of science and its effects on almost every aspects of human life .
+A 0 1|||M:ADV|||When talking|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:FORM|||aging|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||aspect|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are many pros and cons about this issue .
+
+S Some people say that the development of science brings negative effects to human health , especially to the old .
+
+S However , I do not agree with this idea .
+
+S In my opinion , the contribution of current researches and technology is very important in easing aging process .
+A 8 9|||R:MORPH|||research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For some people , science brings us more harm than good .
+A 6 7|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They usually argue that technology development creates pressure and a more stressful life .
+
+S The rapid tempo of modern life also results in wide spread nervous disorder .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||disorders|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Additionally , the environment becomes more and more polluted just because of the increasing industrial concentration .
+
+S The use of pesticides and many other chemical substances make all products unsafe to use .
+
+S Moreover , our machine civilization is also responsible for numerous accidents and serious injuries for many people which cause a lot of difficulties in their old age .
+A 17 17|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Consequently , human aging process is accelerated in these recent years .
+A 0 2|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nevertheless , I strongly oppose this argument .
+
+S From my point of view , science and technology give us a tremendous promotion in reducing the aging process rate .
+
+S With advancements in healthcare service and medicine , along with a better understanding of the aging process , life expectancy for humans keeps increasing .
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has kept|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The unceasing experiments and researches have led to numerous discoveries which explain us the reasons of aging process as well as the ways slowing down this process and the key factors to keep the gray hair away .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , a healthy diet with enough vitamins , minerals and other necessary nutrition together with regular exercise and a healthy lifestyle will help human live longer and maintain their prime of youth .
+A 15 15|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:NOUN:NUM|||humans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , the appearance of many technology appliances like computers , machines and transportation means also increase productivity and lessen workload , which creates more time to relax and enjoy the life .
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:SVA|||create|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With this physical and psychological health , people have a tendency to lengthen their life span .
+
+S Moreover , when people get old , science also plays an important role to ease their old age .
+
+S As we know , the old age always come up with many unpleasant problems and diseases , both in physical and mental state .
+A 0 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:ORTH|||Old|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:SVA|||comes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But now , with the assistances of science , we are no longer worried about this issue .
+
+S In most of cases , scientists find out medicine and the cure as soon as they discover the causes of certain diseases .
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||discovered|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:TENSE|||discovered|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Additions to that , the work of medical scientists also reduce pain to great extent .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||In addition|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||reduced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the past , operations were performed on individual in a very crude manner .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||individuals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Today , however , many surgical operations could be done without any pain and small incision by application of endoscopic technology .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 16|||R:OTHER|||with a small incision and without any pain|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , the support of many convenient devices also provides the old a better preparation to face with their old age .
+A 17 19|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As we can see , the using of wheelchairs , audiphones , glasses... has contributed a lot in facilitating the old people in their life .
+A 5 8|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:PREP|||towards|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB|||assisting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Together with them , the installation of lift , user friendly machines and free barrier transportation systems everywhere is also the key for senior residents access the better life .
+A 2 3|||R:PRON|||these|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||lifts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , the electrical devices in our daily life these days such as computers , televisions , washing machines... also make the old age become more convenience , pleasant and comfortable .
+A 21 31|||R:OTHER|||life more convenient , pleasant and comfortable for the aged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They do not only save their manual labour but more importantly , being friends and the sources of entertainment in their boring old age .
+A 1 2|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 25|||R:OTHER|||make friends and are entertained|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From all of this above arguments , we can go to the conclusion that government can use science and technology as an effective way to ease the aging process .
+A 3 4|||R:DET|||these|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 13|||R:OTHER|||conclude|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is a good solution to cope with the increasing aging population , one of current difficult global problems .
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It not only helps slow down the aging process but also facilitates the human old age .
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||acceptance of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Once more time , we must thanks to science for giving us a better life .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||Again ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:FORM|||thank|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Public spending on the aged is the expenditure by the government covering on health , infrastructure and projects aimed at improving the lives of the elderly .
+A 12 13|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A large amount of the expenditure used is contributed by government taxation on the working citizens .
+
+S The other areas of a country 's development include investing in education , military , economic and infrastructure .
+A 15 16|||R:MORPH|||economy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Funding for the aged is necessary as there is a growing trend in the ageing population but more importantly resources should be allocated away from just the aged itself to other country 's development that will indirectly aid the ageing population .
+A 31 31|||M:OTHER|||aspects of the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , the money that is spent on the aged ultimately comes from the pocket of the working population .
+
+S Hence , more time and effort should be placed on the other areas of the country 's development which will in turn reduce the negative effects of an ageing population .
+
+S Firstly , expenditure should be placed more on the economy itself because with economic growth , the working population will be more self-sustainable and be able to support themselves when they retire .
+
+S The fact that more elderly persons will be supported by fewer younger persons now and the problem will get more severe in the near future , it is important that emphasis be placed on improving the productivity of current working population and making sure that they have the ability to earn enough for their old age .
+
+S Increasing the productivity of the working population can come in the form of subsidised training schemes .
+
+S Such courses should be put in place to encourage the working population to upgrade themselves by attending such courses .
+
+S In Singapore , courses such as professional IT certification and { Employability Skills System } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.ntuc.org.sg/careertraining/ioEditor.asp ? EltGuid = 653E6C29553C4340B4DFC81D3D4CE692&BackAsp = /reddot5/ioRD.asp % 3FAction % 3DEditElement % 26GUID % 3D653E6C29553C4340B4DFC81D3D4CE692 % 26ExtendedInfo % 3D0 % 26FontSize % 3D2 % 26FontFace % 3Darial % 26FontColor % 3D % 23ff0000 % 26OpenerIsRedDot % 3D1 % 26DummyRefreshTime % 3D1220516787640&CancelAsp = &FlatStyle = yes&HideSave = yes&EditorFlags = 0&FontFace = arial&FontSize = 2&FontColor = % 23ff0000 ] from the National Trade Union Centre are heavily subsidised by the government and are available to the public to improve their skills and this in turn helps to increase their employability .
+A 8 109|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By increasing employability in the society , the workforce will be larger and will be able to support themselves and the elderly better .
+
+S Secondly , it is important for the government to spend on education .
+
+S Education should be provided for every person since young because one will become more knowledgeable about the things around him or her .
+
+S Better education leads to more job opportunities and increases one 's ability to earn more money and think critically .
+
+S By having a good education system , more jobs will be created and this in turn leads to development in a country .
+
+S Thirdly , we must note that public spending on the aged turns out to be the healthy and the working population who are forking out the money .
+
+S If the working population were to pay entirely for the healthcare of the aged , then individuals will not take responsibility to keep themselves self-sufficient and healthy during their old age .
+
+S This would not be a fair arrangement .
+
+S The individual must be made to be accountable for his or her own health and not relying totally on the public spending by the government .
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:FORM|||rely|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , we must note that certain public spending on the aged can not be compromised and must be put in place by the government in order for the aged to stay healthy and not be a burden to the society .
+
+S Instead of spending money on treating the illnesses of the elderly , money should be allocated to promote healthy lifestyle in the elderly .
+
+S For example , lessons in gymnasia and fitness centres can be conducted specially for the aged to encourage them to exercise and keep a healthy lifestyle .
+
+S In Singapore , we have the Wellness Programme to encourage healthy living through medical check-ups , regular exercise and social networking .
+
+S In the matter of medical care , the government should also take responsibility to ensure that doctors remain professionally competent , and that hospitals and polyclinics have the best available facilities .
+
+S In addition , the costs for medical care should be subsidised as some treatments can really be expensive and most of the people will not be able to afford .
+A 29 29|||M:PRON|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore public spending on healthcare and activities to promote healthy lifestyle are still necessary .
+
+S All in all , public spending on the aged should be limited because putting more effort and money into other sectors of development will turn out to be a better solution to help ease the negative effects of an ageing population .
+
+S However , public spending on certain areas of the aged can not be compromised because they are necessary to maintain a healthy ageing population .
+
+S Therefore it is important to strike a balance on the allocation of public spending in order for the country to develop favourably .
+
+S Singapore is facing a fast growth of aging population .
+
+S Without immediate actions from both the government and the society , it might create problems for the country and elderly themselves in the future .
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Singapore 's economy might be in danger due to lack of productivity , and the elderly might find difficulties in coping with the aging process .
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||difficulty|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Realizing this impending danger , the government has been taking some new policies in economy and social policy.To a large extent , current research and policies have helped to ease aging process .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN|||directions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:MORPH|||economic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN|||policies.To|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In economy , the government has helped older workers to be economically productive by encouraging employers to hire , re-hire , and retain more mature workers .
+
+S The older workers themselves are encouraged to grow and develop their skills to meet the companies ' standards .
+
+S The government also lengthened the retirement age to be 65 years-old instead of 62 years-old .
+
+S All procedures of this program are arranged under the new law , Re-employment law , which will come into effect in January 2012 .
+
+S It is hoped that the longer the workers work , the more money they can save for their life after retirement.However , some people think that the policy is ineffective .
+
+S The Re-employment Law will take into effect in 2012 .
+A 5 6|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Meanwhile there is an urgent need to protect older workers nowadays since many employers still have the mindset that mature workers have outlived their productivity .
+
+S As a result , many older workers are not guarranted to secure their job after 62 years-old at this moment .
+
+S Realizing this challenge , the government has encouraged companies which are willing to apply the new policy before 2012 by giving grants to companies and prepared the older worker to be more productive by giving workshops and courses .
+A 25 26|||R:VERB:FORM|||preparing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In social policy , the government has tried to improve the awareness of young generation to care more about the elderly .
+A 12 13|||R:PREP|||among|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Ministry of Community Development , Youth , and Sports held a Young- Old Forum in Singapore Polytechnics recently .
+
+S In this forum , the young generation is expected to spend more time and be more understanding towards the elderly.The government also encourage the elderly to run a healhty lifesyle , such as not smoking , consuming a healthy diet , and exercising regularly .
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:TENSE|||encouraged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:VERB|||lead|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Healthy body is important because when the eldery is healthy , they will not feel useless or abandoned .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||A healthy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , the governement has also increased its subsidies for day care , nursing home , and hospital to give the elderly a better quality of servies .
+
+S Nontheless , some people are concerned about the government 's spending on providing various subsidies for the elderly .
+
+S Since everything provided by the government is considered as a right of people , the more subsidies for the elderly , the more demand will be created .
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , there is a worry that the government will neglect the subsidies to other important sectors , such as education and defence.However , People should not worry about this because increasing subsidies for elderly can increase the new opportunity for the young generation .
+A 34 34|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There will be more people hired in hospital , daycare , and nursing home .
+
+S It will also stimulate young generation to create new products to ease the aging process .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In other words , it creates new business opportunity .
+
+S The more business in the country , the richer the country since its economy will grow .
+
+S Therefore , the government can increase its tax base and the other fields , such as eduacation and defence , will not be neglected .
+
+S Needless to say , the current research and policies are not perfect yet .
+
+S However , to a large extent , they have helped the elderly to ease the aging process .
+
+S The existence of the new policies for helping the elderly in many fields , such as economy , social , and technology , shows that both the government and society cares about the elderly .
+A 30 31|||R:MORPH|||care|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will benefit both the country and the elderly .
+
+S In the long run , Singapore still can keep its global competitiveness level eventhough it has a big portion of aging population .
+A 6 8|||R:WO|||can still|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:ORTH|||even though|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The golden generation itself will be happier since they will not feel to be useless or abandoned .
+A 12 14|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S * Ang,Y .
+
+S ( 2009 , September 11 ) .
+
+S Bosses Urged to Hold on to Older Workers.The Straits Times,p.B4 .
+
+S * Tan.T .
+
+S ( 2009 , September 14 ) .Young-Old Forum.The Straits Times,p.B4
+
+S By the year 2050 , the projected median age of many first-world countries will reach 51 if the current situation of low fertility rates does not improve ( Peterson 2001 ) .
+
+S With that situation on hand , many policies makers and governments are debating on the amount of public spending that should be allocated for the aged .
+
+S In my opinion , public spending on the aged should be limited so that money can be diverted to other areas of the country 's development .
+
+S The governments should stress the importance of filial piety to deal with the current situation and plan well ahead to pave path for the future generations in order to minimize the impact of aging population which can be done by investing in certain areas in the country 's development .
+A 21 21|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Children of the aged should be responsible for their own parents .
+
+S It is only reasonable and sensible for the children to take care of their parents as they are the ones that painstakingly brought them up , providing them with education and nurturing them into adults .
+
+S Unlike in the Asian countries , this culture is not very prominent in the western countries ; the governments should encourage its citizens to take up the responsibility that is looking after their aged parents .
+A 16 18|||R:PUNCT|||. The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Doing so will not only lighten the burden on government agencies to use excessive amount of public spending on the aged , but the awareness of the importance of filial piety will be increased as well .
+
+S Reduced public spending and filial piety campaigns will have an effect that 'forces ' the children to take up the responsibility for the parents .
+
+S By investing the money on areas such as healthcare and education , the future aging population will be better prepared .
+
+S The logical explanation of this claim is that when a person receives higher education , chances that he will be able to earn a much more substantial income as compared to those who are deprived from education is relatively higher .
+
+S What we could conclude from this is that he will be able to save more for his retirement and thus the need to depend on others such as government agencies or family members will be reduced .
+
+S Besides that , investing in the areas of healthcare will suggest that in the near future to come , the aged population will be healthier and thus less prone to illnesses that are associated with aging .
+
+S This is important as the problem faced by most of the aged population is the capability to cope with the high medical costs when illnesses such as strokes or heart diseases strike .
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN|||incapability|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , instead of just focusing on solving the current situation by pumping excessive amount of money into the aged population , the governments should use the money that is saved from limiting the amount of public spending on the aged to prepare the current generation of adults for their future retirements .
+
+S Even though public spending on the aged population should be limited , assistance should be made readily available to those who are under privileged .
+
+S The respective governments must take into consideration that within the aged population there are people whom are childless , single or even deserted by their own children .
+A 15 16|||R:PRON|||who|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These are the people that will really need help from the government agencies .
+
+S If the public spending were to be over constrained , it will deprive those who are genuinely in need of help from getting sufficient assistance .
+
+S This will only add on to the social implications , such as senior citizens going around begging for money , which most countries are already facing .
+
+S In conclusion , public spending on the aged population should be limited but not to such a large extent that it will deprive those who are really in need of assistance from getting aids .
+A 21 23|||R:VERB:TENSE|||deprives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , filial piety should be heavily emphasized by the government bodies in concurrent with the implementation of limiting the budget on aged population .
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||concurrently|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The implications that come with changes tend to be too much for most governments to handle yet only through changes that the possibilities of a better future will emerge .
+A 16 16|||M:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 28|||R:OTHER|||will the possibilities of a better future|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , with great foresight and careful planning , the governments could better prepare themselves for the up surging numbers of aging population by implementing the right policies and investing in the areas of country 's development that will benefit both the aged population and the general society .
+A 34 34|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Aging issues have gained substantial attentions from the public recently .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||attention|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Along with it , we have also observed a huge increase in public spending for elderly housing , healthcare and retirement welfare .
+
+S Every policymaker needs to consider the effects of their proposed policies on this issue thoroughly before implementing .
+
+S Based on the possible future benefit brought by various policy options , it is reasonable for us to limit the financial budget for the aged and channel it to other economic perspectives despite the pressing calls for increasing public pensions for the elderly .
+
+S Some people argue that limiting public pensions for the aged will bring detrimental effects to their livings .
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN|||life|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I acknowledge the importance of essential healthcare , housing and retirement living expenses being subsidised by public pensions .
+
+S However , limiting public pensions does not equal to removing it .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||pension|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The key concept here is effective management of limited resources to achieve maximum benefit for the aged .
+
+S Increase in public spending may not solve the problems from core unless we utilise the funds in appropriate ways .
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||thoroughly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We still have room to improve for our current welfare system .
+A 6 7|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If we can modify our system to be more efficient and effective without much increase the governments ' financial budget , we are able to make room for better use of public funds in other important aspects to aid our economic development .
+A 15 15|||M:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will in return bring back more funds for the aged in the future .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN|||turn|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As mentioned above , country 's development will determine its future financial capacity to solve various social problems including aging .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Funds pumped into elderly welfare will be exhausted with minor future economic benefits for the entire country .
+
+S In contrast , if we channel our funds to other economic activities such as developing infrastructure and tax incentives for entrepreneurships , we are likely to have a good yield for our future economy .
+
+S Most developed nations have their population rapidly aging .
+
+S Definitely , there will be an increase in public spending on the aged .
+
+S However , we should not place our focus in financing the aged .
+
+S Instead , the society is able to afford this growing aging population only when we can assure that growth rate of our economy is able to match that of aging population .
+A 16 17|||R:VERB|||ensure|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 29|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , economic development is a critical indicator of our capability to deal with aging problem in the future .
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , an aging population also presses heavily on our current working structure and environment .
+
+S We must deal with problems such as labour force shortage and low productivity to ensure the sustainable development of our economy before we could proceed to handle the costly expenses such as the healthcare , housing and retirement benefits of the aged .
+
+S Governments have wasted significant amount of public pensions on the aged due to inaccurate estimations and inefficient uses of funds .
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||use|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , they failed to recognise the fact that the daily living expenses of the elderly would be less than an ordinary working person and established the retirement benefits system according to the average personal monthly spending of the working force .
+A 20 20|||M:OTHER|||that of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A slight deviation of a few hundred dollars for each individual will sum up to a huge amount for the entire state .
+
+S Secondly , most countries do not target the needy people effectively .
+
+S Taking an example , the Retirement Insurance Benefits are issued according to the amount of social security payroll taxes paid into the Social Security Trust Fund in the USA .
+
+S With less contribution to the fund in their early working days , they will obtain less after they retire .
+
+S However , the low income group is the neediest group for retirement benefits and yet the least contributing group to the social security payroll taxes at the same time .
+
+S This retirement scheme further worsens the income inequality problem .
+
+S It is recommended that governments could conduct various assessments to distribute public pensions to those who really need it .
+
+S For example , Australia has implemented means-testing scheme for the Age pension .
+
+S The means tests begin to reduce the pension at fixed levels of income and/or wealth and the pension declines linearly to zero as income and/or wealth increases.1
+
+S In conclusion , for the future of the country , public spending on the aged should be carefully examined , and more focus should be placed on economic development instead .
+
+S We also need to note that it is important not just to cut the budget but come out with a detailed alternative plan to support the aged .
+A 16 16|||M:ADV|||also|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Careful management of current expenses along with expanding economy will be our only feasible cure to aging problems .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference :
+
+S 1 .
+
+S Adapted from Konstantin Petrichev and Susan Thorp , " The private value of public pensions " ( University of Technology Sydney , 2007 ) , 12
+
+S Based on an online report by Reuters , there will be 1.3 billion senior citizens around the world by the year 2040.This inevitable growing aged population will only increase problems such as healthcare costs , which could result in slower economic growth for countries .
+
+S Therefore , in order to prevent a scenario where a country 's economy is not able to sustain this foreseeable problem , it must be agreed to a certain extent that public spending on the aged should be limited so that money can be diverted to other areas of the country 's development .
+
+S By doing so , there are two main benefits which can help minimize the strain on the country 's economy .
+
+S Firstly , with money being diverted to other areas , the country 's overall economy can be boosted .
+
+S It is essential that the aged problem should be seen in the long term perspective where the country 's economy is continuously strong enough to cope .
+
+S With strategic planning and close monitoring , these areas can both offer the necessary economic growth and also minimize aged related problems being posed .
+
+S An example of such an area is biotechnology where it takes advantage of the constant improvement in technology to research and create new products with the use of biological process to improve the quality of living .
+
+S Countries like Singapore , recognizing its potential , allowed stem cell research labs to be opened despite its controversy in moral values and religion .
+A 12 13|||R:MORPH|||laboratories|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S An online article by New York Times suggested the reason Singapore did so was that it hopes in return , such labs will diversify its economy and add on to its research-intensive sector that will improve economy growth .
+A 21 22|||R:MORPH|||laboratories|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||R:MORPH|||economic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These labs also manufacture their products locally which can be distributed and used to improve the overall country 's health at a low cost .
+A 1 2|||R:MORPH|||laboratories|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Diverting money to such areas prove to provide benefits in both contribution to the economy and aiding in the health where the aged ones are concern .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:SVA|||proves|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:VERB:FORM|||concerned|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , by limiting the public spending on the aged , the healthcare system with regards to the aged problem will thus have to be changed This can be viewed as a benefit as the system will be changed to minimize the effect on the country 's economy and the risk of a failed healthcare system .
+A 26 26|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To illustrate further , the aging population is growing and it is not feasible for countries to simply continue public spending and varying the amount as needed .
+
+S In other words , if a country was to continue with their current system and not consider the foreseeable problem , too much focus and money will be used in an attempt to resolve the aged problem .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By the time it is realized , it could be too late .
+
+S Countries are already recognizing this problem ; an example would be the recent dispute in US healthcare system , where the democrats are attempting to cut down on the healthcare system in view of the current recovering and future economy , bearing in mind that the aged population is increasing .
+
+S Thus , it is essential that countries start reviewing and emplace new changes where necessary .For instance , one step Singapore has taken is restructuring their healthcare system where elderly patients are treated by acute hospital followed by recuperation in a community hospital .
+A 10 11|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:DET|||her|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 34|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , a change in the healthcare system will result in cost effectiveness as the aging population increases and efficiency in treatments .
+
+S In addition there will be a minimization of a risk of failing healthcare system as there is enough time to make changes and gradually adapt to it .
+A 26 27|||R:PRON|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , there is a risk involved to limiting spending on the aged .
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many citizens especially the elders of a country will feel that the country is not concerned for their current and future health , therefore losing confidence in the government .
+A 4 5|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S An example used again would be the recent attempt on restructuring the US healthcare system .
+
+S Although , the democrats are still at its proposal stage , elders are already starting to express their concerns for their current needs , together with younger citizens worried over their future healthcare .
+A 1 2|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the aging population is increasing and with it comes slower economic growth for countries .
+
+S It is crucial that countries come up with solutions that attempts to deal with this in a long term manner .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:SVA|||attempt|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many citizens especially the elderly will be upset over the limited support for the aged .
+
+S However , it is also time for these citizens to change their short term perceptions and starting evaluating the possible long term problems if such measures are not being done .
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:FORM|||start|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 30|||R:VERB|||taken|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , with good strategic planning by the country and the understanding of its citizen , limiting spending on the aged and diverting money to other areas of the country 's development , is feasible .
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||citizens|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S Reuters .
+
+S In the year 2040 - 1.3 billion senior citizens .
+
+S Retrieved 15 September , 2009 , from { http : //www.reuters.com/article/healthNews/idUSTRE56J0IY20090720 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.reuters.com/article/healthNews/idUSTRE56J0IY20090720 ] New York Times .
+
+S Singapore Acts as Haven for Stem Cell Research .
+
+S Retrieved 15 September , 2009 , from { http : //www.nytimes.com/2006/08/17/business/worldbusiness/17stem.html ? _r = 1 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.nytimes.com/2006/08/17/business/worldbusiness/17stem.html ? _r = 1 ] MSNBC .
+
+S Seniors uneasy over Medicare cuts in overhaul .
+
+S Retrieved 15 September , 2009 , from { http : //www.msnbc.msn.com/id/32225671/ns/politics-capitol_hill/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.msnbc.msn.com/id/32225671/ns/politics-capitol_hill/ ] Healthcare system to be restructured to cater to aging population .
+
+S August 17 , Channel NewsAsia
+
+S Yes , I do agree that the current research and development or policies have helped to ease the aging process .
+
+S The current architecture improvement and research and development on technological products for the elderly have helped them to overcome the difficulty they faced when their physical health deteriorates .
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:TENSE|||face|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , provides them an easier life at old age .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:FORM|||providing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , there is still an increase in the number of elderly suicide cases despite many psychological help from social groups such as The Singapore Action Group for Elderly and many others .
+A 15 16|||R:ADJ|||much|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is supported by the news report in The Sunday Times on 12 August 2008 which stated an increase in the number of suicide cases of elderly aged 65 and above from 69 cases in 2006 to 87 cases in 2008 .
+
+S From the statistic above , it has shown that the current research and development or policies may not be successful in helping the elderly to cope with the aging process such as becoming physically disabled or less worthy in the society due to loss of working ability .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||statistics|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 36|||M:VERB|||feeling|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , the elderly become depressed over the problems they faced in the aging process which leads them to commit sucide .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||face|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although there is an increase in the number of elderly committing suicides , it is only a small number of elderly committing suicides in Singapore which stand less than a percent of the total aging population .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||suicide|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||suicide|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:VERB|||represents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The increase of number of suicide cases may also be simply due to the increase in population size .
+
+S In general , the current research and development or policies may have helped almost all the elderly to cope with the problems in aging process .
+
+S Therefore , the number of elderly suicide cases is not significant .
+
+S Currently , there have been many upgrading projects carried out in the older estate where the population there consists of mainly elderly .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||estates|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In these upgrading projects , there are lifts upgrading to make the lift stop at every floor of the flat and paths made even with gentle slopes around the estate .
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||block|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These improvements in the infrasuture of the older estate make the estate more accessible for the elderly .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||estates|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||estates|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is because in the aging process of the elderly , physical health deterioration is one of the problems they faced .
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:TENSE|||face|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They usually will have diffculty travelling around their estate as many of them may have problems climbing stairs and walking on uneven roads .
+A 2 3|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some of elderly are also wheel chair bounded which adds on to the diffculty to travel .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:FORM|||bound|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , with the lifts upgade and even paths , they can take the can the lifts just outside their doors and move around the estate with no constraint due to unaccessible paths .
+A 13 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This help to solve the problem they faced during their aging process , allowing them to travel and socialise without being bounded by physical restriction .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||face|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:FORM|||bound|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the aging population continues to grow , there are many business opporunity in the aging population market .
+A 12 13|||R:SPELL|||opportunities|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many have entered in the elderly products market to supply goods and services that suit the growing numbers of elderly .
+A 3 4|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This encourages more people to research and develop technological products that suit the aging population .
+
+S Hence , there are many technological products that are user friendly to the elderly in the market now such as the iNo mobile .
+
+S It is a very simple to use cell phone with large key pads and SOS button .
+A 4 7|||R:OTHER|||simple-to-use|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These functions help those elderly whose eyesight has usually fallen and not able to catch up with the techological advancement to be able to use a cell phone .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB|||failed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:VERB|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The SOS button also allows elderly who are usually more vulnerable to ask for help when they are in danger .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This shows that the current research and development has helped to overcome some of the problems the againg population may face in the aging process like fallen eyesight and lack of technological knowledge .
+A 26 27|||R:VERB|||failing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , ease their aging process and allow them to lead a normal life .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:FORM|||easing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:FORM|||allowing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Elderly in Singapore is enjoying a better quality of life under the current research and development or policies for them .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The current research and development in technological products and architecture improvement have helped the elderly to cope with the diffculties they may face at old age .
+A 9 10|||R:MORPH|||architectural|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , this eases their aging process through providing them a more comfortable and easier life compared to the past when there is no such research and development or policies available .
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A new paradigm shift and various strategies are required to enable the elderly to be more physically independent since much could be done to forestall some of the negative impact of a fast aging population .
+
+S According to the National Institute on Aging ( NIA ) , in the last two decades , the rate of disability among older people has been reduced dramatically .
+
+S Progressive research and development have eased the aging population to a great extent by reducing the rate of physical illness and disabilities among them .
+
+S Practically , with the recent invention of electric wheelchair , disabled elderly can manoeuvre and are more physically independent .
+
+S Electric wheelchairs are extremely useful especially to those elderly who suffer from upper body weakness that prevents them from using a manual wheelchair .
+
+S This merchandise encourages the golden generation who spend most of their time on bed or chair to move around with the controls provided eventually brightening up their lives .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN|||equipment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Regardless , electric wheelchairs are too expensive for most elderly to afford even though it helps them a lot in terms of independence .
+
+S Besides , entrusting an elderly who is not well versed with technology with such contraptions might be dangerous should accidents happen .
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||well-versed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even so , Medicare has been giving assistance to elderly who need wheelchairs as long as the elderly provides a written prescription from the doctor stating the need of having such wheelchair .
+A 28 29|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to Oxford University Press ( 2007 ) most elderly feel satisfied with the use of wheelchairs and even use it for shopping , visiting parks and socialising which proves that it is safe .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||the Oxford University Press|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Apart from that , the British government policies on human equality , age discrimination and employment have helped the aged improve their lives drastically .
+
+S Most elderly face discrimination in employment and training opportunities to develop themselves and earn a living .
+
+S With the equality policy being implemented , elderly have the opportunity to be treated fairly especially by the employers .
+
+S Thus , they are able to accumulate more wealth and reduce their dependency on their children 's monthly support .
+
+S Britain even implemented the policy on community service such as better transport link in order to provide the elderly with independent lives .
+
+S On the other hand , most employers unwilling to hire the older people as they are not as productive as the younger generation and might cause more liabilities to the company if they claim a large sum of money on their medical purposes .
+
+S Furthermore , a better transportation link means more money needed to be allocated by the government on this sector .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:FORM|||needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Well , improvement on the transportation not only helps the elderly , it also encourages the public to use the public transport which reduce pollution as well as traffic jams and older people are wiser in the sense that they are more experienced compare to the na ï ve and impatient younger generation .
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:SVA|||reduces|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 44|||R:VERB:FORM|||compared|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is also not necessary that elderly will claim more money on medical since chronic diseases attack humans without the age barrier .
+
+S In the progress of developing mortality in old age , Natural Institute of Aging has done a lot of research to reduce the disabilities and burden suffered by the elderly through studies on the alteration of genes and hormones .
+
+S Information from the fields of biochemistry , genetics and physiology has been applied in research to repair tissues and replace injured cells by using stem cells .
+
+S Researchers have been furiously expanding their understanding on these pathology changes and identifying the parts of the brain to improve human memory abilities .
+
+S At the same time , scientists explore methods to replace dysfunctional cells and develop a protective brain cell into the brain to prevent Alzheimer .
+
+S However , these researches do not guarantee that the hormones they produce are useful and it costs a large sum of money to maintain such experiments .
+
+S Furthermore , not many people can afford to undergo such gene alter operations .
+
+S In spite of that , the government has allocated a large sum of money towards research in the annual budget to encourage new findings on hormones and genetics which could protect aging people in the future .
+
+S Subsidies are provided to the elderly to help them with their necessities which indirectly gives them the opportunity to undergo genetic and hormones exchanges .
+
+S In conclusion , research and development is the best method to help the elderly survive several conditions that compromise the quality of their health and independence .
+
+S Thus , to a large extent , current research and development as well as policies have helped to reduce the effects of aging process in many aspects .
+
+S Reference list :
+
+S 1.National Institute on Aging Information Center ( 2009 ,August 06 ) : Can We Prevent Aging ?
+
+S from http : //go.microsoft.com/fwlink/ ? LinkId = 69157 2.QuinStreet , Inc. 2009 , Aging Parents And Elder Care : Are electric wheelchairs and scooters covered by Medicare ?
+
+S From http : //www.aging-parents-and-elder-care.com 3.Age UK 2009,Help The Aged We Will : Equality And Rights from http : //policy.helptheaged.org.uk/_policy/AgedEquality/_default.htm 4.Nancy ( 2009,August 28 ) ,Aging Parents Conversation : Navigating The Maze Of Wheelchair Options from http : //agingparentconversations.blogspot.com/2009/08/navigating-maze-of-wheelchair-options.html 5.,Peter G. Peterson ( 2001 ) , A Graying World , Harvard International Review.23.3
+
+S Nowadays , balancing public spending is a big concern to most of governments since they need to carefully evaluate the most suitable spending areas for short and long-term plan .
+A 28 29|||R:NOUN:NUM|||plans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Failure to make decision in government budget will affect whole countries ' systems including economy , education , or environment , etc .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||decisions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||their economy...|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This essay argues that public spending on the aged , one of the most major categories almost governments recently invest in , should be limited for developing other countries ' important areas , promoting their sustainable growths , and forming people 's responsibilities .
+A 16 17|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||R:OTHER|||have recently invested|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First of all , large spending on the aged results in an imbalance of governments ' expenditure .
+
+S According to World Midyear Population by Age and Sex of US Census Bureau , the population aged above 60 will rise from 20.38 % in 2009 to 21.97 % in 2020 , which means more governments ' spending on pensions and healthcare .
+A 37 37|||M:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When the aged public spending has increased as a considerable proportion , the governments find it difficult to keep pace with the advances in technologies , commerce , and education , etc. For instance , a recent Singapore government list in 2008 shows that pensions have been accounted for $ 912 billion that has been equal to 17.8 % in total expense .
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:VERB:TENSE|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And the largest category is health care with $ 925 billion , which was nearly spent on an elder assistance such as home nursing , medical treatment , and long-term care , etc .
+
+S In contrast , education , welfare , and environment , which are essential for countries ' development , have only ranked as 3rd , 4th , and 8th categories respectively .
+
+S In the same way , Australia has spent nearly 10 % on healthcare while USA has spent about 15 % .
+
+S As suggested , " if the government does nothing it will experience a rise in the structural budget deficit .
+
+S This has many problems .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||no full-stop|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " ( Pettinger , 2007 ) .
+
+S One of the challenges is the increase in the national debt and annual interest payments .
+
+S For example , Italy has already borrowed over 100 % of GDP , resulting in a high % of GDP goes on servicing the debt , which will only increase over time .
+
+S Secondly , what I want to emphasize is that the governments only limit the public expense , which does not mean that they totally abandon the aged .
+A 11 11|||M:VERB:TENSE|||should|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are still activities carried out to help the elder such as providing free travel on public transportation in cities or subsidizing old people 's homes , etc .
+A 9 10|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Opponents of this position argue that the elder should be paid attention with more and more subsidies because they are the predecessors with a lot of commitment to societies .
+A 7 8|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , limiting expenditure on the elder enables countries to invest more in another aspects like economy , education , environment or infrastructure .
+
+S Then the countries are stronger and stronger , supporting the aged with large amount of money .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We agree with Chan ( 2009 ) , who concluded : The government has played a strong and pivotal role in developing policies for the aged that both protect the rights of older members in society and , at the same time , reinforce values believed to be important for the society .
+A 11 52|||R:OTHER|||" ... "|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thirdly , less spending on the aged helps decrease the proportion of dependence rate .
+
+S In 2009 , 11 % is the percentage of Asia older dependency , which is anticipated to reach 28 % in 2040 .
+
+S Similarly , the older dependency ratio of Western Europe is projected to increase by approximately 50 % from 27 % to 53 % .
+
+S It goes on to reinstate the elder do count more on the state ; subsequently , more resources must be diverted into caring for them .
+
+S Hence , the government should limit the aged subsidies in order to stimulate their responsibilities .
+
+S In addition , requiring people to save money in advance can be the incentives for their independence .
+
+S " They should be encouraged or compelled by law to save and invest more of their income earned while they are active in workforce " .
+
+S ( Peterson , 2009 ) .
+
+S Peterson also adds that governments and policy makers need to take in to careful consideration what is essentially supported by the public sector and what should depend on their own financial capacities .
+
+S All in all , every country has to formulate and implement the long-term public spending strategy , which mainly depends on different countries ' economic , social and education backgrounds .
+
+S And restricting the cost on the aged in order to advance other necessary areas is a difficult decision for them .
+
+S Nevertheless , it is a critical and ultimate path to their full developments .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||development|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S BIBLIOGRAPHY
+
+S Heng , T. C & Png , M. T. ( 2003 .
+
+S September ) .
+
+S Singapore 's Demographic Trend .
+
+S Singapore : Singapore Department of Statistics .
+
+S Henry , K. ( 2004 ) .
+
+S Aging Demographics - The Other Super Secular Trend Retrieved June 24 , 2004 from { http : //www.marketthoughts.com/z20040624.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.marketthoughts.com/z20040624.html ] .
+
+S Konan , T. H. ( 2008 .
+
+S May 30 ) .
+
+S Lightening our demographic greys .
+
+S Asian Geographic , CDTL Brief , 9 ( 2 ) .
+
+S Retrieved March 28 , 2009 , from { http : //www.logue.sg/v1/wp-content/uploads/clip2008_asiangeo_asia_aging.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.logue.sg/v1/wp-content/uploads/clip2008_asiangeo_asia_aging.pdf ] .
+
+S Peterson , P. G. ( 2001 ) .
+
+S A graying world .
+
+S Harvard International Review
+
+S Pettinger , T. ( 2007 ) .
+
+S How to Deal with an Ageing Population Retrieved March 6 , 2007 , from { http : //www.economicshelp.org/2007/06/how-to-deal-with-ageing-population.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.economicshelp.org/2007/06/how-to-deal-with-ageing-population.html ] .
+
+S U .
+
+S S Census Bureau .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S World Population by Age and Sex .
+
+S Retrieved July 13 , 2009 from { http : //www.census.gov/idb/worldpopinfo.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.census.gov/idb/worldpopinfo.html ] .
+
+S Wikipedia .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S International comparison : Healthcare spending as % GDP .
+
+S Retrieved June 9 , 2009 , from { http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File : International_Comparison_-_Healthcare_spending_as_ % 25_GDP.png } [ HYPERLINK : http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File : International_Comparison_-_Healthcare_spending_as_ % 25_GDP.png ] .
+
+S " Aging " , the fact that human life expectancy is extending longer and longer whilst the fertility rate is reducing gradually , " is a continuous , complex , and dynamic process that begins with birth and ends with death .
+
+S " Aging populations imply there are pressures stressing on fewer young workers in the workforce who have to support increasing old populations .
+A 7 8|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Obviously , aging population refers to one of the most difficult challenges that policy makers worldwide are facing currently - how to fund for the elderly in the society .
+A 23 24|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although contradict opinions related to this topic , more and more people agree upon the point that public spending on the aged should be limited based on arguments that other areas such as education need more public financial resources , other social security welfare systems have proven to achieve reasonable successes and old people still can possess independent lifestyles .
+A 1 1|||M:OTHER|||there are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:MORPH|||contradictory|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 16|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Detractors usually dispute that old generations should be given rights to claim for public spending provided the contribution they have devoted to the public development .
+
+S However , many studies have shown the opposite direction .
+A 8 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A study undertaken in Spain ( 2000 ) claimed that the rising allocation from limited public budget on the elderly is expected to threaten commitments to other deserving groups , especial children .
+A 17 18|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:MORPH|||especially|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To add more warning signals , a study done in the U.S. ( 2004 ) indicated that " spending gap between children and elders increased by twenty percent despite the fact the U.S. poverty rates among children have consistently exceeded those for the elderly , and that in absolute numbers , three times as many children live in poverty , compared to elders " .
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is no doubt that future prosperity is likely to be negatively affected because the lack of investment in education , nutrition and other aspects for young generations .
+A 14 14|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , the young workforce is doubly worse off through the pre-determined obligation to support the old generations using their own earnings .
+
+S As a result , national aggregate surplus is offset by the public expenditures on the elderly , which leads to the overall effect of reducing potential growth rate and burdening developments .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In other words , the final result would be harmful impacts on overall social welfare rather than contributions as being claimed .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order to avoid the risky consequences of fully-funded social security system foregoing , some countries opt to go with another manner , including Pay-as-you-go system .
+
+S Singapore government is among one of the authorities implementing the system via their Central Provident Fund ( CPF ) Scheme .
+
+S CPF requires employees to save for their retirement years whilst they are still working .
+
+S Social responsibility stands in the fact that employers also contribute to their employees ' saving accounts at the rate of 14.5 % .
+
+S However , detractors usually argue that the effect of inflation rate increases costs of living steadily over the time ; as a result , old generations who retired in the 80s or 90s are likely to suffer in the current situation where prices are highly inflated .
+
+S Therefore , a co-residence model which appears to be a complement factor helps to reduce stresses on public funds .
+
+S It works with the logic of letting children take care of their own parents , which considerably effective under Asian cultures and contexts .
+A 16 16|||M:VERB|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , there is no denying the fact that the good performance in Singapore herself is a convincing illustration for limiting public expenses on the elderly and investing in other fields such as education and research .
+A 14 15|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Adding more strength to ideas of restricting funds for the old generations , many people point out that the word " old " does not link to disability , institutionalization .
+
+S Recent researches have shown that only four or five percent of our older friends or relatives are institutionalized at any one time .
+
+S In other words , majority of old populations can live independently .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , they are capable of obtaining a healthy lifestyle via doing exercises and maintaining proper nutrition plan .
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||plans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For examples , in 2008 , the Stanford University Medical center team found that elderly joggers are less likely to be killed by diseases like cancer , neurological diseases and infections .
+
+S It is to re-confirm that regular exercises provide the elderly with mobile and independent lives , stronger hearts and fewer healthcares required .
+
+S Ultimately , it is important to consider specific needs of the elderly rather than distributing funds in general without careful allocation .
+
+S By doing that , the remaining public fund would be used more efficiently and effectively in other investment and reinforcement activities and the country would be benefited subsequently .
+A 25 27|||R:VERB:TENSE|||benefit|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According the US Census Bureau , the number of people 65 and older hit about 506 million as a midyear 2008 , and this will be double to 1.3 billion by 2040 .
+
+S Clearly , aging process will become more and more difficult to deal with and there is an urgent need to tackle this issue .
+
+S Solutions should be discussed internationally to gain sharing benefits .
+
+S However , specific adjustments need to be made to specific country .
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||countries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , notwithstanding the agreement upon restrictions on public expenditures on old populations , governments still have to provide necessary supports .
+
+S Meanwhile , there must be a reasonable investment on younger generations and a push in national income over the time to balance different benefits of various human groups in the society .
+
+S References :
+
+S 1 .
+
+S Transgeneral design matters .
+
+S { http : //www.transgenerational.org/aging/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.transgenerational.org/aging/ability.htm ]
+
+S 2 .
+
+S BBC News .
+
+S { http : //news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7554293.stm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7554293.stm ]
+
+S 3 .
+
+S Senior citizens information and news .
+
+S { http : //seniorjournal.com/NEWS/Eldercare/4-09-14Spending.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //seniorjournal.com/NEWS/Eldercare/4-09-14Spending.htm ]
+
+S 4 .
+
+S Centre for Aging Research and Development in Ireland .
+
+S { http : //www.cardi.ie/events/withrespecttooldagecaringforolderpeopleinscotland } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.cardi.ie/events/withrespecttooldagecaringforolderpeopleinscotland ]
+
+S 5 .
+
+S Markus Tepe ; Peiter Vanhuysse .
+
+S Elderly Bias , New Social Risks , and Social Spending : Investigating Change and Timing in Eight Programs across Four Worlds of Welfare , 1980-2003 ( 2008 ) .
+
+S 6 .
+
+S Brookings .
+
+S { http : //www.brookings.edu/opinions/2005/1016childrenfamilies_sawhill.aspx } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.brookings.edu/opinions/2005/1016childrenfamilies_sawhill.aspx ]
+
+S 7 .
+
+S The Straight Times .
+
+S { http : //www.straitstimes.com/Breaking % 2BNews/World/Story/STIStory_405540.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.straitstimes.com/Breaking % 2BNews/World/Story/STIStory_405540.html ]
+
+S 8 .
+
+S Institute of Policy Development , Research Unit , Singapore .
+
+S Governance Alert 06/2006 .
+
+S Aging .
+
+S 9 .
+
+S Singapore Democrats .
+
+S { http : //yoursdp.org/index.php/perspective/special-feature/341-singapores-social-security-system-starts-to-creak- } [ HYPERLINK : http : //yoursdp.org/index.php/perspective/special-feature/341-singapores-social-security-system-starts-to-creak- ]
+
+S In Singapore today , our median age is 36 years and life expectancy is 80 years .
+
+S This number has significantly increased from 24 years since 1980 , and predicted to reach 54 years within the next 40 years , similar to that of Japan and Italy now .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||The median age|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Singapore Department of Statistics , 1999 , Lee , 2009 ) There will be increased burden for the working adult population to provide for the aged dependents , be it healthcare or finances .
+A 17 18|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is made worse with the shrinking workforce that we are now experiencing .
+
+S However , current research and developments , and polices have effectively help eased the aging process .
+
+S This is done through technological advances in medical care , policies to encourage financial independency among the elderly , and adopting a foreign talent policy .
+
+S Firstly , recent research and developments have resulted in higher levels of medical care .
+
+S For example , new and better treatment methods like open heart surgery or radiotherapy help increase the chances of recovery and decrease time required for recovery from illnesses .
+
+S New vaccines and immunizations site are constantly developed to help prevent diseases at an early stage too .
+
+S In 2008 , a team of researchers from Wayne State University successfully developed a breast cancer vaccine that is able to treat women with treatment-resistant HER2-positive breast cancer , and prevent cancer from occurring again .
+
+S ( Evans , 2008 ) This creates two benefits pertaining to aging population .
+
+S One , the population will be generally healthier , with a smaller tendency to fall sick , which otherwise disrupts productivity of the economy and increases the need for medical services and facilities .
+
+S Next , by reducing the recovery period for illnesses , people who are ill , especially the elderly population who are more prone to sickness , will require less treatment sessions or usage of hospital facilities and thus incur less medical expenses too .
+
+S One may argue that the latest medical treatment methods tend to be very costly and the average elderly in Singapore may not be able to afford them .
+
+S This problem is solved with the use of subsides for elderly by the government , to keep medical fees for these new treatment methods within an affordable range .
+
+S This would also be just considered as a short term measure , taking into account future medical advances .
+
+S More cost efficient methods for the same treatment would be developed which lower treatment costs to a point where only minimal subsides is required .
+
+S Secondly , policies to encourage financial independency among the elderly , for instance CPF ( Central Provident Fund ) , Medishield and the extended retirement age from 60 to 62 years in 1999 .
+
+S ( Ministry of Manpower , 2006 ) By increasing the retirement age , it creates a motivating effect on people to work till at later age , so as to enjoy benefits like pensions and government incentives after retirement .
+
+S They would also be able to obtain more wealth which they could use to support themselves in old age .
+
+S This helps lessen the government 's burden to provide for the elderly , and the effects of a shrinking workforce brought by aging population .
+
+S Companies would also be able to benefit more from the experience and expertise of their more elder employees .
+
+S In addition , elderly workers tend to have lower turnover rates for employment , which is beneficial to the company .
+
+S For example Wal-mart , the world 's largest public corporation by revenue , actively hires elderly workers for her operations -- close to 20 % of Wal- mart 's workforce is at least 55 years old .
+
+S ( Walter , 2006 ) One may argue that this in a sense forces later retirement , especially for people with insufficient savings to depend on without a job .
+
+S However it also emphasizes a greater need to be financially independent and help create more elderly involvement in the society which contributes to the economy .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:SVA|||helps|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thirdly , foreign talent policy , of which the government embraces , also played an important role in easing the aging process .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||plays|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Foreign talents help increase the workforce in the economy , which helps to solve the problem of shrinking workforce brought about by aging population .
+
+S Effective use of their expertise also helps create a more productive economy and generate more economic income which could be diverted to helping the elderly population .
+
+S More importantly , they create greater diversity and especially vibrancy in the country , of which lack of it is evidently seen in some countries in Europe due to a decreasing proportion of youths brought about by aging population .
+
+S A recent study also indicated a 170 percentage increase in Singapore 's non-resident workforce over the last decade , from 248,000 in 1990 to 670,000 in 2006 .
+
+S ( Yeoh , 2007 ) One of the most common arguments against the policy would be that the increased competitiveness of employment which results in loss of jobs for the local population , even with the implementation of foreign employment quota ratios by the government .
+
+S However , from a different viewpoint , the increased competition results in greater competitiveness of our firms not only within Singapore 's economy but globally as well .
+
+S This policy would also be vital for Singapore to sustain strong economic growth and competitiveness in the global market in the future .
+
+S All in all , current research and development , and policies have been successful in easing the aging process , through advancements in healthcare , encouraging financial interdependency and embracing foreign talent .
+
+S In the years to come , we will face greater challenges as we gradually experience the full impact of the aging population , of which new strategies will have to be integrated along with the current ones to meet the changing circumstances that we might face .
+
+S References List
+
+S Evans , RJ ( 2008 , August ) , Medical developments at the royal London hospital http : //www.rlhleagueofnurses.org.uk/Hospital_History/Medical_Developments/me dical_developments.html
+
+S Lee , Hsien Long ( 2009 August ) , Preparing For An Aging Population the Singapore experience http : //www.nus.edu.sg/nec/InnoAge/documents/AARPjournalwinter09_PMLee.pdf
+
+S Ministry of Manpower ( 2006 ) , Ministry of Manpower -- The Retirement Age Act http : //www.mom.gov.sg/publish/momportal/en/communities/workplace_standards/e mployment_standards/The_Retirement_Age_Act.html
+
+S Singapore Department of Statistics ( 1999 ) , Singapore Census Data - Population Overview http : //www.geraldtan.com/singles/census-overview.html
+
+S Walter , Norbert ( 2006 , October ) , Ageing Population : What to Expect and What to Do http : //www.cscollege.gov.sg/cgl/pub_ethos_1h2.htm # top
+
+S Yeoh , Brenda S.A ( 2007 January ) , " Singapore : Hungry for Foreign Workers at All Skill Levels " .
+
+S Migration Policy Institute .
+
+S http : //www.migrationinformation.org/Profiles/display.cfm ? ID = 570
+
+S According to Administration of Aging ( AoA ) in America , the figure of the older population which refer to persons 65 years or older is 37.3 million in 2006 ( the latest year for which data is available ) and this statistics is anticipated to grow more than double by the year 2030.Concern about aged has surfaced with such dramatic force and recognition by so many nations .
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:SVA|||refers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Aging populations present considerable challenges to serious fiscal consequences for welfare states .
+
+S It is important that the publicly-financed health and welfare packages on the older people who tend to be the principal beneficiaries are implemented effectively .
+
+S Therefore , public spending on the aged should not be limited in order to divert the money to other areas of the country 's development .
+
+S Limiting the public spending on the aged may impose financial burden on the future generations simultaneously as the main resource for financial support of elderly is family .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Children of the aged have to undertake the higher proportion of expenses especially in the aspect of medical .
+
+S In the other hand , Peterson ( 2001 ) had suggested that societies in weak extended family , high elder poverty and quick-rising of long term care costs should learn from Japan where most elderly people still living with their adult children .
+A 0 1|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 18|||R:OTHER|||families|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 38|||R:VERB:FORM|||live|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Filial obligation and willingness of grown children to take care their aged parents are needed indeed .
+A 10 10|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , adult nowadays are stressful enough in facing the competitive dynamic world and high living expenses .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||adults|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||stressed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||when|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S S. Banthin , Cunningham and M. Bernard ( 2008 ) said that " financial burdens of health care have increased to the point at which private insurance is no longer able to provide financial protection for an increasing number of families .
+
+S "
+
+S Elderly would suffer more financial hardship if limit the public spending on them especially for those who are single , less educated , less savings or neglected by their own children .
+
+S Homelessness , hunger and higher proportion of unmet health care needs could happen on them .
+
+S The Centre for Disease Control ( CDC ) has introduced with their " State of Aging and Health in America " ( Year 2007 ) report with the statistics " 88 % of those over 65 years of age have at least one chronic health condition " .
+
+S It is quite a shocking statistics for elderly diseases .
+
+S Aged people may unable to seek for medical assistance when they suffer from sickness such as heart attack , high blood pressure and etc .
+A 3 3|||M:VERB|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They need to work in order to support themselves .
+
+S Elderly who collecting old newspaper and soft drink cans along the street can be seen frequently .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:FORM|||collect|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Peterson ( 2001 ) suggested aged people should be encouraged to plan for their future old age life by saving and investing part of their income earned in their young working life .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||suggests that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , Singapore main retirement 's scheme , the Central Provident Fund system , is one of the way of funded retirement saving .
+A 4 4|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , high living and medical expenses could make them have not enough funds to support themselves in their old age .
+
+S In addition , some of the elderly may spend all their savings for their children education but in vain because they are neglected by their children .
+
+S It could be unethical that developing the country in other areas but neglecting the aged .
+
+S Elderly has contributed themselves to the society in the past few decades .
+
+S It would be considered irresponsible to eliminate their contribution to the society while they are active in the work force .
+
+S In the other hand , there are many more important areas to develop in an country include investment , education , basic infrastructure , politic issues and so on .
+A 24 25|||R:MORPH|||political|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Aged are not the main workforces in furthering the country development .
+
+S Peterson ( 2001 ) argued than an aging population could bring negative impact to a country include shrinking workforce , long-term stagnation and decline in real GDP .
+
+S However , a country should be established based on moral ethic .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||ethics|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The aged should not deprive from public spending due to a lack of social and economic power .
+
+S Since most of young will be old someday , today 's children will in time receive the benefits granted to today 's elderly , as long as current commitments remain in place .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Wide array of aging issues are complex and inevitable but not insurmountable .
+A 0 3|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Flexibility in implementing policies should be maintained when facing unpredictable challenges in the future .
+
+S As Friedland and Summer ( 2005 ) said , " Reducing the share of public support is merely leaves the individuals and their families responsible for larger proportion and some of the costs are shifting back to the public sector through other means .
+
+S " Therefore , wise policy planning in diverting the public spending to all areas of the country 's development is more effective instead of limiting the public spending on the aged .
+
+S Bibliography Administration on Aging ( 2009 ) Aging statistics Retrieved Sept 16 , 2009 from { http : //www.aoa.gov/AoARoot/Aging_Statistics/index.aspx } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.aoa.gov/AoARoot/Aging_Statistics/index.aspx ]
+
+S { GiGi Konwin } [ HYPERLINK : http : //ezinearticles.com/ ? expert = GiGi_Konwin ] ( 2008 ) Shocking Statistics For Elderly Diseases Retrieved Sept 16 , 2009 from { http : //EzineArticles.com/ ? expert = GiGi_Konwin } [ HYPERLINK : http : //ezinearticles.com/ ? expert = GiGi_Konwin ]
+
+S Jessica S. Banthin , Peter Cunningham and Didem M. Bernard " Financial Burden of Health Care , 2001-2004 " ( Health Affairs , Jan./Feb .
+
+S 2008 )
+
+S Peter G. Peterson ( 2001 ) A Graying World .
+
+S Harvard International Review .
+
+S Robert B. Friedland and Laura Summer ( March 2005 ) Demography Is Not Destiny Revisited .
+
+S Center on Aging Society , Georgetown University .
+
+S The populations of many countries are rapidly ageing as a result of declining fertility and increasing longevity .
+
+S The group of 60 years or over is expected almost to triple , increasing from 673 million in 2005 and 2 billion by 2050 and the share of the elderly is also predicted to rise from 64 percent to nearly 80 percent in 2050 especially in developing countries ( Reilly 2007 ) .
+
+S As the aging problems are getting seriously nowadays , it should not be invariably neglected by the society but to face the problem that the elderly may suffer financial hardships in their golden age after they retired .
+A 6 7|||R:MORPH|||serious|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 36|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , public spending on the aged should not be limited in order to help the elderly to overcome the difficulties by providing various financial supports .
+
+S The elderly will face financial hardship and an excess of stress in their lives if they have no sufficient money to survive in high price era .
+
+S Financial hardship will affect the elderly living condition such as housing condition and food security as the elderly reported that their apartments were always cold in winter and they suffered malnutrition and insufficient food due to financial difficulties .
+
+S In the other hand , a huge amount of stress which may cause high blood pressure , heart disease and cancer will affect both their emotional and physical health and reduces their ability to live to the full .
+A 0 5|||R:OTHER|||On the other hand|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , critics of this point out that most of the elderly may not face any real financial hardship as they should have CPF savings which is sufficient for their old age needs .
+
+S In fact , it is very hard to be ensured that the money saved by the elderly for the future needs will definitely sufficient as there are lot of large unexpected expenditure such as medical fees .
+A 23 23|||M:VERB|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides that , if the public spending on the aged is limited it may drastically increase the burden of future generations as they have to undertake so many responsibilities by limited income .
+A 29 30|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Burden of responsibilities of taking care of their aged parents , taking care of their children , rising cost of living and at the same time worrying about job security makes the future generations live so stressful every day in life in competitive society .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The burden|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||responsibility|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although stress is so common and has become a part of modern life , but when their lives are full of frustrations and demands , both their body and mind pay the price .
+
+S Another argument against this statement is there is not a single doubt in society that filial piety is a value which future generations are taken for granted to uphold and they should undertake their responsibilities to take care of their old parents by financial support .
+
+S In contrast , no one would escape from the basic responsibility of taking care of their beloved family if health and financial state permit and public spending play an important role here in order to solve the problem effectively .
+
+S The elderly participate and contribute themselves in social development using their professional knowledge , skill , and experience in the types of work which they can engage in within their capacity when they were young .
+
+S The elderly have made a valuable contribution to society as they have supported economic activities as consumers , have acted actively as volunteer , have provided financial help for their children and grandchildren .
+
+S In the other words , they deserve to be treated with respect and kindness and also receive practical support in the form of money when they face difficulties in their old age but not a burden to society .
+
+S For example in Europe , Europeans strongly acknowledge the contribution of the elderly to society and the vast majority of Europeans have a generally positive image of older people and only 14 % of them consider the elderly as a burden to society ( Brussels , 2009 ) .
+
+S At this point , one may wonder it is true that the elderly contribute all the enthusiasm and time in society when they are working , but they have already received salaries as their rewards and they are supposed to plan and for their old age lives instead of depending on public support .
+
+S However , their spirit of creating a better world for future generations can not be measured by money and unfortunately if they suffer financial hardship we should help them genuinely as they are our pioneers to improve country development .
+A 35 35|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 37|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 38|||R:OTHER|||the country 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 38|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Aging problems affect both developed and developing countries in every part of the world and change the social and economic nature and present difficult challenges that public spending on the aged is increasing .
+
+S However , the participation of the elderly in social development is an integral part of country efforts to improve the scientific , literature and quality levels of population and their contribution far more to the community than you could ever imagine .
+
+S In conclusion , public spending should not be limited and divert to other areas of the country 's development in order to make their old age into golden age .
+
+S Reference List
+
+S Brussels ( 28 April 2009 ) Eurobarometer survey on solidarity between generations Retrieved from 16 September 2008 http : //www.europanu.nl/9353000/1/j9vvh6nf08temv0/vi4lg22mr4wa ? ctx = vi1kexc357 v9&start_tab0 = 20
+
+S William M. Reilly ( 15 March 2007 ) The Global Aging Problem , UPI UN Correspondent , United Nations ( UPI ) Retrieved from 16 September 2008 http : //www.spacedaily.com/reports/The_Global_Aging_Problem_999.html
+
+S Aging population nowadays has become the topic for a lot of discussion .
+A 2 3|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " As early as 1979 , the Institute for Research on Public Policy issued a report which spoke of population aging as an increasingly difficult political problem and a continuing drain upon public resource .
+
+S " ( Edgar , 1997 , page 4 ) .
+
+S Thus , the old are now commonly assumed as " a burden to society " .
+
+S This essay also wants to argue that public spending on the aged should be limited so that money can be diverted to other areas of the country 's development because there are strategies that government can supplement to reduce that burden , and the money invested to other areas could be a big support to society .
+A 46 47|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First of all , does the aged as a real " social problem " ?
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||do|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is clear that the concepts considering the aged as " social problem " are frequently based on " people 's attitudes , perceptions , and assumptions than on actual facts " .
+
+S ( Egdar , 1997 , page 10 ) .
+
+S The aged will not be viewed as a " social problem " once it is believed that most the aged are dependent on their survival .
+A 18 18|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:ADJ|||independent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 25|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , as in the recession period , old people got difficulty in supporting for their own living expense , which results in social spending for the aged .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||expenses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , people often claim that age dependency has become an actual crisis of the society , and government has taken action on attempt to decrease their social welfare expenditures during period of fiscal constraint .
+A 22 24|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:NOUN:NUM|||expenditure|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to " A graying world " ( Peterson , 2001 , para 3 .
+
+S ) , there are basic strategies , which policy makers and government can consider implementing to lessen the burdensome of older generations to the younger .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||governments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN|||burdens|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These strategies prove that instead of spending much money on supporting the aged , government can seek for another alternatives to reduce the burden .
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The most considerable strategy is that stressing filial obligation and increasing the willingness of tomorrow 's grown children to support their own elderly parents through informal and family channels .
+A 28 30|||R:OTHER|||channelno full-stop|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Peterson , 2001 , para .
+
+S 7 ) Originated from Asian cultures , family obligation is the most precious thing , which characterizes the parents-children relationship .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||full-stop after the parenthesis|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:FORM|||Originating|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Parents have brought their children up , and in return the children will have the responsibilities to take care of parents when they get old .
+
+S It continues for the next generation , who are their little kids .
+
+S It is the culture of family-oriented and gratitude for their parents ' giving birth and a settled position to them .
+
+S Filial responsibilities might be understood in many ways , such as obligation to help elderly parents , or to keep in close contact with them , or to live near them , etc .
+
+S Societies in which the extended family is weak and high long-term care costs such as the United States should learn from Asian countries , where most elderly people still live with their adult children .
+
+S Diverting money to other areas of the country 's development does not mean government will take less responsibility to this social problem .
+
+S In contrast , it should be thought as one way to help reduce the burden of aging population .
+
+S By investing to other areas such as technology , economics , service , health care , etc. society can developed dramatically , which is in return , contributing back to lessen the burdensome of the country 's development .
+
+S Hence , elder dependency could be reduced when the elder can support themselves for their own daily expense .
+
+S For instance , in Singapore , young working people who are dynamic , active , creative can take a role as main contributors to the country 's budget , while the elder can work in food court or any service jobs .
+
+S That is a good classification of working labors in the society that take good advantage of the scarce labor force .
+A 6 7|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:SPELL|||labour|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , by doing so , the elder can earn for their living , have a savings for future need on health care , and have less dependency on their younger generation .
+A 7 8|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , this essay shows a favorable view of social spending on the aged should be limited , and money can be diverted to other areas of the development of the country .
+
+S Although it is a controversial issue to talk about aging population and its burden to the society , this essay indicates alternatives government can do besides spending too much on the aged to adapt to the challenge for the future , which is " to ensure that people everywhere will be enabled to age with security and dignity and continue to participate in their societies as citizens with full rights " .
+A 22 22|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Population Division - United Nations , 2001 , Conclusion page 34 )
+
+S Reference list :
+
+S * Edgar-Andre Montigny .
+
+S ( 1997 ) .
+
+S Foisted upon the government ?
+
+S * Peter G. Peterson .
+
+S ( 2001 ) .
+
+S A graying world .
+
+S Harvard International Review .
+
+S * United Nations , Department of Economics and Social Affairs , Population Division .
+
+S ( 2001 ) .
+
+S World population Ageing : 1950 - 2050 .
+
+S Retrieved September 17 , 2009 from { http : //www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ ]
+
+S Countries with a fast aging population now are confronted with problems like a shrinking productivity and a heavy financial burden to support the welfare program for the elderly .
+
+S Fortunately , good news is that to a large extent , current research and development ( R&D ) , and government policies have taken actions to help ease the aging process .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN:NUM|||action|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Before going into further investigation , it is important to bear this in mind that aging process is not as simple as longevity , but associated with one 's ability to contribute to the society and participate in various social activities .
+
+S To narrow down the topic , this essay is mainly to test current R&D , as well as government policies in China dealing with the aging process .
+
+S Opponents may say current clinical R&D cause an increase in longevity , which substantially raises the average age of the population .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||causes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is true , but as mentioned , aging process does not simply mean longevity .
+
+S Clinical R&D continuously introduce people with healthier living styles , bring in more efficacious , safer and cheaper medical treatments , which allows people to look young and stay healthy so that they are still able to work actively in middle or even old age .
+A 5 6|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , Chinese government pursues the policy of fundamental medical insurance system for urban residents .
+
+S The system gives out subsidies to refund people 's medical expenditure , aiming to improve health standard .
+
+S According to official statistics , the prevalence rate of the elderly people above the age of 65 has steadily decline from 60.2 % in 1994 to 48.4 % in 2009 .
+
+S Thanks to the clinical R&D and government policies , more and more elderly are able to keep healthy , so that they can continuously contribute to the society and also participate in social activities .
+
+S In this manner , the aging process is eased .
+
+S Most people agree that the 21st century is a period when everything changes in an unprecedented high-speed .
+
+S Along with the development of technology , it 's often questioned that the knowledge an elderly has is out-of-date , and may no longer be suitable in today 's workplace .
+
+S To cope with it , Chinese government has made and implemented several policies like building up colleges of continuing education for the aged .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S More and more skill competitions are conducted , aiming to motivating the elderly to reacquire new knowledge , as well as reforming social attitudes towards the elderly .
+
+S Recognizing the needs from continuing education , current educational R&D in China have designed and published special textbooks and guidelines to facilitate continuing education of the elderly .
+
+S Furthermore , some elderly advisory committees have been established in schools , communities , corporate , and government .
+
+S The various advisory committees stand out as a platform for the elderly to share their rich experience , which sometimes is quite precious to the young generation .
+
+S To sum up , the working barrier of the elderly has been lower and they have found different ways to enrich their lives and contribute to society .
+
+S One child policy is often a debatable topic .
+
+S It 's widely acknowledged that aging population is mainly due to the low fertility rate .
+
+S Hence some criticize one child policy intensify the aging process in China .
+
+S However , some unique characteristics of Chinese society should be taken in to consideration .
+
+S China has the largest population in the world .
+
+S The census of the population in 2008 shown the fertility rate was positive 5.2 , or 8 million per year .
+
+S In other words , the population kept growing in a large number , which was different with those countries with low or even negative fertility rates like Australia , and some other European countries .
+
+S By controlling the size of population , one child policy indirectly shifts the governmental funds from the young to the elderly , so that the government has more flexible budget to help the elderly .
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||the one-child|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this manner , one child policy helps to ease the aging process as well .
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||the one-child|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The aging population is an inevitable trend along with social and economical developments .
+
+S China is the only developing country among the countries facing aging population , which brings about more serious problems .
+
+S Fortunately , current R&D and policies in China are in the right direction , and have significantly helped to ease the aging process .
+
+S Bibliography
+
+S Chi , Lo ( 2006 ) .
+
+S China 's Aging Problem .
+
+S International Economy , 20 ( 4 ) , 38-63 .
+
+S China Population & Development Research Center , 1994 , 2008 , 2009 sourcebook of healthcare census statistics , from http : //www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ .
+
+S Cook , Ian G. ; Dummer , Trevor J.B. ( 2004 ) .
+
+S Changing health in China : re-evaluating the epidemiological transition model .
+
+S Health Policy Journal , 67 ( 3 ) , 315-329 .
+
+S Gabriel , S. J .
+
+S ( 2005 ) .
+
+S Choice Aging China : the demographic challenge to China 's economic prospects .
+
+S Current Reviews for Academic Libraries , 43 ( 1 ) , 151-157 .
+
+S Hao , Yan ( 1997 ) Old-age support and care in China in the early 1990s .
+
+S Asia Pacific Viewpoint , 38 ( 3 ) , 201-217 .
+
+S Hutzler , Charles ; Chang , Leslie T. ( 2004 ) .
+
+S China Weighs Easing Its Harsh 'One Child ' Rule .
+
+S Wall Street Journal - Eastern Edition , 244 ( 66 ) , A1-A8 .
+
+S Junquan , Yang ( 2005 ) .
+
+S Research on the countermeasure of the problem of population aging in China .
+
+S Journal of Jinzhou Medical College ( social science edition ) , 3 ( 2 ) , 1-4 .
+
+S National Bureau of Statistics of China , 1994,2008,2009 sourcebook of federal census statistics , from http : //www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ .
+
+S As societies continue to develop , the problem of aging seems to be inevitable .
+
+S Issues such as high elderly dependency ratio , shrinking workforce and increasing healthcare problems resulting from an aging population are apparent in many countries of today .
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||, which resulted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 26|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In response to the aging process , policy makers have introduced sophisticated policies to ease the situation .
+
+S However , they also are aware that devising a policy that can eliminate this trend is close to impossible in the short run as the two main sources of an aging population , higher live expectancy and lower birth rate ( United Nation , 2002 ) , are unable to be affected by any policy .
+A 3 5|||R:WO|||are also|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 32|||R:OTHER|||the aging problem|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:PUNCT|||---|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 46 47|||R:PUNCT|||---|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Fortunately , much can be done as current research and development/policies have shown hope of easing the aging process by dealing with the consequences directly instead of the sources .
+A 25 25|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the problems arising from an aging population is the increase in elderly dependency ratio .
+
+S The growth of elderly dependency ratio signifies a state where an escalating numbers of beneficiaries of health and pension funds are sustained by relatively smaller number of contributors ( United Nation , 2002 ) .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By means of requiring citizens to provide in advance for their own old-age dependency , policy makers were able to ease the above mentioned situation .
+A 1 3|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some of the countries such as Australia , British , Chile and Singapore have gained much through encouraging and means of law to convince citizen to save and invest a portion of their income earned while they are still in the workforce ( Peterson , 2001 ) .
+A 1 3|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN|||Britain|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:OTHER|||their citizens|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:VERB|||establishing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN:NUM|||citizens|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 35|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Unfortunately , a fraction of citizens still feels that government should not intervene the way they spend or save their income .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After all they believe that they have every right to the money they earned .
+
+S However they need to understand that compulsory saving and investment are comparatively safer and more reliable than other market options .
+
+S Furthermore , not many individual has the discipline to maintain a healthy bank balance given the materialistic world of today .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||individuals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , compulsory saving can help guarantee a sizable amount of saving for their future and is a practical and effective way to ensure old age dependency is kept to the minimum .
+A 28 28|||M:VERB:TENSE|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Shrinking workforce is another problem arising from an aging population .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||A shrinking|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The manpower resources of many developed countries are predicted to shrink as a hefty portion of the workforce is edging towards retirement .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||human|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The resulting situation is an increase amount of stress falling onto the shoulder of the remaining working adults as they struggle to provide for their older counterpart .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:FORM|||increased|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||shoulders|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:TENSE|||struggled|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In an attempt to ease the shrinking workforce , governments are attempting to utilize all available resources to the fullest .
+
+S For example , retirement age is often being raise to encourage elder workers to retire later and to accumulate more wealth to support themselves when they eventually retire ( Peterson , 2001 ) .
+
+S The solution inevitably invited criticism as many found themselves being victims of ageism , a situation where younger workers are preferred over retaining or hiring the old .
+A 26 27|||R:OTHER|||older ones|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the situation has been improving for some countries such as Singapore .
+A 4 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Over the years more and more elderly are being retained or employed as a result of increased median of education among the elderly and higher live expectancy ( Singapore Department of Statistics , 2009 ) .
+
+S This give much hope to the elderly world as they are still employable and the problem of dependency on the shrinking workforce can be lessen .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:SVA|||gives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:FORM|||lessened|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another major issue caused by aging population is the increasing healthcare problem associated with elderly .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Governments all around the world has to make provision for improved healthcare as live expectancy of their citizens and medical technological advancement are improving by the years .
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||expectancies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||R:OTHER|||technologies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Adding on to the misery , the cost associated with healthcare is also growing with the combined effect of rising standard of living and high cost of advanced medical development .
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Fortunately , policies are introduced to minimize such unavoidable cost associated with aging .
+
+S For example in Singapore , a compulsory saving program is put in place to allow elderly to save in advance during their working years and set aside money for healthcare in the future ( Singapore Ministry of Health , 2007 ) .
+
+S Such policy can give securities for the elderly if they find themselves trapped with the high cost of healthcare .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||security|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Aging population is a social problem that can not be solved over a short span of time .
+
+S It is a world-wide phenomenon that has no quick-fix solution to prevent it and it is quite clear that every country will eventually reach the same stage as societies continue to develop .
+A 10 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Clearly , many problems associating with aging still persist and will be apparent in developing societies but with the help of current research and development/policies many socio economical problems can be avoided or minimized .
+A 16 17|||M:PUNCT|||. But|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN|||developmentand policies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Bibliography
+
+S Peter G. Peterson ( 2001 ) .
+
+S A Graying World.Harvard International Review .
+
+S 23 .
+
+S 3 ( Fall 2001 ) : 66
+
+S Singapore Ministry of Health ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Electronic References .
+
+S Retrieved September 16 , 2009 , from { http : //www.moh.gov.sg/mohcorp/hcfinancing.aspx ? id = 304 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.moh.gov.sg/mohcorp/hcfinancing.aspx ? id = 304 ] .
+
+S The Singapore Department of Statistics ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Electronic References .
+
+S Retrieved September 16 , 2009 , from { http : //www.singstat.gov.sg/stats/themes/people/elderly.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.singstat.gov.sg/stats/themes/people/elderly.pdf ] .
+
+S United Nation ( 2002 ) .
+
+S World Population Ageing : 1950-2050 .
+
+S Retrieved September 16 , 2009 , from { http : //www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ ] .
+
+S " The speed of aging is crucial to understand because it is during the period of the fastest change when adjustments will be the most difficult , " said Warren Sanderson ( 2008 ) , Professor and Co-Chairman of the Department of Economics , Stony Brook University .
+
+S In fact , leaders and policymakers particularly from the developed countries have proactively implemented a series of researches and policies in an effort to confront this unprecedented phenomenon .
+A 6 6|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this context , current development has gradually helped to ease the aging process .
+
+S Aging-related problem is no longer an imminent issue that concerns a particular region but it happens to be disquieted and discussed in every country all over the world .
+A 14 18|||R:OTHER|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , Germany is currently facing an acute problem of aging in Europe and this prompted the government to generate flexible jobs for elderly and discourage early retirement by cutting the pension entitlement by 3.6 percent for each year spent in retirement before the age of 65 .
+A 24 24|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In a nutshell , current development on policy reforms and researches has been carried out simultaneously over the past decades to help cope with both societal and physical impact .
+A 29 29|||M:OTHER|||of the aging issue|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Healthcare issue has to be taken into consideration because elderly are prone to suffer from several chronic diseases as they grow older .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , government has begun providing adequate medical incentives and healthcare insurance coverage to cater for the elderly .
+
+S Furthermore , advances in healthcare quality can be attributed to new medical technologies and diagnostic tools .
+
+S For example , since the mid 90 's , the common usage of wire mesh stents for treatment of artery blockages are partly gained from economic returns and survival rates in the treatment of heart diseases .
+A 23 36|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , spending more on new medical devices does not always equate to better health conditions .
+
+S In addition , increase spending on new medical technologies may restrict society 's ability to expand healthcare coverage to more elderly .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||increased|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:NOUN|||people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nonetheless , if the spending on healthcare is limited , the burden will increasingly fall on low-income individuals as well as their families .
+A 13 15|||R:WO|||fall increasingly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Yet , policy makers and healthcare systems must seek a moderate measurement and use the best information available to evaluate cost-effectiveness and assess the economic returns of new treatments .
+
+S It is imperative for public and private sectors to optimize health status by offering preventive healthcare services across the population within a given level of outlay .
+
+S Elderly are encouraged to work longer and contribute to the growth of economy , thereby reducing elder dependency of fiscal cost .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Later retirement not only secures a better pension entitlement for the future , but also a direct mean whereby people can supplement their income in later life , thus helping them to maintain their standard of living during retirement .
+A 15 15|||M:VERB|||provide|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 21|||R:OTHER|||of allowing people to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:OTHER|||; and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Singapore , for example , has an official retirement age of 62 , but employers are now required to offer re-employment for an additional three years .
+
+S Therefore , providing opportunities for prolonged working age can essentially alleviate labor shortages and help bolster personal retirement savings .
+
+S However , older workers are usually less productive than imported foreign talents whereas employers may compromise on a small portion of existing aged employees .
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||, though|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If employers have the flexibility to hire older employees on a part-time basis , to vary responsibilities as the capabilities of older workers change , they will be much less reluctant to hire and retain older workers .
+A 14 24|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Alternatively , the government should encourage employment of elderly by offering privileges and incentives to private sectors .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On top of that , policies that create economic security for the elderly and remove barriers faced by them should always be a priority in this rising life expectancy .
+A 25 29|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Governments and policymakers have largely undertaken a basic nationwide infrastructure in which provides comfortable and elderly-friendly communities .
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||to build a basic ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 17|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Current development on communities has created convenience to meet the needs of elderly such as barrier-free facilities , security systems , housing , transportation , and so forth .
+A 2 3|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||the elderly ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:ADV|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These physical community 's assets help to provide elderly a good quality of life and ease their mental health in the long run .
+A 15 19|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hopefully , governments aim to get all elderly in communities fully engaged in social activities and involve them in lifelong learning .
+A 0 1|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:FORM|||involved|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Yet , some elderly are still facing a problem of being left out or discrimination in their old age .
+A 7 8|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:MORPH|||discriminated|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||because of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Societies are responsible for stressing filial obligation among public to look after their elderly parents .
+A 4 7|||R:OTHER|||upholding values such as filial piety|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 15|||R:OTHER|||, to encourage people to look after their elderly parents.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the other words , it is a public consciousness of protecting elderly rights , eliminating elderly people 's negative self-image , and increasing their capacity to influence policy-making .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 12|||R:OTHER|||the responsibility of the public to protect|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 29|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Aging process in this changing world could have resulted significantly in politic and society with respect to acute financial problem .
+A 0 20|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order to ease the current predicament , governments have to emphasize on distribution of their budgets and either modify ways or reallocate funds to reduce the cost of public spending .
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||R:CONJ|||or|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 22|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will compel agencies to change the way they service , especially to the elderly .
+
+S On the other hand , it is plausible to reward families for having children and enable more young people to work .
+A 15 16|||R:VERB|||encourage|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The drastic rise in numbers among the elderly will force policymakers and governments to anticipate the resultant demand for healthcare and a host of related infrastructural needs .
+
+S The future elderly will be more professional and better educated than current cohorts in many countries .
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It means that they are likely to be more effective and decisive in possessing their gains and evaluating on costly or sophisticated services .
+
+S Thus , decision-makers must carry on fashioning programs to further ease the aging process nowadays without getting them locked into policies and approaches that may not be suitable for the changing composition of tomorrow 's elderly .
+A 14 15|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Braun , M. ( 2009 , May 26 ) .
+
+S German Healthcare Reform .
+
+S Retrieved September 20 , 2009 , from http : //www.mercer.com/referencecontent.htm ? idContent = 1346005
+
+S Coory , M. D. ( 2004 ) .
+
+S Ageing and healthcare costs in Australia : A case of policy-based evidence ?
+
+S The Medical Journal of Australia .
+
+S 180 ( 11 ) , 581-583 .
+
+S Dennison , T. H. Political Science Perspectives on Aging Policy : A Policy Oriented Curriculum Component .
+
+S Retrieved September 20 , 2009 , from http : //www-cpr.maxwell.syr.edu/gero_ed/health.htm
+
+S Farrelly , C. ( 2009 , July ) .
+
+S Economist Article on Global Aging .
+
+S Retrieved September 19 , 2009 , from { http : //colinfarrelly.blogspot.com/2009/07/economist-article-on-global-aging.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //colinfarrelly.blogspot.com/2009/07/economist-article-on-global-aging.html ]
+
+S Knight , J .
+
+S ( 2005 , November 23 ) .
+
+S Ageing process may mean working longer .
+
+S BBC News .
+
+S Retrieved September 20 , 2009 , from { http : //news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4450450.stm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4450450.stm ]
+
+S Sandell , R. ( 2003 , July ) .
+
+S Ageing Populations : An Opportunity for Public Policy Reform .
+
+S Retrieved September 20 , 2009 , from { http : //www.realinstitutoelcano.org/wps/portal/rielcano_eng/Content ? WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT = /elcano/Elcano_in/Zonas_in/DT20-2003 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.realinstitutoelcano.org/wps/portal/rielcano_eng/Content ? WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT = /elcano/Elcano_in/Zonas_in/DT20-2003 ]
+
+S United Nations .
+
+S ( 2000 ) Retrieved September 20 , 2009 , from { http : //www.unescap.org/ageing/macau/plan_of_action.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.unescap.org/ageing/macau/plan_of_action.htm ]
+
+S Tosato , M. , Zamboni , V. , Ferrini , A. , & Cesari , M. ( 2007 , September ) .
+
+S Clin Interv Aging .
+
+S Dove Medical Press Limited .
+
+S 2 ( 3 ) , 401-412 .
+
+S Retrieved September 20 , 2009 , from http : //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi ? artid = 2685272
+
+S Public spending on the aged should be limited so that money can be diverted to other areas of the country 's development .
+
+S Nowadays almost every developed country is concerned about the issue of growing aging population because this issue is a barrier for a country 's development .
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Aging population is the result of the increase in the expectancy rate over several centuries and continues to increase because of advancements in medication .
+A 6 7|||R:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:NOUN|||life|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:OTHER|||the trend|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to the report of United Nations Population Division " Worldwide , there are currently more than 600million people over age 60 .
+A 9 9|||M:PUNCT|||:|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By the year 2050 , this number will increase to almost 2billion , which would be roughly 20percent of the world population at that time .
+
+S And By 2050 , there will be more people over age 60 than there will be under age 15 ; that is a dramatic change " .
+
+S On the other side from mid-1971 to mid-2006 , those aged under 16 fell from 26 % to 19 % which is the result of effective family planning programs throughout these decades .
+A 0 4|||R:OTHER|||However ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||. This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There is being a decrease in the ratio of working people to those over age 65 due to which governments are reviewing their budget plans and developing policies in order to overcome with these crucial challenges .
+A 2 3|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 19|||R:OTHER|||. Therefore ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But this does not means that to overcome these challenges excessive spending should be done by the government .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||mean|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As it takes years for the country to overcome with this problem so likewise spending on the aged should be limited .
+A 9 10|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So there should be limited public spending on the aged group so that money can be diverted to other areas of the county which will give better returns in near future .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:OTHER|||country ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Public spending on the aged should be limited so that money can be diverted to other areas such like education which is far more important than the aging issue in todays world .
+A 17 17|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:PREP|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:NOUN:POSS|||today 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Government should be more focus on education than the spending on aged one as spending more in education will probably increase the living standard and the potentiality of a country .
+A 4 5|||R:MORPH|||focused|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||R:OTHER|||the aged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Indeed no country can move forward without the education .
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Due to the aging population there is a shrinking workforce , so government should spend more on education so that it will increase the productivity of the workforce .
+A 5 5|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||; and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So governments should review their budgets according to the spending on education .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||amount spent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Spending on education will give better return to a country in near future because education is a major factor for the country 's economic growth whereas the spending on aged is just the opposite which is spending on the aged is inversely proportional to economic growth .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||returns|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 29|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 34|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 37|||U:OTHER|||Spending|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For a country spending in education is consider as injecting into an economy whereas spending on the aged is consider as a leakage in an economy .
+A 3 3|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB|||seen|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:NOUN|||money|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:FORM|||considered|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:VERB|||introducing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:PREP|||into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So for the country 's development there should be more injections than the leakages .
+A 6 6|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For a country money should be diverted to other areas like defense , improving infrastructure and thus public spending should be limited on the aged in order to get better returns and to excel in the world .
+A 0 1|||R:PREP|||In|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 3|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 25|||R:WO|||on the aged should be limited|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 37|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Most probably for a country opportunity cost for spending in defense and infrastructure is more than the spending on the aged ones because spending in infrastructure generates revenue for a country like attracting foreign investments and tourisms , spending on defense give 's a sense of security to a nation whereas spending on aged is just an expenditure for a country , and for a country to pay its expenditures it should have sufficient amount of revenues .
+A 0 14|||R:OTHER|||A country 's opportunity cost for spending in defense and infrastructure is probably|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:OTHER|||, such as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 39|||R:OTHER|||tourism . Spending|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 43|||R:OTHER|||gives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 50 50|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 53 53|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 61 62|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Spending on the infrastructure and defense will enhance the country 's economic growth rate , living standards and overall the image of a country .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||the living standards of the people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Though spending on the aged ones could also improves the living standard and the image of a country but would be less effective as compare to the spending in infrastructure and defense .
+A 5 6|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||, it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:FORM|||compared|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is less effective because benefits do not exceed the cost .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So therefore spending on aged ones should be limited so that money can be spend to other areas of the country 's development .
+A 0 1|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||Therefore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||the aged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Though for a country 's development there should be spending on education , infrastructure , defense , but it is essential for a country 's development that there should be more spending on the aged .
+A 0 35|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since from past several decades there is been an increase in the expectancy rate which had probably caused the aging problem , so there should be a sufficient increase in the spending on the aged which will eventually improve the living standard of the aged population and thus will contribute to the country 's development .
+A 1 2|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:NOUN|||life|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||. This has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:OTHER|||. This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 45 46|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 48 49|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There should be an increase in the public spending on the aged because of persistent increase in the inflation rate through out the past several years .
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:ADJ|||consistent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||R:ORTH|||throughout|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The spending on the limited should not be limited or fixed but should be proportional to the increase in the inflation and life expectancy rate .
+A 0 5|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:MORPH|||proportionate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other side the increase in public spending may cause self-dependency , which is that the aged population will than totally rely on the workforce and the governments for their needs and thus would be exploiting the economy rather than contributing in it .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||hand ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||UNK|||dependency|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB|||means|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||then|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:NOUN:NUM|||government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 43|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Overall it depends on the country 's situation and the budget that whether they should limit their spending on aged or not .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||to determine|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For a country 's development , it has to overcome with these crucial challenges of aging population , and for this an appropriate strategy would be needed which is to spend more on education , infrastructure which will generate sufficient revenue in near future and thereafter it can spend on the aged .
+A 3 5|||R:OTHER|||to develop|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:OTHER|||therefore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 29|||R:OTHER|||. This could be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 43|||R:OTHER|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 45 46|||R:ADV|||then|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 48 49|||R:VERB:TENSE|||be spent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There should be limited spending on the aged so by that the aged population will work to fulfill their needs which will increase the workforce of the country and so by limited spending the aged will contribute for the country 's development .
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||. This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:VERB|||strengthen|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:VERB:FORM|||limiting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 33|||M:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 38|||R:OTHER|||one will be able to contribute to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Bibliography
+
+S Internet sources :
+
+S Dr.Richard Murnane .
+
+S ( 2001 , march-april ) .
+
+S Evaluating Educational Investments .
+
+S Retrieved September 20 , 2009 , from http : //info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/94815/Evaluating % 20Educational % 20Investment.pdf
+
+S ISTED institute .
+
+S ( 2004 , October ) .
+
+S The ministry for infrastructure is playing an active role .
+
+S Retrieved September 19 , 2009 , from http : //www.isted.com/periodiques/lettre/lettre_pdf/lettra32.pdf
+
+S The healthcare foundation of New Jersey .
+
+S ( 2003 , February ) .POPULATION AGING IS A WORLDWIDE PROBLEM - IT HAS MANY POTENTIAL CONSEQUENCES AND IT COULD GET A LOT WORSE .
+
+S Retrieved September 20 , 2009 , from http : //healthfullife.umdnj.edu/archives/age_archive.htm
+
+S Report from a private organization , available on organization website :
+
+S Rosamund McDougall .
+
+S ( n.d ) .
+
+S Ageing populations and hidden unemployment .
+
+S Retrieved September 20 , 2009 , from http : //www.optimumpopulation.org/opt.more.ageing.html
+
+S Living in the 21st century , consumption by any human being in terms of assets , properties and food have had a steady relation to both the research and development ( R&D ) segment , and current policies , which are necessary for an individual .
+A 0 45|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S R&D and current policies allow people to depend on them ; to aid and benefit one 's lifestyle , especially for the elderly .
+A 2 4|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 10|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 23|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Beattie [ 1998 ] states that there are policies already in place , like the pension systems , provident funds , social insurance , saving schemes etc , which people can use to support their old age .
+A 1 4|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 10|||R:WO|||already policies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 37|||R:OTHER|||for people to support themselves in their old age , such as the pension systems , provident funds , social insurance and saving schemes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Employees dependent on pensions or provident funds even suggest a change in the benefits that they are obtaining .
+A 0 18|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Due to the changing economic growth , the policy purchasers yearn for better benefits which are able to sustain till the end of the contract on these policies .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:ADJ|||unpredictable|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||growths|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 28|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Those in desire need of elderly welfare are assisted by the social welfare personnel .
+A 0 14|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is evident in the context of Asia ; many elderly treat these polices like their livelihood .
+A 8 17|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to Ghilarducci [ 2009 ] and the Employee Benefits Research Institute , people feel stress with the changing economic growth and anxious as they are signed onto the retirement accounts .
+A 3 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 17|||R:OTHER|||are stressed by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 31|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It proves these policies are present for people to purchase and make use of to aid them in their again process .
+A 0 21|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In Singapore , the Central Provident Fund Board ( CPF Board ) is a saving scheme that covers any working Singaporean with a list of welfare benefits and offers a sense of security for their old age .
+A 18 19|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:MORPH|||Singaporeans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , the CPF Board reminds Singaporeans to save and stretch every dollar whenever possible so as to be able to have a comfortable retirement life in the future .
+A 18 21|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 26|||R:OTHER|||lives after retirement|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From the highlights of Channel NewsAsia [ 2009 ] , there are many countries with a looming demographic .
+A 16 18|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some of these countries include Japan and Singapore , with the rate of the elderly population increasing rapidly and surpassing the younger population in the near future .
+
+S In the awareness of this demographic , countries like Japan and Singapore have been establishing ways to curb the aging population .
+A 1 3|||R:OTHER|||view|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In Japan , the government has set a policy by offering incentives to families with small children so as to increase birth rates and build up a new family .
+A 6 7|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In Singapore , there is the reemployment legislation in 2012 where employers are advice to retain the elderly as the demand for their skills are needed .
+A 13 14|||R:MORPH|||advised|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the mean time , Singaporeans are told to save early with the easy access of financial schemes and saving programs offered .
+A 2 4|||R:ORTH|||meantime|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , the technological invention segment has played apart in easing the aging process .
+A 9 10|||R:ORTH|||a part|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As Schoeni , Freedman and Martin [ 2008 ] suggests , R&D segment has been expanding rapidly .
+A 6 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the advance medical technologies , illnesses such as cardiovascular and cataract diseases have lesser occurrence .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||the advancement of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Medical technologies are still advancing and treatments are being catered to a wide array of medical fields .
+
+S Some of which include the knee and joint replacements , treatments for arthritis and rheumatism , and vision impairment , diabetic and stem cell research .
+
+S However , the presence of R&D does come with a hefty price tag .
+
+S Medical expenses are costly and patients , especially , the elderly need to seek for welfare assistance when necessary .
+
+S Sadly , for the elderly who do not seek medical attention , they either suffer bitterly or are possibly cared for by organizations like Peace Connect Neighborhood Link in Singapore .
+
+S Countries like United States and Singapore are insured with Medicare and Medishield respectively .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We are insured despite of the high medical expenses and expenditure towards new inventions in the medical fields .
+A 4 5|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It gives a well-balance medical segment , an advance health security cycle as we reach our retirement age despite the cost .
+A 0 6|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 21|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , with the growing number of well-educated people around , there is a high probability that people do purchase private insurance to care for their own well-being .
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Manpower is essential in every organization .
+
+S From Malul [ 2009 ] findings , the elderly are counted as part of the workforce if considered age appropriate and with technology so advanced these days , the elderly in the workface may be faced with hiccups as they are not well skilled in certain aspects of technology .
+A 2 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 20|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||. However ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 48 48|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is where , training and re-training of employees is crucial .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||when|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , organizations offering subsidies to the elderly workforce helps to minimize unemployment rates and high turnovers .
+
+S At the same time , this allows the elderly to stay active for a longer period of time in the workforce .
+
+S Economist [ 2006 ] specified that previously the retirement age was 70 in a certain country ; however , it changed to 65 years old .
+A 0 4|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 25|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Majority of these elderly are the baby boomers who yearn to extend their duration in the workforce .
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||yearned|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By lowering the retirement age , an organization could seek for cheaper employment in a less developed country but have high turn over rates as the younger generations do not tend to stay long in a certain job unlike the elderly .
+A 18 24|||R:OTHER|||. However , it may face a high turnover rate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 32|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 37|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 38|||R:NOUN:NUM|||jobs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 38|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , to have a mixture of young and older workers , a firm could have a cap on the benefits of an older worker so as to retain the elderly and decrease cost , while training the young generation of workers with advance skills that are necessary for an organization to excel since they are more efficient and flexible .
+A 9 10|||R:ADJ:FORM|||old|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 34|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||R:ADJ:FORM|||younger|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 43|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 44|||R:MORPH|||advanced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 53 60|||R:OTHER|||. This will enable the organization to be more efficient.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As to reinstate , the policies that each Country provides and the current R&D have assisted and benefited the aging process in today 's society .
+A 0 3|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:ORTH|||country|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the economy fluctuating , having on-going medical research and technology inventions , and people becoming more educated , there is definitely room for restructuring and improving the policies and R&D segment in the future .
+A 0 35|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference List
+
+S Beattie , R. ( 1998 ) .
+
+S Pension systems and prospects in Asia and the Pacific .
+
+S International Social Security Review ; Jul98 , Vol .
+
+S 51 Issue 3 , p63 , 25p .
+
+S Retrieved from { http : //libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/login ? url = http : //search.ebscohost.com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/login.aspx ? direct = true&db = buh&AN = 3253709&site = ehost-live } [ HYPERLINK : http : //libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/login ? url = http : //search.ebscohost.com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/login.aspx ? direct = true&db = buh&AN = 3253709&site = ehost-live ]
+
+S Ghilarducci , T. ( 2009 ) .If this is n't the Time for a Guaranteed Retirement Account , When Is It .
+
+S Journal of Pension Benefits : Issues in Administration ; Spring209 , Vol .
+
+S 16 Issue 3 , p21-28 , 8p , 1 chart .
+
+S Retrieved from { http : //libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/login ? url = http : //search.ebscohost.com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/login.aspx ? direct = true&db = buh&AN = 37245022&site = ehost-live } [ HYPERLINK : http : //libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/login ? url = http : //search.ebscohost.com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/login.aspx ? direct = true&db = buh&AN = 37245022&site = ehost-live ]
+
+S Central Provident Fund Board .
+
+S [ 2009 ] .
+
+S Overview .
+
+S Retrieved from { http : //mycpf.cpf.gov.sg/CPF/About-Us/Intro/Intro.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //mycpf.cpf.gov.sg/CPF/About-Us/Intro/Intro.htm ]
+
+S Leeson , G. [ 2009 ] .
+
+S 9 in 10 Singaporeans do not feel well prepared for retirement .
+
+S Oxford Institute of Aging .
+
+S Video posted to { http : //www.channelnewsasia.com/video } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.channelnewsasia.com/video ]
+
+S Schoeni , R. F. , Freedman , V. A. , Martin , L. G. [ 2008 ] .
+
+S Why is late-life disability declining .
+
+S Milbank Quarterly , Vol .
+
+S 86 Issue 1 , p47-89 , 43p , 4 charts , 1 diagram , 4 graphs .
+
+S Retrieved from { http : //libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/login ? url = http : //search.ebscohost.com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/login.aspx ? direct = true&db = buh&AN = 30101337&site = ehost-live } [ HYPERLINK : http : //libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/login ? url = http : //search.ebscohost.com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/login.aspx ? direct = true&db = buh&AN = 30101337&site = ehost-live ]
+
+S Peace Connect Neighborhood Link .
+
+S [ 2007 ] .
+
+S Retrieved from { http : //www.pcnl.org/index.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.pcnl.org/index.html ]
+
+S Malul , M. [ 2009 ] .
+
+S Older workers ' employment in dynamic technology changes .
+
+S Journal of Socio-Economics , Vol .
+
+S 38 Issue 5 , p809-813 , 5p ; DOI : 10.1016/j.socec.2009.05.005 ; ( AN 43768525 ) .
+
+S Retrieved from { http : //libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/login ? url = http : //search.ebscohost.com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/login.aspx ? direct = true&db = buh&AN = 43768525&site = ehost-live } [ HYPERLINK : http : //libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/login ? url = http : //search.ebscohost.com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/login.aspx ? direct = true&db = buh&AN = 43768525&site = ehost-live ]
+
+S Sheiner , L. [ 2007 ] .
+
+S The effects of technology on the age distribution of health spending : a cross-country perspective .
+
+S Public Finance & Management , Vol .
+
+S 7 Issue 1 , p44-72 , 29p , 3 charts , 6 graphs ; ( AN 24275191 ) .
+
+S Retrieved from { http : //libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/login ? url = http : //search.ebscohost.com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/login.aspx ? direct = true&db = buh&AN = 24275191&site = ehost-live } [ HYPERLINK : http : //libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/login ? url = http : //search.ebscohost.com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/login.aspx ? direct = true&db = buh&AN = 24275191&site = ehost-live ]
+
+S Economist .
+
+S [ 2006 ] .
+
+S How to manage an ageing workforce .
+
+S 2/18/2006 , Vol .
+
+S 378 Issue 8465 , p11-11 , 1p , 1 bw .
+
+S Retrieved from { http : //libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/login ? url = http : //search.ebscohost.com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/login.aspx ? direct = true&db = buh&AN = 19819649&site = ehost-live } [ HYPERLINK : http : //libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/login ? url = http : //search.ebscohost.com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/login.aspx ? direct = true&db = buh&AN = 19819649&site = ehost-live ]
+
+S Controlling the Budget
+
+S Longevity has always been believed as a blessing , especially in Asia , since old days .
+A 0 16|||R:OTHER|||Since early days and especially in Asia , longevity has always been believed as a blessing.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Chinese emperor even sent people , which in turn become the founder of Japan , to search for elixir of life that was believed to make anyone who drinks it live eternally .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||emperors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 14|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We can also see that up until now , people are still wishing for health and long age .
+
+S Sadly , this creates a downturn in many developed countries .
+
+S Fast aging population has taken the spotlight of a world crisis and many governments are increasing their spending for this group as the aging population keep increasing .
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:VERB:SVA|||keeps|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , in 2008 , Singapore Government introduced new incentive called LIFE Bonus and provided tax relief for Central Provident Fund ( CPF ) members ( Central Provident Fund Board , 2008 ) .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S More portion of national budget may later be allocated to the incentives for the old .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||A greater|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the increase of public spending on the elderly may not effective as it can be diverted to other sectors that need it .
+A 12 12|||M:VERB|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the increase of public spending for the aged , there will be many areas that may be left out if government focused only on the welfare of the aging population and some even more important than realized .
+A 6 7|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 38|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Sectors such as economy need immediate attention with its current situation and education which may need improvement with these fast revolving technologies .
+A 0 3|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 4|||M:VERB:TENSE|||may|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||the education sector|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 22|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Allocating national budget to other sectors other like education and economy may likely to increase in GDP itself as it will benefit the nation 's economy and industry .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 11|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 18|||R:OTHER|||result in an increase in GDP|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Increase in GDP itself also means that the portion of national budget that will be allocated to public spending for the aged will increase without increasing the percentage itself .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||An increase|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 29|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the end , while this strategy may increase nation 's economy level and education quality , it also may help increase the amount of public spending for the aged .
+A 4 5|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB|||improve|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 21|||R:OTHER|||as well as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is like killing two birds with one stone as in improving two sectors by allocating the funds into just one .
+A 9 17|||R:OTHER|||because two sectors are improved by allocating|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First , even with the rapid increase of aging population , economy urgently needs government attention as global economy is in recession for the past few year , many industries closing up and companies going to a slump .
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 30|||M:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:PART|||down|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 34|||M:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:PREP|||into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , Singapore 's GDP fall by 11.5 % due to recession in the first quarter ( Reuters , 2009 ) .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||fell|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Within this perspective , developed countries that took the most blows from the recession should be better allocate their budget to stabilize their own economy , pull back old investors and attract new ones .
+A 0 1|||R:PREP|||In|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 20|||R:OTHER|||allocate their budget better|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN:NUM|||economies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If the plan goes well , it may stabilize or even increase GDP which in turn will provide more funds to the elderly .
+A 14 17|||R:WO|||will in turn|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , young generation also plays an important part in the future of a country itself , but many of first-world countries have low birth rate and keep decreasing .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||the younger|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 29|||R:OTHER|||by determining its future birth rates|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Past studies ( Chan , 2001 ) showed that Singapore 's population growth is very minimum and even had reached 0 % in the 1986 due to the past government policy and high education cost .
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||minimal|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||R:WO|||had even|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:OTHER|||policies on birth control|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Now , the Singapore government is trying to raising the population growth by giving out incentives through Children Development Account ( CDA ) and building cheap and easily accessible child care centre for working parents .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:FORM|||raise|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But since the living cost in Singapore has been so high that it is even called as the 10th most expensive city ( Hoe , 2009 ) , government may consider increasing incentives to increase the population of new generation therefore , increasing the total number of work force and reducing the percentage of total aging population .
+A 0 1|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||Since|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 5|||R:OTHER|||cost of living|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:OTHER|||in the world|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 32|||M:OTHER|||the number of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 40|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 41|||M:PUNCT|||. Therefore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 51|||R:OTHER|||the government may increase the total number of people in the workforce and reduce|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the future it may also reduce the number of single elderly that in turn will provide them family that will take care of them .
+A 0 25|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this part , education is also important as it shape future leaders for the nation itself .
+A 0 4|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:ORTH|||Education|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:SVA|||shapes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Increasing education quality also means increasing quality of future 's work force that should boost the nation in every sector .
+A 0 1|||R:VERB|||improving|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 3|||R:OTHER|||the quality of education|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||and this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:OTHER|||'s growth|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Education also plays a large role in shaping the students ' character and moral to prevent them from neglecting their elderly parents when they become adults .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||characters|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||morals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||, and this may help to stop|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A good academic and moral education should probably increase the quality of Singaporeans both in terms of working capabilities and also filial piety .
+
+S Providing a qualified and affordable education should also be in government consideration on allocating budgets .
+A 2 3|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||the government 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||when|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another may argue that indirect support for the elderly is not sufficient in this time when aging population in Singapore is predicted to increase from 235,000 in 1999 to 796,000 in 2030 ( Chan , 2001 ) .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Others|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:PREP|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , it is not absolutely true as there is CPF policy that government create to make the elderly support themselves .
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has created|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The concept is that when they are still in working age , some of their income will be put into savings .
+A 0 4|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:ORTH|||When|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The institution which they work at will also provide a percentage of funds to the savings .
+A 2 2|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB|||contribute|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Experts agree that CPF is effective in providing aging population support for their old age as CPF also has been strategically segmented for health insurance and retirement funds that one study even remarked CPF as changing the concept of social security from providing savings for retirement to providing savings for life ( Choon and Low , 1996 ) .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||R:WO|||has also|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 30|||R:OTHER|||. One|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 31|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 33|||M:OTHER|||that the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:OTHER|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 41|||M:PUNCT|||:|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Welfare cost for the aged will increase indefinitely as the aging population keep increasing , so without limiting the public spending for the aged , it may eventually take much larger portion of the national budget .
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||increases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||. So ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 19|||R:OTHER|||if the government did not limit|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 29|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are also other areas that urgently need government attention as well and some of these can help increase government 's fund which in turn will also increase public spending .
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||the government 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 26|||R:WO|||will in turn|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many things can be done to alleviate the problem without increasing the portion for the aged like the CPF policy , but the government still need to think the next step as the aging population problem still growing and growing at the moment .
+A 9 20|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:OTHER|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 40|||R:OTHER|||continues to grow|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 43|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Central Provident Fund Board .
+
+S ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Electronic References .
+
+S Retrieved September 17 , 2009 from http : //mycpf.cpf.gov.sg/CPF/News/Highlights/Initiatives + relating + to + CPF_2 009.htm
+
+S Chan , Angela .
+
+S ( 2001 ) .Singapore 's Changing Structure and the Policy Implications for Financial Security , Employment , Living Arrangements and Health Care .
+
+S Retrieved September 16 , 2009 , from http : //www.populationasia.org/Publications/RP/AMCRP3.pdf
+
+S Choon , A.T. and L. Low .
+
+S ( 1996 ) .
+
+S Social security : how Singapore does it .
+
+S Asia-Pacific Journal of Social Work , 6 ( 1 ) : 97-119 .
+
+S Hoe,Y.N .
+
+S ( 2009 , March 10 ) Survey shows Singapore is world 's 10th most expensive city .
+
+S Retrieved September 16 , 2009 , from http : //www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/414327/1/ .
+
+S html .
+
+S Reuters .
+
+S ( 2009 , April 13 ) .
+
+S UPDATE 2-Singapore devalues currency after record GDP fall .
+
+S Retrieved September 16 , 2009 , from http : //www.reuters.com/article/economicNews/idUSSIN44407720090414
+
+S D. Harman ( 1981 ) defines aging process as the progressive changes in terms of social , psychology and physical over time that is linked with the increasing vulnerability to death or disease , which accompanies the advanced age .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:MORPH|||psychological|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:OTHER|||characteristics in a person|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 39|||R:OTHER|||. These changes are linked with increasing vulnerability to death or disease.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Today , most of the Asian countries like Japan and Singapore are experiencing population aging , defined as an increase in number of oldsters , in the society ( Wikipedia ) .
+A 3 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||" population aging "|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 18|||R:OTHER|||as defined to be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This essay refers oldsters as people who are 55 years old and above .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||" oldsters "|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The aging population has many problems such as over-dependency on the young generation as well as the increase in the national budget on health care .
+A 11 12|||R:ADJ:FORM|||younger|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides that , Teo et al ( 2004 ) suggested that another problem is the gerontological issue such as the responses from society towards them .
+A 14 15|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||issues ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These problems are significantly critical that attract the attention of government and policy makers .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||and they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||governments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the current development , research and policies implemented are meant to ease the aging process and they are highly effective .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||developments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||researches|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 12|||R:VERB|||are implemented|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Increasing the retirement age that has been implemented by the Singapore government helps in easing the ageing process .
+
+S By increasing the age , the oldsters who are below the retirement age of 62 , are able to enjoy the protection under the retirement age act .
+A 20 22|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As stated by the act " employee who is unfairly dismissed can sue the employer under the common law and write to Ministry of Manpower ( MOM ) within a month to reinstate his job .
+A 0 5|||R:OTHER|||It is stated in the act that says|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " ( EnterpriseOne , 2006 ) Most importantly , the oldsters are able to earn their own monthly living expenses , which reduce the burden on their children .
+A 22 22|||M:VERB:TENSE|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , this increment of age encourages the oldsters to be more active and to contribute to the society .
+A 3 7|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some oldsters are rather very experienced and some of them are actually experts .
+A 3 5|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:OTHER|||in their fields of work|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 13|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , they contribute to the society by staying at their work place to teach the young generations their skills .
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:ADJ:FORM|||younger|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In contrary , the jobs offered to the oldsters are very limited and they are not able to take up any jobs due to their low educational level and inferiority of their abilities .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||However|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 33|||R:OTHER|||lack of capabilities|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Due to the government policy of bringing in foreign talents , the working spaces for oldsters are limited as the foreigners occupy most of them .
+A 4 4|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||job vacancies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:TENSE|||may have occupied|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Singapore government made contribution of salary to the Central Provident Fund ( CPF ) as a regulation or compelled by law , helped in easing the aging process .
+A 0 0|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 2|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:OTHER|||and this helps|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The contribution rate is 20 percent and 14.5 percent of the employee salary from the employee and employer respectively .
+
+S This contribution will therefore be credited into 3 accounts , namely ordinary account , special account and Medisave account .
+
+S The contribution rate from employee and employer reduces as the age of employee increases while the crediting to Medisave account increases .
+A 21 22|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( CPF , 1955 ) Increasing in the rates due that oldsters are more prone to illnesses .
+A 5 5|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 17|||R:OTHER|||The rates are increased because the elderly are more prone to illnesses .|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This scheme allows the oldsters to be more independent as they have their own savings , particularly savings for their medical bills , which helps in reducing the national budget on healthcare .
+A 23 24|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Not only helping the oldsters , it also encourages youngsters to plan financially for their old age which eases the aging process very effectively .
+A 0 5|||R:OTHER|||It helps the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||. This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , it is only effective when the individual starts working since young .
+A 11 13|||R:OTHER|||at a younger age.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Workfare scheme is also been implemented recently to cater to the aging process , especially for elderly who are less educated that results in low-income level .
+A 0 0|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:OTHER|||and this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 26|||R:OTHER|||their low income status|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is also known as Workfare Income Suppplement Scheme .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( CPF , 1955 ) This scheme is specially implement for middle and old age people .
+A 5 5|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:FORM|||implemented|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This scheme encourages the elderly to work even though their pay is low .
+
+S In addition , it promotes active oldsters lifestyle by involving them in the workforce .
+A 5 8|||R:OTHER|||the concept of active lifestyle for the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This scheme might solved the gerontological issue ; If the oldsters are working , the youngsters would not view them as useless people as they are contributing to the society as well as economically to the country .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:FORM|||solve|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Not only do the encouraging , but also plan financially for their old age such as retirement and medical ( CPF , 1955 ) On the other hand , this scheme is not a great factor in easing the aging process due that the net payout ( cash ) is low .
+A 0 24|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 36|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 43|||R:PREP|||because|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since it is a complement to CPF contribution scheme , there is an obligation to contribute about 71 percent of the total workfare payout to CPF .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( CPF , 1955 ) Particularly , this scheme is only applicable to those who have worked for 3 months and above .
+A 5 5|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Additionally , the payout is only carried out once in about 6 months .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||in addition|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||every|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , the net payout is relatively helpless due to high living expenses in Singapore .
+A 7 8|||R:ADJ|||useless|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , Singapore government has implement policies and development that are relatively effective in easing the aging process .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:FORM|||implemented|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , there are still some areas that required their attention such as the 2 sub-groups , namely older single women , elderly who never save during his young days .
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:OTHER|||and the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 26|||R:OTHER|||have never saved|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:ADJ:FORM|||younger|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As in terms of all the policies and development mentioned above , especially about the workfare scheme , the government should increase the net payout amount ( cash ) and reduce the percentage contributing to the CPF .
+A 0 1|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||In|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||developments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As for the increasing retirement age , the government should encourage more voluntarily organizations by giving them financial supports to set up oldsters ' welfare and workfare to help them look for suitable jobs in accordance to their abilities and capabilities .
+A 12 13|||R:MORPH|||voluntary|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 42|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For the CPF contribution , the government might set up a regulation that individuals reach a certain age should start working and contribute to their CPF , which might comes handy in future .
+A 13 13|||M:VERB|||requires|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:PRON|||who|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:TENSE|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:FORM|||contributing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 30|||R:OTHER|||. This policy might come in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Bibliography
+
+S Central Provident Fund Board .
+
+S ( 1955 ) .
+
+S CPF Contribution .
+
+S Retrieved Sept 19 , 2009 , from http : //mycpf.cpf.gov.sg/Members/Gen-Info/Con-Rates/ContriRa.htm
+
+S Central Provident Fund Board .
+
+S ( 1955 ) .
+
+S Workfare Income Supplement Scheme .
+
+S Retrieved Sept 19 , 2009 , from http : //mycpf.cpf.gov.sg/Members/Gen-Info/WIS/WIS_Scheme.htm
+
+S Central Provident Fund Board .
+
+S ( 1955 ) .
+
+S WIS Payout .
+
+S Retrieved Sept 19 , 2009 , from http : //ask-us.cpf.gov.sg/Home/Hybrid/themes/CPF/Uploads/GovtPayouts/WIS_Payout.pdf
+
+S Friedland , R. B. and Summer , L. ( 2005 ) .
+
+S Demography Is Not Destiny , Revisited .
+
+S Georgetown University : National Academy on Ageing Society .
+
+S Ministry of Manpower .
+
+S ( 2006 ) .
+
+S The Retirement Age Act .
+
+S Retrieved Sept 18 , 2009 , from http : //www.mom.gov.sg/publish/momportal/en/communities/workplace_standards/employment_standards/The_Retirement_Age_Act.html # wbr
+
+S Harman , D. ( 1981 ) .
+
+S Medical Sciences .
+
+S In M. Calvin ( Ed .
+
+S ) , The Aging Process ( Vol .
+
+S 78 , pp .
+
+S 7124-7128 ) .
+
+S Nebraska , USA : Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences .
+
+S Retrieved Sept. 16 , 2009 from http : //www.pnas.org/content/78/11/7124.full.pdf + html
+
+S Peterson , P. G. ( Fall 2001 ) .
+
+S A Graying World .
+
+S Harvard International Review , Vol .
+
+S 23 , pp .
+
+S 66
+
+S EntrepriseOne .
+
+S ( 2006 ) .
+
+S Hiring & Training .
+
+S Retrieved Sept 18 , 2009 , from http : //www.business.gov.sg/EN/BusinessTopic/HiringNTraining/EmployersResponsibilities/LawsNRegulations/hiring_laws_retireact.htm
+
+S Teo , P. , Yeoh , S. A. , Ooi , G. L. , & Lai , P. Y .
+
+S ( 2004 ) .
+
+S Changing Landscapes of Singapore .
+
+S In Neglected Landscape ( pp .
+
+S 181-195 ) .
+
+S Singapore : McGraw-Hill Education ( Asia ) .
+
+S Wikipedia , the free encyclopedia , ( 2002 , Mar .
+
+S 31 ) .
+
+S Aging Process .
+
+S Retrieved Sept. 16 , 2009 , from { http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aging_process } [ HYPERLINK : http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aging_process ]
+
+S In many developed countries , aging population is rising and Singapore is no exception .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The first batch of baby boomers ( babies who are borne between 1947 and 1964 ) will reach the age of 65 in the year 2012 [ Committee of Aging , 2006 ] .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:FORM|||born|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:PUNCT|||(|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:PUNCT|||)|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By 2030 , the number of elderly will reach 18.7 % which means for every 5 residents , there will be a senior among them [ Singapore Department of Statistics , 2005 ] .
+A 11 11|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:PUNCT|||(|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:PUNCT|||)|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , the government has come out with policies and has invested in research and development to help ease the aging process .
+
+S Policies like raising the retirement age and baby bonus scheme are introduced .
+
+S Health care system has been improved through research and development to create a better living environment for the elderly .
+
+S As Singapore 's living standard is getting higher and higher as the years go by , there is a need for people to save more money for their old age .
+
+S Thus by increasing the retirement age , people are able to work longer and in returns , they are able to accumulate more wealth which will enable to be better financially independent .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||return|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:PRON|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:OTHER|||more|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 32|||R:WO|||independent financially|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Not only that , the elderly people acquire the essential skills , knowledge and experience in their respective work fields so if they continue working , they will be able to impart their skills to the new working generation and share their valuable experience with them so that they will not follow the mistake that the senior have made during their working lives .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||In addition|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||who have acquired|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 23|||R:OTHER|||will be able to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 31|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 40|||R:OTHER|||. The elderly will be able to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 56 57|||R:NOUN:NUM|||seniors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , some people feel that by increasing the retirement age , there will be lesser job opportunities for the younger generation .
+
+S This is not true as now countries like Japan and US are encouraging elderly entrepreneurs that will eventually create more jobs for them .
+A 5 12|||R:OTHER|||countries like Japan and the US are now|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The aging of Singapore population was also due to the fertility decline in the beginning of 1970s whereby the government had come out with policies to discourage people from having more children .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:ADV|||when|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This campaign proved to be so successful that resulted a 0 % growth in population by 1986 .
+A 9 9|||M:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the government soon realized that the Singapore population was not reproducing itself so it reversed its population planning policy by introducing the " Baby Scheme " to encourage more birth rate .
+A 14 14|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:OTHER|||a higher|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Under the " Baby Scheme " , couple will be given a cash gift for their 1st child up to their 4th child .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||couples|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||gifts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||first|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:ADJ|||fourth|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For those 2nd till 4th child who are borne after 17 August 2008 , a Child Development Account ( CDA ) will be opened for the family to enjoy the government contributions as a form of a dollar-for dollar matching with the amount the parents save for the children up to the age of 6 years old .
+A 1 2|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:ADJ|||second|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||the fourth|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:FORM|||born|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 55|||R:OTHER|||. The government will match the savings of every child dollar-for-dollar , up to the age of six|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This serves as a benefit for couples to lessen their financial cost for raising children .
+A 2 9|||R:OTHER|||to help couples to lighten|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN|||burden|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As financial cost of raising children is one of the important factor for couple to decide whether they want to have children or not , and by lighten it will thus increase birth rate .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 24|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 34|||R:OTHER|||birth rate may increase if the financial cost was reduced.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If the fertility rate continues to drop , there will be not enough young people to replace the older generation .
+A 10 11|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:VERB|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will lead to the shrinking of workforce which will affect the economic growth of Singapore .
+A 8 8|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the recent years , Singapore health care institutions have been improving on their existing methods and introducing innovative applications into the healthcare system .
+A 10 13|||R:OTHER|||tried to improve|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:FORM|||introduce|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are technologies whereby they can enable the elderly to look younger .
+A 3 6|||R:OTHER|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will enhance the self esteem of them thus they will be able to participate more actively in social activities and they will not feel left out .
+A 3 4|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 8|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:OTHER|||, and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , a better health care system will allow the people to stay healthier and prevent some major illness from happening like stroke and heart attack .
+A 19 23|||R:OTHER|||illnesses such as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The elderly need not worry too much about their health but what they have to do as a personal responsibility is to go for regular check-up and have a healthy diet .
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||. But ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:NOUN:NUM|||check-ups|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , a fast aging population is a critical issue in Singapore .
+
+S It has to be tackled through a holistic approach which needs the involvement of the Government , community agencies and private sectors .
+A 15 16|||R:ORTH|||government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many policies have been implemented and research and development have been improved in the last several years but more remains are to be done .
+A 16 18|||R:OTHER|||, though|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:OTHER|||remained|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With all the efforts put in through the public , government and the people , Singapore will continue to strive and achieve a " Successful Aging Nation " .
+A 6 7|||R:PREP|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||R:OTHER|||for the status of being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 28|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference List :
+
+S Angelique , C. Singapore 's Changing Age Structure And The Policy Implications For Financial Security , Employment , Living Arrangements , and Health Care .
+
+S Retrieved September 20 , 2009 from { http : //www.populationasia.org/Publications/RP/AMCRP3.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.populationasia.org/Publications/RP/AMCRP3.pdf ]
+
+S Chamie , J .
+
+S ( 2006 , October ) .
+
+S Population and Policy .
+
+S Retrieved September 20 , 2009 from { http : //www.cscollege.gov.sg/cgl/pub_ethos_1c3.htm # top } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.cscollege.gov.sg/cgl/pub_ethos_1c3.htm ]
+
+S Committee On Aging Issues. ( 2006 ) .
+
+S Report On Aging Population .
+
+S Retrieved September 20 , 2009 from { http : //www.mcys.gov.sg/successful_ageing/report/CAI_report.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.mcys.gov.sg/successful_ageing/report/CAI_report.pdf ] Ministry of Community Development . ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Children Development Co-Savings ( Baby Bonus ) Scheme .
+
+S Retrieved September 20 , 2009 from { https : //www.babybonus.gov.sg/bbss/html/index.html } [ HYPERLINK : https : //www.babybonus.gov.sg/bbss/html/index.html ]
+
+S Staff Journalist .
+
+S ( 2007 , September 1 ) .
+
+S A later retirement age : how is it going to affect your company ?
+
+S Retrieved September 20 , 2009 from { http : //www.marketing-interactive.com/news/6013 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.marketing-interactive.com/news/6013 ]
+
+S " Our society must make it right and possible for old people not to fear the young or be deserted by them , for the test of a civilization is the way that it cares for its helpless members .
+
+S " ( Buck , 1999 ) In Singapore , the focus on ageing issues is not new .
+A 6 6|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since the 1980s , the Government took an active role in caring for its helpless members .
+A 5 6|||R:ORTH|||government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has taken|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Ministry of Communication Development , Youth and Sports [ MYCS ] , 2001 ) Policies were introduced , implemented , refined , retuned , relooked , re-discussed and re-implemented with the goal of minimizing the impact of the problems associated with an ageing population .
+A 15 15|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 30|||R:OTHER|||and refined|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S How effective are these policies ?
+
+S This essay argues that by and large , recent government research and intervention have not been a useful tool in alleviating the problems affiliated with the old age in Singapore .
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||the government 's recent efforts in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 26|||R:OTHER|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First , the current government policies are not easing the ageing process because they are limited to a specified group of the aged population .
+A 0 1|||R:MORPH|||Firstly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The current policies in placed are definitely planned to benefit a large portion of the target group .
+A 4 5|||R:MORPH|||place|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , it must be recognized that these polices have its limitations and have left out a significant portion of the aged in the lurch .
+A 10 11|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Taking the Central Provident Fund Scheme ( CPF ) for example , this scheme is only applicable and beneficial to the sector of people who had , or are having employment .
+A 0 14|||R:OTHER|||For example , the Central Provident Fund Scheme ( CPF )|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Ministry of Manpower [ MOM ] , 2007 ) The CPF scheme is broken down into three portions , namely ordinary account , special account and Medisave account .
+A 10 10|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||M:DET|||the Ordinary|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||M:DET|||the Special|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( MOM , 2007 ) Thus , people who did not have employment will not have any monies that are meant for their retirement and healthcare .
+A 5 5|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||do|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||any|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN|||money|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 21|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , the Parents Maintenance Act is only relevant to the elders who have children .
+A 11 12|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Attorney-General 's Chamber of Singapore [ ACG ] , 1996 ) As a result , those without children will then fall outside this umbrella of asylum .
+A 12 12|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 27|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , critics might argue that policies are never able to shield the entire spectrum of its target audience .
+
+S However , it must be noted that new policies must then be formulated to benefit those who are less fortunate .
+
+S For example , the Government could top-up the Medisave accounts of the less fortunate elder Singaporeans when there are budgetary surpluses to ensure that seniors have the capacity to afford healthcare services .
+A 4 5|||R:ORTH|||government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB|||topup|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( MYCS , 2001 )
+A 5 5|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition to being limited , the current government policies are ineffective in soothing the ageing process .
+A 2 5|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some of the policies that are implemented are simply not effective because they are not fully exploited by the elderly population in Singapore .
+
+S For example , the Government has increased the retirement age to 63 years old .
+A 4 5|||R:ORTH|||government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( MOM , 2007 ) This move is ineffective because it does not ensure that the elders will work till they expire the retirement age .
+A 5 5|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB|||reached|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , some elders are unable to maximize their work years due to medical problems or simply due to choice .
+A 3 4|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 19|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong 's speech on the 8th of January 2009 , he cited that only six out of ten men are still working by the age of 62 .
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||8|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Prime Minister 's Office [ PMO ] , 2009 ) Thus , the policy has a minimal effect and does not address the root problem .
+A 11 11|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , the Government 's plan to ensure that all public spaces in housing estates such as parks and sporting venues have facilities that cater to the whole family including seniors ( MYCS , 2001 ) is not practical because it has not considered the fact that the average elder in Singapore is either not interested in sports or are unable to play sports due to chronic ailments .
+A 37 37|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 50 51|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 60 61|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 69 70|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Suriah , Chong , Yeoh , 2008 ) Nevertheless , opponents might argue that are effective as long as they can reach out and educate the elders on the available policies .
+A 9 9|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:OTHER|||the plans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||the government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , 67 % of the elderly in Singapore is illiterate and is only proficient in non-mandarin dialects .
+A 16 17|||R:ORTH|||non-Mandarin|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Suriah , Chong , Yeoh , 2008 ) .
+
+S Hence , the Government must first attempt to inform the elders in Singapore about the available avenues and encourage them to reap the benefits of the current policies to maximize the effectiveness of its policies .
+A 3 4|||R:ORTH|||government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:OTHER|||, so as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Finally , the current policies have not helped to ease the ageing process because they are not holistic .
+
+S The Government has not developed sufficient programmes to cater to the psychological needs of the aged .
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In recent efforts , the Government pumped in $ 88 million to build a mentally resilient society which results that can only be realized in five years .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||some|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:ORTH|||government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||of which its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Ministry of Health [ MOH ] , 2007 ) To compare , the average American considers the notion of " old " to be effective only when they reach the age of 65 year old .
+A 10 10|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||In comparison|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:NOUN:NUM|||years|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , in Singapore , the word " old " is tossed around freely within conversations of people aged above 60 , also termed as the senior citizens of Singapore .
+A 14 15|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 24|||R:OTHER|||who are also known|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The reason why Americans classify " oldness " to be above 65 years old is due to the fact that they strongly believe that they still can contribute to society after retirement and thus they continue to embark on meaningful roles .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other side of the coin , opponents will argue that the Government can not be responsible for every aspect of the issue .
+A 13 14|||R:ORTH|||government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , we should recognize that the Singapore Government has a strong influence on its people and thus should create leverage on this strength .
+
+S Hence , the Singapore Government should invest more in programmes to cater to the mental aspect of the elderly so that the elders can proceed to commit themselves to important and useful roles in society after retirement .
+A 22 23|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the current government policies are confined , ineffectual and incomprehensive .
+
+S Since the problems that tag along with an ageing population is imminent , much more should be done by the Singapore Government to wrestle with the toughness associated with the ageing process .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||tagged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:NOUN|||difficulties|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If more effective policies are formulated and implemented , in will indirectly lower the burden imposed on the young population and society as a whole .
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:ADJ:FORM|||younger|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Only then , Singapore will be a successful " civilization " .
+
+S Reference list
+
+S * Attorney-General 's Chamber of Singapore .
+
+S ( 1996 ) .
+
+S Maintenance of Parents Act .
+
+S Retrieved March 2 , 1996 , from http : //statutes.agc.gov.sg/non_version/cgi- bin/cgi_retrieve.pl ? actno = REVED-167B&doctitle = MAINTENANCE + OF + PARENTS + ACT % 0A&date = latest&method = part
+
+S * Buck , Pearl S. ( 1999 ) Retrieved from http : //www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/p/pearlsbuc150253.html
+
+S * Lee Hsein Loong .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S AARP-COUNCIL FOR THIRD AGE CONFERENCE : REINVENTING RETIREMENT ASIA .
+
+S Retrived January 8 , 2009 from http : //www.pmo.gov.sg/News/Speeches/Prime + Minister/PM + on + re-employment + of + older + workers.htm
+
+S * Ministry of Communication Development , Youth and Sports .
+
+S ( 2001 ) .
+
+S Successful Aging .
+
+S Retrieved January 2 , 2001 , from http : //www.mcys.gov.sg/successful_ageing/report/Executive % 20Summary.pdf
+
+S * Ministry of Health .
+
+S ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Strengthening mental health care in the community .
+
+S Retrieved September 20 , 2007 , from http : //www.moh.gov.sg/mohcorp/pressreleases.aspx ? id = 17370
+
+S * Ministry of Manpower .
+
+S ( 2007 ) .
+
+S CPF .
+
+S Retrieved October 12 , 2007 , from http : //www.mom.gov.sg/publish/momportal/en/communities/others/income_security/cpf.html
+
+S * Suriah A R , Chong T J , Yeoh B Y .
+
+S ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Singapore Medical Journal .
+
+S Retrieved August 15 , 2008 , from http : //www.sma.org.sg/smj/3908/articles/3908a2.html
+
+S In 2009 , the median age of Singaporeans is 36 years .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By 2050 , the same figure is expected to increase to 54 years ( Lee , 2009 ) , as a result of lower birth fertility and higher life expectancies .
+
+S The predicament of an aging population plagues not only Singapore , but also different countries , ranging from the richer and developed nations , such as Japan and Italy , to the relatively poorer and developing nations like China ( China 's predicament , 2009 ) , especially as a result of the one-child policy .
+A 40 43|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S While the issues of an aging population are relevant and dynamic , it must be noted that countries at different stages of development will place emphasis on different developmental goals and adapt policies that caters to the needs of the nation .
+
+S This paper , henceforth , aims to discuss the impact of resources allocation in the context of developed nations , countries with stable economic basis and decent standards in the various aspects pertaining to a nation 's progress , such as infrastructures and amenities .
+
+S Therefore , there is no heavy emphasis on developing the economic , educational and political systems .
+
+S Some may point to the fact that providing for the aged drains a nation of its resources and reduces resources for future generations , but the whole idea is fundamentally flawed .
+
+S As a fellow human being , compassion for others necessitates to care for them .
+
+S As the younger generation , ethics bound to provide for them .
+
+S As a country progressing towards a gracious society and thus development , rationality leads towards addressing these aging issues .
+
+S With that said , it is important to address the need of an aging population and not be overly concerned with the fiscal costs of an aging population .
+
+S ( Friedland and Summer , 2005 )
+
+S Critics of this position argue that the burden of the fiscal and economic costs associated with an aging population is so large and substantial that it is unsustainable , and therefore , should be limited .
+
+S ( Peterson , 2001 ) Indeed , the funding allocated to the aging population will place a heavier burden on the shrinking workforce .
+
+S Tax increase is likely to significantly increase over the next two decades , affecting a firm 's labour costs and indirectly , consumers ' income .
+
+S ( Clark , Ogawa & Mason , 2007 ) Although the fall in productivity labour force is likely to influence economic growth as well , there are other means a firm can employ to stay competitive and sustain or even increase productivity .
+
+S These may include researching and developing better methodologies or exploiting greater economic of scales , eventually sustaining the fiscal policies associated with an aging population .
+
+S Countries are also raising the retirement age .
+
+S For example , Japan expects to raise the retirement age to 65 by 2013 .
+
+S ( Gross & Minot , 2008 ) This implies that older people are still able to contribute to the workforce .
+
+S It also indicates that medical advances has helped people stay healthy , meaning to say that healthcare costs for the aged may not end up being astronomical .
+
+S On the contrary , if issues related to the aging population are not dealt with appropriately , the social impact on a nation 's development may be hindered .
+
+S Every individual should have compassion for a fellow human being to care and provide for the aged .
+
+S The amount of public spending should not be an object .
+
+S The elderly population is still part of mankind , part of the society and part of the nation .
+
+S It is a gracious society to care for who are unable to provide for themselves .
+
+S Sights of a forsaken aged population are heart wrenching and affects the manner external parties , for example , trading partners , view the nation .
+
+S Furthermore , an established welfare system will reflect the societal values that are attributes of a first class nation .
+
+S Hence , in order to ensure that the aged are adequately provided for , that the nation will be able to develop the nation as a gracious society , public spending in these areas must be sufficient .
+
+S Furthermore , the younger generation has to fulfil a moral obligation towards the older generation , and capping public spending limits their abilities to do so .
+
+S It is important to sufficiently provide for the older generation , for they were the ones who toiled and contributed to shape the progress of the nation today .
+
+S Therefore , it is only ethical that their efforts are reciprocated .
+
+S One exemplary example is the samsui women .
+
+S They were the ones who had toiled in the sun to build infrastructure during Singapore 's early developing days .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They are older single women who are uneducated and had been unable to save , whom the government should especially provide help for .
+A 9 12|||R:OTHER|||were not able|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Friedland and Summer , 2005 ) It would be simply inhumane to cast them aside and overlook the fact that they have been vital in the developmental process .
+
+S By setting a limit on public spending , many other areas of developments in a nation are not explored .
+
+S The aged are a great asset to the nation , in terms of their expertise and experience .
+
+S In addition to their past contributions , the aged are likely to be able to continue contributing to the society , by simply passing on their wealth of experience or adding diversity and vibrancy to a nation .
+
+S They can also serve as the pillar of a family , binding family units and improving social cohesiveness .
+
+S In view of their past and potential contributions in developing the nations , limiting public spending on the aged may actually impede the progress of the nation .
+
+S Moreover , inadequate policies will lead to political and social instabilities for moral and ethical issues so , by not setting a limit on public spending on the aged , it indirectly helps to sustain and even improve on the social cohesiveness and development in this aspect .
+A 38 39|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Limiting public spending will instead create unintended costs , such as unhappiness amongst people .
+
+S Otherwise , like Friedland & Summer ( 2005 ) mentioned , cutting back on public spending on welfare programmes have an impact on local families and communities .
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Based on the above discussed , the aged should be well taken care of .
+
+S It is understood that there will be a cost in providing for the aged .
+
+S However , to limit the public spending on policies to deal with an aging population effectively translates to inadequacy in catering to an aging population .
+
+S The world 's population is continually growing , not just in term of size but also in the sense that it is growing older .
+
+S ( United Nations Population Funds , 2008 ) .
+A 1 5|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , there is a rising importance to deal with the issues related to aging population .
+
+S In evaluating the policies to undertake , it is necessary to consider the net impact of using public funds to deal with aging population , as well as the consequences if the issues relating to aging population are not adequately dealt with .
+A 22 22|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Public spending on the aged should therefore not be limited as investing time and resources to solving aging population eliminates any unnecessary social costs and contributes to the development of the society as a whole , promoting cohesiveness and progress towards a gracious society .
+
+S References :
+
+S China 's predicament .
+
+S ( China 's predicament ) ( aging population of China ) .The Economist US ) .391.8637 ( June 27 , 2009 ) : 14EU.Expanded Academic ASAP.Gale.National University of Singapore Lib..13 Sept. 2009 .
+
+S Clark , R. L. , Ogawa N. , & Mason A. , ( Eds. ) .
+
+S ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Population aging , intergenerational transfers and the macroeconomy .
+
+S UK : Edward Elgar Publishing .
+
+S Friedland , R. B. and Summer , L. ( 2005 , March ) Doomsday predictions about population aging are exaggerated .
+
+S Center on Aging Society , Georgetown University
+
+S Gross A. , Minot J .
+
+S ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Effects of Japan 's aging population on HR management Retrieved Sep 15 , 2009 , from http : //www.pacificbridge.com/publication.asp ? id = 109
+
+S Lee , H. L. ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Preparing for an aging population - the Singapore experience .
+
+S The Journal : Winter 2009 , 12-17
+
+S Peterson P. G. ( 2001 ) .
+
+S A graying world .
+
+S Harvard International Review .
+
+S 23 .
+
+S 3 ( Fall 2001 ) : 66 .
+
+S United Nations Population Fund .
+
+S ( 2008 ) .Linking population , poverty and development - Population ageing : a larger and older population .
+
+S Retrieved Sep 15 , 2009 , from http : //www.unfpa.org/pds/ageing.html
+
+S Nowadays aging of population has become a global problem , especially in developed country .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||countries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In terms of the Population Division of the UN 's Department of Economic and Social Affairs , the number of population over 60 years is expected to triple in 2050 and at the same time , the rate of the elderly in developing countries is predicted to increase from 64 percent to almost 80 percent in 2050 ( Reilly , 2007 ) .
+
+S To ease the aging process , many countries ' public spending rises steadily as a share of GDP , leaving these countries a great financial burden ( Joumard , 2004 ) .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will rise|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this case , only focusing on public spending seems not to be the best way to solve the aging problem .
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||does not seem|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Instead , government should limit the public spending on the aged so that more money can be invested to other areas of the country 's development .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Expanding the economy is a more effective strategy to ease the aging process compared to simply giving out public pension to the elderly .
+
+S For those countries with aging process , the biggest problem they have to face is the number of labors who can work and create values keeps on shrinking ( A Touch of Gray , 2002 ) .
+A 20 28|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And at the same time , World Bank economists estimated that for developed countries , public pension , which is only one term of the public spending on the aging problem , will increase from 9 percent of GDP in 1990 to 16 percent in 2040 ( Shaw , 2002 ) .
+
+S Consequently , government may not be able to provide enough pension and health care to help improve the old citizens ' life as a result of lack of finance .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this case , countries should invest more on the economy development or other areas to increase the financial ability so that old people can benefit more from the economic growth .
+
+S Without restriction on the public spending on the elderly , the usage of the money may lose its effectiveness and may lead to further labor shortage , worsening the dilemma of aging process .
+
+S Now OECD encourage United Kingdom to simplify the pension system and they argue that nowadays the pension system in UK may have negative effect on incentives for people to work and save ( OECD Supports Pension Reform in UK ) .
+A 1 2|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||encourages|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN:NUM|||effects|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 39|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This problem not only happens in UK since people tend to lose motivation in working or saving once they have enough pension to spend .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||the UK .|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:ORTH|||People|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||to work|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:FORM|||save|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , it is reported that many older workers in US withdraw from the labor market before they reach the State pension age ( OECD Supports Pension Reform in UK ) .
+A 25 31|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , too much pension may even lead to pension abuse which will make the public spending ineffective .
+A 14 15|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Despite of the above two reasons , some people still argue that public should help the elderly as much as possible since they have once contributed to the society .
+A 1 2|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But the problem is limiting on the public spending does not mean cutting off the spending .
+A 5 6|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This limitation is based on the fact that enough public spending has been put in to guarantee the basic life standard for the elderly , such as age pension and health care .
+
+S Under such circumstance , government should make a more effective spending scheme to solve the aging problem rather than without any plan or restriction .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||circumstances|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||not have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To sum up , it is necessary for government to limit the spending on the elderly so that the economy of the country can be developed more quickly and the effectiveness of the public pensions can be increased .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Limitation does not equal to cutting off but will lead to further development and better solution of the aging problem .
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||solutions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S M. Reilly ( 2007 ) .
+
+S The Global Aging Problem .
+
+S Retrieved from : { http : //www.spacedaily.com/reports/The_Global_Aging_Problem_999.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.spacedaily.com/reports/The_Global_Aging_Problem_999.html ]
+
+S I. Joumard ( 2004 ) .
+
+S Enhancing the Effectiveness of Public Spending : Experience in OECD Countries .
+
+S Retrieved from : { http : //ideas.repec.org/p/oec/ecoaaa/380-en.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //ideas.repec.org/p/oec/ecoaaa/380-en.html ]
+
+S A Touch of Gray ( 2002 ) .
+
+S Retrieved from : { http : //www.atouchofgrey.com/globalage.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.atouchofgrey.com/globalage.html ]
+
+S F. Shaw ( 2002 ) Is the Aging Population the Problem It Is Made Out To Be ?
+
+S Retrieved from : { http : //www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/ViewContentServlet ? Filename = Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Articles/2730040301.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/ViewContentServlet ? Filename = Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Articles/2730040301.html ]
+
+S OECD Support Pension Reform in UK .
+
+S Retrieved from : { http : //www.oecd.org/document/36/0,3343,en_33873108_33873870_35765860_1_1_1_1,00.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.oecd.org/document/36/0,3343,en_33873108_33873870_35765860_1_1_1_1,00.html ]
+
+S The whole world is facing the aging population problem that is the result of rising in life expectancy together with declining in fertility .
+A 20 21|||R:MORPH|||decline|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Every countries has their own strategies to deal with the problem but none of them has a radical solution .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||country|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Public spending on the aged should be limit and the government should use the money to invest in the young and other areas of the countries ' development .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:FORM|||limited|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Because there are many fields that need money such as education , infrastructure and in the long run the young generation should support the aged instead of the government .
+A 0 1|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||There|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:ORTH|||In|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , spending too much money on the aged will not bring much return profit .
+
+S In an aging population , the elderly count for a high percent in the workforce , so increase in the budget for them seems to be rational but in the long term , it will make the aging process more serious .
+
+S Most elderly stopped working or will stop working in the next few years , so bumping money into them is just a short-term investment .
+
+S Moreover , the elderly usually demand high salary in exchange for their experience but they can not work as hard as when they was young , whereas the young lack experience and find difficulty in seeking jobs .
+A 6 7|||R:ADJ:FORM|||higher|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:SVA|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to Gastroenterologic Surgery : Encyclopedia of Surgery , the elderly account for approximately 60 % of health care expenditures .
+
+S However , with the continuous development of technologies and treatments , the government will not be able to pay in full the health care cost for the aged .
+
+S Public spending on the elderly should be limited and individuals should pay for their health care cost within their capacities ; so young people will strive to save for their own lives , which will improve the economics and reduce the elderly dependency on the government .
+
+S Spending money on the aged should be limited and children should carry the burden of looking after their parents .
+
+S The aged have to work and saving for their lives instead of waiting for the government , this will utilize their contribution .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:FORM|||save|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:ORTH|||This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Most elderly faced mental problem when they retire , because they receive money from their saving plan or government and simply do not know what to do , they tend to use up all the money after several years .
+A 2 3|||R:ADJ:FORM|||face|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another problem is that most elderly in developed countries live alone ; they do not want to ask for money from the children , which mean that they will not receive sufficient financial and mental support from their children .
+A 25 26|||R:VERB:SVA|||means|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Government should stress the important role of filial obligation because it not only reduces the burden of elder dependency but also give the elderly indirectly benefit through investing in their children .
+A 0 0|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:SVA|||gives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , this will create cycles , parents support their children and vice versa , which is better than giving out money to help the aged and at the same time giving out money to develop the young .
+A 6 7|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:ORTH|||Parents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We should limit the spending money on the aged to develop other areas such as education .
+
+S Education is the basis to the development of a country .
+
+S With advanced education , we can develop new technologies for higher productivity and lower cost , which help the young generation fill the gap of low workforce caused by aging population and take up the burden of caring for the aged .
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:SVA|||helps|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 29|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government should also invest in the infrastructures , which have the long-term effect on the development of the economics ; but we should use money wisely and not bump blindly into new project .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:NOUN:NUM|||projects|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Young generation is the key point to stop the aging process .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The young|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some countries such as Germany , Netherland , etc have successfully given a rise to birth rate ; they offer financial aid and tuition grant for every children , so parents relieve the burden of raising children .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:ORTH|||They|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:NOUN:NUM|||child|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 30|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are relieved|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Admitting immigrants is also a strategy that many countries such as Singapore are applying to attract talented people ; which cost far less in comparison to training high quality worker .
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:SVA|||costs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:NOUN:NUM|||workers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are many areas in the economics that need capital other than the aged .
+A 6 7|||R:MORPH|||economy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Aging population is a global problem .
+
+S Public spending on the aged should be limited , which may suffer the aged but we can not spend all out money on the elderly , especially when it will not bring the long-term benefit .
+A 8 9|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:ORTH|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:VERB|||may suffer|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:NOUN:NUM|||benefits|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are many areas in the economics that need capital other than the aged such as education , infrastructure and so on .
+A 6 7|||R:MORPH|||economy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is time for the elderly to take care of themselves more , which could be accomplished by the support of their children .
+
+S Reference :
+
+S The Global Ageing Survey is the worlds largest single survey of later life with 44,000 individuals from 24 countries .
+
+S It was undertaken by the Oxford Institute of Ageing , Principal Investigators George Leeson and Sarah Harper as part of the HSBC funded Future of Retirement Project ( FOR )
+
+S " Gastroenterologic Surgery .
+
+S " Encyclopedia of Surger .
+
+S Ed .
+
+S Anthony J. Senagore .
+
+S Gale Cengage , 2004. eNotes.com .
+
+S 2006 .
+
+S 21 Sep , 2009 .
+
+S " To a large extent , current research and development/policies have helped to ease the aging process .
+
+S " Do you agree ?
+
+S Discuss this statement in relation to your particular field of study or interest ( e.g .
+
+S economics , science , medicine , social policy , architecture , psychology , technological inventions ) .
+
+S " Population aging is likely to become a dominant feature of social change around the world .
+
+S This poses a number of serious challenges that range from the social security of the elderly to increasing needs for health care , changing consumer behavior , and possibly changes inproductivity , " says Wolfgang Lutz , leader of the World Population Program of the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis ( IIASA ) .
+A 30 31|||R:ORTH|||in productivity|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " ( M. Allen , 2006 ) In this modern world where decisions are made based on most available technology and rational choices , the negative impact of aging process has been eased and negated .
+A 6 7|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are many current researches done to help the issue of aging process , be it in the field of economics , medicine , social policy and much more .
+
+S For example , there are many drug companies or hospitals that are now better equipped to help overcome old aged problems such as arthritis , dementia and many other illnesses .
+
+S Yet , there are those who believe that sometimes research to develop new and better medicine sometimes adds on to the burden of the aging process .
+
+S The Prime Minister of Singapore , Mr. Lee H.L .
+
+S ( 2009 ) said in a rally , " We see medical science advancing ; we see new technologies , new drugs , new procedures .
+A 1 2|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S People can live longer , but it costs more .
+
+S " When companies develop new medicine and healthcare products , they would tend to price it more expensive to recoup as much money as fast as possible .
+
+S Large proportions of the elderly are unemployed and they may not be able to cope up with the rising medical costs .
+A 15 16|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , the elderly are more susceptible to illnesses and are usually required to take more drugs .
+
+S Hence , having so many new drugs and medicine that could be confusing to them or that these drugs have not been properly tested out yet , could result in health issues for the elderly .
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||R:OTHER|||confuse|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:OTHER|||These|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Still , having advanced research and expertise in the field of medicine has led to increased lifespan of people .
+
+S The elderly are more heartened to know that many problems they face can be solved , such as having blood pressure drugs that is able to decrease the risk of strokes and heart problems .
+
+S In a research done by the Imperial College London ( BBC,2008 ) , " The results showed that within a year of treatment , there was a 21 % reduction in death rates and a 64 % drop in heart failure , 39 % drop in stroke deaths and 34 % reduction in cardiovascular events .
+A 10 11|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " A lead researcher C. Bulpitt ( BBC , 2008 ) said , " Our results clearly show that many patients aged 80 and over could benefit greatly from treatment .
+A 7 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " Hence it can be seen that the current research and development of medicine is indeed very beneficial but it is necessary that we best solve the issues arising from having better medicine and medical facilities , which brings us to the next point , government and social policy .
+
+S Governments usually have great sway over the general population of their respective countries .
+
+S Hence policies that they affect can bring about a lot of good or a lot of problems .
+A 2 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the case of aging population , there are many policies up to date , such as pension system in the USA , CPF schemes in Singapore , various employment schemes , medical schemes and more .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , for the government to be able to affect so many policies such as providing free healthcare or pensions , funds are required .
+
+S In the USA , lawmakers led by Senator { Max Baucus } [ HYPERLINK : http : //search.bloomberg.com/search ? q = Max + Baucus&site = wnews&client = wnews&proxystylesheet = wnews&output = xml_no_dtd&ie = UTF-8&oe = UTF-8&filter = p&getfields = wnnis&sort = date : D : S : d1 ] are talking about slapping a $ 495 tax on some of those covered by the medical plan to help pay for extending coverage to some of the 46 million Americans who lack it. ( R.J .
+A 9 49|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 81 83|||R:OTHER|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Donmoyer , 2009 ) .
+
+S Most of these funds come in the form of taxation as seen , which places heavier burden on the working population .
+
+S Furthermore , polices such as pension may give rise to dependency and complacency .
+
+S It is often heard that some elderly abuses the pension by gambling or turn to other vices since the money is free .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||abuse|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As stated in an essay in honor of J.C. Weldon , " the total utility may not be maximized because the old 'spend larger and larger sums on smaller and smaller enjoyments ' or impose 'posthumous restraint on bequeathed wealth which will make it less useful to the living ' " .
+A 50 52|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( A. Asimakopulos , R. D. Cairns , C. Green , J. C. Weldon , 1990 ) .
+A 1 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , this portion of people is generally small and furthermore , by providing pensions and healthcare benefits , it gives the aged a sense of security and they are hence better taken care of .
+
+S By providing and having more policies that have focus groups helping the elderly would also solve the problem of the aged being neglected , such as encouraging and supporting voluntary welfare organizations through 'Many Helping Hands ' Approach in Singapore .
+
+S In Singapore , Prime Minister Lee H.L .
+
+S ( 2009 ) says , " Our social security system is based primarily on individual savings and self-reliance .
+A 1 2|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Our policy is to help each person to build up his assets and savings , so that he or she will be ready for old age .
+
+S " There are also many countries that encourage individual responsibility such as Japan .
+
+S A fine example of being self reliant would be the CPF scheme in Singapore , whereby a portion of one 's salary is made as a compulsory saving .
+
+S Hence , once people retire , they would be able to draw on this savings and hence are ensured that they will have a form of stable income even when they are unemployed .
+
+S There would thus be few problems of starving and dying elderly or homeless elderly , as they would have money to back them up .
+
+S There are also many active lifestyle movements that encourage the elderly to keep fit and keep in touch with the latest technologies in the world .
+
+S The elderly would hence feel more in touched with society and likewise , the younger generation would not look upon the elderly as a burden .
+A 7 8|||R:MORPH|||touch|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Such various government polices provides the aged with economic solutions , social solutions , healthcare solutions to the problems that they may face and hence easing the growing problems faced by an aging population .
+A 23 24|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , there is more focus on the importance of family ties and bonds .
+
+S " Strong family ties are the cornerstone of social cohesion .
+
+S Strong family ties bind families together and families shape individuals - their character , their instincts , and their values .
+
+S Strong families help build a connected community which is integral in nation building .
+
+S " ( RADM ( NS ) Lui T. Y , 2009 ) .Children are encouraged to take care of their parents when they are old through various publicity and schemes , such as the case in Singapore , whereby people are given housing grants for choosing to stay near their parents and also providing tax relief for individuals taking care of their parents .
+A 2 13|||R:OTHER|||Children|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is also by law in Singapore that children have to support their parents if the parents could not support themselves financially .
+
+S Such schemes and laws would protect the elderly from mistreatment from their family members .
+
+S Family members in return are more inclined to care for the aged themselves .
+
+S The elderly would hence feel happier and joyful and not feel left out and demoralized , easing the problems that they face .
+
+S However , since this only applies to the elderly with families , the general public and governments will still need to set up voluntary organizations to interact with the aged in homes or community centers .
+
+S In conclusion , through the various available health polices , government policies , social policies and technological advancements , the elderly now is able to lead a better more comfortable and more fulfilling life .
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Despite the systems and policies being imperfect , it has definitely brought about benefits to both the aged and general public as a whole .
+
+S Yet , by further improving current technology and policies , the aging problem might eventually be resolved .
+
+S References :
+
+S A. Asimakopulos , R. D. Cairns , C. Green , J. C. Weldon ( 1990 ) .
+
+S Economic Theory , Welfare and the State
+
+S A.M. Kobbe ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Preventing Abuse and Neglect Of The Elderly
+
+S BBC ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Blood pressure drugs help elderly
+
+S M.Allen ( 2006 ) .
+
+S Coping with an Aging World
+
+S PM Lee H.L ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong 's National Day Rally Speech 2009 on 16 August ( Transcript )
+
+S PM Lee H.L .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Preparing For An Aging Population-The Singapore Experience
+
+S RADM ( NS ) Lui T.Y ( 2009 ) .
+
+S SPEECH BY RADM ( NS ) LUI TUCK YEW , SENIOR MINISTER OF STATE FOR EDUCATION AND INFORMATION , COMMUNICATIONS AND THE ARTS , AT THE LAUNCH OF THE COLLECTION OF 'TO MY GRANDPA/GRANDMA ' BOOKS,
+
+S R.J. Donmoyer ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Tax to Fund U.S. Health Plan May Cut Employer-Provided Benefits
+
+S Ageing process in humans refers to a multidimensional process of physical , psychological , and social change .
+A 17 18|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Wikipedia , 2009 ) .
+A 0 2|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Due to this process , countries with aging population are facing problems like economic growth and inadequate protection for the elderly .
+
+S Japan and Europe are two examples that have done well in tackling this issue .
+
+S In the years to come , more and more countries will be facing problems aroused from aging process .
+A 14 15|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence solutions are very important and this passage will evaluate on the current measures imposed on aging process by various countries .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:ORTH|||This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN|||essay|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB|||undertaken|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , elderly employment is a policy that was implement by some countries .
+
+S Steen Langebaek , president of AGE , an organization which aims to promote the interest of older people across Europe , believes that older people should be encouraged to study and work beyond retirement , whether through part-time work or on a voluntary basis .
+A 44 45|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( S. Toyne , 2002 ) .
+A 1 3|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It means elderly are welcome to continue serving in the workforce provided they are willing themselves .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This may eventually benefit both the individual and the company ; elderly receive additional income from their work , whereas companies gain from the work produced by the experienced elderly .
+
+S Hence older people are an enormous neglected resource that should not be forgotten , they should play an active role in society .
+
+S In Europe countries , work organization and social security arrangement are flexible in providing options for combined work with retirement .
+A 1 2|||R:MORPH|||European|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The combination of the two factors created more vacancy and elderly who volunteer to work .
+
+S Therefore , this measure had been very successful , especially in Netherlands with 49 % of elderly either working full or part time .
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( G. Schmid , 2008 ) .
+A 1 3|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , Silver job fairs , established to find jobs for people 60 and older , have mushroomed across South Korea in the past year as part of a government effort to assist a rapidly growing population of older Koreans adrift in a changing society .
+A 28 29|||R:OTHER|||the government 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 30|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 45 46|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( S. H. Lee , 2009 ) .
+A 1 4|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From the above examples in different continents , it is inevitable to conclude that elderly employment is one of the policies that have been well adopted by various governments .
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , science and technology have eased aging in various ways .
+
+S Japan had started to develop robots meant for elderly .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " With Japan 's aging population , we need robots that can alleviate the burden of human tasks , " says Toshihiko Morita , director of Fujitsu 's Autonomous System Laboratory .
+A 31 32|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( D. Behreandt , 2006 ) .
+A 1 3|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This " mental commitment robot " is designed to provide comfort and companionship to elderly who are lonely or shut in .
+
+S With the introduction of robots , elderly have a better protection as well as reliance .
+
+S It is especially true for the single elderly who do not have any children to take care of them at home .
+
+S In addition , drugs have also been developed to slow aging .
+
+S Currently , the drug that helps to reduce aging is being tested and will be releasing into the market soon .
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:FORM|||released|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " It may be the ultimate free lunch how to reap all the advantages of a calorically restricted diet , including freedom from disease and an extended healthy life span , without eating one fewer calorie .
+A 8 8|||M:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Just take a drug that tricks the body into thinking it 's on such a diet .
+
+S " ( N. Wade , 2009 ) .
+A 2 4|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This useful drug will ultimately increase life span , hence increasing the productive of the workforce as people could retire at an older age because of this drug .
+A 12 13|||R:MORPH|||productivity|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thirdly , governments from various countries have provided retirement pension , medical scheme and policies to cure the aging population .
+
+S Singapore has implemented the retirement pension scheme Central Provident Fund that allow elderly to fund for their retirement right from the start of their working life .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||known as the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This policy has been effective as the compulsory contribution to the fund will be allocated to both medical account and general account , which does not only ensure financial but also healthcare stability .
+A 28 29|||R:OTHER|||stability|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Government could also save the budget on state pension at the same time .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , the Housing Development Board of Singapore introduced studio apartments that were catered for the elderly .
+A 9 9|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The forty square meter apartments include facilities like lifts on every floor , hand railings and alarm systems that were specially designed for elderly .
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Government has also promised to build more studio apartments in the upcoming projects .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Tan H.Y. , 2006 ) .
+A 1 4|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Overall , the governments have done well in helped to ease aging process in a large extent with the above policies .
+A 7 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , countries have used various means in ensure a better aging process for the elderly .
+A 8 9|||R:PART|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will be further improved as the country is developing on other aspects like technology , education and economy .
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However more attention should also be paid as the speed of aging population may exceed the speed of solving curbing aging policies .
+
+S Reference :
+
+S Wikipedia
+
+S S. Toyne ( 2002 ) .
+
+S Ageing : Europe 's growing problem , BBC
+
+S G. Schmid ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Full Employment In Europe- Managing Labour Market Transitions and Risks
+
+S S. H. Lee ( 2009 ) In South Korea , Retirement Can Be Elusive
+
+S D. Behreandt ( 2006 ) The Japanese robot revolution : with an aging population and a looming labor shortage , Japanese scientists are pushing hard to develop advanced androids and integrate them into human society .
+
+S N. Wade ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Tests Begin on Drugs That May Slow Aging , The New York Times
+
+S Tan H. Y .
+
+S ( 2006 ) HDB to spend S $ 110m to upgrade rental blocks , Channel News Asia
+
+S In these days , scientific researchers , media reporters and politicians have reached a consensus that the world is ageing .
+
+S The argument over public expenditure on the elderly population has been put on the agenda of the congress or parliament meetings very often .
+
+S In recent years , not only the developed countries , but also the developing ones such as China are facing the problem of an ageing population .
+
+S According to the National Bureau of Statistics of China ( NBSC ) ( 2009 ) , 160 million Chinese people , or 12 % of the population , are above 60 .
+
+S Furthermore , 109 million people are above 65 , which is 8.3 % of the population .
+
+S The public spending on the aged in China is also climbing rapidly .
+
+S However , the necessity of these spending should be studied carefully .
+
+S As Thomas Jefferson , the 3rd president of the United States , once said , " Never spend your money before you have earned it .
+
+S " This quotation is particularly applicable in China 's context .
+
+S Public expenditure in China should be limited and diverted to other areas due to its negative impacts on the country 's economic growth , the living standard of the younger generation and other sectors of the economy .
+
+S Excessive government expenditure on the aged will impede the economic growth of China .
+
+S China 's public expenditure for public health is rising at a high pace .
+
+S According to the National Bureau of Statistics ( 2006 ) , the spending for public health has been increasing at about 10 % annually from 2000 to 2006 .
+
+S This is faster than the economic growth rate of China , which is about 8 % ( NBSC , 2009 ) .
+
+S Large portion of the public health expenditure actually goes to the aged .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||A large|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The expenditure on elderly people is slowing down the economic growth .
+
+S Furthermore , the negative impacts of these policies will be more significant in China as its economic base is not so strong compare to developed countries such as the U.S and Japan .
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:FORM|||compared|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Those who oppose cutting government expenditure on elderly argued that limited spending will cause social instability as many families with low income will suffer when the elderly generation needs medical support .
+A 8 9|||R:MORPH|||argue|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , economic growth affects the nation 's long-term well-being .
+
+S The money should be used more wisely .
+
+S For instance , Japan 's economy situation shows us the consequences of abusing of government budget on public health spending .
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Japan is well known by its ageing problems with 22.1 % of the populations above 65 ( Minister of Internal Affairs and Communications of Japan , 2008 ) .
+A 4 5|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 25|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Japanese government has to spend a lot on the public health .
+
+S As a result , Japan has experienced a slow economic growth over the last 20 years .
+
+S Therefore , for China , being a country which is much less developed than Japan , to limit the spending on the aged will be a more wise decision .
+A 26 27|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:ADJ:FORM|||wiser|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It will be burdensome to China 's next generation , especially the tax payers , if the expenditures on medical and welfare programs are not held in check .
+
+S The extra burden of the medical and welfare programs expenses falls on the next generation .
+
+S The tax payers have to finance the medical expenses of their own parents and at the same time , pay for other elderly people 's medical bills .
+
+S The negative impacts will be even worse in China due to its one-child policy since 1970s .
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the near future , a couple has to support four parents .
+
+S If the government raises tax to finance the expenses on aged , the younger generation would even face difficulties making a living .
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some sociologists argued that if the expenditure on public health is to be limited , the younger generation has to pay more .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||argue|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The expenditure just shifts from public expenditure to private expenditure .
+
+S While it may sound true , someone in the society have to sacrifice in order to solve the current ageing problem .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If we continue increasing this expenditure and ignore the negative impact it has on the economy , Japan 's present will be China 's future .
+
+S Thus , it is reasonable for the Chinese government to limit the spending on the aged in order to improve the long-term well being of its citizens .
+
+S Last but not least , China 's public spending should be limited because there are other sectors of the China 's economy which need the money more imperatively .
+A 18 19|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S China is still a developing country today and more of the government budget should go to the sectors which are able to generate more wealth .
+A 12 12|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In 2008 , the total expenditure for public wealth in China is RMB 984 billion , which is about 3.3 % of the total GDP ( Ministry of Finance of China , 2008 ) .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 32|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A portion of the money should be diverted into the sectors which are more important in the long run such as education and R&D .
+A 23 25|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to the National Bureau of Statistics , the expenditure of the government on education last year was RMB 901 billion and on R&D was even lower , RMB 213 billion ( Ministry of Finance of China , 2008 ) .
+A 23 24|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:OTHER|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 37|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S China has to be fully industrialized first before spend its money on the old .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:FORM|||spending|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Otherwise the problem will be accumulated .
+
+S Hence , a restriction of the expenditure on the elderly people should be implemented .
+
+S In summary , it is unwise for the government and policy makers to solve the aging problems in China by simply increasing public expenditure on the old .
+
+S Long-term effects of these policies must be carefully taken into account and the government should be more concerned about how to sustain the economic growth in the long run .
+
+S In conclusion , less of China 's wealth should be spent on the aged so that money can be diverted to other areas of the country 's development .
+
+S Reference List :
+
+S National Bureau of Statistics of China .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S National Economic and Social Development Statistical Communique of 2008 .
+
+S Retrieved September 17 , 2009 , from { http : //www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/ndtjgb/qgndtjgb/t20090226_402540710.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/ndtjgb/qgndtjgb/t20090226_402540710.htm ]
+
+S National Bureau of Statistics of China .
+
+S ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Ch21-38 .
+
+S China : China Statistics Press and Beijing INFO Press .
+
+S Ministry of Finance of China .
+
+S ( 2008 ) The national fiscal revenue and expenditure balance sheet of 2008 .
+
+S Retrieved September 16 , 2009 , from { http : //yss.mof.gov.cn/yusuansi/zhengwuxinxi/caizhengshuju/200907/t20090707_176723.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //yss.mof.gov.cn/yusuansi/zhengwuxinxi/caizhengshuju/200907/t20090707_176723.html ]
+
+S Minister of Internal Affairs and Communications of Japan .
+
+S ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Current Population Estimates as of October 1 , 2008 .
+
+S Retrieved September 17 , 2009 , from { http : //www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2008/html/V2138e.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2008/html/V2138e.htm ]
+
+S Growing old is now easier as compared to the last decade with more developments and policies put in place by the government .
+
+S Previously , the aging have been a tough process having to deal with the many problems faced .
+A 4 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , with the introduction of policies pertaining to three major problems faced by the elderly , namely economic , inadequate living conditions for the elderly and health issues , the changes have become easier to manage .
+
+S The elderly should be encouraged to return to the work force and adopt a later retirement age .
+
+S By doing so , it can partially relief the society of the increasing financial burden of an aging population .
+A 7 8|||R:MORPH|||relieve|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , for this initiative to work , they have to first address the issue of their skills obsolescence .
+
+S Nowadays , with the rapid change in technology , the current skills sets that the elderly possess are mostly obsolete .
+
+S Hence , skills upgrade and training program like those offered by Workforce Development Agency should reach out to more elderly and make it easier for them to upgrade themselves to reduce their barriers to entry into the workforce .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||programs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the elderly returning to the workforce they will be able to accumulate more wealth and save more so that they will be able to be self sufficient when they are older .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||When|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , returning to the workforce means that they will continue to contribute taxes , thus helping to reduce the burden on the society .
+
+S As they continue to work , they will maintain their Central Provident Fund ( CPF ) account which acts as a social security savings plan for them in the future .
+
+S The CPF account prevents the elderly from depleting their savings and allows them to be financially independent even when they finally stop working .
+
+S Therefore , it is essential to provide skills upgrades for the elderly and by doing so it will reduce their barriers to entry so that they can continue to work and reduce the impact of aging on the economy .
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||upgrading programs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:OTHER|||enter the workforce|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 30|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government are aware of the challenges faced by the aging population due to inadequate facilities and living conditions and have influenced the change in the environment so as to make life easier for the elderly .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN:NUM|||changes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is evident in the way the new Housing Development Board flats are built , especially the one room flats that are meant for the elderly .
+
+S For example , there are customized to contain various elderly friendly features such as the alarm system that automatically request for help through a pull of a lever in case of emergency .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:SVA|||requests|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 31|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , feature such as the building of lift leading to every storey and the residence corners for the elderly to interact are also implemented .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||features|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||lifts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , to the housing conditions , ease of transport usage have also been give focus and have tremendously improved .
+
+S With the public transport system such as buses and trains installed with more seats dedicated to the elderly and customised for the ease of boarding and alighting especially for the wheel chair bounded .
+
+S Furthermore , road signs are displayed in 4 major languages to resolve the problem that there are some old folks who are unable to understand other language besides their mother tongue .
+
+S Although this much have been done to improve the living conditions of the elderly , the full benefits can not be reaped if the plans are not widespread enough .
+
+S For example , not all apartment flats are equipped with a lift that serves every storey and not all buses are designed for the ease of boarding for the elderly .
+
+S Therefore , despite the fact that the changes are indeed useful , there is still a major pitfall here which is if the implementation is not island-wide , the full benefits can not be realised .
+
+S The improving medical care and subsidies are helping the aging population cope with health problems which are inherent in growing old .
+A 6 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||help|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:OTHER|||old age|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to the Ministry of Health , government subsidies for the elderly are provided based on the assessment of the patient 's total family income and can go up to 75 % of the total fees .
+
+S With this subsidy , the more elderly will be able to afford the medical care as compared to before .
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , with the constantly improving technology in medical field , many medical procedures have been simplified from surgery that requires hospitalisation to an outpatient procedure .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To quote an example , just 10 years ago , cataract surgery required a hospital stay of several days .
+
+S Now , the surgery can sometimes be done in less than 30 minutes on an outpatient basis .
+A 13 14|||R:PREP|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the improvement , not only the cost of hospitalisation is eliminated , many previously complicated surgeries have also become simplified as a result .
+
+S Nevertheless , these measures are only methods which make it more affordable and easier to seek treatment but it does not solve the problem .
+
+S The elderly have to be convinced to adopting of a healthy and balanced lifestyle .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:FORM|||adopt|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , besides providing subsidies , they have to be more proactive in reaching out to the elderly who are not likely to seek out information on staying healthy .
+
+S With the measures such as better economic situation for the elderly by encouraging later retirement , improving the housing and transport conditions and better health care for the elderly have tremendously change the way aging takes place .
+A 31 32|||R:VERB:FORM|||changed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S While it is inevitable to avoid the aging process , with such measures in place , it will make the growing old much easier than before .
+A 19 20|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference list
+
+S U.S. Food and Drug administration , ( 2002 ) Retrieved September 11 , 2009 , from the internet , http : //www.fda.gov/fdac/features/2002/202_eyes.html
+
+S Ministry of Health , Singapore .
+
+S Retrieved September 11 , 2009 , from the internet , http : //www.moh.gov.sg/mohcorp/hcfinancing.aspx ? id =
+
+S With the overly successful " Stop at Two " campaign to curb the overpopulation in 1960s , Singapore has since faced an ageing population as birth rate dipped tremendously .
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||the 1960 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Coupled with high-quality healthcare , life expectancy has also increased .
+
+S These result in a decline of the proportion of economically productive people .
+
+S In 2008 , Singapore is reportedly one of the Asian economies to be worst hit by an ageing population ( UBS , 2008 ) .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Our long-term economic growth is estimated to cut by 3 percent , while support for the elderly could cost the country more than 7 percent of our gross domestic product ( GDP ) .
+A 7 7|||M:VERB:TENSE|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With such bleak outlook of our economy , our nation should be spending more wisely .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By making the responsibility of taking care of the elders to everyone in the society , public spending on the elders could and should then be limited .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||by entrusting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , grown children should take care of their elderly parents .
+
+S By stressing on filial obligations and their duty to the aged , we can reduce the fiscal cost of elder dependency .
+
+S However , the higher cost of living today makes such obligations quite impossible .
+
+S With high average inflation rate of 5.83 % globally ( Goldman Sachs , 2008 ) , it is very difficult for grown children to support both their family and parents .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 29|||M:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even so , it should not be an excuse as it actually does not take much to support the aged financially .
+
+S Young adults need to make an effort to save .
+
+S Also , especially in Asian societies , such as Singapore , older people are traditionally supported by their own families .
+A 0 2|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:ORTH|||Especially|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So , the grown children should continue with such tradition .
+
+S Nonetheless , in view of this dying tradition , the Maintenance of Parents Act is in place to tackle such issues .
+
+S Parents above sixty , who could not support themselves , can approach the tribunal for an order to claim maintenance from their children , delegating responsibility to the children .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , with children supporting their parents , the government could save on the extra national budget .
+
+S Secondly , there are policies made to help the aged remain self reliant after retirement such as the mandatory saving scheme known as Central Provident Fund ( CPF ) .
+
+S Nonetheless , the policies may not benefit all the aged .
+
+S For example , the CPF is not beneficial to the self employed unless they made an effort to deposit money into their CPF account .
+
+S Hence , the government has made several , not just one , policies .
+
+S For example , the lack of land in Singapore makes housing a valuable asset for Singaporeans .
+
+S To ensure all Singaporeans own their homes , the government gives generous subsidies for public housing .
+
+S As the nation prospers , these homes will appreciate in value , and Singaporeans may draw on this nest egg when they are old .
+A 18 20|||R:WO|||egg nest|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With such policies , the aged are ensured that they would have enough assets to remain self reliant and not depend on the government .
+A 20 20|||M:VERB|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:MORPH|||dependent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , the government is then able to divert spending to the national growth .
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||will then be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||towards|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly , an ageing population places pressure on the entire nation and everyone should play a part to take care of the aged .
+
+S Retirement age is to be pushed back to 65 by 2012 .
+
+S The best way to be all right in old age is to have enough savings by working longer ( PM Lee Hsien Loong , 2009 ) .
+
+S Hence , companies can contribute by employing them .
+
+S Nonetheless , many elders lack skills .
+
+S Yet , they are more expensive to employ .
+
+S However , it must not be overlooked that these elders are experienced and could contribute in a different way .
+
+S Employers could also offer other kinds of employment , not necessarily to be the same job or pay as of their previous employment .
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||it does not necessarily have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government has also several programs to retrain older workers and upgrade their skills , ultimately , increasing their employability .
+
+S With jobs , the elders could then be self reliant .
+
+S Hence , spending on the aged population could then be limited .
+
+S An ageing population is an issue that many developed countries are facing .
+
+S While it may seem daunting to the economy , all it takes is a lot of planning ahead and the unity of the entire nation .
+
+S As our Prime Minister said , by preparing well and early , the present generation of Singaporeans will be able to enjoy healthy and fulfilling lives into their sunset years , without putting a heavy burden on their children and grandchildren .
+
+S The aging population
+
+S The aging population is becoming a problem that many people worry about .
+
+S As the population gets older , retired elderly will require healthcare reimbursement , building of elderly friendly infrastructure and domestic helpers .
+A 15 16|||R:MORPH|||elder|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , this will become very costly to the working generations , and also it will be a hindrance to the economic growth .
+A 22 23|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To aid in this situation , the elderly should be influenced to be more financially responsible , and public spending on the aged should be limited so that money can be diverted to other areas of the country 's development .
+
+S The elderly population needs a huge amount of money for healthcare expenses .
+
+S Many elderly has deteriorated health with common illnesses like diabetes , eye cataracts , bone and joint problems , and heart problems .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:FORM|||deteriorating|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These problems need continuous attention and therefore incur repetitive and expensive expenditures .
+
+S There is also a need to build elderly friendly environment like railings , lifts that goes to every floor of the buildings , and slopes .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||environments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN|||ramps|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , there will be a need to have domestic helpers or day-care-centers to take care of the elderly when there is nobody else to look after them .
+
+S These can incur huge government expenses which can slow down the economy .
+
+S The elderly should be educated about the aging population , because the economy may be severely implicated if they are no longer able to support themselves financially .
+A 16 17|||R:VERB|||affected|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Being financially responsible , the elderly should save up as much money as possible while they were young so that they can pay for their daily expenses .
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this manner , the working population will have more funds left over to stimulate economic growth , or even pay for their own retirement .
+
+S If government spending on the aged is not limited , it can become a huge burden to the working population .
+
+S As large working population retires , this will mean that there are less people to work and provide for the retired elderly .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order to provide for the elderly , the working population will have to pay more in taxes .
+
+S Other than paying taxes , the working population still needs to pay for their personal and family expenses .
+
+S As a result , there will be very little funds left for leisure and other activities .
+
+S There will be an adverse impact on the economy if government spending on the aged is not limited .
+
+S Due to the need of raising taxes to provide for the elderly , local consumptions of goods may reduce significantly and foreign investors will consider relocating their investments .
+
+S If consumption of goods reduces significantly , there will be low credit flow in the economy , which will result in sluggish economic growth .
+
+S Also , when foreign investors relocate their investments , jobs will also be relocated to other geographic places , this result in fewer jobs for the population .
+A 20 20|||M:VERB:TENSE|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even though limiting expenses on the aging population may sound irresponsible , doing this can be a way to help to cope with the problem .
+
+S Limiting expenses on the aging population will mean that the government will have more funds to utilize to attract foreign investors to the country .
+
+S They can also utilize these funds to improve public facilities to attract tourism ; tourism is one of the economic activities that can generate extra income to the country .
+
+S People will also become more affluent to spend and stimulate the economic growth .
+
+S As a result of economic growth , the government will be more able to pay for the retired elderly .
+
+S This will then become a snowballing effect causing further improvements in the economy .
+
+S Spending to develop the country can generate extra revenue to the country , creating a more affluent society .
+
+S This will be beneficial for the elderly and also the working population , as the more affluent society will be able to pay for the healthcare expenses of the elderly .
+
+S For the benefit of the whole society , public spending on the aged should be limited so that money can be diverted to other areas of the country 's development .
+
+S Other than the global warming phenomenon , the current aging population is also the main concern that the world is facing without definite resolution .
+A 0 25|||R:OTHER|||besides global warming , an aging population is another phenomenon that is of concern to the world today , one that has no definite solution|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This aging phenomenon is most evident at the developed countries like Japan , Germany and Singapore where fertility rates are not increasing enough .
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 23|||R:OTHER|||low|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The growing number of elderly population around the world has certainly created huge impacts which in turn caused changes to the structure of current society .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN|||iimpact|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Faced with this situation , governments and policy makers around the world have been providing solutions such as the introduction of economic policies , social policies , and architectural designs which benefit both elderly and the society .
+A 33 33|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the main solutions offered would be the economic policy that eases the financial situation of the elderly .
+A 5 5|||M:VERB:TENSE|||to be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some countries provide incentives to the elderly for their daily and long term needs .
+
+S One of the evident examples would be the health care subsidy which has been carried out by many developed countries such as Singapore , Japan , and the U.S. Others may object that too much are being spent on the elderly and this will hinder the growth of the country which is fundamentally more essential .
+A 35 36|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , this argument may not be valid because elderly is considered as an integral part of a country that can not be totally excluded .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the right economic plan and policies , elderly can effectively contribute back to the growth of the country .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As mentioned by Singapore prime minster Lee ( The Journal , 2009 ) , " aging should be redefined as an opportunity rather than burden to the society " .
+A 4 4|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||Prime Minister|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Life-long employability would be one possible answer to this problem , as the elderly can be less dependent on state funding and , at the same time , contribute back to the growth of the country .
+
+S Furthermore , other than contributing to the country , the elderly parents are also an important part of the family as they possess invaluable knowledge and experience which can guide the younger generation .
+A 34 34|||M:OTHER|||( The Journal 2009 )|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As aging population in some aspect has been linked with the negative social impact , thus a social policy plays an important part to reduce the effect which will otherwise cause social disintegration of a country .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 14|||R:OTHER|||to some extent has had a negative impact on society|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 19|||R:OTHER|||social policies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:SVA|||play|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 24|||R:OTHER|||role in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:FORM|||reducing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:VERB:TENSE|||could|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:PREP|||within|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One important example would be the issue on Parents Maintenance Act of Singapore , which governs specifically the social relationship between parents and children .
+A 6 8|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One may argue that the social policy is not needed as it has already been perceived in the society itself .
+
+S However , the current economic situation and the decreasing fertility rate have left the young adults , who have no siblings to share costs , with no choice but to give up on their parents .
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 26|||R:WO|||with ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , we should also consider the fact that society is changing over time and so does the social and cultural value of our tradition .
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN:NUM|||traditions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Particularly in Singapore , as a multiracial country , where many different cultures converge , the traditional Asian value of filial piety will continuously fade off .
+
+S Thus , the social policy plays an important part to maintain this relationship and also to reiterate the importance of filial piety into the mind of the young adults .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN:NUM|||minds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As people get older , they tend to be more dependent on others in their daily activities .
+
+S This dependency may hinder the activity of the people around them which may otherwise be productive in other way .
+A 16 19|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With this in mind , countries start to provide elder friendly architectural design to assist elderly in their daily activities as the aging population increases from time to time .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB|||have begun|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 29|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , in Singapore , more housing and transportation modes are designed to provide elderly friendly design such as : rubber flooring , alarm system and supporting hand rails .
+A 15 16|||R:MORPH|||elder|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||designs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:NOUN:NUM|||systems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the implementation of the elderly friendly design , elderly will be able demonstrate some level of independence .
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||elder|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||designs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reduced dependency of the elderly would also result in better allocation of the country 's resources , as young adults would be able to concentrate on their career and social organizations would be able to direct their attention to the more needy ones .
+
+S In conclusion , aging population problems are likely to continue or even worsen over the coming years .
+A 3 6|||R:OTHER|||the problems of an aging population|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Including economic , social and architectural aspects , there are many other implementations that can be done to ease the aging issues .
+A 7 7|||M:OTHER|||of society|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the success of the implementations , I believe the world can shift the paradigm of the aging phenomenon to a sustainable positive impact .
+A 4 5|||R:DET|||these|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:VERB|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Maggie , F. ( 2009 , July 20 ) .
+
+S In the year 2040 - 1.3 billion senior citizens .
+
+S Thomson Reuters .
+
+S Retrieved September 13 , 2009 , from Reuters online .
+
+S Chong , A .
+
+S ( 2009 , Aug 20 ) .
+
+S More to protect aged parents .
+
+S The Straits Times .
+
+S Retrieved September 13 , 2009 , from factiva .
+
+S Kubota , Y & David , F. ( 2009 , Jun 3 ) Ageing Japan 's fertility rate up but population falls .
+
+S Thomson Reuters .
+
+S Retrieved September 13 , 2009 , from Reuters online .
+
+S Peterson , P. G. ( 2001 ) .
+
+S A Graying World .
+
+S Harvard International Review .
+
+S 23.3 : 66 .
+
+S Friedland .
+
+S R. B .
+
+S & Summer , L. ( 2005 ) Doomsday predictions about population aging are exaggerated .
+
+S Demography is not Destiny , Revisited .
+
+S Centre on Aging Society , Georgetown University .
+
+S Yes , I agree that current research and development/policies have helped to ease the aging process to a large extent .
+
+S In Singapore , the government and society have come out with various policies and strategies to assist the aging population .
+A 9 10|||R:PART|||up|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , there are some organizations that help the elderly in their daily necessities ; the government plan in making a more elderly friendly environment and the Active Aging Festival .
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||R:OTHER|||is planning on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:MORPH|||elder|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:OTHER|||having an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One might object here that the government and society have not really done much for them .
+A 3 4|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , there are still elderly who are living alone with no children caring for them .
+A 6 7|||R:ADJ|||many|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:FORM|||to care|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This group of elderly usually lives in small apartment with little contact to the outside world and they fall sick easily .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:SVA|||live|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||apartments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is also quite inconvenience for them to move about , thus they prefer to stay at home and watch television , rest and not doing anything much .
+A 4 5|||R:MORPH|||inconvenient|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:VERB:FORM|||do|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They just watch as life passes by .
+A 3 6|||R:OTHER|||life pass|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There were even cases of elderly dying at home without anybody knowing it .
+
+S Many view that the government is negating the older generation .
+A 1 1|||M:OTHER|||are of the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB|||neglecting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There is a lack in government policies and regulation in ensuring that the elderly are well taken care of .
+
+S However , it only reflects on the minority .
+
+S The government and the public have actually done a lot in helping the elderly in Singapore .
+
+S The TOUCH Community Services ( TCS ) , a non-profit organization that provides TOUCH Home Care ( THC ) to help this group of elderly who are living alone and have mobility difficulties .
+
+S Volunteers from THC will visit this group of elderly daily to provide meals and if necessary , services such as escort and transportation to their medical appointment .
+
+S TCS also provides the TOUCH Seniors Activity Centre a place for the elderly to be active and have fun when they participate in events and activities .
+
+S Through this , the elderly get to mix around with people of their age and keep their mind active .
+
+S There are also many other organizations that provide all kinds of assistant to the elderly in their daily life .
+
+S Another program by the government is the 'Enable Ageing-in-Place ' plan to make places more accessible for the elderly .
+
+S This plan focuses on how elderly can travel safer and easier in public area using public transport .
+
+S We can see that some buses are now made with platform accessible for people who are on wheelchair ; Mass Rapid Transit ( MRT ) stations with lifts and fare gates which allow them to travel just like many other commuters ; Older HDB flats being upgraded to lifts that stops at each level and car parking area now comes with wheelchair bounded slots .
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||wheelchairs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 57 58|||R:NOUN:NUM|||areas|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These are just examples of the many strategies that the government has come out with to ease the aging process in Singapore .
+A 13 14|||R:PART|||up|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Two years ago , the Active Aging Festival that was launched to encourage senior citizen to be more active in their life .
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||citizens|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||R:OTHER|||lives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Instead of living in the past , they are encouraged to pursuit their dream and work towards their future .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB|||pursue|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The festival is initiated by Council for Third Age ( C3A ) .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Its focus is on the six dimensions of wellness which an elderly will most likely to be lack in .
+A 15 18|||R:OTHER|||be lacking|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They are social , emotional , intellectual , physical , vocational and spiritual .
+
+S This festival consists of three main events , the Active Ageing Carnival , Grandparents ' Day and Active Agers Award .
+
+S The idea here is to allow family members from young children to adult to get involved together with their elderly in the festival .
+
+S It turns out to be a fun and exciting for the elderly .
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This promotes bonding among different generations .
+
+S Having this festival , the government allows the elderly to enjoy their aging life together with their family members .
+A 0 1|||M:PREP|||In having|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government and the public have done so much over the past few years in helping the elderly in their aging process .
+
+S Policies and developments are in place to ensure that aging will not become a problem to the society but just a natural process in Singapore .
+
+S Aging population is one of the issues that Singapore is facing today .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||An aging|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 12|||R:OTHER|||faces Singapore today.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Singapore Department of Statistics ( Singstat ) mentioned in its Population Trend 2008 report that senior citizens aged 65 years and above make up of 8.5 % of the population and it will continue to rise .
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||states|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 32|||M:OTHER|||that ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Having an aging population is a challenge and there is a need for public spending to assist the aged throughout their aging process .
+
+S However , the amount of public spending on the aged should nonetheless be limited so that the money can be diverted to other areas of the country 's development .
+
+S Critics of this position point out that it is only right for the government to spend on the aged to recognize their contributions made to the country 's economy .
+
+S However , doing so and not limiting the public spending on them would have dire consequences on Singapore itself .
+
+S Firstly , the national budget will come under pressure .
+
+S Having an aging population meant that there will be lesser people in the workforce and this will have an impact on the country 's economy size .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||means|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And if public spending on the aged is not limited despite the decrease in the size of the workforce , the country 's economy will be negatively affected .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Further|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , the public money comes from taxing the workforce .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||In addition|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If public spending is not limited , this meant that the workforce may be further taxed to provide sufficient funds for the aged .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would mean|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Not only that this would pressurize the workforce , it would also cause them to spend less as they have lesser discretionary income .
+A 2 5|||R:OTHER|||would this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This action will ultimately affect the country 's economy .
+
+S Thus , it is necessary to limit public spending on the aged due to the negative consequences that would arise from doing the otherwise .
+A 22 23|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One may argue that the high cost of living calls the need for public spending on the aged .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB|||justifies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , measures have been taken by the government beforehand to help the aged ease their aging process .
+
+S One measure , linked through the Central Provident Fund ( CPF ) , is the CPF Life .
+
+S There may be a portion of the senior citizens who find it difficult to cope with the cost of living after retirement as they no longer have an income to support them .
+
+S Thus , in order to meet their needs , the government has came up with the CPF Life designed such that the elders will be able to receive a continuous steady stream of income base on their CPF contributions made during their working life .
+
+S Another measure that the government had taken was to include a Medisave account in the CPF Savings .
+
+S The money in the Medisave account was formed by a percentage of their income and could be for hospitalization expenses .
+A 17 17|||M:VERB|||used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the senior citizens are more prone to health sickness , having this Medisave account would greatly benefit them .
+
+S Thus , public spending on the aged could and should be limited as the government had came up with several approaches to help deal with the aging process .
+
+S Aging population should not be the only issue that is given most attention to as there are other areas of the country 's development that would require the public money .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||An aging|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , the government should spend part of the national budget in trying to increase the fertility rate .
+
+S Singstat mentioned that despite the slight increase in fertility rate , the fertility rate is still considered low .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||mentions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Having a low fertility rate would impact Singapore in the long run .
+
+S The government could probably use the national budget to provide incentives to encourage Singaporeans to do their part in increasing the fertility rate .
+
+S Thus , public spending on the aged should be limited as there are other areas of the development that would require the national budget .
+A 17 17|||M:OTHER|||country 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , though there should be public spending on the aged , it should nevertheless be limited .
+
+S This is because of the consequences related to doing the otherwise such as pressurizing the national budget as well as the workforce itself .
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , the government had already done his part in preparing its citizens for old through the CPF Life and Medisave Account .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:NOUN|||age|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , there are other areas of development that would require the national budget .
+
+S I agree to a large extent that current research and development/policies have helped to ease the aging process .
+
+S The aging process means as time passes , the people will undergo a process of physical , psychological and social change .
+A 4 4|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order to help the society and people to cope with the changes , current research and development such as new technological inventions and employment schemes are being put in place .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , in many countries which have traffic lights at road conjunctions , the scenario of an elderly rushing to cross the traffic light is common because the elderly tends to have a slower pace in walking .
+
+S This is a concern for an aging population as there could be danger in crossing the roads when the traffic light has turned red .
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||some danger posed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To minimize the risk of elderly fatalities , the Singapore Land Transport Authority ( LTA ) has invented an Elderly-Friendly Traffic System .
+
+S The system uses the Radio Frequency Identification ( RFID ) technology to identify any elderly pedestrians who want to cross the road , then extend the 'green man ' timing , allowing the elderly to make their way across the roads safely .
+
+S It may be objected that if an elderly took too much time crossing the road , it may cause traffic congestion at the road conjunctions .
+A 8 8|||M:NOUN|||person|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 25|||R:OTHER|||on the road|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , a countdown timer has been installed beside the 'green man ' to signal to the pedestrians that the traffic light is turning to 'red man' .
+
+S Thus , the system is put in place for elderly to cross safely on a reasonable amount of time .
+A 13 14|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This explains that the problems which will occur from an aging population have been well-thought and measures have been taken .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||example shows|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:PREP|||through|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||put in place.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , in the present , mobile phones are used commonly and most of the people around the world have at least one mobile phone .
+A 2 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the large demand for mobile phones , phone companies have to compete with each other by inventing fanciful mobile phones with many functions such as Internet , games , music player and more .
+A 1 2|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , with the shift to an aging population , the purpose of possessing a mobile phone changes back to the original functions which are to keep in contact and for emergency .
+A 18 18|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 32|||R:OTHER|||The demand would be for its original functionality of maintaining contact and for emergencies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , as people gets older , the vision will become poorer and responsiveness might be slower than before .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||get|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , phone companies take this opportunity to penetrate the market with elderly-friendly phones .
+A 4 4|||M:VERB:TENSE|||must|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , Japan 's phone companies have actually offer phone models which have bigger screens and larger font sizes , enhanced audibility and easier- to-operate keys to attract the elderly .
+A 7 8|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will satisfy the needs of the elderly for a phone .
+
+S At this point , one may wonder , even if the phones are elderly-friendly , it will not be feasible unless the elderly knows how to use the phone .
+
+S In contrast , the Japan phone companies which offer the elderly-friendly phones also offer a free one hour session on how to use the phone .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||Japanese|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , this shows that the phone companies are attentive to issues regarding the aging population and have done action to help ease the aging process .
+A 18 19|||R:VERB|||taken|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 26|||R:OTHER|||problems faced by an aging population.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One argument against the large extent of current research and development/policies that helped to ease the aging process is the availability of jobs for the elderly .
+
+S Most of the companies are likely to avoid elderly employment as the elderly are often perceived to have lack of relevant knowledge and expertise for them to work or continue to work in the company .
+
+S However , it is not true as the government has implemented several schemes to help in the elderly employment .
+A 17 19|||R:OTHER|||employment of the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , in Singapore , the Skills Programme for Upgrading and Resilience ( SPUR ) is an enhanced funding support scheme that will help both the companies and individuals to build stronger manpower capabilities and more enhanced skills .
+
+S Thus , with the encouragement and funding from the government , the companies will be more motivated to provide enhanced training for the existing employee or relevant training for the elderly to enter the company .
+
+S This will help in relieving the aging process .
+
+S Clearly , as the aging process continues , the importance of adapting to the changes brought forth by an aging population becomes greater .
+
+S With the help of current research and development/policies , the society and the people will be more prepared in adapting to an aging population .
+
+S If there are no measures taken to ease the aging process , the probability of the society and the people being overwhelmed by the problems might be greater .
+
+S Bibliography
+
+S 1 ) Elderly-Friendly phones ( 2008 , July 19 ) .
+
+S Japan 's cellphone firms target senior citizens .
+
+S The Straits Times .
+
+S Retrieved 13 September , 2009 , from AsiaOne digital .
+
+S http : //digital.asiaone.com/Digital/News/Story/A1Story20080719- 77589.html
+
+S 2 ) Land Transport Authority .
+
+S On-the Roads Traffic Management .
+
+S Trial of a New Elderly-Friendly Traffic System .
+
+S Retrieved on 13 September , 2009 , from http : //www.onemotoring.com.sg/publish/onemotoring/en/on_the_roads/traff ic_management/new_elderly_friendly_traffic_system.html
+
+S 3 ) Singapore Workforce Development Agency .
+
+S SPUR .
+
+S SPUR .
+
+S Retrieved on 13 September , 2009 , from http : //www.wda.gov.sg/
+
+S Being one of the fastest aging populations in the Asia region , Singapore faces many challenges in trying to overcome this aging problem .
+A 9 10|||R:MORPH|||Asian|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Ever since the last 30 years , the young population in Singapore has shrunk tremendously .
+A 0 2|||R:PREP|||For|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Accounting for less than 4 % of the total population back in the 1960s , elderly aged 65 and above today constitute 7.3 % of the total population based on the Singapore Census of Population 2000 .
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||today the elderly ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This projected a significant growth in the aging population through these years .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||projects|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||over the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To accommodate to this current changing age structure , on-going development of government policies , covering areas like economics , social and architecture , have been carried out aggressively through these years .
+A 2 3|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||sociology|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:OTHER|||architectural design|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S At this point , one may wonder whether the policies implemented are effectively easing the aging process .
+
+S Even though government had implemented so much policy to help ease the aging process , some people still viewed this as 'not sufficient enough' .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||many policies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 24|||R:OTHER|||view this as insufficient.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From what we can see today , the trend of elderly staying all by themselves or staying in the old folks ' homes has been on the rise .
+
+S Although some of the government 's policies are initiated with the goal of encouraging the young to look after their aged parents , it did not seem to work out as planned .
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:TENSE|||does|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Due to the changing beliefs and values of the younger generation in the 21th century , many of them hope to achieve freedom in their financial status , personal life and other aspects of their life and thus deemed that staying with their aged parents will cause burden to them .
+A 38 39|||R:VERB:TENSE|||deem|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 45 47|||R:OTHER|||would cause a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Government should try educating this younger generation on the correct mindset before exploiting the full potential of these implemented policies .
+A 0 0|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , government initiated policies are not as inefficient after all .
+
+S One of the main causes of growing aging population is the low fertility rate in Singapore .
+A 5 5|||M:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In today 's society , many couples choose to have fewer children due to the high living expenses and financial burden .
+
+S Due to that , Singapore is facing a serious declining fertility rate that resulted in huge difference between the aged and the young .
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||is resulting in a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To overcome this problem , government policy is implemented to encourage Singaporean couples to have three or more children if family finances permit .
+
+S This includes the implementation of financial incentive schemes , such as the Baby Bonus scheme , to parents who are having their second or third child .
+
+S Under this scheme , a Children Development Account ( CDA ) will be opened .
+
+S For parents having their second child , the government will contribute S $ 500 per year into the CDA account and up to another S $ 1000 each year to match the combinations from their parents .
+
+S For parents having their third child , the amount contributed will be doubled .
+
+S Purpose of this financial scheme is to assist parents in the payment of the development and education of their children .
+
+S Through these implemented policies , it will help facilitate the growth of the fertility rate , while at the same time solve the issue of aging process .
+A 15 27|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To further tackle the rising trend , government also implemented different housing schemes so as to better allow the families to look after their aged parents rather than putting them in old folks ' homes or leaving them to look after themselves .
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||the Government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Examples of housing schemes include the Joint Selection scheme , which helps the parents and their children in their application for separate flats but in the same block or housing estate .
+
+S Multi-Tier Family Housing scheme is another scheme which allows preferential treatment in flat application , lower-down payment and also maximum loans for those who opt for it .
+
+S The applicants can request for flats that are larger in size with enough space for two independent households .
+
+S Through this policy , it helps to create responsibility awareness of the younger generation to look after their aged parents .
+
+S Furthermore , it also enables the aged to continue living in the environment that they are familiar with .
+
+S Supporting services and subsidies are provided to families with aged dependents so as to assist them and at the same time , help the aged to remain physically and socially active .
+A 0 1|||R:MORPH|||Support|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Catering to the upward trend of the aging population , initiated programs such as free health check for the elderly are implemented to encourage these elderly to constantly conduct full body checkup to ensure that they are in good health condition and also advise them on the dos and don'ts in their everyday life so as to maintain a healthy lifestyle .
+A 24 25|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 41|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 44|||R:VERB|||to advice|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides that , incentives are also catered for the elderly to further motivate them in conducting health checks .
+A 6 6|||M:VERB:TENSE|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB|||provided|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With these , it will help to ensure that the elderly are physically and mentally healthy and thus more productive in their old age .
+
+S As we can see , the aging process is not slowing down .
+
+S All the policies implemented were to facilitate the process smoothly so as to reduce the impact of aging towards the society .
+
+S I could say that these implemented policies do help a lot in easing the aging process .
+
+S Perhaps what we can hope for is the constant innovation and improvement so as to serve the aging process better .
+
+S Referencing :
+
+S Journal Article :
+
+S Angelique Chan .
+
+S Singapore 's Changing Structure and the Policy Implications for Financial Security , Employment , Living Arrangements and Health Care .
+
+S Asian Metacentre Research Paper Series No .
+
+S 3 .
+
+S Yes , in most ways than not , I would definitely agree with the statement mentioned .
+A 0 17|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nowadays , governments and policy makers all around the world are facing the problem of a fast aging population .
+
+S Indeed , many research and development besides policies have been implemented in order to aid in easing the aging process especially from the aspect of medicine , economics and technological inventions .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||a lot of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 17|||R:OTHER|||ease|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Modern science and medicine has brought many benefits to mankind .
+
+S Disease like Parkinson disease which is known as an incurable disease is now largely controllable due to research have been done to discover the cause of this disorder .
+A 3 3|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Of all the neurodegenerative disorders , Parkinson 's disease is second to Alzheimer 's disease in number of cases , with more than 1.3 million patients suffering from it in major countries .
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Parkinson 's disease usually develops after the age of 65 .
+A 0 1|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Currently , research and development portfolio of neurology projects of Solvay Pharmaceuticals Asia is progressing well on working with newly invented therapy of SLV308 and SLV318 to improve symptomatic treatment of Parkinson 's disease .
+A 5 10|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the acquisition of the Swedish company Neopharma in 2005 , they were also able to enrich their product portfolio with the Parkinson 's medication Duodopa .
+
+S Duodopa is intended for people suffering from late stage Parkinson 's disease , while SLV308 is for the less advanced stages .
+
+S Together the products are expected to fit well alongside each other .
+
+S If the medications are successfully improved , Parkinson 's disease will be highly in control .
+A 13 14|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:FORM|||controlled|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Research are also done on other elderly illnesses to find out the most efficient medications .
+A 1 3|||R:OTHER|||has also been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Compared to before , the research and newly invented medicine have helped to ease certain aging process to certain extent .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||medicines|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||processes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many people claim that government 's spending on easing the aging process is a waste .
+
+S However , every one of us will get old and we should think twice before giving such an offensive comments .
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to the AsiaOne Business of The New Paper ( Monday , Feb 16 , 2009 ) , CPF retirement plans will be simplified .
+
+S The scheme , introduced last year , is a key piece in a comprehensive plan to tackle the problem of an aging population , with people 's retirement savings not keeping pace with longer life spans .
+A 24 25|||R:PREP|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 29|||M:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , some of the CPF members will receive up to $ 4000 depending on their income level and annual value of their home .
+
+S By this , the member will not need to worry about the retirement life later .
+A 0 1|||R:PREP|||Because of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 16|||R:OTHER|||in later life|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The dependency of the elderly on the young can be reduced and government 's spending on the elderly can also be minimized in long-run .
+A 23 23|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Technological inventions should also be taking into account as they are also essential in easing the aging process .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:FORM|||taken|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to Science Daily , computer scientists have designed technologies to help the elderly maintain their independence .
+
+S One device uses optical sensors to oversee people as they pick up and use items .
+
+S Another device invented uses radio frequency identification technology to track which medications have been take and when .
+A 2 3|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , a team of researchers from UGR has created a system with Artificial Intelligence techniques which notifies elderly people or people with special needs of the forgetting of the certain everyday tasks .
+A 25 28|||R:OTHER|||who forget|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 31|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These technological inventions enable the elderly to live independently and with these helpful inventions , they will no longer be classified as burdens .
+
+S Moreover , the inventions of wheelchair controlled by a magnet on the tongue also enable some elderly who are unable to move freely move easily to wherever and whenever they want .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:VERB:TENSE|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:NOUN|||people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These inventions have indeed help a lot in easing the aging process .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:FORM|||helped|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In a nutshell , it is undeniable that in this globalization era , research , development and policies have been doing their parts in easing the aging process .
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||part|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With these inventions , people nowadays are leading comfortable lifestyle and aging process are no longer tough for both the elderly and the young ones .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN|||lives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , everyone should appreciate these innovative inventions instead of abusing them .
+
+S Referencing :
+
+S Internet Resources :
+
+S Solvay Pharmaceuticals AMAC ( Asia - Middle East - Australia Canada ) .
+
+S Electronic References .
+
+S Retrieved Wednesday , 16 September 2009 , from http : //www.solvaypharmaceuticals- asia.com/rd/newmedicines/researchparkinsondisease/0,,52233-2-0,00.htm
+
+S Article in an Internet-only Journal :
+
+S Insurance and Pensions .
+
+S Knowledge @ SMU .
+
+S Singapore 's CPF Retirement Scheme : Delivering More Bang for the Buck .
+
+S Retrieved August 02 , 2007 from http : //knowledge.smu.edu.sg/article.cfm ? articleid = 1080
+
+S Online Newspaper Article :
+
+S Tan May Ping ( 2009 , Feb 16 ) .
+
+S CPF retirement plans simplified .
+
+S The New Paper .
+
+S AsiaOne Business .
+
+S Newsletter Article with No Aurthor : Computer Scientists Create New Technology For Elderly Home Owners .
+
+S ( November 1 , 2007 ) .
+
+S Digital Grandparents , Science Daily .
+
+S An Intelligent System Helps Elderly Or Memory-impaired To Remember Everyday Tasks .
+
+S ( August 30 , 2009 ) .
+
+S Science News , Science Daily .
+
+S Globally , there is a rising concern on the rapidly aging of population , especially in the developed countries , for example , the U.S. Census Bureau projects the number of elderly Americans will nearly double to 71 million by 2030 .
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||about|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many countries are starting to pump in money into research and introducing policies to ease the aging process as it will lead to problems like widening of tax base and healthcare shortage .
+A 6 7|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:FORM|||to introduce|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:NOUN:NUM|||shortages|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S While current research and policies have helped to ease the aging process , there are limitations to these policies that make these policies not as effective as a result .
+A 26 29|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The policies that the government introduced and the current research have indeed helped to buffer the aging process .
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government has introduced effective economic policies to ease the aging process .
+
+S These economic policies are important as they will help to promote economic growth for the country .
+
+S Without growth , a country will not have the financial ability to be able to provide welfare benefits and to support the needy , usually the elderly .
+
+S One of the economic policies introduced is encouraging longer working lives .
+
+S For example , the Singapore government extended the CPF Minimum Sum withdrawal age from 62 to 65 , which in turn delayed the age of retirement .
+
+S This policy is effective in the sense that it not only increases the size of the working population so that the government will not have to increase the tax base , but also helps the elderly to save up more money for their future need after they retire .
+A 44 45|||R:NOUN:NUM|||needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , this economic policy helps to promote growth for the country and also helps the elderly to prepare for their old age .
+
+S Medical research is one crucial element in easing the aging process .
+
+S In view of an aging population , the government knew that healthcare is one major sector that they can not neglect .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||When dealing with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||knows|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As people are having longer life expectancy now and the aging population is going to make up a quarter of the population by year 2030 in country like Singapore , more people will be demanding for better healthcare as they grow older .
+A 2 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:NOUN:NUM|||countries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 42|||R:OTHER|||.Therefore , more people will be demanding better health care as they grow older.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is because as people grow older , most are bound to suffer from age-related diseases such as Alzheimer 's and Parkinson 's disease .
+A 8 9|||R:ADJ|||many|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , the government is investing large amount of money into medical research on age-related diseases and bringing in new medical technology .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||amounts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These research and technology will be used in finding new cures for certain disease , developing of new treatment and increasing the success rate of surgery .
+A 0 1|||R:DET|||This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||diseases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||treatments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , in the United States , there is federal funding of $ 1.4 billion annually in research that is crucial to finding ways to treat and prevent Alzheimer 's .
+
+S Therefore , these investments on medical research will definitely be very useful in the near future .
+
+S However , there are limitations as to how effective the research and policies will be .
+
+S The research and technologies brought in are very expensive which makes it available only for the people who can afford it and the poor , who can barely make their ends meet , will not be the beneficiaries .
+A 29 30|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some argue that the government has given a reasonable subsidy in healthcare , especially for the poor .
+
+S In addition , in the case of Singapore , the people can fully utilise their Medisave funds , which they have saved up from their working lives , to pay for their medical bills .
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , these are really not enough to cover the high medical bills for most people , especially those who suffered from illness that require long- term treatment .
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:TENSE|||suffer|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||illnesses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For the low income earners , they may have depleted their Medisave funds after one surgery , and for the subsequent treatment , they will have to either fork out their own savings or , for the most of the time , they will refuse to seek treatment , which thus aggravate their illness .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 41|||R:OTHER|||as is often the case|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 51 52|||R:VERB:SVA|||aggravates|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So , more efforts from the government is needed in this area such that affordable healthcare will be accessible to everyone who needs it .
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Aging population is a problem that no country can escape , so what we can do is to reduce this aging process with the help of the research and policies .
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||the government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , there are limitations in the policies , thus the government can look into alternative methods so that the people will truly benefit from these research and policies .
+A 19 20|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 29|||R:WO|||policies and research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Resources :
+
+S http : //www.nowpublic.com/people/elderly-americans-double-71-million-2030
+
+S http : //www.alz.org/news_and_events_news_release_03-10-2005.asp
+
+S http : //www.indexmundi.com/g/g.aspx ? c = sn&v = 31
+
+S Measures to help the elderly
+
+S In the recent years , the changing demographic of Singapore has cause the government and policymakers to channel more resources and revise public policies for the elderly .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||demographics|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||caused|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If the government still does not intervene , the working-age population will come under more pressure as the elderly persons are mostly taken care by them .
+A 17 18|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , if it is not properly handled , more issues relating to aging population will arise causing serious consequences to the growth of the country .
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To deal with the challenges ahead , the government has implemented a few measures in terms of health care services , retirement policy and provision of housing to help the elderly .
+
+S With the help from voluntary welfare organization , there is a range of health care services available to help the older people in the community .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||organizations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These health care services provided are such as day care centres , senior citizens club and residential care .
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||clubs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , at times these services are not fully utilized as it lack of publicity and the location may not be accessible to some of the elderly who do not stay near the health care centres .
+A 11 12|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , mostly these health care centres are located to the places where a high proportion of older people are staying .
+A 2 8|||R:WO|||these health care centres are mostly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These services are a great support and assistance to the working age people who are taking care of the elderly while they are busy working .
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , Social activities such as games , keep fit exercises and karaoke sessions are organized to engage the elderly in a healthy sociable lifestyle .
+
+S With more of these health care services around , the elderly can remain physically and socially active , and it also help to lighten the burden of the working age population .
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:SVA|||helps|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Currently , Government is encouraging more healthy and able elderly to work longer by lowering barriers of elder employment policy .
+A 2 3|||M:DET|||the government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:NOUN|||people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 20|||UNK|||for employing elderly people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It may be objected that having older employees will also mean higher cost in term of healthcare benefits and insurances .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB|||argued|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||costs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||insurance|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In such case , companies will find them as a huge financial burden slowing the growth of the companies .
+A 8 9|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||company|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But , on the other hand , companies do save up a lot in their training costs as these employees are more experienced , and retaining them will cut down on the recruitment costs .
+A 10 11|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By working longer , there is more time to ensure that the valuable experience and knowledge are passed on to the younger members of the workforce .
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Countries such as Japan and United States are also encouraging more people to work longer by extending the retirement age up to sixty-five .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , with still a good medical condition and good working performance , these people can be a great asset in contributing to the economy .
+A 3 5|||R:OTHER|||still having|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , encouraging later retirement will benefit the elderly in saving up more for their old age and the economy of the country .
+A 8 23|||R:WO|||economy of the country and the elderly in saving up more for their old age|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nowadays , there are more supports given by the government for the family to take care of the older person .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||support|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||R:OTHER|||families|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 20|||R:OTHER|||elderly people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Schemes like Joint Selection Scheme that allows the children to apply for flats in the same block or housing estates of their parents .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||such as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||allow|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another is the Multi-Tier Family Housing Scheme which grants a lower down payment and maximum loans for those who opt for it .
+
+S There are also more upgrading of older estates to improve accessibility such as more rams and lifts .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN|||ramps|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even public transportation is more disabled and elderly friendly these days .
+
+S In addition , beautifying with modern design and interior improvements of older housing estates is a strategy to prevent outflow of younger people .
+A 4 14|||R:OTHER|||older housing estates with modern design and interior improvements|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , with the continual support from the government is important to promote children to stay with their elderly parents .
+A 2 3|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the growing demand of the rapidly rising aging population , dealing with these issues is inevitable .
+
+S These issues are also faced by other developed countries such as Japan and United States .
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order to deal with these rising issues , government is currently taking active measures to help ease the aging process .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , there can only be so much that the government can help in terms of the health care services and policies .
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If these services are not fully utilized by the people and the elderly are not responding to the government assistance , slowly these older people could be considered as not productive and be neglected by the society .
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After World War II , we saw a rapid increase in the birth rate across the globe and Singapore too , faces the same problem .
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||there was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With an increase in the fertility rate accompanied with an increase in the life expectancy of the population , Singapore was soon faced with an overcrowded population .
+
+S In order to prevent the situation from deteriorating , the government imposed strict policies in an attempt to reduce the birth rate .
+
+S For instance , civil servants are not entitled for paid maternity leave for the third and subsequent child .
+A 8 9|||R:PART|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , public hospitals charge increasingly higher sum for each additional birth .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||sums|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This move was proven to be effective as the fertility rate in Singapore dropped from 3.0 in 1970 to 1.7 in 1980 .
+
+S However , by 1986 , the Singapore government became aware of the low birth rate problem within the country and hence decided to come out with the " Have Three or More , if You Can Afford It " policy .
+
+S Monetary incentives are given to both the parent and the third and subsequent child .
+
+S Nonetheless , the policy did not work due to the rising cost of living and additional responsibility for each additional child .
+
+S With improved medical facilities these days , the life expectancy of the population has increased .
+
+S With low birth rate and longer life expectancy , aging population become a long term problem for Singapore .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||rates|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Knowing the difficulties in encouraging Singaporeans to have more children , the government and related organizations decided to carry out research studies and have implemented policies to ease the aging process in different areas such as the medical field .
+A 23 25|||R:VERB:TENSE|||implement|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order to combat the shrinking workforce , caused by the rapid ageing population and a declining fertility rate , the Health authorities must first gear up their medical field and prepare for an aging population .
+A 7 8|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Due to the fact that older patients are more prone to hospital admittances than the other age groups , providing better medical care facilities and services not only helps to reduce the chance of re-admission , it will also facilitate better chances of making a full recovery .
+A 14 15|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With less frequent visits to the hospital , the amount of money spent on medical bills would decrease .
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , the elderly would be able live longer with his retirement funds .
+A 10 11|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , to develop the medical sector , huge sum of funds has to be involved which may in turn hamper the development of other sectors .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||sums|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , the drugs have to be tested so as to ensure the effectiveness of the medicine and are safe for consumption .
+A 18 18|||M:OTHER|||that they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , with the rise in aging population , it is inevitable to invest heavily in the medical sector as poor medical facilities will lead to more health problems within the country .
+A 14 15|||R:ADJ|||necessary|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will then result in an increase in the amount spent on medications , thus adding greater financial burden to the shrinking workforce .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||medication|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the constant rise in cost of living , families can no longer rely on a sole breadwinner as they need to support both their parents as well as their children in terms of food , shelter and education .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , it would be a wise decision for both adults to work in order to ease the financial burden of the family .
+
+S However , by easing the financial burden of the family , it may result in neglecting their obligations to look after their parents .
+
+S Furthermore , if either of their parents contracts a long term disease which requires significant amount of care , both the adults will be in a dilemma whether to look after their parents or carry on with their job so as to ease the financial burden that is added on because of the medical bills .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||contract|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:PREP|||about|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 34|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 49 50|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Either decision requires one party to sacrifice , thus the Singapore government decided to offer more step-down care services which provides basic medical care to the elderly after the patient have been stabilized .
+A 30 31|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With these services , working adults can still fulfill their filial obligation as children and maintain a manageable financial burden .
+
+S In the recent rally speech by the Prime Minister Lee Lee Hsien Loong , he mentioned that " the best way to keep health care costs down is to maintain healthy lifestyles " such as going for regular checkups and exercising regularly .
+
+S To ensure that the elderly maintain a healthy lifestyle , the government starts to build elderly fitness corners around the neighborhood .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has started|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Occasionally , the neighborhood polyclinics would also provide free medical checkups for the elderly .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Then again , even though it is the health authorities who are responsible in providing a better medical care to the citizens , senior citizens have to also play a part in ensuring their own well being .
+A 13 14|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 28|||R:WO|||also have to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is their responsibility to go for regular checkups and seek proper medical treatment instead of self medicating if one is not feeling well .
+
+S This would then allow them to identify the possible illness and seek proper treatment early so as to reduce the chance of it developing into a terminal disease which would then in turn reduce the amount of money spent on treatment .
+
+S Hence , even though the government and health authorities offer facilities to ease the aging effect , the people must also take the initiative to utilize them and be more proactive in keeping a healthy lifestyle .
+A 17 18|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In a nutshell , the medical sector played a significant role in easing the aging process by providing high level of medical care and wellbeing to the senior citizens .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||plays|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the elderly themselves are also responsible for their own wellbeing by maintaining a healthy lifestyle and going for regular checkups .
+
+S Thus , if the elderly are able to take advantage of the advanced medical facilities offered to them , it will certainly play a big role in helping the society to ease the aging process .
+A 28 29|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference :
+
+S Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong'sNational Day Rally Speech 2009 .
+
+S Electronic References .
+
+S Retrieved September 13 , 2009 , from http : //www.pmo.gov.sg/News/Messages/Highlights + of + PM + Lee + Hsien + Loong + s + National + Day + Rally + Speech + 2009.htm
+
+S Gracie Xiang ( Undated ) .
+
+S An Ageing Population Calls for Restructure of Healthcare System .
+
+S Retrieved September 14 , 2009 , from http : //www.greaterthan60.com/learn_with_us.articles_journals.article.aspx ? category = Medical&type = article&categoryid = 7&id = 79
+
+S Aging process is a time induced process that causes changes on physical , psychological and social .
+A 1 2|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 16|||R:OTHER|||physical , psychological and social changes.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Its impact has been widely felt in developed countries .
+
+S Longer life expectancy and continuous falling population have caused the aging population in Singapore to increase .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||fall in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In response , Singapore has devised strategies to cushion the impact .
+
+S In view of these strategies implemented , I agreed to a large extent that the current research and development of policies have helped to ease the aging process .
+A 5 6|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 13|||R:OTHER|||it can be argued|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The first policy development is in medial field .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:MORPH|||medical|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There is an increased demand for health care services by the aging population .
+
+S Having quality health care services at affordable prices is viewed as one of the most important need for the aging population .
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The first strategy implemented by Singapore is to have a seamless community-based health care system .
+
+S This strategy calls for having private clinics to be within a hundred metres from the homes .
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||home|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The polyclinics , community hospitals , long term care centres and regional hospitals should be located within two to six kilometres .
+
+S The aim is to minimize the number of hospital trips made .
+
+S It has already been carried out in the northern and western parts of Singapore .
+
+S The second strategy devised is the implementation of mean- testing .
+A 8 9|||R:ADJ|||means-|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This strategy calls for graduated levels of subsidies that are based on either the patient 's income or the house type .
+
+S The subsidies can be up to eighty percent of the total bill .
+
+S It is supported by reducing the subsidies of financially well-off .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , the two policies have helped to ease the aging process by cushioning the impact on the health care services .
+
+S The second policy development is in economic field .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Three main factors have caused the total fiscal cost to be increasing at an increased rate .
+
+S Firstly , more subsidized health care treatments are being sought .
+
+S Secondly , treatment costs have increased in relation to the tremendous advancements made in medical science technologies .
+
+S Thirdly , more financial help are being sought from the government .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The first strategy implemented is the setup of Central Provident Fund ( CPF ) .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN|||creation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The purpose is to provide a compulsory and comprehensive saving plan for Singaporeans .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||savings|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In response to the changing economic landscape , several major changes have been made .
+
+S Some of the changes are the increase of CPF minimum sum and the partial withdrawal of the retirement savings upon reaching retirement age .
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||in the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The second strategy implemented is the raise of the retirement age to sixty two years old .
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The original retirement age was set at fifty five years old .
+
+S As people are living longer and healthier , there is an increased need to save up for future expenditures .
+
+S Allowing later retirement will allow wealth accumulation .
+
+S Another benefit is that valuable working experience can be retained and imparted to the inexperienced .
+
+S This will lead to a higher productivity rate .
+
+S Thus , these two policies have helped to ease the aging process by cushioning the impact on the economy .
+
+S However , critics have pointed out that it is the motivation of individuals , instead of policies , helped to ease the aging process .
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||that has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Having a quality and affordable health care system will be ineffective if individuals do not take care of themselves .
+
+S Without the determination of individuals to work past their prime and increase their wealth accumulation , implementing good economic policies will also be ineffective .
+
+S However , the critics failed to point out that even though individuals may be unwilling to save up ; the economic policies implemented have actually helped indirectly in wealth accumulation .
+
+S Unless the individuals are self-employed , part of their monthly salary will go towards CPF and special interest rates are given for the amount held .
+
+S They also have not point out that Singapore has taken basic measures to ensure the general well-being of its citizens .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:FORM|||pointed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , it is compulsory for newly-born to take BCG vaccination against Tuberculosis .
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||have the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The integration of the health care service providers through the medical policies will result in higher quality and more affordable health care system .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For economic policies , having CPF and raising the retirement age will allow additional wealth accumulation .
+A 0 1|||M:PREP|||As for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||R:VERB:TENSE|||allows|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , the development of these policies has helped to ease aging process to a large extent .
+
+S Ageing has always been a concern of many as no one can escape the ageing process and it has never been an easy task going through it .
+
+S However , with the likes of current medical research and policies , the ageing process has been eased to a large extent as compared to decades ago .
+
+S It is norm that ageing are often associated with illnesses such as Parkinson and dementia as a result , it is a concern of many .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , medical breakthrough by University of Nottingham in the research with regards to slowing down and preventing of Parkinson and dementia from has definitely relieved many .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||breakthroughs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||R:OTHER|||regarding|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although , some may argued that breakthrough in the research do not severed the root of the problem as those who are down with the diseases still could not be cured .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:FORM|||argue|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||breakthroughs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:MORPH|||severe|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:OTHER|||ill|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , one must realized that the breakthrough can help the aged to be better prepared or even prevent being contract with the diseases .
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||breakthroughs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:OTHER|||contracting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Additionally , since there is a breakthrough , the possibility of a cured can not be rule out as well .
+A 12 13|||R:MORPH|||cure|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:FORM|||ruled|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , if more are able to slow down or even prevent themselves from getting the diseases , the aged can lessen their medical cost which will lead to a reduced cost of living .
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||disease|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN:NUM|||costs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , medical research greatly enhances the confident of aged to face the eventual ageing process .
+A 7 8|||R:MORPH|||confidence|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Similarly , economic policy like Central Provident Fund ( CPF ) also aid in the ageing process of Singaporeans .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S CPF is a saving fund employ by the government .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:FORM|||employed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It enforces working adults to save a portion of their monthly salary , so that they will have a sum of money upon retirement , consequently bringing about less monetary problems when one aged .
+A 24 27|||R:OTHER|||. Consequently , this will bring|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:OTHER|||people are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is true that the policy forces a person to save but if this policy is not in place , it is likely that one will have to work beyond the age of retirement .
+
+S However , it is also not guaranteed that the saving in CPF will be sufficient , especially with the prolong life expectancy of many .
+A 19 20|||R:ADJ:FORM|||prolonged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , recently adjustments are made to the policies to ensure that the retirees ' saving can last them through their life .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the past , a lump sum will be given to the recipients , but now the recipients will get the money in their CPF account on a monthly basis till they pass on .
+A 7 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another plan in CPF known as Medisave , helps the aged to meet healthcare needs and hospitalization fee , so that the aged can afford the usage of healthcare facilities .
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||. This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:ORTH|||health care|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||fees|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As seen , the CPF policy had not only help the aged to cope with monetary issues after retirement life , making sure that their savings are sufficient for their retiree lived but also making it certain that the will be able to afford for healthcare facilities if required .
+A 1 1|||M:VERB:TENSE|||can be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 32|||R:OTHER|||retirement|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 35|||R:OTHER|||it has also made|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 44 45|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly , the HDB grant policy also displays how the government helps to ease the ageing process .
+
+S The policy aims to promote filial piety while helping filial children to decrease the burden of owning a property with a $ 20 000 grant .
+
+S Even if a minority will have no intention to take care of their parents , perhaps due to the fact that their parents did not carry out their parental duties faithfully for an instance , but still chose to live with them in order to obtain the $ 20 000 subsidy , there are still many that thought otherwise .
+A 0 59|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This policy not only help to minimize the fear of not being taken care of when one aged , weaken the negative idea that living with parents only increase one 's expenditure but also diminish the worries of aged parents that their children will not have a roof over their head .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||helps|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||it weakens|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:VERB:SVA|||increases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:OTHER|||. It|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:VERB:SVA|||diminishes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Clearly , the current research and policies have help to ease the ageing process tremendously .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:FORM|||helped|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The breakthrough in the medical research field , not only provide a cushion for the aged with regards to old age illnesses but also help to reduce their future medical expenditure .
+A 0 1|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Breakthroughs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Similarly , the CPF policy , put into operation by government , lessens the worries of ageing as medical and life expenses aspects are already well planned for .
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||the government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Finally the HDB grant policy decreases the worries of the aged living with their children .
+
+S It is relatively hard to deny how much ageing had been made much easier .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Aging is a continuous , complex , and dynamic process .
+
+S Aging process as defined by Wikipedia is the process of physical , psychological , and social change .
+A 1 2|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Physical change means that one 's health will be likely to deteriorate as one aged .
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||ages|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S While psychological change in general refers to the change in mental abilities and behaviors .
+
+S Social change in general points to the change in attitudes towards life .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||attitude|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The rate of aging differs from person to person .
+
+S However , everyone will have to go through it eventually .
+
+S Fortunately , advancement in technology , economic policies and social policies implemented by the government has helped to ease this process .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||advancements|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although elderly individuals can realize tremendous benefits from the advancement in technology , nevertheless , technology brings with it problems too .
+
+S Some elderly individuals may feel being left behind by the pace of technological change .
+A 5 6|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In today 's modern world , most information is digitalized .
+
+S Elderly individuals , who lack access and training needed to familiarize with modern technology like the internet , may find themselves at a disadvantage .
+A 11 11|||M:PRON|||themselves|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is because they will miss out the opportunities to access to the large database of information , goods and services online .
+A 7 7|||M:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , efforts have been made to help these elderly individuals .
+
+S For example in Singapore , the government has launched the Wireless @ SG initiative to provide citizens with free internet access .
+
+S Hence , elderly individuals will also have the opportunity to use the internet .
+
+S Moreover , the government is also providing subsidies to help these elderly individuals to purchase a computer .
+
+S In addition , there will also be concentrated efforts towards educating the elderly individuals to use the internet .
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , they too can also enjoy the ease of getting information , goods and services online just by a click .
+
+S The internet also provides a platform for elderly individuals to network and socialize with one another without stepping out of their house .
+
+S These provide great convenience especially to elderly individuals who have difficulties moving around .
+A 0 1|||R:DET|||This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 3|||R:OTHER|||is very|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:MORPH|||convenient|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||difficulty|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Apart from that , advancement in technology also brings about the inventions of new gadgets that have significantly improved the lives of the elderly individuals .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||advancements|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example in Japan , mobile phone manufacturer has come up with mobile phone that has large key pad so that the elderly can use it without straining their eyes .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Similarly , wheelchairs are being made automated , so that elderly individuals , who are too weak to walk , will still be able to move around freely and independently .
+
+S Economic policies implemented by the government have also helped to ease the process of aging .
+
+S For example in Singapore , the government has implemented the Central Provident Fund ( CPF ) LIFE scheme that will provide lifelong income for the elderly in their retirement .
+
+S Under this scheme , they can get around $ 360 to $ 440 per month upon reaching the age of 62 .
+
+S As a result , elderly individuals can enjoy their retirement without having much financial worries .
+A 12 13|||R:ADJ|||many|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Elderly individuals are generally more prone to illnesses as their immune system would have weakened due to aging .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:TENSE|||may|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition to that , they are more likely to be plagued with old age diseases like Parkinson or dementia .
+A 18 18|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government foreseeing that personal medical expenses would rise as one aged , implemented the Medisave scheme to meet their healthcare needs .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||ages|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||elderly people 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Basically , this scheme helps individuals to put aside part of their income into their Medisave account to meet their future personal medical expenses .
+
+S Therefore , they do not have to worry for medical expenses when they are old .
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||about|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides that , the government also provides financial assistance to needy elderly individuals who do not have the means to pay their medical expenses .
+
+S Social policies are also implemented to ease the process of aging .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||have also been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example in Singapore , the government has set up a $ 10million Golden Opportunities Fund to create more programmes , activities and learning opportunities for the elderly individuals .
+A 26 27|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This fund will be used to construct more elder-friendly facilities in all sports centre and within housing estates .
+A 8 9|||R:ADJ|||elderly-friendly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||centres|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , through this policy , they can pursue the lifestyle of their choice , be it sports , learning , or contributing through volunteering in non-profit organizations .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||elderly people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , advancement in technology , economic policies and social policies implemented by the government has helped to ease the process of aging .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||advancements|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Elderly individuals are able to live freely , independently and fruitfully while pursuing their choice of life after retirement .
+
+S [ 700 words ]
+
+S References
+
+S Ageing , 2009 .
+
+S Available from : http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ageing [ Accessed on 12 September 2009 ]
+
+S CPF Life Scheme,2009 .
+
+S Available from : https : //www.cpf.gov.sg/cpf_trans/ssl/.../lifecal/index.html [ Accessed on 12 September ]
+
+S Medisave , 2009 .
+
+S Available from : mycpf.cpf.gov.sg/CPF/my-cpf/Healthcare/PvdHC3.htm [ Accessed on 12 September 2009 ]
+
+S Help the Aged Organization .
+
+S Available from : www.helptheaged.org.uk/.../ComputersAndInternet/default.htm [ Accessed on 13 September ]
+
+S Currently 7 % of Singapore 's population is over the age of 65 , however , by 2030 this will increase to 20 % ( Inter-Ministerial Committee on Aging Report 1999 ) Thus ageing population is one of the challenges Singapore will face in the near .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 32|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 46 46|||M:NOUN|||future|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There has been much attention placed on this issue and its implications .
+
+S Yes it is undeniable that there have been many policies implemented to ease the aging process .
+A 0 1|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||It|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the extent in which these policies help to ease the ageing process remains rather small due to the limitations of the policies .
+A 4 5|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||limited|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , the Parents Maintenance Act can now address the recent concern of increasing neglected and unwanted parents .
+A 10 11|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 18|||R:OTHER|||the increasing number of parents who are neglected and abandoned by their children.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It may be successful in getting children to pay for their dependent parents maintenance but by enforcing such law , but it is a question between achieving ideal economic situation verse morals .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 14|||R:OTHER|||the maintenance of their parents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 32|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The act ensures that the child or children support their parents since they will face serious consequences if they do not , but it is a question whether if they did it willingly .
+A 8 8|||M:VERB|||have to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:TENSE|||did|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||R:OTHER|||. However ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have done|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Filial piety was supposed to be one of the virtues held above all else , a respect for parents and ancestors yet now we need a law to be enforce to make sure everyone holds that .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 14|||R:OTHER|||a virtue to be upheld|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:OTHER|||, and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 30|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:VERB|||uphold|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Is this implying morals are being eroded in this society ?
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||Does this imply|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus we are forgoing our morals when we are trying to achieve the best economic way to ensure that dependency still lies within the family and not rely it on the government .
+A 0 33|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , Parents Maintenance Act may not be entirely successful in getting the children to pay for their dependent parent maintenance .
+A 18 19|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:POSS|||parents '|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is because the act is only applicable if parents go forward to report against their children and this is applicable only if parents are aware of such an act as well as they bear to do that to their children .
+A 10 13|||R:OTHER|||made a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 22|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 30|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 35|||R:OTHER|||ready|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And children can only abide to the obligations if they are financially stable .
+A 5 6|||R:PREP|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore this act is rather ineffective in solving the problems of unwanted old parents , and in the context of social well being , it is unsuccessful .
+A 12 13|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 27|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another strategies in solving ageing population would be to increase the birth .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Other|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN|||problem|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:NOUN|||rate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With increasing population , there is an increase in working population , leading to an increase in income tax and thus solving both problems of shortage of labour force and well as the heavy financial strain placed on the economically active population .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||an increased|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||the workforce|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||R:OTHER|||which would in turn lead|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:OTHER|||Thus ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 29|||R:OTHER|||this will solve the problems of labour shortage|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:OTHER|||, as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Pro-natalist policy has been implemented since early 1990s yet the effectiveness it has on birth remains questionable .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||A pronatalist|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:OTHER|||, and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Despite much efforts put in by the government in shaping a policy that aims to lessen the financial burden of having children , fertility rates still remain low , as low as 1.08 which is way below replacement rate .
+A 3 3|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||to shape|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||at lessening|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:OTHER|||continues to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:OTHER|||. It could reach|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:OTHER|||1,08 ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Pro-natalist policy focus mainly on the cash incentives such as baby bonuses of $ 3,00 for the 1st and 2nd child , up to $ 6,000 for the 3rd and 4th child as well as the government contributions in the form of a dollar-for-dollar matching for the amount of savings the parents contribute to their child 's Children Development Account .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The pro-natalist|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||focuses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||first|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:ADJ|||second|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 31|||R:OTHER|||third and fourth|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 32|||M:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , in Singapore , the financial burden is less of a concern when we are targeting on the 'productive group ' of the population .
+A 17 18|||R:PREP|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the sense that government actually believes in " Smart people born smart children " , so when they are encouraging population growth they are targeting on the educated ones , who are also the financially stable ones .
+A 0 15|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:PREP|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus cash incentives are not a strong enough factor to encourage them to give birth , as money is a less important issue to them .
+A 19 19|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , it can also be argued that raising up a long term process and government 's help in terms of baby bonus and Children development account is temporally , to the age of six .
+A 11 17|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:ORTH|||Development|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:ORTH|||Account|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:MORPH|||temporary|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 38|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So it is in fact rather limited , and it makes people think twice added the other considerations such as high cost of living in Singapore and the increasingly competitive society we are living in makes the task of raising up a child well challenging .
+A 0 8|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:OTHER|||about giving birth|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||, given|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:OTHER|||. All these make|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 41|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the pro-natalist is rather unsuccessful in easing ageing population through the encouraging of births due to several other considerations people have when they decides to have a child besides the cash incentives .
+A 18 19|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:VERB:SVA|||decide|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 34|||R:OTHER|||, and these considerations may not be related to cash incentives.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the two policies have shown the ineffectiveness in easing the problems of ageing population .
+A 8 9|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Rather than a one policy to cater the whole country , there can be different policies implemented to cater to different income level group .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||having|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||R:OTHER|||levels of income|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I agree to a certain extend that the current architectural development in Singapore has help in the aging process .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN|||extent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:FORM|||helped|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Aging process causes difficulties in movement , which when link to the architecture aspect will be the accessibility of the building and the public spaces .
+A 6 26|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The current scheme the Singapore government is using is called the Barrier-Free Accessibility ( BFA ) .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( MR MAH B T ) " This BFA Code requires all new buildings , as well as existing ones undergoing major retrofitting works , to meet certain barrier-free requirements .
+A 1 5|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:FORM|||to undergo|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " From the quote , the key words are 'new ' and 'certain' .
+
+S New , refers to any building that comes after BFA had been implemented .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||'New "|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Certain , means that it is not 100 % .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||" Certain "|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 9|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The statement highlights that the architecture development in Singapore was not to a large extend .
+A 4 11|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN|||extent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:OTHER|||, the architectural development in Singapore was not barrier-free|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The current BFA Code focuses on the access to and within a building .
+A 7 8|||R:MORPH|||accessibility|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It does not address the issues on accessibility between buildings , and from buildings to nearby public facilities .
+
+S BFA is implemented on existing private buildings to the minimum extend .
+A 0 11|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore there is still a part to play for the public owner .
+A 1 12|||R:OTHER|||the public owner has a part to play|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For examples , shopping malls , industrial estates , invested properties , private properties .
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But that is only for buildings that are not of government sector .
+A 7 10|||R:OTHER|||do not belong to the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Buildings like HDBs are built or upgraded to have better accessibilities .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||the Housing development Board flats|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Measurements taken by Government to help ease aging process in residential areas are for example shelter links upgraded to allow access from residential blocks to markets .
+A 0 1|||R:MORPH|||Measures|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||M:DET|||the government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||sheltered linkways|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:OTHER|||which are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:OTHER|||the elderly to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Installation of more ramps in residential areas , which are designed to have a gentle gradient so that it is user friendly for people in wheel chair , new lifts replacements with bigger button showing larger text and better lit buttons in lifts so that the old who are visually unsound can see and press for the correct floor .
+A 0 1|||M:OTHER|||Other measures include the installation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||R:OTHER|||user-friendly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 27|||R:NOUN|||wheelchairs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:OTHER|||as well as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Measurements taken by Government to help ease aging process in non-residential areas to create better public accessibility , for example Land Transport Authority made plans to make accessibility for public transport like MRT and bus stops .
+A 0 1|||R:MORPH|||Measures|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 1|||M:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||M:DET|||the government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||by creating|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:PUNCT|||:|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:FORM|||making|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:VERB|||improve|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:OTHER|||to reach|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S NParks is also working to integrate BFA so that even parks can be allowing better accessibility .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||The National Parks|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||into its designs for parks|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:FORM|||allowed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Government efforts alone are insufficient .
+
+S Private building owners need to adopt similar measures to achieve quality built environment for aging population .
+A 10 13|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A large amount of development has been done by the government to help ease the process of aging but it is not enough due to the fact that BFA Code only covers new buildings and government developments .
+A 28 28|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Existing developments by private entities still do not have better accessibility .
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||desirable levels of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since the implementation of the Code on Barrier-Free Accessibility in Buildings ( BFA ) 1990s , there has been an increase of improved buildings with better accessibility .
+A 14 14|||M:OTHER|||in the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , there are still many pre-1990 buildings that remain " inaccessible " .
+
+S The current scheme the Singapore government is using is called the Barrier-Free Accessibility ( BFA ) .
+
+S ( MR MAH B T ) " This BFA Code requires all new buildings , as well as existing ones undergoing major retrofitting works , to meet certain barrier-free requirements .
+
+S " From the quote , the key words are 'new ' and 'certain' .
+
+S New , refers to any building that comes after BFA had been implemented .
+
+S Certain , means that it is not 100 % .
+
+S The statement highlights that the architecture development in Singapore was not to a large extend, .
+
+S Hence , I agree that the current architectural development in Singapore has help in the aging process to a certain extend .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:FORM|||helped|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN|||extent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Universal Design ( UD ) for Built Environment .
+A 0 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In October 2007 , UD was added to the BFA to provide a more complete set of guidelines for design in buildings .
+
+S UD is a new guideline that has recommendations that can be applied to commercial , residential buildings as well as public and community facilities .
+
+S But it is only a Guide ; Not compulsory .
+A 7 8|||M:OTHER|||and its applications are not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This means that there is no obligations to follow strictly to the guidelines , in other words , it will only work if the person who builds follows the guidelines .
+A 13 14|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 30|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In effect , UD does not help in the development to create better accessibility for people who are aged .
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thereafter , a revised code on Barrier-Free Accessibility In Buildings , a 5-year Barrier-Free Accessibility ( BFA ) Upgrading Program ( 2007-2011 ) was added to support the upgrading of existing buildings .
+A 0 1|||R:ADV|||Therefore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:OTHER|||which is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All areas intended for access by any group of people like employees , students , etc , to places such as workplaces , training institutions , hospitals , etc , should also be made accessible to their immediate target users besides the public .
+
+S Measurements taken by Government to help ease aging process in non-residential areas to create better public accessibility , for example Land Transport Authority has made plans to make accessibility for public transport like MRTs and bus stops to be provided facilities such as wheel chair for persons with disabilities .
+
+S NParks is also working to integrate BFA so that even parks can be allowing better accessibility , by creating more ramps for access .
+
+S Measurements taken by Government to help ease aging process in residential areas are for example shelter links upgraded to allow access from residential blocks to markets .
+
+S Installation of more ramps in residential areas , which are designed to have a gentle gradient so that it is user friendly for people in wheel chair , new lifts replacements with bigger button showing larger text and better lit buttons in lifts so that the old who are visually unsound can see and press for the correct floor .
+
+S The current BFA Code focuses on essential requirements confined to handicap features or facilities which are deemed to be minimum standards essential for its intended use .
+A 19 19|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It addresses the access to and within a building .
+
+S It does not address the issues on accessibility between buildings , and from buildings to nearby public facilities .
+
+S BFA is implemented on existing private buildings to the minimum extend .
+
+S Therefore there is still a part to play for the private sector owner .
+
+S The government also tries to encourage participation from the private sector , by setting aside a sum of $ 40 million as Accessibility Fund to upgrade building that are built before the 1990 and not compliant to BFA .
+
+S The Accessibility Fund also includes the upgrading of all key areas and necessary facilities in Singapore , so as to provide the bare minimum accessibility by the year 2011 .
+
+S Despite this effort , private sectors are still not incorporating desirable features in their design to help make the buildings in Singapore to be 100 % user friendly to all intended users by only meeting the basic standards of accessibility needed by a building .
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||designs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 28|||R:OTHER|||user-friendly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 35|||R:OTHER|||because they only meet|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Government efforts alone are insufficient .
+
+S Private building owners need to adopt similar measures to achieve quality built environment for aging population .
+
+S A large amount of development has been done by the government to help ease the process of aging but it is not enough due to the fact that BFA Code only covers new buildings and government developments .
+
+S Existing developments by private entities still do not have better accessibility .
+
+S The BFA Code mandatory requirements are minimum standards buildings have to satisfy whereas the Universal Design Guide serve to educate designers by increasing their awareness of the special needs of specific users .
+
+S It is up to private developers to implement or not .
+
+S References
+
+S CODE ON BARRIER-FREE ACCESSIBILITY IN BUILDINGS http : //www.corenet.gov.sg/eInfo/Circulars/HTMLandPDF/BFA-Code.pdf
+
+S REVISED CODE ON BARRIER-FREE ACCESSIBILITY IN BUILDINGS http : //www.bca.gov.sg/Newsroom/others/pr160802_1.pdf
+
+S CHANGES IN NEW CODE http : //www.bca.gov.sg/BarrierFree/others % 5CBCA.pdf
+
+S BCA MEDIA RELEASE http : //www.bca.gov.sg/newsroom/others/pr300607.pdf
+
+S Universal Design Guide http : //www.bca.gov.sg/BarrierFree/others/ud_guide_2007.pdf
+
+S SPEECH BY MR MAH BOW TAN , MINISTER FOR NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AT THE BCA-SIA SEMINAR http : //www.mnd.gov.sg/newsroom/speeches/speeches_2006_M_25092006.htm
+
+S FURTHER READINGS
+
+S http : //www.bca.gov.sg/BarrierFree/barrierfree_buildings.html
+
+S http : //www.channelnewsasia.com/ir/text_pmlee.htm
+
+S http : //www.bca.gov.sg/housing/sp/Maintaining/Maint_Newsletter_25.htm
+
+S http : //www.bca.gov.sg/BarrierFree/Accessibility_Fund.html # _The_Accessibility _Fund
+
+S http : //www.friendlybuildings.sg
+
+S " Public spending on the aged should be limited so that money can be diverted to other areas of the country development .
+
+S " I agree to this statement to a large extent .
+A 3 4|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S National budget has always been something that most taxpayers pay much attention to and the planning of annual expenditure is always a big challenge in order to meet the ever changing needs of the country .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The national|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 26|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Public spending on the aged should be limited so that money can be diverted into more important areas of the country development , mainly health , education and defense .
+A 21 21|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Budget to the health sector is essential in every country as reduced healthcare facilities and equipments will lead to reduced man-hours as people fall sick and they are unable to receive adequate medical attention .
+A 1 1|||M:VERB|||allocated|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||equipment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN|||productivity|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will affect the country 's development in both the social and economical aspect .
+
+S Therefore emphasis needs to be placed when it comes to health budget .
+A 0 13|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the case of Singapore , a total budget of $ 3705 million has been allocated to the Ministry of Health for Financial Year 2009 CITATION Hea09 \ l 1033 ( Ministry of Finance , 2009 ) which is quite a large sum of money .
+A 22 23|||M:DET|||the financial|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:ORTH|||year|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 30|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 45|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some might argue that more money should be allocated to taking care of the elderly in the healthcare sector as the elderly are more prone towards chronic diseases and other health problems .
+A 15 19|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , I think that this is an oversimplification and is not practical .
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||of the elderly issue|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It will be much better for the money to be diverted into researching for new medicines and vaccines and improving healthcare facilities which is more important in the current situation when viruses are getting more adapted to current medications and a pandemic is more relevant to us .
+A 22 23|||R:OTHER|||. This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 47|||R:OTHER|||imminent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , it will also be better if the money is diverted into more subsidies when it comes to medical charges such that healthcare remains affordable for all citizens , which will also benefit the aged as well .
+A 13 13|||M:VERB|||generating|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 19|||R:OTHER|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:OTHER|||so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:NOUN|||cost|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 31|||R:OTHER|||. This in turn|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Emphasis should also be place on the education sector as it is crucial to the country 's development .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:FORM|||placed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Education is fundamental for the nation as it builds the nation 's foundation since young .
+A 13 15|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is necessary and can not be cut down even at the current stage of economic downturn .
+
+S Singapore has spent a large amount of budget on education , roughly rounding to about $ 8701 million in Financial Year 2009 CITATION Hea09 \ l 1033 ( Ministry of Finance , 2009 ) .Some people might advise on educating the elderly as being one important aspect of the nation 's development as it promotes lifelong learning .
+A 12 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||M:DET|||the financial|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:ORTH|||year|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 27|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 39|||R:OTHER|||think that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 44|||R:OTHER|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 44 45|||R:OTHER|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , educating the old will spend a considerate amount of money as most of their minds are not as active as the young and they will take a longer time to absorb new knowledge .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB|||require|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:OTHER|||younger ones|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The focus at the current stage should be setting a strong foundation on the young and the working class rather than spending money on the elderly .
+A 2 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN|||population|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this economic downturn , it will be more efficient if we set a strong base through education so that our workforce will be equipped with the necessary knowledge and skills to tackle problems and future challenges in life and work when the economy picks up .
+
+S Defence is also a major component that we have to place focus in when we talk about the country 's development .
+A 12 13|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||talked|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The country 's aim is to enhance peace and security through deterrence and diplomacy ; when these fail , it will ensure a swift victory over the aggressor .
+
+S In Singapore , defense has the highest percentage of the budget allocated in Financial Year 2009 , rounding to about $ 11.45 billion , which is about 26.4 % of the national budget CITATION Hea09 \ l 1033 ( Ministry of Finance , 2009 ) .Some people might dispute that the aged is a valuable asset as we can tap into their vast experience when it comes to defense .
+A 33 38|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , in this fast paced and ever changing society , the experiences of the aged will get more irrelevant and money will be better used if the public spending on the aged can be diverted into defense to maintain peace so that social and economical aspect of the nation can flourish .
+A 43 43|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 46 47|||R:NOUN|||sectors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , I believe that there is indeed a need for there to be public spending on the aged as the aged are still able to contribute much when it comes to the nation 's development , more through their experiences in life .
+A 12 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 39|||R:OTHER|||such as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , there have to be a limitation on how much we spend on them so that the money can be diverted into areas like health , education and defense which are much more important areas and crucial to the country 's development .
+A 7 8|||R:MORPH|||limit|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||as to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 30|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Works Cited BIBLIOGRAPHY Ministry of Finance .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Budget 2009 : Expenditure Overview .
+
+S Retrieved from Budget 2009 : Expenditure Overview , Ministry of Health : http : //www.singaporebudget.gov.sg/expenditure_overview/moh.html BIBLIOGRAPHY Ministry of Finance .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Budget 2009 : Expenditure Overview .
+
+S Retrieved from Budget 2009 : Expenditure Overview , Ministry of Education : http : //www.singaporebudget.gov.sg/expenditure_overview/moe.html BIBLIOGRAPHY Ministry of Finance .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Budget 2009 : Expenditure Overview .
+
+S Retrieved from Budget 2009 : Expenditure Overview , Ministry of Defense : http : //www.singaporebudget.gov.sg/expenditure_overview/mindef.html
+
+S Strategies for easing aging process
+
+S Due to the ageing of the baby-boomers and the lower fertility rates in the first-world countries , the unprecedented problem of a fast ageing population has become governments ' and policy markers ' concern in the developed world .
+A 27 34|||R:OTHER|||the concern of governments and policy makers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And Singapore , as one of the developed countries having one of the fastest elderly populations in the world , which had around 235,000 elderly population aged 65 year old and above ( or7 % of the population ) in 1999 while this figure being going to reach 796,000 ( or19 % of the population ) by the year 2030 ( Committee on Ageing Issues , n.d. ) , needs to face this serious challenge and ease the negative impact on society .
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:VERB|||growing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:NOUN:NUM|||years|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 43|||R:OTHER|||. This figure|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 44 45|||R:VERB:FORM|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 68 69|||R:OTHER|||. Therefore , Singapore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 80 80|||M:OTHER|||of an aging population|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The final objective of " Successful Ageing for Singapore " ( Committee on Ageing Issues , n.d. ) , which has been brought up by Committee on Ageing Issues ( CAI ) established in Dec 2004 and representing from the various sectors in Singapore like the people , private and government , is to ensure that at the individual level , elder Singaporeans should be healthy , active and secure , as well as that all levels of society are well prepared to face an ageing Singapore with challenges and opportunities .
+A 25 25|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 39|||R:OTHER|||to represent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 44 51|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 56 61|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 61 62|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 70 71|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 87 91|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With approaching this goal , current research and development/ policies , to a large extent , have helped to ease the aging process in different fields , like psychology , medicine , etc. On the other hand , the situation of the fast ageing population in Singapore is still rigorous , even with various research and development/ policies .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||To achieve|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||development , as well as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 16|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 37|||R:OTHER|||Nevertheless|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 47 49|||R:OTHER|||continues to be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 49 50|||R:OTHER|||challenging|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 51 53|||R:OTHER|||despite|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 53 53|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 56 57|||R:OTHER|||development , and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , there is one thing , which should be faced , that although such tend of a fast ageing population is unlikely to be reversed in a short term ; much can still be done to buffer its negative impact on society .
+A 0 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:ORTH|||Although|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN|||trend|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the area of psychology , the effort refers to the individuals ' and society 's values , perceptions , together with attitudes of ageing and the elder person .
+A 0 30|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Positive orientations , ones which will encourage society to maximize the great potential and resource that senior citizens stand for , will be adopted .
+A 0 25|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , in order to bring out a brainstorm and change mindsets of elderly , a systematic year-round public education ( PE ) program ( Committee on Ageing Issues , n.d. ) should be conducted , instead of a week-long activity driven by a citizen-led committee , to infuse a culture of personal responsibility and lifelong planning for old age .
+A 5 10|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 47|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With launching this PE program , negative attitudes about ageing will be dispelled ; moreover active lifestyles and community involvement among older Singaporeans will be promoted , which follows with strengthening intergenerational bonds , allowing the elder to age with respect and dignity , as well as approaching independent and fulfilling lives as integral members of their families and communities In the area of medicine , a series of efforts has been implemented .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||the launching of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 31|||R:OTHER|||This will strengthen|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 47 48|||R:VERB|||to lead|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 60 60|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First of all , a restructure of the whole healthcare system will be built for an ageing population in Singapore , which has been claimed by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong ( Channel NewsAsia , August 2009 ) .
+A 4 17|||R:OTHER|||the health-care system will be restructured to cater for an aging|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 24|||R:OTHER|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Second , besides more new hospitals to be constructed , Singapore 's step-down care sector needs working on , one which for now is largely provided by voluntary welfare organizations ( VWO ) , including more community hospitals nursing homes and home care .
+A 16 18|||R:OTHER|||improvement too|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 21|||R:OTHER|||. This sector|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:VERB|||supported|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 38|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With linking up acute hospitals with community ones , this one key step provides appropriate care to the elder , meanwhile reduces the expenditure which is usually not a small amount , along with spares beds in the acute hospital for more acute cases which need to be treated .
+A 0 1|||R:PREP|||By|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:VERB|||can be given|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:OTHER|||. This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 32|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 34|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:OTHER|||releases the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 44 49|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In additional , this policy emphasizes the strengths of both entities : the profession of the government 's hospital teams delivers high quality care to patients , while VWO are good at pastoral care and community outreach .
+A 1 2|||R:MORPH|||addition|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 38|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Healthcare system to be restructured to cater to ageing population .
+
+S August 2009 .
+
+S Channel NewsAsia )
+
+S Although the whole ageing issue in Singapore would be tackled by no one-off recommendation , the effect of these strategies has become more and more obvious .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||could|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 26|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With every effort put into these strategies , especially current researches and developments/ policies in the various areas like psychology , medicine , etc. , the ageing process in Singapore has been eased to a large extent , which is hard to deny .
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 24|||R:OTHER|||and medicine|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 32|||R:VERB:TENSE|||could be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 37|||R:OTHER|||t|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 43|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Public spending on the aged has been rising rapidly due to the ageing population , because people need more health care as they grow older .
+A 9 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This has been a major concern for the government because such massive yet increasing spending on the aged would mean a high possibility of economic and fiscal crisis for the near future ( Public Sector HealthCare Roundtable , 2009 ) .
+
+S Therefore , public spending on the aged should be limited to a certain extent , not only to avoid the high possibility of economic crisis in the near future , but also to divert the attention to other areas such as education and infrastructure development , which are essential for the economic growth of a country .
+A 35 36|||R:NOUN|||resources|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The increase of public spending on the aged is necessary because of the ageing population .
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||growing numbers among the aging|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is crucial to spend more to offset the balance of the number of older people now and back then , so as to maintain the complacent stage to prevent any public objection or difficulty to adapt to lesser financial assistance .
+A 0 42|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , there are other useful measures that could be taken to reduce the amount of public spending on the elderly .
+
+S For example , Peterson states that " elder dependency should be reduced by encouraging later retirement , longer working lives , and lower barriers to elder employment " .
+A 29 29|||M:OTHER|||( citation )|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another strategy that he stated would be to emphasize filial obligation and encourage the willingness of tomorrow 's grown children , so as to lower the government spending on elder dependency .
+A 20 20|||M:OTHER|||to look after their aged parents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 31|||R:OTHER|||the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This could be achieved through informal and familial channels ( Peterson , 2001 ) .
+
+S Therefore , public spending on the aged is necessary , but we should not eliminate other possibilities that will ease the financial aspects of the ageing population .
+A 21 28|||R:OTHER|||spending|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , education also plays a crucial role for the wealth and future development of a country .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||In addition|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , education teaches us the correct attitude and courtesy , thus making us civilized .
+
+S In addition , it assists us in the development of our virtues and values , and it also cultivates us into mature individuals , who are able of planning for our futures and taking the correct steps .
+A 26 27|||R:ADJ|||capable|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When the people are well-educated , the advancement of a country 's economy will be promised ( Manali Oak , 2008 ) .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Education at the secondary and tertiary level will prepare the students to be efficient when they enter the working society , by equipping them with the necessary knowledge and essential skills .
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When the efficiency of the workforce is high , it will benefit the economic growth of the country greatly .
+A 18 19|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , public spending on education should not be compromised due to the ageing population .
+
+S Infrastructure development affects the economic progression of a country ; therefore , it should not be overlooked .
+
+S For example , the accumulation of America 's public infrastructure deficit over the past several decades has resulted in a variety of infrastructure bottlenecks-traffic congested roads , clogged ports , and an antiquated air traffic system , which undercut the economy 's efficiency ( { Bernard L. Schwartz } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.newamerica.net/people/bernard_l_schwartz/recent_work ] , 2008 ) .
+A 6 11|||R:OTHER|||deficit incurred by the American public infrastructure|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 59|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This clearly shows that if a country were to neglect its infrastructure development , it will affect the economy negatively .
+A 19 20|||R:ADV|||greatly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Infrastructures that are designed and built for tourists will be a significant source of revenue for the country , hence , appropriate amount of public spending should be incorporated to develop such infrastructures .
+A 18 19|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , Infrastructure Development Finance Corporation in New Delhi said that by increasing public investment in infrastructure development , it would then attract more private investment ( PTI , 2006 ) .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||For instance|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This would mean more income is generated .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , infrastructure development is a crucial segment that affects a country 's wealth .
+
+S In conclusion , public spending on the elderly should be limited , so as to divert the money into other areas such as education and infrastructure which are essential for the country 's economy .
+
+S Public spending on the aged can be reduced by increasing the retirement age , or stressing filial obligation .
+
+S The government should divert the money into education to equip the people with the right attitude and working skills , so as to ensure a stable economy growth for the country .
+A 24 25|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:MORPH|||economic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Government should spend sufficiently in infrastructure development , because public infrastructure deficit will cause the economy to be less efficient .
+A 0 1|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Governments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , public spending in infrastructure development attracts more private investment , hence generates greater income .
+A 14 15|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:FORM|||generating|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If a country neglects other aspects such as education and infrastructure development , but overly focus on public spending on the aged , its economy will suffer drastically .
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||over focuses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In Singapore , the population is aging rapidly .
+
+S Aging process means process of growing old and getting more matured .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||An aging|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " The United Nations defines an aged population as one in which greater than 10 % of its residents are aged 60 and above .
+
+S In year 2000 , the percentage of the population in Singapore which aged 65 years and above is 7.2 % , and 10.6 % for 60 years and above .
+
+S By 2030 , this percentage is predicted to reach 18.4 % for those aged 65 and above .
+
+S As Singapore is the second fastest aging country in the world " CITATION DrG09 \ l 1033 ( Koh ) , the Singapore government has carried out many means to ease the aging process , which also means to shape growing old in Singapore a satisfying and fulfilling experience .
+A 12 17|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:ORTH|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:NOUN|||policies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 40|||R:OTHER|||to ensure that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 44 44|||M:VERB|||will be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Mainly , the government has been focusing on economic policies which are more effective ways in easing the aging process in Singapore 's population .
+A 0 10|||R:WO|||The government has been focusing mainly on economic policies ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:PREP|||among|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the government economic policies which are successful is the Central Provident Fund ( CPF ) scheme .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is a " national social security fund which was established in 1955 as a form of funded retirement savings plan " CITATION Kal09 \ l 1033 ( Mehta ) .
+A 22 27|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Singaporeans are required to save a certain amount of their salaries into their CPF accounts .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB|||deposit|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " Employers are also required to contribute 16 % into the employee 's account " CITATION Kal09 \ l 1033 ( Mehta ) .
+A 9 9|||M:OTHER|||of the employee 's salary|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 20|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The contribution rates differ by age and income between 8 % -33 % .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||according to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN|||to33|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If compared to other countries , Singapore has a much higher rate of contribution .
+A 0 1|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||Compared|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some people might complain that the CPF is ripping away their money so much that they did not have enough money to spend .
+A 10 14|||R:OTHER|||so much of their money|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:TENSE|||do|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Actually , this is the main purpose of CPF - save and reduce on spending !
+A 0 1|||R:ADV|||However|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:PUNCT|||---|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The high saving rate is to enable the nations to support themselves in old age , provide in advance for old-age dependency .
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 19|||R:OTHER|||and to provide|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some other people might say that CPF savings is not enough to cover throughout their whole retired lives .
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||provide for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Well , it depends on individuals to plan out their own personal savings for future as CPF is just a way to help those who might not have planned their savings for old-age , to make sure the difficulties that every nation might be facing are reduced .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Nonetheless|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 5|||R:OTHER|||is up to the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:NOUN|||oldage|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 47|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is the intention of the government to protect his people .
+A 9 10|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another form of way through financial policy is the ElderShield .
+A 0 10|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is a new strategy which was implemented by the government in September 2002 .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " It is an affordable severe disability insurance scheme which provides basic financial protection to those who need long term care , especially in old age .
+
+S It provides monthly cash out to help pay the out-of-pocket expenses for the care of a severely-disabled person " CITATION Hea09 \ l 1033 ( Healthcare Financing - ElderShield ) .
+A 19 24|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ElderShield is viewing at the lengthening life expectancy of Singaporeans where people tend to live longer compared to past years , and thus one should be able to deposit some savings in the productive years for old age disabilities .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB|||increased|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 16|||R:OTHER|||, which translate to people living longer as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||R:OTHER|||in the past|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 23|||R:OTHER|||. Therefore ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 27|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||U:VERB:FORM||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:PREP|||during|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 35|||M:VERB|||to prepare|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A certain people may think that the government has nothing else better to do to set up this scheme which is not needed and is a waste of money as they already have MediShield in CPF account and assumed that they will never get severe disabilities in the future .
+A 0 1|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||Some|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 17|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:PREP|||because|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:OTHER|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 36|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 38|||M:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 46 49|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This concept is wrong .
+
+S Firstly , " ElderShield and MediShield both provide different types of coverage .
+
+S ElderShield will pay you monthly cash payouts if you become severely disabled for any reason , whereas MediShield helps you pay hospitalization expenses , only if you are admitted to a hospital " CITATION FAQ09 \ l 1033 ( FAQs on Policies ) .
+A 33 38|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Looking at this health aspect , we can know that the government is really trying to ease the aging process in the population .
+A 3 5|||R:NOUN|||policy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Apart from the two policies above , the government has also implemented another scheme that can be the 'safety net ' for elderly Singaporeans , which is Public/Society Scheme .
+A 12 29|||R:OTHER|||the Public/Society Scheme , which acts as a 'safety net ' for elderly Singaporeans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although " the eligibility criteria are very stringent and older persons with living children normally have a very slim chance of getting approval , the rates do not follow Singapore 's rising inflation .
+
+S For example , an adult can only obtain a maximum allowance of S $ 230 " CITATION Kal09 \ l 1033 ( Mehta ) , but a person under Public assistance is also privileged to free medical services .
+
+S All in all , though in other people 's view , the government policies in economic have some flaws , the policies have still done a big part in trying to make the lives of elderly citizens of Singapore easier and more comfortable .
+A 5 11|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 16|||R:OTHER|||economic policies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 28|||R:OTHER|||much|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 30|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 32|||R:OTHER|||in making|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , the government financial policies are still considered as successful means .
+A 7 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Bibliography
+
+S BIBLIOGRAPHY FAQs on Policies .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Retrieved 9 17 , 2009 , from Ministry of Health Singapore : http : //www.pqms.moh.gov.sg/apps/fcd_faqmain.aspx ? qst = 2fN7e274RAp % 2bbUzLdEL/mJu3ZDKARR3p5Nl92FNtJid64FWgi % 2bU5x8t/g6KHJg1iQuQWlFbHLxhZBSpfaWqSQeXsn5dJFyvrtfpEQ2/8p1glaxqmmJ41We82 % 2bdTr3XKYIX39CvhPf8wN2S29cakWQMCp6A6y1pPAlvHg7GezRGI9A7UExA7BUhMoZO7W/Xm7fDMm Healthcare Financing - ElderShield .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Retrieved 9 18 , 2009 , from Ministry of Health Singapore : http : //www.moh.gov.sg/mohcorp/hcfinancing.aspx ? id = 310
+
+S Koh , D. G. ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Caring For An Ageing Population : A Call for More Geriatric Training Among Family Physicians .
+
+S Retrieved 9 17 , 2009 , from College Of Family Physicians Singapore : http : //www.cfps.org.sg/sfp/28/284/sfp77.pdf Mehta , K. K. ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Chapter 5 : National Policies on Ageing and Long Term Care in Singapore - A Case of Cautious Wisdom ?
+
+S Retrieved 9 17 , 2009 , from International Development Research Centre : http : //www.idrc.ca/en/ev-28477-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html
+
+S Government spending on the aged should be limited .
+
+S " Between now and 2030 , Singapore will witness an unprecedented profound age shift .
+
+S The number of residents aged 65 years or older will multiply threefold from current 300,000 to 900,000 in 2030 .
+
+S By then , one out of every five residents will be a senior .
+
+S " ( Executive summary , Committee on Ageing Issues : Report on the Ageing Population ) Thus , an outcry of more spending on the aged is rising in Singapore .
+
+S However , government should limit the spending on the aged due to the ageing issues requires help and also largely depended on other areas of the country .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 27|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the country will have less working force in 2030 , the government should invest more money on education to obtain a stronger working force to support the country and the large group of elderly .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||a smaller|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:MORPH|||work|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:MORPH|||work|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " Each additional year of schooling appears to raise earnings by about 10 percent in the United States , although the rate of return to education varies over time as well as across countries .
+
+S " ( Krueger and Lindahl 2001 ) With more investment in education , the standard of the working force in Singapore will increase .
+A 5 5|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:MORPH|||work|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And each individual worker will receive more income due to the high output and competitive of the Singapore working force .
+A 14 15|||R:MORPH|||competitiveness|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:MORPH|||work|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S At the same time , better education will not only improve the earning of the working force , but also the moral of the younger generation .
+A 15 16|||R:MORPH|||work|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Singapore will not be able to solve the ageing issues if the younger generation of Singapore is lack of moral and only put their focus on themselves .
+A 16 19|||R:OTHER|||lacks|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||morals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:SVA|||puts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , Singapore has already invested much money in education , and by putting more money inside education may not have a better outcome .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||a lot of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:PREP|||into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The truth is the world is changing fast and many developing countries such as China , India and Vietnam are catching up with Singapore .
+
+S If Singapore stops her development in education and put her focus mainly in ageing issues , she might lose in the future .
+A 12 13|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:PART|||out|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , invest money in education is important , relevant and important .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:FORM|||investing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Not only education , Singapore needs to invest more in her defense to secure her county .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||In addition|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 16|||R:OTHER|||provide security for her population|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Singapore and her neighboring countries have long been threatened by the terrorists .
+
+S The recent bombings in Indonesia hotels and the escape and recapture of Mas Selamat show that Singapore is in danger all the time .
+A 4 5|||R:MORPH|||Indonesian|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have shown|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , Singapore needs to build up a stronger economic defense to prevent serious economic recessions due to that large amount of money need to be spent on elderly in the nearly future .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||In addition|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 33|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Yet , some reports suggest that to invest more money on elderly will benefit the country more compare to invest money on defense which seems a waste of resources .
+A 0 2|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:ORTH|||Some|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 8|||R:VERB:FORM|||investing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||, as compared|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:FORM|||investing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:VERB|||to be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The fact is that , the effect on defense is hardly observed to the public due to the people have been living in a safe environment for too long , that most of them think that Singapore is safe with or without the defense system .
+A 3 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||importance of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB|||felt|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:PREP|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:PREP|||because|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 41|||R:OTHER|||even|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So , if the government do not invest enough and promote better defense system , Singapore might have serious problems when huge crises such as terroist attackes the 1997 economic recession happen .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:SVA|||does|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||in a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 32|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S At last , to limit the spending on ageing issues help to force the society to take responsibility and not totally rely on government alone .
+A 0 3|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 5|||R:VERB:FORM|||Limiting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government needs to help to solve ageing issues and plan ahead for the country so that the country will not suffer when the crises arrive .
+A 5 6|||U:VERB:FORM||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , ageing issues are long term problems .
+
+S If all the problems have to be solved by the government , then the work load to the government will be extremely heavy .
+A 16 17|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And when most of the focus and attention of the government is on the ageing issues , the development of the country might be neglected which in the long run , ruins the country .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:OTHER|||, of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 32|||R:OTHER|||would ruin|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is understandable that the public and the elderly are worried that if the government does not spend much on the ageing issues , the elderly will be forgotten by the society .
+A 18 19|||R:ADV|||enough|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Yet , the truth is opposite .
+
+S If the government takes all the responsibility , the public will take granted of the problem just like how most of the people take safety of Singapore as an easy thing to achieve .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||responsibilities|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 16|||R:OTHER|||the problem for granted ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , the government should limited the spending on ageing and at the same time , educate the public and solve the problem together .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:FORM|||limit|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||aging issues|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 24|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The ageing issues will not be able to be solved in a short period of time .
+A 6 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And the public should not always demand the government to take all the responsibilities .
+
+S The ability of the government is limited , and the focus of the government should be placed on the future of the country instead of just one group of people .
+A 7 30|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Instead , the public itself should take a major role in ageing issues and work together to solve this long term difficulties .
+A 16 16|||M:OTHER|||with the government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:DET|||these|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the context of Singapore , ageing population is a major issue that the nation has to deal with , citing that 315,800 of the population is at the age of 65 and above in 2008 ( Annex .
+A 1 4|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||considering the fact|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A ) , and that figure will only continue to increase , judging from the constant increment in the median age of our population since 1998 till 2008 .
+A 2 3|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 28|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Statistics 2009 ) From there , there is clear understanding that public spending on the ageing population is essential .
+A 4 4|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||It|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the argument is that there can not be unlimited public spending directly targeted at the aged because there are other major concerns with the economy and society that the government of Singapore has to deal with .
+
+S For placing an unlimited amount of public spending directly targeted at the aged , the government will be neglecting the economy , social and political issues which in a way , acts as platforms for better living conditions of the aged in the future which will be discussed further .
+A 0 1|||R:PREP|||By|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:MORPH|||economical|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:MORPH|||act|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 35|||M:VERB|||achieving|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 49|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There is absolutely no wrong in allocating a bulk of public spending on the aged , but who is to justify and judge the magnitude of spending and the determinants to a reasonable amount which leads us to the role of the government .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||nothing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||the public funds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 43|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The yearly Singapore Budget Speech actually recognizes the fact that someone has to make a policy or guidelines to justify and judge the absolute yet flexible amount of public spending in peace times or states of emergency , even though there were criticisms of the government to have squandered savings by her own policy of industrial targeting .
+A 16 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 26|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 57|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 57 58|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Gerald P. O'Driscoll 2002 ) Besides , consider solely on the economic perspective , Singapore will never be a leading nation if there is no control but relinquishment over public spending with abrupt and undefined monetary policies , basically meaning that there is justification to the planning of public spending .
+A 4 4|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||In addition|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 11|||R:OTHER|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 29|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 51|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moving on to the point of channeling more funds into the financial world , it provides a higher possibility of a better economy , although no single entity till date can guarantee that .
+A 0 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:ORTH|||Channeling|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 16|||R:OTHER|||may provide|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Still , the government has to seriously consider the fact that a better economy will bring about higher employment rate , higher real income and lower price inflation indicated by the Consumer Price Index , which enables the now active Singaporeans in the workforce to save for the future .
+A 0 1|||R:ADV|||Nonetheless|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:PREP|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:OTHER|||and all these|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will enable|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 40|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In other words , financial planning which Peterson in A Graying World states to be a strategy to a new paradigm of ageing , ( Peterson 2001 ) where the government is recognising the importance of planning with more than 600 financial institutions in Singapore that makes the country one of the top ten most sophisticated financial markets in the world by the World Economic Forum .
+A 6 6|||M:OTHER|||, of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:PUNCT|||"|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:PUNCT|||"|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 38|||R:OTHER|||is important . This is when|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 45 47|||R:OTHER|||make|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 61 62|||R:OTHER|||, according to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Kei 2009 ) For the government of Singapore to substantiate our standings in the financial markets of the world , she has to continue to provide incentives , coming from the areas of world-class infrastructures , investment avenues , tourism and trade , those of which require a sizeable amount of public spending , for the experts in the field to come in .
+A 11 12|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:OTHER|||which may come|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 45|||R:OTHER|||and those that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 45 47|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 55 55|||M:OTHER|||in order|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Understanding is of the same or higher significance in terms of educating the society .
+A 0 15|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Discussing this in a narrow context of financial planning would mean that the government first has to groom potential leaders and scholars to understand the importance of financial planning before they can lead and share .
+A 0 12|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:ORTH|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Grooming then , comes in the form of a more sophisticated infrastructure for learning and monetary incentives or aids in scholarships and bursaries .
+A 20 20|||M:OTHER|||the form of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Not forgetting that through the functions of education , the government can increase or influence the citizens ' thoughts and awareness on being socially and morally responsible to the population , including the aged as well , quoting the threats of the flu epidemics .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||One should not forget|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 32|||R:OTHER|||which include|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 44|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , the government has to work hand-in-hand with social organizations like the CIMO help groups to allow rooms for them to help their ethnic groups financially , especially for the old aged .
+A 12 12|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||which helps|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 25|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , public spending into the societal issues is of certain importance as well .
+A 0 15|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , we have to consider public spending on the other areas of concerns other than that of an ageing population to be of an indirect manner to help and ease the aged but in the future milieu , and too note the consequence of incompetent allocation of resources namely , having unlimited public spending on the aged .
+A 22 60|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There is just no more to discuss about planning and foresightedness with a great example in Singapore 's Minister Mentor , Lee Kuan Yew .
+A 0 25|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Bibliography
+
+S Gerald P. O'Driscoll , Jr. , Kim R. Holmes , and Melanie Kirkpatrick .
+
+S " In Singapore : Government squanders savings .
+
+S " 2000 Index of Economic Freedom Report , 2002 .
+
+S Kei , Chan Yiu .
+
+S U.S. Commercial Service .
+
+S 2009. http : //www.buyusa.gov/asianow/seducation.html ( accessed September 12 , 2009 )
+
+S Peterson , Peter G. " A Graying World : The Dangers of Global Aging .
+
+S " Harvard International Review , 2001 : 66-70 .
+
+S Statistics , Singapore Department of .
+
+S " Yearbook of Statistics Singapore , 2009 .
+
+S " Statistics Singapore .
+
+S June 26 , 2009. http : //www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/reference/yos09/statsT-indicators.pdf ( accessed September 11 , 2009 ) .
+
+S " Public spending on the aged should be limited so that money can be diverted to other areas of the country 's development .
+
+S " In my opinion , I do not totally agree with the statement .
+A 1 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S An all-rounded country 's development is crucial and important but it should not be achieved at the expense of the health care for the elderly in the society .
+A 0 9|||R:OTHER|||A country 's developments should be all-rounded|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First and foremost , the elderly remain financially vulnerable in the society and need the public funding for their health care .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Though Peterson in The Graying World ( 2001 ) maintains that the elderly could depend less on the public spending by seeking employment or depending more on their family , such a notion at reducing and limiting elder dependency is not feasible .
+A 2 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:NOUN:NUM|||families|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 34|||R:OTHER|||method of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Being old does not come with the loss of health but there is a social prejudice against the elderly when they seek employment at their age .
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||mean|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:OTHER|||for the elderly ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:CONJ|||yet|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||prejudices|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this competitive age , employers will tend to favour the non-elderly over the elderly as the latter is nearly retirement and often associated with old diseases .
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:MORPH|||retired|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , people are having less , if not , no children these days .
+A 6 7|||R:ADJ:FORM|||lesser|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In 2008 , Singapore 's birth rate was 1.28 , well below the 2.1 mark which is needed to meet the future requirements of the Singapore 's development .
+
+S Such a societal trend reduces the possibility of the elderly tapping on filial obligation for support in the future .
+A 14 14|||M:OTHER|||from their children|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:PART|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:PRON|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , such unfavourable factors continue to place the elderly in need of the public support for their health care .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN|||trends|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Where should the limit of the public spending on the aged be drawn at , if it should be limited ?
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 20|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Peterson in The Graying World ( 2001 ) also argues that " health " should be redefined by the government and that the government should draw a limit to its support for the health care of the aged .
+A 1 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A limit on spending would lead to the imposition of a limit on the range of health care that would be funded by the public for the aged .
+A 18 28|||R:WO|||for the aged that would be funded by the public|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , where the limit should lie in is questionable and debatable .
+A 0 13|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the context of health care , different people require various different treatment .
+A 10 11|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||treatments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If a limit was to be uniformly drawn across the public-funded health care , some elderly could consequently be cut off from the treatment that they need .
+A 2 2|||M:ADJ|||certain|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , the elderly commonly suffered from old diseases which tend to be chronic in nature like cardiac and rheumatologic diseases .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||may|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:FORM|||suffer|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Prolonged treatment is needed .
+
+S Yet , a limit on health care support could mean that some of these elderly would be denied of the necessary medical attention that they need .
+
+S There should not be an absolute limit drawn on the public spending for the health care of the aged ; a balance should be struck towards providing for the elderly and concomitantly , driving the country 's development .
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:PUNCT|||. A|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In The Graying World ( 2001 ) , Peterson argues that a lack of limit in public spending would " impoverish future generation " .
+
+S However , the withdrawal of governmental support in the health care for the aged would shift the responsibility to the families of these aged and burden the development of the country in the long run .
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||responsibilities of looking after the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As argued by Friedland and Summer in Doomsday Predications about Population Aging Are Exaggerated ( 2005 ) , the costs incurred by the families would " end up getting shifted back to the public sector through less direct and often more expensive means " .
+A 6 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S How would this assist in driving the country 's development ?
+
+S In addition , discontentment could be stirred up as people may question the lack of governmental efforts in the taking care of its citizens .
+
+S Therefore , instead of striving for better development for the future generation , setting a limit on health care for the aged could burden and prevent a country from developing better , in the way that it should be .
+
+S Public support for the health of the aged is for a real cause , for the elderly who have difficulties in affording it .
+A 13 23|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , the public spending on the healthcare of the aged should be practised flexibly and should not be viewed as a hindrance to the development and progress of a nation .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB|||carried out|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S 1 .
+
+S Peter G. Peterson , A Graying World , Harvard International Review .
+
+S 23 .
+
+S 3 ( Fall 2001 ) : 66
+
+S 2 .
+
+S Robert B. Friedland , and Laura Summer , Doomsday Predications about Population Aging Are Exaggerated , Demography Is Not Destiny , Revisited .
+
+S Center on Aging Society , Georgetown University , Match 2005
+
+S 3 .
+
+S Statistics Singapore Key Annual Indicators .
+
+S Government of Singapore .
+
+S August 12 , 2009 .
+
+S September 18 , 2009 .
+
+S Public spending on the aged has been the topic of argument in parliaments across the world as it occupies a significant sum of a developed society 's annual budget .
+
+S It is mainly a question of how much healthcare provision , grants and subsidies , regardless medical or other forms , should be given to help the poor aged to survive .
+
+S It interferes with the sum of money allocated to develop the country in other ways .
+
+S Should public spending on the aged make way for the country 's development on all other areas ?
+
+S Yes .
+A 0 2|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It can be said that aging could be supported by oneself or by one 's children and hence the need for public spending would be reduced .
+
+S In the modern individualistic culture , a person should be conscious and prepared for his post-retirement .
+A 1 2|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S He should strive for independency and accumulate a surplus of wealth for his old when he is working .
+A 4 5|||R:MORPH|||independence|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:NOUN|||age|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In an Asian society , where filial piety is stressed , it is the obligation of a child to support his parents ; the aged will depend on their children and their own savings to live .
+
+S Thus , the emphasis is diverted to other areas of the county 's development so that at the same time the country 's economy grows , the people have a much larger income to support either themselves or their parents .
+A 16 20|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:TENSE|||may grow|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:VERB:TENSE|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Money should be spent on education , research and growing the country 's economy so that people can have larger income to tap upon .
+A 23 24|||R:PART|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , instead of spending on the aged , the attention could be to encourage more birth rates and stressing the importance of filial piety as a value so that the aged can more securely depend on their children .
+A 10 14|||R:OTHER|||policies could be made|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:ADJ|||higher|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:FORM|||stress|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 36|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this way , focusing on growing the country 's economy to help to support the aged seems to be wise .
+A 11 11|||M:OTHER|||as a mean|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:VERB:FORM||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , regardless how much the economy is growing , not every people are going to accumulate enough wealth for their old life .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN|||person|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN|||age|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There is a gap between the rich and the poor .
+
+S The rich is going to have a wealthy and comfortable life in their post-retirement but the poor is going to struggle with their daily lives- to pay the necessary service bills , medical bills and for food .
+A 24 26|||R:OTHER|||lives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:OTHER|||paying for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Poor elderly who have no children or whose children have deserted them are only going to live on their depleting savings .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||Elderly who are poor|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 2|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If their savings runs out , they would face difficulty acquiring income as their abated bodies limit them in finding a job .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||ran|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB|||may prevent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:PREP|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They would end up living on the streets if no help is given to them .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , poor elderly can not afford expensive medical bills , but they should not be disqualified to receive medical treatment as it is needed to sustain their lives .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||these|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 29|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , help is heavily needed from the government to keep the poor aged to survive .
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||alive|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Grants and subsidies should be given for health check-ups and medical treatments .
+
+S Everyday provision of living facilities and food is also needed for those very poor as we should not leave them on the streets .
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||who are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence spending on the aged should not be severely limited .
+
+S Besides , long- term medical bills due to chronic diseases are too expensive that they undermine an average income person 's total wealth .
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:ADV|||so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Diseases such as cancer , kidney failure , diabetes , which are common to the old people , require long-term medical attention and hugely expensive treatment that an average income earner would not be able to afford even if his income had been larger .
+A 1 17|||R:OTHER|||that are common to old people , such as cancer , kidney failure and diabetes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:OTHER|||. As a result ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 37|||M:NOUN|||payment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 44|||R:OTHER|||were huge|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S While it is very unfortunate to have any of these illnesses , every old people are prone to falling to them as their bodies weaken .
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN|||person|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:NOUN|||prey|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:FORM|||weakened|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S While the wealthy could struggle to keep the illness in fight , the average man and below would not be able keep up with the medical bills if no subsidies on medical treatment from the government are given .
+A 6 11|||R:OTHER|||fight the illness|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Does it mean that he is not going to be allowed continuation of medical treatment to sustain his life ?
+
+S Subsidies are needed to sustain medical treatment or elderly who are sick are not going to received adequate treatment .
+
+S The aged have work very hard to develop our country in all ways and they deserve a well rest for the rest of their lives .
+A 11 13|||R:OTHER|||every way|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:ADJ|||good|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It 's ethically not right to leave them on the streets or not to relieve them from the unaffordable medical fees just because they have turned incapable of contributing to the society , especially those who are not well educated to begin with .
+A 21 21|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:VERB|||become|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 43|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is also against human rights to leave a helpless person to be tortured by illnesses and die .
+A 17 17|||M:OTHER|||then leave him to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Selfishness and cruelly will develop when we decide to leave the aged on their own .
+A 5 5|||M:OTHER|||in society|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 15|||R:OTHER|||to fend for themselves|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Selfishness undermines unity and cooperation which ultimately leads to failure of a society .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will lead|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Cruelty leads to insensitivity towards death and violence , which links to crime rates .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||may link|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:VERB|||increased|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , if we focus too much on pushing too much forward our economy and progress and neglect taking care of our aged , we might just lose the ethic and moral values that keep us living in a community and we would eventually fall .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||focused|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:FORM|||to take|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 31|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:OTHER|||our|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 45|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By limiting public spending on the aged , there is most likely to be poor elderly lying on the streets and more old people struggling with medical fees .
+A 14 21|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is ethically not right and impractical to lift off public spending on the aged to spend on other areas of development .
+A 8 10|||R:VERB|||limit|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " Public spending on the aged should be limited so that money can be diverted to other areas of the country 's development .
+
+S "
+
+S As each year passes , there seems to be an increase on public spending towards the aged .
+A 14 15|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This seems to be a very popular trend , as a lot of developed countries , such as Spain and the United States of America , tend to increase the public spending on the elderly .
+A 29 30|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Public spending is very essential to a country 's development , and should be divided sensibly .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB|||utilised|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The spending on the aged should be limited so that the money can be diverted to other sectors of the country 's development like public transportation or the army .
+A 0 1|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||Spending|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Public transportation is one area that could be improved if the country limits its spending on the elderly and raises its spending to the former .
+A 10 11|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:TENSE|||limited|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:TENSE|||raised|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The major problem with public transportation in this country is that it is privately owned and the fares are ridiculously high .
+
+S " The privatization of public transport has not delivered the improved service standards nor shorter arrival times , while fares have been increasing based on the justification that being private transport operator , they are not charity and need to make profit for their shareholders .
+A 31 32|||R:NOUN:NUM|||operators|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " ( Cheong , 2008 ) .
+
+S According to a Singapore census made in 2000 , around 52 % of Singaporeans go to work using public transportation .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB|||held|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S That is staggering , over half the population uses public transportation , yet the conditions are still poor and fares are high , which seems very unreasonable .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||a staggering figure|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||because|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 24|||R:OTHER|||. This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Government can play a major in creating a solution to this problem .
+A 6 6|||M:NOUN|||role|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If they limit the amount being spent on the elderly , they can use their money to better effect through buying back the public transportation , and give reasonable fares to the public who deserve it .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||limited|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 20|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:MORPH|||buy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:VERB|||provide|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 36|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another thing they can do is improve the conditions of the busses .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||buses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Pollution is a growing concern to the environment , " small land area of the central business district led to severe traffic conditions including congestion , reduced traffic speeds , and environmental problems .
+A 9 9|||M:OTHER|||as observed by Zolla ( 1996 ) :|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " ( Zolla , 96 ) .
+A 1 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some of the busses used outside the city are fairly old , and unless they are disposed and substituted by less polluting busses , then the environment is in danger .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||buses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||R:OTHER|||newer|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||buses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These are some reasons why limiting public spending on the aged could contribute to the development of the country .
+
+S Another way the government could use the public spending more effectively is to spend more on the Ministry of Community Development , Youth and Sports , which is also known as the MCYS .
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By limiting the money being spent on the aged , the government could help a very important sector in the MCYS .
+
+S The Ministry 's main mission is " to build a cohesive and resilient society .
+
+S MCYS seeks to fulfill its mission by fostering socially responsible individuals , strong and stable families , a caring and active community , inspired and committed youth , and a sporting people .
+
+S " The main thing here is that they support families .
+
+S ( Government of Singapore , 2006 ) .
+A 0 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The most important aim here is to build strong and stable families .
+
+S That way the elders have their families to look after them , which could render the public spending on the aged useless .
+A 0 1|||M:PREP|||In that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 22|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And if for some reason the younger ones in the family do n't help their elders , then they can be sued under the " Maintenance of Parents Act , which allows parents to sue their children for financial support .
+A 12 13|||R:CONTR|||not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " ( Wijaya , 2009 ) .
+
+S This policy clearly shows why the Government should limit its spending on the elderly , and spread it around to other more useful sectors .
+A 6 7|||R:ORTH|||government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is no secret that Singapore has one of the fastest aging populations in the world .
+
+S " The island state 's median age will rise from 36 presently to 41 by 2030 .
+A 16 17|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " ( Wijaya , 2009 ) .
+
+S Many people would use these figures to support their claims that public spending on the aged should n't be limited .
+A 17 18|||R:CONTR|||not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This could prove to be a strong claim ; however , it will cause major problems within the countries health care system .
+A 0 9|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:POSS|||country 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even though the elders still get money from the public , they still can not pay their medical bills , nor can their children .
+A 3 4|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||continue to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " With the growing number of senior citizens and cash-strapped children who are unwilling or unable to shoulder the burden , the Singapore government will find it difficult not to bear more of the costs .
+
+S " ( Wijaya , 2009 ) .
+
+S The solution to this problem would be to limit the money spent on the elderly .
+
+S The money should instead go to the country 's health care expenses .
+A 3 5|||R:WO|||go instead|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Countries like Sweden and the United Kingdom face no problems when it comes to healthcare , as over 80 % of Health Care expenses are covered by the public spending of both respective nations .
+A 29 30|||R:NOUN|||funds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S That is why it would be a fantastic idea to limit money spent on the aging .
+
+S To conclude , it would be very wise of the government to limit its spending on the aging , and to divert the money to other areas of the country 's development .
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:FORM|||aged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are a lot of sectors more deserving of the money , and could be beneficiary to both the young and old , like improving the public transportation in the country .
+A 11 13|||R:OTHER|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Bibliography :
+
+S 1 .
+
+S " Cencus .
+
+S " Statistics Singapore .
+
+S Singapore Government , 15 Sept. 2009 .
+
+S Web .
+
+S 16 Sept. 2009. .
+
+S 2 .
+
+S Cheong , Alice .
+
+S " Why will public transport not be taken over by government .
+
+S " Alice Cheong in Wonderland .
+
+S 11 Mar .
+
+S 2008 .
+
+S Web .
+
+S 12 Sept. 2009. .
+
+S 3 .
+
+S " Expenditure Overview .
+
+S " Singapore Budget .
+
+S Government of Singapore , 9 Mar .
+
+S 2007 .
+
+S Web .
+
+S 14 Sept. 2009. .
+
+S 4 .
+
+S Wijaya , Megawati .
+
+S " Singapore faces a 'silver tsunami ' " Asia Times .
+
+S Asia Times Online , 27 Aug. 2009 .
+
+S Web .
+
+S 16 Sept. 2009. .
+
+S 5 .
+
+S Zolla , Kristen .
+
+S " Air Pollution/Transportation .
+
+S " Singapore .
+
+S 1996 .
+
+S Web .
+
+S 14 Sept. 2009. .
+
+S In the recent years , global aging issues are an uprising concern .
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||of significant|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The population in many developed countries is aging , and Singapore is no exception .
+
+S If fertility rate does not increase , these issues will worsen , as the average age of the population will increase .
+
+S If this maintains , by 2030 , the ratio of one out of every five Singaporeans will be aged 65 or above .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||trend continues|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:OTHER|||years old|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The aging population will definitely cause a great impact on the society .
+
+S Thus over the years , the new researches , developments and policies in Singapore have definitely helped to ease the aging process to a large extent .
+A 0 1|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||Over|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And as far as these developments and policies are concern , ageing workforce and the cost for elderly healthcare are the important factors that the government has looked into .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:FORM|||concerned|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:VERB:FORM|||to look|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By looking into these factors , the country can greatly decrease the impact of the liabilities these elderly has on the country .
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To prevent older generations to be a burden to younger generations , the Singapore government has come up with several policies and acts which allows the elderly to stay in the workforce for a longer period .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||from being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:SVA|||allow|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 36|||M:OTHER|||of time|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the acts enforced is the Retirement Act .
+
+S Under this act , the minimum retirement age in Singapore is 62 years , thus allowing them to stay longer in the workforce .
+A 13 13|||M:ADJ|||old|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This can be beneficial to them in several ways .
+
+S Firstly , they can accumulate more wealth through their work , which they can then use to support themselves in their old age .
+A 11 11|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , working provides them a good environment to maintain and even build up their physical and mental health .
+A 5 5|||M:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is possible through communication with their colleagues , which can help them to stay optimistic .
+A 2 2|||M:VERB|||made|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thirdly , by working longer , they also help to ease the financial stress of their family members .
+A 7 7|||M:VERB:TENSE|||may|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another worry arising is the cost for health matters .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||that arises|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S An ageing population with higher life expectancy is also associated with higher numbers of chronic and other medical conditions .
+
+S To help families in Singapore cope with the extensive treatment cost , the Ministry of Community Development , Youth and Sports ( MCYS ) , has come up with services and programmes that provides affordable healthcare and eldercare services .
+A 24 25|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:VERB:SVA|||provide|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S MCYS have both intermediate and long-term healthcare facilities .
+
+S Intermediate healthcare facilities include community hospitals , day rehabilitation centres for the elderly , and long-term healthcare facilities include hospices , home medical , nursing or therapy services and nursing homes .
+
+S These facilities mostly cater for families who have financial difficulties .
+A 4 8|||R:OTHER|||to the needs of families with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the contrary , some Singaporeans have the mind set that these services and programmes are not of utmost importance to them as they each have their own medisave account to pay for their hospitalization bills .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||However|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Apart from this , some other Singaporeans might not think that later retirement is a good idea .
+A 0 4|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:ORTH|||Some|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , companies might think that it is a more of a burden to hire an elderly worker , as they might not be able to cope with the stress and workload five .
+A 9 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:OTHER|||he or she|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are also worries about the elderly workers ' health status .
+A 6 11|||R:OTHER|||health status of the elderly workers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , they would rather hire a worker with higher qualifications , who is more competent , and most importantly , younger .
+
+S However , little did they know that medisave account might be exhausted after a week .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Associate Professor Paulin Straughan said " One hospitalization , for example , a stroke can set you back at tens of thousands of dollars .
+A 5 5|||M:PUNCT|||:|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Where are you going to get that money ?
+
+S " ( Associate Professor Paulin Straughan , 2009 ) .
+
+S Therefore , without the help and support from welfare organizations such as MCYS , majority of Singaporeans might not be able to handle high cost incurred for taking care of the elderly .
+A 23 23|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , when companies hire a worker , have they ever taken into consideration that experience does play a part in the working society ?
+
+S Without the past contributions from these elderly workers , these companies might not be able to stand wherever they are today .
+A 16 18|||R:OTHER|||be where|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , it is important that companies try to retain elderly workers , especially when the Singapore government do provide incentives for them when they do so .
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Clearly , as our country is nearing the " graying era " , the importance of these policies and acts seems to be more obvious to all .
+
+S These can be seen from the willingness of people to stay longer in the workforce , and to people enrolling in the services and programmes provided by MCYS .
+A 18 21|||R:OTHER|||be enrolled into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Ageing issues can be further eased if family members take the initiative to encourage their elderly members to stay longer in the workforce , so that they can contribute more to the society , help to ease household financial stress , accumulate more wealth , and also to stay healthier and wiser .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||took|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 34|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 41|||R:OTHER|||. The elderly could also|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 47 48|||U:VERB:FORM||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference : Channel NewsAsia - Wednesday , August 19
+
+S In the current context , public spending on the aged has been significant especially in the developed countries such as Singapore .
+A 13 13|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With better education system , there will certainly be more literate women joining the workforce , who ended up in a late marriage .
+A 16 21|||R:OTHER|||and this may result in them having|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||marriages|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We will also expect the life expectancy to increase due to better healthcare facilities and technology .
+A 7 7|||M:OTHER|||of people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Without any doubt , it is common to see an increasing in the aging population .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:MORPH|||increase|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As such , governments were pushed to invest resources , especially in terms of monetary to solve problems such as having barrier free accessibility environment , scheme to taking care of the elderly and subsidy on the healthcare .
+A 11 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||R:OTHER|||. These may include|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:OTHER|||and accessible|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:VERB:FORM|||take|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:NOUN:NUM|||subsidies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , this spending on the aged is necessary but should be limited in order to have a balance spending between the aged and the country 's development such as infrastructure , education and skills upgrading .
+A 0 2|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:ORTH|||This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:NOUN:NUM|||developments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 30|||R:OTHER|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Infrastructure is one of the areas that the government can develop on .
+A 11 12|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S More railway lines can be built to allow easy accessibility of people from one location to another .
+A 10 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Expanding the railway line will allow the reducing of time spent on traveling and to be more convenient .
+A 5 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:MORPH|||reduce|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It focuses on the general public as a whole , ranging from the young to the elderly and handicapped rather than mainly on the aged .
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||which rangesanging|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , as constructing is in progress , it often causes high pollution level and is unsightly .
+A 3 4|||R:MORPH|||construction|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But , the ultimate aim of investing expenditure on such a large scale project was to increase the standard of living of people .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another instance could be the upgrading of roads to cater to the increasing amount of vehicles , to reduce road congestion .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN|||number|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It also facilitates the driving within Singapore by making it smoother and providing alternatives road which were lesser as compared to the past .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||roads ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We may also have notice that our buildings are often undergoing maintenance and upgrading as it is part of the government scheme to maintain the condition of the building , minimizing the wear and tear after years and most importantly meant for the public to have a better environment to live in .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:FORM|||noticed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:NOUN:NUM|||buildings|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 41|||R:VERB|||to create|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 49|||R:OTHER|||a better environment for the public|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The above mentioned could be another area in which the government can divert their expenditure to .
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Education is another area that the government should focus on as it aids in the development of the country .
+
+S The government can invest on having additional amenities in school such as gymnastics ; swimming pool ; and indoor sports hall as a form of relaxation , providing a conducive environment for the students .
+A 4 5|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||schools ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN|||gymnasiums|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||pools|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||halls|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 26|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:OTHER|||so as to provide|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides that , expenditure can be channeled in increasing the subsidies in education to encourage people to take up more studies , removing barrier due to insufficient cash flow .
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 21|||R:OTHER|||study|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 29|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As people are educated , they were able to contribute to the workforce in the near future .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||When|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , funds should also be diverted on providing skills upgrading for the workers for instance , a scheme such as " Skills Programme for Upgrading and Resilience " ( SPUR ) , which was introduce to improve and upgrade the worker 's skills .
+A 7 8|||R:PART|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:FORM|||provide|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||M:PUNCT|||. For|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 36|||R:OTHER|||was introduced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 43|||R:NOUN:POSS|||workers '|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The aim was to increase the employment rate by encouraging the retrenched people or the elderly to seize the opportunity to improve and upgrade themselves on the necessary and essential skills to continue in the workforce .
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 20|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 33|||M:VERB|||to stay|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However at times , people may be reluctant to take up such programme which they perceive as useless .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||programmes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As Peterson 's ( 2001 ) has stated , it is important for the elderly to have a later retirement to reduce elderly dependency .
+
+S This is the fact that as the elderly are employed , they were able to support themselves with their savings .
+A 0 1|||R:PRON|||It|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:PREP|||if|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order to achieve that , the elderly worker especially , must consistently upgrade themselves to keep up with the existing demands as employers are looking for the most cost effective resource for the organization .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||workers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:OTHER|||of their jobs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , this not only benefits the general public but as well as the aged .
+A 10 13|||R:OTHER|||also|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , although money spent on the elderly can ease the problem of aging population , it is only for a short term and is not a feasible solution .
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:ADJ|||effective|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It will only create a reliance on the government .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||more|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , we should take into consideration the effects that we will encounter in the long run .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By investing largely in the aged , other areas of developments for the country will be neglected which will result in more social problems .
+A 2 3|||R:ADV|||enormously|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||, and this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , spending on the aged should be restricted to a certain amount so that the resources in terms of financial can be divided equally based on the needs of the various sectors .
+A 9 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 21|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There should be a limitation for the public spending on the aged .
+A 5 6|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Over the years , the expenditure on the aged has relatively increased due to the shift to an aging population .
+A 14 15|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:PREP|||towards|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is mainly due to the increasing needs of healthcare and welfare services for the elderlies .
+A 15 16|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Should more public spending be used for catering the implications of the ageing population ?
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||to cater for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 11|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We need to consider other various sectors that the government is concerned , for the economic and social development of the country .
+A 5 6|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Providing better healthcare and welfare services has been regarded more important than before due to the ageing population we are facing today .
+A 6 9|||R:VERB|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 22|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Policies have been changing according to the needs of the elderlies over time .
+A 1 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||change|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 4|||M:OTHER|||over time|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As people are having a higher life expectancy today , more spending is expected to provide better healthcare facilities and other services for the aged .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB|||enjoying|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is observed that in certain countries that faced with aging population problem , there is an significant increase in hospitalization rates as well as physician services over the years .
+A 8 8|||M:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the increased health costs should not be depended solely by the government .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB|||borne|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S People are more educated and can work longer to better support themselves today .
+A 9 10|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , to stimulate economic growth , the government needs to work out carefully on the national budget for different sectors in the country .
+A 14 15|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||allocated|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , we need to consider other government expenditure such as Education , Infrastructure and Research and Development ( R&D ) .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||expenditures|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:ORTH|||education|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:ORTH|||infrastructure|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||as well as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:ORTH|||research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN|||evelopment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Education spending has always been look upon as a significant matter in the government 's context .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:FORM|||looked|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN|||agenda|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It has played an important role in supporting economic growth and promoting social integration .
+
+S Many education policies have been reviewed and improved over the years to promote the importance of education .
+
+S Finance Minister Tharman Shanmugaratnam said that " Despite the recession , the Government will upgrade both the 'hardware ' and 'software ' of the education system " .
+A 7 8|||R:ORTH|||despite|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:ORTH|||government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S [ Theresa Tan ( 2009 , January 22 ) .
+A 1 2|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 2|||M:PUNCT|||(|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 3|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 8|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S More spending on education .
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2009 from http : //www.straitstimes.com/Breaking + News/Singapore/Story/STIStory_329588.html ] There should be sufficient funds set aside to provide updated facilities for the schools as well as to maintain the quality of the teaching force .
+A 24 25|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By ensuring that the younger generations are well educated we would be assured of achieving growth and stability of the nation .
+A 9 9|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , the public expenditure of on education should never be overlooked .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Developing infrastructure is also another important expenditure that the government is focusing on .
+A 0 13|||R:OTHER|||The government should also focus its spending on developing infrastructure|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Government will increase public sector construction spending to between $ 18 billion and $ 20 billion in 2009 .
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is significantly higher than the $ 15 billion contracted in 2008 and $ 6 billion in 2007 .
+
+S [ Key Budget Initiatives ( 2009 , January 22 ) .
+
+S Singapore Budget 2009 .
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2009 from http : //www.singaporebudget.gov.sg/key_initiatives/home.html ] .
+
+S As economy is thriving continuously , infrastructure such as commercial buildings , bridges , roads and rails are developed constantly .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||thrives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Infrastructure can reflect on how developed a country is and also to make sure people and goods can move about quickly .
+A 1 2|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||reflects|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 14|||R:OTHER|||enables|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , the transportation network in Singapore are always developing to provide citizens with top graded transportation as far as possible .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:MORPH|||grade|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A recent development will be the introduction of circle line to the existing MRT networks .
+A 8 10|||M:DET|||the Circle Line|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||network|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Iconic infrastructure developments would be the building of Integrated Resort ( IR ) and casino that are aimed to attract foreign investment and tourist attraction .
+A 3 8|||R:OTHER|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||, which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:PART|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:FORM|||attracting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Remaking of housing estates are established through various estate renewal programmes such as Home Improvement Programme ( HIP ) and Lift Upgrading Programme ( LUP ) .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The remaking|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB|||seen|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Expanding infrastructure spending reflects a country 's economic status and helps bring in more foreign investment .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN|||favourably|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The focus on Research and Development ( R&D ) has become more prominent today .
+
+S Many countries set aside huge amount of government funds for R&D activities .
+
+S For example , the south Korean government plans to increase investment in research and development by more than 10 percent on year in 2010 .
+A 4 5|||R:ORTH|||South|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S [ People 's Daily Online ( 2009 , April 17 ) S Korean gov't to increase research and development spending .
+
+S Retrieved on September 16,2009 from http : //english.people.com.cn/90001/90778/90858/90863/6639500.html ] People see science and technology as a longtime investment and thus expenditure on R&D was not affected even in the current economic crisis .
+A 9 10|||M:ADJ|||Many people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 25|||R:OTHER|||has not been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Singapore is becoming a biomedical hub that is globally competitive and is turning into a trusted centre for scientific and related commercial activities .
+A 1 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will become|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||R:OTHER|||will also turn|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Investment in R&D boosts economic growth , increases productivity and generates new product to improve quality of people 's live today .
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:MORPH|||lives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The needs of a country will be constantly changing with regards to the fluctuation of the economy .
+A 6 7|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:FORM|||change|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||according|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even though public spending on the aged has been increasing due to the shift to an ageing population , there should be a limitation on this spending so as to divert the assets for developing other areas .
+A 8 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||increased|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:PREP|||towards|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||increasingly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:MORPH|||limit|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The educated aged group today should also be able to support and plan for themselves with regards to their healthcare and social services .
+A 4 5|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 19|||R:OTHER|||in terms of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In all , the proportion of public spending on the various sectors should be divided properly in order to promote economic growth and maintain a sustainable development .
+A 0 3|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:ORTH|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:OTHER|||for the country|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As fertility rates remain stagnant , many countries are experiencing aging populations .
+
+S Governments have thought of many measures so as to help improve the aging population situation .
+A 6 8|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They have invested time and money into research on policies that can help solve the aging population crisis .
+A 6 7|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , since such a trend is only likely to happen in the short run , much has been done to buffer its negative impact on society .
+A 0 2|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:ORTH|||Since|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , I agree to a large extent , current research development/policies have helped to ease the aging process .
+A 9 9|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN|||developmentand policies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Demographic changes such as a growing population will have a serious consequence on health issues in developed countries .
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||consequences|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S National budgets and economies will come under pressure as growing numbers of elderly persons are supported by relatively fewer younger persons .
+
+S To deal with such challenges , governments have only two options , one of which is to reduce the future old-age dependency burden by increasing available resources .
+A 12 12|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This means coming up with policies that can increase the size and productivity of the current and next generation 's working-age population .
+
+S Alternatively , governments can reduce the amount of money spent on welfare benefits for the elderly .
+
+S Firstly , elderly dependency should be reduced by encouraging the elderly to retire later , and by lowering barriers to elder employment .
+
+S This can be achieved by increasing the eligibility age for public pensions and government incentives .
+
+S As people work longer , the amount of wealth generated would be greater .
+
+S If they retired at a younger age , the amount of people left in the work industry would be lesser , resulting in a higher dependency ratio .
+
+S By lowering the barriers and making it easier for the elderly to be employed , more elderly people would have jobs and be able to generate income for the country .
+A 22 22|||M:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , the retirement age in Singapore and Britain used to be 60 and 65 respectively .
+
+S However , as of today , the retirement age of Singaporeans has been increased to 62 , and that of Britain is expected to be increased to 68 by 2050 .
+
+S This would lead to smaller dependency ratios for both countries , thus lightening the burden on the working class .
+
+S The size of today 's economy and tax base can also be increased by encouraging greater productivity among the non-elderly .
+
+S This can be achieved by sourcing foreign talents from other counties to immigrate to Singapore to contribute to our labour force .
+
+S The revenue of the country would in turn increase and the government can use it for other investment and research purposes .
+
+S Therefore , the government has been granting PRs and citizenships more freely than before , as well as providing incentives such as tax rebates to attract foreign companies to invest in Singapore 's economy .
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||permanent residency ( PR ) status|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Foreign Talent Policy would thus result in a larger workforce and ultimately lead to increased revenue for the country .
+
+S Secondly , the healthcare of the society is very important .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the society is facing an aging population problem , the retirement age would increase .
+
+S Older people tend to have more health problems and need more medical attention .
+
+S They tend to see the doctor more often .
+
+S By providing medical benefits and asking them to go for checkups every year , the number of elderly with severe health problems can be reduced .
+
+S The government should also spend more money on finding cures for common illnesses that old people are inflicted with .
+
+S These measures would ensure that medical problems are treated early and more effectively , thus contributing to a healthier workforce and ultimately , a more productive labour force .
+
+S For example , in Singapore , citizens are encouraged to go for medical checkups every year and various medical benefits are provided so as to ensure that our workforce stays healthy and efficient .
+
+S However , some may argue that 'Health ' is very subjective as everyone 's body condition is very different .
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||the topic on " health "|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is very hard to predict when your body system will malfunction .
+
+S The check up could only allow you to have early detection of your illness .
+
+S It does not guarantee the recovery from the illness .
+
+S Therefore they argue that more and more money would be spent on researching on new technologies to cure the illness .
+A 13 14|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||illnesses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , research has shown that for many diseases like diabetes , kidney failure , heart diseases and so forth , the chances of recovery are much higher if the disease was diagnosed in the early stages .
+A 31 32|||R:VERB:SVA|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the opponent 's argument does not stand .
+
+S In conclusion , I feel that no matter how much research is being done , it will not completely solve the aging population crisis .
+A 22 24|||R:NOUN|||problem|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It only helps to alleviate the problems caused by an ageing population .
+
+S The only way to really solve this problem is to increase the birth rate of the country .
+
+S Only by providing more children will the cost burden be spread over a larger and more affluent future generation .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB|||having|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , I conclude that although current research and development/policies have helped to ease the aging process to a large extent , but they have not managed to fully solve the problem .
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||development and policies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the decline of fertility rate in recent years , statistics have shown that in Singapore , the number of younger persons age 15-64 to every resident aged 65 and above fell from 10.4 in 1998 to 7.5 in 2009 .
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN|||ratio|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:FORM|||aged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This would suggest an imbalance in the population ratio of number of young person to the number of older people .
+
+S As a result , Singapore will be facing the dangers of an aging population .
+A 6 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||face|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , the public spending on the aged will increase .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S At the same time , with the rising economy , the national expenditure would eventually increase .
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " The family has traditionally been the main source of support for the elderly in Asia , and Singapore is no exception .
+
+S In recent decades , academic debate has centered upon gauging the effect of modernization or industrialization on levels of familial support ( Cowgill and Holmes 1972 ; Martin and Kinsella 1994 ) .
+A 21 32|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This interest intersects with the awareness of policymakers in Asia that traditional family support of the elderly may decline in future .
+
+S " This would indicate that the government should be prepared to meet the need of welfare services for the aged .
+A 1 1|||M:OTHER|||( Cowgill and Holmes , 1972 ) .|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , facilities such as Day Care Centres and Old Folks Homes will be in high demand as the ratio of elderly to the younger generation is higher in the near future .
+A 22 22|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the long run , if the government focus only on the development of the country and neglects the aged , it will result in economic inequality of " the poor getting poorer , the rich getting richer ' concept .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||focused|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:TENSE|||neglected|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||R:NOUN:POSS|||"|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This would cause the people in losing their motivation to work harder for the country as well as the belief of filial piety commonly known in Asia .
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||to lose|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:OTHER|||which is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In Singapore , the government has strongly upheld the belief that familial support of the elderly is ideal , but if the individual family could not handle their aged , the government would then interfere to help .
+A 33 34|||R:OTHER|||have to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , solely focusing on the aged population would not be the best approach .
+A 2 4|||R:WO|||focusing solely|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government should also focus on other areas that contribute to the development of the country , such as education , technology , military and research and development ( R&D ) .
+
+S This is because there is still a need to contribute to the country 's economic growth in order to be able to sustain the well-being of its people .
+A 16 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 21|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government can limit its expenditure on the medical fees for the older population and use the money to invest in the education of the younger population and develop the country .
+
+S Community centres can organise more activities to encourage the older generation to exercise and stay healthy .
+
+S In psychological term , this would not only be able to decrease the percentage of them being sick but also lead them to a healthier and happier life .
+A 0 4|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:ORTH|||This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 11|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 24|||R:OTHER|||help them to build|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:NOUN|||lifestyles|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , too much help from government can lead to its people being too dependent on the government .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This would result in arising problems including the lack of motivation to work .
+A 4 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Henceforth , the government can introduce policies to encourage its people to invest for their future during the early stages of their life .
+A 0 1|||R:ADV|||Therefore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||lives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is to ensure that when they do not have the ability to work anymore , they will still be able to support themselves without much help from the government .
+
+S In conclusion , public spending on the aged should have a limitation .
+A 11 12|||R:MORPH|||limit|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will allow the people to learn to be more independent in supporting themselves when they retire .
+
+S This would not only benefit the nation 's development but also improve its people well-being .
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||the well-being of its people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , better education for the younger generation would lead to the spread of cost burden of the nation .
+A 10 19|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even though there is a need to support the aged , the efficiency of the country should not be compromised .
+
+S References :
+
+S Angelique Chan FOR POPULATION AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ANALYSIS www.populationasia.org/Publications/RP/AMCRP3.pdf
+
+S Andrews , G. R. and A.I .
+
+S Hermalin .
+
+S ( 2000 ) .
+
+S 'Research directions in ageing in the Asia-Pacific region : past , present and future ' , in Phillips , D.R .
+
+S ( ed ) , ( 2000 ) , Ageing in the Asia-Pacific Region : Issues , Policies and Future Trends , Routledge : London
+
+S Due to the advancement in technologies and the implementation of efficacy policies by the Singapore government , these have helped to alleviate the problems that are accompanied by the aging process to a large extent .
+A 17 31|||R:OTHER|||the problems that accompanied the aging process have been alleviated|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Take for instance , in the past , due the lack of current research and developments available , most elderly who are diagnosed with illness were unlikely to recover and in most cases , they would have to stay in bad for the rest of their lives .
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN:NUM|||illnesses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 41|||R:OTHER|||bed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , in the past , elderly especially spinsters and bachelors whom they have no family members to turn to in their old age often faced financial problems after they stopped working .
+A 7 8|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 30|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , unlike the past , most elderly now are coping well with the aging process in terms of physically , economically and mentally .
+A 16 19|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As indicated in the statistics pertaining to the health status of the senior citizens ( as cited in the National Survey of Senior Citizens , 2005 ) , it stated that " among senior citizens aged 55 and above , only 35.8 % reported a clean bill of health .
+A 15 19|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 29|||M:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 44 44|||M:VERB|||to have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " As such , it would seem that despite the great advancement in the area of medical technologies , a substantial percentage of the elderly are still suffering from medical ailments such as high blood pressure , bone or joint problems , diabetes and sight problems .
+A 25 26|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This may suggest that the current medical technologies have not help to ease the aging process .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:FORM|||helped|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On a closer look , although the present medical technologies may not be able to slow down the aging process , these technologies may help to prevent the medical ailments from occurring and also in some cases , alleviating the sufferings which the elderly has to go through .
+A 27 28|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||R:VERB:FORM|||alleviate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 44 45|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , the invention of high blood pressure and diabetes monitors helped people especially the elderly to be more aware of and to be more able to monitor their own health conditions .
+A 14 14|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With proper medication , the 2 medical ailments would have a lower probability leading to kidney damage whereby the treatment for this illness would be more arduous than the common ailments .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:FORM|||to lead|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||. The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 25|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:ADJ|||difficult|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As such , the advancement in medical technologies have shown to ease the aging process through the innovation of medical innovation which in turn aid the elderly in preventing common ailments exacerbating into serious illness whereby the treatments are more strenuous .
+A 16 19|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||innovations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 24|||R:OTHER|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 28|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:VERB:FORM|||prevent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 31|||M:PREP|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:NOUN:NUM|||illnesses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 41|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although , in today 's context , around 66 % of the senior citizens aged 55 and above are provided with regular cash contributions from their children ( as stated in the National Survey of Senior Citizens , 2005 ) , there is still a significant number of senior citizens that faced financial difficulties in their old age , especially if these senior citizens are retired singles .
+A 28 32|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 50 51|||R:PRON|||who|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , in order to aid the elderly through the aging process , the Singapore government has implemented several policies and measures to ensure that there is adequate protection for the elderly .
+
+S One good illustration would be the new CPF LIFE scheme ( Introduction to CPF life ) that will be launched in September 2009 .
+
+S Under this new scheme , it will offer members with a life-time income whereby the members will receive a sum of money monthly for as long as they live and the amount will depend on the cash savings they have in their Retirement Account .
+
+S Furthermore , besides ensuring that the elderly will have sufficient funds for their living expenses after their retirement , the Singapore government has also ensured that the elderly will be able to cope with the hefty and long term medical expenses in their old age through the implementation of policies such as the Eldershield ( Healthcare Financing , ElderShield ) .
+A 22 25|||R:OTHER|||also ensures|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 30|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 58 59|||R:NOUN|||year|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As stated from the source , " ElderShield is an affordable severe disability insurance scheme which provides basic financial protection to those who needs long-term care , especially during old age .
+A 0 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " Thus , the elderly will be able to draw on the monthly payout to aid in paying for his or her long-term care expenses .
+A 1 1|||M:OTHER|||( citation ) .|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , with the implementation of such policies , majority of the financial difficulties that the senior citizens faced in their old age would be alleviated .
+
+S The elderly would be able to rely on the monthly payouts from the various schemes to cope with their everyday lives even if they had stopped working .
+
+S Lastly , the grieving process ( Old Adult Mental Wellbeing , Health Promotion Board ) is part and parcel of the aging process whereby for the elderly , it is more common for them to lose their family members and friends in their old age and thus , this makes each single loss even more unbearable .
+A 14 14|||M:OTHER|||, year|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , with the current developments and advanced medical help available , it would be able to aid in reducing the sufferings that the elderly would be experiencing during the grieving process .
+A 12 32|||R:OTHER|||these sufferings would be reduced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The healing process will only start if the elderly are willing to seek and accept support from various sources .
+
+S For instance , one such facility development which the elderly would be able to seek help from would be the REACH Elderly Care Centre where the elderly would be able to receive day care , supervision and supportive help .
+A 7 7|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , the place also serves to offer ample opportunities for the senior citizens to mingle with other people and take on meaningful activities so that they would be healthier in terms of both mentally and physically .
+A 31 34|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , with the advancement in medical sciences , if the intensity of the grief does not fade off after a long period of time , the elderly can also seek professional help such as consulting the therapists and psychologists to assist them in getting over the grieving process .
+A 9 26|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 49 49|||M:OTHER|||, if the intensity of the grief does not fade off after a long period of time|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As such , with the different types of facilities and medical developments available , the elderly no longer has to suffer in silence .
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This further substantiates the fact that current research and development have indeed helped to ease the aging process .
+
+S It is ironic that how everybody wants to have long life expectancy but yet , no one wants to grow old .
+A 9 10|||R:ADJ:FORM|||longer|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nevertheless , the aging process is commonly viewed as an unavoidable , undesirable , problem-ridden phrase of life that we are required to go through it .
+A 6 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , with the advancement in technologies and implementation of effective policies , it has proved to be able to ease the aging process to a large extent .
+A 5 6|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 28|||R:OTHER|||the problems associated with the aging process are eased to a large extent.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the help of the technologies and policies , the elderly would definitely be able to manage their lives in their old age better .
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||various|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:ADV|||better|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Bibliography
+
+S 1 .
+
+S Healthcare Financing , CPF LIFE .
+
+S Ministry of Health .
+
+S Retrieved September 16 , 2009 , from { http : //www.moh.gov.sg/mohcorp/hcfinancing.aspx ? id = 310 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.moh.gov.sg/mohcorp/hcfinancing.aspx ? id = 310 ]
+
+S 2 .
+
+S Introduction to CPF LIFE .
+
+S Central Provident Fund .
+
+S Retrieved September 16 , 2009 , from { http : //mycpf.cpf.gov.sg/NR/rdonlyres/F540570D-A107-488F-A295-67E128643210/0/CPFLIFE_FAQ.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //mycpf.cpf.gov.sg/NR/rdonlyres/F540570D-A107-488F-A295-67E128643210/0/CPFLIFE_FAQ.pdf ]
+
+S 3 .
+
+S National Survey of Senior Citizens 2005 .
+
+S Singapore Statistics .
+
+S Retrieved September 16 , 2009 , from { http : //www.mcys.gov.sg/MCDSFiles/Resource/Materials/NSSC % 202005.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.mcys.gov.sg/MCDSFiles/Resource/Materials/NSSC % 202005.pdf ]
+
+S 4 .
+
+S Older Adult Mental Wellbeing , Dealing with Grief .
+
+S Health Promotion Board .
+
+S September 16 , 2009 , from { http : //www.healthymind.sg/elderly.aspx ? id = 626 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.healthymind.sg/elderly.aspx ? id = 626 ]
+
+S 5 .
+
+S Understanding End-Stage Renal Disease ( ESRD ) .
+
+S Electronic Reference .
+
+S Retrieved September 16 , 2009 , from { http : //www.nkfs.org/index.php ? option = com_content&task = view&id = 72&Itemid = 101 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.nkfs.org/index.php ? option = com_content&task = view&id = 72&Itemid = 101 ]
+
+S Singapore population comprises of the citizens and permanent residents .
+A 0 0|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In between the year 1947 and 1964 , there are approximately 1 million babies were born .
+A 0 1|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||Between|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This made up of 30 % of the resident population in the constitution .
+A 0 13|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The batch of these baby-boomers will reach 65 years old by 2012 and form the largest aged population that Singapore has ever experienced .
+A 0 3|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:ORTH|||These|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the government of Singapore should not limit public spending on the aged .
+
+S Singapore is a developed country where the government had already spent millions toward the country 's development .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Singapore 's government had invested millions of dollars in the past years to ensure that Singapore grow as a modern and sophisticated city .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||over|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:SVA|||grows|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government had pumped in money to various areas such as transportation system , infrastructure , education , technology , health and welfare benefits for its people .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 7|||R:OTHER|||money into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government uses these developments as a strategy to boost the economy .
+A 5 8|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Singapore 's transportation system is well-known as one of the best in the world .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||to be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Almost all part of Singapore is very accessible by road .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||parts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another factor is the education system in Singapore .
+
+S The government promotes high education to acknowledge the importance of it .
+A 3 4|||R:ADJ|||tertiary|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 11|||R:OTHER|||its importance|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As one of the developed country in the world , Singapore has only its citizens as their resources .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||countries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||resource|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government hopes that with compulsory education , its people will be provided with the necessary skills to foster the economy .
+
+S Although the standard of living in Singapore increases gradually , Singapore citizens are still able to cope with it .
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||has increased|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is because the government provide subsidies to the people in terms of housing , healthcare and education .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:SVA|||provides|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With these developments , Singapore has produce skilled workforce , advanced and efficient infrastructure which attracts many foreign investors to trade in this country .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:FORM|||produced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||and an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||. These developments attract|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Today , there are about 3000 Multinational Corporations ( MNCs ) from all around the world .
+
+S Factors which had attracted the MNCs to do business here is tranquillity and corruption- free government .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , MNCs feel safe and secure to trade and set up business in Singapore .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||businesses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , the strategy used by Singapore 's government was proved a success , for instance , statistic shows the real growth that averaged 8.0 % from 1960 to 1999 to 9.9 % in 2000 .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:VERB|||to be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:PUNCT|||. For|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||The economy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has shown|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:PREP|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:PREP|||between|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a developed nation , Singapore has already established herself .
+
+S There is not much more that the government need to spend on developing the nation .
+A 4 5|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:SVA|||needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With skilled-workforce , advanced facilities and infrastructure together with MNCs setting up business here , Singapore 's economy is expected to grow in years to come .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||a skilledworkforce|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||, as well as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 14|||R:OTHER|||the presence of MNCs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Water , housing , transport and infrastructure are already available .
+
+S The issue is to maintain them and change according to the technology .
+A 6 12|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Money is spent to adopt the change to meet the current technology .
+
+S However , the productivity level remains the same but still meet its objective .
+A 0 14|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Advanced facilities and infrastructure such as the upcoming Integrated Resorts ( IR ) are expected to draw millions of tourists to Singapore .
+
+S Hence , it will benefit the economy .
+
+S Now the government should focus on sustaining and maintaining all these developments that are already provided here .
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||in existent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , there is a scarce land in Singapore .
+A 2 7|||R:OTHER|||land is scarce|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Singapore economy will still be unpredictable .
+
+S Knowing that the baby-boomers would reach 65 years old by 2012 , government should invest on them .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is necessary as they knew that if the baby boomers start to pull out their money out of the bank and stock market , it will affect the total government spending .
+A 3 7|||R:OTHER|||because|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||started|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||banks|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If the public spending is limited for them , they may go for retirement and lead to losing more jobs .
+A 0 21|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With job lost , they no longer have to pay taxes and thus , the government should look upon wisely on its public spending .
+A 0 11|||R:OTHER|||They may not be able to pay taxes if they have lost their jobs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 24|||R:OTHER|||consider spending its funds wisely|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It should be aware of issues that Singapore will be facing in years to come such as ageing population .
+A 15 19|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the boost in ageing population , delayed in retirement , encouraging longer working lives and improve the barriers to elder employment would be a force in shaping the needs of an ageing population .
+A 0 35|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In continuing to contribute to the economy , the government has recognized these baby boomers .
+A 0 16|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , allowing employers to hire them and they would remain employable .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||this would allow|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By working longer , baby boomers could accumulate savings for retirement and able to share skills and experience with the society .
+A 12 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They are also encouraged to keep up with the current skills and avoid the feeling of boredom which makes no purpose through early retirement .
+A 0 25|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S More funds are required to encourage later retirement and longer working lives to meet the necessary working skills .
+A 8 18|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is only through upgrading of skills and knowledge that would increase the efficiency , effectiveness and productivity of these elderly employers .
+A 10 22|||R:OTHER|||the effectiveness of elderly employees would be increased|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although the elderly are prone to illnesses and more funds are required as compared to younger employees in an organisation , they have the experience to guide the younger employees .
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||for them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S While lower barriers are imposed on elder employment , it takes awhile before the society accepts the elderly in the employment world .
+A 0 23|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , due to the fast-paced and stressful working environment nowadays , the elder generations would not be motivated to extend their stay in the workforce .
+A 0 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:ORTH|||Due|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , the government should nurture the younger generations to be productive through the use of public funds .
+
+S The production of the younger generation would then provide support for the non- working elderly .
+A 0 16|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although the elderly could only do the minimum to the society and country , they made up the higher percentage of the population and should not be ignored .
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There is a need to develop a realistic sense of urgency in Singapore over the ageing population issue .
+A 7 8|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In shaping Singapore economy , the government should not neglect the social issue of ageing population .
+A 3 3|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||issues|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||associated with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Instead , they should input this issue as a beneficial factor to help to boost the economy .
+A 0 18|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The fact that Singapore is going to be affected by ageing population , public spending on the aged should not be limited .
+A 0 23|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to Singapore Department of Statistics , the Singapore resident population has grown older with the median age of resident population rising from 35 years in 2003 to 36.4 years in 2007 .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:ADJ|||old|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 30|||M:ADJ|||old|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The proportion of elderly person in Singapore aged 65 years and above increased from 7.4 per cent in 2003 to 8.5 per cent in 2007 , which reflects the second fastest ageing population in the world after Japan .
+A 26 28|||R:OTHER|||making it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The increase in life expectancy and decline in fertility are two main causes of ageing population .
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Singapore is concerned with the growth in ageing population because many older persons have minimal or no income .
+A 6 7|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Public spending on the aged should therefore not be limited , yet other aspects of public spending should not be compromised so as to maximize spending on the aged .
+A 6 7|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||though|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||R:OTHER|||too . This is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The burden on an average working class adult has been increasing with yearly inflation and higher standards of living .
+A 9 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||increased|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Pressure on the working population will be exceptionally high as the dependency ratio of elderly increases , which may in turn result in social problems .
+A 9 17|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||R:OTHER|||cause|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , including health care for the aged as part of public expenditure to lighten the burden of the working population is an investment that should not be limited .
+A 2 13|||R:OTHER|||health care for the aged should be included as part of the public expenditure fund|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:NOUN|||.This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:VERB|||overlooked|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Elderly often find themselves unsupported by their children due to greater emphasis on individualism in the younger generation that has eroded the traditional values such as filial piety .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||abandoned|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:OTHER|||, and this is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:PREP|||among|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||. This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Yet , they are financially dependent on others due to unemployment as a result of old age .
+A 0 18|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , the government can intervene by supporting the elderly using public spending to make sure they are self-sufficient .
+A 16 16|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Policies implemented by the Singapore government like Medisave and Medifund are good examples .
+
+S In addition , the government should provide for public facilities , amenities and services , to cater to the needs of the ageing population .
+
+S Such include day care centres , wheelchair-friendly access , subsidies for medical costs and transport .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||These|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Homeless elderly , burden on families are some of the serious repercussions if public spending on the aged is limited , which will in turn lead to worrying social problems .
+A 0 31|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , government spending on the aged is important and should not be limited .
+
+S Having established that public spending on the aged should not be limited , other aspects of government spending , however , should not be neglected just to maximize spending on the aged .
+A 25 32|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Money could be diverted to tourism and military , for instance , as these may be other crucial areas of a country 's development that requires public spending .
+A 8 8|||M:NOUN|||uses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 24|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:VERB:SVA|||require|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Money could be diverted to the tourism industry where it plays a key role in contributing to the country 's income .
+
+S According to Singapore Tourism Board , Singapore achieved a record of 9.7 million visitors in 2006 , from 8.9 million in 2005 , and is hoping to achieve a target of 17 million visitors by 2015 .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order to achieve the target , Singapore has recently invested a substantial amount of money into the major development of the two integrated resorts in order to remain competitive among Asian countries and other popular tourist attractions .
+A 18 19|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Integrated Resort is one of the many strategies that Singapore adopt to generate more economic growth and boost the country 's Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:SVA|||adopts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Other than the many areas money could be diverted to , military defense is among one of the important aspects because it serves as a deterrence to protect a country 's sovereignty .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||Compared to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 10|||R:OTHER|||of development|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:MORPH|||deterrent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Money spent on purchasing weapons and armours is necessary to ensure that the warriors of the nation are well-equipped in an event when war occurs .
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||military men|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , money could also be expended on local or overseas training to ensure that the warriors are trained with relevant knowledge to defend the country .
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||military men|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are many areas where public spending should be used for a country 's development .
+
+S In developed countries like Singapore and Japan where ageing population is an issue , the importance of public spending on the aged can outweigh that of other aspects .
+
+S On the other hand , developing countries may invest most of their public spending on infrastructure instead of on the aged because economic development is likely to be their primary objective .
+
+S It would be unwise to limit healthcare spending on the aged since different countries have different needs .
+
+S In conclusion , public spending on the aged should not be limited due to its significance in view of the ageing population .
+A 12 22|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Instead , the government should allow its public spending on the aged to hang around a certain percentage .
+A 13 15|||R:VERB|||hover|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this materialistic world where we live in , when something loses its value , it will be forgotten from our sight .
+A 19 22|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This harsh behavior brings fear to adult who is going to be over the retirement age , putting them into the category of jobless elderly .
+A 0 26|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , many elderly have being neglected from their children and become homeless due to their capacity in providing help to the family have decreased .
+A 0 4|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:ORTH|||Many|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 27|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Just one week ago , a case of a daughter cheated on her mother into selling her apartment away and took away the sum of money , leaving her mother homeless on the street .
+A 0 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||There was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:PRON|||who|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:FORM|||taking|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 25|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The stepping in of National Welfare Association lessen the burden of such neglected elderly by providing Old Folks Home and other amenities that will aid them according to the situation .
+A 1 4|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:VERB:TENSE|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:OTHER|||shelters for them in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 30|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , such approaches will only solve the skin of the problem and not the root cause of the situation .
+A 5 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:VERB|||remove|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN|||problem|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Not only that , it will generate the idea that it is okay to not look after the elderly as the welfare will step in and provide the elderly a place .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||In addition|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||R:WO|||not to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN|||government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:OTHER|||to stay|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This replacement of looking after the elderly will only encourage more infilial children to neglect their elderly parents .
+A 1 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , providing sustainable solutions to the aging problem have to start by tackling the root cause of the problem , that is looking at the children who is supposed to take care of them .
+A 2 3|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 25|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:VERB:TENSE|||be taking|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The root cause starts from children who have no wish to take care of their parents .
+A 4 5|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This can be due to many reasons .
+
+S One of which is the lack of financial income .
+
+S Japan was known to have many homeless elderly and by analyzing into the country ' performance it is known that Japan has the highest expenses among the countries .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:OTHER|||many|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Beside cultural aspect , this gave us a slide indication that the people there may have problem handling their finance .
+A 0 1|||R:PREP|||Besides|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||gives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||slight|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In Singapore , this is especially true to people falling under the sandwich generation who have to pay for the spending of their children and also their parents .
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||who fall|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN|||expenses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 27|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Instead of using taxpayer money on the aged , it can be used to generate more jobs and higher income for the people , resulting in better economic .
+A 0 3|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:POSS|||Taxpayers '|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:NOUN|||growth|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this way , the children will have more financial allowance to take care of the parents .
+A 8 9|||R:ADJ|||better|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||means|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Educating the society on aging issue helps in long-term basis .
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||the long run|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Just like other issue like smoking and yellow ribbon , introducing of aging campaign should be improvised in a country .
+A 2 3|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN|||isues|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||such as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||the issue|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB|||highlighted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This approach not only brings awareness to the country , but also educating on the people on what will happen to the elderly when they are neglected .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN|||people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:FORM|||educates|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:VERB:TENSE|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The experiencing and understanding of such situation changes the way the society thinks about aging elderly , taking this aging issue on another level of humanity instead of practicality .
+A 0 3|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:ORTH|||Understanding|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 7|||R:OTHER|||the issue|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will change|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 21|||R:OTHER|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Law should also being implemented in a country to help control the negligence of the elderly .
+A 0 1|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Laws|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:FORM|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 8|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 16|||R:OTHER|||issue of the elderly being neglected|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Fine should be made on family that neglects their parents .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||families|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||neglect|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Law should not be made severe , as there are also many issues to why one has to neglect their elders .
+A 0 1|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Laws|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN|||reasons|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Issue like financial problem and time allowance may prevent one to take care of their elder .
+A 0 1|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Issues|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:PART|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:FORM|||taking|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Law should take on another part of being just fining on them , but bringing in welfare that helps family that encounter such problem .
+A 0 25|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this way , there is a controlling factor in a country , making sure the welfare of elderly will be taken care of by their family and lessening the amount of homeless elderly .
+A 4 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:NOUN:NUM|||families|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 34|||R:OTHER|||the number of homeless elderly will be lessened|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In a nutshell , public spending should be limited and wisely spent in providing aids to the elderly .
+A 8 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB|||used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||to provide|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Instead of helping directly to the needs of elderly , the government should tackle the root of the problem , which is the people who are supposed to take care of their elderly parent .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||giving help|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 8|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 22|||R:OTHER|||by getting the people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 27|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:NOUN:NUM|||parents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This can be done by improving on the economic issue of their country , educating the importance of taking care of the elderly and implementing laws on negligence issue of elderly .
+A 8 13|||R:OTHER|||economy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:OTHER|||young on the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 31|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These approaches may not produce effect soon , but it is sustainable for the future generation .
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||immediate effects|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:ADJ|||useful|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||generations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Aging issues
+
+S I strongly agree with the sixth strategy which suggests people to provide in advance for their own old-age dependency .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB|||encourage|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In my opinion , this is the most useful method to reduce the fiscal and economic cost .
+
+S That is also why so many countries are engaging in setting up effective systems to encourage or compel people to save money for later use .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:FORM|||engaged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , China has developed a complete system which requires people to turn over some money every year according to the individual income and willingness .
+A 7 8|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Then when they are old they can receive corresponding care and living expenses .
+
+S This policy is implemented smoothly , since both the government and citizens can benefit from it .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It not only lightens the burden of government but also brings security to citizens ' later use .
+A 10 17|||R:OTHER|||gives a sense of security to the citizens|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To certain extent , it also can inspire individual enthusiasm for work .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 7|||R:WO|||can also|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , some people insist that the government should take the responsibility to look after the old people by increasing the pension and promoting the funding of the programs for the elderly , for they have engaged themselves in the development of their countries and deserve the care and respect .
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:PART|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:FORM|||looking|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:NUM|||pensions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:OTHER|||the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 39|||R:OTHER|||contributed to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 45 46|||R:VERB:TENSE|||deserved|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In my perspective , it may not be practical especially for the developing countries with large population .
+A 0 1|||R:PREP|||From|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It not only can not solve the problem effectively but also may lead the national budgets and economic to come under great pressure .
+A 1 3|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||, and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||R:WO|||may also|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 22|||R:OTHER|||to the economy being subjected to increasing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All in all encouraging people to set aside some money for themselves is the most wisdom method .
+A 3 3|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||wisest|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Throughout the years , the issue of aging has become a tremendous challenge for the developed countries .
+
+S Due to the increase in the standard of living , better medical treatment is available and this has caused the life expectancy of the people to increase .
+A 2 3|||R:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S People are marrying later in life and this has caused a fall in the fertility rate .
+
+S Young people are now faced with the insurmountable task of supporting an ever increasing population of the aged .
+
+S As a result , public spending on the aged has been on the increase .
+
+S Some may think that it is a waste of the taxpayers ' money to fund such a spending as there can be no potential benefits to be reaped .
+
+S However is this the correct attitude to hold towards the elderly ?
+
+S Should we hold back the aid for the aged who had contributed to the country 's success ?
+
+S That should n't be the case .
+
+S This essay will argue that public spending on the aged should not be limited to a large extent .
+
+S It will touch on the moral issues inherent and also argue that it is actually detrimental to a country 's future if its aged are not well taken care of , even if the money saved by limiting public spending on the elderly is spent developing other areas such as education and research and development .
+
+S At first glance , spending on education may seem to be more important than aiding the elderly as what we teach the youths will determine the future of the nation .
+
+S An education provides a platform for the youths to face the challenges in the future .
+
+S When faced with difficult decisions , the analytical skills learnt in school will help us to determine how to deal with these problems .
+
+S Hence , for small country such as Singapore which human resources is the key factor for the success , it is important that the citizen constantly upgrade themselves with the latest knowledge .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||resource|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN:NUM|||citizens|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , government should devote more capital to ensure that the education system remain relevant in today 's dynamic global economy .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This certainly seems to be more important than pouring money down than on public spending on the elderly .
+A 10 13|||R:OTHER|||into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some may say that it is more important that a country have an excellent research and development sector than healthy , happy senior citizens .
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Research and development plays an important role in the innovation process which results in high quality products , successful businesses .
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Research and development will very likely increase the levels of overseas investment as foreign multinational companies will see that country as a good place for business .
+A 18 19|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , with a strong research and development sector , a country will be more likely to succeed economically .
+
+S Again , public spending on research and development seems definitely to be more important than spending public money on the elderly .
+
+S After all , what can a group of healthy , well taken care of senior citizens bring to the country ?
+
+S Their knowledge has long become obsolete and there 's not much value they can bring to a country anymore .
+
+S However , is it really true that the elderly is irrelevant to a country 's development ?
+
+S This is not the case .
+
+S When the government provides sufficient money to look after the elderly , what is developed is the intangible moral value of gratitude and piety .
+
+S When a nation looks after their elderly without reservations , the lesson conveyed to its populace is that one should always look after the people who have contributed to our development .
+
+S As a result , what we learn then is to be grateful to the people who have aided us .
+
+S Such values are the essential element of the society .
+
+S It helps create strong lasting bonds between citizens and the result will be a more cohesive nation .
+
+S What about education and research and development ?
+
+S A strong education system and a strong research and development sector , when situated in a country that is not unified and chaotic will not be able to reap the benefits that they are supposed to generate .
+A 11 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , public spending on the elderly does provide important benefits to the country and should not be limited thus .
+A 19 20|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly , a country that does not take care of its elderly sufficiently runs the risk of having it younger population abandoning it and migrating to other countries .
+A 18 19|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S No one would like to stay in a country with insufficient care for them in the future .
+
+S Majority of them would think that their hard work does not pay off .
+A 9 12|||R:OTHER|||have not paid|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They work so hard to contribute to this economy but the result turn out that the government do not provide sufficient care for them when they are old .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have worked|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:SVA|||does|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , no more future leaders will be staying back to help the country to boost up the economy and run every sector .
+A 16 17|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||R:OTHER|||the country|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will turn the country into a gray society .
+A 0 10|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , public spending on the elderly should still be invested in term of financial policies and benefits .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB|||continued|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||the form|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , we should not see elderly as a burden but an asset .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even thought other sectors such as education and research and development are important to us , we should not forget ours greatly contributors .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||though|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:DET|||our|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:ADJ|||earlier|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are the ones who build up a nation from the basic to what we have now .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||They|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , we must be grateful to those who aided us and create a sense of belonging to everyone .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB|||have helped|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:TENSE|||created|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this way , younger generation will then work harder for the nations in the future .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||nation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The baby boom in the 1960s and the current low fertility rate in Singapore has entrench Singapore into one of the fastest aging population in the world .
+A 15 16|||R:VERB|||made|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Living expenditure for the elderly is increased by the rising medical costs and standard of living .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||in terms of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , it is necessary for the government to review the public policies for the elderly .
+
+S Essentially , the expenditure used to finance medical and welfare programs should be proportionate to the larger aging population .
+
+S The people are the asset of Singapore and they have contributed to the country 's strong economic position .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||assets|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the population aged , it is the responsibility of the government to take care of its people .
+
+S Spending on the aged should not be limited .
+
+S The improvement in medical research has lengthened the life expectancy of the society .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN|||people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the longer life span will inexplicitly incur a larger amount of long term health care expenses for the aged and the deterioration of physical mobility and communication might cause them to lose the ability to work and be self-sustained .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:SVA|||spans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:SPELL|||inevitably|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The situation is further worsened for a segment of the elderly in the society who is unmarried and inadequately educated .
+A 3 5|||R:OTHER|||worse|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They stand at the least advantageous position should there be a limitation in the public spending on the aged because they do not have families to depend on and the depletion in the marginal sum of savings will eventually result in social problems like starvation and homelessness .
+A 2 3|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||R:OTHER|||limit on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 36|||R:OTHER|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 44|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , without the government 's support for the elderly , the burden of caring for these elderly will fall solely on the " sandwich generation " , whereby the individuals are to be financially responsible for their family , children and parents .
+A 27 29|||R:OTHER|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 33|||R:OTHER|||who will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is especially straining for individuals who are less financially well off .
+
+S In the long run , this financial responsibility may be too much for the working population to bear .
+
+S Hence , there is a need for the government to intervene by using part of the public funds to care for this aged population and ease the burden on the working population .
+A 21 22|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Singapore invested much of our public spending on the other areas of the country 's development like defence and economy .
+A 1 1|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although these areas of development are necessary for the continual development of Singapore , we should not neglect the importance of public spending for the aged .
+A 9 10|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By providing more for the elderly and improvising health care polices , the government can actually improve the living conditions of the aged which will reduce possible social issues .
+A 23 23|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:OTHER|||in turn|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , if the government can maintain social stability in its country , government may then focus on other aspects such as defence .
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Ultimately , it is the responsibility of the working population and the government to take care of the elderly .
+
+S Other than taxation from the working population which is compulsory , it is necessary to garner support from the government to provide social welfare services , day-care centres , social support and improvisation of health systems .
+
+S Such coordination between the working population and government will benefit the aged who is concern with the provision of welfare from the state and this will give them a sense of security .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:FORM|||concerned|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S An ageing population is a worldwide pattern that is faced by all countries .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN|||issue|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the population is getting older this has social , political and economical impact on all societies .
+A 1 2|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||gets|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||there are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||everyone|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Social impact would be that people would have to work harder because the proportion of people who are economically productive is not balance thus the younger generations has to be more productive to cater to the elderly low productivity .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The social|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 24|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 35|||R:OTHER|||make up for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 37|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S An aging population will have a serious consequence on health issues in developed nations in the view that more medical support will be needed by the elderly .
+A 14 18|||R:OTHER|||because|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S National budgets and economies will come under pressure as growing numbers of elderly persons are supported by relatively fewer younger persons .
+
+S Political wise , policy to help the elderly whereas financially or welfare wise , it will hinder the countries growth in the long run which leads to the economical impact as more tax payers money will be used on public spending on the aged .
+A 0 14|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:ORTH|||It|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 31|||R:OTHER|||because|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 34|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , public spending should be diverted to other areas of the countries development like economy and technology which may help in prolonging and enhancing the quality of life for the elderly .
+A 13 13|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||the technological sector ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Investing in the economic growth will reduce the stress of the younger generation as more jobs will be provided more employment with higher salary will be available to the working adults .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 24|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 31|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S More businesses will start and more jobs will be created , which means more people will be employed thus more income tax which means more government funds to help support the elderly .
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||. Thus , there will be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When more work is available , more people will be able earn and save more which means that the standard of living for the working people will improve and they will be able to support the elderly as they are more affluence .
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||, and this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 42|||R:MORPH|||affluent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Increase in economic growth will also mean that people are earning more thus there will be an increase in the taxable amount of the working people which this amount will be usable in providing better medical support to the elderly thus this will provide for both the working people in the sense that they will live better and the elderly in the sense that they will be supported with the proper amount of care .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||An increase|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:OTHER|||, and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||R:OTHER|||taxes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 26|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 29|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:MORPH|||used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 41|||R:OTHER|||. Thus ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 49 57|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 60 74|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Investing in technology in the sense of research and development will allow the discovery of new medical advancement as well as better facilities for medical cares .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN|||form|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 16|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S New drugs or medicine will be available for the sick elderly and more cures for diseases and sickness will be available to help the elderly thus reducing the stress on the working force in the sense that they do n't have to worried about their elderly parents .
+A 25 26|||R:OTHER|||This may|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:VERB:FORM|||reduce|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 43|||R:VERB:FORM|||worry|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S New technology or medicine to prolonging and enhancing the quality of life will be available for the elderly and this will reduce the stress on the working force of the economy and in return increase in the productivity of the working force as they are more focus at work and they are able to provide and spend more time at work .
+A 5 8|||R:OTHER|||prolong and enhance|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 31|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 37|||R:OTHER|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 42|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 46 47|||R:MORPH|||focused|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 54 56|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This means that there will be a better output of production thus more business and more income for a better economy .
+A 0 21|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will allow for better economical growth for the country which in return gives more funding for the government to spend on the elderly as well .
+A 10 10|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN|||turn|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB|||means|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||funds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 26|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Investing in social welfare of the working adults in the sense of providing better quality of life and better living standards will help to reduce stress on the working force so as to allow them to be more productive and capable to provide more for the elderly .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 12|||R:OTHER|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||qualities|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 30|||R:OTHER|||their stress|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 33|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 42|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 44|||R:ADJ|||better|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some of the facilities provided by the Singapore Government was the provision of park connectors more facilities near working industries and central business district which allows working people to enjoy working and still have a good quality of life .
+A 8 9|||R:ORTH|||government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:SVA|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:OTHER|||. This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This helps to encourage working people to work and play better giving them a better standard of living .
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||and gives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , Public spending on the aged should be limited and the money should be diverted to the other areas of the countries development like economic growth , research and development and the welfare of the people as this will allow more business , better facilities and encouragement for the people to be capable in supporting themselves and for their elderly parents , in the sense that the government is allowing the people to solve their own financial problem instead of providing of taking up their responsibilities which allows the government to invest and provide for other areas of the countries development .
+A 3 4|||R:ORTH|||public|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 40|||R:OTHER|||. This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 72|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 80 89|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 89 90|||R:OTHER|||and allow|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 101 102|||R:NOUN:POSS|||country 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Public spending has constantly been an issue in any nation .
+
+S Politicians and law-makers are often debating on how much money should be spent in each sector of the country .
+A 13 14|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the rising number of elderly in an aging nation , the amount of money spent in this sector would increase as well .
+
+S However , there are other areas that require cash inflow to facilitate and push society forward .
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Such areas include the military sector , security sector , education sector , research and development sector etc .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , the government should not spend too much on the elderly and neglect the rest of society .
+
+S When one grows old , his body will be going through adjustments and soon , he will not be as fast or agile as he was before .
+A 8 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||go|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||many|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government steps in and upgrades the environment more user-friendly which includes , more handrails along steps and stairs , longer gentle slopes around the housing estates , upgrading of lifts to every floor in older flats , having more elder friendly lifts , etc .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB|||make|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||the installation of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||the building of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:OTHER|||and the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 32|||M:OTHER|||stop at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 45|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Elderly become more vulnerable to illnesses and diseases as they age and it would take a much longer time to recover , unlike their younger days .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||for them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:PREP|||during|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Together with rising medical costs and inflation , this would pose as a problem for the aged , even if one had prepared an amount of savings for his golden years .
+A 0 2|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:ORTH|||Rising|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:OTHER|||for those who|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government would get involved once again and provide subsidies for the elderly in medical bills and as such .
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||R:OTHER|||so on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Terrorism is a growing threat today as it is getting more complicated to understand the terrorists and counter or prevent them .
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||fight|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Constant vigilance against them will take a toll on the civil service sector such as the police and civil defense .
+
+S More research and studies would have to be done to learn about them , their thinking and their actions and how one should be prepared against them .
+A 25 25|||M:VERB|||to fight|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the terrorism spreads and complicates their attacks , from bombing the Twin Towers in United States of America ( NYDailyNews , September 11 attacks ) to the Mumbai attacks ( Mail Online , Mumbai terror attack gunman admits guilt in dramatic courtroom confession ) , one could see that terrorism is growing and it is becoming much tougher to counter them in the future .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 8|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||the bombing of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 25|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 44|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 49 54|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 60 61|||R:VERB|||fight|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 61 62|||R:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Other than relying on the police and military forces , the government has to educate the public on the dangers of terrorism and the importance in preventive them .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:MORPH|||preventing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Research has shown that it is more cost effective to prevent than to deal with the aftermath of terrorism .
+
+S Thus the need to divert reserves into this area of the society is very important .
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||development|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Education is also an important part of the country 's development .
+
+S In Singapore 's context , education starts when a child enters pre-school or kindergarten and to at least the secondary school level .
+A 14 22|||R:OTHER|||l|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Government spending has been growing each year in the education sector .
+A 2 11|||R:WO|||in the education sector has been growing each year|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is due to incurring costs from the needs for teachers to the maintenance of a conducive and cohesive environment for the student and providing subsidized education for the public .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB|||increasing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||expenses for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||to hire|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 24|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:FORM|||provide|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Such costs do not stop once the child leaves the secondary school .
+A 6 7|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If he furthers his studies into the tertiary education , more spending is sustained .
+A 5 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even after graduating from a local university , education does not stop .
+
+S Emphasizing on continuous learning and skills upgrading for older workers is to help them remain competitive in the workforce .
+A 2 3|||R:ADJ|||continual|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 14|||R:OTHER|||will help them to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , Skills Programme for Upgrading and Resilience ( SPUR ) ( NTUC Learning Hub , SPUR ) is introduced to employers and encourages them to send the workers to these trainings .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 25|||R:OTHER|||to encourage|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Such courses and workshops are relatively expensive to conduct and thus , the government 's efforts to subside them are to encourage more workers to attend and upgrade themselves .
+A 17 18|||R:MORPH|||subsidize|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:VERB|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 27|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This could also keep the older generation longer in the economy so as to provide for themselves for more years to come , instead of relying on the government , in turn , reducing the need to elderly spending .
+A 11 14|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 30|||M:OTHER|||which may|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:VERB:FORM|||reduce|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 39|||R:OTHER|||spend on the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence education is comparatively important and thus requires a fair amount of public spending .
+
+S Clearly , spending for the aged is important .
+A 3 4|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the government should not focus too much on this particular sector and neglect the rest .
+
+S Education will have a positive impact on the economy .
+
+S Educating the youth , who are our future pillars of support , would equip them with skills so that they can handle potential problems , which in turn could support the elderly population in the future .
+A 3 4|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Education the older generation would also maintain and even push the economy into better times as they remain competitive and up-to-date with the relevant skills and also support themselves for a much longer period of time .
+A 1 1|||M:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB|||help|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:VERB:TENSE|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:OTHER|||are able to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Security and safety of the people are as important as well .
+
+S As shown , preventive measures against terrorism is a cost effective way to counter them instead of dealing with the aftermath .
+A 21 21|||M:OTHER|||of an attack|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a saying goes , it 's better to be safe than sorry .
+A 1 2|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:PUNCT|||: "|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:PUNCT|||"|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Bibliography
+
+S NY Daily News .
+
+S Electronic references .
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2009 , from
+
+S http : //www.nydailynews.com/topics/September % 2011 % 20Attacks
+
+S NTUC Learning Hub , SPUR or Skills Programme for Upgrading and Resilience .
+
+S Electronic references .
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2009 , from http : //www.ntuclearninghub.com/spur.asp
+
+S Mail Online .
+
+S Electronic references .
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2009 , from
+
+S http : //www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1200862/Mumbai-terror-attack-gunman- admits-guilt-dramatic-courtroom-confession.html
+
+S Singapore was ranked third for the highest life expectancy in the world , such that an aging population is evident .
+A 12 20|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Before taking effective actions , leaders must first realise that any further expansion of retirement benefits would only impoverish future generations and limit future public spending ( Peterson , P.G .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||any|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||action|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( 2001 ) ) .
+
+S As such , I agree that public spending on the aged should be limited so that funds can be diverted to other areas like Ministry of Finance , Education , Health and National Development .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||Therefore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Each area must not be neglected , as they have significant contribution to aid in taking care of the aging population .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||contributions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , for Ministry of Finance ( 2009 ) in Singapore , funds must be pumped into the economy to ensure solvency of the country .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , Monetary Authority of Singapore ( MAS ) and Inland Revenue Authority of Singapore ( IRAS ) are established to make sure that entities operating within Singapore 's authority are attuned to the international standards and practices .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 31|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All these statutory boards and institutions require funds to run their operations to ensure Singapore 's competitiveness , such that revenue earned can be allocated to other ministries ' operation and policies usage .
+A 17 33|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , for Ministry of Education ( 2009 ) in Singapore , funds must be invested in educational institutions and policies .
+A 0 21|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , funds are needed to build good infrastructure and facilities for scholastic purposes such that their education is received under good environment .
+A 13 14|||R:ADJ|||academic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 24|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After all , the younger generations are the futures of Singapore who will soon be the ones taking care of the aged .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB|||represent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||future|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||and they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Funds are also needed to draw effective educational programs to ensure that the young are equipped with fine skills to cope with the metropolitan society in Singapore after leaving the institutions .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB|||provide|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:OTHER|||demands of the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 31|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this society , funds are also needed to draw programs to educate the young on the moral values ; where moral values are the corner stone of an individual 's character and personality .
+A 0 4|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:ORTH|||Funds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 11|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:OTHER|||because|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thirdly , for Ministry of Health ( 2009 ) in Singapore , funds are needed to ensure that the rising demand of healthcare services for the general public is met .
+A 2 15|||R:OTHER|||funds are needed for the Ministry of Health|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , as mentioned by our Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong ( National Day Rally Speech , 2009 ) , hospitals like Khoo Teck Puat Hospital and Jurong General Hospital will be built to meet the rising demand and at the same time providing accessibility .
+A 39 39|||M:OTHER|||of increased patients|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 46|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Funds from the government are also needed to aid the voluntary welfare organizations .
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This measure is needed so as to free out the beds in the general hospital , so that more acute cases of patients could be taken care of and the milder cases can recuperate in a community level with their families and familiar surroundings , in turn it is also a cheaper alternative for the patients to cope with the rising healthcare cost .
+A 0 18|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:ORTH|||More|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 28|||R:OTHER|||handled by hospitals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 32|||R:OTHER|||patients who are less serious|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 38|||R:OTHER|||at home|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 44|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 44 45|||R:OTHER|||. This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 47 48|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , if public spending on the aged is not limited , more financial aid could be given to them , and in turn lessen the burden of the younger generation to provide for the elderly .
+A 22 22|||M:DET|||this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:VERB:TENSE|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S At the same time , the aged will feel more valued by the nation when they are being cared for .
+
+S Lastly , for Ministry of National Development ( 2009 ) in Singapore , funds are needed to develop housing policies to take care of the population and build national parks , neighbourhood parks and greeneries .
+A 2 16|||R:OTHER|||funds are needed for the Ministry of National Development|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 26|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 35|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For the former , housing grants , subsidies , CPF schemes are used to ensure affordability of having a decent roof for the public .
+A 15 24|||R:OTHER|||that the public could afford a flat|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Funds are also needed to build handicap facilities , for instance ramps and Lift Upgrading Program ( LUP ) .
+A 11 11|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For the latter it is especially important for the public as they can have a place for leisure .
+
+S It could be a place for all the residents in the neighbourhood to come together to interact , exercise and forge friendship .
+A 20 22|||R:OTHER|||make friends|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This would help prevent them from experiencing loneliness and also a channel for the residents to communicate and help each other in times of need .
+A 10 10|||M:OTHER|||serve as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , after considering all the factors , I agree that public spending on the aged should be limited as other factors are equally important in taking care of the public , ensuring international competiveness and progress for the nation .
+A 25 26|||R:OTHER|||, such as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 38|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Each factor has its own way of contributing to the society as a whole and the elderly will benefit directly or indirectly from the development as well .
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN:NUM|||developments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Public spending must be cost effective to ensure a steady rate of return from its investments to allow the country to develop and prosper .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||returns|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Sufficient public funds are needed to develop different area of the country in terms of social , economical , defence and government administration .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||areas|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 15|||R:OTHER|||which include|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To ensure that there are sufficient funds for the country 's development , public spending on the age should be limited .
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||aged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order for the country to develop , funds are needed for investment in retraining of workers , expanding of economic structure and maintaining a high standard of education in various educational institutions .
+A 11 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:MORPH|||expansion|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:OTHER|||maintenance of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly funds are needed to invest in retraining of workers .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 6|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Due to globalization , training of workers is important to develop and maintain a highly skilled workforce .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Singapore Budget ( 2009 ) reported that the government will be spending $ 457.7 million of the public fund to subsidise training programmes for working Singaporeans .
+A 17 18|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In Singapore , the Ministry of Manpower and Workforce Development Agency had developed a program , which is called Skills Programme for Upgrading and Resilience , SPUR , in providing training courses at subsidies rate for people to attend .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:OTHER|||or|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 30|||R:OTHER|||to provide|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:OTHER|||subsidized|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 39|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Apart from working population to be re-skilled , the SPUR programme helps retrenched workers to learn new skills so that they can be reemployed and companies are able to send their personnel for training which helps to reduce retrenchments .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB|||helping|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:ADV|||also|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , there are some older workers whom are unable to attend any courses despite being offered at subsides rate .
+A 7 8|||R:PRON|||who|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||to them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:MORPH|||subsidized|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||rates|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Dr Isa Hassan identified three factors on why older workers are not attending any courses .
+A 3 3|||M:OTHER|||( citation )|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , some older workers have weak command of English or are English illiterate as they are school dropouts .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||illiterates|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This has discourages them from attending the training course as it is conducted in English .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:FORM|||discouraged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , older workers have little time to attend training courses .
+
+S Some older workers are earning minimal wages thus they have to take a second job or part time job to boost their income earning .
+A 7 7|||M:OTHER|||, and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly the older workers have negative mindset of going back to school to be re-skilled .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 8|||R:OTHER|||are resistant toward|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some older workers may feel embarrass or dislike going back to school at an old age .
+A 5 6|||R:MORPH|||embarrassed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore to develop and maintain a highly skilled workforce , workers have to go for training courses to be re-skilled and retrenched workers have to learn new skills to be reemployed .
+
+S Secondly government expenditure is needed to expand and maintain economic structure .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Singapore Budget ( 2009 ) has reported that the Ministry of Transport and Ministry of Trade and Industry will be spending a total of $ 4624.83 million on expanding the road network , railway network and developing industrial infrastructure in Singapore .
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 38|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With having an excellent economic infrastructure like efficient transportation network and fully furnished workplace , will attract foreign investors thus making the country to be an industry hub .
+A 0 1|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||Having|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 14|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||. This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB|||will turn|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 25|||R:OTHER|||into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:OTHER|||industrial|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Economic Development Board article ( 2009 ) mentioned in 2007 World Bank reported that Singapore had earned the top position of having a top logistic hub in the world .
+A 1 11|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , the country is able to maintain their economic competitive edge , as well as create more jobs for the people and enjoy higher standard of living .
+A 10 11|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly public spending are required to maintain high standard of education in various educational institutions .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A high standard of education is an important factor of maintaining a highly educated workforce in the country .
+
+S Investing in education is like investing in the future so the future generations are able to meet future challenges .
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||, so that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In Singapore , the government invests heavily on education through subsidising school fees of schools and post-secondary education institution .
+A 13 19|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the Singapore Budget ( 2009 ) , the Ministry of Education is investing $ 7,884 million into subsidising school fees .
+A 17 18|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is to ensure that school fees are affordable and allowing every citizen to receive a proper education .
+A 10 13|||R:OTHER|||every citizen is allowed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , public spending on the age should be limited so that funds could be used in developing the country through retraining of workers , expanding of economic structure and maintaining a high standard of education in various educational institutions .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||aged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:MORPH|||expansion|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:OTHER|||maintenance of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Funds being used for country 's development to improve peoples ' life would n't both the young and the old will benefit from it ?
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 25|||R:OTHER|||would benefit both the young and old .|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Over the years , the problem of a rapidly aging population is becoming prominent and an area of concern for many countries .
+
+S Consequently , economic growth would be affected and many societal issues would surface .
+
+S Moreover , a fast aging population would inevitably increase the amount of government expenditure on healthcare and welfare programmes .
+
+S Although governments ought to provide financial assistance for the elderly , spending on other sectors of the country should not be neglected .
+
+S Therefore , public spending on the aged should be limited as funds should also cater to other areas of development such as education , training programmes , and even national defence .
+
+S Firstly , investment in education is vital in promoting economic growth .
+
+S Moreover , it prepares oneself to think independently and logically .
+
+S Through education , individuals are armed with the necessary skills and knowledge which would increase their productivity and competitiveness in the labour market .
+
+S The process of gaining knowledge is of paramount importance in developing countries as it would reduce the level of poverty and increase their ability to find quality jobs .
+A 22 24|||R:OTHER|||the ability of their people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this way , wealth would be generated and the economy would improve as their employability increases .
+A 13 17|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nevertheless , it could be argued that the benefit of education in elevating economic growth is still unapparent .
+
+S There is no one type of education that is suitable for all societies .
+
+S Joshua ( 2001 ) also mentioned that it is unclear which type of education would lead to a higher economic growth .
+
+S Yet , one can not deny the fact that a shortfall in educated people would restrict economic expansion .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN|||shortage|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , it is crucial for countries to invest in the form of education that is desirable for its people to ensure greater economic development .
+A 10 11|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , countries should also focus on providing financial aid for trainings and seminars to be conducted for the working population .
+
+S Through the process of upgrading , individuals are empowered with the relevant skills and knowledge demanded by the job market .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||processes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , the National Trade Union Congress ( NTUC ) , of Singapore ( 2001-2009 ) has been active in providing trainings for jobholders to upgrade their skills and knowledge .
+
+S In this way , they would have the proficiency to deal with any problems that may arise .
+
+S Nonetheless , it could be refuted that this might promote job hoping .
+A 11 12|||R:MORPH|||hopping|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the new skills and knowledge obtained , individuals would hunt for better paying and quality jobs .
+
+S Ilana ( 2001 ) claimed that people who possessed the essential skills would change occupations due to the lucrative salary offered by different companies .
+
+S However , funding of training programmes should still proceed as it would increase the productivity and capability of the working population in handling any challenges there might surface in the future .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:OTHER|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly , funding on national security should not be ignored .
+
+S A strong military defence helps to deter any possible threats and dangers that may occur .
+
+S This is of great importance in today 's context where terrorism is becoming prominent .
+
+S In recent time , terrorists have accessed to sophisticated technologies that could create greater destruction to the surrounding and to instil fear in the people .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||times|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:MORPH|||access|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:MORPH|||surroundings|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:OTHER|||are able|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , organisations and agencies related to national defence ought to receive adequate financial assistance for research and development .
+
+S In this way , military forces would then be armed with the latest equipment which is crucial to maintain their fighting capabilities .
+A 14 17|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry ( 2000 ) stated that 13 million dollars are spent on national security yearly even though it places an immense pressure on the federal budget .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , continuous support on national defence is deemed important to ensure peace and harmony within the society .
+A 2 3|||R:ADJ|||continual|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , nations should be careful in deciding the amount of spending on each area of development .
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||money to be spent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Expenditure should not be spent solely on the elderly as it would hinder the growth of other areas like education , trainings and national security .
+A 0 1|||R:NOUN|||Funds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Policy makers should realise and recognise that it is through careful planning and a combination of effective policies that would allow the nations to grow and flourish .
+
+S Aging population is a worldwide situation which will affect all countries in the world at different intensities and speed ( United Nations [ UN ] , 2002 ) .
+
+S This process is experienced by the developed countries at first but now the developing countries as well and it is especially rapid in this twenty-first century ( UN , 2002 ) .
+
+S As the proportion of elder persons in the world continues to increase , there is a need for the government to intervene as there will be many elderly who can not support themselves .
+A 4 5|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , the government needs to come up with policies to help them .
+
+S If this public spending on the elderly is not limited , it might have an impact on the countries in terms of national budgets and economies .
+
+S Therefore , public spending on the aged should be limited so that economic growth can be sustained , societal problems faced by the communities can be solved and other essential policies can be sustained .
+
+S By limiting public spending on the aged , some spending can be used to sustain economic growth , which is a key factor to the prosperity of a country .
+
+S According to Robert B. Friedland and Laura Summer ( 2005 ) , " small differences in sustained economic growth will have a dramatic impact on the fiscal future of society .
+
+S " With little economic growth , society is limited in its ways to assist those who require assistance .
+
+S In contrast , with adequate economic growth , more can be done to help the people in need .
+
+S This is because people will have more spare money to help the needy and government will not need to increase taxations .
+
+S In addition , once economic growth is stable , there will be prosperity and employment rate will decrease .
+
+S The number of people in need of assistance will thus decrease .
+
+S Hence , it is crucial for a country to limit public spending on the aged and focus on economic growth so that there can be prosperity .
+
+S If public spending on the aged is not limited , the government will not be able to solve problems faced by society .
+
+S Many countries face problems such as housing , transportation and education ( Robert B. Friedland and Laura Summer , 2005 ) .
+
+S Policies will need to be introduced and thus will increase expenditures of the government .
+
+S This will increase the burden of the present and future working generations .
+
+S Through cutting down some spending on the aged , the funds can be used in solving problems faced by society and help to relieve the pressure faced by the current working force to support the elderly .
+A 2 4|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 36|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government should channel its spending to sustain policies which are vital for the country .
+
+S It will need to focus on areas such as education and reducing elder dependency of the current elder generation .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:FORM|||reduce|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 19|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With higher education , the future generations of working people tend to have higher incomes and thus can accumulate more wealth for future use when they are old ( Robert B. Friedland and Laura Summer , 2005 ) .
+
+S The government can also lower barriers to elder employment and stressing filial obligation ( Robert B. Friedland and Laura Summer , 2005 ) .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:FORM|||stress|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , all these policies might not necessarily produce the desired results .
+
+S For example , though the government gives subsidies to companies to urge them to employ older workers , there may not be many who have the necessary skills .
+
+S The government will need to spend some money on retraining the elderly to equip them with the necessary skills for the job .
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:NUM|||jobs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , the government will need to be flexible in altering its policies .
+
+S Though there may be uncertainties that positive results will be yielded , it is still important to limit public spending on the aged so that some money can still be diverted to other important areas .
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||about the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 11|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As more countries are facing the problem of an aging population , it is important to limit public spending on the aged so as to sustain economic growth , solve problems of the communities and support necessary policies for the country .
+
+S Different countries will need to have different solutions specially tailored to fit their own countries and public spending should be split evenly so that there is a balance in each area .
+A 22 31|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Presently , existing policies have helped Singapore extensively in providing ease to the foreseen aging crisis .
+
+S To achieve successful ageing , the government has implemented various policies to be well prepared in her golden years .
+
+S Firstly , in order to cope with the drastic fall in fertility rate , the government has encouraged Singaporeans to marry and procreate , and at the same time attract foreigners into our society .
+
+S Additionally , the government has also introduced a Marriage and Parenthood Package which includes bigger baby bonus , longer maternity leave , as well as increased subsidies at childcare centres to boost her population .
+
+S Unfortunately , these schemes did not seem to appeal to the vast majority as the birth rate still remains stagnant .
+A 4 7|||R:OTHER|||have not seemed to have appealed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The next most apparent concerned is the need to ensure one 's financial security during old age , either through retirement savings or an extension of employment years .
+
+S The government has implemented lifelong financial policy like the Central Provident Fund to prepare her people in planning and saving ahead for the ageing crisis .
+
+S Despite adopting the Central Provident Fund system , statistics has proven that only one in three Singaporeans are financially prepared .
+
+S Certainly , this statistics proved that not the entire nation is ready .
+
+S Therefore , it would only be wise if there are appropriate modifications made to the CPF scheme .
+
+S In recent years , awareness on the extension of employment years has also been promoted .
+
+S The society today has widened their perspective in employing aged workers and hence encouraged them to continue working even when they reached their retirement age .
+
+S A latest survey confirmed that most Singaporean companies agreed that retirement of older worker will be a great loss of valuable skills and knowledge .
+
+S Therefore , having an ageing workforce might not necessary be negative .
+A 8 9|||R:MORPH|||necessarily|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Elderly workers can also provide mentorship for the younger employees , imparting and sharing their valuable knowledge and past working experiences .
+
+S In an ageing society , the social aspects not only include the need for appropriate housing schemes but also health care systems for present and future generation of elderly .
+A 26 27|||R:NOUN:NUM|||generations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S An elderly-friendly built environment is a key principle to which an elderly can adjust and integrate themselves into the community .
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , accessible infrastructure provides a safe and comfortable environment for the elderly to recuperate their old age .
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||use in their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Indirectly , it also helps to maintain social network and allows them to participate in social activities .
+
+S Hence , The Housing Development Board has customised studio apartments equipped with elder-friendly fittings and features .
+
+S In addition , the lift upgrading programme was introduced to allow lifts to be provided at every level of high-rise HDB blocks for the convenience of the elderly .
+
+S Furthermore , other facelift programs in the older estates include ramps for wheelchair accessibility , fitness corner and covered walkways .
+
+S Hence , with these schemes , it is proven that elderly in Singapore are given top priority in the community .
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Last but not least , to ensure that basic healthcare is affordable to all Singaporeans , Singapore has prepared her people with MediShield , MediSave and MediFund .
+
+S This is done by putting safety nets to ensure that healthcare remains affordable .
+
+S Besides , the government has decided to build more hospitals to cope with higher demands in the future .
+
+S Hence , with the multi-dimensional approach taken by the government , Singaporeans are able to enjoy quality healthcare services .
+
+S In conclusion , the government has done well to prepare the country for ageing population in the aspects of economy , social and population growth .
+
+S However , to allow ageing policies to be truly successful for the future generation , it should be reviewed and remodelled when necessary .
+
+S The society should also maintain a positive and mature attitude towards ageing population .
+
+S Most importantly , individuals should be responsible and self-reliant to take up ownership of the ageing issue .
+
+S Public spending has been increasing in many countries over the years .
+
+S With the world population ageing , many developed countries are trying to cope with high expenditure on the elderly .
+
+S However , there is a need to limit public spending on the elderly for the benefit of the country .
+
+S In the long run , investing in other areas would help to ease the problem of high expenditure on the elderly .
+
+S These funds needs to be diverted to other areas of development as it would help to improve the economy , benefit the younger generation and increase employment rate .
+
+S A nation needs a strong economy to support its expenditure .
+
+S A weak economy would have difficulty to divide its funds among the different areas .
+
+S Needless to say , the nation would have problem to support the increasing spending on the elderly in a bearish economy .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , a strong economy would allow the nation to set aside more funds for the elderly .
+
+S Limiting the public spending on the elderly is only temporary .
+
+S This solution will benefit everyone in the long term .
+
+S Thus it is important for the nation to divert our public spending to with the aim of improve the economy .
+A 12 13|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:FORM|||improving|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Just like elderly is an important asset to a nation , children is an also important asset .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The nation can benefit the younger generation by diverting its fund on other areas .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB|||help|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hoover ( Lewis , 2009 ) , 31st President of the United States , once said , " Children are our most valuable natural resource " .
+
+S Prof Ho ( 2007 ) also pointed out that children , being the future of a nation , are the most important asset .
+
+S This means that there is need to start early on each child 's development .
+
+S The nation has great responsibility to help in developing the children 's potential .
+
+S They will be the ones that will bring the nation to a greater height .
+
+S Therefore , funds should be diverted to assist on child 's development .
+A 8 9|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||children|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There is another reason why public funding on the elderly should be limited .
+
+S A nation need to ensure the workforce is well trained to remain competitive .
+
+S Many countries , such as Denmark and Singapore , have started to retrain their workers ( Onn , 2008 ) .
+
+S The workforce is the driving force that improves the economy of a country .
+
+S Since the economy affects how much funding a nation can spend on the elderly , it is important to ensure that the workforce receives enough training to improve the economy .
+
+S However , people should not rely on its government to provide funds for training .
+
+S The responsibility lies on the individual who wants to keep his rice bowl .
+
+S These people should spend more money on training to assist their future career .
+
+S But there is a need to remember that not all people can fully support themselves for training program .
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||programs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , the government should still provide basic incentives to aid people to remain competitive in the industry .
+
+S The three reasons provided explained why public funds on elderly should be limited and divert to other areas of development .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||explain|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:FORM|||diverted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These areas will affect how much a nation can support its aging population .
+
+S Although the elderly are an important asset , but they are not the only asset a nation has .
+A 8 9|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the nation needs to sacrifice the elderly temporarily for the benefit of everyone .
+
+S By diverting the resources to develop on other areas , the elderly will benefit more in the future .
+
+S The nation must not be short sighted and seek to solve problems of an ageing population only .
+
+S Policymakers should think of how the nation can solve the ageing population in the process of developing plans that will benefit the other areas .
+
+S To achieve this , we need to remember this ; assisting the elderly is important but building a nation is more important .
+
+S In the developed countries , many countries are facing the problems of fast ageing population .
+
+S There will be great age shift between now and 2030 as the proportion of residents aged sixty-five or older will increased gradually ( Committee on Ageing Issues , 2009 ) .
+A 23 27|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The seriousness of the problems will not only affect oneself but also affect the whole economy as there will be lesser population contributing to the workforce and to the National Service .
+
+S With regard to the problems , many countries focus much attention on it by introducing policies or by giving out funds in order to reduce the problems cause by the ageing population .
+A 27 28|||R:VERB:FORM|||caused|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Public Spending should be used to provide more options and protection for the elderly .
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||spending|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , it would be better if the expenses used on the aged should be limited so that there will be sufficient funds available for other areas of the country 's development .
+A 13 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government may implement certain policies to help the aged or give out enough subsidies to the needy but to a certain limit .
+
+S The burden on the government will be reduced and will in turn instill responsibilities between the aged and working people .
+
+S There are many areas that may contribute to the economy growth of a country .
+
+S If public spending is limited , the pressure on the government will be reduced .
+
+S Thus sufficient funds will be directed to areas which may contribute to the economy .
+
+S Subsidies can be given to other companies that are affected by the current economy downturn .
+
+S Singapore has been lending out its helping hands to many companies to encourage the balance among work and life .
+
+S This may result in greater productivity among the workers as they tend to be more committed for their work ( Valarie Tan , 2009 ) .
+A 16 17|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Government may also spend the amount in development where it can attract foreign talents to the country to solve the problems of manpower shortage .
+A 0 0|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order to ensure that there are sufficient funds for these areas of development , the government will have to limit the amount of spending on the aged .
+
+S It will tend to create awareness on the serious problems due to the ageing population if public spending is limited .
+
+S This is to ensure that the elderly and the working people will not over rely on the government for aids .
+
+S In addition , it is the responsibilities of the elderly as well as the working people to plan financially for their future ( Peter G. Peterson , 2001 ) .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||responsibility|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 26|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S During their contribution to the working world , the aged should be able to plan ahead in advance for their future on the likely cost incurred for health care services .
+A 16 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:SVA|||costs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If public spending is not limited , the aged or the working people may take the aids provided by the government for granted thus they may not work hard during their contribution to the working world .
+A 22 23|||R:OTHER|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:ORTH|||Thus|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , some may think that if the public spending is limited , it will result in pressure on the aged as well as on the working people as they will have to provide for rising health care costs in the future .
+
+S Also , the numbers of working people supporting the aged have reduced thus putting strain on them .
+
+S In order to solve this problem , the government have implemented certain policies to aids the aged , some of the policies are the introduction of the Central Provident Funds , tax reliefs and the Public Housing scheme .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:FORM|||aid|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:ORTH|||Some|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Central Provident Fund is a saving plan that has provided Singaporean with a sense of security in their old age .
+
+S For example , the MediShield are used to better prepare them for the future medical costs ( Central Provident Fund Board , 2009 ) .The implementation of these policies will hence reduce the burden on the aged and thus reduce the public spending required on them .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 21|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 41|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 44 45|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the government should provide certain subsidies to the aged but to a limit .
+
+S If not , the amount of the spending given to the aged will be a bottomless pit .
+
+S More policies can be implemented to encourage individual responsibility in taking care of the aged so as to reduce the burden on the government .
+
+S Therefore public spending should be limited to a large extent .
+
+S Meticulous financial planning is crucial to all country .
+
+S Inappropriate management of finance can lead to the downfall of the country .
+
+S According to the report ( 2003 ) , from 2000 to 2030 , the worldwide population aged more than 65 years is projected to increase from 550 million to 973 million approximately .
+A 1 4|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore more attentions need to be given to the aged .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||attention|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is needed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although there seem to be an urgent need to spend more on the aged due to the aging population , other aspects in the country should not be neglected too .
+
+S Public spending on the aged should thus be limited so that money can be diverted to areas such as economic , defence , education and infrastructure in order for the country to develop healthily .
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||the economy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government should divert money to build up its economy as economic stability is an important area which will contribute to the success of the country .
+
+S With economic prosperity , citizens will have jobs and are able to support themselves .
+
+S One factor which contributes largely to the economy of a country is the tourism industry ; this is supported by Rachael Kelly ( 2009 ) .
+A 20 22|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government will require capital to invest and build more tourist attractions .
+
+S This will help to create more jobs , increase revenue of businesses and enhance the economy .
+
+S Some may say that maintaining economic stability will result in insufficiency of public funds to help the aged .
+
+S As technology advances , new methods of treatment and medicine will be invented .
+
+S The healthcare cost of the aged will increase too .
+
+S Therefore the government should use more of the public funds to subsidize their medical fees .
+
+S Indeed building and maintaining economic stability requires heavy capital , but with economic prosperity , more money will be generated .
+
+S According to Robert B. Friedland and Laura Summer ( 2005 ) , with economic growth , society will have more choices and more policies can be implemented to help the aged .
+A 2 8|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus it is necessary to divert money to boost the economy so as to generate greater benefits for the aged .
+
+S Other than the economic aspect , the government should also divert money to build national defence .
+
+S A strong military force is necessary as it is important that the country has the ability to protect its citizens in times of war .
+
+S Money has to be spent on training the soldiers , purchasing military weapons , and researching on new military technology .
+
+S Without strong military force , the country will be easily attacked and destroyed .
+
+S Some may comment that spending too much money on defence is unnecessary since war may or may not occur .
+
+S Thus , it is a less urgent need compared to the aged .
+
+S However it is crucial for a country to stay prepared all the time , so that it will not be too late to react in case of a sudden attack .
+
+S Hence , the government should divert a substantial amount of money to build a strong and stable military defence force .
+
+S Investments in education and infrastructures are important for the country to develop too .
+
+S Education allows the younger generation to be empowered with knowledge and helps to cultivate talents which can lead the country and businesses .
+
+S Public funds are needed to build educational institutions and schools .
+
+S Infrastructures such as public roads and transport systems need to be established too .
+
+S With good and convenient infrastructures , the lifestyle of the citizens will improve .
+
+S The country will then be able to develop in all areas .
+
+S In conclusion , for the country to develop , it is crucial to ensure all areas are taken care of .
+
+S Overlook in one area can lead to serious consequences .
+A 0 1|||M:VERB:FORM|||To overlook|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Without economic stability , the country will not have enough funds to run the country smoothly .
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A weak military force will cause the country to be easily destroyed .
+
+S Without education and good infrastructures , the citizens will not be able to improve and maintain their standard of living .
+
+S Even though it is significant and essential to help the aged , public spending on the aged needs to be limited .
+
+S Excessive spending on the aged will help them in the short run but will also impede the development of the country .
+
+S A better way is to evaluate critically on the level of importance of the different areas and balance the public funds according to priority .
+A 5 7|||R:WO|||critically evaluate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 25|||R:OTHER|||to prioritse and balance public funding|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " Our baby boomers will join the ranks of 'elderly ' in a few years .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Assuming the same level of demand we have now , the need for nursing home beds will double in 10 years , triple in 20 years , " exclaimed Mr. Lim Boon Heng , Minister in the Prime Minister 's Office ( Mr. Tan , W.Z. , 2009 ) .
+A 21 22|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 49|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S At this time , the effects of the looming aging population are becoming more evident and the increased pressure on public spending for the aged has left Singapore pondering on how to spend prudently .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If too much spending is put into helping the aged , neglecting other areas of the country 's development which aids economic growth , the strain due to the aging population could amplify .
+A 24 33|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As far as we would like to help the aged , there should be limits to which how we can help , such that the still mentally-competent or physically-competent aged will not be reliant on us unreservedly .
+
+S People in the current generation are healthier , wealthier and better educated than past generations .
+
+S We can tell by the incline in the economy that has taken off over the past few years .
+
+S The houses we stay look more superior to those dilapidated houses in the past .
+
+S We speak more fluently than our ancestors .
+
+S These are due to higher expectations , which arose from the increase in the standard of living .
+
+S In spite of these reasons , can we generalize that everyone is equally well to do ?
+
+S The group of baby boomers who are now in their 50s has substantial disparity in education attainment due to loosely enforced education rules then .
+
+S Some may not cope well in life and would need more financial help than others .
+
+S Nonetheless , when putting this in thought , disagreement will exist if we suit the minority .
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||give preference|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Maybe we can help the needy in other policies , apart from the general aging population policy , such that our public spending is cautiously used .
+
+S Thus , generally , future groups of aged may be better off and can still depend on themselves if they were to make use of their intellectual assets .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , if too much public spending is allocated to help those over-reliant aged , there could be an overall adverse impact on outflows that could be put into better use in other development policies .
+
+S Say for example , those stricken with illnesses , whose savings has long been drained or even the young whose future have yet to be determined , but are already ailing .
+
+S They would require more help than those aged whose physique is still robust .
+
+S It would be more beneficial to invest in the nurturing of future generations than in the aged .
+
+S These needy are our country 's liability and we ought to render more help to them , who could in the end , contribute back to the society after they have recuperated .
+
+S If not , our future pillars or hope will eventually be compromised .
+
+S Whilst we spend resources resolving the issue pertaining to the aging population , implications such as the increase in societal costs could arise if welfare programs are curtailed , cut and restricted .
+
+S Every day , a considerable sum of our money is spent on miscellaneous fees such as transportation fees , education fees , and utility bills , housing maintenance or even healthcare bills .
+
+S If these burdens are lightened , people will have more flexibility in spending power , which could in turn help churn the economy .
+
+S Consequently , there should be a threshold of public spending for the aged and the welfare programs should be a better attempt to aid everyone in Singapore equally .
+
+S Taking into account the issues of not having enough money to pay for expenses , we should all the more fund areas which can in turn generate more revenue for the country .
+
+S Through economic growth , funds can be used collectively and more profits and benefits can be allocated to the aged .
+
+S This is a cycle .
+
+S The only way to deal with this unique matter is to divert money into more productive areas , rather than assigning in all for the aged which have little or no returns at all .
+
+S Pen ultimately , by limiting our public spending on the aged , it will not exacerbate the effects of aging population .
+
+S But by putting other areas as a focus for economic growth , we can actually ameliorate the whole picture all together .
+
+S Singapore 's constant upgrading of facilities such as having lifts that serve every floor of a building and replacing stairs with ramps , have facilitated the movement of the elderly .
+
+S However , there should always be a limit on public spending on the aged as funds can be diverted to the development of tourism , housing and education to promote the growth of a country .
+
+S Tourism is a major industry in most countries , attracting considerable number of tourists to spend in the country and providing employment to many locals .
+
+S The influx of foreign currency and increase in job opportunities will definitely help in promoting the country 's economic development .
+
+S For instance , according to an annual tourism statistics report done by Singapore Tourism Board in year 2007 , Singapore had received 10.3 million visitors and noted S $ 14.1 billion visitors spending .
+
+S Thus , it is crucial for the government to improve existing infrastructures and tourist destinations ' to attract more tourists to the country .
+
+S Tourism helps in the development of a country but in the event of a recession , it will be one of the first few industries to suffer .
+
+S Tourist arrivals will drop as people travel and spend lesser , resulting in a decrease in revenue generated by the tourism sector .
+
+S There are bound to be risks in every industry , therefore , the development of the tourism industry should not be compromised as it contributes to the growth of the country significantly .
+
+S In addition , housing should also be developed to instill a sense of belonging among the people .
+
+S Usually , when one owns a home , people will be more motivated to work so as to have a better home and thoughts of migrating would be lesser .
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||one|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , the provision of housing will also encourage the idea of starting a family .
+
+S As a result , in times of trouble , people will be more willing to protect their family , home as well as their country .
+
+S Thus , with the development of housing , people will learn to unite as one in times of trouble which is crucial for the progress of a country .
+
+S Subsequently , it is important to have a good education system so as to equip the future generations with the right knowledge and train them in becoming the future leaders of the country .
+
+S For example , in Singapore , seminars , workshops and camps have been organized by schools to help in the development of the students ' leadership qualities such as confidence , good communication skills and decision-making .
+
+S Furthermore , when they enter the workforce , they will able to fully utilize these skills and contribute effectively to the economy .
+
+S Hence , by preparing and nurturing the leaders of tomorrow from young , they will be able to lead the country to a whole new level .
+
+S In conclusion , it is necessary to look at the big picture and pay attention to areas such as tourism , housing and the education system to help in the development of the country .
+
+S In other words , there should always be a limitation to the amount of funds spent on the aged as they constantly need support and there will never be sufficient funds .
+
+S Reference :
+
+S Singapore Tourism Board ( STB ) .
+
+S Annual Report on Tourism Statistics 2007 .
+
+S Retrieved September 13 , 2009 , from http : //app.stb.gov.sg/Data/pages/12/b53b3a3d6ab90ce0268229151c9bde11/annual_ report_2007.pdf
+
+S Limiting public spending on the aged should be done so for the favours of other areas of the country 's development .
+A 9 9|||M:VERB:TENSE|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:MORPH|||favour|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides taking care for the aged , there are several other areas the government should put the same amount of emphasis on when dividing how much each sector should get from the national budget .
+
+S This includes the country 's economy , transport system and infrastructure , public housing , recreational facilities and more .
+
+S Moreover , the government should calculate the benefits over cost for the money invested .
+
+S One of the most important areas the government should invest their money on is economic growth .
+
+S The benefits of economic growth is not only current , it is far-fetched .
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||for the long term as well .|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Employment , national stability , economic stability and power are just some of the benefits that come with economic growth .
+
+S With regards to tending to the aged , economic growth may restrict some of the current plans the government may have , but in the future , the government will have more say and economic power to do more for the aged .
+
+S The next area the government should pay more attention on is the current economic and social issues that exist at that time .
+
+S For example , in times of an economic recession like now , the government should pump in more money to revive the economy , like the upgrading of lifts throughout the island .
+
+S Not only does it bring employment , it boosts business and trade .
+
+S These current issues should be dealt promptly .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Without prompt actions , the matter may worsen and if not dealt with properly , the consequence is catastrophic .
+
+S Hence , it is important for the government to rank the severity of the issues and deal with them accordingly .
+
+S As for the aged , although we can not neglect them , but we can always provide them with just the right amount so that they will too get what they deserve from the society .
+A 12 13|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 28|||R:WO|||too will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The third argument takes the sentiments of the working class into consideration .
+
+S Making the working class pay more taxes to finance the needs of the aged will cause resentment amongst the working class .
+
+S Prolonged resentment is unhealthy for the society and it may cause social problems like strikes and protests , to name a few .
+
+S Therefore the government have to strike a balance and find the equilibrium whereby the amount of tax is reasonable and enough for comfortable usage .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , some may argue that public spending on the aged should n't be limited .
+
+S This is because the aged are the most vulnerable group of people in the society .
+
+S Age usually comes with illness and disabilities , like wheelchair bound and the need for healthcare for their illnesses .
+
+S They require the highest amount of attention and care .
+
+S Limiting spending on the aged will deprive them from the basic aids they require for survival .
+
+S Inhumane actions like neglecting the aged will be slammed by the public , especially those with special sympathy for the old .
+
+S Since there is a need for other areas of the country 's development to receive the money and at the same time not neglecting the aged , a compromise must be reached .
+
+S The best solution to compromise both parties would be spending the minimum that provides the aged with the most basic facilities to meet their needs .
+
+S It would thus accommodate both parties , ideally reaching equilibrium .
+
+S In conclusion , there are so many other issues of the society the government has to consider other than the aging population .
+
+S These issues have similar , if not higher importance , as compared to the aged .
+
+S The government should always measure the economic and social benefits and costs before implementing any policies , and implement those with the highest benefits .
+
+S But the question is : Will the government be firm enough to make the harsh decision ?
+
+S As people grow older , our health will gradually deteriorates and we will no longer be able to work and support ourselves after retirement .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||we|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:FORM|||deteriorate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , public spending from the government is needed to provide the elderly with a comfortable environment to enjoy their retired lives .
+
+S Some examples of government 's spending on the aged in Singapore include healthcare benefits like the ElderShield and lift upgrading programme in HDB to provide an environment which is friendlier to the elderly .
+
+S We need to recognize that public spending on the aged should be limited so that money could be diverted to other areas of country 's development to attain higher efficiency and to have better allocation of resources .
+A 23 23|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Apart from that , it should be limited to instill the importance of being independent and prevent over-reliance on the government .
+
+S Firstly , public spending on the aged should be limited to ensure higher efficiency in government 's expenditure and to have better allocation of resources .
+
+S This is because it is only entitled to the elderly , excluding the rest of the population who are not eligible .
+
+S By limiting government 's spending on the aged and diverting them to development on other areas , we are not just targeting on the elder population but the entire population instead .
+
+S One example is by transferring the money that we can use solely on the aged to other field of country 's development like improvement in infrastructure .
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||fields|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will benefit the whole population including the aged through providing a more diverse and well-developed system in transport , like the construction of the new circle lines in Singapore .
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One may say that development in other areas may exclude some of the elderly from the benefits due to their low levels of education and access .
+
+S However , we can always organize campaigns to educate our elder population to direct them to enjoy these benefits , allowing the government to limit their expenditure on the aged .
+
+S Secondly , to allow our population to realize the importance of being independent and to prevent over-reliance on the government , we should limit public spending on the aged .
+
+S This is to prevent the common misconception that the elderly can rely on the government to support them during old age .
+
+S As seen from past experience from other countries , over-dependence on the government would dampen the country 's economy , for example , the failure of welfare state in Britain .
+
+S In order to help the population to be independent and to save for old age , the government has established the Central Provident Fund ( CPF ) Board .
+A 18 19|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " CPF is a comprehensive social security savings plans that has provided many working Singaporeans with a sense of security and confidence in their old age .
+
+S " ( CPF Board , 2009 ) .
+A 2 4|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S At this point , one may wonder if the government were to limit public spending on the aged , it will lead to higher burden on the rest of the family , perpetuating more social problems like family violence .
+
+S Even with the setting up of the CPF account , it will not help to solve the problem because the amount of income earned by the working population will still remain the same .
+
+S Therefore , one way to counter this problem is through diverting the money to other field of country 's development like education .
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||fields|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By investing more money in education , we will be able to produce a future generation which is more affluent and productive , ensuring economic stability and thus generating higher income .
+
+S Only then we can increase our capability and independence to support the aged and thus it is wise to limit public spending .
+A 0 4|||R:OTHER|||We can then|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:ORTH|||Thus|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , we should limit public spending on the aged in order to ensure that we can be more efficient and ensure that there is better allocation of resources by developing areas that can benefit the entire population .
+
+S Also , the government can implement more policies to allow the population to be more independent and increase the awareness of preparing for old age .
+
+S Most importantly , the government should divide public spending equally according to the different needs of the various areas of country 's development .
+A 20 20|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Public spending on the aged should be limited to maintain the standard of living of the aged and to reach out to those who are in need of financial aid .
+
+S " In Singapore , factors such as a relatively low birth rate and high-quality health care , which helps people live longer , contribute to the ageing population .
+
+S " , quoted by Mr. Lee ( Lee , 2008 ) .
+A 2 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Aging population is defined as having more elderly compared to the younger generations .
+
+S Some of the reasons for an aging population are caused by low birth rate and low mortality rate .
+
+S Even though an aging population will slow down the growth and economy of the future society , it will not be long term .
+
+S Thus , public spending for the aged should still be budgeted and focused on other areas of development which will help generate more income .
+
+S By setting a budget on public spending for the aged , the government can develop in areas such as building infrastructures , attracting foreign investors , improving education system , and expanding the research and development of defence technology .
+
+S Firstly , with limited money spent on the aged , the government can build more infrastructures to attract foreign companies to set up businesses in Singapore .
+
+S Singapore being a safe country with no natural disaster and previous records of terrorism , foreign investors will feel safer in setting up their businesses here .
+A 0 0|||M:PREP|||Since|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:FORM|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||disasters|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:ADJ:FORM|||safe|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:PART|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:FORM|||set|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Having more foreign investments implies an increase in foreign exchange as foreign currency grows and this would bring in additional revenue for the country .
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:ORTH|||As|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S At the same time , it also increases government tax as more people are working .
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||will also increase|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||R:VERB:FORM|||begin to work|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , increasing foreign investors would result in more job creations .
+
+S With the increase in employment rates , the standard of living will improve and people will have more money for retirement .
+
+S However , there will be a risk that the revenue generated by the foreign investors will be returned to their own country .
+
+S This result in a loss of revenue and it will slow down the rate of return of investment for the government .
+A 1 1|||M:VERB:TENSE|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even so , in the long run , the government will eventually get back what they have invested on building the infrastructure and the locals will still have a job which prepares them for their retirement .
+A 16 17|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , with lesser money spent on the aged , the government can improve the education system in Singapore for the younger generation .
+
+S This category of people requires more attention and funds from the government as compared to the aged , as they are the future ambassadors of Singapore .
+
+S The future growth and development of Singapore is depended on them .
+A 8 9|||R:MORPH|||dependent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S At the same time , by better educating the future generations of Singapore , they will be able to secure a better paying job in the future , which they will be able to support themselves as well as their aged parents .
+
+S Thus , by improving the education system , the children will be better educated and less dependent on the government for any form of subsidiaries for themselves or their aged parents .
+
+S Last but not least , the government can use the money to expand on the research and development of the defence technology .
+
+S With better defence technology , the government need not spend money on buying defence weapons from other countries and instead , earn they can earn revenue by selling their own weapons .
+A 21 22|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By limiting the public spending on the aged and using it on defence technology research , Singapore will be better equipped in safeguarding itself as well as earning additional revenue for the country .
+
+S At the same time , an expansion in the research and development of the defence technology will demand more manpower .
+
+S As a result , more jobs opportunities will be available for not just the future generations , but as well as the elderly .
+
+S Limiting the public spending on the aged opens up other areas for development such as infrastructure , education and defence .
+
+S These developments will improve the lives of the current and future generation and in the long run , dependency of the future generations when they are old will be minimal as they will most likely have sufficient money for retirement .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||generations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , public spending for the aged should be limited and focused on developing other areas .
+
+S A Better Aging Society
+
+S Global aging is a critical topic that the world has been concerned about .
+A 9 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S While societies are confronted with the many unprecedented consequences of an aging population , such problems will continue to persist , if not worsen if nothing is done to reduce the impact of aging .
+
+S Fortunately , various initiatives and policies have been put in place to alleviate the effects of the aging process .
+
+S These programmes and policies are targeted at addressing 3 main aging issues : physical and mental health of elderly , employability of older workers and financial burden on the older and younger generation .
+
+S Promoting Healthy Lifestyle
+
+S While the government focuses its expenditure on improving healthcare products and treatments , it is also important that elderly maintain a healthy lifestyle .
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Leading an active and healthy lifestyle helps to reduce chances of getting aging related health problems such as lower stamina , rheumatism , falling memory , senile dementia , and emotional setbacks .
+A 12 13|||R:MORPH|||age|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Currently , various programmes have been implemented by the government to promote healthy lifestyle in older people .
+
+S For example in Singapore , the government introduce a 2 years wellness programme that aims to encourage healthy lifestyle by catering the physical , social and emotional needs of seniors through health screenings , social services , exercises , eldercare and social networking sessions ( Lim , 2009 ) .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||introduced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||two|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By maintaining a socially active lifestyle , elderly are more resistance to health problems as they are able to keep both their mind and body active and healthy .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The 3 R 's of Elder Employment
+
+S Encouraging elderly to support themselves in their old age by extending their working life helps to reduce elder dependency ( Peterson , 2001 ) .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In support of this , policymakers have put in place various measures and policies to govern the employment practices of older workers .
+
+S These measures oversee that employment of older workers should be based on 3 R 's of employment namely : Recruitment of workers aged 40 and above , Retention of existing workers aged 55 to 61 and Re-employment of existing workers aged 62 and above ( NTUC Online , 2007 ) .
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||R:OTHER|||They are namely ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:ORTH|||recruitment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:ORTH|||retention|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||R:ORTH|||re-employment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 45 47|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The practice of 3 R 's can be commonly seen in Singapore where it has recently raised the retirement age from 62 to 65 years old and above .
+
+S In complement with its re-employment legislation , the government has also enacted other legislations and initiatives for instance the Tripartite Committee on Employability of Older Workers and Advantage !
+A 0 1|||R:PART|||To|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:ORTH|||For|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Scheme .
+
+S However , elder discrimination is not a problem that can be resolve instantaneously .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||discrimination of the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:FORM|||resolved|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Most companies are still discriminating against employing older workers as they can hire younger workers who are better educated and more productive .
+
+S Therefore , the 3R 's employment practices would aim to lighten the discrimination by resolving most companies ' unwilling rationale ( i.e .
+A 7 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||aims|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||of the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S limited resource and additional financial cost ) in employing older workers .
+
+S Hong Kong has also adopted such practices through its 4 yours CADENZA Community Project which seeks to create an " Elder-Friendly Employment Practice " such as job design , flexible working hours and friendly physical environment ( CADENZA Community Project : Elder-Friendly Employment Practice , n.d. ) .
+A 37 46|||R:OTHER|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This strategy of longer employment seems to be a highly feasible and accepted solution in tackling global aging .
+
+S Spread of Financial Burden
+
+S Policymakers have also step up efforts in reducing the financial burden of an aging population by providing financial aids and encouraging people to save in advance for their retirement .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:FORM|||stepped|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Medisave , Medishield and Medifund Sliver are some examples of medical schemes introduced in Singapore to lighten the medical cost burden of its senior citizens .
+
+S In addition , the state enforces its main retirement saving scheme , the Central Provident Fund Saving ( CPF ) whereby individuals are oblige to contribute a fix percentage of their monthly salary to their CPF account when they are employed .
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:FORM|||obliged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:MORPH|||fixed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this way , the people are indirectly saving for their old age .
+
+S Unity is the Best Strategy
+
+S Aging population is a global phenomenon that affects everyone .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The aging|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the development of various policies and strategies , leaders must understand that the best strategy is one where everyone unites together in conquering the long term battle of global aging .
+
+S They need to recognize that the effectiveness of any strategies will depend on every individual involvement .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||strategy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nevertheless , leaders should continue to revise current policies and develop new strategies so as to better prepare and tackle harsher challenges ahead .
+
+S It is inevitable that public spending will significantly increase with the aging population .
+
+S More money has to be diverted to healthcare , pensions and elderly-friendly infrastructure to cater to the needs of the aged .
+
+S For instance , it is projected that between 2005 and 2050 , Portugal will have 9.7 % more of its gross domestic product diverted to old age pensions .
+
+S As long as the country is financially capable , it is important to ensure that public spending on the aged is not limited so as to support the growing proportion of the aged in the country .
+
+S Firstly , the proportion of the elderly is increasing rapidly , especially in the developed countries .
+
+S For example , in Europe , while the total population is estimated to shrink slightly by 2050 , the aged population is foreseen to increase by 77 % ( " Europe needs more reforms to be able to cope with raising age-related costs " , 2006 ) .
+A 28 46|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There would be an increase in demand for healthcare , pensions and elderly-friendly facilities such as ramps and railings .
+
+S According to the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality ( 2009 ) , expenditure on treating the health problems of the elderly in America has increased by almost a third .
+
+S Hence it is inevitable that a significant amount of money has to be allocated to the funding of these facilities and the much needed pensions .
+
+S So , public spending on the elderly should not be limited .
+
+S Secondly , social problems may surface if the elderly do not receive sufficient care and help they need from the government .
+
+S In Japan , pensioners constitute one-fifth of the country 's population .
+
+S More than half of the elderly who committed suicide in 2007 was due to health problems ( Paddock , 2008 ) .This is because this group of people is adversely affected by the government 's intention of reducing public spending on the pension and welfare system .
+A 28 29|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is assumed that as people get older , they will have more health problems and thus need more money to seek medical help .
+
+S However , healthcare expenses in Japan are high and many lonely elderly have nobody to depend on except the government .
+
+S Thus , if the government chooses to reduce public spending on them , social issues such as elderly suicide rate may rise .
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||rates|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly , it is a moral right and a civic responsibility for us to take care of the elderly .
+
+S They are the ones who worked hard and made sacrifices in their early days to provide us with the comfortable living we have today .
+
+S After all our education , can we really call ourselves a civilized nation if we close our eyes to the suffering of the elderly living with us ?
+
+S Therefore , government 's expenditure on the elderly should be allocated such that it is sufficient to help those elderly who are in need .
+
+S However , the government should take care of the country as a whole and not just focus on providing for the elderly .
+
+S The government should not neglect the need for funding the other development areas such as education and tourism that can boost the country 's economy .
+
+S With more resources allocated to the country due to its economic growth , the government can also spend some of these resources on the elderly .
+
+S Nevertheless , an efficient and well-organized government should have planned the national budget carefully and have allocated desirable amount of funds into the various aspects of spending areas in the country .
+A 8 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||plan|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:VERB:TENSE|||allocate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is especially so for richer countries because they have the financial ability to finance sufficient resources into the different areas of development .
+
+S Hence there is no need to restrict public spending on the elderly just to have more resources to be diverted to other areas .
+
+S In conclusion , the number of elderly will constitute a significant proportion of the population in the near future in many countries .
+
+S There is an urgent need for the government to support these elderly , especially those without dependants , so as to prevent unnecessary negative social impacts on the society .
+
+S Furthermore , there is a moral need and obligation to take care of the needs of the elderly .
+
+S Therefore , government 's expenditure on the elderly should not be restricted just because other areas of development of the country are assumed to be more important .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Instead , the government should strike a balance in the spending amongst the various sectors of the economy .
+
+S Singapore , like many countries in the world , is facing the same crisis - a rapid graying population .
+
+S The fast ageing population has brought about issues such as increased demand for better healthcare and social services , a reduction in competitiveness of the economy and increases the strain and burden of the working population .
+A 26 28|||R:OTHER|||that has increased|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By 2030 , local elderly population is estimated to reach a million ( CNA , 2009 ) .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In other words , there will be one elderly ( aged above 65 ) found in every five residents .
+
+S Hence , our local government will have to constantly review and implement appropriate policies to minimise these problems .
+
+S The government 's continuous efforts did not go unrecognised .
+
+S In fact , Singapore government has already predicted that such a situation would be faced and planning has started since a few decades back .
+
+S Thus , the Central Providence Fund ( CPF ) scheme was introduced in 1955 and made compulsory to all working Singaporeans to encourage self-dependency when they are old .
+A 28 29|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( CPF , 2009 ) Furthermore , to increase the nation 's birth rate , Singapore government has enhanced benefits offered in the Marriage and Parenthood Package , which includes higher Parenthood Tax Rebate extended to Singaporeans with more children , but capped at $ 20,000 per child .
+A 1 2|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN|||Singapore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 41|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 42|||R:OTHER|||However this is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 48 49|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( FCD , 2009 ) According to Lee Siew Hua , Senior Political Correspondent ( The Straits Times , 2008 ) , although benefits may be attractive , many young couples have no plans to settle down with a family immediately after marriage .
+A 1 2|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 20|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the reasons is due to other financial commitments like house installment , which has occupied a large portion of the couples ' salary .
+A 25 26|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( The Straits Times , 2008 )
+A 1 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , encouraging self-dependency and higher birth rate is insufficient to cope with the rising aged population .
+
+S Problems in the physical environment still pose a challenge to the senior citizens ' mobility , especially those who are wheelchair-bound .
+
+S Therefore , creating a barrier-free environment is necessary to cater to the needs of the elderly .
+
+S For example , in the past , lifts only serve certain floors .
+
+S This has created much inconvenience in their daily activities .
+
+S To counter this problem , the Lifts Upgrading Programme ( LUP ) has been carried out in phases to upgrade older HDB blocks with lifts that stop at every floor .
+
+S In addition , more studio apartments will also be built to cater to the demands .
+
+S But , architects may have a harder time designing buildings now as their products must be of value yet able to beautify and sustain the Earth 's natural resources .
+A 25 26|||R:ORTH|||earth|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , due to the advancement in the field of medicine , life expectancy in Singapore has risen too .
+
+S With longer life span , larger range of chronic diseases is expected to surface .
+
+S This in turn , has generated demand for chronic disease management , geriatric services and other healthcare services .
+
+S For instance , Research and Development ( R&D ) has enabled cancer to be more controllable now .
+
+S To ensure that healthcare remains affordable for most Singaporeans , especially the lower-income group , the government gives different rates of subsidies to the different classes of wards in hospitals .
+
+S For example , Class C wards receive the most in subsidies .
+A 11 12|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Salma Khalik , The Straits Times , 2008 ) On top of this , the government also strongly encourages her senior citizens to adopt a healthy lifestyle .
+A 1 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , regular physical exercises and a well-balanced diet are encouraged .
+
+S In conclusion , Singapore government has played a huge part in easing the ageing population .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB|||managing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , increase birth rate to surpass death rate , improve physical environment by creating barrier-free access , and continual effort towards R&D are some of the necessary areas for improvement .
+A 3 10|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Most importantly , planning for old age is a long-term goal .
+
+S One must plan well to enjoy a fulfilling golden age .
+
+S Public spending is the expenditure by government which includes health , education , military and development projects .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A fast aging population is a serious matter as this challenges the government to consider whether to reduce old age dependency or limit healthcare costs .
+
+S The government should allocate more resources to support other areas of the country 's development such as education policy and health care policy .
+
+S Public spending on the aged should be limited so that money can be used on those areas most in need .
+
+S Public policies encourage and facilitate education .
+
+S Spending needs are growing in many areas , including social spending .
+
+S The spending should focus subsidies on those most in need .
+A 4 5|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Due to the economic downturn , people are encouraged to spend more money so that this will help to increase the growth of the economy .
+
+S The public spending should be used in other areas of the country 's development like shopping malls , Integrated Resort , restaurants , hotels , museums , theatres , and theme parks .
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The aim is to increase tourism industry and attract foreigners to spend more money .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , Integrated Resort projects in Singapore are expected to enlarge the industry .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Deputy Prime Minister S Jayakumar ( 2006 ) said that a large amount of money has been invested and the overall proposal that meets tourism objectives and requirements .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN|||S.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The purpose is to attract foreigners and to strengthen Singapore 's economic growth .
+
+S Public spending should be used to invest in the Health Ministry to analyse , investigate and produce more vaccines for the entire population to deal with influenza flu or virus .
+
+S The government should provide more resources and manpower to implement a plan to prevent the infectious diseases such as influenza vaccine , H1N1 flu vaccine .
+
+S Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( 2007 ) stated that production of vaccines against new virus should be investigated to prevent in advance .
+A 0 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 24|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is also necessary to produce enough vaccines to reduce the possible disease cases and deaths .
+
+S If the public spending on the aged is not limited , people will tend to depend on the governments more .
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They will not save their income earned while they are active in the work force to provide in advance for their own old age as they will think that the government will support them and there will be more subsidies on medical and health care .
+A 35 35|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 41|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The retirement savings are important to plan in advance for the benefits of the elderly and they are encouraged to save for the retirement savings , medical savings and expenses .
+
+S Public spending on the aged should be limited so that people will work harder .
+
+S They should learn to save more and plan for their old age in advance themselves .
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They should not depend only on the governments subsidies on health care .
+
+S However , the birth rates are declining due to the economic downturn ; people nowadays will plan to have one or two children only .
+A 0 2|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:ORTH|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:ORTH|||People|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will make the future generations having more stressful life because they can not effort to support their parents .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||to have a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the absence of a subsidised health insurance scheme , people with serious illnesses or hospitalisation will be a problem especially when they pass the age of 85 or can not afford the increase premiums from age 80 to 85 .
+A 37 37|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , people will have pressure when they planning out for their old age .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:FORM|||plan|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order to reduce the stresses , Central Provident Fund ( 2009 ) was set up as a compulsory savings scheme in Singapore so that they can use this savings to support themselves in their old age .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is to ensure that people will not face financial problem when they retire .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the government should set boundaries on public spending on the aged so that people will learn how to plan financially for their own old age at the early stage .
+
+S Public spending can be also used in other areas of the country 's development to boost Singapore 's tourism industry .
+
+S The aim is to attract more visitors to the country and create benefits to the economy of the country .
+A 13 14|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Public spending on the aged should be limited so that money can be diverted to others areas of the country 's development
+
+S In these recent years , the entire world has been confronted with a severe economic recession ; which is believed to not only negatively affects lives of millions of people in both developing and developed countries but also seriously threatens the development of numerous firms and companies from almost every sector of the economy .
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:SVA|||affect|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 40|||R:VERB:SVA|||threaten|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The governments are strongly expected to efficiently use money from the national budget to maintain a sufficient economic growth and provide a better living standard to its citizens .
+
+S Some economists believe that the government should cut down public spending on the aged to invest in other areas while some completely disagree .
+
+S I personally support the latter .
+
+S Up until now , the social policies toward the age 's rights always draw a great deal of attention from the community because of the vulnerability of this special part of the population .
+A 9 11|||R:NOUN:POSS|||aged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The period of time after retirement often brings along lots of pressure and tension , which do n't come from demanding tasks or heavy workload but come from the inevitable emotional and physical changes and also the financial challenges .
+
+S They are not able to earn their livings and probably must be dependent on the supports and helps from their relatives or from the society .
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||support|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:SVA|||help|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In 2006 , roughly twenty-five percents of the Japanese population was over the working age and approximately eighteen percents was under the working age .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||percent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||percent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These figures are predicted to increase remarkably by 2050 .
+
+S The Chinese population , unfortunately , is also experiencing the same pattern .
+
+S Researchers forecast that one third of the population of this nation will retire in 2050 .
+
+S It obviously means that the rest fifty-seven percents in the first case or two third of the population in the second case have to work and support for both themselves and those who are unable to work .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||percent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||thirds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is reasonable to state that once the governments reduce the amount of money spending on healthcare system maintenance or accommodation subsidy , it might result in a social and political crisis .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:SVA|||reduces|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some might argue that the elderly should have their own savings , which were accumulated earlier in the working years to partly supports for the own needs .
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:SVA|||support|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , not every worker can do so since the living expenses are increasing rapidly in a year basis .
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:MORPH|||yearly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , helps and assistances from external sources and funds are still essential .
+A 2 3|||R:MORPH|||help|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:MORPH|||assistance|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One more factor that should be taken into account is the moral or ethic aspect .
+A 13 14|||R:MORPH|||ethical|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The elderly used to work and devote their talents and efforts to the development of the country .
+
+S Therefore , their dedications and sacrifices should be respected and rather relevantly rewarded by younger generations .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||dedication|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||sacrifice|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , policy makers and authorities should set good examples for the young .
+
+S A stable society in which all generations live in harmony requires a good moral foundation .
+
+S Once traditional values are reflected in the law , the law will be more practical and those traditional values will be more deeply ingrained in the society .
+
+S Furthermore , when the younger generation witnesses how their seniors are being whole-heartedly cared , they will have motivation to work harder and contribute to the country .
+
+S However , in some cases , the government probably should prioritize other areas of the country 's development .
+
+S Let 's take Zimbabwe as an illustration .
+
+S In a country where inflation rate reached an unbelievable figure of 11.2 million percents , where almost every families have to struggle to put food on the table , where the only desire of the children is to go to school , a well-rounded health care system for the aged seems to be so luxurious .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||percent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||family|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:TENSE|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government here needs a drastic reform to restructure the entire political and administrative system before policies toward the old people could be brought to the conference table .
+
+S In brief , the policies toward the aged in each country seem to be widely different due to their very own and distinctive economic and social statuses .
+A 26 27|||R:NOUN:NUM|||status|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nevertheless , base on those different situations , each country should conduct more in-depth researches and take necessary steps with the view to promulgating both short-term and long-term policies to ensure that the senior citizens must get what they deserve .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:FORM|||based|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:MORPH|||research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S - VNchannel : Nhat gap kho ve kinh te vi dan so gia ( Japan faces economic problem because of aging population ) { http : //www.vnchannel.net/news/quoc-te/200709/nhat-gap-kho-ve-kinh-te-vi-dan-so-gia.16327.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.vnchannel.net/news/quoc-te/200709/nhat-gap-kho-ve-kinh-te-vi-dan-so-gia.16327.html ]
+
+S * CNN Author : Harare ( August 19 2008 ) Zimbabwe inflation hits 11200000 percents { http : //edition.cnn.com/2008/BUSINESS/08/19/zimbabwe.inflation/index.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //edition.cnn.com/2008/BUSINESS/08/19/zimbabwe.inflation/index.html ]
+
+S * BaoVietnam : Trung Quoc doi mat voi vien canh xam vi dan so gia ( China facing a grey future because of aging population ) { http : //www.baovietnam.vn/the-gioi/171867/23/Trung-Quoc-doi-mat-voi-vien-canh-xam-vi-dan-so-gia } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.baovietnam.vn/the-gioi/171867/23/Trung-Quoc-doi-mat-voi-vien-canh-xam-vi-dan-so-gia ]
+
+S With the current trend of ageing population , many countries came out with researches , development and policies which helped to ease the aging process greatly .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have come|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will help|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One such example is the introduction of Assistive Technology .
+
+S Technology has become one of the most important things for economic activity , education and innovation throughout the whole world .
+
+S As people age , their functionality depreciate in terms of physical and mental ability .
+
+S Therefore , in the United States of America , the policy of 'Assistive Technology Act of 1998 ' was introduced and the definition of Assistive technology is the use of technology design to develop any service or tool that helps the elderly or disabled to improve , maintain or to increase their functional capabilities .
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:ORTH|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The implementation of this policy brought about many technological inventions which in turn eased the elderly with movement , mental ability and emotional distress .
+
+S Impaired mobility is a major health concern for older adults and through Assistive Technology , technological invention has helped ease the movement for the elderly .
+
+S For example , the installation of grab bars around the tub and toilet bowl can help to prevent falls and reduce the risk of slipping ( A handbook of assistive devices for the handicapped elderly , Joseph M. Breuer , 1982 ) ; the invention of the elevator and escalator allows the elderly for easy movement from one storey to another in a building and the installing of bedside controls for lights and other appliances , which reduces the trouble of moving around just to switch off certain appliances .
+A 26 41|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 43|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 44|||R:ORTH|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 66 67|||R:MORPH|||installation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 75 77|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Additionally , therapy technology has been designed to improve mobility in elderly patients to increase their leg strength or balance .
+
+S Memory loss is one of the biggest problems for old age and Assistive Technology has proven to aid the elderly in their mental ability .
+
+S For example , in America , The Center for Aging Services Technologies ( CAST ) ( 2009 ) developed e-pill CADEX and 12 Alarm Wristwatch which helps to remind elderly that it is time for their medication .
+A 12 17|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 29|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nintendo also develop games such as Brain Training Game which are able to help to keep seniors stay mentally agile ( The Associated Press , 2006 ) Samsung 's Jitterbug , a mobile phone that is currently on the market offers the elderly an easier way in making calls , sending text messages and listening to voice mail .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||developed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 26|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 58 59|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Elder gadget review , James Alexander , 2009 )
+A 1 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , emotional distress has impacted the elderly significantly .
+
+S With Assistive Technology , for example , as stated by Intel Corporation ( 2008 ) , poor cognitive ability can result in the increased in { loneliness } [ HYPERLINK : http : //dictionary.reference.com/browse/loneliness ] which may lead to depression and the use of sensor networks and online tools can help in reducing such symptoms .
+A 7 16|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 35|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 40|||R:OTHER|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 41|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 42|||R:ORTH|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore they are researching on a product that uses in-home sensors to detect phone calls and visits that are integrated with online tools .With this product ; it can help to promote social activity .
+
+S Additionally , interactive technology such as Wii has enhanced social activity for the elderly , easing the distress they may face due to lack of companionship and social activity .
+
+S However , though technology has aid the ageing process through improvements in mobility , socially and mentally , but to the elderly , family and friends are ultimately one of the most important aspects to them .They can help them with money issues ; meet their social needs and provide a home for them .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||helped|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This would greatly ease their emotional distress as human companionship is most important to them as they age , where they become increasingly lonely and require more attention .
+
+S The love and concern provided from the family that can ease the ageing process from the family can not be replaced by technology .
+
+S Hence , technology can be used as a tool to increase functionalities of the ageing adult but not able to provide the emotional support and care .
+
+S In conclusion , although human companionship is important to the elderly , the technological inventions created through Assistive Technology have helped to ease the aging process greatly in terms of movement , mental ability and emotional distress .
+
+S With these technological inventions , elderly functional capability would increase ; health issues may reduce and they can become more independent in their own life .
+
+S In today 's context , graying population has become an arising problem in many societies .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||a rising|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB|||rising|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S While it results in a delay to the country 's economic progress , the problem also imposes a burden to the children as well .
+
+S Thus , this highlights the need for effective policies and research to be implemented and conducted , in order to cushion the negative impacts of aging process .
+
+S Three significant solutions would be , improve economy , introduce elderly-friendly infrastructure and appropriate financial subsidies .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Increasing economic growth of the country helps to relieve the strain of resources to meet the demands of the elderly .
+
+S Monetary contribution is essential to aid the aging process .
+
+S However , this hinders the distribution of resources for the country 's development .
+
+S To improve the development of the economy , the government can attract more foreign investors .
+
+S According to the Foreign Direct Investment in Singapore statistics ( 2007 ) , Singapore received a total of 457,023.8 million investments from the world .
+A 10 11|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It showed that with potential lucrative economic growth , the country is able to amass more resources to cope with the needs of the society .
+
+S With the increased revenue , this reduces the limitation of support given to the elderly , without taxing on the government resources .
+
+S Therefore , the elderly could benefit from the greater availability of assistances without jeopardising economic progress .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:INFL|||assistance|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The development of accessible infrastructure helps the aged in the adaption to the environment .
+A 8 9|||R:PART|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:MORPH|||adapt|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As human ages , mobility drops relatively .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||humans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||age|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , immobility would be a hindrance to their lifestyle without the existence of convenient infrastructure .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||lifestyles|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , physical assistance from the surroundings would be recommended .
+
+S According to the Housing And Development Board ( HDB ) policy ( 2005 ) , Lift Upgrading Programme ( LUP ) was introduced to install lifts at every level in the HDB residential flats .
+A 12 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As compared to the past , the elderly had much difficulty managing the stairs .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB|||climbing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , this implementation helps to accommodate the inconvenience of the elderly .
+
+S Therefore , establishment of accessible infrastructure helps the elderly to adjust more easily .
+
+S Financial subsidies would also help to lessen the dependency of the elderly on their children .
+
+S As elderly productivity decreases with age , the ability to command the same income as before is almost impossible .
+
+S Hence , they would have difficulty maintaining their standard of living .
+
+S Therefore , appropriate financial assistances are recommended to help cope with their essential needs .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:INFL|||assistance|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Australia is a welfare state that strongly emphasise the well-being of the elderly .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||emphasises|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Policies such as age pensions and medical benefits allow her aged to receive sufficient assistances to cope with the financial needs ( Greg , 2003 ) .
+A 9 10|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:INFL|||assistance|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the one hand , the subsidy system compensates the lower income that the elderly have relatively .
+
+S On the other hand , this reduces the children 's burden to support the parents .
+
+S Therefore , the dependency on the shoulder of the children to take care of their elderly would be lightened .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN|||burden|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the contrary , implementating subsidy system requires heavy tax foundation which will be a burden on the working society .
+
+S A massive subsidy system is needed to sustain the hefty expenses of supporting an increasingly graying population .
+
+S This would be a substantial load on the working people , who would then be responsible for contributing to the welfare system of the elderly .
+
+S Consequently , this solution would not be effective in the long run due to the money-consuming factor in the problem .
+A 17 20|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , there should be a classification of the degree of need , in order to create an efficient subsidy system .
+
+S In conclusion , the negative impact of the aging process is inevitable .
+
+S Therefore , feasible solutions are in need of implementation to ease the aging process .
+
+S However , due to cultural differences , the requirements of our elderly population will alter gradually .
+
+S Thus , research and policies need to be revised to deal with the aging process effectively .
+
+S It is known that the world is facing the problem of an ageing population .
+
+S David E. Bloom , David Canning and Gunther Fink ( April 2008 ) have shown with projected statistics that between year 2000 and 2050 , the population of the world for those aged 60 and above will increase in every country .
+A 0 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With this increasing amount of the elderly , there are going to be consequences in areas such as the economical growth , the amount of national budget that we are spending and healthcare issues .
+
+S Thus , several policies which have helped to ease the consequences are being put in place .
+
+S These policies are successful with easing of the ageing process .
+A 6 7|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We will now look into some of the policies that help to ease the ageing population .
+
+S One of the policies that were being introduced was that of the retirement age .
+A 5 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Under the retirement act ( 1999 ) , the Ministry of Manpower , Singapore raised the retirement age for elderly from 60 to 62 .
+A 12 13|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By doing so , the elderly will be able to work longer and thus , they will be able to save up more money in order to support themselves during their old age .
+
+S However , we do have to take note that some of the elderly are unable to work even though the retirement age has been raised .
+
+S This is due to the fact that some of them do not possess the necessary skills needed for the job or they could be down with some illness causing them to be unfit for work .
+
+S Thus , there is a need for other policies in order to protect this vulnerable group of elderly .
+
+S Another policy that was being introduced was that of the Maintenance of Parents Act .
+A 3 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This act is a new policy mentioned by Prime Minister Lee during the National Day Rally Speech 2009 .
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It mainly acts on cases where the younger generations abandon their parents .
+A 1 1|||M:VERB|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This way , it will ensure that the parents are not being abandoned by their children .
+
+S However , we also have to take into consideration that the children might have reasons for not supporting their parents .
+
+S One very good example was mentioned in a Channel Newsasia article ( " Social sector wants govt " , august 2009 ) .
+A 11 21|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It was mentioned by Associate Professor Paulin Straugha , National University of Singapore in the article that one hospitalization trip could cost tens of thousands of money , where is the younger generation going to get the money from ?
+A 8 9|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||from the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 16|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 39|||R:OTHER|||She questioned where the younger generation would get the money from .|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , by implementing this policy , it could cause more stress on the younger generations and it could also strain the relation between the elderly and the children .
+
+S Next , we will look at another policy which the government came up with .
+
+S This policy is to give out financial aids to the needy .
+
+S In Singapore , these come in the form of the topping of the Medisave account and cheaper housing options .
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||providing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the report on the ageing population found on the government website ( { www.gov.sg } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.gov.sg ] ) , it was mentioned that the government should top up the Medisave account of the needy when there is a budget surplus so that the needy elderly will be able to afford medical treatments .
+A 12 25|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It was also mentioned that HDB should introduce more rental housing options for the elderly , this can be done by exploring the rental of the vacant flats
+A 27 28|||R:OTHER|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , with these policies in place , the elderly in Singapore are able to protect all types of elderly ( Those who can work , those who ca n't work , and those who are ill ) .
+A 9 39|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In Singapore , it was mentioned in a report found on the family and community development website ( { www.fcd.gov.sg } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.fcd.gov.sg ] ) that the majority of Singaporeans have positive attitudes towards providing concern and support to the elderly .
+A 17 28|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , with such positive attitudes and policies , the process of ageing can be eased .
+
+S Public spending on the aged has been increasing in recent years due to the ageing population , which results in lesser spending on the other areas of the country 's development .
+
+S Demographers predicted that by the end of the century , people who are aged 65 and above will be tripled .
+
+S This may pose many challenges to the society especially for developing countries , where poverty is evident .
+
+S The small labour force has to carry the burden of supporting the aged in the country and with increasing cost for goods and services , income inequality may be resulted .
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||costs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , the increasing demand on the country 's healthcare system will cause the country to divert many resources for the healthcare industry thus neglecting the other potential areas .
+
+S Public spending on the aged should be limited because of the smaller labour force supporting its retirees in a country with an ageing population .
+
+S This causes taxes , budgets , living standards and economic growth to be adversely affected .
+
+S Unless benefits are cut , taxes to pay for pensions and health care may have to be doubled in the next few decades ( Hoke,2005 ) .
+
+S With ageing countries directing much attention to the aged , for instance , spending large sums of money on hiring healthcare workers and on the latest medical technology , there will be lesser investments made in other areas like military , tourism , education and research and development .
+A 22 23|||R:OTHER|||focusing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , this will greatly hinder the development of these countries and deter national progression ( Dooling,2009 ) .
+
+S Therefore , the smaller labour force will face with many difficulties in supporting the retirees due to the high cost .
+
+S Secondly , there is a need to limit spending on the aged due to increasing costs of basic necessities ( Missouri Progressive Vote Coalition,2006 ) .
+A 20 24|||R:OTHER|||,2006|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are many other groups of people such as the poor , sick and disabled who need help apart from the aged .
+
+S If goods and services become consistently more costly , this will widen the gap between the rich and poor ( Reuter,2007 ) .
+
+S For a country to progress , income inequality is less than desirable ( Dorling , Mitchell & Pearce,2007 ) .
+
+S However , there are situations where the aged can still support themselves and contribute to the country .
+
+S In Australia , reports have shown that the aged have been contributing to the country socially and economically in many ways .
+
+S People age between 65- 69 years old still form part of the workforce and some of the aged have been providing financial support for grown up children or relatives despite of their meagre income .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:FORM|||aged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , they have been providing voluntary services by actively involving themselves in community organisations ( Australian Institute of Health and Welfare,2007 ) .
+A 16 22|||R:OTHER|||,2007|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , aged who have the ability to contribute to the country will only form the minority .
+
+S The increasing cost will outweigh their contributions .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||costs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , more funds have to be set aside to lessen the strains on the people caused by the increasing costs of basic necessities .
+
+S Finally , as the population gets older , there is an increase in demand on the country 's healthcare system , where spending on it should be limited .
+
+S The United States predicted that the demand for medical care will significantly outweigh the supply of healthcare professionals by year 2020 ( University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences,2009 ) .
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 28|||R:OTHER|||,2009|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Gulf Cooperation Council ( GCC ) is also facing demand for health care where it is likely to increase by 240 percent over the next couple of decades ( Walid,2008 ) .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||demands|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These will mean that the countries will be diverting plenty of resources on the supply of health care and neglecting the potential of the other areas which may help to generate wealth for the country .
+A 0 1|||R:DET|||This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , countries should limit their spending on health care to invest in other potential opportunities .
+
+S In conclusion , the fact that people now live longer poses many challenges to a country .
+
+S The government and the public are contributing a vast amount of resources to support the aged , hindering the overall development of the country .
+
+S To lessen the impact of the aged on the country , the aged can learn to keep fit and healthy to reduce healthcare dependency .
+
+S In order for a country to grow and prosper , significant contributions are needed to support its funding and hence , public spending on the aged should be limited so that money can be diverted to other areas of the country 's development .
+
+S Based on the report of the United States Census Bureau , there are 506 million people hitting 65 years old and above as of mid 2008 .
+
+S This figure will be doubled to 1.3 billion by 2040 , which accounts for 14 percent of the total global population .
+
+S Mr Richard Suzman ( 2009 ) mentioned that the problem of aging is affecting every part of the world .
+
+S Both developed and developing countries are challenged by the difficulties resulting from global aging such as limitation of public spending on the health care of the elderly .
+
+S Although there 's no doubt that health care of the elderly plays an important role in public spending , it should still be limited so that funds can be diverted to other areas of the country 's development such as education .
+
+S Cost-containment measures on the health care of the elderly have been practised by many governments all over the world .
+
+S Japan is a successful example in controlling the health care cost for the elderly .
+
+S The government titles most of the financial incentives to primary care .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||directs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It leaves some available services to the family .
+
+S Japan has also adopted more efficient ways of financing health care and paying claims using a regulated all payers system which allows payment through a standard system .
+
+S Compared with the US , it mainly relies on market competition to provide health care .
+
+S There are many insurance companies hiring lots of agents to sell their products and each of the insurance company has its own system .
+
+S This will result in high cost of health care services .
+
+S Thus , some perspectives can be adopted from Japan , for example how to set limits for hospital services , in order to lower the health care costs .
+
+S Public spending should focus on areas that play an important part in country 's development like education sector .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||as in the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to the Budget Speech ( Tharman Shanmugaratnam , 2009 ) , the government has an budget of S $ 18.1 billion expenditure in social development which mainly comprises six Ministries : Ministry of Education ( MOE ) , Ministry of Health ( MOH ) , Ministry of National Development ( MND ) , Ministry of Community Development , Youth and Sports ( MCYS ) , Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources ( MEWR ) and Ministry of Information , Communications and the Arts ( MICA ) .
+A 6 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A total budget of S $ 8,701 million has been planned to be invested in education , accounting for nearly half of the expenditure budgeted for social development .
+
+S The government maintains that the expenditure on education sector would never be cut back even in the economic downturn .
+
+S The government heavily subsidise the education fees in schools and tertiary institutions every year to prepare students for the future .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||subsidises|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this way , public spending on the elderly should be balanced with other sectors .
+
+S In addition , with the limitation on the elderly , people would be encouraged to work harder to accumulate more wealth before they retire .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||limited funding|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It would tremendously relief the government 's burden as they could support themselves in their old age .
+
+S However , some may argue that the government should provide more public spending on health services instead of encouraging the elderly to later retirement .
+A 22 24|||R:OTHER|||retire later|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It may seem true in some way as the elderly have less ability to perform as well as younger work force .
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S More funds should be invested in health services instead of paying salaries to the working elderly .
+
+S However , there are increasing pressures on social benefits including health services fund especially during economic crisis .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||funds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The limited fund could only be used in those more deserving areas such as public health services ; therefore , the elderly should be encouraged to work harder to reduce the fiscal dependency .
+A 17 18|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:ORTH|||Therefore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , there must be some limitation on the public spending in order to divert the money to other areas contributed in country 's development .
+A 21 22|||R:OTHER|||which will contribute|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The elderly should be encouraged to work harder to support themselves in their old age .
+
+S With many countries successfully practising cost-containment measures on health care , a lot of perspectives can be learned to spend the public funding within the limitation .
+
+S Besides , considerable efforts should also be made to educate the public to lead a more healthful life .
+A 16 17|||R:ADJ|||healthy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The problem of an aging population is increasingly affecting more countries .
+
+S Especially in the developed countries , due to reasons like better healthcare and women joining the workforce , life expectancy increases significantly as the rate of reproduction decreases .
+A 0 1|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||In|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the population ages , social problems follow after .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB|||increase|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many governments , in view of this problem , would invest more resources , especially in monetary terms , to seek remedy .
+
+S However , this is a bottomless pit .
+
+S A better solution would be to limit direct spending on the age and redirect these resources to aid the country 's development .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:FORM|||aged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , this can indirectly ease the stress of an aging population through developing the research and development industry and providing skills training for workers .
+
+S The research and development industry is important as it brings about new technology , which can help to improve the standard of living of people .
+
+S One crucial area is the research and development of healthcare .
+
+S By investing money in research and development , more is done to explore new treatment solutions for existing illness thus , allowing healthcare treatments to be more efficient .
+
+S This not only in turn improves the economy ; it also provides more options for the elders when they have to seek treatment .
+A 3 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||but|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S New methods of healthcare treatment often bring down the cost of it too .
+
+S This would in turn ease the cost of healthcare to elders and indirectly has the same effect as funding elders ' healthcare costs directly .
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some may claim that one can never be sure if there will ever be positive returns .
+
+S Even if it does , more often than not , it would take years before the end product can be sold to the general public for use .
+
+S Although this is a point to note , one must also consider the fact that by directly spending money on the elderly , it would be like driving on a one-way street .
+
+S It would be investments without returns .
+
+S Furthermore , the issue is to limit spending and not totally cutting it off .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:FORM|||cut|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , it would be more effective to spend money on research and development so that not only will the elders benefit in the long run from the research findings ; it can also catalyse economic growth .
+
+S Another area in which money can be directed to is to provide skills upgrading training for the workers .
+A 8 9|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Peterson 's ( 2001 ) suggestion was to encourage the elders to remain in the workforce for an extended period of time to reduce elderly dependency .
+
+S This is because by working for a longer period of time , they support themselves with their salary and save up for future use .
+
+S In order to make this an effective policy , the older worker 's skills must be upgraded and kept consistent with the existing demands .
+A 11 13|||R:NOUN:POSS|||workers '|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Angelique Chan mentioned at present , employers tend to be hesitant about hiring older workers and this has led to public debates on this issue ( n.d. ) This affects blue collared workers most extensively , and also happen to be the group of elders that have the highest dependency on the society due to their lower savings .
+A 3 3|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 28|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||R:VERB:SVA|||happens|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Providing trainings like the " Skills Programme for Upgrading and Resilience " program , which the Singapore government has introduced in 2008 , helps improve worker 's skills .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||training|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 27|||R:NOUN:POSS|||workers '|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , not only does it equip the elders with the essential skills to continue contributing to the workforce , it also increases their employability .
+
+S Furthermore , these training programs can also be catered to the unemployed .
+
+S Allowing those who were retrenched due to company downsizing or the likes of it can take the opportunity to improve on their skills and move up the corporate ladder .
+A 0 1|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||Those|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , this not only benefits the elders , it also benefits the general public as a whole .
+
+S In conclusion , although spending money on the elderly can help ease the problem effectively in the short run , it is not a feasible solution , as one must consider the effects in the long run .
+
+S By endlessly investing in assisting the elderly , areas of country developments will be overlooked , resulting in more serious social problems like unemployment .
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||the country 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , spending on the aged should be limited so that more financial resources can be used to fund other areas of development , which in the long run , can actually help to ease the problem of an aging population .
+
+S Singapore is gradually moving into an aging population due to low birth rate and long life expectancy .
+
+S According to Mr Lee Hsien Loong , Prime Minister of Singapore , our median age today is 36 and the life expectancy is 80 years .
+
+S By 2050 , our median age will be expected to be 54 .
+
+S One of the reports estimated that " the demographic change would slice 3 percentage points from long-term economic growth , while possible government support for the elderly could cost the country more than 7 per cent of gross domestic product ( GDP ) .
+
+S " ( Bryan , 2008 ) .
+
+S This shows that an aging population will result in lower productivity and affect our economies .
+
+S Bryan ( 2008 ) also suggested that healthcare and social cost will also increase as there will be longer life span due to better healthcare quality .
+
+S Therefore , to pre-empt the problems of aging population , several policies have been introduced and helped to ease the aging process .
+
+S These policies include social security , healthcare and housing .
+
+S Firstly , an aging population will have fewer working adults to support the elder dependents .
+
+S According to PM Lee , our social security system is based mainly on self-reliance and individual savings .
+
+S Policies such as encouraging a long work life and having mandatory savings have been implemented to enable each person to be self-reliant during old age .
+
+S For example , our official retirement age has been raised to 65 ; this allows people to work longer to accumulate more wealth for old age .
+A 12 13|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:ORTH|||This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many programs have also been set up to retrain the elder workers and upgrade their skill in order to maintain their work productivity .
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||skills|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These have helped to increase the employability rate for elder workers .
+
+S Furthermore , a mandatory saving scheme , called the Central Provident Fund ( CPF ) , has also been set up to ensure people to save as they work .
+A 24 25|||U:VERB:FORM||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These savings can be withdrawn in stages when one reaches the retirement age and can also be used for medical expenses .
+
+S However , the CPF scheme may not be as useful as the money that can be used for medical expenses is restricted to Medisave and Medifund .
+A 8 9|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , in the case of an elder person is incapable of continuing to work before he meets the official retirement age , he is unable to make any withdrawals from his CPF accounts to cover his daily expenses .
+A 2 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:PRON|||who|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nevertheless , these two strategies are able to reduce elder dependency .
+
+S Secondly , healthcare system has been restructuring to meet the needs of the aging population .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:FORM|||restructured|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hasnita ( 2009 ) reported that besides building new hospitals around neighbourhood , Singapore also focus on its step-down care sector which includes community hospitals and nursing homes .
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:SVA|||focuses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S PM Lee also added one vital step which is to associate acute hospitals with neighbourhood ones so that patients can seek treatment at the acute hospital and transfer to the neighbourhood hospital for recuperation .
+
+S This approach will help to free up beds in the acute hospital for more severe cases to be treated .
+
+S Through the reorganization , the new healthcare system will be able to accommodate more people .
+
+S Lastly , according to Mr Yap Chin Beng , Director , Estate Administration and Property , they have worked closely with Housing Development Board ( HDB ) to initiate policies such as constant upgrading to our physical infrastructures to become more elderly-friendly .
+A 16 20|||R:OTHER|||talks have been going on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The upgrades include lift upgrading to install new lifts which stops on every floor , shelters to connect to the nearest bus stop of the blocks and ramps for people who have difficulties in climbing stairs .
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||the public|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These upgrading projects have helped to create convenience for the elderly , especially for those who are disabled .
+
+S In addition , HDB is also building more studio apartments which are suitable for elderly as it is customized with elderly-friendly fixtures and fittings .
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These two approaches have helped to make an elder-friendly physical environment .
+
+S Clearly , current policies such as social security , healthcare and housing have helped to ease the aging process .
+
+S Without these policies , the elderly will be facing problems in terms of monetary , healthcare and housing in future .
+
+S Therefore , it is important to help the older population remain employed and promote active aging .
+
+S Nowadays , many countries have to face different problems about aging population .
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The popular one is about public spending for the elderly in each country .
+
+S It is controversial since many people are afraid that spending too much money on the elderly might decrease national budgets for other areas ' development .
+A 23 24|||U:NOUN:POSS||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , it is necessary that the public finances spent on the elderly be always considered carefully by the government .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A limited amount of money given to help the aging population is a good issue for both the elderly and the rest of population which is benefited through the development of different sectors of the country .
+A 23 23|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 27|||R:VERB:TENSE|||benefits|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 31|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is undoubtedly true that senior citizens always find it difficult to live independently in such the old age .
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They need financial sources from not only their own children but also from the society .
+
+S For instance , the Singaporean government spent more than 7 percent of GDP ( gross domestic product ) on supporting the elderly with medical subsidies , public infrastructure and pension schemes ( Central Provident Fund- CPF ) , etc... while the percent of American GDP for public spending on the elderly may rise from 8.5 percent in 1997 to 22.5 percent in 2070 ( Lee , 2008 ) .
+A 4 5|||R:MORPH|||Singapore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 36|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 42|||R:MORPH|||percentage|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 51 53|||R:VERB:TENSE|||rose|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , a significant share of Gross National Product ( GNP ) went into pension schemes : 0.58 per cent and 1.22 per cent , respectively in Malaysia and Singapore ( Yoon and Hendricks , 2006 ) .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another example about public spending on medical subsidies for the aged is the elderly , who represented about 7 per cent of the South Korean population , accounted for 17.7 per cent of total National Health Insurance ( NHI ) expenditures in 2001 ( Yoon and Hendricks , 2006 ) .
+
+S These above numbers show us the truth that the government spent a lot of money for the senior citizens .
+A 1 3|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We need to have the responsibility to the elderly .
+A 7 7|||M:VERB|||care|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , we should not spend such a large amount of money on the elderly since it might cause the loss of financial supporting for other important areas ' development such as education , military or infrastructure , etc... With the increasing in aging population and less financial supports from cash-strapped young generation , the government even has a heavier burden on their shoulders to give more money supporting the seniors ' lives now .
+A 28 29|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 29|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 39|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 42|||R:OTHER|||iincrease|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 43|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 48 49|||R:NOUN:NUM|||support|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 62 63|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 68 69|||R:VERB:FORM|||to support|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Then , they might not focus on solving other problems in other areas , which may cause many troubles to the entire development in the country .
+A 19 20|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The next point this essay discuss is about the consequence of having no limitation on spending money for the elderly .
+A 3 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A research done by Swiss banking giant UBS reported that Singapore 's long-term economic growth would lose its 3 percentage points because of the demographic change while Japan 's growth will drop from 9.8 to 8.3 percent and China 's growth may cut down of 1 percent .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:NOUN:NUM|||changes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 44 45|||R:PREP|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The aging population really affects the country 's economy .
+
+S Without the guarantee of healthy economy , the government can not improve or develop any necessary areas in their country .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , we must ensure that the money we use for the elderly is reasonable ; otherwise , we will lose a lot and end up with preventing our development growth .
+
+S In my opinion , the limitation for public spending on the aged is a good issue for the entire population .
+
+S We actually have many kinds of help for the senior citizens instead of giving them money from the public budgets .
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||budget|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , the financial problem can be solved by encouraging the elderly to work longer .
+
+S They can earn money by themselves .
+
+S Then , we are able to spend our money to develop other areas in our country .
+
+S Furthermore , the elderly now have a long-term provision for their own lives by their income and contribute their ability to the society .
+
+S The thing we should do is just give them a chance and help them in upgrading their skills to adapt to the modern work place .
+
+S For instance , in Singapore , the Tripartite Action Group ( TAG ) was formed to help the elderly increase their employability .
+
+S In conclusion , it is essential for us to set a limitation for the money we spend on the old aged .
+A 19 20|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This limitation will help us give the right supporting finance to the elderly as well as to other areas ' development in our country .
+
+S Moreover , with the limited money spent to support the senior citizens ' lives , it might give the government a motivation to come up with new solutions for the aging population .
+
+S References :
+
+S Book : Ai Ju , C. , & Jones , G. ( 1990 ) .
+
+S Ageing in Asean .
+
+S Singapore : Institute of Southeast Asian Studies .
+
+S Yoon , H. , & Hendricks , J .
+
+S ( 2006 ) .
+
+S Handbook of Asian Aging .
+
+S New York : Amityville .
+
+S Online newspaper article : Lee , B .
+
+S ( 2008 , June 26 ) .
+
+S Ageing population may hurt Singapore most .
+
+S The Straits Times .
+
+S Retrieved June 28 , 2008 , from Asiaone .
+
+S The focus on ageing issues is not new .
+
+S Since the 1980s , various committees have been formed to make sure that Singapore is prepared for the challenges and opportunities from the ageing population and at the same time harnessing her economic and social possibilities .
+
+S The government has placed necessary policies and developments to empower Singaporeans to lead meaningful lives in their golden years , to ease their process of ageing .
+
+S The growing pool of seniors would require varied expectations and needs .
+
+S For Singapore to be ready for its expanding ageing population , developments and policies have been enforced over the years to enable seniors to lead a fulfilling and enriching lives .
+
+S To begin with , it is undeniable that Singapore faces a greying population due to the improvement in health care standards and elderly generally require more health care .
+
+S Even though health care is expensive , it is one aspect that can not be overlooked .
+
+S The Singapore government provide health subsidy for elderly to help ease elderly patients from the hefty medical bills .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||provides|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||subsidies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the contrary , the National Survey of Senior Citizens conducted in 2005 showed that 63 % of senior citizens had their own source of income , 66 % received cash support from their children and 62 % of elderly paying for their own healthcare expenses , the provision of health subsidy might be seen as a waste of public fundings since most seniors have the ability to pay for their own medical bills .
+A 40 41|||R:VERB:FORM|||paid|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 46 47|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 47 48|||R:ORTH|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 51 52|||R:NOUN:NUM|||subsidies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To apply for health subsidy , the government assess elderly patients by taking into consideration the gross income of the patient and immediate family members as well as whether patients own any private property .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||subsidies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the issue of wasting public finance is uncalled-for as elderly patients are assessed to ensure that the subsidy goes to only those who need it .
+
+S Meanwhile , in an article published on the 17th of August 2009 , Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong called for more community hospitals , nursing homes and home care to be built , to provide competent and appropriate care for the elderly .
+
+S The Government has also implemented various measures over the years to make homes more elder-friendly and to provide more housing choices for seniors .
+
+S Efforts were made by the Housing Development Board ( HDB ) through the development of retirement housings with non-slip tiles , support hand bars , emergency pull-cords and heat detectors that activate alarms .
+
+S Town Councils also came up with barrier-free features like ramps leading to blocks and outdoor facilities are provided to facilitate mobility of senior from homes to public areas .
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||seniors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Land Transport Authority ( LTA ) featured elder-friendly buses allowing seniors to move around Singapore easily with low-floor , step-free and wheelchair accessibility .
+
+S Road facilities have also been upgraded to enhance accessibility on public streets .
+
+S Such costly infrastructures and developments are fully funded by the government .
+
+S Despite many who would argue that such public spending could be better spent on other areas of the country 's development , it is important to understand that they are beneficial to the general public .
+
+S Elder-friendly bus networks benefit not just seniors but also young parents with children in prams and those with physical disabilities .
+
+S Residences fitted with senior-friendly features not only enhance the ease of mobility but also the quality of life for the public .
+
+S Even though the development of retirement housing is costly , it reaps profit for private developers and benefits the economy as the greying population fuel the market with their special needs and demands .
+
+S Over the past years , the Government has begun to emphasize the employment of senior workers and to keep them in the workforce .
+
+S The Government believe that with later retirement , seniors will be able to support themselves independently and to allow seniors to remain physically , mentally and socially active for as long as possible .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||believes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Despite the decreasing productivity of elder workers , they possess vast experience and energy , it will be a waste not to tap their strengths and abilities so that they can contribute meaningfully to their family and the society .
+A 14 15|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:ORTH|||It|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , with the shortage of young workers , it will become increasingly critical for employers to attract and retain mature , experienced workers to maintain a competitive advantage in an evolving economy .
+
+S A greying world is inevitable and it is essential to provide necessary care and support for the elderly .
+
+S Health subsidies and housing developments by the government have helped to ease the ageing process to a large extent .
+
+S Healthcare subsidies provide proper care for the needy elderly patients .
+
+S In addition , retirement housings promote the social integration of our seniors , by not segregating them from the community at large and allowing them to age in a safe and comfortable environment .
+
+S The policy of later retirement not only solves the problem of elderly dependency immediately , it also eases the ageing process in Singapore as the elderly no longer face financial constraints once they earn an income every month .
+
+S REFERENCE
+
+S Code on Accessibility in the Built Environment .
+
+S Year 2007 , retrieved from { http : //www.bca.gov.sg/BarrierFree/others/AccessibilityCode2007.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.bca.gov.sg/BarrierFree/others/AccessibilityCode2007.pdf ]
+
+S Ministry of Health .
+
+S Subsidies for the Elderly .
+
+S Year 2007 , retrieved from { http : //www.moh.gov.sg/mohcorp/hcfinancing.aspx ? id = 16072 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.moh.gov.sg/mohcorp/hcfinancing.aspx ? id = 16072 ]
+
+S Ministry of Community Development , Youth and Sports .
+
+S Report on the Ageing Population .
+
+S February 2006 , retrieved from { http : //www.mcys.gov.sg/successful_ageing/report/CAI_report.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.mcys.gov.sg/successful_ageing/report/CAI_report.pdf ]
+
+S Ministry of Community Development , Youth and Sports .
+
+S The National Survey of Senior Citizens in Singapore 2005 , retrieved from { http : //www.mcys.gov.sg/MCDSFiles/Resource/Materials/NSSC % 202005.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.mcys.gov.sg/MCDSFiles/Resource/Materials/NSSC % 202005.pdf ]
+
+S { http : //www.populationasia.org/Publications/RP/AMCRP3.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.populationasia.org/Publications/RP/AMCRP3.pdf ]
+
+S As one of the most rapid aging population in Asia , Singapore encounters the challenge of developing policies to accommodate this evolving age structure .
+
+S Now , people are living longer and longer lives must be carefully planned for .
+A 3 3|||M:PRON|||who|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||plan their lives.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is a necessity to raise awareness concerning the issue of aging population .
+
+S Welcoming immigrants and increasing fertility rates are some of the issues that should become national priority and these subjects will be discussed in relation to the Singapore context .
+
+S Although the relieving of the aging process is unlikely to take effect immediately after the implementation of the policies , much can still be done to ease the impact of an aging population .
+
+S Firstly , the aging process should be eased by allowing more working-age immigrants .
+
+S Minister Mentor , Lee Kuan Yew ( 2009 ) mentions that there are complains about the welcoming of working-age immigrants resulting in a reduction of job vacancies available for Singaporeans .
+A 7 8|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||mentioned|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Immigrants who possessed the skills and expertise in the various industries were more favorable by employers .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:SPELL|||favoured|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is because they could contribute their knowledge and bring the companies to greater heights .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , this caused Singaporeans who were not as proficient to become unemployed .
+A 3 3|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The introducing of working-age immigrants also increased the competition in the workforce .
+A 1 2|||R:MORPH|||introduction|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Eventually , social issues like a surge in suicidal cases and psychological problems will surface .
+
+S Furthermore , immigrants who set up businesses or companies in Singapore would create more job vacancies .
+
+S They could share their knowledge and technology with Singapore and Singapore could in return , provide them the necessary infrastructure and manpower .
+
+S This will certainly be a win-win situation where both Singaporeans and immigrants will benefit .
+
+S In addition , competition in the labor force might stimulate people to be more eager and determined to improve themselves .
+
+S They will be shocked by the competitiveness and drive themselves to perform better .
+
+S This will bring about a progress in the overall standard of the country and the economy .
+
+S Secondly , the process of aging should be relieved by increasing fertility rates .
+
+S With the influx in immigrants and foreign talents , most Singaporeans believed that Singapore 's current population is considerably large .
+A 3 4|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||believe|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Minister Mentor , Lee Kuan Yew ( 2009 ) points out that between age 25 and 40 , more than 30 % of the Singaporeans remain single and childless .
+A 7 8|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||pointed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||the ages of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many Singaporeans do not want their careers to be hindered and deem it is not worth paying the high fees of educating their children .
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:FORM|||to pay|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Despite the introduction of the baby bonus scheme , Singaporeans were still unmoved and cold toward having a child .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , increasing the fertility rates to replace the aging population in Singapore is vital .
+
+S Being a small country , Singapore is vulnerable to many threats and people is her only resource .
+A 2 17|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If low fertility rate continues , Singapore 's economy and labour force will eventually shrink .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , it is essential to introduce campaigns and educate Singaporeans on the importance of family formation .
+
+S The government could look into ways like longer maternity leaves , financial supports in the form of tax rebates and maintaining work-life balance by allocating sufficient time for personal life .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||leave|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Numerous countries experience population aging .
+A 3 6|||R:OTHER|||aging population|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The older population is expanding at a substantially faster rate than that of the world 's total population .
+
+S Presently , the total fertility rate is below the replacement level in essentially all industrialized countries .
+
+S The dramatic shift in age structure caused the Singapore government to introduce many related policies .
+A 6 6|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Singapore 's response has been to welcome immigrants , introduce baby bonus and many more .
+
+S In conclusion , the easing of the aging process should be a national effort .
+
+S The future is to assure that people everywhere age with confidence and courtliness and continue to enjoy full rights .
+
+S In the last 10 years , governments all over the world , especially those in developed countries such as Japan , United Kingdom , Singapore , etc , invested heavily in research and development and formulating new policies to tackle the prevailing ageing phenomenon which is threatening their economies .
+
+S However , some policies introduced by the government are causing much problem for the society which outweighs the effect of easing the ageing process .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this paper , two strategies , one of which encourages older retirement and the other leads to the increase in foreign immigration , introduced by the local government to tackle the ageing population issue shall be discussed .
+
+S In 2007 , the government introduced a CPF ( Central Provident Fund ) reform scheme , which will push retirement age to 65 years old in 2012 which will then par with Japan .
+A 24 25|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 30|||M:OTHER|||be on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This , coupled with other initiatives such as the workfare to older workers and incentives for companies to hire elderly workers , serves to encourage longer working lives and decrease dependency among elderly workers .
+A 9 13|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , according to the Singapore National Census in 2007 , 68 % of the elder workers are unskilled and most of them are employed as cleaners or laborers , working long hours per day for mostly as little as $ 5 an hour ( Hoe Yeen Nie : 2009 ) .
+A 45 49|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , many might argue that through employment , older workers will be able to earn their upkeep , save up for future medical needs and live an active and healthy lifestyle ( PM Lee.H.L : 2009 ) .
+A 33 36|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But on the contrary , it has been statistically proven that older workers tend to suffer from occupational injuries that were inflicted and accumulated since younger working days , thus accidents are more prone to occur , especially for jobs which require substantial amount of physical strength such as lifting or carrying ( Craig.Z el at : 1996 ) .
+A 53 57|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , elderly workers can get abused just as much as younger workers , by considering the fact that if elder workers were to be dismissed for some reasons , finding another employment with equal remunerations and similar job tasks might not be easy .
+
+S In additional , if they were to be subjected to demands of work performance and long work hours in most jobs , how could they ever live a healthier lifestyle ?
+A 1 2|||R:MORPH|||addition|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the contrary , older workers could develop more medical problems as they continue to work and grow older .
+
+S Therefore , it can be said that governments who support older retirement age could have committed the fallacy of equating both wealth and health together when it is the other way around .
+
+S Singapore has been adopting an " open-door " policy which favors foreign immigration as part of the strategy to overcome ageing population .
+
+S With a healthy supply of young workers from other countries , Singapore can fill up job vacancies quickly and replacing those older workers .
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:FORM|||replace|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By " one stone killing two birds " , it can be said that foreign immigration solves both ageing problem as well as babies shortages .
+A 0 8|||R:OTHER|||As the saying , to kill two birds with one stone|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 25|||R:OTHER|||the shortage of babies.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , with the influx of foreigners into the economy , cultural clashes will occur and more often than not , misunderstandings due to language differences arise .
+
+S According to a survey published by Institute of Service Excellence ( ISES ) last year , Singapore has a lower service level satisfactory score of 68 compared to 72 in South Korea and 75 in the States ; one of the reasons is the ease of foreign immigration here .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 38|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||R:ORTH|||One|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nowadays , many semi-skilled foreign immigrants are working in service sectors , and even greeting many customers in their mother tongue .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:FORM|||greet|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , tourists and even mainland Singaporeans are often put off by their incomprehensible enunciation and insolent intonation of their native language .
+
+S Thus , businesses in these sectors employing lower cost foreign workers might lose the goodwill of customers .
+
+S Therefore , in the long term , it could hurt the service industry 's economies and so , this policy contradicts the main objective of having a strong labor economy .
+
+S Singapore 's policy to tackle the ageing issue has so far achieved limited success but the side-effects caused by their implementations have greater adversities which outweigh the benefits .
+
+S There can never be a single solution or working policy in the battle against ageing population but however , besides the government , each and every individual can actually play a part for their future .
+
+S After all , we all grow old one day .
+
+S References : Anon .
+
+S ( May 06 2008 ) Through the Looking Glass : Singapore 's First Customer Satisfaction Survey Retrieved 13 September 2009 from { http : //knowledge.smu.edu.sg/article.cfm ? articleid = 1137 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //knowledge.smu.edu.sg/article.cfm ? articleid = 1137 ]
+
+S C Zwerling , N L Sprince , R B Wallace , et al .
+
+S ( Sep 1996 ) Risk factors for occupational injuries among older workers : an analysis of the health and retirement study .
+
+S Retrieved 16 September 2009 from { http : //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi ? artid = 1380597 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi ? artid = 1380597 ]
+
+S Hoe Y N ( 10 July 2009 ) More unionised firms re-employing older workers : NTUC Retrieved 16 September 09 from http : //www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/441642/1/.html
+
+S PM Lee H L ( 8 Jan 2009 ) PM on re-employment of older workers Retrieved 16 September 2009 from http : //www.pmo.gov.sg/News/Speeches/Prime + Minister/PM + on + re-employment + of + older + workers.htm
+
+S Wong W.K. ( June 2009 ) Yearbook of Statistics Singapore 2009 Retrieved 13 September 2009 from http : //www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/reference/yos09/yos2009.pdf
+
+S Nowadays , we have been facing the old aging matter as it increases the pressure on our society .
+A 3 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A number of old people are going up day by day while young people , who contribute mainly to country 's economics , are on the way down .
+
+S This situation makes some countries like Japan , UK or USA keep working on how to ease the aging burden .
+
+S Some policies such as later retirement age or more children 's responsibility for their parents have been applied .
+A 8 12|||R:OTHER|||increasing the responsibility of children|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Though there are still dubious opinions around these solutions , they really bring us a hope about the better future .
+A 14 15|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S At first , some researchers are still skeptical about the later retirement policy , which has been saving millions dollar for countries .
+A 0 3|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:ORTH|||Some|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Belly P ( 2006 ) writes an article " Can they carry on working ?
+A 0 2|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||in her|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Later retirement , health and social inequality in an aging population " to question about the opposite sides of higher retirement age .
+A 12 13|||U:VERB:FORM||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:MORPH|||questions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S She worries about its bad impacts on older people 's health , which may increase the health care fees for government and about the unemployment of youngster that will cut down the GPD .
+A 26 27|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Yet , some believe differently .
+
+S Rebecca Smith ( 2009 ) finds out that longer working time may help us fight against the Dementia , one of the most terrible illnesses of old people .
+A 0 2|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:ORTH|||dementia|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , working helps elderly become more independent , more enjoyable and healthier .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If older people keep working , they can pay for their own health care and contribute more for society .
+
+S Besides , younger workers still have various work chances , especially , when companies do know about the creativity , activity and intelligence of younger workers .
+
+S Ian Ziskin , chief of human resource and administrative office of Northman Grumman , says that it 's necessary to have new brand of workforce in a company and his company will keep hiring young workers for the next 5 to 10 years ( Emily Brandon , 2008 ) .
+A 21 21|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 44 46|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In a short , encouraging later retirement of employee remains effective solution to reduce the burden of old aging .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||employees|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||age|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The second solution being discussed in many countries is raising the adult children 's responsibility for caring their older parents .
+A 11 12|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||to care for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Every year , governments have to spend around 0.2 % to 3 % of total GDP to take care of old people and the number is increasing year by year ( oegd publication , 2005 ) .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||the government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 33|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Does the " light care " of family toward older people help to reduce this ?
+
+S In fact , this caring plays critical role in easing the spending of government and citizen on health care for the elderly .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||citizens|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to the Genworth Financial Cost of Care Survey ( 2006 ) , the average fees of nursing care for the elderly is $ 194 per day which does not include the fees of medical care , therapy , etc .
+
+S It means you have to pay nearly $ 6000 per month for caring your parents , which is such a large amount especially in the economic critics recently .
+A 13 13|||M:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:NOUN|||crisis|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Home care for the older parents , therefore , seems to be acceptable for a lot of families to reduce the cost .
+
+S From the government 's view , this strategy really saves a lot of money for them .
+
+S According to AARP ( 2006 ) , home care saved up to $ 350 billion in 2006 , which is even over the Fed 's budget .
+A 2 3|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In USA , just only 50 % of adult say that they are caring for their parents ( home caring or supporting money ) so if we can raise this number up by increasing the grown children 's responsibility , we can save our budget to pay attention to other necessary fields .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||adults|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Briefly , home caring is going to be the long term plan for us to cope with the problem of aging population in the future .
+
+S Although there is still skepticism around the two policies which are used to ease the pressure of aging population , a number of study and facts have shown us their benefit to our society .
+A 30 31|||R:NOUN:NUM|||benefits|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Later retirement not only helps elder feel more active and healthier but also brings us a large sum of money .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||elders|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Similarly , increasing adult 's responsibility for their older parents particularly assists the government in caring a number of older people and saving health care 's fees .
+A 25 26|||U:NOUN:POSS||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By and large , until we find the better way to balance the global population , the two solutions are , at least , beneficial .
+
+S Reference
+
+S 1. http : //www.globalaging.org/health/world/2009/later.htm
+
+S 2. http : //www.asiaone.com/Business/News/Office/Story/A1Story20090911- 167351.html
+
+S 3. http : //www.usnews.com/money/blogs/planning-to-retire/2008/07/17/keeping- older-workers-on-the-job
+
+S 4. http : //www.oecd.org/dataoecd/53/4/34585571.pdf
+
+S 5. http : //www.elderweb.com/home/node/901
+
+S 6. http : //aspe.os.dhhs.gov/daltcp/reports/sytmates.htm
+
+S 7. http : //www.ehow.com/about_5381864_care-home-vs-nursing-homes.html
+
+S 8. http : //www.usatoday.com/money/perfi/eldercare/2007-06-24-elder-care- cover_N.htm
+
+S Nobody can deny the adverse effects of aging process in today society .
+A 10 12|||R:WO|||society today|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is predicted that about 23 percent Singaporeans will reach the age of 65 by the year 2050 .
+
+S Imagine a country where nearly one-fourth of its citizens can not work and have to depend on its younger generations ; such a heavy burden will be placed on that country 's sustainability .
+A 20 21|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:ORTH|||Such|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the urging need for solution , we have tried our best to reduce these detrimental impacts .
+
+S Recent policies , particular the Later retirement policy and Central Provident Fund ( CPF ) Board 's Saving for retirement have illustrated the efforts of our Governments .
+A 3 4|||R:MORPH|||particularly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Because of the fertility decline , together with the expected shrinking population , subsequently , the dependency ratio will sharply increase .
+A 0 21|||R:OTHER|||The fertility decline and the expected shrinking population will subsequently increase the dependency ratio.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , such explicitly damaging results are unavoidable .
+
+S The worst impact is the pressure on the National budget .
+
+S Since many people are old and can not work efficiently , young people have to carry on .
+
+S And if the situation get worse , young generation would not be able to pay tax and we would have insufficient fund to care for the elderly .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||gets|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:NUM|||funds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So what have we done to prepare for this doom day ?
+
+S Fortunately , some thoughts have been considered .
+
+S Although they have not been perfectly completed , but base on fair judgment , such ideas have helped to lighten the aging effects in our society .
+A 8 9|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:FORM|||based|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First is the intention to lengthen the working age .
+
+S In fact , the Government has introduced the Re-employment Act , which will take effect in the year 2012 , to extend the work age from 62 to 65 .
+
+S According to scientific survey , 41 percent of people want to retire after 65 .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , this policy has been strongly disagreed .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB|||opposed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the opposing views was the doubt about the olds strengths and perspicacity .
+A 6 8|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 14|||R:OTHER|||strength and perspicacity of the aged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They fear that old people would not response well enough to the fast changing world .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB|||respond|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , some senior workers may be outdated in some field works .
+
+S These fears are not unreasonable .
+
+S However , old people can still contribute a lot .
+
+S Although their knowledge may be antiquated , their experiences are invaluable .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||old-fashioned|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , some older workers still keep them up to date and learn new things .
+
+S In addition , they can even train those inexperienced young .
+
+S Many companies nowadays have changed their views and greatly welcome these skilled workers .
+
+S More importantly , if we extended people 's working age , which would give them several years to devote and save more for their old age , we would greatly ease the aging problem .
+
+S About 50 thousands people step into retirement each year , which will then contribute to the dependency ratio .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||thousand|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By encouraging people to work for some more years if they still can work well , we would somehow reduce negative effects of this dilemma .
+
+S Second is the conventional CPF Saving for retirement Scheme , which motivates people to save for their old lives when they are still young .
+
+S After many years of hard work , people can now enjoy their life without having to worry about financial difficulties .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||lives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This scheme helps people to plan way ahead ; therefore , they would not have to rely on their children later .
+A 8 9|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:ORTH|||Therefore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Unfortunately , this scheme can not be adequately applied .
+
+S Since there are many people suffering to support their families , it is just harder for the to save for later years .
+A 16 17|||R:PRON|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S People with higher income will have better retirement life compare to those unlucky .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:FORM|||compared|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 13|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A fact which can not be neglected is that a great segment of people over the age of 65 are still facing very challenging hardness .
+
+S Old homeless people , for example , they will have to depend on the Government for their livelihood .
+A 7 8|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the result , although financial difficulty is not a serious problem for the majority of senior Singaporeans , we still have to find greater plans so that all people are all well supported in their old lives .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||a result|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These two mentioned policies above are just representatives of many researches , studies , policies given out to alleviate the harmful consequences caused by this so-called " silver tsunami " .
+A 2 3|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Additionally , we are encouraging young couples to have more children , urging working-aged immigrants to come , inventing more ways to reduce the cost for health... Tackling this fast aging problem is tremendously because it is hard to be eliminated absolutely .
+A 26 27|||R:OTHER|||health .|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:MORPH|||tremendous|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , such findings have already played their roles to pacify this aging process .
+
+S References
+
+S Tay , S ( 2006 , June 16 ) .
+
+S Singaporeans want later retirement age .
+
+S Today
+
+S Kumar , M.S. , & Shiling , C.T .
+
+S ( 2008 , Jan 14 ) .
+
+S Going Grey for starters .
+
+S Retrieved Sept 12 , 2009 , from { http : //socioblogsg.wordpress.com/2008/01/14/going-grey-for-starters/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //socioblogsg.wordpress.com/2008/01/14/going-grey-for-starters/ ]
+
+S Wijaya , M ( 2009 , Aug 27 ) .
+
+S Singapore faces a 'silver-tsunami' .
+
+S Asia Times Online
+
+S There has been an increasing trend in problems associated with the increasing population of the aged in Singapore .
+
+S To tackle these issues commonly encountered by these elderly people , the government has been putting in considerable effort towards alleviating their problems .
+A 14 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||put|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The solutions in which Singapore has adopted and the policies that they have implemented aims to help the aged lead a more comfortable life .
+A 2 3|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will be further discussed in the essay .
+
+S Higher divorce rates and family breakdown are becoming rampant in modern , urbanized societies and will have consequential effects on the quality of care and support for the elderly .
+
+S A liberal country such as America operates in the form of nuclear families whereby the young adults leave their parents at an early age in search for their new home .
+A 30 31|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Diderich , 2005 ) Thus , it will be very difficult for them to take care of their parents on a day-to-day basis .
+A 4 5|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Development of medium to long-term policies and formulation of appropriate implementation plans would be necessary to deal with problems related to the social and health care of older persons as the population ages .
+
+S In Singapore , a significant legislation known as the " Maintenance of Parents Act " in 1995 requires children to support their parents during the latter 's old age which has the effect of preventing problems related to the neglect of elderly parents .
+A 43 44|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Khalik , 2009 ) Such a forward-looking policy helps to ensure adequate care and concern for the elderly , helping to ease their aging process .
+A 4 5|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Financial independence during old age is of great importance to many .
+
+S During their twilight years , the weak and elderly would inevitably require to continually seek medical treatments .
+
+S Repeated medical treatments can be a financial burden and thus , create a trauma for the elderly .
+
+S In Singapore , cost of living is high , in particular , medical cost .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the opportunity cost of retiring early is too high and is almost beyond many individuals .
+
+S The government has thus taken measures to counter these problems such as setting up the Central Provident Fund ( CPF ) so as to allow people to save when they are economically active .
+A 33 34|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Sarkar , 2009 ) These savings can be set aside for retirement purposes so that they can be self-dependent .
+A 4 5|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since they have an ensured amount for retirement , this would naturally ease the financial burden in their later years .
+
+S Decreased economic performance may be directly related to an ageing workforce as a result of reduced labour participation and productivity , and reduced job mobility .
+
+S The labour force participation rate would be much lower compared to the young vibrant workforce of China and India .
+
+S This is worsened by the fact many older workers have relatively lower education levels .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Their skills may be irrelevant in the Information Technology age .
+
+S On the contrary , we can also tap on the vast experience and knowledge of the older workers who can then continue to contribute as economically productive members of society and help sustain the creation of the " silver industry " targeted at older people .
+A 29 29|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 45 46|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Princeton , 2007 ) In addition to that , the Ministry of Manpower ( MOM ) launched the " People-for Jobs Traineeship Programme " to help older workers who are prepared to take on a second career .
+A 4 5|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Chia , 2001 ) This programme provides tax subsidies and grants to companies who re-trains older workers to help them be re-deployed effectively and to remain gainfully employed .
+A 4 5|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:PRON|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will have the effect of helping them to be financially independent even beyond their retirement age .
+
+S In conclusion , although the aged in Singapore faces increasing number of problems each day , the government is actually implementing many policies , funding , facilities , programmes and services such as the Central Provident Fund Scheme to ease the problems the aged faces .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:SVA|||face|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the light the above , current research and governmental policies have , to a large extent , helped ease the aging process .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 3|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:MORPH|||help|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Aging population is now a serious issue in most developed countries , where the number of young people is overwhelmed by the number of elderly ones .
+
+S This increases much pressure to the government when dealing with every aspect like economic issues , or infrastructure systems .
+A 4 5|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This essay will consider the impact of recent research , in particular science , on the aging process .
+
+S Despite some opposite opinions on how science makes aging a serious problem in many societies , the benefits of science brings to ease this process seems to severely outweigh its detriments .
+A 18 19|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some may think that science is impractical to apply in daily lives .
+
+S The discovery of gene activation or brain reaction to environmental factors has little practice in comparison with money spent on the research , which can be more efficient to be spent on healthcare services and retirement pension .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN|||impact|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Indeed , with the help of science , many diseases particularly old age diseases have been discovered and understood , which significantly gives a hand in treating .
+
+S An illustration of this is the finding of gene called p21 which associates in some old age diseases like heart disease , Alzheimer and arthritis .
+
+S This gene when activated can produce some types of proteins relating to diseases of the aged ( BBC news , 2000 ) .
+A 17 21|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This has led a way for scientists to find treatment , such as in 2009 , Frank LaFerla and Mathew Blurton-Jones of the UC Irvene have found a potential treatment for Alzheimer 's disease by using neutral stem cell .
+A 25 26|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even though it is true that some science discoveries have not been applied efficiently in practice , they are the foundations for future scientists to rely on .
+
+S Scientists are seeking a way to prolong life and reverse aging process .
+
+S In this point , there might be arguments that the new technique , if available , will results in a larger number of old people , increasing pressure to an already aged and crowded population .
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:FORM|||result|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This opinion , in some ways , is not wrong , however , with the help of science , old people are consulted and encouraged to live healthily with appropriate exercises and sufficient nutrition .
+
+S The aged now mostly spend their retirement staying healthy and thus prevent diseases or damaged accidents more efficiently .
+
+S Besides , this can also lead to less dependency on their children and money from government .
+
+S This may not be a way to stop aging process of a population , but is likely to be a good way to ease the stress and difficulties both government and each individual have to face .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Evans ( 2004 ) deduces that dietary proteins intake along with proper exercises can help improve muscle strength and prevent sarcopenia and high blood pressure .
+
+S Science with the invention of many toxic chemicals either used for fertilizer , pesticides or nuclear weapons , are responsible for higher infertility rate in human and many mutants babies born .
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:NOUN:NUM|||humans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:MORPH|||mutant|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The World Wildlife Fund ( WWF ) has published a list of toxic chemical associated with gene mutation .
+
+S However , though it is undeniably true how chemicals increase mutation in tissues , it is still unclear whether infertility rate of human beings can rise due to chemical usage .
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||rates|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to the Institute of Population Health , University of Ottawa and University of Medical Sciences , Iran , there is still not enough evidence to show the link between infertility and chemicals .
+
+S At the same time , in 2003 , Queen 's University in Canada published a research on an increased amount of a chemical called TCE found in many infertile men .
+
+S While this seems to be a controversial issue , on the other hand , a large quantity of babies is born from infertile couples .
+A 9 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This can be achieved thanks biology and medical science , as well as new technology .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||because of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is estimated that more than 100,000 babies have been born through in vitro fertilization ( Trounson and Gardner , 2000 , 4 ) .
+A 20 23|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Medical researches have moderately changed these couples ' lives , and also found a new path for further discoveries .
+
+S Aging process , though having many negative influences globally , may be eased with the help of new science applied to technology .
+A 0 22|||R:OTHER|||The aging process has many negative influences globally . However , these may be eased with the help of new science applied to technology .|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Diseases related to old age are cured , along the way proper lifestyle and nutrition also makes the aged stronger .
+A 0 21|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S More importantly there are opportunities for infertile couples to have children , which in the long term might be the most effective way .
+
+S It is hoped that more theories and techniques will be applied to alleviate the aging process .
+
+S References :
+
+S - BBC news : { http : //news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/708540.stm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/708540.stm ]
+
+S - Joseph F. Coughlin , PhD ; James E. Pope , MD ; Ben R. Leedle , Jr ; Old age , New Technology and Future Innovations in Disease Management and Home Health Care { http : //mit.edu/agelab/news_events/pdfs/home.health.care.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //mit.edu/agelab/news_events/pdfs/home.health.care.pdf ]
+
+S - { http : //uci.edu/features/2009/07/feature_alzheimersstemcell_090720.php } [ HYPERLINK : http : //uci.edu/features/2009/07/feature_alzheimersstemcell_090720.php ]
+
+S - Williams J. Evans , PhD , Protein Nutrition , Exercise and Aging { http : //www.jacn.org/cgi/reprint/23/suppl_6/601S.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.jacn.org/cgi/reprint/23/suppl_6/601S.pdf ]
+
+S - R. Samuel McLaughlin , Chemical Exposures and Human Fertility { http : //www.emcom.ca/health/Chemicals % 20and % 20Human % 20Fertility % 2013-01-04.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.emcom.ca/health/Chemicals % 20and % 20Human % 20Fertility % 2013-01-04.pdf ]
+
+S - Alan O. Trounson and David K. Gardner , Handbook Of In Vitro Fertilization , 2000 .
+
+S - { http : //assets.panda.org/downloads/toxics_chemicals_glossary.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //assets.panda.org/downloads/toxics_chemicals_glossary.pdf ]
+
+S - Chemicals , Environment and Fertility { http : //www.mothersover40.com/Chemicals__Environment_and_Fertility_Sample_Chapter.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.mothersover40.com/Chemicals__Environment_and_Fertility_Sample_Chapter.pdf ]
+
+S The world 's population is aging .
+
+S Recent declines in the fertility rates and increases in life expectancy together have reshaped the global age structure in most regions in the world by shifting the younger groups to the older ones .
+
+S According to the UN , life expectancy is projected to reach 76 globally over the next half century , and fertility rate is also predicted to drop more than a half from 5.0 to 2.1 children per woman globally by 20501 .
+A 40 41|||R:OTHER|||2050|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Just like Peterson says " There 's an iceberg dead ahead .
+
+S It 's called global aging and it threatens to bankrupt the great powers " 2 .
+A 14 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , the social economy will be affected dramatically in a negative way , one of which is the lack of labour force .
+A 23 23|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , to prevent the situation from getting worse , many policies should be taken simultaneously by the government .
+
+S This essay will discuss about some suggested solutions to the lack of labour force problem that the demographic aging issue brings about based on the context of Singapore .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||t|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Initially , increasing the certain age of retirement would alleviate the burden of aging population .
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The retirement age of Singapore is currently 62 .
+
+S By this policy , if the retirement age is increased by a number of 5 years , the policy makers would have more time to activate some other policies such as boosting the fertility rates or allowing entrepreneurs to employ foreign workers temporarily .
+
+S In addition , the more time elder people can work , the more savings or pension they will have to secure their life sufficiently at the old age without being dependent on their children or the governmental fund .
+A 6 7|||R:ADJ|||older|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 26|||R:OTHER|||during|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The policy , however , has its own hinders .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN|||hindrances|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Later retirement could cause a decrease in productivity because old people tend to be less healthy or less up-to-date with the new technology , information than the younger ones .
+A 23 24|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The payment system based on the operation of age for a company could make it more expensive to pay for the old workers than the younger ones .
+
+S Secondly , the attempt to raise the fertility rates could also be one the possible solutions .
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||solution|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , this solution somehow could ensure the economy that it would be sufficient new generation of workforce to provide for the labour market when it comes to the time for the previous generation to get retired .
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||there|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||or|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 38|||R:VERB:TENSE|||retire|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the policy might encounter a big obstacle , i.e .
+
+S how to ensure that there will be enough space for all people to accommodate in a condition of land scarcity , especially in Singapore , a country with total area of 710.2 square kilometres .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||be accommodated|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , the policy might take at least 20 years to become feasible once it is started .
+
+S But in recent years , the Singapore 's government has put more effort to tackle the housing issue , which can be seen through HDB 's building programme to provide more public housing for residential use and allow citizens to make loans up to 80 % of the value of the flat to make it more affordable for everyone .
+A 40 41|||R:VERB|||take|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As aforementioned above , in the mean time for the next new generation of workforce , the government can consider employing immigrants for a short period of 10 or 20 years .
+A 0 3|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 5|||U:PUNCT|||In|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This solution seems to have been adapted fairly well by the Singapore 's government since the beginning of the 21st century , and the immigrant workers have been closely associated with the economic development of the country .
+A 12 13|||U:NOUN:POSS||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Like many other solutions , the government should be aware of this policy 's hidden risk involving the race issue .
+
+S Many immigrants coming from different regions of the world with many different cultures and religions might result in conflicts between them .
+
+S Plus , since a lot of immigrant workers with different nationalities , their skills might not be similar or adequate enough to meet with the requirement of the jobs .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Furthermore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To solve the problem , a new standard of skills for immigrants should be established or the government should have the immigrant workers re-trained for the country 's purposes although it might take time and quite lots of money .
+A 36 37|||R:OTHER|||a lot|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the problem of aging population is rather a problem of rigid and outmoded policies and institutions than only a problem of a demographic change .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Policies need to be developed that account for the natural incentives individuals have to adjust their behaviour in the face of aging population .
+A 21 21|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference list : * World population ageing , { http : //www.un.org/esa/population/ publications/worldageing19502050 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.un.org/esa/population/ % 20publications/worldageing19502050 ]
+
+S * P. G. Peterson ( 1999 ) , Grey Dawn , Crown Publisher
+
+S Current research and development or policies have helped to ease the aging process .
+
+S Today , aging problem starts to draw people 's attention .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB|||has begun|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , some research in economics , science and medicine might help to ease the problem .
+
+S Firstly , aging problem can lead to many economics issues .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:MORPH|||economic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Today , the number of old people is increasing .
+
+S It can cause low in labour force and population .
+A 3 5|||R:OTHER|||a drop in the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As people get older , they will stop to work .
+
+S So , the economics of a country will face a downturn .
+
+S It is because as they stop to work , people who pay taxes will decrease .
+
+S Therefore , later retirement are encouraged by the writer of " A Graying World " ( page 8,paragraph 4 ) .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 20|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If people can retire later , then they will not need to depend on others in their old age .
+
+S However , in today 's society , employers do not like to employ older people .
+
+S People who aged over 35 are considered old .
+A 2 2|||M:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is because employers think that old people will reduce the productivity of their company .
+
+S Therefore , certain enforcements have to be introduced .
+
+S For example like employers should be fined heftily if they are found out they refuse to employ people whom they consider " old " .
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:VERB:FORM|||employing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Then , this can help to ensure that people can work longer .
+
+S Besides , aging can lead to low population .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is because the number of old people is increasing but the number of young people is decreasing .
+
+S Therefore , people are encouraged to have more kids .
+
+S Then , the problem of aging can be eased down .
+
+S But , the new generation today do not like to own too many children .
+
+S Some of them even refuse to give birth because they think that children are burden .
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the government should encourage people to have more kids by giving incentives .
+
+S Furthermore , employers should be regulated so that they give enough maternity leaves to female employees .
+
+S Then , only the economics of a country will grow .
+
+S As the economics grow , the government will have more money to distribute to needy people .
+
+S Secondly , science also helps to cope with the aging problem .
+
+S As people get older , they are facing more and more health problem like kidney failure and other chronic diseases .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Science has helped scientists to find out more treatments that can cure illnesses like cancer , stroke , heart problem , etc .
+
+S In the past , many people died of cancer because there is no treatment for cancer .
+
+S But , nowadays , with the help of science , many types of operation appliances have been created .
+
+S For example like machine for radiotherapy , dialysis , etc have helped people to recover from the sicknesses .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||machines|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , not every people are afforded to undergo such treatment because they need to pay up to thousand bucks in order to undergo such treatments .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN|||person|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:FORM|||afford|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN|||dollars|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If people are not afforded to pay the fees , they can not receive treatment also .
+
+S Therefore , the government should give money to needy people especially elderly in order to undergo treatments .
+
+S Besides , with the help of science , the percentage of a surgery to succeed is getting higher .
+
+S It is because nowadays doctor will sterilize their operation tools before they start a surgery .
+
+S Besides , scientists start create more healthy food through bioengineering , that is , the gene of the food can be altered so that the nutrition of certain food can be levelled up .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB|||have begun to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example like scientist altered a gene of tomato so that the vitamin " folate " can be levelled up .
+A 2 3|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||scientists|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , there are side effects also when we are having such gene-altered food .
+
+S ( Adapted from " About.com : U.S. government info " )
+
+S Thirdly , the introduction of many new medicines has helped to ease aging problem .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Today , many medicines have been created to treat cancers or other health problems .
+
+S For example like high blood pressure , there are many types of medicine that are available to treat these sicknesses .
+
+S Furthermore , besides medicine that uses to treat sickness , there are supplements which can make our body to become healthier .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nowadays , there are many types of supplements available in the market .
+
+S For example like pill vitamin , iron , calcium , etc .
+A 3 4|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The introduction of these supplements is due to people 's hectic lifestyle .
+
+S Many people have no time to take a balanced diet , so these supplements can help them to get certain nutrition where they did not get from their diet .
+
+S However , such supplements have also found to have side effects .
+
+S Due to some findings , overtaking supplements can lead to kidney failure or diabetes .
+
+S It is because the sodium level in some supplements are too high , then it might lead to kidney failure .
+
+S Therefore , it is better for us to gain certain nutrition from natural food like fresh fruits and vegetables .
+
+S In conclusion , aging problem is getting more serious , therefore , we have to pay more attention to this topic so that the problem can be eased .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S A Graying World .
+
+S Peter G.Peterson .
+
+S Harvard International Review .
+
+S 23.3 ( Fall 2001 ) : 66 About.com : U.S Info
+
+S With an exploding population , a quickly aging people is becoming a major issue in many countries .
+
+S With more career minded youngsters , marriage and having children are being postponed to the later stages of their lives .
+
+S The increase in number of aged people has seriously slowed down the development of country and burdened the government in terms of healthcare and financial aid packages for the elderly .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a solution , several social policies have been implemented by governments around the world .
+
+S One of them is financial support managed by government pension funds .
+
+S Workers are obligated to contribute certain amount of their income to build up their retirement fund since day one of employment .
+
+S Governments have enacted laws for workers to save part of their wages so that financial security after retirement is guaranteed .
+
+S The Singapore government has set up the Central Provident Fund ( CPF ) , one of the many pension funds around the world , which requires employees to save almost 12 % of their income in their CPF accounts.1 The money can not be withdrawn except for housing , education , investments or medical care purposes .
+A 38 39|||R:OTHER|||accounts .|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , Adam Smith ( 1766 ) suggests that government should not interfere with the free trade of society.2 Trade should be free from affectation as the policy has been speculated that it reduces cash flow , and in turn reduces purchasing power .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||governments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||society .|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is untrue as the government can make good use of CPF funds to invest and develop the nation .
+
+S For instance , equipping a rural area with modern infrastructure and public amenities creates more job opportunities .
+
+S The consumption power of society will increase in the long run .
+
+S Another policy is to extend the retirement age to expand a nation 's workforce .
+
+S A larger workforce allows employees to save for a longer period of time to strengthen their financial status for their retirement .
+
+S The Government of India has extended the retirement age of people from 58 to 60 in 2007.3 However , the productivity of aging people is lower compared to the youngsters .
+
+S Aged people are not able to work as porters , construction workers , and plumbers .
+
+S The elderly can opt to work as lecturers and teachers to put their experience to good use .
+
+S Mentoring the potential employees enables them to gain experience which would have taken them decades .
+
+S They can learn at a faster pace , thanks to the guidance provided .
+
+S Department head should be of the elder ones so that they can impart their experience to the young worker .
+A 2 2|||M:OTHER|||for example|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 8|||R:OTHER|||an older person|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The payoff of this investment is a highly efficient and the productive workforce .
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Not only that , better working environments should be provided for the elder workers .
+A 12 13|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Injuries that occur to the aged may permanently disable them .
+
+S By installing railings in the bathroom , stairs and creating ramps at entryways , the risk of falls are greatly diminished .
+
+S Although this may incur substantial cost , a few thousand dollars in modifications could save tens of thousands of dollars in welfare aid .
+
+S These costs are on an average of $ 34,000 per year.4 Working from home is another option that can be considered .
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||year .|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , aging people can avoid the emotional stress of crowds and traffic congestions when leaving home for work everyday .
+
+S As a conclusion , the policies that have been implemented by governments have countered the issue of aging workforces .
+
+S This solution can be further enhanced by employees .
+
+S Saving money on the onset of employment should be practiced in preparation for retirement .
+
+S Governments should play a part in making investments that provide returns .
+
+S The dividends of investments can be credited directly into employees ' pension fund accounts .
+
+S With the cooperation of government agencies and the private sector , this issue can easily be resolved .
+
+S Leaving this issue unchecked means risking the welfare of the elderly , who have given years of their working life to the country .
+
+S They definitely deserve a break after contributing to their nation 's economy .
+
+S References * Singapore Central Provident Fund - { http : //mycpf.cpf.gov.sg/Members/home.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //mycpf.cpf.gov.sg/Members/home.htm ]
+
+S * Adam Smith ( 1776 ) - The Wealth of Nations http : //www.friesian.com/smith.htm
+
+S * India government raises the retirement age of teachers { http : //www.indiaexpress.com/ie/dailey/19980728/20950204.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.indiaexpress.com/ie/dailey/19980728/20950204.html ]
+
+S * What Does Aging in Place Mean ?
+
+S { http : //longevity.about.com/od/agingproblems/Solutions_for_Aging_Problems_and_Concerns.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //longevity.about.com/od/agingproblems/Solutions_for_Aging_Problems_and_Concerns.html ]
+
+S If one looks back into the past just only 20 to 30 years ago , he/she can see a big step in the improvement of life quality thanks to the rapid development of modern technology .
+A 24 27|||R:OTHER|||to the quality of life|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , people 's lifespan also increases .
+
+S However , the question is whether we are ready for the increase in aging population or not ?
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It seems to be good news , but to many developed countries , this fact is causing trouble to their leaders and because of that , many research and policies have been established to ease the aging process .
+
+S This essay will discuss those policies as the government 's efforts to create a brighter future for the old people .
+
+S The context in Singapore will be looked into more detail as illustrations for this essay .
+
+S Before the creation of any policy , there is a need to analyse what the possible causes are in order to find out the most effective solution .
+
+S The most common difficulty faced by the elders is finance since they can not earn their livings from their jobs anymore .
+
+S Hence , the governments propose a solution of encouraging working aged citizens to work more or increasing the inflow of immigrants so that government 's tax income is enhanced and so does the subsidy for the elders .
+
+S Unfortunately , there are quite a lot of side effects attached with this policy .
+
+S First of all , with the current intensive workload , is it possible to put more burdens on employees ' shoulders ?
+
+S In Singapore , occupational stress has been popular and even become a dilemma .
+
+S Nowadays , working-Singaporeans get so stressful from their work that they could barely have time for their own enjoyment and for their family .
+
+S Even more seriously , young people do not have enough time for dating which is shrinking the country 's population .
+
+S We usually hear Singaporeans complaining about stress , primarily from work or from education system .
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the common reasons for Singapore 's low birth rate is stress .
+
+S Therefore , we need to pay attention to work-life balance amidst our economic pursuits .
+
+S ( Liang , 2006 ) .
+
+S Secondly , inviting more working immigrants as an alternative method is not a good idea either .
+
+S ( APMRN , 1996 ) : One of the issues raised is the potential competition for use of resources such as public space , transportation , etc .
+
+S This concern has been expressed by some Singaporeans over the gathering of foreign workers in certain parts of the city on weekends , particularly where these places are at or near residential areas .
+
+S Overcrowding on roads and other public spaces , littering , vandalism , urinating in public and theft are some of the complaints levelled .
+
+S More foreigners not only raise the crime rates but also require government to spend more money on developing infrastructure , public housing to accommodate all of them .
+
+S All of those troubles that the appliance of this policy bringing about may outweigh the benefits .
+A 2 3|||R:DET|||these|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:MORPH|||application|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:FORM|||brings|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The appliance therefore needs further consideration and comparison between what we get and what we lose .
+
+S Besides , another method considered is encouraging later retirement and longer working lives .
+
+S Although it is true that when the elders work more , they can earn more , hence reducing old-age dependency , the implied cost may not be less than the benefit .
+
+S Though the elders have a lot of experience , they may not work as effectively and make decision as quickly as the younger generations do .
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||decisions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There may not be enough jobs for both young and old people , especially in down turn economy like today .
+A 15 18|||R:OTHER|||an economic downturn|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , finally , government may need to spend a large amount of money on creating incentives for companies to hire old people , namely : tax reduction , subsidy for each elder employed , etc .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||governments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , old people may not strong enough to withstand the stress at work and the cost for healthcare and insurance for old working people will surpass the profit , which all companies try to earn as much as they can .
+A 6 6|||M:VERB|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For all the above reasons , this policy seems to be impractical .
+
+S In conclusion , it seems that we are still not ready for an increasing old age population yet .
+
+S Despite the government 's attempt to ease the aging process , there are still many issues that need further careful consideration .
+
+S Reference :
+
+S Liang , E.H. ( 2006 , November 9 ) .
+
+S Speech by Mr Liang Eng Hwa in Parliament .
+
+S People 's action party 's website .
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2009 , from { http : //www.pap.org.sg/articleview.php ? id = 1315&cid = 23.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.pap.org.sg/articleview.php ? id = 1315&cid = 23.html ]
+
+S United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organisation .
+
+S Electronic References .
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2009 , from { http : //www.unesco.org/most/apmrnw13.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.unesco.org/most/apmrnw13.htm ]
+
+S Having such advanced technology in the current world , the aging population will be expecting a longer health life expectancy .
+A 17 17|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||healthy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the baby boomers in the early 1950s will be likely to live well into their 80s and 90s .
+
+S Such trends will cause a drastic decrease in the world 's population by 2050 if the fertility rates do not increase substantially .
+
+S Due to low fertility issues , most developing countries are currently facing a situation where there will be insufficient people to replace the retiring labor force and mortality of the aging population in the near future .
+
+S Since such aging issues can not be resolved instantaneously , technological means and governmental policies should be implemented over time to reduce negative societal and economical impacts brought by the aging trend .
+
+S Statistical researches have shown that most couples are unable to sustain two or more children due to the high cost of living and constant increase in inflation .
+
+S Despite of these economic constraints , there is still an urgent need for the government to increase the amount of children per household to replace the huge retiring labor force in order to maintain the economic growth within a country .
+A 1 2|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By having sufficient replacement in the labor force , it will generate adequate taxes and economic returns for the government to provide public pensions and subsidized health programs for the aging population .
+
+S On top of that , producing more children also means that it enables the future generations to better distribute their social responsibilities in the context of fulfilling their filial obligations , resulting in lesser elder dependency on the government .
+
+S Therefore , the government should implement policies such as giving monetary incentives and tax rebates to encourage the current generation to produce more children .
+
+S As for those couples who are facing infertility problems , the government can minimize such social problems by maximizing the use of current technology simultaneously with the aid of new policies and subsidy schemes to make infertility treatments more affordable .
+
+S However , such subsidies will be available on a case-by-case basis where only infertile couples who fall below a certain household income range will be entitled these subsidies .
+
+S In addition , for those who are not eligible to receive the subsidy , the government can liaise with local banks to offer short-term loans to encourage them to take up such treatments .
+
+S With these policies in place , infertile couples will less likely to be a burden to the social and economic aspect of an aging population .
+A 11 12|||U:VERB:FORM||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another way to ease the aging process is to encourage " active aging " , which refers to encouraging later retirement and longer working lives of each individual .
+
+S It is stated in CEC ( 2009 ) as " an orientation towards policies and practices including life-long learning , working longer , retiring later and more gradually , and engaging in capacity-enhancing and health sustaining activities .
+
+S Such practices aim to raise the average quality of individual lives and , at the same time , at a societal level , contribute to higher growth , lower dependency burdens and substantial cost savings in pensions and health .
+
+S They therefore represent win-win strategies for people of all ages .
+
+S " Nevertheless , this is a difficult task as the efficiency and productivity of elderly workers decreases relative to their increase in age .
+A 17 19|||R:OTHER|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This means that it is less likely to reduce elder dependency if there are no substantial benefits to employ such employees .
+
+S However , with the creation of new policies such as tax rebates , it will attract employers to hire older workers .
+
+S For example , giving tax rebates to employers who hire more than three workers aged 60 and above .
+
+S Besides targeting the employers , the government can try improving the productivity of elderly workers by offering training or retraining for employees above the age of 50 .
+
+S These schemes will equip the aging community with sufficient technological/technical knowledge to remain productive and efficient in the labor force despite of their disadvantages .
+A 21 22|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , with the aid of the current technologies and governmental policies , countries can ease its aging process by increasing the fertility rates , encouraging filial obligations and active aging , reducing elder dependency on government , and lastly , improving the productivity and efficiency of elderly workers .
+
+S With these in place , the impact of aging population on the social and economic aspects will be greatly reduced .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S Oxley , H. ( 2009 ) , " Policies for Healthy Ageing : An Overview " , OECD Health Working Papers , No .
+
+S 42 , OECD publishing , OECD .
+
+S Commission of the European Communities ( CEC ) ( 2002 ) , " Europe 's Response to World Ageing , Promoting Economic and Social Progress in an Ageing World : A Contribution of the European Commission to the Second World Assembly on Ageing " , Communication from the Commission to The Council and the European Parliament , COM ( 2002 ) 143 final .
+
+S In recent years , governments have been faced with the demographic reality of an aging population .
+
+S Main concern is that the graying population may cause the national economy to come under pressure as there will be less younger people to support the growing numbers of elderly .
+
+S The rise in the median age of a country can cause substantial burden to the economy because governments will have to incur huge spending on healthcare system to meet the needs of the growing demand of healthcare services .
+
+S However , current research and policies have helped to ease the aging process to a large extent .
+
+S Such policies include social policy like increasing the retirement age , allowing more work age immigrants into the country and introducing retirement scheme to ease basic needs after retirement .
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||employable|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||schemes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The increase in retirement age will give people a few more years of earnings to build up social security and savings .
+
+S Karen Holden ( 2003 ) suggests that as people work longer , it can help to reduce the likelihood of elderly falling into poverty when they reach a certain age .
+A 20 20|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This also allows them to lead a better quality life and support themselves so as to reduce the dependency on the younger generation for a longer period of time .
+
+S On the other hand , the increase in retirement age does not necessary mean that people will be able to maximize their working years as some might be faced with health issues even before their retirement age .
+A 12 13|||R:MORPH|||necessarily|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Forcing oneself to work beyond his/her limit might cause one 's health to further deteriorate and contribute negative impact to the economy .
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||have a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , even if the elderly were to become inactive from the working society and rest at home , it does not mean that he/she will recover faster .
+
+S Graying population has created pressure for younger generation as the ratio of young adults supporting one elderly has been constantly decreasing .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||A greying|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , allowing more work age immigrants into the country may be one of the social policies that can help to ease the aging process .
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||employable|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Increasing the number of work age immigrants will help to lower the median age of the population and at the same time , result in a rise in the efficiency level because of a more competitive workforce .
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||employable|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the contrary , such policy can lead to social problems as the increased competition can result in citizens losing their job to the foreign immigrants and eventually causes them to lose confidence and feel demoralized .
+A 28 29|||R:VERB:FORM|||causing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the quote from Matthew Bandyk ( 2009 ) , " The evidence is actually pretty strong that immigrants create jobs--they do n't steal them .
+
+S " can justify that the locals will have more job opportunities when foreign companies set up businesses here .
+
+S Policy to introduce retirement scheme is also believed to be one of the factors in easing aging process .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||schemes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Take Singapore as an example , the government make it compulsory that every working adults must contribute a certain percentage of their monthly income into their individual CPF ( Central Provident Fund ) account in preparation for retirement .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has made|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||adult|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This retirement scheme helps to reduce pressure on the economy as it allows the elderly to have a considerable sum of money in future to support themselves .
+A 23 23|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Then again , savings in CPF account can be exhausted even before retirement depending on how it is used and a person 's ability of saving .
+
+S People classified under lower income group will usually face problem with insufficient savings and will ultimately still need support from the government .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||groups|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , this group of people is only the minority and that the retirement scheme will still make an overall impact on the economy as it can be deemed beneficial to the majority .
+
+S The social policies mentioned in the above paragraphs might be helpful in influencing the public on doing something individually which can affect the nation as a whole .
+
+S In summary , Social policies such as increasing in retirement age might result in lesser dependency on the younger generation while lowering the barrier of work age immigrants will decrease the median age of the population and lastly , the introduction of retirement scheme can allow people to save for their retirement .
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 27|||R:OTHER|||employable|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 42|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , it can be concluded that social policies do play a part , to a large extent , in easing aging process .
+A 21 21|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference
+
+S Karen Holden ( 2003 ) , Early Retirement May Increase Risk of Old-Age Poverty , the University of Wisconsin-Madison .
+
+S Matthew Bandyk ( 2009 , June 30 ) .
+
+S More Immigrants , More Jobs .
+
+S US News & World Report .
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2009 , from { www.usnews.com } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.usnews.com ] .
+
+S The world population is expected to increase from 200million to 2 billion between 1950 to2050 , especially for people aged 60 and above ( Somavia,2002 ) .
+
+S It is becoming an increasingly important issue for governments all over the world .
+
+S Measures have been implemented to slowdown the process of a matured society ( Peterson , n.d. ) and at the same time cope with the problem brought about by an ageing population ( Dobriansky,2007 ) .
+
+S In the following paragraphs , issues on whether the government should redirect public funds to other more important matters concerning the country , or focus on improving the health of the aged by growing the resources especially for them .
+
+S The concerns that will be discussed if funds should be put into funding education and its facilities , and the growth of the country itself is of a more paramount significance with regards to the country 's development .
+A 26 28|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Education is deemed one of the most vital matters concerning the public and it is of remarkable worth to the economy ( Dobriansky,2007 ) .
+
+S When majority of the funds are diverted into improving education facilities , the aged will not be able to save up enough money whilst actively working .
+
+S The reason for this is because bringing up children these days is expensive , which will result in a burden for parents .
+
+S So income earned by parents will be drained through educating children , and parents will have nothing to rely on when they age .
+
+S The government should implement schemes and insurance for parents to rely on instead of spending most funds on education facilities .
+
+S However , as stated by Afonso ( 2008 ) , he implied that when there is high social spending together with good education , it will result in optimistic income distribution .
+
+S Afonso 's view supports my stand that public funds should be diverting into education system is fundamental .
+A 9 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this case , government can help parents to save whilst upbringing their children , this provides sufficient support due to aid by government for educating children .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||governments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB|||bringing up|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With support provided by government to educate children , parents can save a substantial amount while allowing their children to receive education .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Public education in Singapore is almost entirely financed by the government except for preschool education .
+
+S Singapore has a compulsory scheme for Singaporeans to save money for health-related issues through Medisave ( StateUniversity.com , n.d. ) .
+
+S Medisave is a contribution by every employee of about 6.5-9 % of his monthly salary to his personal account .
+
+S Funds can be used to settle hospital bills of the individual or his immediate family members , reducing the problem of having not enough monetary resources ( Ministry of Manpower,2007 ) .
+
+S Economic Growth is another issue that should not be neglected when a country is concerned about her development .
+
+S There should not be a diversion of public funds because economic growth is dependent on consumption , investments , and government expenditure ( Alemohammad,2009 ) .
+
+S Economic growth can be brought about through consumption and investments , not necessarily government incentives .
+
+S This means that public funds should be given to providing for the aged as economic growth can be dependent on other factors .
+
+S Conversely , as stated by Mackenzie ( 2009 ) , Canadians benefit typically $ 17,000 from the public services from tax funds , about the same amount a Canadian working full-time would earn .
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||amounts to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since extensive monetary benefits are given out to Canadians , it should not be a problem for them to cope with ageing as they can save while benefitting from government incentives .
+
+S In addition , economic growth can come about through diverting funds into more valuable area like education .
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||areas|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Education worth directly affects individual earnings ( Hanushek,2007 ) .
+
+S Skills obtained allow for higher productivity in the workforce .
+
+S Young adults will be able to secure a well-paid job in the future ; it will lead to higher consumption and investments ( Saltz,2007 ) .
+
+S Thus this leads to elevated economic growth and higher standard of living , and children will be able to look after their parents .
+
+S This means that through investing in children 's higher education , the country is able to compensate for the decrease in public spending on the aged .
+
+S Hence , public funds should not be allocated solely to helping the aged .
+
+S Therefore , there will never be a situation where funds should be restricted to just one area .
+
+S Spending of public funds should be diverted to various areas of the country depending on its country focus .
+
+S Hence , government should consider what is more important for the country 's development and direct the funds into that direction .
+
+S Bibliography Afonso .
+
+S ( 2008 , January ) .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //www.ecb.int/pub/pdf/scpwps/ecbwp861.pdf .
+
+S Alemohammad .
+
+S ( 2009 , August ) .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //www.wise-intern.org/journal/2009/documents/Alemohammad.pdf .
+
+S Dobriansky .
+
+S ( 2007 , March ) .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //www.nia.nih.gov/NR/rdonlyres/9E91407E-CFE8-4903-9875-D5AA75BD1D50/0/WPAM_finalpdftorose3_9.pdf .
+
+S Hanushek .
+
+S ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //siteresources.worldbank.org/EDUCATION/Resources/278200-1099079877269/547664-1099079934475/Edu_Quality_Economic_Growth.pdf .
+
+S Mackenzie .
+
+S ( 2009 , April ) .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //www.gpn.org/data/canada/PolicyAlternatives_ca_Benefits_From_Public_Spending.pdf .
+
+S Manpower , M. O .
+
+S ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //www.moh.gov.sg/mohcorp/hcfinancing.aspx ? id = 304 .
+
+S Saltz .
+
+S ( 2007 , October ) .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //www.springerlink.com/content/av3210qm384457m0/ .
+
+S Somavia .
+
+S ( 2002 , April ) .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //www.ilo.org/public/english/employment/skills/older/download/engage.pdf .
+
+S StateUniversity.com .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S StateUniversity.com .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //education.stateuniversity.com/pages/1349/Singapore-ADMINISTRATION-FINANCE-EDUCATIONAL-RESEARCH.html .
+
+S At the beginning of 21st century , we have to deal with a series of global issues , among them the aging population should be considered as a black spot .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Not only putting adverse impacts on other members in their families , the elder people day to day cause many troubles to societies'developments in general .
+A 13 14|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 18|||R:OTHER|||can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN|||difficulties|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Beside the expense for societal aging , there are also sponsors from the government which need be diverted to other fields .
+A 16 16|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For these reasons , it should be better if the money pent on the aged is deliberately limited for investing on many critical factors of the national economy .
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||spent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To begin with , it can not be denied that the governments have to care for elders partly because they were n't much concerned about their health in the past .
+
+S Along with the improvement of living standards , people have got used to the sedentary lifestyle - having a seat all day without any exercise .
+
+S Besides , during their adolescence , probably time for studying and various kinds of indoor entertainment such as movies or PC games contrained them from joining in outdoor activities and unintentionally stole the essential fundamentals for their health afterwards .
+A 22 23|||R:SPELL|||constrained|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to a study in 2004 , 20 percent of all deaths of people 35 and older were related to the lack of physical activities , even higher than those involved in smoking .
+
+S Moreover , because of the unawareness of humans , our damaged environment is really pushing us to the verge of the extinction .
+A 20 21|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , before receiving public funds , aged people as well as their future generations should review their lifestyles to rescue themselves .
+
+S Secondly , the aged generation could strain national budgets .
+
+S When the aging population is excessive , this results in extra enormous expenditure and the government is pressured to ask the citizens for higher taxes .
+
+S However , once such taxes are applied , the poors unexpectedly become the first victims .
+A 9 10|||R:MORPH|||poor|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Naturally being full of financial issues , the more difficult and challenging life can push these innocent people to illegal behaviors .
+
+S Furthermore , due to high taxes , the reduced incomes of citizens could have negative impacts on their purchase and in the same way , the domestic market and the economy in general might be caused a lot of trouble .
+A 35 36|||R:OTHER|||faced with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Countries with extended programs serving for health care to the aged might find the escalation in the cost when the number of recipients rises .
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:SVA|||rise|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By 2050 , some economists predict that the fiscal burden of the financial crisis , for advanced countries , will be only about 10 percent of the ageing-related expense .
+A 27 28|||R:ADJ|||age-related|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Additionally , it is clear that a nation 's development is ruled by a lot of factors .
+
+S Some of them like education and military are compulsory and indispensable since they have unreplaceable roles in the destiny as well as a country 's future .
+
+S For this reason , too much money paid for caring the graying population means the shortage of concern on other essential areas .
+A 10 10|||M:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Meanwhile , it might be recognized that public spending on the aged should be encouraged as a charity activity instead of being mandatory .
+
+S Why ?
+
+S The elderly can be looked after by their own families as a traditional aspect before relying on the support from the national budget .
+
+S Therefore , helping the aged on financial issues could not be the priority in a country 's policies .
+
+S On the other hand , opponents of this position can argue that ther should be filial obligation for the dependence of this grey population on their children .
+
+S They were also parents sacrificing their whole life for the children so it is sensible that they are concerned at the end of life .
+
+S Since families are the nuclears shaping the society , humans morality should be well educated from these first shells , Nevertheless , it might be more useful for the aged if the pension age is put up or getting more exercise in order to prevent dangerous risks coming with their downgrading bodies .
+
+S In fact , Japan ( 2003 ) increased the age of retirement for men from 60 to 65 and from 57 to 65 for women .
+
+S As a result , despite the limit on money spending , we still respect traditional responsibilities .
+
+S Also , it might be necessary when citizens all act for the common target- the country 's benefits .
+
+S Since the grey generation is just one part of a large society , its duty could be reduced for the growth of the whole society .
+
+S In conclusion , aging population is a global phenomenon , but it does n't imply that the government should waste too much money on finding a solution .
+
+S The elderly people could be a huge expense on the national budget , while there are other significant sectors demanding for more concern from the entire society , In spite of partly against moral aspects , the country 's interest might outweighs the filial obligations .
+
+S Instead of using money as the only method , it is highly recommended that changing all our lifestyle for being independent and healthy regardless of the age .
+
+S The problem of an aging population has been one of the top agendas in national policies and budgets for many politicians all over the world , especially for Singapore .
+
+S In the Budget 2007 , three billion has been earmarked for healthcare spending to deal with the issue .
+
+S However , Singapore should limit public spending on the aged because it does not provide a long-term solution for the nation and thus it should be spent on other developments that can indirectly but significantly relieve the economic burden of the aging population .
+
+S The other developments include medical science , science and technology and lastly , education .
+
+S Proponents claim that the government should implement better policies to alleviate the aging population with increasing public spending on mainly medical benefits because illnesses catch up with them as they grow older and the expensive treatments could possibly wipe out their savings accounts .
+
+S Compared to other countries such as USA , Singapore does not have as much money reserves , therefore it is not feasible .
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||the USA|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||monetary|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Singapore has already implemented adequate schemes such as Medishield and Medisave for citizens to pay medical fees which are also heavily subsidised .
+
+S Unlimited public spending on the aged would only pose as a long-term problem for the nation .
+A 9 10|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Instead , it should be diverted to other developments that can aid Singapore 's future developments .
+
+S Public spending on the aged can be diverted to medical science development .
+
+S It can be utilized in more in-depth research that develops new and inexpensive medicinal drugs for the public .
+
+S With the occurrence and wide spread of mutant viruses and disease , medical research serves a greater purpose for survival of the infected patients and drugs can be manufactured in large quantity and be easily available for them .
+A 31 32|||R:NOUN:NUM|||quantities|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S New treatments can also be developed to cure the illnesses encountered by the aged .
+
+S Therefore , public spending on medical science not only benefits the aged but also for people of those who are diagnosed with virus or diseases .
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , public spending on the aged can be diverted to advancing science and technology .
+
+S As Singapore does not have its own natural resource , we can develop new ways to gain these resources in order to be self sufficient .
+
+S For example , water has to be purchased from foreign countries such as Malaysia and Indonesia .
+
+S If Singapore fails to maintain good relationship with these countries , our lives will be in jeopardy without water .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||relationships|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Fortunately , in the recent development of Newater , water can be 'renewed' .
+
+S The government should emphasize on developing new land for high technological agriculture .
+
+S Thus public spending in science and technology can alleviate the rising cost of food which deals with the problem of the increasing population .
+
+S Lastly , public spending on the aged can be diverted to educate the younger generation on financial planning so that they can save enough for their retirement .
+
+S Most of the younger generation do not have the habit of saving because they have not been told or taught on how to deal with future obstacles they may face in the later years .
+
+S Therefore , it is necessary to improve their knowledge of planning for the future through financial planning so that they can cope with aging .
+
+S In this way , they will be less dependent on the government in the future .
+
+S In conclusion , the government should limit public spending on the aged and focus more on the major future developments which can help Singapore tackle the main problems that the majority of the local population faces , and also the roots of the aging population .
+A 40 41|||R:NOUN:NUM|||root|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the aging population would be less of a burden to many politicians on how to allocate the national budget every year to cope with the problem .
+
+S Demographic changes such as a growing aging population will have an unprecedented problem in developed nations .
+
+S National budgets and economies will come under pressure as more funds are required to support the growing numbers of elderly persons .
+
+S In the context of Singapore , given the socio-economic and political disparity between the possible usages of the fund , the funding for elderly issue remains controversial .
+A 23 23|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN:NUM|||issues|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:VERB:SVA|||remain|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Ministry of Finance ( 2008 ) states that the Government will be contributing $ 226 million to top up Medisave accounts for the elderly .
+
+S The amount of public spending used to support the elderly has been seen as a more constructive expenditure on other areas of development of the nation .
+
+S To deal with such challenges , one of the options is to set boundaries on public spending on the aged .
+
+S However , setting limitations on public spending on the aged may or may not assist development of the nation but the changes may shatter the existing system .
+
+S With little economic growth and increasing expenditure to develop the nation , the majority of people regard the amount of public spending on the elderly can be used as a more constructive expenditure on other areas of developing the nation .
+
+S Ministry of Finance ( 2008 ) reports that many public infrastructure projects are financed by the Government through a combination of government grants , loans and user fees .
+
+S Budget Speech 2009 reveals the measures the Government is going use to sustain the property market ( Singapore Government , 2009 ) .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||The budgett|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 2|||M:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB|||taking|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A 40 % property tax rebate for industrial and commercial properties for 2009 will require about $ 800 million of national budget ( Singapore Government , 2009 ) .
+A 20 20|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These expenditures require the Government to explore possible ways to further utilize national budget in order to continue to develop the nation .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Public policies assist the continuation of national development by encouraging education , research and development , and introducing the latest technologies to its people .
+
+S With the power of knowledge and advance technology , the nation can improve its economy and ensure the well-being of current and future generations of older people is taken care of .
+A 17 17|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Public spending on elderly in Singapore is carefully designed , so as to provide the needs of the aged in the best possible way , but the fund is insufficient to support the growing aging population .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Medifund Silver is introduced to provide means-tested socialized care for the elderly needy ( Ministry of Finance , 2008 ) .
+A 11 13|||R:WO|||needy elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Ministry of Finance ( 2008 ) states that the Government will be providing $ 226 million in Medisave top-ups for 734,000 elderly in the nation , this amount of assistance cost breaks down to about $ 290 per elderly .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The ministry|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||R:MORPH|||elder|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S MediShield covers more than 90 % of the working population and almost 80 % of the population ( Ministry of Finance , 2008 ) .
+
+S On an individual basis , elderly are ill-equipped to withstand the possibility of contracting a terminal disease , from the calculations from Ministry of Health ( 2009 ) , a $ 2,227 treatment bill on heart attack is likely to devastate most retirees .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||R:NOUN|||treatment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To increase the livelihood of elderly , Dr Balakrishnan ( 2007 ) announces an increment of $ 30 for elderly living alone with no dependents will receive Public Assistance allowance of $ 290 per month .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:TENSE|||announced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||.Forr|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All in all , Medifund Silver , Medisave and MediShield are focused and realistic approaches targeted to lessen the financial burden on future generations yet due to the insufficient fund , the current amount of public spending is not enough to sustain the basic necessity for elderly .
+
+S In the developed countries , a greying population brings about slow economic growth .
+
+S To progress as a nation or to leave out the elderly is controversial .
+
+S The argument Dr Balakrishnan ( 2007 ) points out reflects the insufficient public funding for the elderly , with $ 290 per month , it merely covers the basic necessity leaving elderly no chance to fall sick .
+
+S $ 1 a day will not be able to buy them one meal a day in any hawker centre ( Dr Neo , 2007 ) .
+
+S This claim strongly emphasizes the lack of public spending on elderly , needless to say , the idea to set boundaries on public spending on them .
+
+S In addition , this can be seen that ( Ministry of Finance , 2008 ) $ 226 million of funding on Medisave accounts for the elderly is insufficient to support the S $ 800 million property tax rebate ( Singapore Government , 2009 ) , it may shatter the existing system by depriving elderly their basic necessity and healthcare needs .
+
+S Ministry of Finance Singapore .
+
+S Government spending must be sustainable and not burden future generations .
+
+S Retrieved 15 September , 2009 from { http : //app.mof.gov.sg/news_forum/forumdetails.asp ? forumID = 921 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //app.mof.gov.sg/news_forum/forumdetails.asp ? forumID = 921 ]
+
+S Singapore Budget 2009 .
+
+S Budget Speech 2009 .
+
+S Retrieved 15 September , 2009 from { http : //www.mof.gov.sg/budget_2009/speech_pe/pe.html # s1 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.mof.gov.sg/budget_2009/speech_pe/pe.html ]
+
+S Ministry of Health Singapore .
+
+S Hospital Bill Size .
+
+S Retrieved 15 September , 2009 from { http : //www.moh.gov.sg/mohcorp/billsizeDetails.aspx ? cId = 49 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.moh.gov.sg/mohcorp/billsizeDetails.aspx ? cId = 49 ]
+
+S Balakrishnan , V. and Neo , L. ( 2007 , March 9 ) .
+
+S Parliamentary debates Singapore official report eleventh parliament .
+
+S Estimates of expenditure for the financial year , Column No : 3470 Retrieved 15 September , 2009 from { http : //www.parliament.gov.sg/reports/public/hansard/title/20070309/20070309_S0004_T0001.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.parliament.gov.sg/reports/public/hansard/title/20070309/20070309_S0004_T0001.html ]
+
+S Aging population
+
+S Aging population becomes a ubiquitous trend in many developed countries such as Japan .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||An aging|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government confronts a series of financial and social problems .
+
+S The biggest challenge is to reduce the fiscal and economic cost of elder dependency .
+
+S Many policies have been proposed by scholars .
+
+S The idea that reserving retirement fund in advance can ease the aging process is regarded as an efficient and feasible method to the government ( Peterson , 2001 ) .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:VERB|||help|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , some still think that the younger generation and the government are responsible to deal with the problem coming with aging population .
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||for dealing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:OTHER|||of an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If elderly people failed to accumulate enough funds before retirement , they have to rely a lot on their children .
+
+S However , the younger generation have heavy financial burdens to take care of their own families and sometimes are unable to support their parents .
+
+S For example , in a Singaporean middle class family , a young couple usually has two to four children and lives in a governmental or private house with mortgage .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They have to work hard to provide the basic necessities of life , such as food , clothes , education etc .
+
+S In this harsh situation , the elderly parents who have no incomes and no savings become a big financial strain to the young .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||income|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 23|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When the health conditions of the elderly people become bad , the financial burden on the young becomes overwhelming .
+
+S In some cases , an expensive medical bill can even lead a prosperous family to bankruptcy .
+
+S When the young are exposed to both financial and emotional stresses , they can not concentrate on work .
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Finally , it negatively affects the society by decreasing productivity and economic growth .
+
+S Some people think that the government has obligation to help the elderly by providing financial aid .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It seems that the young can shift the liability and solve the financial problem , but these excessive government subsidies will result in draining the public purse quickly .
+A 26 27|||R:NOUN|||funds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government has to increase taxes in order to fill vacancies .
+
+S Consequently , the tax payers , mainly the younger generation who are productive , will pay even more taxes .
+
+S In many European countries , the unemployed people receive unemployment benefits from the government .
+
+S On the other hand , the jobholders have to pay more taxes .
+
+S High welfare always comes with high taxes .
+
+S Relying merely on governmental subsidies does not solve the problem .
+
+S On the contrary , the government should compel people to save a certain portion of their incomes into special retirement accounts before they reach retirement age and allow the owners to withdraw the money when they retire .
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||income|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government could also give subsidies to encourage the public to do so , for instance , offering a reasonably high interest rate .
+
+S Singaporean government has been doing well in this respect .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||The Singapore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All Singaporean must save 5 percent of their total incomes and their employers contribute additional 20 percent into a government retirement account .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Singaporeans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||income|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||while|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government provides a 4 percent annual interest rate which is relatively higher than many commercial banks .
+
+S There are two reasons that the Singaporean government to do so .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One is to give confidence to the public ; the other one is to help them to mitigate the effects of inflation .
+
+S Most Singaporean are expected to accumulate sufficient amount for retirement with the help of this system .
+
+S Aging population is a social problem as well as an individual problem .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||An aging|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government has responsibility to help and guide the public to plan their retirement life .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , the public must take care of themselves .
+
+S Providing retirement fund in advance is a long term project and this can only be achieved by raising public consciousness .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Public spending , in terms of taxes , refers to the sum of money charged by the government for specific facilities or services , levied upon incomes , property , sales , and more .
+
+S Some of the taxes include Income Tax , Property Tax , as well as Goods and Services Tax ( GST ) .
+
+S This strategy suggested is feasible to a large extent .
+
+S Public spending should be limited to a certain degree so that budget would be diverted to different areas such as education , research and development , tourism industry and transportation system of the country .
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 29|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The most basic yet important area of the country 's development would be education .
+
+S In most countries , education is considered to be one of the fundamental sector that the country 's government can develop and improve on .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||sectors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is the base system of the country that imparts knowledge to the people and keeps a majority of them employed .
+
+S For that reason , the process of education is considered to be essential for the development our society such that every child has to go through a minimum ten years of basic education .
+A 16 16|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It has also become such an indispensable part of our lives that to the majority of people , it appears to be a norm to complete the whole process of the education .
+
+S It is crucial that the country have a good education system for a better future economic development .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Research and Development ( R&D ) sector allows the development of the country .
+
+S According to the Yearbook of Statistics Singapore , there has been an increase in demand for R&D by many companies .
+
+S As changes occur every day , modernization occurs , new technologies are introduced and people try to catch up with the rapid advancement .
+
+S In many cases , research and development is important to the countries ' businesses and industries to boost knowledge and skills .
+
+S For favorable progress , it is important for the business sector , universities , colleges and research institutes to collaborate in order to stimulate innovation , growth and modernization .
+
+S More needs to be done in order to draw us nearer to the fast changing know- how of the society .
+
+S The tourism industry attracts foreigners to spend , thus giving rise to an inflow of cash into the country .
+
+S To many countries , tourism is their only source of income and is therefore vital for them to develop in this area .
+
+S For example , Maldives and Seychelles only earn the opportunity for employment in the tourism service industries .
+
+S It includes hospitality services , such as hotels and resorts , transportation services , such as airlines , cruise ships and taxis , as well as entertainment venues , such as shopping malls , amusement parks and casinos .
+
+S Thus , government initiatives for the tourism industry are important , to enhance growth throughout the country by promoting the development of the industry and also to increase employment opportunities by creating more jobs available for them .
+
+S However , on the other hand , though should be limited , adequate percentage of public spending for the aged should be allocated fairly .
+A 7 8|||R:ADV|||there|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:CONJ|||but|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||allocated to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 24|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The reason being , many elderly are being neglected by their own children , and thus uninsured .
+
+S They might not have enough money to get their regular medical checkups done .
+
+S So , does this means that they are to die ?
+A 7 9|||R:VERB|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This problem would continue to get worst every year if there is an inadequate attention paid .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:ADJ:FORM|||worse|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Though it is important to solve the problem of the graying society , we should limit our public spending in this sector so that we can allow more budget on the other aspects of a country 's development , such as the transportation infrastructure .
+A 26 28|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 31|||R:OTHER|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A significant level of road traffic can be created due to the high density of an urban environment .
+
+S This can have a great impact on businesses and environmental factors .
+
+S Therefore , careful planning and development of the transportation system are crucial .
+
+S More money should be used to develop this infrastructure in order to support the moving of goods from one place to another efficiently and effectively .
+
+S Parking space is another concern .
+
+S For example , in Singapore where land scarcity poses a big issue , multi-storey carparks are built to allow more vehicles to be parked given the same land area used .
+
+S In conclusion , public spending on the aged should be limited to the certain percentage that is adequate for the welfare of the aged .
+A 12 13|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On top of that , public spending should also be diverted across different aspect of social concerns that lead to the development of Singapore .
+
+S By putting a limit for the spending on the aged , we can create more budgets to spend on the education , research and development , tourism industry and transportation system as they are equally important to our nation .
+A 19 20|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S Marie-Rose Zeenny .
+
+S Lebanese University English Department College Writing , Retrieved September 12 , 2009
+
+S Regeringskansliet , Government Offices of Sweden .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Tourism important for employment and growth .
+
+S Retrieved September 12 , 2009 , from http : //www.regeringen.se/sb/d/2112/a/19788
+
+S No , I do not agree with the statement .
+
+S Current researches and development/polices have indeed ease the aging process but only to a small extent .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:FORM|||eased|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The aging issues that today 's elderly faces include active life expectancy , diet/nutrition , disease prevention , health behaviors and beliefs , health service utilization , mental health , long term care and etc .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||face|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The technological advancement in medical science will be discussed to address some of the issues mentioned .
+
+S With investment in technologies , it provides new opportunities for medical interventions .
+
+S For example , Stem Cell technology greatly helps to aid the discovery of new medicines by improving the process of developing new compounds .
+
+S By adopting this technology , we can now develop medicines that are safer and more effective .
+
+S This is necessary to help ease aging process .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , with recent advances in science , more treatments can be developed to treat disease .
+
+S These treatments will be helpful because people get increasingly susceptible to chronic illness .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||illnesses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , with new development of treatments , it will mean that there will be an increase in health care cost .
+
+S This will lead to an increase in burden for the elderly .
+
+S In context of Singapore , to address this issue , various financial health care schemes like Medisave and Medishield are implemented to help lessen the financial burden for the elderly .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Technology and its advancements have given medical science the forefront to ease aging process .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another example will be the invention of nutritional supplements .
+
+S Research has found out that by taking nutritional supplements on a daily basis can provide significantly health benefits for the elderly , reducing the possibilities of them falling sick .
+A 13 13|||M:NOUN|||,it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:MORPH|||significant|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are current on-going researches on the different types of dietary supplements that can reverse disease , improve the overall health of the elderly and help them to live a longer , happier life .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This in term slow down the ageing process and promoting a healthy lifestyle .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN|||turn|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||slows|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:FORM|||promotes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , some nutritional supplements have harmful side effects .
+
+S It contains addictives that can deteriorate the health of the elderly .
+
+S Preventive measures can be taken by referencing medical brochures/guides , or consulting the doctor on the suitable type of supplements to consume if one has medical history .
+A 25 25|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Such well-tested medical products have help to ease the aging process .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:FORM|||helped|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When people grow older , they have to cope with the physical , mental and emotional stresses of being ? old ? .
+A 19 22|||R:OTHER|||old.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These stresses will cause negative influences on health as it affects our body functions .
+A 12 13|||R:MORPH|||bodily|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , social policy can address such issue to make aging process less painful for the elderly .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||issues|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , the Singapore government has introduced a pilot wellness programme for the elderly Singaporeans in an effort to promote a healthy lifestyle among them and also engaged them socially .
+
+S The key components are mainly regular medical-check ups and follow up , regular exercises , and social networking .
+
+S By exercising , elderly improves their overall health and helps to prevent chronic diseases .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Social networking helps elderly battle against loneliness and makes new friends .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All these factors improve the overall quality of life for the elderly .
+
+S However , social policy has to be revised timely to address the changing needs of the elderly .
+A 8 9|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With effective social policy , it will help to slow down the aging process .
+
+S However , the easing of aging process does not only depend on the above factors .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Other factor includes individual 's responsibility on maintaining a healthy diet/nutrition .
+
+S So what type of foods should elderly consume ?
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to Neilmark ( 2008 ) , ? The foods that decrease inflammation in the body are called " anti-inflammatory foods .
+A 7 8|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " These foods help stop the aging of our cells and help restore youth and vitality to our body and mind .
+
+S Elderly should adopt The Best Longevity Diet Around .
+
+S According to Neilmark ( 2008 ) , he defined it as ? Eat fewer calories .
+A 11 12|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:ORTH|||eat|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Eat no processed foods .
+
+S Eat no fried foods .
+
+S Take an ultra-refined fish oil supplement .
+
+S Exercise moderately .
+
+S Stop stressing : your mental diet .
+
+S Remain calm emotionally : your emotional diet .
+
+S ?
+
+S In conclusion , current research and development/polices has helped to ease aging process but only to a small extent .
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Technology can be used as a solution to cope the current healthcare challenges we are faced with .
+A 9 9|||M:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , in the future , healthcare systems have to be reformed to deal with the increased needs of healthcare support required by the aged .
+
+S While the advancement in healthcare industry can help prevent diseases and other consequences of aging , medicine along is inadequate .
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||alone|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A healthy lifestyle is important for the elderly to enable them to cope with stresses physically , emotionally and mentally .
+
+S It also helps to reduce the risk of disease .
+
+S References
+
+S helmet , Jean , ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Nutritional Supplements Side Effects .
+
+S Retrieved from " http : //ezinearticles.com/ ? Nutritional-Supplements-Side-Effects&id = 484747 "
+
+S Ward , Liz , ( n.d. ) .
+
+S A Guide to Supplements for Seniors .
+
+S Retrieved from " http : //health.howstuffworks.com/life-stages/aging/supplements-seniors.htm "
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Investing in R&D .
+
+S Retrieved from " http : //www.gsk.com/responsibility/investing-in-R&D.htm "
+
+S Neimark , Neil F , ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Anti-Aging Foods That Can Restore Your Beauty , Health and Vitality .
+
+S Retrieved from " http : //www.expert-anti-aging-advice.com/anti-aging-foods.html "
+
+S Neimark , Neil F , ( 2008 ) .
+
+S How Does Stress Affect Health ? Anti-Aging Advice For Inner Tranquility And Outer Beauty .
+
+S Retrieved from " http : //www.expert-anti-aging-advice.com/how-does-stress-affect-health.html "
+
+S FHA , ( 2005 ) .
+
+S THE AGING PROCESS .
+
+S Retrieved from " http : //www.healthinaging.org/agingintheknow/chapters_ch_trial.asp ? ch = 1 "
+
+S Ageing population is currently a global phenomenon that occurs in many parts of the world .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||An ageing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Singapore has currently one of the fastest growing ageing population in Asia , with the current one in twelve citizens being the age of 65 and over set to increase to every one in five in 2030 .
+
+S Hence , public spending on the aged in Singapore has a high possibility of rising in order to cope with the shift in aging structure .
+
+S However , limitations should be set on the public spending on the aged to a large extent in order to promote the country 's development in other areas .
+
+S In Singapore , where there is a reasonably low birth rate and top-notch health care which helps prolong people 's lives , population aging is inevitable , hence being prospective-looking , the strategy that is feasible would be to reallocate of funds and attention on other areas , in particular , Education and Tourism .
+A 40 41|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 44 45|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The diversion of capital into the Education Sector will enable Singapore to identify more opportunities .
+
+S Singapore is presently building an education hub in Asia , investing millions of funds to boost her image and economy .
+
+S As foreign students start pouring into Singapore , it is projected that education services will generate about five percent of the gross domestic product .
+
+S Moreover , a high quality education system will be beneficial for the next generation , as exhibited by the ripple effect .
+
+S The increased education quality will extend an average Singaporean 's working span allowing an increase accumulation of savings .
+
+S This will indirectly help to solve some of the problems posed by ageing population , as it will help to reduce elderly dependency and changing Singapore into an independent society where elderly will be less reliant on the government .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The tourism industry is another area Singapore should divert her funds into as the industry is highly influential , affecting other related industries such as the hotel and service industries .
+
+S The tourism industry posted high revenue of S $ 14.8 billion in 2008 , a 4.8 % increase from 2007 .
+
+S This increase has demonstrated the potential of Singapore 's tourism industry and making full use of every opportunity presented in this sector will be vital , owing to the colossal impact this industry has on other industries .
+
+S For instance , the upcoming Integrated Resorts ( IR ) will without a doubt stimulate a positive impact on the economy , both financially and image-wise .
+
+S Therefore , by reallocating more funds and attention to this industry , it will bring about a positive change in the Singapore tourism industry and economic as a whole .
+A 25 26|||R:MORPH|||economy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the contrary , the effect of this ageing population will increase the expenditure in both the healthcare and welfare services , with the aged being the major beneficiary in both areas .
+
+S More capital might be required to be invested into the healthcare sector .
+
+S As people continue to age , they will be more prone to more illnesses which require much healthcare attention , establishing a direct relationship between age and the need of health care .
+
+S By not limiting the public spending on the aged in this sector , it will allow more research and development to carry on and technologies to be imported that will ease the ageing process .
+
+S Nevertheless , the choice to not limit the public spending on the aged will only help to solve today 's problem of the ageing population .
+
+S On the other hand , diverting capital to the education and tourism sectors will not only help with the country 's developments , but will also help to solve the current problems with today 's generation of the aged .
+
+S This win-win situation will allow Singapore to embrace itself for the future challenges and reduce elderly dependency .
+A 15 16|||R:MORPH|||elder|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the decision whether to limit public spending for the aged in order to divert it into other areas is a very debatable issue .
+
+S With many pros and cons on both sides , this issue will definitely meet many different opinions from different people .
+
+S Nonetheless , the decision to divert funds to other area 's for development such as education and tourism will be the most viable one , solely because of the fact that not only does it help with Singapore 's development , but also coping with challenges that arises with a ageing population indirectly with time to come .
+A 49 50|||R:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , Singapore should continue to focus and direct her attention and spending onto the tourism and education sector so as to reinforce the country 's development and strength .
+
+S Bibliography
+
+S Encyclopedia of the Nations : Asia and the Pacific .
+
+S Retrieved September 13 , 2009 , from , http : //www.nationsencyclopedia.com/economies/Asia-and-the-Pacifi c/Singapore.html
+
+S CNN .
+
+S Singapore hopes to become global education hub Retrieved September 11 , 2009 , from http : //www.cnn.com/2003/EDUCATION/10/13/singapore.education.reut/
+
+S Embassy of the Republic of Indonesia Singapore .
+
+S Factsheet : Tourism Sector Performance for January to December 2009 Retrieved September 13 , 2009 , from http : //www.kbrisingapura.com/singapore_highlight/stb_monthly_factsheet_febr_ 09.pdf
+
+S Old age , for a normal person , is the last stage that one has to go through in his life .
+
+S This is the stage when the elderly have to face the changes in their physical appearances and also mental sensitiveness .
+
+S They start to have wrinkles on their face and their hair colour turns gray or white .
+
+S Their memory power starts to become weak and they tend to forget things easily .
+
+S This aging process has made old people suffer from functional and mental disabilities , causing them to feel inferior and being alienated .
+
+S This is the time when the psychological practitioners and the government have to step in to help easing the aging process of the elderly .
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:FORM|||ease|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Psychological treatments have helped the elderly to cope with their emotional problems .
+
+S People tend to be emotionally unstable when they reach old age .
+
+S This is because they feel they are not capable of doing things that they can do when they were still young .
+
+S They have problems getting promoted or hired because of their age , and also afraid of being asked to retire earlier , causing them to have work pressure .
+A 14 14|||M:VERB|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Special care that they receive from their family members and the society makes them feel old , and indirectly contributes to their emotional problems .
+
+S These may , sometimes , lead to depression .
+
+S Most people think that psychological treatments are meant for those who have serious mental problems .
+
+S They feel ashamed and choose not to approach psychologists when they are emotionally unstable or depressed .
+
+S It is this kind of misconception they possess which causes their mental illness worsen .
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||to worsen|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A professional person , in this case , the psychologists , can offer help by counselling the elderly and giving them useful advices to encourage them that they are not the group of people who always require special help from the others , and also to let them feel that they are accepted by the society .
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||advice|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Government can help easing the aging process of the elderly through implementation of social policies which encourage later retirement , longer working life and lower barrier for the employment of the elderly ( Peterson , 2001 ) .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
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+
+S By working longer , the elderly can accumulate more wealth , which can be used in their post-retirement life .
+
+S Some people may say that old people 's working ability starts to decrease when they approach retirement age .
+
+S The aging workforce will then decrease the work productivity and lower nation 's economic development .
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||R:OTHER|||the nations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , it is proven by John Rowe and Robert Kahn in their study that those who continue to work and participate in social activities after their retirement life are very unlikely to experience physical and mental decline .
+
+S There are still a portion of elderly persons who aged successfully .
+A 9 10|||R:MORPH|||age|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The working experiences of some elderly individuals can be made good assets to the development of the society .
+A 9 10|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
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+
+S Therefore , in order to introduce this policy , the government has increased the retirement age of working persons , and has given fewer incentives to fund their after-retirement life , so that they will prolong their working life .
+
+S To ease the aging process of the elderly , the government has also introduced and encouraged the need for working individuals to prepare a fund for their future use .
+
+S The private savings funds and investment plans may be optional , but the government implemented one should be mandated , so that every retired citizen will have a secured fund for their post-retirement use .
+
+S In Singapore , the Central Provident Fund ( CPF ) has been introduced to provide the working Singaporeans with a sense of security and confidence in their life after retirement .
+
+S The workers and the employers are required to make monthly contribution to the CPF accounts .
+
+S Some people may think that the saving plans will only benefit those who earn more .
+
+S Those who earn less will be less privileged .
+
+S However , it is proven wrong , because there are different plans which cater to different person 's needs .
+
+S Most plans have very low requirements , so that to make sure every working individual can benefit from the savings plans provided .
+
+S This will definitely reduce the financial burden of the working force , and minimise the stress caused by financial difficulties .
+
+S In conclusion , psychological treatments such as counselling and also the implementation of government 's social policies have helped to ease the aging process .
+
+S Although it has become an arising issue that the aging population will bring a great impact to the society and also the economic growth of the country , more emphasis should be given to the older generation , as they are important assets to the nation .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
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+
+S Therefore , more measures have to be taken to make the aging process an easier one for the elderly .
+
+S Bibliography
+
+S * Peterson , P. G. ( 2001 ) .
+
+S A graying world .
+
+S Harvard International Review .
+
+S 23 ( 3 ) , 66 .
+
+S * Rowe , J. W. , & Kahn , R. L. ( 1998 ) .
+
+S Successful Aging .
+
+S New York : Pantheon Books ( Random House ) .
+
+S * Central Provident Fund Board { http : //mycpf.cpf.gov.sg/CPF/About-Us/Intro/Intro.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //mycpf.cpf.gov.sg/CPF/About-Us/Intro/Intro.htm ]
+
+S In general , our society is aging and there are problems associated with an aging population .
+
+S In Asia , Singapore is one of the fastest aging populations .
+
+S According to Inter-Ministerial Committee on Aging Report ( 1999 ) , currently 7 % of its population is over the age of 65 , and this number will increase to 19 % by 2030 .
+
+S There are three broad aspects of problems associated with aging process , namely the physical , emotional and financial aspect .
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||the ageing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Physically , the aged will feel weak and body ailments will increase as a result of wear and tear of the body .
+
+S Emotionally , the elderly will feel lonely as their parents , friends and in some cases their life partner has departed .
+
+S Financially , the old no longer work and they can only depend on their savings or their children for their daily expenses .
+
+S Current policies such as Medisave , HDB 's rules on housing where the young live near their parent and parents ' maintenance act are therefore put in place .
+
+S Unfortunately , these policies have played a little role to ease the aging process for most of the elderly .
+
+S Currently , there are policies implemented to help the aging population in three different areas , physical , emotional and financial .
+
+S First , elderly have weaker health and are more susceptible to chronic illnesses .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Medisave policy is introduced to aid in healthcare needs such as paying hospitalization expenses and selected outpatient treatments .
+
+S Next , to meet the elderly needs of emotional support , the government implemented additional grants on HDB housing to foster family bonding .
+
+S To illustrate , if couples are staying near or together with their parents , they have priority over regular applicants when they apply for new HDB flat .
+
+S Similarly , those buying resale flats benefit from a higher housing grant , approximately an additional of 10,000 dollar .
+
+S In this way , it enables the young to continuously get in touch with their parents .
+
+S Moreover , the elderly can help to take care of their children , if any .
+
+S Last , elderly loss income on retirement , therefore , they have to depend on their savings or children for their expenses .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||Lastly , the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
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+
+S In cases where elderly can not support themselves financially and their children refuse to take care of them , Maintenance of Parents Act had been implemented in 1996 .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Consequently , parents can demand financial maintenance from their children through family court .
+
+S On the contrary , " elderly will use between three and five times more health-care services compared to younger generation " ( Straits Times , 2007 ) , thus Medisave would be still inadequate to assist most of the elderly in their course of aging .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
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+
+S Besides , Medisave can be easily drained especially on chronic illnesses , which can tote up to a huge amount .
+
+S Furthermore , women of older generation in Singapore had particularly low average incomes because they received lesser education .
+
+S As a result , the amount of money in their Medisave will be very limited .
+
+S Moreover , most of the aged Singaporeans are not insured by anything else .
+
+S In essence , most of the old remains incapable to afford their medical expenses despite with the help of Medisave .
+
+S Next , HDB housing policy is only feasible for family that values filial piety .
+
+S According to Mr. Gerard Ee , chairman of Council for Third Age , it is progressively common for younger generation to abandon their aged parents .
+
+S Besides , for couples who purchase a house near their parents , they may not have time due to hectic work schedule and family commitments .
+
+S Thus , staying near their aging parents does not equate to giving them the desired emotional support .
+
+S In additional , elderly will need friends to talk to and at the same time to accompany them .
+
+S In this way , it can keep them socially active thus , feeling valued .
+
+S Lastly , the policy on Maintenance of Parents Act remains highly ineffective to seek children to support their parents for four different groups .
+
+S First , the sandwiched generation that is expected to take care of their children and their aging parents and on top of that to manage the increasing standard of living .
+
+S Hence , the breadwinners would find it difficult to cope with their own needs and support their growing children and aging parents .
+
+S Second , majority of the aging parent is not willing to resort to the law to receive financial maintenance because they do not want to further strain the relationship with their children .
+
+S Next , the law is not applicable for children who are overseas and their aging parents are all alone here .
+
+S Finally , a large family when merely one child takes the main bulk of care giving duties of their aged parents .
+
+S In brief , the current Maintenance of Parents Act alone is not sufficient to help the elderly to be financially dependent .
+
+S All in all , the current policies benefit minority of the aging population .
+
+S Most of the elderly still remains vulnerable to the aging process and improvements can be made to create a less painful process .
+
+S For instance , government can lighten the aged burden of medical expenses by subsidizing one of the visits to the polyclinic for an amount up to a hundred dollar every six months .
+
+S In any case , for any policies to be effective , government have to continuously revise them by analyzing the current situation and making adjustments to the policies accordingly .
+
+S Government must not forget to consider whether they are putting too heavy a burden on the current generation .
+
+S To summarize , a balance must strike between responsibility of individual , government and their family members .
+
+S Populations in many developed nations are facing a demographic time bomb in the form of an ageing population , and Singapore is no exception .
+
+S This is largely due to the fact that Singapore encountered a baby boom between 1947 and 1964 and thereafter , people started to have fewer children .
+
+S The baby boomers are generally better educated , richer and healthier as they were the beneficiaries of a developing education system and the predecessors of industrialization and the primary contributors of Singapore 's economic growth .
+
+S Hence , they enjoy a longer life span which resulted in a demographic shift in Singapore today .
+
+S A phenomenon as such would have repercussions on the economy and society .
+
+S Therefore , the government plays a crucial role in addressing the challenges of an ageing population through implementing programs which involve expenditure by the government .
+
+S Such expenditure is known as public spending .
+
+S However , as Singapore aims to be a world-class city , the government should not only focus its expenditure on the aged but also on other areas of development such as development projects and education .
+
+S Public spending on the aged should be limited in terms of healthcare and eldercare services , housing and accessibility .
+
+S Firstly , it is important for the government to finance healthcare and eldercare services as it is inevitable that people fall ill and frail as they get older .
+
+S By 2030 , one in five Singaporean residents will be aged 65 years and above .
+
+S Thus , the government should seek to construct more healthcare and eldercare facilities as the current number of healthcare institutions such as hospitals and nursing homes may be insufficient to cater to the increasing needs of the population .
+
+S With an increase in healthcare facilities , the government has to ensure that there are sufficient skilled healthcare service providers through implementing training programs and introduce incentives to attract skilled foreign labour .
+
+S Secondly , the government should execute schemes and regulations to ensure that housing is affordable for the elderly .
+
+S In the United States , sharp increases in the housing costs fueled by rising urban land prices have created difficulties for the elderly to afford housing and this resulted in an increase in the number of homeless .
+
+S Thirdly , the government should construct elder-friendly facilities such as lifts in every HDB flat to restrict hindered access from homes to public amenities , communal and recreational facilities for the aged .
+
+S Even though it is essential for the government to allocate public spending on the aged since the effects of the ageing population will impact the national economy and society , unlimited funding on the aged may have negative implications on the economy .
+
+S By 2030 , the number of elderly in Singapore will increase to 18.7 % and the number of working persons supporting one elderly person will decrease to 3.5 persons .
+
+S These statistics have proven that population aging is enduring and this mean that tackling the challenges that come along with it is a long term process for the government and government spending on the aged will continue to increase .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:SVA|||means|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , unlimited funding instead of proper allocation of public spending on the aged may drain the economy .
+
+S Since a primary source of revenue for public spending comes from taxation , the government will have to increase the tax rates in order to finance its unlimited spending on the ageing population .
+
+S This may lead to unhappiness in and weariness of the working population especially given that the number of working persons supporting an elderly has decreased .
+
+S High levels of taxation may also lead to a decrease in domestic and foreign investments .
+
+S Unlimited funding may discourage people from staying employed and accumulating savings to see them through their old age as they may have the tendency to rely on the benefits provided by the government .
+
+S Unemployment will cause the workforce to shrink and result in an economic slowdown .
+
+S Therefore , it is important for the government to develop policies like the Central Provident Fund Scheme that help the government to limit spending and assist the elderly to be self sufficient at the same time .
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:SVA|||helps|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the only natural resource available in Singapore is people , human capital is crucial to the survival and progress of the nation .
+
+S Hence , the Singapore government should be far-sighted to see the value of education and should set aside funds to continue investing in it .
+
+S In order to have a well-trained workforce to cope with the knowledge-base driven economy of the 21st century , the government has to pump in more funds to ensure that the people are receiving a more all-rounded education through introducing more extensively planned academic programs , building more educational institutions and hiring and training more educators .
+A 10 11|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
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+A 12 13|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:VERB|||provide|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
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+A 38 39|||R:PREP|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
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+A 44 45|||R:NOUN:NUM|||program|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Singapore government has unveiled in its 2001 concept plan that the vision for Singapore in the 21st century is to become a thriving world-class city .
+
+S In order to become a world-class city , the government has to pump in funds to rejuvenate and upgrade existing areas for living and working , creating more recreational spaces and continue to develop the commercial and industrial sectors .
+A 29 30|||R:NOUN:NUM|||space|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A world-class city also means that the nation should be safe and secure .
+
+S Thus , the government also has to invest in research and development of defense technology which can deter small and vulnerable Singapore from any potential invasion .
+
+S As evident , the government has to handle many areas of concerns with regards to developing the nation into a world-class city .
+
+S Therefore , the government may require several years and a huge amount of public spending to achieve the vision of becoming a world-class city .
+
+S The challenges that come along with an ageing population are unavoidable and Singapore has to make preparations now to confront them .
+
+S Even though the government has implemented measures such as the CPF scheme and building of more healthcare institutions , more remains to be done .
+
+S As the pace of population ageing increases with time , the issues may become more complex because of the changing expectations and preferences of the population .
+
+S With a demand of higher standard of living , the government may have to divert more public spending to look after the increasing needs of the aged .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||for a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , as the government also needs to focus public spending on other areas of developments , the government can look into adopting an integrated approach which urge better cooperation between key agencies and emphasize the need for community support .
+
+S Everyone has a responsibility to assist seniors living among us and people need to change their mindset that the elderly are a burden to the society where in actual fact , the elderly are the knowledgeable and experienced resources of the society .
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||of seeing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
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+
+S Bibliography
+
+S Jacqueline Rose .
+
+S ( 2003 , September 17 ) .
+
+S Retirement Age , Raising of .
+
+S International Debate Education Association .
+
+S Retrieved September 13rd , 2009 , from { http : //www.idebate.org/debatabase/topic_details.php ? topicID = 226 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.idebate.org/debatabase/topic_details.php ? topicID = 226 ] .
+
+S Yukio Noguchi .
+
+S ( 1994 ) .
+
+S Aging in the United States and Japan : economic trends .
+
+S Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
+
+S Robert J. Samuelson .
+
+S ( 2005 , May 18 ) .
+
+S Retirement at 70 .
+
+S The Washington Post .
+
+S Retrieved 13th September , 2009 , from http : //www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/05/18/AR2005051800274.html Bryan Lee .
+
+S Ageing population may hurt Singapore most .
+
+S asiaonebusiness .
+
+S Retrieved 15th September , 2009 , from { http : //www.asiaone.com/Business/News/My % 2BMoney/Story/A1Story20080627-73309.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.asiaone.com/Business/News/My % 2BMoney/Story/A1Story20080627-73309.html ]
+
+S MCYS .
+
+S ( 2006 , February 3 ) .
+
+S Committee on Ageing Issues , Report on the ageing population .
+
+S Retrieved September 15rd , 2009 , from http : //www.mcys.gov.sg/successful_ageing/report/CAI_report.pdf
+
+S Lee Hsien Loong .
+
+S ( 2009 , January 1 ) .
+
+S Preparing for an ageing population - the Singapore experience .
+
+S Retrieved 15th September , 2009 , from { http : //www.nus.edu.sg/nec/InnoAge/documents/AARPjournalwinter09_PMLee.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.nus.edu.sg/nec/InnoAge/documents/AARPjournalwinter09_PMLee.pdf ]
+
+S According to UN ( United Nations ) the number of elderly people has tripled in the past 50 years and will continue to rise in the near future .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||the United Nations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 6|||R:NOUN|||UN|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In developed countries , the median age rose from 29.0 in 1950 to 37.3 in 2000 , and is forecasted to increase to 45.5 by 2050 .
+
+S Declining fertility , along with longer life expectancy , attributes to an aging population .
+
+S In order to cope with the rising numbers of elderly , the government has increased public spending on health care programs and subsidiaries .
+
+S Although an aging population is a global phenomenon , public spending should also be allocated in other areas of the country 's development such as tourism or housing to help increase economic growth , to make Singapore a global city .
+
+S One of the major problems the elderly face today is the lack of financial security .
+
+S Singapore is not a welfare state unlike countries such as America and the United Kingdom .
+
+S Elderly who were not able to save enough will face the problem of making ends meet when they are old .
+
+S Furthermore , global inflation and rising medical costs will add to their financial burden .
+
+S Thus , their only solution is to turn to government for assistance .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Singapore government has recently introduced a new CPF policy which provides lifelong income for the elderly , instead of the current policy where payouts only last about 20 years .
+
+S However , such programs are a burden on the country 's budget .
+
+S Tourism is an important aspect that Singapore could further dispense its budget on .
+
+S According to the Singapore Tourism Board , in 2006 , Singapore achieved a record of 9.7 million visitors , compared to 8.9 million in 2005 .
+
+S An estimated sum of $ 12.4 billion was spent .
+
+S Singapore hopes to achieve a record of 17 million visitors by the year 2015 .
+
+S With such high volume of tourists , more hotel rooms are required to accommodate them .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Strong competition from the region also requires Singapore to be unique from its neighbouring countries .
+
+S With no natural attractions and little resources , Singapore has no choice but to create man-made attractions such as resorts and casinos , or coming up with attractions that is only attractive to foreigners .
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:FORM|||to come|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Such attractions require large amounts of money .
+
+S However , the benefits outweighs the negatives as it helps to create more jobs and attract foreign investors to invest in its thriving tourism which will help boost the country 's GDP .
+
+S Education is also a very important development in a Global City .
+
+S The lack of education is one of the problems that elderly face in today society , thus leading to poor financial management .
+
+S As Singapore is small and does n't have any natural resources , it is shaping its economy into a knowledge-based economy .
+
+S In order to achieve such goals , more resources should be pumped into the education system , such as providing additional funds to needy students , which allows them to break out of their poverty cycle ; improving the infrastructures of schools and universities ; and recruiting more teachers .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB|||channeled|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With a better education system , it allows Singaporeans to enter the workforce with better skills and increases their employability , thus preventing the problems that current elderly are facing now .
+A 25 26|||R:DET|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Housing is also another major issue that Singapore faces .
+
+S Singapore currently has a population of slightly more than 4 million people .
+
+S The average population density is about 6814 per km ² , thus it is one of the most crowded cities in the world .
+
+S To cope with the increasing population , more high-rise residential buildings known as HDB flats are built .
+A 16 16|||M:VERB:TENSE|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These flats are heavily subsidised by the government to make it affordable .
+
+S More money should be invested in older flats , such as providing upgrades to the current facilities to improve the quality of life of citizens living in such areas .
+
+S Public spending on the elderly should not be removed .
+
+S However the government may have to consider limiting it .
+
+S Without limiting , it will cause over dependence on the government , worsening the current situation in the near future .
+A 2 2|||M:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 6|||R:OTHER|||there will be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 20|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If public spending is allocated on areas such as housing , education and tourism , the new generation will be more financially secure than their parents .
+A 5 6|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It will also help Singaporeans to stay ahead and be competitive in terms of employability and marketability , furthermore contributing to the country 's GDP growth which helps in the overall country development in the long term .
+A 31 32|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:OTHER|||of the country|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In 2007 , one of Financial Times 's reporters once mentioned that with the low fertility rate and an increased in life expectancy , Singapore would soon have only 2.2 workers to support each elderly person [ i ] .
+A 3 5|||R:OTHER|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reporter|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:MORPH|||increase|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With such a low number of working adults to support the elderly , there would be a need for the government to at least remain at its current expenditure on the aged .
+A 24 26|||R:OTHER|||maintain|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , public spending on the aged should not be overly limited .
+
+S Though public spending should be used fully on the aged , there are other areas of concern that the government money should divert to , such as the healthcare system .
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:TENSE|||be diverted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Recently , Singapore Prime Minister , Mr Lee Hsein Loong , had stressed the need for step down care system [ ii ] during his National Day Rally Speech for the nation 's 44th birthday .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 23|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The step-down care system requires Singapore acute hospital to link with community hospitals [ iii ] , this , in turn , will enable long term illness patient to enjoy a suitable care while saving money on hospital fees .
+A 6 7|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||hospitals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 16|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:NOUN:NUM|||patients|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the community hospitals charge less .
+
+S However , Singapore should not make use of budget for the aged to improvise other areas .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:MORPH|||improve|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is because Singapore will be suffering from aging population by the time it reaches year 2030 .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If public spending for the aged is not well utilised for the next few years , Singapore will be having problems when the time comes .
+
+S Though government had encouraged children in fulfilling filial obligations of taking care of their parents , with their own family to take care of , children of these elderly would not be able to bare the financial burden .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:PART|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:MORPH|||fulfill|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 29|||M:NOUN|||parents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This further emphasizes the need for a helping hand .
+
+S For the past decades , Singapore government had been emphasizing the value of self reliance on its citizen despite the economic ups and downs .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||decade|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Policies , such as the Central Provident Fund ( CPF ) , had been implemented to ensure that Singaporeans are able to support themselves after retirement .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , recently , many found that the amount is insufficient to keep up with the rising cost of medical fees , resulting in the use of the children 's CPF account .
+
+S Currently , the common age group of children , whose parents are elderly , are in their late 40s or early 50s , and it is common that the children 's CPF account is emptied because of the hefty medical bills .
+
+S If this vicious cycle continues , the future generation will suffer .
+
+S An extreme example would be the grandfather uses and depletes the CPF account of the parents , and when the children grow and their parents suffer from long term illness , such as diabetes , they may use their CPF account if they do not have sufficient cash on-hand .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||when a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the government should not limit their public spending on the aged .
+
+S In the above paragraph , the vicious cycle occurs when the elderly depends on her children but what will happen to the elderly if the children refuse to fulfil their filial obligations .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:SVA|||depend|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:PUNCT|||?|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a matter of fact , these old folks will be left on their own , with the support from welfare organisations .
+
+S However , for most cases , welfare organisations can only help to the extent of getting daily necessities for them .
+A 11 15|||R:OTHER|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When it comes to financial assistance , the welfare organisation , too , will have difficulty in helping the elderly .
+
+S This is because donations from publics are used to support the basic daily operations of these organizations , thus leaving little or nothing to help these old folks financially .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||the public|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This , therefore , requires a further assistance from their next supporting pillar : the government .
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Though decades of self-reliance had taught Singaporeans to stand firm and learnt to support themselves and their family solely , now they can no longer do so .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:MORPH|||learn|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:ADV|||how|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the rising cost of medical facilities , elderly with the supports of their children could longer rely on their own CPF accounts and their children income to pay the fees .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||support|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:ADV|||no|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If such scenarios are already occurring to those elderly with family , the situation would be worse for old folks who have no one to turn to except for the government .
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||who have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If the government refuses to help these people who had once contributed to the country , who can they rely ?
+A 20 20|||M:OTHER|||on ?|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , even if public spending is required in other areas , public spending on the aged should not be limited .
+
+S [ i ] J.Burton ( 2007 , March ) .
+
+S Singapore 's social security system starts to creak .
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2009 from Singapore Democrats , Your Voice Your Party Website : http : //yoursdp.org/index.php/perspective/special- feature/341-singapores-social-security-system-starts-to-creak-
+
+S [ ii ] The Business Times .
+
+S ( 2009 , August 17 ) .
+
+S More step-down care facilities to complement public hospitals .
+
+S Retrieved September 16 , 2009 from PropertyGuru.com.sg : http : //www.propertyguru.com.sg/news/2009/8/20875/more- step-down-care-facilities-to-complement-publi
+
+S [ iii ] The Straits Times .
+
+S ( 2009 , August 16 ) .
+
+S Ramping up step-down care .
+
+S Retrieved September 16 , 2009 from The Straits Times , Breaking News : http : //www.straitstimes.com/Breaking % 2BNews/Singapore/Story/STIStory_417642 .
+
+S html
+
+S As the saying goes " Time and tide wait for no man " , ageing is an inevitable process one has to face .
+
+S As an individual grows older , one will become more susceptible to various ailments and diseases that may render one incapacitated in some way or other .
+
+S ( Illnesses of The Elderly , 2008 ) .
+
+S Moreover , one will become physically weak as one aged and this will lead a higher tendency to cause a lesion in oneself .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||ages|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , accessibility in the built environment is especially crucial as the number of people with mobility difficulties will increase significantly over the next 25 years in Singapore ( BCA , 2009 & An Ageing Population Calls for Restructure of Healthcare System , 2007 ) .
+A 29 44|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This leads to a sudden need of facilities and technologies to cater for this particular group .
+
+S Consequently , the government has implemented several policies to lessen the burden of ageing process while researchers have come up with brilliant inventions to increase the convenience and comfort level for the majority .
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To put it simply , the technological inventions ' researches and architectural policies have helped to ease the ageing process to a great extent in terms of convenience and comfort level .
+
+S However , the alleviation of ageing process is putting a strain on users ' pockets financially even though the introduction of the facilities benefits them in term of comfort and convenience .
+A 3 5|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:NOUN:NUM|||terms|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To illustrate , although the Lift Upgrading Programme ( LUP ) that is introduced in Singapore is heavily subsidised by the government and the Town Councils , the beneficiaries are still required to pay a large sum in order to enjoy the benefits .
+
+S The maximum amount which the flat owners have to pay is capped at $ 3,000 ( HDB , 2006 ) , and this amount is not a diminutive amount .
+
+S Although the residents have to pay to enjoy the benefits of convenience , the amount of benefits enjoyed by the residents are definitely more than the value that they have to fork out , in terms of long-term usage .
+A 31 33|||R:VERB|||contribute|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Seeing that , the policies or acts that were implemented under Building Construction Authority ( BCA ) and Housing Development Board ( HDB ) have improved the standard of living for the people .
+
+S The BCA states that " a $ 40-million Accessibility Fund had been set aside to upgrade buildings built before 1990 .
+
+S This fund is also used to upgrade all key areas and essential facilities in Singapore to provide at least essential accessibility by 2011 " ( BCA , 2009 ) .
+
+S Under this scheme , the LUP is introduced and it is designed to improve the flat 's access and personal convenience by the Singapore government in 2001 ( HDB , 2006 ) .
+
+S Since lifts in HDB blocks that were built before 1990 are not providing 100 % access to every level , any existing building under Housing Development Board ( HDB , 2006 ) will be altered and added with lifts that stop at every floor .
+
+S This change has made a significant change to the residents , especially elders who are physically weak .
+
+S Thus , there will be no need for them to climb the staircase which they might have the tendency to fall when using it .
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||where|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Other than the LUP , Singapore government has also inputted public ramps to ease elders from climbing the stairs under the same scheme .
+
+S These strategies have aided in easing the ageing process effectively .
+
+S To give an example , The Straits Times on 31 August 2009 , reported that two new ramps , a covered shelter connecting the 20-year-old station to the nearest bus stop in Yishun Avenue 2 , as well as an additional drop-off point have been constructed for the elderly residents living at Nee Soon South , where it housed approximately 50,000 elderly residents ( The Straits Times , 2009 ) .
+
+S Hence , the government policies with regard to architecture have helped to ease the ageing process effectively .
+
+S On the contrary , with the alteration made to the flats , the elders might rely too much on the lifts rather than using the staircase which could be the only form of exercises for them .
+A 33 34|||R:NOUN:NUM|||exercise|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , the convenience might unintentionally exacerbate the health of one being due to the lack of exercises .
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||exercise|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Due to the fact that negative effects occur when one is too dependent on the usage of facilities , the town council has solved this problem by building Fitness Parks for elders to exercise to maintain a healthy body .
+
+S Moreover , the elders would have a more conducive place for them to do exercises as well as to treat it as a place for gathering .
+
+S Hence , the government policies with regard to architecture have helped to ease the ageing process effectively .
+
+S Besides that , other countries such as Japan that is facing ageing population problems have spent hefty amount on researching and testing on technologies to create healthy lifestyle products and medical equipment .
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||a large|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the end products produced in terms of medical and lifestyle products will be costly and unaffordable to purchase for those financially weak elders and thus , not many elders will be enjoying the benefits .
+
+S This means that the elders will either have to work , use their savings or to approach their relatives for money to buy the products .
+
+S Hence , the elders who use these methods to obtain the products will only worsen their ageing process with financial worries .
+
+S Despite the fact that the end products might be expensive , it is still beneficial .
+
+S Technologies invention has played another imperative role to ease the process of ageing .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||technological inventions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Numerous innovations have been revolving to ease the problems faced by everyone .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB|||developed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the help of bio-technology , various types of massaging equipments and machines have been invented to ease the process of ageing .
+
+S This technology usually helps to ameliorate the health of users such as improving blood circulation , which helps users to have a healthier body ; especially for elders who tend to have weaker bodies .
+
+S As these equipments or machines may calm down , give strength , relax the body , improves self-sensation and trigger regeneration mechanisms ( The " Medical Club Ltd " , 2008 ) .
+
+S For example , OSIM has come up with many innovative healthy lifestyle products that provide such benefits .
+
+S In addition , there is a robotic suit that reads brain signals and helps people with mobility problem ( The " NursingTimes " , Robotic Suit Aims to Aid Mobility in the Elderly , 2009 ) launching in Japan, .
+A 19 35|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||R:VERB:FORM|||launched|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is an invention that may have far-reaching benefits for the disabled and elderly .
+
+S Hybrid Assistive Limb ( HAL ) is a computerized suit fitted with sensors that read brain signals directing limb movement through the skin of user .
+
+S ( The " NursingTimes " , Robotic Suit Aims to Aid Mobility in the Elderly , 2009 ) .
+A 1 17|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is extremely beneficial for elders who have lost the strength to handle daily 's needs .
+
+S Hence , their lives could be eased by using this invention .
+
+S To sum up , the current researches have done a marvelous job on inventing new technologies that have helped to ease the ageing process of elders and disabled .
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The advanced technologies have proven to enhance the comfort zone with the sophisticated medical equipment and lifestyle electronic products .
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To summarize , even though there are some disadvantages pertaining to cost and indirect negative effects , it is definitely beneficial for the elders and disabled to a huge extent .
+
+S Thus , it is important to keep improving our current research on technological inventions and government policies on architecture that have helped to ease the ageing process , as the benefits are definitely worth the cost .
+
+S As many believe health is wealth , if spending a little more could give the elders a healthy lifestyle , everything is worthwhile .
+
+S Bibliography
+
+S 1 .
+
+S Illnesses Of The Elderly - 4 Most Common Ailments Affecting The Elderly { http : //ezinearticles.com/ ? Illnesses-Of-The-Elderly---4-Most-Common-Ailments-Affecting-The-Elderly&id = 1662832 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //ezinearticles.com/ ? Illnesses-Of-The-Elderly---4-Most-Common-Ailments-Affecting-The-Elderly&id = 1662832 ]
+
+S 2 .
+
+S An Ageing Population Calls for Restructure of Healthcare System , 2007 .
+
+S Electronic References .
+
+S Retrieved on 14 September 2009 from { http : //www.greaterthan60.com/learn_with_us.articles_journals.article.aspx ? category = Medical&type = article&categoryid = 7&id = 79 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.greaterthan60.com/learn_with_us.articles_journals.article.aspx ? category = Medical&type = article&categoryid = 7&id = 79 ]
+
+S 3 .
+
+S Building Control Authority ( BCA ) , LUP , 2009 .
+
+S Electronic References .
+
+S Retrieve 10 September , 2009 from { http : //www.bca.gov.sg/BarrierFree/barrierfree_buildings.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.bca.gov.sg/BarrierFree/barrierfree_buildings.html ]
+
+S 4 .
+
+S Housing Development Board ( HDB ) , 2006 .
+
+S Electronic References .
+
+S Retrieved 10 September 2009 from { http : //www.hdb.gov.sg/fi10/fi10208p.nsf/WPDis/Lift % 20Upgrading % 20ProgrammeRelated % 20Info % 20- % 20More % 20Upgrading % 20Programmes % 20to % 20benefit % 20HDB % 20residents ? OpenDocument } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.hdb.gov.sg/fi10/fi10208p.nsf/WPDis/Lift % 20Upgrading % 20ProgrammeRelated % 20Info % 20- % 20More % 20Upgrading % 20Programmes % 20to % 20benefit % 20HDB % 20residents ? OpenDocument ]
+
+S 5 .
+
+S The Straits Times , 2009 .
+
+S Electronic References .
+
+S Retrieved 11 September , 2009 from { http : //global.factiva.com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/ha/default.aspx ? ftx = Nee % 20Soon % 20South } [ HYPERLINK : http : //global.factiva.com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/ha/default.aspx ? ftx = Nee % 20Soon % 20South ]
+
+S 6 .
+
+S Medical Club , Massage .
+
+S Electronic References .
+
+S Retrieved 12 September , 2008 from { http : //medicalclub.com.ua/en/services/13/2.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //medicalclub.com.ua/en/services/13/2.html ]
+
+S 7 .
+
+S Robotic Suit Aims to Aid Mobility in the Elderly .
+
+S Electronic References .
+
+S Retrieved 11 September , 2008 from { http : //www.globalaging.org/elderrights/world/2009/HAL.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.globalaging.org/elderrights/world/2009/HAL.htm ]
+
+S Over the past few decades the pace of evolution of technological advances has increased significantly .
+A 5 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S At the same time , the aging trend somehow seemed to have caught up with it .
+
+S The post war baby-boom generation is now starting to age , due to advancement in medical science and increased standards of living .
+
+S The average life expectancy has also increased , meaning that the elderly population will form a majority of the population mix .
+A 20 21|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S More emphasis will have to be placed to catering to the needs of the elderly , so that they can transit into the aging phase more easily .
+
+S Thanks to modern research and development , the aging process has been made lesser painful not only to the elderly , but to the societies as well .
+A 13 14|||R:MORPH|||less|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a person age , physical changes in one 's body occurs and their functions degrade with time .
+A 3 4|||R:MORPH|||ages|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Traits such as one 's mobility , as well as visibility will be significantly reduced as compared to their younger days .
+
+S The chances of injury increases with age , as proven by statistics .
+
+S It was observed that more than one third of the elderly falls each year , and the chances of falling increases proportionately with age , and that three quarters of elderly falls were caused by " non-elderly friendly " design flaws of buildings .
+A 11 12|||R:MORPH|||fall|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If this trend were to carry on , national budgets and economies will come under pressure , as a large sum of money will have to be spent taking care of the elderly .
+
+S As a result some government campaigns might have to be delayed or even cancelled due to shortage of funds .
+
+S Therefore , a prevention measure , in the form of upgrading public facilities is implemented to prevent this from happening .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One way is through advancement in technology .
+
+S Technology has always been beneficial to man .
+
+S With each passing day , technology evolves and moulds new inventions which can make life better , and easier .
+
+S Technological inventions can help the elderly overcome the limitations of their body due to old age or sickness , and in a way , prevent accidents from happening due to these limitations .
+
+S This can be achieved through introduction of inventions such as steps-free buses , which helped ease the difficulty of elderly climbing up the steps of the bus .
+A 10 11|||R:ADJ|||step-free|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||helps|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Other inventions such as slip proof tiles and solvents can effectively cut down the possibility of falls due to slippery surfaces .
+
+S We are living in a concrete jungle , and as the population ages , the design of the structure has to evolve accordingly so as to cater to the needs of the people staying in it .
+
+S Architectural design with elderly friendly considerations will be crucial so that the chances of an injury in their homes will be kept to a minimal .
+A 3 4|||R:MORPH|||elder|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As stated earlier , proven through statistics , three quarters of elderly falls were caused by " non- elderly friendly " design flaws of buildings .
+
+S A series of upgrades are therefore implemented , in countries like Singapore and The United Kingdom , engaged in the 'UP ' project .
+
+S In this project , buildings are being modified so that the lifts can stop at every level of the building .
+
+S By doing so , it effectively reduced the chances of the elderly having to use the stairs .
+
+S There were also observed increase in usage of slip free tiles in wet markets , a place frequented by the elderly .
+A 1 4|||R:OTHER|||has also been an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Distress warning devices were also installed at every elderly home unit to ensure that they have a channel to call for help in event of trouble .
+
+S Although it might seem a feasible and effective way to cut down injury rate and therefore rising medical costs which will take the load off the national budget , it might do more harm to the economy than good as the government will have to spend more money investing into the installation of all these facilities to make it more " elderly friendly " .
+
+S The cost might even exceed the amount spent treating the elderly .
+
+S That will mean that in comparison , even more money and resources will have to be taken from the national budget to spend on upgrading of facilities rather than for the country 's economical development .
+
+S However , these are long term investments and the advantages will surface as time goes by .
+
+S Furthermore , people , being a country 's most valuable asset who has once contributed to the economy during their prime , should be entitled to all these inventions which will make their age transition less painful .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In a way its a form of 'paying back ' by the government for their contributions to the country 's development over the past few decades .
+
+S Aging , is an inevitable process which every man has to face .
+
+S We can not stop aging from happening , but through modern research and development , which brought about the introduction of inventions and new architectural designs to cater to the elderly , the aging process has been made lesser painful to them .
+
+S It is no longer a secret that our society is facing an aging population problem .
+
+S The government faces great challenges as the increased in the proportion of elderly aged 65 years and above grew from 7.4 percent in the year 2003 to 8.5 percent in the year 2007 [ Singapore Resident Population , 2003-2007 .
+A 7 8|||R:MORPH|||increase|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Retrieved September 11 , 2009 , from { http : //www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/popn/respop.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/popn/respop.pdf ] ] .
+
+S There are many conflicts regarding the welfare of the elderly , for example , the government has been blamed for neglecting the emotional needs of the elderly .
+
+S Such situations can not be helped in the short run .
+
+S Nevertheless , the current research and development and policies have helped to minimize the painful effects of the aging process .
+
+S As the world develops , progresses in medical science as well as other fields have enabled the human race to make suitable changes .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||in other fields ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||it has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These changes allow us to fight diseases , as well as make improvements in the quality of life .
+
+S The main objective of this report is to discuss and analyze the extent to which these various factors have helped ease the aging process .
+
+S Firstly , social policy has helped to ease the aging process as the financial burden of the aged has been reduced to ensure that all needy elderly patients are able to afford and receive basic treatments .
+
+S This is achieved when the Ministry of Health ( MOH ) put forth a sum of money in the way of Medifund Silver so that it can serve as the last resort for those who still can not afford the medical fee despite the subsidies that were offered by the government or other charitable organizations .
+
+S Thus , most elderly will be able to stay physically healthier when they are able to receive professional treatment and medication which may be easier for them to take care of themselves in their old age .
+
+S Secondly , the " togetherness " between family members can reduce the painful aging process .
+
+S The concept of family has changed over the past few decades .
+
+S Many young married couples prefer to move out from their parents ' place and start a small family on their own .
+
+S As children move out of their parents ' residence , the aged parents have no chance or little time to see their children .
+
+S This change often brings upon the concept of being " abandoned " by their children .
+
+S This need has been met when the Housing and Development Board ( HDB ) introduced a scheme known as the " Married Child Priority Scheme ( MCPS ) " .
+
+S This scheme allows the married child to be given the priority in the balloting application with the condition that the flat they are applying is within 2 kilometers of their parents ' residence .
+
+S Thus , children are staying near to their aged parents , bringing stability to their emotions .
+
+S Thirdly , the relief of the aging process can be established through family obligation .
+
+S This is achieved as people are encouraged or compelled by the law to carry out their duty as offsprings .
+
+S The Family Court of Singapore has established laws to ensure that an adult child has put forth effort to support their own parents through informal and familial channels , for example : Parents Maintenance Act .
+A 15 15|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , this gives a form of security to the elderly that they are loved by their children .
+
+S The strategies implemented might be successful ; however , the painful process of aging is still inevitable unless the country can understand the inner world of the elderly .
+
+S Thus , we have to analyze and understand the problems that have been forgotten or overlooked by the developed country .
+
+S The change in the research and development of the country is so rapid that the elderly finds it difficult to catch up with the changes around us .
+
+S The world has become so IT savvy that almost all trades require employees to be equipped with IT skills .
+
+S As a result , the elderly are often rejected when searching for a job due to their inadequate skill set .
+
+S Thus , this gives an impression to the old aged that they are redundant and useless in the society .
+A 8 9|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Low self-esteem grew in the hearts of the elderly can cause psychological instability , especially when they were the head of the family in the past .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||grows|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This drastic change has caused the elderly to be unable to keep up with the pace of the society .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:FORM|||cause|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Equipping of skills can be done with the support of the government by encouraging the elderly to take up courses at an affordable price .
+
+S Therefore , it enables the elderly to make use of the skills learnt to join the workforce , enabling them to increase their esteem level .
+
+S In a developed country like Singapore , an aging population often brings about multiple problems .
+
+S Before any decision can be made , leaders must understand the needs of the elderly .
+
+S At the same time , they should go beyond the realistic need of the elderly and provide more in-depth solutions to meet the needs of the elderly .
+
+S Bibliography
+
+S * Singapore Resident Population , 2003-2007 .
+
+S The Supreme Court of Singapore .
+
+S Retrieved September 11 , 2009 , from { http : //www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/popn/respop.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/popn/respop.pdf ]
+
+S * Family Court , 2nd December 2006 .
+
+S The Supreme Court of Singapore .
+
+S Retrieved September 11 , 2009 , from { http : //app.subcourts.gov.sg/family/page.aspx ? pageid = 3656 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //app.subcourts.gov.sg/family/page.aspx ? pageid = 3656 ]
+
+S * Priority Scheme .
+
+S Housing and Development Board .
+
+S Retrieved on September 11 , 2009 , from { http : //www.hdb.gov.sg/bp13/bp13005p.nsf/General % 20Conditions ( BTOFeb09_SA ) ? OpenPage&Click = # 4.1 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.hdb.gov.sg/bp13/bp13005p.nsf/General % 20Conditions ( BTOFeb09_SA ) ? OpenPage&Click = ]
+
+S * DISTANCE ENQUIRY FOR MARRIED CHILD PRIORITY SCHEME ( TO STAY NEAR PARENTS / MARRIED CHILD ) .
+
+S Housing and Development Board .
+
+S Retrieved on September 11 , 2009 , from { http : //services2.hdb.gov.sg/webapp/BP13BTOENQWeb/BP13J012 ? strSystem = BTO } [ HYPERLINK : http : //services2.hdb.gov.sg/webapp/BP13BTOENQWeb/BP13J012 ? strSystem = BTO ]
+
+S The government should not limit the amount spent on the aged because this problem is becoming more and more prevalent in Singapore .
+
+S An ageing population or what has been coined the " silver tsunami " is a phenomena faced by developed countries around the globe and Singapore is no exception .
+
+S Currently , one in 12 of the population is above 65 , but this has been projected to hit one in five by 2030 .
+
+S ( Lee , 2009 ) .
+
+S Factors such as improvements in sanitation , medical technology , and public health awareness have raised the life expectancy of Singaporeans , resulting in an ageing population in Singapore .
+
+S The challenge of an aging situation will cause social issues such as the shrinking workforce to be faced with an increasing burden of supporting the elderly .
+
+S In 2000 , one elderly person was supported by 9.8 working persons .
+
+S This will decrease to 3.5 working persons per elderly person by the year 2030 ( Vasoo , Ngiam , and Cheung , 2000 ) .
+
+S This sharp reduction in labour growth is expected to cause average GDP expansion to slow to 3.9 per cent between 2006 and 2030 , down from 6.9 per cent from 1981 to 2005 .
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus it is crucial to solve the issue of an aging population as it has a domino effect on the social and economic aspects of the society .
+
+S The sources of public spending in Singapore come mainly from taxes .
+
+S These taxes include personal and corporate income tax , goods and services tax and property tax .
+
+S We have to balance these resources with other areas of Singapore 's development too : transportation , education , and defence in an effort to spur the growth of the economy .
+
+S Secondly , there is lack of healthcare professionals and facilities to cater to the needs of the elderly .
+
+S The difficult part is attracting the right people who are both competent and professional .
+
+S There is a current shortage of doctors in Singapore .
+
+S ( Suhaimi , 2009 ) The current doctor to patient ratio is 1 : 620 and the nurse to population ratio is 1 : 210 ( MOH , 2007 ) .
+
+S There is a lack of healthcare workers in specialized fields relating to elder care especially in the area of palliative care .
+
+S According to Dr Cynthia Goh , head of palliative medicine at the National Cancer Centre of Singapore , it is estimated that about " 65 per cent of the population will need hospice in the future , up from the current 20 per cent .
+
+S " ( Lien Foundation , 2008 ) .
+
+S There is also a severe shortage of hospital beds , with a long average waiting time of four to eight hours needed for admission to the hospital .
+
+S To resolve this issue , Singapore has resorted to set aside $ 500 million to help hospitals recruit and train nurses , doctors and allied health-care professionals including physiotherapists , occupational therapists and pharmacists .
+
+S To retain and attract talents , the government can also raise the profile of the public sector healthcare industry through increased media and promotional efforts .
+
+S Two new hospitals including the Khoo Teck Puat Hospital and the Jurong General Hospital are also on the way to provide more hospital beds for the aged .
+
+S However , Member of Parliament Paulin Tay-Straughan was quoted in the local media saying that the increasing healthcare costs could eventually cause a major strain on the government 's resources .
+
+S " If [ individuals ] do n't have adequate coverage , there will be a tremendous strain on subsidized care which will drain revenues from the state , " she said .
+
+S Long-term care is expensive and begets the issue of who pays for the care .
+
+S Even if the government were to invest heavily in the aging problem , the government will not reap any rewards and more money will have to be allocated to this sector .
+
+S Money will not resolve this issue and the government will have to seek other non-monetary means of resolving this problem .
+
+S Thirdly , the healthcare cost in Singapore currently accounts for 4.5 % of the gross national expenditure , being one of the lowest figures compared to countries such as Sweden and the United Kingdom .
+
+S A research report by Nanyang Technological University 's David Reisman highlighted that 36 % of health-care expenditure was government financed in Singapore in 2007 .
+
+S This was comparable to the percentages of much poorer and less developed countries such as Indonesia and Zimbabwe .
+
+S However , the recent global economic crisis and inflation in Singapore have caused the government to focus on the economic aspect of the society in an effort to bring Singapore out of a recession .
+
+S The building of the Integrated Resort is one example of Singapore 's economic decision to spend money in this area of the economy where rewards are deemed to be centred on .
+
+S Defence which the government has spent quite a huge sum on aims to protect the nation from increased threats of other countries and education that is important in grooming the future leaders of society are just some examples of other areas of the government 's expenditure .
+A 11 11|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:ADV|||finally|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:DET|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 34|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 34|||M:DET|||These|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , although it is true that Singapore comparatively spent less , we have to balance it with other crucial sectors .
+
+S The various issues regarding an aging population as laid out in this essay are serious problems faced by most developed countries around the world .
+
+S It is unlikely that reforms can eliminate the problems entirely , but they may serve to lessen the impact of these trends .
+
+S Bibliography
+
+S James D. ( 2009 , January 1 ) .
+
+S { Chronic illness among elderly expected to soar } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/health/chronic-illness-among-elderly-expected-to-soar-14137827.html ] .
+
+S Belfast Telegraph .
+
+S Retrieved on 12th September 2009 , from http : //article.wn.com/view/2009/01/13/Chronic_illness_among_elderly_expected_to_soar/
+
+S Asha Popatlal .
+
+S ( 2007 , August 19 ) .
+
+S Singapore wants older workers to continue working .
+
+S Channel News Asia .
+
+S Retrieved September 12th 2009 , from { http : //www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/294889/1/.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/294889/1/.html ]
+
+S Megawati Wijaya .
+
+S ( 2009 , 27 August ) .
+
+S Singapore faces a 'silver tsunami' .
+
+S Retrieved September 12th 2009 , from http : //www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/KH27Ae01.html Seah Chiang Nee .
+
+S ( 2007 , 4 March ) .
+
+S Elderly Growing Old In hot-paced Singapore where welfarism is a dirty word , the lowly-skilled aged could head for tougher times .
+
+S Retrieved September 7th 2009 , from { http : //www.littlespeck.com/content/people/CTrendsPeople-070304.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.littlespeck.com/content/people/CTrendsPeople-070304.htm ]
+
+S Peter S. Heller .
+
+S ( 2006 , September ) .
+
+S Asia : Ready or Not .
+
+S Retrieved September 12th 2009 , from http : //imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2006/09/heller.htm
+
+S " Aging does not denote a process at all , but merely describes a medley of unhappy outcomes , " claims Richard A Posner ( 1995 ) .
+
+S These unhappy events will involve the deterioration of the health as well as the occurrence of mental and physical disturbance .
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But of course , it is not responsible for anyone to say that the older generations should be taking care of themselves and not bother others is n't it ?
+A 7 8|||R:ADJ|||right|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , it can be argued that research and development policies have relieved the aging process in a very successful way .
+
+S The development of medicine in this era has shown its capabilities to ease the aging process .
+
+S In the ancient times , the development of medicine was so superficial that many did not get to live their old age because they died of lethal diseases such as leukemia .
+
+S But with the development of medicine from the East or West , people can not only live to their old age , but to live their old age in a more comfortable way as well .
+
+S For example , Anti-Ageing in western medicine involves specific and detailed analysis of blood , urine and saliva to ascertain the level of hormonal imbalance and cellular damage caused by ageing and Traditional Chinese Medicine acts as a complementary treatment to western anti-ageing medicine which includes acupuncture .
+
+S Therefore , the combination of both sides has helped ageing process to be at ease .
+A 9 16|||R:OTHER|||to ease the aging process|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Other than that , architecture has helped older generations to have access to various places as well .
+
+S Architecture usually involves the building of infrastructure in a place that can benefit users who are unable to access the area normally .
+
+S Nowadays , in the Singapore context , we have special entrance and places for the disabled older generations in MRT .
+A 16 18|||R:OTHER|||or older persons|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:NOUN|||Stations.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Other than that , we also have ramps for wheel chair users and playgrounds for the older generations to keep their body healthy and fit .
+
+S All these infrastructure allows the older generation to have more freedom in their action and do not need to compete with the younger generations .
+A 15 15|||M:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thirdly , the search for foreign talents is often considered as higher priority compared to the employment of older generations when it comes to country development .
+A 24 25|||R:OTHER|||the country 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This results in the lack of employment by the older generation and thus they will have financial issues to support themselves .
+A 18 18|||M:VERB|||trying|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , social policies that are introduced by the government have helped the old folks through various ways in terms of savings and employment and many more .
+
+S The most obvious policies that benefit them are the Special and Retirement CPF account , which are being topped up as much as possible by the government .
+
+S Although incentives are given to companies who hire local older generation workers , the upgrading of skills of the older generation has been done as well in order for them to be more competitive in the job market .
+A 26 26|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , it is proven that social policies have to work together with the older generation 's effort to ease the aging process .
+
+S Clearly , as the population of the older generation increases , the importance of research and development of policies grows larger .
+
+S Imagine , how would life be for the older generation now if we are still using methods from a few decades ago ?
+A 3 5|||R:WO|||life would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Other than that , with the current pace that the world is in now , medicine , architecture and social policies must work hand-in-hand to establish a sense of security for the older generation .
+
+S If we do not pay attention to the needs of the older generation , we would be considered as people with no sense of appreciation to what the older generation has done for us .
+
+S Reference list : Posner R. T. ( 1995 ) .
+
+S Aging and Old Age .
+
+S Retrieved from 1995 , from The Washington Post .
+
+S Web site : http : //www.washingtonpost.com/wp- srv/style/longterm/books/chap1/agingandoldage.htm
+
+S In today 's society , people are particular about their physical appearance .
+
+S The first impression is important as it determines how others perceive the person to be .
+
+S As the baby boomers are now approaching their senior years , there is an obsession for youth of beauty .
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , to a large extent , current research and development have helped to slow down the aging process .
+
+S The negative effects of aging are major problems which the aging population is facing As people get older , it becomes more difficult for them to complete their daily task due to the loss of muscles and strength and health problems such as diabetes , cancer and dementia are commonly found .
+A 29 30|||R:NOUN:NUM|||tasks|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , scientists and researchers have conducted experiments to identify solutions to ease the aging process .
+
+S Research has shown that reducing the calorie intake can decrease the negative effects of aging .
+
+S This is because it helps to reduce damages on vital cells and tissues which are crucial in prolonging the lifespan of a person .
+
+S Thus , illness such as heart disease , cancer and diabetes and other disease can be prevented .
+
+S Christiaan Leeuwenburgh , Ph.D. , an associate professor of aging and geriatric research at the UF College of Medicine stated that with lower calorie intake and moderate exercise program , significant signs of dysfunction in the aging process are found in key organ such as the liver ( Christiaan Leeuwenburgh , 2006 ) .
+A 42 43|||R:NOUN:NUM|||organs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , with the results from experiments and researches , it would be beneficial to ease the aging process .
+
+S However , the mind plays an important role in controlling the beliefs and thinking of an individual which helps to ease the aging process .
+
+S It is amazing to see a sixty year old woman exercising at a gym and dressing like a fourty year old working adult .
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||dressed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:SPELL|||forty|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If the person holds thoughts that they are old and incapable of achieving great things , then she will succumb to the negative effects of aging .
+
+S However , if the person maintains a positive attitude and live a healthy lifestyle , the aging process could be slowed down .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:SVA|||lives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , if the person suffers from back pain , instead of lamenting on it , she needs to change her mindset and tell herself what she can do to improve on this weakness .
+
+S This would enable the person to regain its youthful lifestyle .
+
+S Therefore , this shows that research and development and policies are not the only factors that reduce the aging process , the mindset and attitude of a person is also a contributing factor which delays the aging process .
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:SVA|||reduces|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 38|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As people age , some of them are unsatisfied with their appearance .
+
+S Fine lines would gradually appear on their eyelids , foreheads and mouth .
+
+S As a result , they feel inferior and have low self-esteem .
+
+S With technological innovation , there are many types of equipment in the market which help to reduce the aging process .
+
+S For example , the invention of laser technology aids in the removal of wrinkles in areas such as the eyelids , foreheads and mouth .
+
+S After receiving approximately four to six sessions , visible results can be seen .
+
+S Besides , the creation of nano liposome technology enables active ingredients to penetrate the skin and deliver the vital nutrients more efficiently .
+
+S According to John Kressaty ( 2008 ) , the head chemist at 3Lab,Inc who was in charge of the product h " Serum , an age defying booster , supported that clinical studies has shown with the use of this technology , there was a fifty percent reduction in the depth of the wrinkles after using the product for four weeks .
+A 42 42|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , technology has played a vital role to eliminate or slow down the negative effects of aging .
+
+S In conclusion , with the increase in aging population , the aging process will bring about adverse effects on the quality of life .
+
+S This issue can not be avoided .
+
+S However , with the help of current research and development , the aging process can be slowed down through technological innovation and new discoveries made by researchers and scientists .
+
+S Bibliography
+
+S University of Florida ( 2006 , May 8 ) .
+
+S Cutting Calories Slightly Can Reduce Aging Damage .
+
+S ScienceDaily .
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2009 , from http : //www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/05/060508165053.htm
+
+S Anne-Marie,D .
+
+S ( 2008 , May 1 ) .
+
+S Anti-Aging Breakthroughs .
+
+S Hi-Tech Cosmetics Zap Wrinkles with Cutting-Edge Science .
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2009 , from http : //abcnews.go.com/Health/BeautySecrets/story ? id = 4757723&page = 1
+
+S New Jersey Wrinkle Treatment Specialists .
+
+S Electronic References .
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2009 , from http : //www.drpistone.com/Laser-Wrinkle-Removal/Ways-To-Reduce- Wrinkles/Derma/
+
+S A declining rate of population and a longer life expectancy results in an aging population , causing a high dependency ratio in some countries .
+A 2 4|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This creates further problems such as a less efficient economy and a rise in public expenditure to meet the increasing needs of the elderly .
+
+S Hence , solutions have been suggested to reduce the heavier burden of the young in future , and one of the solutions proposed is to limit public spending on the aged .
+
+S The idea that public spending on the aged should be limited so that the money can be diverted to other areas of the country 's development is feasible as these developments may actually help to gain greater benefits for the aged .
+
+S However , it should be noted that the limitation should not be too much till the extent that the aged are neglected and are not being provided with the basic needs of living .
+A 14 15|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The aged are citizens of the country and they deserve the necessary welfare rights .
+
+S The general perception is that over public spending on the aged would lead to over-dependency of them on the government .
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||spending of public funds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence the burden of costs would hinder the growth of the country 's important developments , and one of which is the economy of the country .
+
+S In Singapore , the government pumped in huge sums of money to build the two Integrated Resorts and host the Grand Prix Formula One night race to promote tourism and investments , leading to an increase in revenue .
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||allocated|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With this additional wealth in the economy , the government would then have the capability to have more choices to look after the aged , for instance , holding more welfare programmes .
+
+S However , diverting the resources to boost economic growth may not always result in a guaranteed protection of the welfare of the aged .
+
+S This is so as the wealth may not be distributed appropriately and furthermore , there is always uncertainty in investments and returns are not guaranteed .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||because ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , it was reported recently that the Singapore state-owned investment company , Temasek Holdings , has lost over $ US4 billion on its investments in organisations such as Merrill Lynch .
+
+S [ 1 ] Therefore , despite the benefits economic growth could bring to the elderly , it is still necessary to set aside a portion of the government spending for the elderly as a safeguard to protect their basic interests and not only to rely on the revenue earned to help the aged .
+
+S It is argued that development in the healthcare sector is important and this benefits the aged as well .
+
+S Investment in the healthcare sector could bring about new and more efficient medical technologies .
+
+S New cures of diseases may also be invented , like the Alzheimer 's disease , which is a common illness among the elderly and it does not have an exact cure at present .
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This would thus benefits the elderly who would require an increasing need for healthcare services .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:FORM|||benefit|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , it is perceived that public spending on the aged could be reduced and be switched to the healthcare sector in providing more quality medical services for all in the future .
+
+S However , we should not neglect that these new technologies come with high costs , and it is unlikely to benefit all elderly as many are not financially self-sufficient .
+
+S It is thus necessary for the government to subsidy healthcare costs in ensuring the availability and affordability of these services .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB|||subsidise|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is part of the government 's responsibility to meet the basic needs and look after the well-being of the citizens .
+
+S Therefore , even though the aged could greatly benefit from the advancement of healthcare services , public spending on the aged still should not be limited to a large extent so as to ensure sufficient funds to maintain affordable healthcare costs for the elderly .
+
+S Lastly , infrastructure development is also said to be a crucial development of a country and funds should be diverted to support this area of development .
+
+S An improvement in the infrastructure of the country such as having an efficient transport network system brings economic advantages , as seen in the case of China , the rising economic giant .
+
+S Hence , this leads to an increase in national income which could then be used for the aged in future .
+
+S However , we should also keep in mind that infrastructure developments do not only apply to improve the economy , but also to improve and bring convenience to the lives to the people , especially the aged .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||development|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 17|||R:OTHER|||not only improves|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 24|||R:VERB:FORM|||improves|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:VERB:SVA|||brings|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 32|||R:OTHER|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some money should be set aside to provide the basic housing and transport elder- friendly facilities in our society , for example to build lifts with grab- bars and lower the platform of the buses .
+A 8 20|||R:OTHER|||tbasic housing and transport facilities that are elder friendly .|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although the government 's spending on the aged may be minimised to develop a country 's infrastructure for greater economic benefits , there should be at least some effort by the government to satisfy the social needs of the older citizens by building an elder-friendly place , making a comfortable place for them to live in .
+A 48 48|||M:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , public spending on the aged should be limited as over- provision would cause over-reliance of the elderly and leads to an inefficient and low productive workforce and population .
+A 21 22|||R:MORPH|||lead|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The money could have been put into better uses by diverting to other productive developments to improve the country 's economy and overall standard of living .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||use|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Yet it is also impossible for the government to limit the spending too much as the elderly should also be entitled to the basic rights and be provided with the basic necessities .
+
+S Too little provision may represent an increase in the social costs for the families of the aged and more difficult lives for the communities .
+
+S Adopting other solutions to reduce the effects of an aging population , such as extending the working lives of the elderly , may also require the government 's spending to provide incentives for them to work longer .
+
+S It is thus important for the government to reach a balance and spend the public 's money appropriately to have the optimal effects on the aged , population and the country 's essential areas of development .
+
+S [ 1 ] Business Spectator .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Goodyear 's Singapore sling .
+
+S Retrieved September 12 , 2009 , from http : //www.businessspectator.com.au/bs.nsf/Article/Goodyears-Singapore- sling-pd20090722-U79JD ? OpenDocument
+
+S The trend of an aging population is becoming more common nowadays .
+
+S One of the main reasons for this situation may be a result of the post World War II baby boom and also the shift in women 's role in the society .
+
+S As the post war babies age , coupled with the fact that many women are delaying marriage and having lesser children , the population of the elderly has become increasingly significant in proportion in the society of many developed countries today .
+
+S The problems pertaining to the process of aging are also becoming more prominent .
+
+S Today , with constant breakthrough in medical research and development as well as reassessment in the social policies , the aging process has been eased for many .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||breakthroughs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nevertheless , a small portion of the aging population is still experiencing much difficulty in the process of aging .
+
+S In the field of medicine , new developments and technology have helped the aging population to improve their physical appearance as well as provide cures to their ailments .
+
+S Particularly in the field of aesthetic medicine , anti-aging procedures such as Botox injections and face-lifts are becoming more common and readily available to the aged .
+
+S The American Society of Plastic Surgeons ( ASPS ) has reported that more than 6.3 million women chose to have cosmetic plastic surgery in 2000 and there is an uphill trend over the years .
+
+S These procedures seemingly help to turn back the hands of time and stall the physical process of aging .
+
+S This is extremely helpful to the aging population and especially for women who are known to be more concern about their outward appearance .
+A 18 19|||R:MORPH|||concerned|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The improvements in appearance may relief the emotional stress of aging and gain further access to many opportunities .
+A 5 6|||R:MORPH|||relieve|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , these aesthetic procedures are costly and usually not subsidised by the government .
+
+S Generally , the improvement of their outward appearance through the means of plastic surgery would be exclusive to only those who can afford it .
+
+S Therefore , only a limited number of the aged will benefit from these new developments in aesthetic medicine .
+
+S Nonetheless as time pass , new technologies are constantly being introduced and the prices of relatively older aesthetic procedures will eventually become more affordable to the majority of the aging population .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||passes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , current developments in aesthetic medicine can greatly help to ease the physical process of aging .
+
+S As demographic shifts take place and the aging population grows , social policy reforms are required to cater to the problems which arise in the aging process .
+
+S In Singapore , the government has reassessed the ElderShield policy in year 2007 .
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to Singapore 's Ministry of Health , the policy is an affordable severe disability insurance scheme which provides basic financial to those who require long-term care during old age .
+A 20 21|||R:MORPH|||finances|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Singapore citizens and permanent residents are covered by the scheme at the age of 40 .
+
+S The recent ElderShield policy together with previous policies such as the comprehensive social security saving scheme , Central Provident Fund ( CPF ) , provides a basis of financial support for the aged .
+
+S As the population age , it is more difficult for them to work as efficiently as before and their market value also falls .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||ages|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , the elderly are more likely to suffer from health issues and incur high medical cost .
+
+S Therefore , it is important for them to build up a financial reserve to support themselves in their aging process .
+
+S Despite the introduction of these policies , there are still some elderly who are excluded in these schemes .
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some elderly women have remained a housewife for decades and they have not worked in the workforce before thus there is no contribution to her CPF account .
+
+S In this case , it is dependent on oneself to save from the money she receives to support her in the future .
+
+S This is especially true for those who do odd jobs where the employers do not help to contribute to their CPF account .
+
+S Although the current social policies can help to build up the financial capability of the aging population and make their aging process easier , there remain a group unprotected .
+A 25 29|||R:OTHER|||remains an unprotected group|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nonetheless , the government has also introduced the Interim Disability Assistance Programme for the Elderly ( IDAPE ) , a government assistance scheme providing financial help to needy and disabled elderly Singaporeans , who are not eligible for ElderShield because of their age or pre-existing disabilities .
+
+S The government also recognize the heavy cost of elderly patients who require immediate and long-term care ( ILTC ) services as they are admitted for a long period of time .
+
+S Thus , government subsidies are given based on the patient 's eligibility and financial status .
+
+S Therefore , the different social policies are introduced to complement one another so as to ensure the entire aging population receives a form of financial support when they are in need .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As such , it is possibly true to say that the current social policies can indeed help to ease the aging process to a large degree .
+
+S In conclusion , the aging process is indeed one that is difficult to cope with but with the current medical technologies and a wide range of social policies and reforms the elderly are more protected .
+
+S The policies intends to cater to benefit as many aged as possible and thus it is possibly true to say that the technologies and the policies have helped the majority of aging population to cope with their problems more effectively today .
+A 4 6|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 31|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The advance of technology and science has brought both opportunities and challenges to our society .
+A 1 3|||R:OTHER|||advances in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 6|||R:WO|||science and technology|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the difficulties is the increasing life expectancy , the result of considerable life quality 's improvement , which leads to the growing burden on economics in developed countries over the years .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||increase in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 18|||R:OTHER|||improvement to life 's quality|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 27|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Adequate preparation and judicious policies are musts to ensure the sustainable and stable social progress in this baby-boomer transition period .
+
+S The appropriate financial need scheme and the retirement saving fund from individuals is one of the six fundamental approaches for demographic-transform-based policy planning ( Peter G. Peterson , fall 2001 ) .
+
+S Based on Singapore context , veterans ' retirement saving scheme is a feasible solution to ease the aging issue but there are still some troubles needed to be carefully analysed .
+A 3 3|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:OTHER|||problems that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:VERB:FORM|||need|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Central Provident Fund ( CPF ) in Singapore is inclusive social saving plan that require savings from the labour force in order to prepare better for aging population in retirement , health care , home ownership and family protection in the future .
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 26|||R:WO|||better prepare|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 30|||M:OTHER|||terms of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 43|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The fact that it may cause serious troubles for financial resources and caring from young generation when the aging population changes rapidly urges people to alter the way they support themselves .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB|||pose|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN|||challenges|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||the younger|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , by 2030 , only 3.5 economically active persons will be supporting one elderly whereas the number now is 10 in Singapore .
+
+S ( Singapore CPF Board , 2009 ) In addition , Singapore 's aging population might decrease 3 percentage segment of long-term economic growth and the elderly support programme from Government could cost more than 7 % of GDP according to the recent national report .
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , employees and employers are asked to make personal contributions and supplements to CPF which includes involvement from public sector , corporate fund , industry fund , retail fund and small fund from financially sophisticated people .
+
+S Having the fastest demographic change , but by applying the sensible planning and policies , currently , Singapore 's CPF achieves the highest exposure than any other retirement plan in Asia and adds from 16.3 to 30.4 % to Gross National savings rate .
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Asher , 1995 ) Alleviating the aging structure , the contributions to these savings are deductible in Singapore as the Governments aim to basic needs and medical expenses security and stability for aging population .
+A 24 24|||M:VERB|||address|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , Singaporean citizens will be more sensibly confident and well prepared for their old age when they have financial guarantee for retirement years .
+
+S However , more effort need to be put into strategic planning for bridging the retirement saving gaps as this , basically , is a method of short-term saving on one generation perspective only .
+A 4 5|||R:MORPH|||needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||gap|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 33|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The debates on this national strategy also lie on the ownership of the money raised in this government programme and the incorporation from a part of employees and employers .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||lies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 24|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Additionally , the income differentiations , low level of commitment from individuals and lack of awareness from a certain number of populations can be the main obstacles to the achievability of the policy .
+
+S Together with improvement from financial security , more effort is needed to put in living arrangements , health care and employability to ensure a better living condition for the elderly .
+
+S All in all , the result of retirement saving scheme is acceptable in the society as a whole and it is an undeniably necessary step we need to make to cope up with the burden from speedily aging population .
+A 28 29|||R:VERB|||take|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:OTHER|||of a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Singapore has a low population and a transparent administration in compared to other Asian countries to attain high workability from this programme and hopefully , it can reach the higher level of living condition when the health care and employability policies are implemented .
+A 28 29|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 34|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this modern world we live in , a country can not develop without considering the aspect of globalization .
+
+S The main aim for almost all countries is attaining economic stability and progress .
+
+S We do not deny that the elderly have their values .
+
+S However , we have to be realistic and accept the fact that the elderly have very little contributions in terms of economy as they are not able to join the work force as they are too old to work .
+
+S Therefore , we emphasize that public spending on the elderly is not totally absent but limited .
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||should not be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With globalization , countries are now more integrated .
+
+S Hence , we can achieve economic growth through investments in other countries ; especially highly developed ones such as China and India .
+
+S For example , Singapore has limited resources and land area , thus in order to expand their economy , more overseas investments are needed .
+
+S Also , this increased integration would also mean people are able to travel between countries more easily , bringing about tourism which is a highly profitable and marketable economy sector , therefore the need for public spending on hotels , recreational facilities , and etc .
+A 28 29|||R:MORPH|||economic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 44|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As globalization becomes more widespread , countries are exposed to tougher and higher levels of competition as can be seen by multi national companies moving to low labour cost countries like China .
+
+S Being a country highly dependent on the foreign market and MNCs , Singapore has a need for better skilled workers in the future as competition is bound to reach more advanced levels .
+A 10 11|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order to do so , education plays an important role .
+
+S Hence , there is a need for public spending on it in terms of better training for teachers , better school facilities such as advanced technological equipments and schemes for an all rounded curriculum .
+A 9 11|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , public spending for education does not only have to be for the young .
+
+S The elderly can also be educated on how to take better care of themselves , reducing their dependency on the society and help them ease the aging process .
+
+S People today are less willing to have children , which resulted in low birth rate .
+
+S There is a need for government to spend on " baby boomer " campaigns .
+
+S For instance , Singapore government came up with a Baby Bonus scheme to supports working adults ' decision to have more children by helping to lighten their financial costs of raising children .
+
+S According to the Baby Bonus scheme ( 2009 , August,4 ) , " A cash gift of up to $ 4,000 each for the 1st and 2nd child and $ 6,000 each for the 3rd and 4th child .
+
+S All children born on or after 17 August 2008 will also enjoy government contributions in the form of a dollar-for-dollar matching for the amount of savings contribute to the child 's Children Development Account ( CDA ) " .
+A 26 27|||R:VERB:TENSE|||contributed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Currently , these policies are not working as well as the government 's expectations , seeing that the future generation in an ageing population is essential , public spending would be needed to intensify these campaigns so as to improve its efficiency .
+
+S However , there is of course a need to have a certain amount of spending on the elderly .
+
+S The problems of the elderly these days are issues of abandonment .
+
+S Hence what we can do is to spend on campaigns which emphasize on the social value of the elderly .
+
+S With their experiences and stories , by sharing them with the society , humanity is implemented into people as they learn the hardships of the elderly in the process of bringing them up to the position they are in presently .
+
+S Thus , these elderly campaigns encourage three generation families living together , solving problems of abandonment .
+
+S In addition , working adults are now more willing to procreate with elderly acting as babysitters for them , so that they could concentrate fully on their job , moving in tandem with the " baby boomers " campaign .
+
+S Regarding issues of elderly illnesses and recreation , there are actually adequate facilities for them .
+
+S For example , Singapore has a well connected system of foster homes and hospices providing elderly with a comfortable environment in preparing them for the afterlife .
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 26|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , community activities are well planned with many interesting ones to accommodate their interests .
+
+S However , if any spending were to be done regarding this aspect , it could be spent on promoting the establishment of more non-profit organizations volunteering and holding charity events to help ease the elderly problems .
+
+S In conclusion I would like to reiterate the point that we do admit that the elderly are assets to the society .
+
+S Should any spending be done , it would be to hold campaigns to promote elderly importance so as to reduce abandonment , or promoting an increase in volunteering organizations , and improving foster homes and hospices should the facilities be inadequate .
+
+S Ultimately , we have to be realistic in this global context and focus more of our spending on advancements in factors affecting the more pressing issue of economic stability and inter-country relations .
+
+S Reference :
+
+S MCYS Baby Bonus Branch .
+
+S ( 2009 , August , 4 ) .
+
+S Children Development Co-Savings ( Baby Bonus ) Scheme .
+
+S Retrieve from September , 12 , 2009
+
+S https : //www.babybonus.gov.sg/bbss/html/index.html
+
+S The impact of globalization on our society has been rewarding yet punishing .
+
+S With the availability of birth control methods and equal opportunities given to women in terms of education and in the workplace , the aging population is inevitable .
+
+S In addition , expenditure on a new born baby is extensive .
+
+S However , with the current economic growth , majority of the populations are educated and are able to support themselves throughout their golden years after retirement .
+
+S There is much concern due to the negative impact on the stable economy and society caused by a graying population .
+
+S What is therefore needed is a wise planning for limited yet sufficient public spending on the aged so that money can be diverted to other areas of the country 's development .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||plan|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to the text " Doomsday Predications about Population Aging Are exaggerated " written by Robert B. Friedland and Laura Summer , it mentioned that the population aged 65 to 75 is healthier , wealthier and better educated compared to those in past generations .
+
+S Due to the rapid economic growth , majority of the populations are earning enough for a living and are already having sufficient savings for old age .
+
+S This is commonly supported by substantial insurance policies and personal savings .
+
+S On average , the working population holds 5 to 6 insurance policies which is adequate for health and financial coverage .
+
+S On top of that , the government has implemented mandatory schemes like Central Provident Funds to ensure that all Singaporeans have sufficient amount of money for the later parts of their lives .
+A 27 28|||R:MORPH|||latter|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:NOUN:NUM|||part|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , limitation on spending for the elderly will cause a sense of financial insecurity to the mass public as well as foreigners working in Singapore .
+
+S As Singapore is attracting foreign talent , such policy will affect its reputation due to the financial insecurity for retirement .
+
+S Moreover , Concern regarding personal saving for old age will arise .
+
+S The trepidation will be answered by the cutting on expenditure and discouragement of foreign talent residing here for retirement which decreases the return to the country 's financial system .
+
+S Therefore , it affects and slows down the rapid growth of the economy .
+
+S On the other hand , without a limitation on the public spending for the aged , society will take it for granted that the government is responsible for taking care of the elderly .
+
+S In time to come , the burden will fall back on the working population through less direct and more expensive means ; which is liable for higher taxes .
+
+S Instead , the society will face a wider range of issues related to education , housing and even transportation which creates a negative pressure on the economy of the nation .
+
+S Issue in regards to the graying population requires a balance effort from both the government and its citizens .
+
+S Educating the mass on the essential of financial stability in the far future is one of the solutions for cultivating a habit of saving among the mass .
+
+S Not only that , the majority of the population will understand the importance of saving and built up responsibility for oneself as well as their love ones .
+
+S There should be a substantial boundary in the financial and welfare support for the aging population .
+
+S The transitions and consequences will be easier if we are better prepared .
+
+S Human aging is known to be a continuous , complex and dynamic process where it will start with birth and end with death .
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:SVA|||starts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:SVA|||ends|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Everyone will eventually grow old and experience the effect of the aging process .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||effects|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even though it is a natural process , which every individual know that he or she will have to undergo , many still fear the process of aging and dying .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:SVA|||knows|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To minimize the fear among this increasing group of people , research and development in areas such as medicine and technology and social policies supported by the government have helped to a very large extent to ease the aging process , be it physically , emotionally or socially .
+
+S The development of anti-aging medicine such as anti-aging injections , special mineral waters and other products and services like hormones replacement has helped to slow down the fundamental process of human aging and prolong human life .
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||hormone|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Anti-aging injections such as Botox is one of the anti-aging medicines that many elderly especially the older women are depending on as a solution for youth .
+A 14 14|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||R:VERB:TENSE|||depend|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For most majorities , physical appearances are usually the first sign of aging ; hence , look-conscious individuals turn to Botox when they want to retain their look or to look even better when they aged .
+A 1 3|||R:ADJ:FORM|||the majority|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:NOUN:NUM|||looks|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:VERB:TENSE|||age|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , only when they look physically good , they will feel good emotionally as well .
+A 9 11|||R:WO|||will they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Naturally , when they feel good , their self-esteem and level of confidence will gradually increase .
+
+S Therefore , this will lessen the feeling within them that aging is a helpless yet painful process .
+
+S However , not all people can afford this substantial amount of money to invest in such anti-aging medicines as it is more often than not , expensive .
+
+S Therefore , they might turn to counterfeit product that may even cause more harm to their body .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||products|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||R:WO|||cause even|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will not pose as a threat as it can be overcome with strict regulation by the authorities on anti-aging medicines .
+A 4 5|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides the complexity amount of anti-aging medicine available in the market , the advanced technology has also helped to ease a generation into old age despite the fact that some elderly might not be able to accept these complex technologies .
+A 2 3|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 31|||M:NOUN|||people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From simple gadgets to complex computer system , marketers are developing almost everything to ensure that elderly do not face any difficulties in the transiting process .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||systems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:MORPH|||transitioning|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , some luxury car company such as Lincoln offers night vision that projects an infrared image of the road within the car .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||companies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:MORPH|||offer|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With such invention , failing eyesight will not be the reason to stop them from driving ; therefore , they will not feel emotionally affected by inability to drive .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||old people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Elderly often perceive that old age is a barrier for them to continue doing things that they like because there is a big difference in them , physically .
+A 26 27|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , this is not always true because technology can overcome some obstacles that they faced during the aging process .
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||face|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instances , at the Institute of Technology 's AgeLab in Massachusetts , they invented shoes with battery-powered vibrating soles that will stimulate nerve to improve balance for the elderly .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||instance|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN:NUM|||nerves|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As there are many other complications if an elderly were to fall down , such invention helps to prevent elderly from falling down .
+A 9 9|||M:NOUN|||person|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||inventions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:MORPH|||help|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Apart from depending on the invention of new anti-aging medicines and the development of new technologies , social policies catering to the welfare of the elderly are equally important in helping to ease the aging process .
+
+S According to Stansfeld ( 1998 ) , loneliness , lack of social support and isolation are identifies as major risk factors that combined increase the risk of stressful life events in old age .
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:FORM|||identified|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:ADV|||when|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:VERB:TENSE|||can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , policymakers need to implement new policies to ensure that elderly enjoy a happy yet productive life even when they age .
+A 12 12|||M:NOUN|||people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is to minimize the emotional and social implications that old age will bring about .
+
+S Indeed , current research and development in areas like medicine and technology and the implementation of new social policies have helped to lessen the discomfort that the aging process will cause among the elderly to only a large extent .
+A 35 36|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , it definitely can not ease the aging process for the elderly totally as this process is still a natural process .
+
+S This can only be achieved when the elderly do not perceive themselves as suffering from old age .
+
+S Moreover , they need to adopt an attitude that refuses to succumb to the traditional stereotypes of them as the process of aging is controlled by one 's belief thinking and system .
+A 28 29|||R:OTHER|||beliefs ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In additional , individual 's effort like getting sufficient sleep and nutrition have to be put in to slow down the aging process physically and mentally .
+A 1 2|||R:MORPH|||addition|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||U:NOUN:POSS||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||made|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the actual age does not inhibit one 's ability to living life to the fullest .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the right mind and attitude , one can easily and comfortably overcome the aging process especially with the aid of the latest medicine and technology available in the market as they played an important role in helping to ease the aging process .
+A 32 33|||R:VERB:TENSE|||play|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Bibliography 1 .
+
+S Gadgets help baby boomers navigate old age , http : //www.icta.ufl.edu/press/Gadgets % 20help % 20baby % 20boomers % 20navigate % 2 0old % 20age.pdf [ 10 Sept 2009 ]
+
+S 2 .
+
+S Cometic Surgery Today , http : //cosmeticsurgerytoday.wordpress.com [ 10 Sept 2009 ]
+
+S 3 .
+
+S Baby boomers can ease the aging process effectively with attitude , http : //ezinearticles.com/ ? id = 857392 [ 10 Sept 2009 ]
+
+S 4 .
+
+S The psychology of aging , http : //www.caregiver.on.ca/nwnw01.html [ 10 Sept 2009 ]
+
+S Remember the old adage , " Take The Bull By The Horns " ?
+A 12 14|||R:WO|||? "|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This saying used in the ageing process implies that we must do everything in our power to look into the difficulties faced as we aged and grapple it .
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:MORPH|||age|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 28|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This has been a vital issue globally because slowing down and easing the aging process can extend our life expectancy and live life at a more comfortable level .
+A 17 18|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 28|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To deal with such challenges , research and development as well as implementation of policies have come into the picture .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Over the years , research and development in all fields of study has been constantly changing and improving the life of older people .
+
+S Architectural aspect is one of the fields in research and development that plays an essential part for the aged .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||Architecture|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In additional , social policies have also played a major part in solving the ageing process .
+A 1 2|||R:MORPH|||addition|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S National policy implemented which provides special attention to the elderly has been ameliorating over time for the beneficial of the older people .
+A 2 3|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB|||pays|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||benefit|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To start off , the definition of " ageing process " is required .
+
+S Ageing process ( Wikipedia ) refers to the multidimensional process of physical , psychological and social change .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The ageing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the process of ageing could eventually , pose problems especially in physical aspect such as arthritis , rheumatism , and various types of impairment .
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||aspects|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Implementation of both , research and development and policies could help to solve these issues , but it does not alleviate it entirely .
+A 21 22|||R:PRON|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the policy changes and the need for technologies increases , the elderly becomes increasingly reliant .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||technology|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 16|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , Central Providence Fund is a policy which helps people in saving for their retirement .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||to save|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , the elderly , who depends on the fund , would have the mindset of not saving up for emergency or the thought of having longer working period .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:SVA|||depend|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:NOUN:NUM|||periods|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , those elderly who have subsequently used up their funds will then seek for financial help .
+A 14 15|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , the policies or welfare schemes are only provided when necessary for cases which require specific attention .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this case , not all elderly will be eased of their ageing process .
+A 7 7|||M:NOUN|||people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 14|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , if the technologies which are inaugurated in the buildings become faulty , some of the elderly who are used to the devices will not leave their comfort zone .
+
+S This in turn , creates a less active lifestyle for them such as exercising and interacting with their neighbors , friends or family .
+A 5 24|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even though research and development or policies in architecture aspects can cause unconstructive impacts , it still has its positive impacts in aiding the ageing process .
+A 8 10|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||an unconstructive impact|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||impact|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In countries like Japan , United States and Singapore , research and development has come up with technologies for the welfare of the aged .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In Singapore , some buildings such as the Buddha Tooth Relic Temple have installed the stair-climb device on the rail of the staircase to help the elderly to move from one storey to another easily .
+
+S Hence , there are other various devices developed that have helped to relieve the accessibility of the aged as they move from one place to another in the building .
+A 5 6|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On top of that , Singapore has also implemented policy for buildings such as the Barrier Free Accessibility Upgrading Program ( BCA , 2002 ) .
+
+S In this program , the government has set aside $ 40 million into the Accessibility fund so as to encourage owners of the buildings to provide accessibility features in the existing or new buildings .
+A 22 23|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( BCA , 2002 ) Therefore , by having accessibility features like ramps and accessible toilets help to minimize the problems faced by the aged .
+A 7 8|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:SVA|||helps|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Likewise , National policy has also help to improve the lives of the elderly .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:FORM|||helped|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government has considered the various aspects of policy such as employment , financial security , health and recreational needs , social services and institutional care , and family relations .
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As reported , " most of the elderly are in favor of rising the retirement age due to financial security " .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB|||raising|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Ministry of Social Affairs , 1983 ) As they grow older , the need for adequate income is essential to sustain in the high cost of living in Singapore .
+A 22 23|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , in order to ease this issue faced by the aged , the government raises the retirement age beyond 62 and introduces various schemes .
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has raised|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:TENSE|||introduced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To enumerate , schemes like the ADVANTAGE !
+
+S Scheme ( WDA , 2007 ) and SME Manpower Scheme aims to encourage and allow the employers to employ older workers .
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Other than the employment policies , the government has also implemented policy to aid in health care of the elderly .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The health care policy provides supports such as financial assistance , manpower assistance and allocation of premises to the non-governmental organizations which is also known as , the Voluntary Welfare organization ( VWO ) .
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The services provided by the VWOs are day care centres , hospice , nursing homes and many more .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||hospices|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Henceforth , the policies have given consideration on the matter related to the aged group .
+A 4 16|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Generally speaking , issues related to ageing are inevitable but solvable .
+
+S Solutions , for instance , decision making to the policies and development of technologies through researches can definitely influence the aged .
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Certainly , there are boons and cons of the latter situation .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN|||pros|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nevertheless , the boons have offset the cons as shown previously .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN|||pros|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is encouraged that more policies have to be considered and technologies to be developed over time in order to improve the life of the elderly .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||IIt is recommended|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 8|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:VERB:FORM||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Other than that , the elderly must also play their part by creating more awareness to the society and participating actively in the policies or devices produce for them .
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:VERB:FORM|||produced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Bibliography Content * Building and Construction Authority , Code on Barrier-Free Accessibility in Buildings , retrieved in 2009 from website : { http : //www.bca.gov.sg/BarrierFree/others/BCA.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.bca.gov.sg/BarrierFree/others/BCA.pdf ]
+
+S * Ageing , retrieved in 2009 from website : http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ageing_process
+
+S * Workforce Development Agency , ADVANTAGE !
+
+S SCHEME , retrieved in 2009 from website : { http : //www.ntuc.org.sg/advantage/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.ntuc.org.sg/advantage/ ]
+
+S * National Council of Social Service , Funding for VWOs , retrieved in 2009 from website : { http : //www.ncss.org.sg/vwocorner/funding.asp } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.ncss.org.sg/vwocorner/funding.asp ]
+
+S * Fact sheet on SME Manpower Scheme , retrieved in 2009 from website : { http : //www.mom.gov.sg/publish/momportal/en/communities/workplace_standards/good_employment_practices/publications/interim_report_of.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.mom.gov.sg/publish/momportal/en/communities/workplace_standards/good_employment_practices/publications/interim_report_of.html ]
+
+S I agree to a certain extent that current public spending on the aged should be limited so that this excess money could be used in other areas of the country 's development .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||It can be argued|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 21|||R:OTHER|||the money saved|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The problem of an aging population has been a rising issue for most of the developed countries .
+A 6 10|||R:OTHER|||is an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , in Singapore , the number of people over the age of 65 will hit a high 19 % by year 2030 .
+
+S ( Angelique , C. Asian MetaCentre .
+
+S Electronic Reference.Retrived on September 16,2009 , from { http : //www.populationasia.org } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.populationasia.org ] ) .
+
+S Judging from the statistics , it shows that the elderly will form a relatively big portion of the country 's population structure in the near future .
+A 5 8|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This implies that the impacts of the aging society will increase with time .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||impact|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , it is important for these countries to tackle the situation before it reaches its peak .
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But nonetheless , countries that are already dealing with the problem of aging population had identified the limitations of the policies that are implemented .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , in the context of Singapore , we have been holding pro-natalism campaigns since the 1980s , but there is still an insignificant rise in our replacement rate .
+
+S This indicates that perhaps the emphasis towards the investment of the country 's revenue should be diverted to other area such as economy investments and improving the education system to further boost the rate of advancement of a country .
+A 22 23|||R:MORPH|||economic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , public spending on the elderly should be limited and not be reduced .
+
+S But in additional , a pool of reserve funds should be available to cope with the rising aging population as well .
+A 0 1|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||additionl|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||rise in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is because the problem of an aging population affects the rate of development of a country on a long run .
+A 17 19|||R:OTHER|||in the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And if this problem persists , it will gradually become a roadblock for the future advancement of a society .
+A 17 18|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As such , the country should still pay attention to the proper handling of the issue .
+
+S The approaches that countries usually adopt to solve the aging issue include the prolonging of working lives of the elderly and the provision of an array of welfare pension schemes for them .
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The idea of extending their retirement age is beneficial to both the elderly and the company itself .
+
+S But the controversy of the elderly abilities to generate more wealth in comparison to the remunerative younger working adults had deterred many private companies .
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||ability of the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In consequence , the government have to provide funding for these companies to encourage them to retain their elderly workers .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||As a result|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But this move is viable as the vast knowledge and experiences that these elderly had gained over the years of working in the company serves as excellent mentors for the younger generations .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||experience|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:NOUN|||workers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 32|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will in turn generate more economical benefits for the companies .
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides it also allows the accumulation of more wealth for the elderly to be more self-sufficient after they retire .
+
+S This two tier solution would definitely help in the progress of a country .
+A 7 8|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , the introduction of health related welfare schemes for the aged is also one of the main solutions .
+
+S It provides a sense of financial security for the elderly as high medical cost would be highly subsidised .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||costs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This would lengthen the ability of the elderly to be self-sufficient throughout their golden years .
+
+S As a result , it helps to reduce the reliance on the public welfare schemes , allowing a more generative used of the funds in other aspects of the country .
+A 19 21|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But on the other hand , there are also other important areas that that public spending could be used upon to facilitate the country 's development .
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , investing in the lucrative tourism industry would generate a lot more wealth for the country .
+
+S This will allow additional financial inputs for the country to tap upon to provide greater welfare benefits for its citizens .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN|||iinput|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , focus could also be placed upon the education for the younger generation .
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Equipping the students with the essential technical skills would require a considerable amount of funds .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , considering the future financial inputs that these well-equipped workforces would generate , it would prove that it is a worthwhile investment for the country .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||input|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:VERB:TENSE|||proves|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Finally , all in all a country should deal closely with the issues of an aging population .
+A 5 5|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is because it is a problem that is here to stay .
+
+S Being flexible to the limitations of funds and not rigidly capping the maximum spending , will allow more room for greater variations of solutions to be carried out .
+A 2 3|||R:PREP|||about|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||budget for the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||R:OTHER|||a greater variety|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And in addition , there is not a need to neglect the developments of other areas of investments as the dual approach of slowing down the process of aging population and the improvements in other areas of the society will bring about a quantum leap to the country 's development .
+A 0 1|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||In|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||no|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:ADJ|||such|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 32|||R:OTHER|||. Lastly ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 38|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 45 46|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Aging does not mean that the population 's age is reaching a certain big number .
+
+S It means when people get older , they are less healthy and their working capacity decreases .
+
+S Since aging process has given the country 's economy much burden on developing , which comes from elders ' limit of working age , medical science has made some anti-aging researches on increasing people 's strength and reducing old age 's coming due to the hope of increasing people 's working capacity .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 13|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 53|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The scientists invent methods , compound medicine and also introduce a nature solution for aging process .
+A 0 1|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have invented|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:FORM|||compounded|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:FORM|||introduced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Medical scientists create many treatments which are able to prolonging humans ' longevity .
+A 3 4|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:FORM|||prolong|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||R:NOUN:POSS|||human|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Those treatments help delay organ malfunction by keeping them younger .
+
+S For example , stem cells recently have been an effective way to make humans ' dream come true .
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||R:NOUN:POSS|||human|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In medical science , there has been a promising break-through research in finding the application of stem cells in anti-aging issue .
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Stem cells , coming from the umbilical cord of a mammal , can successfully regenerate tissues destroyed by diseases such as old age detrimental ones .
+A 23 25|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Its options are limitless as to regenerate skin , muscle tissue , lost eye etc and also to help delay organ breakdown , if successful .
+A 4 7|||R:OTHER|||for regenerating|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||eyes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 25|||R:OTHER|||. If successful , they also help organ breakdown|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nowadays , with medical treatments , people can be " young " for a longer time bringing about better health when they reach their old age .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||treatment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S People usually want to work to earn money as long as possible .
+
+S That 's why when they are able to live in their physical condition of 30-year-old even if they are over 70 , they will work longer and will be able to accumulate more wealth which they could use to support themselves in their old age .
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||30-years-old|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , medical science has also come up with many types of anti-aging compact things called anti-aging drugs such as Deprenyl , one of the best anti-aging drugs currently available .
+A 12 16|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S People will look younger and surprisingly , not just women but also men are now using the drugs .
+
+S Anyway , not all the drugs are good and cheap though so finding a suitable drug is a tough task to do .
+A 10 11|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , the nutrition industry has also jumped in this battle against aging problem with milk and other products like quintessence that can help the aged from the depression of bone strength and the cells of the heart from damage like that benefit of milk thistle and many more .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:ORTH|||Quintessence|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 49|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As people , especially the youth , feel healthier , they will work harder and earn more money for their future life .
+
+S It would not only help the government to reduce the amount of money they have to spend on the welfare program for the elderly , but also provide the elder a chance to have a rich old-life .
+A 29 30|||R:OTHER|||elderly with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If people have to work for themselves , they will try their best to earn as much as possible .
+
+S Therefore , they may get even more money for their own than receiving from the government 's welfare .
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:ADV|||rather|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:NOUN|||money|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:NOUN:POSS||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , taking too many anti-aging medical products like medicine in general is not as good as supporting yourself with a suitable and healthy diet .
+
+S Those natural solutions to anti aging process include fruits and vegetables .
+A 0 1|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||Natural|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Fruits like apples , strawberries , etc contain ellagic acid that has the capacity to hinder the growth of tumors within the body and those such as cantaloupe , peaches , etc contain lycopene guarding body 's cells and organs like heart , bladder from damage caused by free radicals .
+A 34 35|||R:OTHER|||gthat guard|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 35|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 41|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 43|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Vegetables would also demonstrate the same benefits in antioxidant capabilities , for example , Genistein in soybeans works as cancer genes ' enzymes ' inhibitor .
+A 20 22|||R:OTHER|||gene|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 24|||R:OTHER|||enzyme|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , people who usually do gymnastic will live longer and healthier than those do not .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||gymnastics|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some may argue that fruit and gymnastic do not play any part in easing the aging process .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||gymnastics|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In facts , by doing physical exercise , their immunity increases , make them immunize with lots of bacteria and viruses .
+A 1 3|||R:OTHER|||fact|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:FORM|||making|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:FORM|||immunized|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||against|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A healthy diet along with gymnastic will prevent some disease to germ .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||gymnastics|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 12|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To countries with old population , medical science needs to be considered , and invested more in so that we will have more and better ways of easing the aging process .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||populations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the achievements of medical science , treatments , medicine and dietary habits , humans get not only happiness and health but also a better longer life .
+
+S Furthermore , medical science is one of the effective solutions for aging process , which help ease the economic burden for the country by reducing the money for elder 's welfare , diverting it to other areas of the country 's development .
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:SVA|||helps|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:OTHER|||old people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The aging population in Singapore has been growing .
+
+S The percentage of residents aged 65 and above has increased from 6.8 % in 1998 to 8.7 % in 2008 ( Population in brief , 2009 ) .
+
+S This is expected to reach 20 % in 2030 ( Statement by Ms. Audrey Seah , 2007 ) .
+A 10 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , measures for aiding the increasing aging population in terms of healthcare subsidies and daily expenditures are to be proactively prepared .
+A 17 19|||R:VERB|||should|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some strategies can be introduced to deal with the aging population .
+
+S Firstly , greater productivity should be encouraged with the younger generation to be cost-efficient and productive .
+A 11 13|||R:VERB:FORM|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , filial obligation should be stressed among the younger generation .
+
+S Lastly , people could be encouraged to have proactive savings when they are secured with a job to save up for the rainy days ( Peter G. Peterson , 2001 ) .
+A 12 15|||R:OTHER|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 24|||R:OTHER|||a rainy day|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the aging population is not an insurmountable problem , funds could be sub-divided for the expenditure in other sectors such as education , tourism and Research and Development ( R&D ) .
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , education is one of the most important aspects in Singapore as it secures the future of the younger generation .
+A 4 8|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Singapore has institutions with outstanding records of interactive learning and a bilingual education system .
+
+S At tertiary level , locally leading universities are such as the National University of Singapore ( NUS ) , and the Nanyang Technological University ( NTU ) .
+A 4 27|||R:OTHER|||the National University of Singapore ( NUS ) , and the Nanyang Technological University ( NTU ) are leading local universities|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Funds are constantly pumped into the education system for the financing of students and also for constant improvements of the education system .
+A 18 19|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , the Tuition Grant Scheme is provided for the subsiding of high school fees .
+A 11 12|||R:MORPH|||subsidising|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , by investing in the education sector , the future of the younger generation will be secured .
+
+S In turn , they would be able to support the aged thus reducing the dependency of the aged on the government .
+
+S Secondly , the tourism sector is a revenue generator for Singapore through the various tourist attractions such as Sentosa and the upcoming Integrated Resorts .
+
+S Hence , funds have to be constantly injected for new tourist attractions and contingency plans in the case of an economy crisis .
+A 20 21|||R:MORPH|||economic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , in February 2009 , the Singapore Tourism Board announced that an incentive of $ 90 million has been provided for the BOOST ( Building On Opportunities to Strengthen Tourism ) which is targeted at aiding the tourism sector in times of challenges ( Singapore Tourism Board , 2009 ) .
+A 41 42|||R:PREP|||during|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 45|||R:OTHER|||challenging times|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , funds are essential to ensure that the tourism sector is filled with vibrant attractions and is prepared for any crisis .
+
+S This ensures a constant flow of revenue for the economic stability of Singapore .
+
+S Lastly , R&D is extensively utilized with various purposes such as major institution projects , innovation and creativity in new developments and for environmental concerns .
+A 6 11|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , R&D is supported with the National Research Foundation which focuses into areas such as the Environmental and Water Technologies and the Interactive and Digital Media .
+A 6 7|||R:PREP|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A total of $ 1.55 billion is invested in these areas ( Singapore Budget , 2009 ) .
+
+S In addition , R&D discovered the NEWater and ensured the consistent high quality for the past few years ( Channel News Asia , 2009 ) .
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although , the R&D sector is important , the aging population must not be neglected as a portion of the old may still remain vulnerable .
+
+S Due to globalization , the aged has become richer and of better health .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , a portion of the population could still need financial help such as those of lower incomes .
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , financial benefits should be provided to those that are in need of help .
+
+S In contrast , schemes such as the Central Provident Fund and the Medisave schemes do cover a large proportion of expenses .
+
+S Hence , funds spent on the aged should be limited in order to accommodate for the high expenses in the three sectors that contribute a large proportion of revenue to the economy .
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||any|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , R&D brings about innovation and inventions , hence bringing various business opportunities and revenue to Singapore .
+
+S On the whole , the aging population is not insurmountable problem .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , public spending on the aged should be limited in order for funds to be sub-divided among the education , tourism and the R&D sectors which are the main sources of revenue .
+A 23 24|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In turn , with more revenue being generated , more benefits and financial aids could be provided to the aged which benefits the country as a whole .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||aid|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Aging population is a global issue nowadays , especially in the developed countries .
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will soon affect the Asian countries with more serious impacts .
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 11|||R:OTHER|||serious repercussions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to Jackson and Howe 's major findings , today , 8 of 16 nations of Western Europe have a median age of 40 or higher ( The Graying of The Great Powers , May 2008 , CSIS ) .
+
+S By 2050 , 6 will have a median age of 50 or higher , so will Japan , the East Asian Tigers , and 17 of the 24 nations in Eastern Europe and the Russian sphere .
+
+S Due to the increasing aging population size , public spending on the aged has been rising .
+A 3 7|||R:OTHER|||size of the increasing aging population|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , this has exerted more pressure on the society , which could lead to problems such as low social security , economic depression and inadequate education .
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , it is essential to limit the public spending on the elderly , so more money can be diverted to other areas of the country 's development .
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The most essential thing to do is to set spending limits on healthcare .
+A 0 7|||R:OTHER|||It is essential|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As healthcare services gradually increase , the public spending on the aged would also increase .
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 15|||R:OTHER|||also increases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In 2000-2001 , seniors accounted for 43 percent of total health care spending but represented only 12.5 percent of the population .
+
+S In 2026-2027 , seniors will represent 22 percent of the population and will be responsible for close to 60 percent of total health care spending ( as cited in Population Aging , Health Care Spending and Sustainability : Do we really have a crisis ? ) .
+A 26 46|||R:OTHER|||Population Aging,2009|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S An aging population has placed the federal budget on an " imprudent and unsustainable path " and that " passage of time only serves to worsen this situation , " Congress Daily reports .
+A 28 33|||R:OTHER|||( Congress Daily , 2009 ) . "|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To maintain the healthcare system for the elderly , a significant amount of money will have to be spent on , which leads to serious consequences on the society .
+A 20 20|||M:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 24|||R:OTHER|||may have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the government should adjust the spending on healthcare to an appropriate level .
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Setting limits on the spending on the aged would raise indignation among the elderly , especially people without a savings , poor single women , and the illiterate .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:PREP|||among|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some may say it is inhumane when limiting the spending on the aged .
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||to limit|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , policy makers should always look at the interest of the whole country rather than just focusing on particular one area .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||interests|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:WO|||one particular|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Additionally , the government can conduct specific tests such as the means- test for those who really require financial support .
+
+S In conclusion , it is applicable to make the spending on the aged limited .
+A 3 14|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The reduced spending on the aged can then be invested in other areas for instance education .
+A 0 1|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 1|||M:OTHER|||Money saved from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When the education is enhanced , graduates would have a higher chance of getting a job and hence contributing to the economic development of the country .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , together with the development of economy , the young adults would be capable to support their parents .
+A 16 18|||R:OTHER|||of supporting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , they could enjoy a high living standard and security in life .
+A 5 9|||R:OTHER|||high living standards|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Generally , the government would have enough budgets to empower the stable development of the country , and to maintain the welfare and pension system at an acceptable level .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||budget|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To illustrate these are only some out of many benefits which public can be achieved from the reduced of the aged spending .
+A 2 2|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 22|||R:OTHER|||reducing spending on the aged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To conclude , it is vital for the government to limit the spending on the aged to a reasonable level , and which money can be invested in different aspects of the country 's development .
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||R:OTHER|||so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the short run , the country may face difficulties , but in the long run it will be beneficial to the society .
+A 21 22|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For the past decades , lifespan of human beings has been rising rapidly .
+A 0 1|||R:PREP|||During|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Several advanced research and developments in every aspect of life make the word " old " be completely re-defined .
+A 0 1|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:ADJ|||Advanceddvanced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 19|||R:OTHER|||have completely re-defined the word old.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S New discoveries in medicine , technological inventions and also economics have been helping to slow down the aging process .
+
+S Aging process refers to changes of biological , physical and social conditions of an individual as time goes by .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The aging|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||the biologicall|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S People used to think that it was naturally driven and that there was no way to impinge on it .
+A 16 17|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , it is proved eventually that what we used to think is not necessarily right .
+A 3 6|||R:OTHER|||has eventually been proven|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Medicine nowadays gives us strong belief that aging process is something we can alter .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Medically speaking , we can expect longevity if our body is able to continuously re-generate living cells .
+
+S Results of many research have revealed that there are certain components which help to maintain a healthy cell like antioxidants , enzymes , hormones or " no cellular waste " ( Dr. Grey , " Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence " , 2005 ) ... .
+A 2 3|||R:ADJ|||different|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 46|||R:OTHER|||2005 ) . "|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Together with cell collapse , diseases like heart disease or cancer , at the same time , speed up the process .
+A 12 17|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Luckily , modern medicine can provide us with procedures to cure our serious diseases and to prevent aging .
+A 6 8|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , doctors nowadays can be able to build a complete plan to slow down the aging process ; such plan includes individualized nutritional , hormonal , dietary and exercise program .
+A 6 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After six months joining the program , biological age of a man can decrease by 20 years .
+A 3 3|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With currently available anti-aging strategies , people can confidently look forward to a longer lifetime .
+
+S Besides , there are also some drugs which can be used as an anti-aging treatment like the Estrogen hormone ( for women ) .
+
+S In other words , medicine can be used effectively to ease the aging process .
+
+S Development in technological inventions has been having a lot impacts on detecting and curing aging diseases .
+A 0 1|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Developments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 10|||R:OTHER|||an impact|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Human beings have increased understanding of biological system of their own body much more than ever .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 17|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some modern technologies such as Advanced Cell Technology can give us a close look at how and why the aging process happens .
+
+S Once knowing the reasons , researchers can come up with ideas of how to slow down or even reverse the aging .
+A 1 4|||R:OTHER|||the reasons are known|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , there are many other types of equipments which help in the treatment of anti-aging .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||equipment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:SVA|||helps|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , nutritional diets are usually calculated by computer programs so that they are more accurate and practical .
+
+S Modern machines help us with more effective exercises and warning whenever necessary .
+
+S As a result , treatments for the aging process are now well assisted .
+
+S Although almost everyone agrees that economics is the vital component in the world 's life , not many people realize that it also play an important part in easing the aging process .
+A 7 8|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:SVA|||plays|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The effects caused by global economy indirectly control the speed of aging .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In developed countries with strong economies , health issues and other social services are sure to be cared much more than in undeveloped ones .
+A 20 20|||M:PREP|||about|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With a simple comparison between Western societies with those from Africa , we can see significant difference in life expectancy and actual lifespan .
+A 12 23|||R:OTHER|||significant differences in life expectancy and actual lifespan can be seen.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S While Western people tend to live long happy lives with small number of serious diseases , people from African countries usually have much shorter life expectancy .
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , economic problems may cause very bad impacts on the efforts of slowing down aging process .
+A 5 9|||R:OTHER|||have a very bad impact|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||to slow|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the economy goes up , there are more concerns to be taken care of and people get busier .
+
+S This will reflect in their bad habits like over-working and also harm their mental health , which will shorten their lifespan .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||be reflected|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After several researches , it is not surprising to know the fact that , usually , the richest man is not the happiest man .
+A 1 3|||R:OTHER|||much research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But again , these are individual 's lifestyle so a person should be able to change it easily by himself putting some understanding and efforts .
+A 6 7|||U:NOUN:POSS||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||lifestyles|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 25|||R:OTHER|||into it and by making an effort|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , economics , in some ways , is providing a useful helping hand to ease the aging process .
+
+S In conclusion , aging is nowadays a global issue .
+
+S Human beings , with their intelligence , can find out ways to ease the aging process .
+A 9 10|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The only problem left is that with a longer life , what will a person do to contribute back to the society and next generations ?
+A 17 18|||R:VERB|||give|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Aging population and longer life expectancy will inevitably lead to rapidly increasing elder residents .
+A 12 13|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Housing , which is one the basic needs of elderly people , is significant because elderly need a safe , pleasing and interactive environment for their old age .
+A 5 5|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Current housing developments and policies have provided better choice to enhance the quality of life of older people .
+
+S Government agencies have strived to promote an elderly-friendly physical environment .
+
+S Policymakers have implemented various strategies to ensure older people own a home while enjoy sufficient retirement income for old age dependency .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:FORM|||enjoying|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some housing schemes are also introduced to facilitate mutual care and support for elderly .
+
+S In most developed countries , governments have enforced various measures to make the physical environment more elderly-friendly .
+
+S As people grow old , their competence will decay .
+
+S Elderly will face more specific needs such as the needs for social and healthcare supports .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||support|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , a residential environment that specially planned to meet their physical , social and recreational requirements is a must ( { Novak } [ HYPERLINK : http : //libencore.nus.edu.sg/iii/encore/search/C % 7CSNovak % 2C + Mark. % 7COrightresult ? lang = eng&suite = def ] , 2009 ) .
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 49|||R:OTHER|||( Libencore,2009 )|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nowadays , various kinds of retirement housings are being developed in many countries like United States , Japan and Singapore .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||housing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 17|||R:OTHER|||the United States|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These housing villages provide a diversity of elderly-friendly facilities and services , which encourage older people to maintain a dynamic and independent lifestyle .
+
+S In Australia , the Granny Flats , which are integrated with elder-friendly fixtures and fittings , are developed to facilitate independent living of elderly .
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , housing developers nowadays are focusing on creating a barrier free housing estate in order to enhance the adaptability of elderly .
+A 19 23|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A barrier free environment allows elderly to have a safe and easy access to the social facilities and amenities within their neighborhood .
+A 6 6|||M:NOUN|||people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , Singapore government has committed lots of funds to improve the mobility of elderly by retrofiting lifts to stop on every floor in public housing .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:FORM|||improving|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:NOUN|||people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is true that these developments incur significant costs and more public spending has to be poured in to establish such developments .
+
+S However , a safety and accessibility environment for elderly is vital .
+A 3 6|||R:OTHER|||safe and accessible|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:NOUN|||people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It can lead to a healthy , increased well-being and inclusive aging society .
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 14|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , we can anticipate more elderly-friendly features will be set up in our neighborhood in future .
+A 2 5|||R:OTHER|||it can be anticipated that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Housing policies and schemes play a critical role in easing the aging process .
+
+S Most countries have provided various housing schemes to ensure adequate supply of affordable accommodation for aging population .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Under these schemes , housing developers are subsidized with lower land costs to build up retirement housings , while needy elderly are given priority to access to public housing .
+A 14 15|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||housing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It may be objected that there are a number of elderly people are " asset-rich , cash-poor " .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB|||argued|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They own a house but do not have sufficient fund to meet their basic needs in old age ( Ministry , 2006 ) .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||funds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nevertheless , there are policies that allow elderly to monetize their housing assets .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These people are encouraged to sublet their house or to downsize to a more affordable one .
+
+S In Singapore , the Lease Buyback Scheme helps the elderly in smaller flats to monetize flat value whilst continue to stay in the same flat .
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:FORM|||continuing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , we can notice that the housing needs as well as the financial needs of elderly have been effectively tackled by various public policies .
+A 2 5|||R:OTHER|||it can be noticed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Finally , a harmonious and caring elderly society has been promoted through housing schemes as well .
+
+S On the one hand , policymakers have carried out a range of policies to encourage younger children to take care of their elderly parents by staying with them .
+
+S In Hong Kong , the Harmonious Families Priority Scheme allows families to live in one flat or two nearby flats when they apply for public housing .
+
+S On the other hand , senior activity centres are also developed in housing estate to encourage elderly remain integrated in society .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||estates|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These centres provide social and recreational activities , as well as community-based care and support services for elderly residents .
+
+S Indeed , these strategies have effectively enabled elderly people to lead a fruitful andmeaningful social life .
+A 13 14|||R:ORTH|||and meaningful|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Clearly , the quality of life of elderly people has been more contented and enjoyable through various housing developments , policies and improvement programmes .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB|||become|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These efforts have successfully eased the issues in aging population .
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||of an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We can look forward to a blending of housing schemes and developments in future that help the older people to live as independent as possible .
+A 0 6|||U:OTHER|||A|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:MORPH|||independently|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:OTHER|||can be looked forward to in the future|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Today , many governments around the world are particularly concerned with problems brought about by a fast ageing population .
+
+S One cause for this is attributed to the era of baby boomers , who are now mostly in their late fifties or early sixties .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||related|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:WO|||mostly now|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In Singapore , this constitutes to 31 % of Singapore 's population and approximately half the workforce .
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Being born from 1946 to 1964 , they are fast approaching the national retirement age of 63 .
+A 0 1|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In other words , in 10 years time , half of the current employed citizens at work would have retired .
+A 7 7|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 15|||R:OTHER|||citizens who are currently employed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:VERB:TENSE|||been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Such manpower shortages are examples of how an ageing population would have a detrimental effect on the economy .
+
+S Among some other issues that the elderly face are those of deteriorating physical condition and old-age sickness , which might cause a strain on the local healthcare system , and financial needs , which will threaten to drain the government 's coffers .
+A 28 29|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 33|||R:OTHER|||system of the country .|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 43|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In anticipation of this , governments have set in place policies as well as encouraged initiatives to ease the ageing process for both the individual and society .
+A 14 15|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the context of Singapore , some of these include mandatory personal retirement funds , development of the health sector to better manage an ageing population as well as encouraging longer working lives .
+A 26 26|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Despite some of the limitations of these policies , they have certainly eased the ageing process in Singapore .
+
+S One such policy in Singapore is the Central Provident Fund ( CPF ) .
+
+S Set up by the government in 1955 , it serves as a retirement fund for all Singaporean citizens .
+
+S CPF is a mandatory savings plan for an individual , where a portion of their income is set aside in this fund , and will be made available to them once they have retired .
+A 0 0|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||workers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:VERB:TENSE|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This policy provides for financial security for the elderly as they are financially dependent , and need not rely on public initiatives or their children for money in their golden years .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With this policy , the government is then able to redirect these resources to more vital sectors .
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Critics of this position point out their concerns over the misuse of the funds once it is made available .
+A 17 17|||M:VERB:TENSE|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Being unsure of their future financial requirements , the elderly might be unable to plan for their expenditure , and might drain their finances too quickly .
+
+S However , a recent introduction by the Singaporean government has eliminated this problem .
+
+S Participants of this new , compulsory scheme , named Lifelong Income for The Elderly ( LIFE ) will receive lifelong monthly payouts from their CPF accounts .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:PUNCT|||"|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:PUNCT|||"|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Instead of being granted with a lump sum of money upon retirement , this ensures that the elderly do not exhaust their retirement funds too quickly , easing reliance on public funds .
+A 27 27|||M:ADV|||thereby|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another policy introduced by the Singaporean government is to encourage citizens to work longer .
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This may be introduced by implementing tax rebates or financial incentives for companies that are proactive in the employment of older workers .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB|||implemented|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB|||giving|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:DET|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There is also evidence that the government is encouraging this , from the proposed increase in retirement age from 63 to 65 years of age by 2012 .
+A 4 4|||M:VERB|||to show|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||; such as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 25|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A longer working life would alleviate the manpower shortage in the next decade , when a majority of these baby boomers are set to retire .
+A 18 19|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S At the same time , with more social interaction at work , the elderly will not feel as lonely .
+A 17 18|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This allows the elderly know that they are still being appreciated , and on top of that , it is beneficial for them , where a study ( Robert , 2007 ) have shown that elderly who feel less lonely have a lower risk of getting Alzheimer 's disease .
+A 4 4|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 26|||R:OTHER|||. A|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 35|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It may be objected that this policy would bring about a more inefficient workforce , with more of the elderly in the workforce .
+A 0 24|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This might redirect potential foreign investments that were initially attracted by the efficiency of Singapore 's workforce .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB|||reduce|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 17|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , implementation of this policy correctly will help to solve this problem .
+A 2 7|||R:OTHER|||the correct implementation of this policy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Acknowledging that the elderly are slightly slower than their younger counterparts , companies can arrange for more suitable jobs for them .
+A 0 1|||M:PREP|||By acknowledging|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Such examples include jobs that involve mentoring as well as counseling .
+
+S Equipped with their valuable experience , the elderly are the best group to offer their advice , and to groom individuals .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN|||candidates|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||advices|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also with this job they are financially independent .
+A 0 4|||R:OTHER|||Therefore ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reliance on public policies not so great,
+A 0 7|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly , developments in medicine have also helped in the ageing process .
+
+S With new technological advances , the elderly now have a variety of medical treatments for most old-age related illnesses .
+
+S For example , advances in surgery have helped developed a non-invasive surgery technique for glaucoma , one of the main leading causes of blindness , in which the elderly are at a higher risk of contracting .
+A 21 27|||R:OTHER|||diseases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:PREP|||among|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 36|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This non-invasive technique will help to minimize any potential surgical risks .
+
+S One impending problem with such rapid technological advances in medicine would be the rising costs of healthcare , brought about by the intensive research processes to develop new cures and treatments .
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||cost|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||which is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With most of the elderly retired and no source of income , they might be unable to fund their medical expenses should the need arise .
+A 7 7|||M:VERB|||having|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In view of this , the Singaporean government has in place a variety of measures to minimise the occurrence of this situation .
+
+S One such measure would be Medisave .
+
+S Introduced by the Ministry of Health in 1984 , Medisave would set aside a portion of an individual 's income to their account , which will be available to fund medical expenses should the need arise .
+A 21 26|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:VERB|||made|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With this fund , most Singaporeans will go into retirement with a sum of money collected from their working life which can be used to pay for medical expenses .
+A 7 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:MORPH|||retire|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 20|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This reduces the possible reliance of public funds for funding of medical expenses for the elderly , which might result in taxpayers shouldering a larger burden of the alderfly 's medical expenses .
+A 10 11|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 32|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , this article has illustrated that the current policies in Singapore have helped ease the ageing process to a large extent .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN|||essay|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As shown , policies such as CPF , raising the retirement age and the development of healthcare policies have helped to ease the ageing process in the society , thereby reducing the societal effects of an ageing population .
+A 0 3|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:ORTH|||Policies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:OTHER|||implementing the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||developing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Agence France Presse .
+
+S Baby boomers enjoy the good life .
+
+S Retrieved June 21 , 2000 , from http : //www.singapore-window.org/sw00/000621af.htm
+
+S Central Provident Fund .
+
+S CPF Life .
+
+S Retrieved July 1 , 2009 , from http : //ask-us.cpf.gov.sg/explorefaq.asp ? category = 23046
+
+S Ministry of Health .
+
+S Medisave .
+
+S Retrieved January 9 , 2007 , from http : //www.moh.gov.sg/mohcorp/hcfinancing.aspx ? id = 304
+
+S Peterson , Peter G. ( 2001 ) A Graying World .
+
+S Havard International Review .
+
+S 23 .
+
+S 3 ( Fall 2001 ) : 66
+
+S Robert S. Wilson , PhD ; Kristin R. Krueger , PhD ; Steven E. Arnold , MD , et al .
+
+S ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Loneliness and Risk of Alzheimer Disease .
+
+S Archives of General Psychiatry , Volume 64 , February 2007 , pages 234-240 .
+
+S Sim , D. H. J .
+
+S ( 1999 ) Glaucoma Update- What Physicians and the Public Need To Know .
+
+S Singapore Medical Journal , Vol 40 ( 04 ) .
+
+S Retrieved February 7 , 2004 , from http : //www.sma.org.sg/smj/4004/articles/4004me2.html
+
+S Yin , Jasmine ( 2007 ) New target : Singaporeans to work beyond age 70 ?
+
+S Today .
+
+S Retrieved June 21 , 2007 , from http : //www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/283525/1/.htm l
+
+S The issue of ageing population is a great challenge faced by many developed countries in the 21st century .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The great advances in medical technology over the years resulted in the improvements in the health conditions of individuals , and hence the reduced likelihood of them contracting life-threatening diseases .
+A 9 9|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 24|||R:OTHER|||reducing the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The life expectancy of individuals has increased due to better accessibility to healthcare services and facilities than before .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||expectancies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 18|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In countries such as Singapore , the existence of an ageing population is attributed by the baby boom period after World War II , and the persistently low fertility rate ever since 1970s ( Chan 2001 ) .
+
+S As such , this has increase the need for public spending on the aged in order to fund for the needs of the elderly , such as the construction of the elderly facilities and healthcare subsidies .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:FORM|||increased|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 27|||R:OTHER|||which include|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 33|||R:OTHER|||facilities for the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 34|||M:OTHER|||the provision of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It could be argued that public spending on the aged is carried out at the expense of a country 's development in other areas , such as education which will increase the productivity of a country , and also infrastructure and transport facilities which serve as attractions for foreign direct investments .
+A 11 11|||M:VERB:TENSE|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 27|||R:OTHER|||. These areas include|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:OTHER|||the education sector|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 44 44|||M:VERB:TENSE|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 48 50|||R:WO|||direct foreign|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , Jenson ( 2007 ) reported that it is inevitable that individuals have a higher tendency to consume more healthcare services as they age despite the reduced susceptibility to diseases .
+A 25 26|||R:PREP|||because of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , it is not practical to limit the public spending on the aged such that the money can be used alternatively for a country 's developments .
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is unethical to embark on the developments of a country at the expense of the aged .
+
+S By limiting the fiscal spending on the elderly , the extra funds created can be diverted to areas such as education , which has potential long-term benefits for a country .
+
+S As such , it will be even tougher for the government to cater to the growing needs of the elderly due to a budget constraint , and this problem will most likely pertain to countries in face of a persisting ageing population , such as Japan .
+A 23 25|||R:WO|||constraint budget|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 34|||R:OTHER|||affect|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||R:VERB:FORM|||facing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 38|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||R:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 40|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Opponents of this position argued that there is no need to divert too many resources to the elderly because they no longer contribute to the society upon their retirement .
+A 13 14|||R:ADJ|||much|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 23|||R:OTHER|||are no longer contributing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 29|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Instead , these resources should be used in other areas that provide long-term benefits to the country .
+
+S For instance , the investing of funds for research and development will raise the productive capacity of the country , thereby attracting more foreign direct investments .
+A 23 25|||R:WO|||direct foreign|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , it is wrong to regard the aged as a burden , because the aged is a national asset who should not be neglected by the society .
+A 20 21|||R:PRON|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even after they have retired , they still do contribute the society but it is just done by a different mean , such as taking care of their grandchildren on behalf of their children who are out at work .
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||continue to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 17|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN|||ways|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this way , they help to coordinate the work life and family life of the working adults .
+A 18 19|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Conference of European Churches 2007 ) Consequently , the aged , as well as their insights and experiences , is a valuable asset to the society and thus the public spending on the aged should not be limited .
+A 7 7|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 15|||R:OTHER|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Additionally , the limit of public spending on the elderly might increase the financial burden of the future generations .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||In addition|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This setback is particularly pertinent in countries challenged by an ageing population with low fertility rate and low retired to working population .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN|||problem|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 22|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the past , there are usually three or more children in a family .
+
+S The filial obligation to provide financial support for the parents is thus shared among the few children .
+
+S As for now , most families have at most two children .
+
+S This could be due to factors such as the increased women participation rate in the workforce , later marriages , and the increase financial costs of having children .
+A 5 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , the filial obligation placed a greater weight on children from these families .
+A 0 17|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the future to come , the ageing population might worsen if low fertility rate persists .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 5|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||persisted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Inter-Ministerial Committee on Aging Report ( 1999 ) states that in 1999 , 7.3 % of the population comprises of older Singaporeans aged 65 and above , and it is expected that they will make up 19 % of the population by 2030 .
+A 0 0|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some critics might argue that the country will lag behind and lose its competitiveness if the fiscal spending on the elderly is not limited .
+
+S They perceived public spending on the aged as a form of liability to a country because such spending brings no future benefits to the country , and cause the country to neglect its development in essential areas , such as infrastructure and transport facilities , which serve as a pulling force for foreign direct investments .
+A 27 27|||M:VERB:TENSE|||may|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 53 54|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , if the limit is not imposed , the economy of a country will be adversely affected in the long run .
+A 3 4|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , instead of limiting fiscal spending on the aged , there are alternatives that can similarly improve the productivity of a country .
+A 16 17|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , when older workers are retrained , they can be as productive as a young worker prior to their experience , and this also increases their employability .
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:ADJ:FORM|||younger|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||workers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 22|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 27|||R:OTHER|||will also increase|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Alternatively , there should be adjustments on fiscal spending on the aged based on their percentage in the country 's population .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||some|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All these constitute a win-win situation which proves that public spending on the aged should not be limited .
+
+S Lastly , the limiting of public spending on the aged will increase the financial hardship of the elderly .
+
+S This is faced by the elderly who are either single or have no children , and it is made worse for elderly who have low educational level .
+A 1 4|||R:OTHER|||will affect|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 22|||R:OTHER|||those|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In their younger days , their earnings might just be sufficient for them to cope with their daily living expenses and hence they have negligible or no savings .
+
+S When they fall ill , the high costs of medical fees discouraged them from seeking medical care , and as a result , their health conditions deteriorated over time .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||may discourage|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:VERB:TENSE|||may deteriorate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As they aged , they became more susceptible to diseases , such as osteoporosis .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||age|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||become|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , it is inevitable that their demand for healthcare will increase with age .
+
+S It will come to the time when they are left with no choice but to seek medical care for their illnesses , but since they are left with little savings , they are unlikely able to pay for the medical expenses .
+A 4 5|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN|||help|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 34|||M:VERB|||to be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It may be objected that it is one 's social responsibility to be healthy , and to be accountable for his own medical expenses should he seek healthcare services , instead of relying on the government for subsidy to lower their financial burden for such expenses .
+A 0 5|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:ORTH|||It|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||one 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:PRON|||one|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 38|||R:NOUN:NUM|||subsidies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 41|||R:OTHER|||one 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 46|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Jenson ( 2007 ) mentioned that the ageing population has accelerated the growth in healthcare spending , and this will lead to a fiscal crisis as increasing pressure is exerted on the fiscal budget .
+
+S However , the presence of a fiscal crisis might not necessarily be attributed by the fiscal spending on the aged .
+A 13 14|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The facilities built for the elderly should not be seen as a negative asset because these facilities are not built just for one time usage , but instead they provide long-term benefits to every individual of the country because ageing is an unavoidable process .
+A 10 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||negatively|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 29|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||R:OTHER|||, since|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This applies similarly for the healthcare subsidies , as one will hope that he can be entitled to such privileges when he has limited savings , regardless of his age .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:PRON|||one|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:PRON|||one|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:OTHER|||one 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , it is infeasible to limit public spending on the aged .
+
+S In conclusion , instead of placing a limit on the public spending on the aged , the government can look into the few alternatives proposed to ensure that as the country is in pursue of its developments , the elderly will not be neglected and will be given sufficient attention .
+A 28 50|||R:OTHER|||the elderly will not be neglected and will be given sufficient attention as the country pursues its development|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is more ideal if a win-win situation could be established , as this will also give a good reflection on the country 's overall progress , both internally and externally .
+A 0 32|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With an increasing number of Singaporeans belonging to the golden age group of sixty-five years old and above , and an expanding grey population , Singapore needs to deal with the financial challenges of an aging population .
+A 19 25|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Aging population , an end result of the decreasing fertility rate and the longer life expectancy of baby boomers , will certainly affect Singapore 's economy .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||An aging|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 5|||R:OTHER|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||expectancies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 19|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although the net impact on the Singapore government 's financial position is unsure , public spending on the aged should not be limited in Singapore and should vary accordingly to the situations that Singapore faced as it is clear that expenditures in some areas will increase with aging .
+A 23 25|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:OTHER|||needs of the country|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 48|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Not limiting the public spending in this case represents that the spending will be a certain amount of percentage pegged to the gross domestic product of Singapore and is subjected to changes due to the following reasons .
+A 0 38|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Population in Singapore is increasing yearly and aging rapidly ( Singapore Department of Statistics , 2008 ) .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The population|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Public spending on the aged should fluctuate according to the composition of the old-aged citizens within the population of Singapore .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB|||aged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The public spending on the old-aged should not be limited such that the limitation is based on the of old-age population five to ten years back .
+A 0 1|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||Public|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||aged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 26|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The public spending should reflect the current composition of the old-aged citizens within the Singapore population .
+A 0 1|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||Public|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB|||aged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Conversely , others might argue that by not limiting the public spending on aged means that lesser budget will be allocated to other areas of Singapore 's development such as education , defence and health sectors .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||On the other hand|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:NOUN:NUM|||developments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This would cripple the economy of Singapore , which already affected by the aging population as well as shrinking workforce , further as more money will be spent on the aged at the expense of the other developments of Singapore .
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||has already been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 40|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , by spending more on the aged do not necessary denote that budget spend on the development of Singapore will be affected .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:SVA|||does|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:MORPH|||necessarily|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:FORM|||spent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is because the public spending could come from the surpluses Singapore has or accumulated over the years .
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , without limitation on the spending on the aged do not necessary mean that other area of Singapore 's development will be crowded out .
+A 0 26|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Old-aged citizens will bring along different illnesses and diseases where spending will be required for basic healthcare and treatment .
+A 0 1|||R:VERB|||Aged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:FORM|||require|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to the National Institute of Aging ( 2007 ) , experts predicted that there will be a huge raise in disability resulted from increases in age-related chronic disease in all regions of the world .
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN|||rise|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This implies that public spending should not be limited as it will be required to subsidise the costly healthcare expenses .
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is because the old-age population will not be able to afford the financial burden for the recurrent treatment of their illnesses .
+A 4 5|||R:ADJ|||aged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Truly , old-aged citizens accounted for greater than 40 % of the total hospitalisation days in the public sector hospitals in 2006 ( Ministry of Heath , 2007 ) .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB|||aged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , it is fortunate that the Singapore Central Provident Fund ( CPF ) , which is the fundamental pillar of our social security framework for the old-aged , lend itself readily to provide citizens for the needs of aging population .
+A 30 31|||R:OTHER|||aged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:VERB:SVA|||lends|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 38|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Healthcare in Singapore are made affordable through the administration of the Medisave , Medishield and Medifund framework .
+
+S Each citizen CPF account consists of medisave , medishield and medifund , which helps individuals to put aside portion of their income to meet their medical expenses especially when they are old .
+A 2 2|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:ORTH|||Medisave|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:ORTH|||Medishield|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:ORTH|||Medifund|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:SVA|||help|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||portions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The medisave accounts assist older Singaporeans pay for or subsidise part of their expensive medical bills .
+A 6 6|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This would help to ease the public spending on the aged and money can be spent on other area of Singapore 's development .
+
+S However , Singaporeans still enjoy heavy subsidies in public hospital , especially in the lower class wards .
+
+S Direct subsidies borne by the Singapore government have increased from $ 850 million in 2001 to more than $ 1.6 billion in 2007 and are forecasted to exceed $ 2.2 billion by 2012 ( Ministry of Health , 2009 ) .
+
+S As the population ages , the need for healthcare services will increase .
+
+S Public spending will keep increasing and should not be limited as the aging population in Singapore continues .
+A 16 17|||R:VERB|||progresses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The increasing popularity of smaller , nuclear families and the trend of more individuals remaining single could raise the number of wholly-elderly households ( Singapore Department of Statistics , 2009 ) .
+
+S In addition , elderly are having higher life expectancies rate and living longer due to the advancement of medical healthcares and technologies .
+A 10 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This would imply that lots of public spending would be required to build an environment with suitable facilities for the elderly as more elderly will be living either alone or with their families around estates in Singapore .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN|||funds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 37|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Public spending will be required and should not be limited for modifications works such as lift upgrading projects that enable the lift to stop at every level of a flat .
+A 13 13|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , lots public spending will be required for modifications works in neighbourhood estates such as building more railings and slopes with anti-slipped layer ( Tong , 2007 ) .
+A 2 3|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the contrary , a neighbourhood could be specially developed with slopes , railings and lifts that cater to every floor of the flat .
+A 0 4|||R:OTHER|||In addition|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:ORTH|||A|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This would help to limit the public spending on the elderly as the elderly can be grouped together and special needs will be cater for them in that neighbourhood .
+A 23 24|||R:VERB|||provided|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S More budgets could then be spent on other areas of Singapore 's development .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN|||funds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , this would create an impression that the elderly are unwanted and left alone .
+A 13 13|||M:VERB:TENSE|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It also means that the government is encouraging elderly not to stay with their families .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , modifying facilities such as lift to every floor of the flat , railing and slopes with anti-slipped feature not only benefits the elderly but also the handicapped and residents living in the estates .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:OTHER|||stop at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||features ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It allows heavy and bulky items to be unloaded from a vehicle and deliver to our house using slopes and lift without much carrying activities need to be done .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||delivered|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||the flats|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 29|||R:OTHER|||effort|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S People should see these modifications as assets to the neighbourhood estates rather than expenses spend on the elderly .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB|||incurred|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore public spending should not be limited as old-aged elderly will eventually be spread out across Singapore due to increasing aging population and eventually all flats will require a lift that serve every floors if not alternate floors and elderly-friendly facilities which can be beneficial to all .
+A 8 9|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 23|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||M:PUNCT|||. Eventually|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , fertility rates are declining while life expectancies are increasing around the globe .
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN|||world|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , populations are aging rapidly and Singapore is not exempted from this trend .
+
+S The ratios of Singapore citizens aged sixty-five and above will climb from one in twelve in 2007 to one in eight in 2020 ( Ministry of Finance , 2008 ) .
+
+S Therefore the public spending on the aged should not be limited and should fluctuate according to changes such as impending demographic shift , population growth and healthcare expenses .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , it is also important and responsible for Singaporeans to plan ahead so that they can depend on several sources of income to sustain their old-age livings and at the same time ease the burden of public spending on the aged .
+A 6 8|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Employers should also do a part in changing their traditional perceptions that old-aged employees are unproductive and potential burden to society ( Harper , 2001 ) .
+A 4 5|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:ADJ|||aged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Employers should try to retain and retrain older workers for them to be retained in the labour force , this will extend working life of citizens and they will be in a better economic position to sustain their own old-age livings .
+A 18 19|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:OTHER|||theirorking|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN:NUM|||lives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 26|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 41|||R:OTHER|||themselves|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Public spending is the amount of { money } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.businessdictionary.com/definition/money.html ] expended by a { government } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.businessdictionary.com/definition/government.html ] to { pay } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.businessdictionary.com/definition/pay.html ] for defence , development projects , education , social security , { health } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.businessdictionary.com/definition/health.html ] , { infrastructure } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.businessdictionary.com/definition/infrastructure.html ] , { law and order } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.businessdictionary.com/definition/law-and-order.html ] maintenance .
+A 6 7|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 16|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 29|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 40|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 41|||R:OTHER|||the maintenance of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 51 52|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 53 61|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 62 63|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 64 72|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 73 74|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 77 85|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 85 86|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It represents a large share of Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) and has a major impact on the productivity of the whole economy .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Public spending on social security and health care will directly benefit the aged people in the country .
+
+S This essay argues that the public spending on aged should be limited so that money can be diverted to other area of the country 's development .
+
+S Elderly in a country are usually supported mainly by public spending .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is argued that the government should provide more public assistants to the elderly and not to limit the amount of spending on them .
+A 10 11|||R:MORPH|||assistance|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , some people may not have realized that there are many countries which are already having high public spending .
+A 6 7|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:FORM|||realize|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Schuknecht and Tanzi ( 2005 ) stated that many countries had peaked at almost 52 % of Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) over the past twenty years .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From these large amounts of public spending , most countries tend to spent more than half of them on social protection and health and are used mainly to help the aged .
+A 0 9|||U:OTHER|||Most|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:FORM|||spend|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||the public funds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 29|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Mahal and Berman ( 2006 ) mentioned that several studies have indicated that per person expenses of health and social protect on elderly are usually much greater than those non-elderly .
+A 13 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:MORPH|||protection|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If countries are to increase their public spending on the aged further , it may cause the proportion of public spending to be spent on other important areas , such as infrastructure and education , to be even lesser .
+A 37 38|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||R:MORPH|||lessened|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This could eventually slow down the productivity of the whole economy .
+
+S Therefore , public spending on the elderly should be limited and controlled to prevent it from increasing further , which may cause the economy to slow down .
+A 18 27|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Population aging is progressing rapidly in many countries and in the near future , this may push up the public spending on social security and healthcare costs .
+
+S In viewing the aging population problem , some people argued that we should not limit but to provide more public and financial assistances for elderly due to the increasing number of elderly in an aging population .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||view of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 19|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:INFL|||assistance|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 27|||R:OTHER|||because of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the increase in public spending means that working people may need to have higher tax contributions , as public spending is supported mainly by taxation .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB|||pay|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||taxes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Minford and Wang ( 2008 ) stated that researches have shown that the increase in tax to GDP had reduced GDP growth and lowered the output per worker .
+
+S In an aging population , having increasing tax contribution from the shrinking workforce can be a burden to the working people .
+
+S Straits Time ( 2009 ) mentioned that the huge increases in public spending could slow down countries ' economic growth .
+A 0 0|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In aging society , it is important to limit and have control over the increasing public spending on aged .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If not , there could be a drop on the GDP and eventually cause the percentage of public spending to be spent on aged to reduced too .
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 22|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:TENSE|||could be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It should be the responsibility of the country to ensure that all aged , who have contributed to the society , to be properly assisted in their old age .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , when public spending on the aged is not limited and allowed to be raised continuously , everyone in the country is going to suffer in long term .
+A 28 29|||R:NOUN|||run|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There might be one day that the country 's work force can no longer support the extremely high amount of public spending .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||when|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This may cause the working people to be under pressure and financially strapped .
+
+S It may then cause them to be not able to take good care of their elderly parents and neglect their needs .
+A 6 9|||R:OTHER|||fail|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Toh ( 2009 ) mentioned that researches have shown that during the global economic recession , there are more elderly abuse cases reported .
+
+S Thus , one of the ways to prevent this from happening is to have control over the public spending on elderly , so as to prevent further increase in tax contribution .
+
+S Besides that , a country should try to divert a higher percentage of public spending to other areas that might contribute country 's growth and development , such as the infrastructure and development project .
+A 21 21|||M:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:NOUN:NUM|||projects|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By investing more money in these areas , a country may generate higher return and has higher GDP growth .
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This may again increase the amount of public spending to be spent on the aged .
+A 9 12|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is no doubt that a country should do its best to assist and support the elderly .
+
+S However , countries have to be mindful on the amount of money that has to be spent on the social protection and health for the elderly .
+
+S We have to ensure that it is efficient and effective in spending this large amount money and prevent it from rising too high .
+A 5 6|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:FORM|||preventing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Having to spend too large amount of public spending on the elderly will definitely be a burden to both the country and working people .
+A 0 1|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||To|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN|||funds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN|||population|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , we should try to divert more money to other areas of the country 's development and promote higher GDP growth .
+
+S This can definitely benefit the aged people and without adding burden to the country 's economy , working people and next generation .
+A 6 7|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN|||anyurden|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 19|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Public Spending on Aged
+
+S Singapore has one of the fastest aging populations in the world and is expected to be considered a country with an aging population by the year 2030 ( Chan , 2001 ) .
+
+S This alarming trend is stimulated by declines in fertility rate , medical advances , and better health care which have resulted in longer life expectancy .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||decline|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN:NUM|||expectancies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With this rising aging population , many issues related to old age become significant , especially the public spending issue .
+
+S Even though this trend would most likely affect Singapore negatively , the government must not only concern themselves with the increasing expenditures on the aged and try to divert the budget for the aged to other areas of development .
+A 14 19|||R:WO|||concern themselves with not only|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:OTHER|||, but also|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They must also consider the impact on the elderly if there were no financial support for the elderly .
+
+S In addition , they should also consider the contributions that the elderly could give and had given to the country .
+
+S The limited public spending will increase financial burden for working population in Singapore .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As people grow old , their bodies will become weaker , and hence they are more prone to illnesses and diseases .
+
+S Medical care tends to be expensive most of the times ; this will place a heavy financial burden on those who are caring for the elderly .
+A 6 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On top of the increasing cost of living , the younger generations have to bear this high expense of taking care of the elderly .
+A 15 16|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||expenses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This situation might result in elderly being neglected by their children due to the excess pressure caused by the large amount of expenditures .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:MORPH|||excessive|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||expenditure|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Critics of this position point out that actually elderly themselves impose financial hardship to the working population .
+A 7 8|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the aging population increases , the active contributors have to bear an increase burden of more elderly by paying more taxes .
+A 12 13|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 19|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , by reducing the share of public merely means leaving the families to be responsible for a larger share ( Friedland and Summer , 2005 ) .
+
+S Families will face various other problems , such as education , housing and transportation due to the high expenditures of taking care of the elderly .
+
+S Although the aging population decrease Singapore 's economic competitiveness , their large demand for health care and special elderly- related goods such as hearing aids and walking sticks would boost the economic sectors that produces these goods and services .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||decreases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , rather than hinder the development of Singapore , the elderly provide opportunity for these sectors of economy to develop .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:FORM|||hindering|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||opportunities|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , it is unethical to develop a country at the expense of the aged .
+
+S In the past , the aged have been through the difficult years of struggling for Singapore 's development such as the racial riots of the 1960s .
+A 18 18|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , they are full of incredible wealth of experience and wisdom .
+A 6 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , the elderly are likely to be assets to our society , by providing invaluable sources of advice and knowledge .
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , Minister Mentor Lee Kuan Yew plays an integral role in contributions to Singapore 's progress during his period .
+A 13 14|||R:MORPH|||contributing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 21|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Additionally , senior workers have immense experience that would help them serve as advisors to the companies they belong to .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||In addition|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Grandparents play their part by imparting skills and moral values to their grandchildren .
+
+S At this point , one may wonder that the elderly pose a financial burden on the development of a country .
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||if|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||posed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the adjustments to the Central Provident Fund ( CPF ) policies have reduced the burden of the country by providing some of the fund for the elderly in their golden years .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:NOUN:NUM|||funds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Additionally , the increasing retirement age of workers from 60 to 62 also reduced the burden of supporting the elderly .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||In addition|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 4|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||reduces|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , some fast food restaurants have actively recruited the elderly because many are just as reliable and hardworking and sometimes more loyal as their younger counter-parts .
+A 20 24|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All of these show that the elderly could still contribute to the development of Singapore .
+A 1 2|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the issues if the public spending is limited is that it will impose financial hardship on the elderly , especially for elderly women .
+A 0 4|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:ORTH|||If|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 15|||R:OTHER|||, there will be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Women tend to have longer life expectancy as compared to men ( Fanny , 2000 ) .
+
+S However , this demographic pattern of aging shows that the elderly women are likely to be widowed or single , and hence , they will be economically dependent .
+
+S Moreover , it also accentuated the financial risk of long term care that may not be sufficiently covered by existing insurance policies .
+
+S This will make older women remain vulnerable financially .
+A 5 6|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This situation might result in the incapability to seek for medical assistance when the need arises .
+A 5 6|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN|||inability|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Aging population has raised many complex issues , especially the budget issues .
+
+S However , the limited public spending also have some side effects to the country , such as the overall wealth of the country will be imbalanced .
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:NOUN|||distribution|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:ADJ|||unequal|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , instead of limiting the public spending on the aged , government should look for other possible solution .
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||solutions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , an expansion in the economy will increase the revenue , and hence raise the financial ability of individuals .
+
+S It will provide the necessary revenues to sustain the social services demanded by an aging and growing population without limiting the budget for the aged .
+
+S Aging population could be a burden , but they are still a part of a county .
+A 14 15|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN|||country|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The aged may be a liability to the country due to the increasing cost of looking after them .
+
+S However , their experience and knowledge can be an asset to the country .
+
+S Furthermore , leaving the elderly to the care of family members may be more detrimental to the overall developement of the country .
+
+S Therefore , the government should provide appropriate support and take care of them .
+
+S Bibliography
+
+S Chan , A .
+
+S ( 2001 ) .
+
+S Singapore 's Changing Structure and the Policy Implications for Financial Security , Employment , Living Arrangements and Health Care .
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2009 , from http : //www.populationasia.org/Publications/RP/AMCRP3.pdf .
+
+S Cheung , F. ( 2000 ) .
+
+S Aging Population and Gender Issues .
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2009 , from http : //ihome.cuhk.edu.hk/ ~ b102291/activity/anniversity/09fanny.pdf .
+
+S Friedland , R. B .
+
+S & Summer , L. ( 2005 ) .
+
+S Demography Is Not Destiny .
+
+S The Commonwealth Fund .
+
+S Ministry of Manpower .
+
+S ( 2008 ) .
+
+S The Retirement Age Act .
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2009 , from http : //www.mom.gov.sg/publish/momportal/en/communities/workplace_standa rds/employment_standards/The_Retirement_Age_Act.html .
+
+S Peterson , P. G. ( 2001 ) .
+
+S A Graying World .
+
+S Harvard International Review , 23 ( 3 ) .
+
+S 66 .
+
+S It is quite interesting when looking at the practicality and realizing that achievements in a domain sometimes arise many tough problems in other fields .
+A 0 25|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Every government makes a great number of efforts to bring more benefits to the public , such as giving them much more welfare , better lives , higher living standard , etc .
+
+S However , it is when people can prolong their life-span that governments need to pay attention to another difficulty - the social influences of the aging population .
+A 19 20|||R:PUNCT|||---|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There is a controversial issue that how much governments should invest in this matter .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||It|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||regarding|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Despite the fact that many people approve the idea of unlimited budget for the old , it would be better to set a term to governments ' expenses in this problem for some reasons .
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN|||limit|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 31|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:OTHER|||various|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With respect to the overall social benefits for a country , investing into dealing with the aged problem is not as profitable as into some other domains .
+A 0 11|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:ORTH|||Investing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 15|||R:OTHER|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:OTHER|||investing in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Apparently , it is not the elderly but the young generation that is the " future " of a country .
+A 9 10|||R:ADJ:FORM|||younger|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When getting older and older , generally , people can not contribute to the development of their countries as much as the young do and it is the younger generation that will assume responsibility of consolidating the country 's powers as well as enhancing the nation 's status in the world .
+A 0 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:ORTH|||Generally|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:ADJ:FORM|||younger|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 33|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:NOUN:NUM|||responsibilities|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , instead of spending too much on the old , the government 's budget should focus on the collective who will decide the future of their states .
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN|||people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:NOUN:NUM|||state|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S At this point , one may wonder that the old people did contribute to the improvements of their countries in the past , consequently , they deserve the government 's regard at their old age and if the governments ignore this problem , the next generations may not be willing to devote their ability to those who will make their contributions oblivious .
+A 0 8|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:ORTH|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:NOUN|||care|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 35|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||M:PUNCT|||. If|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||R:NOUN:NUM|||government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 40|||R:VERB:TENSE|||ignored|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 45 46|||R:NOUN:NUM|||generation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 52 54|||R:OTHER|||itself|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 55 62|||R:OTHER|||the country|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It should , however , be emphasized that the governments do pay attention to the aged population and what mentioned here is limiting the spending on this matter in a reasonable way .
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 32|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The article Help the aged ( 2009 ) stressing that " the budget must not forget older people " even when governments are in difficult financial situation one more time provides evidence to confirm this argument .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:FORM|||stresses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 36|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In other words , governments highly appreciate the contribution of old people in the past and try to offer them more but the budget constraint calls for limiting in order to develop other aspects of society .
+A 5 6|||R:ADV|||greatly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||contributions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 15|||R:OTHER|||the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 36|||R:OTHER|||, though they are constrained by a limited budget to do so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From the elder 's point of view , the more public expenses governments spend for them , the better the situation is .
+A 2 7|||R:OTHER|||point of view of the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By contrast , in terms of social influences , the spending should be restricted to some extent .
+A 0 18|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Imagine the scenario that government 's spending on the old people can expand as long as the demand of older people , successive negative influences will arise .
+A 0 28|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , people will find that there is no need to concern themselves with their old - age lives because the governments will ensure that , therefore they will completely live on public welfare at the old age .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB|||prepare|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 28|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 32|||R:WO|||live completely|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 39|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , individuals ' demand is limitless ; so , the governments can not afford their entire requirements .
+A 0 19|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , the ever-growing of older people 's dependence on the governments may lead to unexpected problems thereafter such as overspending on this matter and lack of budget to invest in other fields to develop countries .
+A 5 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 26|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 38|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Strategy for Older People ( Welsh Assembly Government , 2003 ) also approved that the spending for the old should be limited so that the budget can be balanced for many issues of a nation and it is considered as the strategy for long-term development of every country .
+A 30 36|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 42|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 44 44|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Certain objections must , of course , be considered that the expenses for old people need to expand according to the higher living standard as well as the increasing expenditure in modern society .
+A 0 10|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:ORTH|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , it should be aware that the problem lies on the definition of " limited " .
+A 2 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To most people , " limited spending " refers to a fixed amount of money by the time .
+A 0 19|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is , however , maybe approached from another angle that a constant proportion of GDP of a country to support the old people is maintained .
+A 2 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 11|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN|||GDused|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 19|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 26|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this case , when governments have budget to invest in other areas of the countries ' development , the economy operates well , the overall income of a country escalates ; the spending for old people will be put up as a result .
+A 0 4|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:ORTH|||When|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will operate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 25|||R:OTHER|||and he|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 30|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will escalate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 44|||R:OTHER|||. As a result , the spending for old people will also increase|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , as for overall social influences , there should be a reasonable limitation in terms of spending for the old people so that the governments can balance their expenses for various problems of their countries .
+A 3 9|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:MORPH|||limit|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 18|||R:OTHER|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||the spendingpending|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 37|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The aged should also be aware of this situation , sympathetic with their governments and cooperate to deal with the relating difficulties .
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||and be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||towards|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 22|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the great efforts of governments , individuals as well as an effective strategy for this problem , it is possible that the countries can achieve many targets at the same time : limited budget for old people , the approval of the aged and the development of their nations .
+A 2 3|||R:ADJ|||combined|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 17|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 36|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 44|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S { www.channelnewsasia.com/sgbudget09/budgetspeech2009_6.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.channelnewsasia.com/sgbudget09/budgetspeech2009_6.pdf ] { http : //wales.gov.uk/topics/olderpeople/publications/strategy2008-2013/ ? lang = en } [ HYPERLINK : http : //wales.gov.uk/topics/olderpeople/publications/strategy2008-2013/ ? lang = en ]
+
+S The Korea population is graying rapidly , and the proportion of elderly with the aged of 65 and over is expected to reach 13.2 per cent in 1960 .
+
+S Korea needs to reform its national policies if it hopes to create a better and sustainable future society as there will be a lot of negative impacts to the country such as inevitable labor shortage , increase in public spending and healthcare problems if the ageing population continues to grow disproportionately with the country 's fertility rate .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB|||hopehoped|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 30|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 32|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is supported by Jones ( 1995 ) , stating that the increasing in this population will have strong physical , psychological , social , cultural , economical and cultural implications .
+A 12 13|||R:MORPH|||increase|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , in view of this acute phase , current research and policies have been carried out by the Korean government and have helped to buffer the ageing process .
+A 6 8|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A government pension system , namely the National Pension ( NP ) which is financed in part by employee 's contributions and employer 's liability for general workers was introduced in 1988 for retirees over 60 ( " Silver jobs in lieu of golden years , 2009 ) .
+A 12 12|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is the main- old- age pension program covering the majority of Korean workers .
+A 3 4|||R:ADJ|||main|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , this policy executed by the government did not attain its goal when many of the retirees chose to take their pension in a lump sum at retirement .
+
+S This implies that the financial security for these elderly in the future will be strongly affected if they do not use their pension wisely .
+
+S Considering this matter , in 2004 , the National Pension Service started finding jobs for the elderly and the project was made permanent in 2006 .
+
+S There was an overwhelming result when job placements rose from around 30,000 in 2004 to more than 83,000 in 2006 and 196,000 in the first half of this year .
+
+S Despite this progress , there still are not enough openings for the baby boomers .
+A 5 7|||R:WO|||are still|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So , local governments have established " silver jobs " fair like chaperons for children returning home from late- night cram schools , gas station attendants , opinion survey interviewers and wedding officiators to recruit elderly job seekers as part of a government effort to assist a rapidly growing population of older Koreans in a changing society .
+A 41 42|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Social service programs have been introduced for the welfare of the elderly .
+
+S It can be divided into two groups , consisting of the recreational programs and community programs .
+A 7 8|||R:PUNCT|||:|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Under these programs , the elderly are able to obtain personal needs and social- psychological developments needs amongst others .
+
+S For example , under the community program , there is this sub- program called the Home- Help Program which provides home- help services to the elderly without any fees incurred .
+
+S Around 35,000 volunteer home helpers were active , linked to 552 voluntary organizations in 2001 with the provision of government in financial assistance for recruiting , training and maintaining volunteers .
+
+S Although many beneficial services has been provided to the elderly , this program still does not seem to be so effective as volunteers may or may not render their services whenever the elderly need them .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is not a mandatory or binding issue for them to always lend a hand to the elderly .
+A 5 8|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the government should think of a better way to tackle this problem so that the society will have a concept that their voluntary work is not an optional choice , but a domestic routine to serve the elderly who need their assistance .
+A 21 34|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 43|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Due to the low fertility rate and the growing of elderly in the society , there is a shortage of workforce in certain occupations .
+A 9 9|||M:NOUN|||number|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To keep an ideal and constant working age group ( 15-64 years ) and ensure the stability of manpower in Korea , the government has been inviting immigrants to join the workforce .
+
+S The number of foreign labors has grown from a few thousand to estimates of 168 thousand in 1999 ( Bureau of Medium- Sized Industries , 1999 ) and 358 thousands in 2005 .
+
+S This replacement migration in coping with the population in Korea has not only helped to ease the ageing process when the older Koreans started to retire which resulted in certain downfalls of manpower in certain specialization , it also has helped to buffer the current shortage of labor in the market .
+A 3 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 31|||R:OTHER|||the decrease|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Unfortunately , the idea did not seem to give only positive impacts , but also negative consequences when there are around 65 percent of the immigrants imported in 1999 are working illegally ( Bureau of Medium- Sized Industries , 1999 ) .
+A 2 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 29|||M:PRON|||who|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The large volumes of immigrants to fill up the labor shortage due to population aging also arouse fears of loss of national identity ( UN , 2000 ) .
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||has also aroused|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , even though the adoptions of the immigrant policy have helped to ease the ageing process , it might not be the best policy to conquer this matter .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||adoption|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 29|||R:OTHER|||the problem|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Intyre ( 1977 ) once said that old age throughout this century has been seen as a 'social problem ' and this is true when the government started off with all kinds of policies to ease this matter .
+A 27 29|||R:VERB|||has to adopt|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 38|||R:OTHER|||overcome the problem|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the demographic ageing in Korea 's population , priority on constructing a sustainable socioeconomics system at the beginning of the twenty- first century to cope with the rapid ageing of populations must be placed .
+A 2 3|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:MORPH|||socioeconomic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 32|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:VERB|||given|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Peterson ( 2001 ) commented that in many developed countries , an ageing population will lead to a shrinking workforce , long- term stagnation and along with it a decline in real GDP .
+A 25 28|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nevertheless , we agree with Frieden , who concluded : Ageing is not lost youth but a new stage of opportunity and strength .
+A 6 6|||M:OTHER|||( year )|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:ORTH|||ageing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , leaders of today must design a desirable socioeconomic structure under the pressure of an ageing population and environment constraints by identifying the necessary policy tools to attain stable and sustainable growth before taking any effective actions .
+A 3 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Bibliography
+
+S Chan.A.C.M & Phillips.D.R ( Eds ) .
+
+S Ageing and Long- Term Care .
+
+S Singapore : Institute of Southest Asian Studies
+
+S Jones.C.F ( 1995 ) .
+
+S Aging in Industrial Societies , East and West : A Western Comparative Perspective .
+
+S Korea Journal of Population and Development , 25 , ( pp .
+
+S 101-122 )
+
+S Kim.I.K ( 1996 ) .
+
+S Demographic Transition and Population Ageing in Korea .
+
+S Korea Journal of Population and Development , 25 , ( pp .
+
+S 27-40 )
+
+S Lee , S.H ( 2009 , September 11 ) .
+
+S Silver Jobs In Lieu of Golden Years .
+
+S International Herald Tribune , p.2
+
+S Phillips.D.R ( 2000 ) .
+
+S Ageing in the Asia- Pacific Region : Issues , Policies and Future Trends .
+
+S New York : Routledge
+
+S There will be 2 billion people , which constitute 22 % of the world 's population , with more than 60 years of age in the year 2050 , according to UN ( Nichols M. , 2007 ) .
+A 6 17|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 31|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Medical advancement allows people to live longer , and as a result , the number of elderly people has been on the increase .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||advancements|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||allow|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Currently in many countries , the growing aging population has been putting a lot of pressure on social services .
+A 10 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||put|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , we ca n't just simply cut public spending on the aged so that money can be diverted to other areas of the country 's development because of these 3 reasons : they have contributed to the society ; in short run , old people without any means to support themselves will be struggling to live on ; furthermore , in long run , we may have to pay twice the price for what we have done .
+A 5 6|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:OTHER|||The elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 40|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 41|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 58 60|||R:PUNCT|||. Furthermore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 62 62|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , the aged has contributed their youth to the advancement of the society .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S More than half a century ago , they fought to restore peace to our country .
+A 8 8|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Then , they worked hard to rebuild and develop the war-torn country into what we are living in now .
+A 0 2|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:ORTH|||They|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We owe them for the peace which not all of us can acknowledge its value ; we have to thank them for creating and developing the country and the safe environment that we are living in .
+A 6 16|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 24|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Public pension , healthcare and all the services for the elderly are the least we can do to pay our debt of gratitude to what they have done for us .
+A 11 19|||R:OTHER|||symbolise|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Wo n't it make us inhumane if we make our benefactors struggling when they are near the end of their lives ?
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||made|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:FORM|||struggle|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Is this really a decision coming from a civilized world ?
+
+S And how do you feel if the younger generation does this to you ?
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||did|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , limiting the public spending on the aged means leaving out in the cold these vulnerable sub-groups of elderly people : single women , the uneducated and those who can not save during their young days .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the report " Demography is Not Destiny , Revisited " ( 2005 ) , R. B. Friedland and L. Summer point out that single women have particularly low average incomes .
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:TENSE|||pointed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The report also said that the uneducated have lower income and worse health than people with higher education .
+
+S Furthermore , it is not guaranteed that all people are able to save up money during their young days .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB|||assured|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:ADJ:FORM|||younger|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , they are the people who will suffer the most if we limit spending for the aged .
+
+S " Those who do not work do not eat .
+
+S " However , what if they work hard but still can not afford to eat ?
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||worked|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In these situations , they really need a helping hand from the government to get by .
+
+S Critics of this position suggest that means-testing should be applied to limit the spending to just these vulnerable sub-groups .
+
+S However , things are not always simple and we will consider in the next paragraph the effect of reducing public spending on the society , even if means-testing is applied .
+
+S Thirdly , limiting public spending can lead to problems more grave than what we are currently dealing with .
+
+S Let us suppose that the government uses means-testing to limit spending on the elderly , the old people outside the vulnerable sub-groups will either have to continue to work , or rely on their savings or their children 's support to live on .
+A 14 16|||R:PUNCT|||. The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 40|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the current situation , when the economic crisis is still not over yet and ageism is still present in workplace , old people are less likely to get a good job .
+
+S Moreover , old people are subject to illnesses which may wipe out all their accumulated savings .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:FORM|||subjected|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Eventually , they will have to depend on their children 's support or ask for help from the government .
+A 10 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Their children who before only had to support themselves and their own children now also have to take care of their parents ' well-being .
+A 3 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With all the extra expenses , the children may not be able to save up for their own retirement .
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||enough|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will result in an inescapable and cruel cycle of life which can only be resolved by reverting the policy back to the original one and at the same time , creating a shock on the economy from the abrupt change in budget distribution .
+A 18 18|||M:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 25|||R:OTHER|||original policy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:VERB:FORM|||create|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 38|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another point is that , in a country with a growing aging population , the elderly make up a substantial part of the population , hence play a bigger role in decision-making on the country 's many issues .
+A 0 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:ORTH|||In|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 26|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 36|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The country 's social stability will inevitably be disrupted if such policy is applied forcibly without any consent from the elderly .
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another argument advocating the limitation on budget for the old is that it is better to increase the wealth of the country by investing on the younger generation , which will be the future workforce of the country , and temporarily spend less on the elderly , who left , or will sooner or later leave the workforce .
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||limiting of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 42|||R:VERB:FORM|||spending|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 43|||R:ADJ:FORM|||lesser|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 48 48|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 52 55|||R:OTHER|||soon|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , in times of difficulties , old people have no one but their families and relatives to rely on , and we are back in the situation we discussed above .
+A 28 28|||M:DET|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 29|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:ADV|||earlier|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , this strategy does not solve anything since the money diverted to other sectors , which may reduce the expenses of working people , indirectly becomes the money spent on the elderly , which is the new burden imposed on the people in the workforce .
+A 15 25|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:VERB:SVA|||become|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 46|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , we should not limit spending on the aged because it is our way to express our thanks to their contributions to the society , it is to allow the under-privileged old people to live on and it is to maintain the economic and social stability .
+A 26 30|||R:OTHER|||and this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:VERB:SVA|||allows|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 41|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 44|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Global aging population is one of the most critical and pressing issues that the leaders of the twenty first century face .
+
+S According to the United Nations report , the proportion of population aged 60 or above in the developed and less developed countries is projected to reach 33 % and 25 % respectively by 2050 ( United Nations , 2002 ) .
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The change in the age structure of a country 's population will has a profound impact on the political , social and economical conditions of that country .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:FORM|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In view of the increasing number of elderly , governments across the globe have implemented various policies to help them cope with the aging process .
+
+S Aging process here refers to the problems that will come about as one grows old , such as healthcare issues , financial problems and many more .
+
+S Although there are already policies in place , much changes and improvements have to be done to effectively help the elderly address their growing concerns and improve their quality of life .
+
+S Advocate of government policies often argue that many countries have provided financial security and support for the aged through policies such as social pension and compulsory savings ( Wesumperuma , 2009 ) .
+
+S While this may be true , such measures are ineffective in reducing old-age poverty as many elderly have little understanding of how the system work and do not possess the necessary financial knowledge to manage their savings and allowance .
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:SVA|||works|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As such , government has to put more emphasis and effort to impart financial education and provide money advice and information to help the elderly better finance their savings and incomes .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||R:OTHER|||in imparting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:FORM|||providing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Due to the complexity of these policies , some elderly do not even know how to use them to their benefits , hence rendering them worthless .
+
+S In addition , a study by ( Age UK ,2009 ) shows that old people often do not know how to optimize their savings and spend their money carelessly .
+
+S As a result , their savings and incomes are exhausted quickly .
+
+S In another separate study by ( Chu &Yuen , 2008 ) , it is stated that around 67 % of the respondent think that the compulsory saving in Hong Kong can not provide them with a happy retirement life as they do not understand about the benefits of Mandatory Provident Fund ( MPF ) scheme and hence do not care about it .
+A 5 6|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:PUNCT|||(|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:NUM|||respondents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore it is necessary that the government highlight the availability and benefits of their financial policies and equip the aged with basic financial education to increase the effectiveness of these policies .
+
+S Secondly , there is a need to increase the efficiency of the social and health care system by curbing the rising cost of health care service and making it more accessible to the aged .
+
+S Critics of this position often point out that there are already established health care system and policies in place to subsidise the cost of health care and that changes are frequently introduced to improve them .
+
+S Despite the changes that are implemented , such measures are insufficient to help the aged as the root problems of rising cost and increasing inaccessibility are not addressed .
+A 5 5|||M:VERB:TENSE|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As pointed out by Tanner ( 2008 ) , rising health care cost is a global phenomenon .
+
+S Costly health care system is highly unsustainable as it strains government budget and imposes a great burden on the aged and their families ' finances .
+
+S As a result , the savings and the income of the elderly may be used up quickly or large portion of their finances have to be spent on health care services .
+
+S One possible solution is to encourage people to buy more health insurance ( University of Maine , 2001 ) .
+
+S Many elderly are uninsured as they fail to realise that many of the illness that can be prevented or treated cheaply in the early stages very often worsen into critical conditions .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||illnesses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , although there are health care system in place , there are still many who do not have access to them .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||systems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is due to the confusing systems that access elderly base on ambiguous criteria that makes it harder for them to obtain the service and simply lack of information and advice ( Help The aged we will , 2007 ) .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:SVA|||make|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 28|||R:OTHER|||, as well as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , containing rising health care cost and increasing accessibility are essential to help ease the aging process .
+
+S Lastly , more should be done to increase the labour participation rate of the aged in the workforce .
+
+S An argument against this is that adequate effort has been put in to encourage later retirement and longer working lives .
+
+S Despite the effort , employment level of the aged still remain low as the elderly continue to face discrimination at work .
+
+S Older workers are often viewed as less dynamic and less creative as compared to the younger workers , thus they are less preferred .
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Unless there is a change in attitude towards the older workers , it will be difficult for them to be find jobs , which can keep them active and support their financial needs .
+
+S Discrimination towards the older workers is more evident during the recession .
+
+S There was a 46 % increase in the number of unemployed people in the UK whereas the biggest increase is those aged 60 and above with an increase of 65 % ( Wallop , 2009 ) .
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A possible solution for this is to scrap national default retirement age which often give the power to employers to retrench those above this retirement age .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:SVA|||gives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also the government can give benefits or incentives to older workers to encourage them to go for re-training in order to increase their employability .
+
+S Employment can reduce elder dependency and provide some financial support for the aged to finance some of their activities .
+
+S In conclusion , current policies are inadequate in allowing the elderly to retire happily .
+
+S Changes should be made to the current financial , health care and employment policies for the aged so that they can better help the elderly .
+
+S There is a need to equip the elderly with the proper finance management to make the financial policies effective .
+
+S Also , cost reduction and increasing accessibility are vital for an efficient health care system .
+
+S In addition , reducing age discrimination in the workplace must be enforced to better help the elderly secure jobs .
+
+S Subsequently , these policies should be revised and improved frequently as the needs and concerns of the aged will change over time .
+
+S Reference list
+
+S WESUMPERUMA , D.D ( 2009 , January 20 ) .
+
+S 'Social pensions ' ensure income security in old age .
+
+S Bangkok Post .
+
+S Retrieved September 17 , 2009 , from { http : //www.bangkokpost.com/opinion/opinion/10036/social-pensions-ensure-income-security-in-old-age } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.bangkokpost.com/opinion/opinion/10036/social-pensions-ensure-income-security-in-old-age ]
+
+S United Nations .
+
+S World Population Ageing : 1950-2050 Retrieved September 17,2009 .
+
+S From { http : //www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ ] Age UK , Coping with the crunch : the consequences for older people with the crunch : Retrieved September 17 , 2009 .
+
+S From
+
+S { http : //policy.helptheaged.org.uk/NR/rdonlyres/81925E83-426E-441A-B0E8-4666E05A62EE/0/coping_with_the_crunch_160709.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //policy.helptheaged.org.uk/NR/rdonlyres/81925E83-426E-441A-B0E8-4666E05A62EE/0/coping_with_the_crunch_160709.pdf ]
+
+S Chu,W.L,& Yuen , W.K. ( 2008.june ) Can a " Compulsory Savings " Scheme Enhance the Future Happiness of Society ?
+
+S A survey of the Mandatory Provident Fund ( MPF ) scheme in Hong Kong .
+
+S Thammasat Economic Journal , 26 ( 2 ) Retrieved September 17 , 2009 .
+
+S From
+
+S { http : //www.econ.tu.ac.th/doc/article/fulltext/189.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.econ.tu.ac.th/doc/article/fulltext/189.pdf ]
+
+S Tunner , M.D .
+
+S ( 2008 , ) .
+
+S The Grass Is Not Always Greener : A Look at National Health Care Systems Around the World Retrieved September 18,2009 .
+
+S From { http : //www.cato.org/pub_display.php ? pub_id = 9272 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.cato.org/pub_display.php ? pub_id = 9272 ]
+
+S Help the aged we will ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Meeting care needs in the community Retrived September 18 , 2009 .
+
+S From { http : //policy.helptheaged.org.uk/NR/rdonlyres/D9D24C46-7E0B-4C14-AA8F-879EEEDE0938/0/ID6916MeetingCareNeeds.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //policy.helptheaged.org.uk/NR/rdonlyres/D9D24C46-7E0B-4C14-AA8F-879EEEDE0938/0/ID6916MeetingCareNeeds.pdf ]
+
+S The University of Maine ( 2001 ) .
+
+S The U.S. Health Care System : Best in the world , or Just the most expensive ?
+
+S Retrieved September 18,2009 .
+
+S From { http : //dll.umaine.edu/ble/U.S. % 20HCweb.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //dll.umaine.edu/ble/U.S. % 20HCweb.pdf ]
+
+S Wallop , H. ( 2009 , May 16 ) Older workers hit hardest by unemployment crisis .
+
+S Telegraph .
+
+S Retrieved September 18 , 2009 .
+
+S From { http : //www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/financetopics/recession/5330496/Older-workers-hit-hardest-by-unemployment-crisis.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/financetopics/recession/5330496/Older-workers-hit-hardest-by-unemployment-crisis.html ]
+
+S Public spending is the amount of taxation collected by the government to provide services for its people such as education , health care and law and order maintenance .
+A 13 13|||M:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The dominating population in countries that are experiencing growing aging population is the elderly citizens because the demographic trends change had led rapid increment of the seniors rather than the young ones .
+A 0 15|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 20|||R:OTHER|||Changes in demographic trends|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN|||increase|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 26|||R:OTHER|||in the number of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 32|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If the number of elders continues to increase , pertinent problems will definitely escalate .
+A 4 5|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , government should spend more on the aged not only to ease their aging process but also to tackle problems arising from a growing population .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Despite the government consistent spending on the old , public spending on the aged should not be limited but should be used accordingly based on the circumstances .
+A 3 3|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First , it is a social obligation to provide for the seniors .
+
+S They are the ones who have contributed to the development of the country in the first place .
+A 13 17|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They should at least be compensated for the efforts put in for the younger generations to live more comfortably .
+A 9 9|||M:OTHER|||that they have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If the government were to place a limit of its spending on the aged , the aged will have to go through more difficult aging process as there wo n't be sufficient provisions for the elders to live more comfortably especially when one country is experiencing a huge demographic change where there is more aged living in the society .
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:NOUN:NUM|||processes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 40|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 43|||R:OTHER|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 50 59|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It may be objected that despite great accommodation , there may be some elders who have not contributed to the society at all and worse so they took advantages of the provisions given to them .
+A 0 36|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the elders constitute only a small portion of the whole aging population .
+A 2 3|||R:DET|||these|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As asserted by Sol de Saca ( 2008 ) , the government should incorporate the needs of the older people in social policy designs and make them the first priority .
+
+S In order to ensure that , despite their different behaviours , the government have to generalise them as a whole and place more focus on their living .
+
+S Second , the elders will be the ones contributing the most in the near future .
+
+S Increasing spending on them will lead to increasing benefits for the country in the future .
+
+S Supported by AARP report ( 2007 ) , most Singaporean opinion leaders consider population aging as an opportunity to create new roles for the elderly .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government should therefore focus more on the older people by providing them more training and sufficient provisions .
+A 13 13|||M:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 18|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In spite of the elders ' willingness to work , the employers may not want to take them in as supported from the statistics retrieved from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ( 2000 ) : the forecasted number of people being employed for every person in year 2030 is 2 in Japan and 2 in Canada .
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||elderly 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB|||suggested|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:PREP|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The reason may be the older people are not as productive and employers may not be prepared to take in these elderly citizens ( AARP 2007 ) .
+
+S However , Angel Gurria , ( 2008 ) cited that in an era of rapid population aging , employers can no longer afford policies , employment practices and attitudes that discourage work at an older age .
+
+S This shows that employers will have to resort in employing the aged .
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , it will be prudent for the government commence its course of actions earlier before the situation become worse .
+A 9 9|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The aged are not able of depending on young adults .
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||to depend|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As Molina ( 2007 ) stated , the present-day adults are having increasingly fewer children , and thus , there will be increasingly fewer young people to care for their parents in their older years .
+
+S Due to that , the government is advised to lend a hand in helping them and by limiting its spending does not assist the aged .
+A 16 17|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , one may argue that the elders maybe old but they have full capabilities to care for themselves .
+
+S From a news in Japan ( Reuters , 2007 ) , an old man passed away in his apartment for 3 years and no one knew about I until the landlord was prompted to visit him .
+A 0 3|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:ORTH|||In|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In view of that , it 's known that the elderly ca n't really manage themselves especially when they are getting older , with worn-out body and frequent ailments visiting them .
+A 16 16|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 31|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If nothing 's to be done to protect them , the aged will continue suffer and the situation may even worsen in the next few decades .
+A 2 3|||R:CONTR|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I it will help reduce the burden on the younger generations as they do not have to worry of their parents ' well-beings when the government put more emphasis in favour of the aged .
+A 0 2|||U:PRON|||It|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 23|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 32|||R:OTHER|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lee ( 2009 ) have provided suggestion of helping the elders to become more self-reliant through various implementations of policies such as providing the elders with better health care and jobs to support them financially .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||suggestions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 19|||R:OTHER|||the implementation of various|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 29|||M:NOUN|||services|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 35|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By doing so , the younger ones will be more stress-free and it will be more conducive for them to concentrate on doing their jobs which will in turn help develop the country and probably even increase the birth rate .
+A 9 9|||M:ADJ|||able|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 19|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , by doing so , it will increase the dependency of the young adults on the government to help support their parents .
+
+S They will begin to neglect their parents and forget about filial obligations to their parents .
+
+S What is recommended is the government should probably help only those elders whose children are not financially capable of supporting their parents .
+A 11 12|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To ensure effectiveness , the government may have to create a new policy stating that those children who have stable income of certain amount have to take care of their parents .
+A 0 4|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:ORTH|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:VERB:TENSE|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By doing so , the government is able to concentrate on those who really require the aiding .
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN|||help|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The elders should not be treated as mere importance to the country 's welfare .
+A 0 15|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In Singapore Country Report ( 2007 ) , it was shown with statistics that the most prominent problem economic challenges in the next 20 years are posted by an aging of the population which constitutes 69 % .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||challenge|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 28|||R:OTHER|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 37|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This proves that the future is dependent on how well the government incorporate policies to support the aged .
+A 0 3|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:ORTH|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:SVA|||incorporates|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , the Japanese are even resorting to the help of robots to support the aging population and cope with the declining labour force ( Reuters , 2007 ) .
+A 0 2|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:ORTH|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government is able to buffer the effects if the government place more attention on the aged .
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:SVA|||places|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , the government should be advised to continue providing for the aged , trying to overcome the obstacles presented and thus increase the provision whenever needed .
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||and try|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 27|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are always some controversies over the aging future which is one of the most concerning subjects nowadays .
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||future of aging|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:ADJ|||interesting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some people think about it as a burden to national economy which is to spend a lot on pension as well as health issues while other people of pessimistic opinion argue that old people have the right to enjoy public money .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 15|||R:OTHER|||requires spending|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:NOUN:NUM|||others|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 30|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From my point of view I strongly agree with the idea which encourages government to reduce the amount of money spent on the aged for some reasons .
+A 5 5|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 27|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The very first and most striking point to note is that the economy of world is suffering from many depression as well as recession and the most recent period occurred from 2008 to first 6 months of 2009 .
+A 12 15|||R:OTHER|||world economy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 23|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN:NUM|||recessions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:OTHER|||one|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It means that it will be a burden for the government to keep financing the pension or taking care of all the olds expenditure such as in health issues and in accommodation .
+A 0 1|||R:PRON|||This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 26|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 32|||R:OTHER|||and accommodation issues|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And to be specific , I think there are also many different important fields that also need a lot of government aid such as education or children 's upbringing which will definitely have a considerable influence on the country 's future .
+A 11 12|||R:ADJ|||other|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 20|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 29|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , there should be family 's responsibility in taking care of the old so that the government can have more time and money to spend on other fields .
+A 2 8|||R:OTHER|||the family should be responsible|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For examples in some Asian countries such as Vietnam or Japan , their children are very willing to take care of their old parents till the end of their life to reciprocate , which is a kind of common moral principles in Asian culture .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||example|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 2|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:NOUN:NUM|||lives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 32|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 34|||R:OTHER|||. This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 38|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 41|||R:NOUN|||obligation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover nowadays there are many blue-collar jobs which are impliedly reserved for old people to earn a living .
+A 0 1|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||Nowadays|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 2|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By saying that I mean old people themselves somehow can earn money to live on .
+A 0 16|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , by observing I can see that almost the blue-collar workers in Singapore are about over fifty .
+A 3 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:ADV|||most|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even though there are some people argue that old people have the right to use the government financial aid because they have paid tax , I personally think they as well as their children have also benefited from tax such as transportation , education , etc .
+A 6 6|||M:PRON|||who|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN:NUM|||taxes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 29|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 34|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||R:OTHER|||public services|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In short , I think not only government but also family will have the responsibility to take care of old people so that public budget will be spent on many different areas to develop country and we all can enjoy life with a higher living standard .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:VERB:TENSE|||could|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 46|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is well known that our society is aging .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||known by all|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Our Government has played a huge role in implementing and improving our policies to maximize the aid for the elderly .
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , there will always be persisting problems that the government will face such as National budget and economies coming under pressure , rising cost in the medical field and providing safety aids and measures in public areas .
+A 13 13|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||M:OTHER|||planning for the national|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 22|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:NOUN|||managing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 34|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , current research and development in these areas are required to further ease the problems .
+A 11 16|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S National budget and the economy have come under pressure as government provides heavy subsidies to the elderly in medical , transportation and even social activities .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The national|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some might think that rather having to research and develop better economic policies , the government should just allocate this money for elderly benefits .
+A 5 5|||M:PREP|||than|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||R:OTHER|||public funds to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:OTHER|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , we should not just blindly put these money into subsidies , instead , we can use it to research for better policies or systems that will maximize the utility of the budget .
+A 5 6|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:CONJ|||but|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 34|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Having better policies , the government will be able to increase the productivity of the work force .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||With|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When productivity increases , economic growth will also follow .
+
+S There will be more money generated and fewer people in need .
+A 9 9|||M:VERB|||will be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One example would be that the government implemented the " Foreign Talent Policy " , which opened our market to foreign talents and thus increasing the productivity of the workforce .
+A 3 8|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides having greater productivity , the government introduced a scheme that allows people to provide in advance for their old age dependency .
+A 0 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:ORTH|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They are encouraged to save a portion of their salary into a special account when they are most active in the workforce .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||salaries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In Singapore , this particular self-funded retirement scheme is called " CPF Contributions " .
+
+S This is where the employer and employee have to provide monetary contributions for that particular employee 's CPF account .
+
+S Apart from this , there are additional or related schemes such as Medisave and Medishield .
+
+S Britain , Australia , Chile have also moved towards this kind of funded retirement schemes .
+
+S Therefore , current research in development and policies in the economy sector do help in easing the aging process .
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||have helped|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the medical aspect , it may be objected that no medicine in the world can cure aging illnesses such as Dementia and Arthritis .
+A 5 10|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even though that is a fact , advancement in the medical field has proven to pro-long and even cure some old age diseases like Cataracts .
+A 2 3|||R:DET|||this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Constant research in this field has better prepared the elderly in terms of knowledge , treatments and physical conditions in relation to these diseases .
+
+S With prior knowledge , people will be mentally prepared for the aging process .
+
+S In addition , they can seek treatments in the early stages to prevent worsening of the conditions or even get cured .
+
+S This will also in turn save huge amount of money for the people , as later treatments will require one to pay a higher price .
+
+S Knowing the symptoms of a disease does help too .
+
+S One example is that when an elderly is having doubled or blurred vision , sensitivity to light and glare , he or she might be having cataract .
+
+S Thus they can seek treatment or go for a cataract surgery if needed .
+
+S Research and developments have also seen implementation of the latest technologies being used in hospitals , clinics and some even at home .
+
+S New age technologies like these have helped doctors to react within precious seconds in saving a person 's life .
+
+S They can also assess the their patient 's condition in a shorter and more accurate time frame .
+
+S For example , elderly with high blood pressure can check their blood pressure anytime and anywhere with just a push of the button on a compact , portable blood pressure monitor .
+
+S Thus , all these research in medical field has aided the aging process tremendously .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||researches|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From the medical sector , we have learnt that prevention is better then cure .
+
+S With that , architecture too has moved towards a more elderly-savvy approach in buildings and public areas to prevent unwanted accidents .
+
+S At this point , one may wonder that it is a waste of resources to invest in architectural aids because these structures are costly and does n't serve as much purpose compared to the other sectors such as medical .
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||if|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 27|||R:OTHER|||do not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 31|||M:PREP|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , these aids have proven to be essential despite the costly structures .
+A 10 11|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In populated elderly areas such as Redhill or Tiong Bahru , railings have been installed not only on pavements but in public toilets as well .
+A 1 4|||R:OTHER|||areas populated with elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 4|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:ADV|||also|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Tiles or pavements with better friction have been placed in toilets to prevent elderly from slipping .
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , one of the major projects that Singapore 's Ministry of Transport has developed was to install lifts in almost every MRT stations , creating a barrier free route .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:OTHER|||which creates|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All these developments do not only help the elderly but also the disabled and pregnant women as well , thus developments in these area is definitely worthwhile .
+A 3 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||R:OTHER|||. Thus ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , all the research and developments and policies the government has invested in have made aging a more joyous and less terrifying journey .
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||, as well as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , current research , development and policies in the economy , medical sector and architectural sector have helped to ease the aging process to a large extent .
+
+S One of the biggest issues the world is facing now is the problem of an aging population .
+
+S Thus , there are an increasing number of concerns as to how to solve the problems of an aging population .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the most direct ways of dealing with the problems is to divert more government spending to the aged .
+
+S However , the amount of government funds available is limited .
+
+S By directing more funds to the aged , there will be lesser funds for other areas of the country 's development .
+
+S Therefore , public spending on the aged should be limited so that money can be diverted to other areas of the country 's development .
+
+S Critics argue that by limiting the government spending on the aged , it would increase the consequences of an aging population .
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||negative impact|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When lesser amount of government spending is given to the aged , the individuals and families will end up paying more .
+
+S Their financial burden will increase with financial related social problems following behind .
+
+S However , without limiting the government spending on the aged , the people may become too reliable on the government .
+
+S They may not take the initiative to save their money for future uses .
+
+S This could create serious problems for the government as it will cause additional pressure on the national budget and the economy .
+
+S The children may even end up not supporting their parents at all .
+
+S An example would be the increasing number of elderly suing their children for not supporting them in Singapore .
+
+S From August 2008 to July 2009 , Popatal ( 2009 ) found that there were 172 people who filed applications at the Tribunal for Maintenance of Parents .
+A 18 18|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This was much higher than the average of 100 in previous years .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The elderly are being forced to get help from the government as their children are not willing to support them .
+
+S By limiting the government spending on the aged , the children will not push all the responsibilities of taking care of their aged parents to the government .
+
+S They will not create a habit of relying too much on the government .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB|||form|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Public spending on the aged should be limited as the elderly today are healthier as compared to people of the same age in the past .
+
+S The life today is very much different from the past .
+A 0 11|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The advances in research and development have made it possible to cure illnesses that are otherwise deadly .
+
+S For instance , according to the Ministry of Community Development , Youth and Sports ( MCYS , 2009 ) in Singapore , the percentage of residents aged 55 years and above who are physically independent are as high as 92.2 % in year 2005 .
+
+S This means that they are capable of finding a job to support themselves and not depending on others .
+A 13 16|||R:OTHER|||without having to depend|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is also proven by the fact that the Ministry of Manpower ( MOM , 2009 ) increased the retirement age in Singapore from 55 to 62 and the age is still expected to increase to 65 by year 2012 .
+
+S More elderly are now able to participate in the workforce actively .
+
+S Minimum help should be required from the government and so public spending on the aged should be limited .
+
+S Another reason why public spending should be limited is because a country does not only consist of the aged .
+
+S There are other sectors that needed the government 's help .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||need|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If the government spending on the aged is not limited , the other sectors will be neglected .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 3|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The education sector will be an example .
+A 3 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The education sector is very important to a country as it nurtures the young and turns them into useful adults .
+
+S The government helps them by issuing bursaries scholarships to encourage students to study hard and help those who are poor but are eager to go to school .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||the young|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||, as well as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:SVA|||encourages|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:SVA|||helps|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Without setting a limit on the government funds spent on the aged , all these will not be possible .
+
+S There will be lesser amount of skilful adults in the workforce and this may in turn slow down the economy .
+
+S Without economic growth , the government may face a deficit .
+
+S Taxes may have to increase and takes a bigger toil on the people .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN|||toll|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , it is important to limit the public spending on the aged so as to divert it to other areas in the country 's development .
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , it is important to limit the spending on the aged so that people will not be too reliable on the government .
+
+S They should also be aware that the elderly are now healthier and so are capable of supporting themselves .
+A 12 13|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A country does not only consist of the aged and spending too much government funds on the aged will cause a negative impact on the economy and is unnecessary .
+A 4 7|||R:WO|||consist of only|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 29|||R:OTHER|||is unnecessary and will cause a negative impact on the economy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S * Ministry of Community Development , Youth and Sports .
+
+S ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Statistics & Resources .
+
+S Retrieved September 11 , 2009 , from http : //app.mcys.gov.sg/web/indv_researchstd.asp
+
+S * Ministry of Manpower .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S The Retirement Age Act .
+
+S Retrieved September 11 , 2009 , from http : //www.mom.gov.sg/publish/momportal/en/communities/workplace_standards/employment_standards/The_Retirement_Age_Act.html # ra
+
+S * Popatal , A .
+
+S ( 2009 , August 19 ) .
+
+S 172 file for parent maintenance in last 12 months .
+
+S Channel NewsAsia .
+
+S Retrieved September 11 , 2009 , from http : //www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/449852/1/.html
+
+S Population in the world is aging rapidly and the number of persons aged 60 or over is expected almost to triple , increasing from 737 million in 2009 to 2 billion by 2050 globally .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The population|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( United Nations , 2009 ) This signals the need to deal with this pressing issue Aging Population .
+A 16 17|||M:PREP|||of aging|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Fortunately , many countries have recognized this need and have come up with different strategies to tackle the aging issues .
+
+S Many countries ' current strategies have been formulated with the elderly in mind and hence they are able to address the needs of the elderly , thereby easing their aging process .
+
+S " Aging " is defined as the process of becoming old .
+
+S ( Oxford University Press , 2005 ) Hence , easing the aging process would mean making the course towards old age an enjoyable and less tedious one for the elderly .
+
+S In Singapore context , she has many different approaches in place and the few main ones include the implementation of Central Provident Fund ( CPF ) , development and improvement made to the existing healthcare system and elder-friendly infrastructure and the implementation of Tax Relief Scheme .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||there are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 43|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All these have indeed helped to alleviate the aging process and allow the elderly to enjoy their sunset years to the fullest .
+A 3 4|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN|||twilight|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S CPF in Singapore has played a crucial role in helping to reduce the fiscal cost of elder dependency as it compels citizens to save in advance for their old age .
+A 0 0|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Central Provident Fund [ CPF ] Board , 2009 ) Critics of this plan have debated that it is unsuitable as high costs of living makes it difficult for people to save more of their earnings for their pensions .
+A 11 11|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus it is incapable in helping to relieve the financial burden of the elderly .
+
+S However , this may not be true as with judicious planning on their spending , it is not impossible for them to save more while they are still active in the work force and be financial independence in old age .
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 37|||R:OTHER|||financially independent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , other social issues associated with aging population like declining birth rate and people living longer have indicated that there will be fewer working adults available to contribute to the society and to support the aged .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , this has increased the significance of CPF as it compels people to save in advance lest they are unable or have no one to support them during their old age .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 25|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:PRON|||themselves|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , CPF has helped to rule out the possibilities of younger generations neglecting about the importance of saving for their old age and preparing inadequately for their pensions .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 29|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , CPF has indeed helped to ease the aging process and the financial burden of the elderly as it requires people to save in advance and also informs citizens on how much they should save in order to be self- sufficient for their old age .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This instils people with a sense of security in the sunset years as they are now more able to enjoy without much financial burden .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB|||gives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN|||twilight|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:OTHER|||their lives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN|||worries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Apart from CPF , development and improvement made to the existing healthcare system and elder-friendly infrastructure have also eased the problem of disabilities and old-age illnesses .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It may be objected that these actions are superficial and inadequate as they do not directly deal with the problems related to old age ; therefore are unable to ease the aging process .
+A 0 5|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:ORTH|||These|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , this may not be the case as with improved healthcare system , it does help to benefit the elderly and their healthcare needs will be better taken care of .
+A 13 14|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||helps|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:OTHER|||because|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S An example will be the introduction of more community hospitals to provide better and affordable healthcare services to the elderly .
+
+S Besides , with the development of more elder-friendly infrastructure within the community , this implies that the community will become barrier-free , safer and more conducive for the elderly .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||In addition|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 16|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of such project is the lift upgrading programme .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||projects|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Lee , 2009 ) The improved lifts will stop on every floor and this will be able to better cater to the needs of the elderly .
+A 5 5|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 19|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Additionally , to allow the aged to move about conveniently , many places including public transportations have been made wheel-chair accessible .
+A 13 13|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , with a safer environment and with the provision of elder-friendly infrastructure and unhindered access to the public facilities , these have allowed the elderly to move about freely and enjoy their old age , thereby easing the aging process .
+A 21 26|||R:OTHER|||the elderly will be allowed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 41|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Implementation of Tax Relief Scheme such as Aged Parent Relief is also an important step to improve the retirement security as they encourage children to take care of their parents , thereby easing the aging process .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:SVA|||encourages|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( CPF , 2009 ) At this point , one may take advantage of this scheme to claim the tax reliefs for own use as it is nearly impossible for the government to keep track of where the money is spend on .
+A 5 5|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:OTHER|||one 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 41|||R:VERB:TENSE|||being spent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus the elderly parents may not be at the receiving end .
+
+S While this may indeed happen , the government has taken a further step to discourage this from happening .
+
+S For instance , the government has passed the Maintenance of Parents Act to allow elderly parents to file lawsuit against their children who have failed to carry out filial obligations .
+A 30 31|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Khalik , 2009 ) Hence , this act has helped to deter the children from making use of the tax relief scheme inappropriately and has also sustained the main objective of the scheme promote filial piety .
+A 5 5|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 34|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , with the potential " loophole " being dealt with , the tax relief scheme will be able to help in lessening the financial burden that the children have to take on from looking after their parents .
+
+S All these helped to encourage children to look after their parents and at the same time , ensure that the elderly parents will be at the receiving end .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , these approaches have increased the seniors ' confidence and security towards their sunset years .
+A 12 13|||R:PREP|||during|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN|||twilight|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Overall , the different strategies such as the introduction of CPF , the development and improvement of the elder-friendly infrastructure and healthcare system and the implementation of tax relief scheme have indeed helped to ease the aging process to a large extent .
+A 2 4|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These strategies have helped to ensure that the elderly are self-sufficient during their old age and also allow them to live in a more conducive and barrier-free environment .
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:TENSE|||allowed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although there is still room for improvement , current strategies have already done a pretty great job in ensuring that the individuals have saved enough for their old age and thereby increasing their sense of retirement security .
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||well|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All these have indeed made the process towards aging a more enjoyable and fulfilling one and it allowed the aged to truly enjoy their well-prepared sunset years .
+A 16 17|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:NOUN|||twilight|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Expenditure on the elderly is taking up more of the government budget due to the aging population .
+A 15 15|||M:ADV|||rapidly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Money that can be otherwise spent on the country 's development has to be used on settling the problem of nations on the long list of greying nations in the world .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||developments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 31|||R:OTHER|||the greying population|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These countries are spending more and more money on health care , infrastructure and transportation especially accustomed to the needs of the elderly .
+A 0 1|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||Countries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:ADV|||specially|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||custom-made|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 21|||R:OTHER|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Due to this , the country 's development in other areas has to take a step back , thus resulting in the inability to attain her potential .
+A 25 26|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the following essay , I shall discuss the problems that are brought about by the increase in public spending on the aged and the areas that could have been benefited if the fund is used on them instead .
+A 2 3|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:VERB:FORM|||were to be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When a country like the United Sates ' elderly population increased eleven-fold between 1900 and 1994 and it is evident that this will bring about an increase in personal assistance for the aged .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||States '|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 25|||R:OTHER|||there will be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Hobbs , 1993 , 25-1104 ) This will translate into the rising funding so as to provide care for this group of people .
+A 7 7|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB|||increased|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On top of the money put aside into health care especially for the aged , barrier-free access like wheel-chair friendly roads and transportation system have to be set to accommodate to them .
+A 5 5|||M:VERB:TENSE|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN|||facilities|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:VERB|||planned|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To deal with these global aging problems , governments around the world have to reserve a large proportion of the already limited public spending for elderly .
+A 9 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This result in reduction of the government budget for the country 's development in both economically and socially .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 18|||R:OTHER|||economic and social terms|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The fund used on the elderly could otherwise be spent on allowing the country to have better economic growth by building better infrastructure for the commerce , industries and an improved education system .
+A 21 21|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 28|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this way , the general population will be able to benefit from the increased in income as a result of the economic growth .
+A 13 14|||R:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:MORPH|||increase|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , it is not morally right to leave the aged to fend for themselves especially they had contributed in one way or the other to the country 's development in their younger days , so they should rightfully enjoy the fruits of their labour .
+A 18 18|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:ADV|||when|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 28|||R:OTHER|||another|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 48|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is true that the government should reward the aged for their contributions , but in order for the country to continue enjoying sustained growth , the public spending have to be diverted to other areas of the country 's development .
+A 13 14|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , the responsibility of supporting the elderly does not only lay on the shoulders of the government , the elder themselves should plan for their retirement when they are still economic active .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:FORM|||lie|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:NOUN:NUM|||retirements|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:MORPH|||economically|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is done by implementing policies like the Medisave system , where Singaporeans have to put aside a certain percentage of their income into the Medisave account .
+A 27 28|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Central Provident Fund ) This system is to ensure that the senior citizen will be able to live on their own savings in the Medisave account .
+A 5 5|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||citizens|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Not only that , the children should also be show filial piety for their aged parents .
+
+S In cases , where the elderly are childless or physically ill due to aging , then it will be the government 's duty to take care of them .
+A 2 3|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , in contrary to what common perspective of the elderly is , Pat Thane argued that , they are not inevitably unhealthy .
+A 2 3|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 12|||R:OTHER|||is commonly believed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:OTHER|||( citation )|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the living conditions improve and technology advances , people are able to lead a healthier lifestyle and live longer as compared to the past .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thane also cited that " evidence that many tasks can be performed as well by people in their seventies as by younger people , even when they involve quite heavy physical or intellectual demands .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB|||said|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " ( Thane,1991 ) As a result of the above mentioned arguments by Pat Thane , the Senior lecturer in Social Science and Administration at Goldsmiths College , London , and old age might not necessarily translate to being a burden to the society .
+A 4 4|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 33|||R:OTHER|||being old|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||R:VERB:TENSE|||be translated|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The elderly , especially the " young elderly " , can surely be able to earn a living on their own if they do not have the luxury of their children supporting them .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , an aging population might not posing problems as feared .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:FORM|||pose|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In summary , public spending on the aged should be limited because the fact that the elderly should have planned for their old age when they were young and they might still be able to support them if the need arises .
+A 12 12|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||R:PRON|||themselves|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Concluding this , the country will be able to progress if their citizen do their part in planning for their retirement and , or their children supporting them .
+A 0 3|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:DET|||A|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||citizens|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 28|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many countries are currently experiencing aging population which leads to a series of related economic and social problems .
+A 3 5|||R:OTHER|||facing the problems brought about by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , workforce gets smaller as elder workers retire and working class have to pay more taxes due to the slower economic growth and the need to provide more healthcare services for the aged .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||R:PREP|||because of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even though the world is facing aging population , public spending should not only be spent on the aged as there are many other factors that need to be taken care of in the country 's future development .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 16|||R:WO|||be spent only|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN|||areas|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Aging population is already an inevitable problem in many countries such as Japan and Singapore .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The aging|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , public spending had been reviewed to address this problem and it helps to reduce the negative impact of aging problems to the society .
+A 12 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 25|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , due to the practical reasons , a country has its limitations on supporting the aged .
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , countries should assess other important areas that public spending should be focused on as well .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , if public spending on the aged were reduced , many social problems would arise in the country .
+
+S As the aged are used to receiving allowances and subsidies , the lack of government aids might affect their well-being .
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN|||lives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They would be unable to support themselves especially with the increasing level of healthcare costs .
+A 7 7|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to the Singapore Department of Statistics , the Consumer Price Index for healthcare had an increase of 3.6 % from February 2008 to February 2009 .
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:FORM|||increased|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This would translate to higher costs of living for the aged .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||mean|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , in this case , moral issues need to be considered as well .
+
+S Children of the aged should do their part in taking care of their parents after their retirement .
+
+S In conservative countries such as Singapore , children are expected to take care of their parents by providing them with allowance to meet their daily needs .
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||allowances|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Children should remember how their parents have taken care of them when they are young and hence , should do their part in demonstrating the value of filial piety and take care of their aged parents , instead of relying on the country to help .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 27|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:VERB:FORM|||taking|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order to ensure that the aged are properly taken care of by their children , government could introduce policies and enforce it on all .
+A 22 23|||R:PRON|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 25|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This would help to enforce the emphasis government places on moral values and also directly reduce public spending , which could be diverted to other areas of development .
+A 5 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||R:OTHER|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Other areas of development included addressing social issues such as the decrease in the birthrate and the increase in child abuse cases .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:FORM|||include|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In Singapore , the Marriage and Parenthood package with the extension of the Baby Bonus only attained marginal success in increasing the birthrate of Singaporeans .
+A 15 17|||R:WO|||attained only|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Median age of citizen mothers at first birth had increased over the years from 28.6 in 1998 to 29.4 in 2008 , thus causing the fertility rate for the prime childbearing age group of 20 to 34 to decline .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The median|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , public spending could be used to introduce more programs and subsidies to encourage having larger families instead .
+A 15 15|||M:NOUN|||people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With increased birthrate , Singapore would be able to resolve the problem of aging population in the near future .
+
+S Besides aging population , other social issues such as child abuse are also crucial problems that need to be addressed .
+
+S According Social Statistics 2009 conducted by Ministry of Community Development , Youth and Sports , the number of child abuse cases investigated in Singapore had increased from 154 in 2007 to 176 in 2008 .
+A 1 1|||M:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This significant increase indicates that attention should be diverted to address this problem .
+
+S Public spending could be used to ensure that there are ways to reach out to the abused victims in the society .
+
+S In addition , it is essential to increase public awareness through campaigns and seminars to allow public to have a better understanding on child abuse .
+A 15 16|||R:VERB|||give|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With this , the society could play a part in creating a safer environment for children and hence , enhancing the social development in Singapore .
+
+S Even though many countries are facing aging population , there is a still a limit on what can be done .
+
+S Thus , countries should not be overwhelmed by the problems of aging population and overlook other potential problems .
+
+S In conclusion , public spending should be used on the aged but also not neglecting other problems arising which hinders the country 's development .
+A 17 18|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:SVA|||hinder|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S - National Population Secretariat ( 2009 , June ) .
+
+S Population in Brief 2009 ( Pg 12 ) .
+
+S Retrieve September 9 , 2009 from http : //www.nps.gov.sg/files/news/Population % 20in % 20Brief % 202009.pdf
+
+S - Ministry of Community Development , Youth and Sports .
+
+S Singapore 2009 Social Statistics in Brief ( Pg 4 ) .
+
+S Retrieve September 9 , 2009 from http : //www.mcys.gov.sg/MCDSFiles/download/social % 20stats % 202009.pdf
+
+S - Singapore Department of Statistics .
+
+S Singapore Consumer Price Index February 2009 ( Pg 2 ) .
+
+S Retrieve September 12 , 2009 from http : //www.singstat.gov.sg/news/news/cpifeb2009.pdf
+
+S Too much of the nation 's budget is spent on aiding the elderly and the government should limit and channel these funds to other more important areas for country 's development .
+A 8 8|||M:VERB:TENSE|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For most countries , part of their national budget will be spent on funding the aged each year .
+
+S For example , $ 121million is set aside as Senior Citizen Bonus in Singapore this year ( Budget Highlights , 2009 ) .
+
+S The elderly receive subsidies in various areas such as housing and medical subsidies .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN|||benefits|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the elderly today are able to survive without subsidies from the government , these funds should be put to better use and be directed to support the country 's development .
+
+S The society has stressed on the importance of filial piety which requires children to take care of their parents .
+
+S Children are obliged to take care of their parents and this will lessen the burden on the society to take responsibility for the well-being of the elderly .
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 24|||R:OTHER|||care|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , less funds are needed to help these elderly .
+
+S Excess funds should then be channeled to other areas for country 's development .
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many may think that with the obligation to support their parents , the working family members will bear a heavier burden to provide for their parents .
+A 13 14|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 26|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , providing for the parents is not an additional burden for the children as benefits are reaped when they take care of their parents .
+A 15 18|||R:OTHER|||there are benefits|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , tax relief for adults who live with aged parents has been increased to $ 5000 and CPF Housing Grant Scheme to encourage young couples to stay near their parents ( " Round Up Speech " , 2007 ) .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , it is not true to say that the working adults bear a heavier burden from supporting their parents when government incentives are provided .
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||because|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , the government should limit the amount used to aid the elderly as their financial needs are taken care of by their own family members .
+
+S Elderly nowadays are able to support themselves .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||Nowadays , the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Chan ( 1999 ) showed that elderly respondents with CPF accounts are significantly less likely to rely on children as their main source of financial support , evidence suggests that as CPF coverage widens , reliance on children will probably decrease .
+A 26 28|||R:PUNCT|||. Evidence|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government has implemented policies to help citizens prepare for their retired life .
+
+S Policies such as compulsory CPF and Medisave savings both require citizens to set aside part of their salary to meet their future retired needs .
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||salaries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even if the elderly can support themselves , some may argue that they pay taxes and should be allowed to use these funds set aside for them .
+A 12 12|||M:PREP|||since|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||, they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Funds directed to other areas for the country 's development will also benefit the society .
+
+S For example , the construction of handicapped-friendly ramps and upgrading of HDB flats ' lift to serve at all levels .
+
+S The taxes that they pay may be channeled to support these upgrading works and benefit everyone .
+
+S With these policies implemented by the government , the elderly do not need so much financial assistance to meet their needs .
+
+S Everyone should be responsible for their well-being .
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||themselves|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The aged should still continue to work even beyond their retirement age when they are still capable of supporting themselves .
+A 3 4|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In recent years , the government have been promoting elder employment and raising the eligibility age for employment .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:MORPH|||eligible|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , the elderly should have no problem finding jobs to financially support themselves .
+
+S Others may think that the elderly have already contributed their share to the society and should now retire .
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , instead of letting them idle at home , the retired should be allowed back in the workforce and continue contributing to the economy .
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||to return to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:FORM|||to contribute|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Their contributions not only benefit themselves financially , they are also able to share their precious experiences with the apprentice .
+A 0 6|||R:OTHER|||Not only are they able to benefit|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||younger generations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With elderly returning to the workforce , they are less dependent on the government subsidies and thus , less funds should be set aside for the elderly .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Elderly will be supported in their retired days through various methods such as support by their working family members and support from government policies ( CPF savings , Medisave funds and Elderly bonuses ) .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||retirement|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||, and gaining|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN|||help|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There is no need to worry about the large sum of financial aid required by the aged .
+
+S All in all , funds should be limited and directed to other more important areas for country 's development so that the country will be able to remain competitive in the economy and achieve sustained economic growth .
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As developed countries globalize and industrialize , the aging population is one of the most prominent problems faced by them .
+
+S They not only struggle to balance the social needs and interests of different demographic groups but also to sustain economic growth .
+
+S Countries like Singapore and Japan have a social security system in place to help the aged , and at the same time , a substantial sum of public spending is put into their health and welfare .
+A 30 31|||R:VERB|||allocated|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:OTHER|||to look after|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Takayama , 2005 ) However , public spending should also be allocated to other areas of the country 's development such as education , small medium enterprises ( SMEs ) and infrastructure sector that would benefit the public and are effective in tackling the aging issues in the long run .
+A 5 5|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 32|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:OTHER|||. These areas|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the public spending on the aged should be limited so that money can be diverted to other areas of the country 's development to strike a balance and tackle the aging issues .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 31|||R:OTHER|||while tackling|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Education is a key area in which public spending should be utilized to increase a nation 's Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) per capita , labour productivity and international competitive edge .
+
+S One nation 's economy success depends on the quality of the workforce .
+A 12 13|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Edwards , 2008 ) With highly educated future generations , they will tend to earn more incomes and more health conscious , thus less reliant on government for health and welfare .
+A 5 5|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:ORTH|||Highly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:VERB|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Friedland and Summer , 2005 ) Singapore owes its economic success to the good management in the education system and the demand for skills through training the workforce to meet and keep up with the economic changes .
+A 7 7|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:VERB|||meeting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Lee , Goh and Fredriksen , 2008 ) Singapore 's social security system , which focuses on self-reliance and individual savings , is in line with the compulsory saving scheme , Central Provident Fund ( CPF ) .
+A 9 9|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 32|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The CPF Education Scheme allows people to use the ordinary account to pay for the tertiary education in the local institutions , and at the same time , encourages more people to further their education .
+A 14 15|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Mehta , and Wee , 2004 ) Education can also be a channel for the nation to emphasize filial obligations in order to increase willingness of the future generations to take care of their parents when they are old .
+A 8 8|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 41|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Peterson , 2001 ) As part of the Singapore 's education system , National Education aims to foster national cohesion , sense of belonging and good moral values .
+A 5 5|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Ministry of Education , 2009 ) Nevertheless , educating the workforce , including the aged , on the importance of planning for retirement and continuous skills upgrading are also essential .
+A 7 7|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This allows the workforce to start accumulating their wealth until the retirement age and at the same time , especially for the aged to remain productive through skill upgrading .
+A 29 30|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Peterson , 2001 )
+A 5 5|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Public spending should also be allocated to implement various schemes for the development of the Small Medium Enterprise ( SME ) sector .
+
+S The various schemes aim to help the SMEs increase their revenue and attract investors through upgrading the existing business operations and creating gateway and funding opportunities .
+A 26 27|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Spring Singapore , 2009 ) In 2008 , the National Research Foundation ( NRF ) announced that 75 million Singapore dollars was set aside to support Proof-of Concept grants ( POC scheme ) for the SMEs to strengthen innovation and entrepreneurship as the sector contributes over 40 % of the GDP and half of the employment workforce .
+A 6 6|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:SVA|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 58 59|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Loh , 2007 ) At the same time , the government also provides grants to support SMEs to recruit , retrain and retain their workers especially the older workers to ensure productivity .
+A 5 5|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 30|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Two examples of the grants are the Human Resource Capability Package developed by SPRING Singapore and the Singapore Workforce Development Agency ( WDA ) , which improves and strengthens SMEs ' human resource management capabilities and the ADVANTAGE !
+A 35 36|||R:OTHER|||, as well as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Scheme , which motivates SMEs to recruit older workers .
+A 9 10|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Ministry of Manpower , 2006 ) These will help to lower the barriers to elder employment , enabling them to work longer and accumulate more wealth for their retirement .
+A 7 7|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Peterson , 2001 )
+A 5 5|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Infrastructure is another area where public spending should be set aside for as it benefits everyone in the long run .
+
+S Enhancing and upgrading of common places such as sport facilities , schools , public housing estates , roads and parks are to satisfy the needs and convenience of the public .
+A 25 27|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It can also be seen as an evidence of public spending .
+
+S In 2009 , Singapore Senior Minister of State for National Development announced that the government plans to spend between S $ 18 and S $ 20 billion on infrastructure projects and another S $ 15 to S $ 17 billion in 2010 and 2011 respectively .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong noted on the National Day Rally Speech 2009 that new general hospitals ( Khoo Teck Puat Hospital and Jurong General Hospital ) would be built in response to the healthcare needs in Singapore , on top of that , there is also a need to build step-down care .
+A 6 7|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 39|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Twinning the current general hospitals with the community hospitals , which are run by charitable organizations , will make healthcare affordable for all , especially the aged .
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , a bridge would be built to link Tan Tock Seng General Hospital to Ren Ci Community Hospital that enables the patient from Tan Tock Seng General Hospital who is stabilized to be moved to Ren Ci Community Hospital for recovery and pay lesser for the cost of healthcare .
+A 22 23|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN:NUM|||patients|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 33|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 43|||R:NOUN|||rehabilitation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 44 44|||M:OTHER|||the patients may|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 47 51|||R:OTHER|||health care costs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The 2008 yearly report from the World Health Organization on global health statistics stated that Singapore utilizes 3.7 percent of its GDP on healthcare , which is generally low as compared to the United States ' 15.4 percent .
+
+S Singapore uses only one-fourth of its taxes , which is about only $ 381 per capita on health and individuals pay for the rest .
+A 24 25|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Callick , 2008 ) This shows the importance of tackling the roots of the high cost of healthcare instead of using the public spending directly on the aged .
+A 5 5|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Aging issues are very complicated but not indomitable .
+
+S For all nations , wise planning on public spending and wise policy planning are very crucial as they influence one 's future .
+A 22 23|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Friedland and Summer , 2005 ) Creating welfare dependency on the government only solves the issues temporarily .
+A 7 7|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order to prevent this , public spending on the aged should be limited .
+
+S Instead , it should be used on other areas of development to tackle the roots of the issues and improve the quality of life .
+A 24 24|||M:OTHER|||for the aged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Public spending means expenditure by government , covering the military , health , education , infrastructure , development projects , and the cost of servicing ( paying off the interest on ) overseas borrowing .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||refers to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||incurred|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||which may include expenses on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:NOUN|||loan|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Aging problem likely causes a substantial increase in public expenditure on health .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||are likely to cause|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But the stable development of society as a whole needs the balance of public spending on all aspects .
+A 2 3|||R:ADJ|||steady|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus the government should be cautious in expanding spending in the aging population , taking into account the impact on economic growth .
+
+S Above all , many recent reports from developed countries have found that ageing will have only a small effect on the healthcare expenditure in future , thus spending on the aged can be limited within a certain small scope of the proportion of GDP .
+A 0 3|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:ORTH|||Many|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:OTHER|||( citation )|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , reports from the United Statesthe United Kingdom and Australia have reached similar conclusions .
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||States , the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are two reasons why researchers have reached this conclusion .
+
+S Firstly , the older population is not spending a large proportion of the country 's GDP , and the fact is not simply that the relatively greater proportion of older people there is , the more spending is as a percentage of GDP .
+A 25 26|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 33|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:OTHER|||greater would be the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 43|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , the Sweden and the Australia have similar health outcomes , as measured by life expectancy .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 18|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But in 2000 , 17.3 % of the Swedish population was aged 65 years or older ; it spent only 8.6 % of its GDP on health .
+A 0 1|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||In|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is less than the 9.3 % spent by Australia in 2001-02 , when only 12.7 % of the population was 65 years or older .
+
+S Secondly , many countries have adopt effective strategies to make the effect of population ageing on health expenditure to be small and manageable , Here is some of the strategies : ( 1 ) stratify the old by age and sex ; ( 2 ) give the limited coverage of the public pension system , new means-tested benefit for the elderly to reducing poverty ; ( 3 ) increase transparency about self-employed income to ensure fairness in the financing of social insurance systems , including the new long-term care insurance .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:FORM|||adopted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 18|||R:OTHER|||expenditure on health for an aging population|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 45 64|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But , the aging problem may be exaggerated , due to a variety of reasons .
+
+S Here I just give three of them .
+A 0 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First , the factors that increase the financial expenditure has been over-emphasized , while the factors that make it less is likely to be ignored .
+A 0 1|||R:MORPH|||Firstly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 25|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is true that older people use more healthcare than younger people and that the proportion of older people in the population is increasing , but there are some another elements reduced the overall incidence of ill health .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN|||health care services|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 38|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , the period between illness and death may become shorter , the prevention and population health initiatives , and the higher awareness on the health issues .
+A 0 29|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These factors do have a certain impact .
+
+S For example , the proportion of people in the UK who require help with activities of daily living in 1991 is half of that in 1976 .
+
+S Second , some group of people may , as the reasons for their positions or interests , require a significant increase in public spending on the aging population .
+A 0 1|||R:MORPH|||Secondly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||groups|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 17|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One group is the old .
+
+S Compared to long-term economic development they may more concern about their own welfare .
+A 5 5|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:VERB|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:MORPH|||concerned|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another is the government .
+A 1 1|||M:NOUN|||group|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Because of an increasing number of elderly voters , in order to win majority support , politicians may provide excessive benefits to the elderly .
+A 0 2|||R:PREP|||With|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 24|||R:OTHER|||politicians may provide excessive benefits to the elderly to win votes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The other is private medical institution .
+A 0 6|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If the government finds that aging is a heavy burden , it is bound to decrease the necessary public expenditure , thereby forcing more people to use private health institutions .
+
+S Third , some increasing fiscal spending due to other causes have been mistaken that it is caused by the aging population .
+A 0 1|||R:MORPH|||Thirdly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:FORM|||increased|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:VERB|||may be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN|||factors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 18|||R:OTHER|||instead of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Here I list three of them .
+
+S Firstly , the cost of pharmaceuticals and diagnostic tests increases .
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||have increased|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The report published by the Australian federal governmentfound that in the growth in federal government health spending over the last decade .
+A 6 7|||R:ORTH|||Federal|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:ORTH|||Government found|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 21|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The 90 % was because of pharmaceuticals and diagnostic tests .
+A 0 11|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , new technology almost always increases more people spend more money on the health care .
+A 0 17|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Because the wound is small and low-risk surgical techniques has increased the number of people who can have such operations .
+A 0 21|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thirdly , normal doctor 's prescription prefers newer and more inclined to expensive , but not necessarily more effective drugs .
+A 8 8|||M:NOUN|||drugs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||the drugs are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:VERB|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a consequence , if we attribute these increasing costs to an ageing population , we may not find a way to fix these difficult tasks .
+A 0 27|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If the public spending on the issue of aging unrestricted , the coming wave of retiring Baby Boomers may wash away projected budget surpluses , erode existing spending priorities .
+A 9 9|||M:VERB|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example in American , it is already estimated that over half of federal domestic spending outside of interest goes to people 65 and older .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN|||America|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 19|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:TENSE|||went|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Other harm is that the burden of the government will increase as the richer old people will take hold of healthcare policies , offing money to the old that do not truly needs help .
+A 0 4|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:ORTH|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 35|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , in the Korea , there is pressure for increased outlays on pensions , healthcare .
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:OTHER|||on the government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus it requires additional tax revenue .
+
+S As a conclusion , the public spending on the aged should be limited , so that money can be diverted to other areas of the country 's development .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||In|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many countries including Singapore are facing the issue of the aging population .
+A 2 2|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 4|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are many implications to this issue and one of such implication is that the spending by the government on the aged has increased in order to deal with this issue .
+A 4 5|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This affects the amount of available funds to spend on other areas of the country 's development such as the economy , education and infrastructure .
+A 7 8|||U:VERB:FORM||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , in today 's society , much has been debated on whether public spending should be limited so more money can be diverted to other areas for the country 's development .
+A 19 19|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In my own opinion , I agree to a large extent that public spending on the aged should be limited .
+
+S One of the reasons to limit public spending on the aged is that there is a greater need to spend money on education than on the aged .
+
+S For countries such as Singapore where labor is vital and is the only resource , spending on education is important for the future growth of the country .
+
+S Furthermore , in Singapore where it is currently experiencing low birth rate , developing education aspect for the young is crucial to ensure there will be sufficient of local talents in the future .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 17|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is to ensure that Singapore will be able to stay competitive with other countries in the future .
+A 12 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , in the long run , spending on education will generate economic benefits for the country .
+
+S On the other hand , if this same amount of money is to be spent on the aged , there will be no economic benefits generated by them for the country .
+
+S Hence , if the government does not limit the spending on the aged , smaller budget will be left for developing education .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||did|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||there would be a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 18|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:OTHER|||the education sector|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This may affects the country in long run .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:FORM|||affect|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It can also be argued that there is a greater need to spend on infrastructure development as it is an important area for a country development .
+A 19 20|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 26|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Limit spending on the aged means that there will be a larger amount of funds available to spend on infrastructure development .
+A 0 1|||M:VERB:FORM|||to limit|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This fund allows the country to develop proper infrastructure such as roads , electricity and even water supply to attract more foreign investors in setting up firms in the country .
+A 23 25|||R:OTHER|||to set|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Superior infrastructure attracts foreign investors in setting up business in the country as it reduces production cost and also increases accessibility for their business .
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||to set|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Attracting foreign investors is important as foreign investments contribute to the country economic development .
+
+S Therefore , if government spending on the aged does not limit but increases due to aging population issue , the budget on infrastructure development will be lesser and this may affect the country 's economic development negatively .
+A 8 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||issues|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another reason to limit public spending on the aged is that there is a need to set aside larger amount of money for economic area especially currently when there is global economic downturn .
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN|||development|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As economy is a key area of a country development , government should spend more money on economic development in order to sustain a healthy economic growth .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , a prosperous economy will leads to the increase of affluences .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:FORM|||lead|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN|||wealth|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This means that the burden of supporting the aged by the society will be lessen .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:FORM|||lessened|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , spending in the economy will bring beneficial for both the country and the aged in long run .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||developing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||benefits|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the flip side , spending on the aged is as equally as important in spending on any other area for country development .
+A 10 11|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 23|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Limit spending on the aged does not mean that government should not spend on them .
+A 0 1|||M:VERB:FORM|||To limit|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As they are part of the country 's population , there is a social responsibility to take care of the aged .
+
+S Moreover , this group of elderly had work hard for years when they were young and had contributed to the economy and society .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:FORM|||worked|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From this essay , I conclude that there is a need to limit public spending on the aged as there are other areas that require money for the country 's development .
+A 0 4|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After all , the aged is not the only area that we should look into when deciding on the allocation of public spending .
+
+S There is a need for government to take a wider perspective of the different areas that need money as much as the aged when deciding on how much money to spend in each area .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 23|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 31|||R:VERB:FORM|||is to be spent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S * Singapore positions itself for the future through infrastructure spending , 2009 [ online ] .
+
+S Business Monitor Online .
+
+S Available from : { http : //www.allbusiness.com/economy-economic-indicators/economic-conditions-growth/12580756-1.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.allbusiness.com/economy-economic-indicators/economic-conditions-growth/12580756-1.html ] [ Accessed 8 September 2009 ] .
+
+S * Ministry of Education , 2009 .
+
+S Information sheet on building strong fundamentals , expanding opportunities for all .
+
+S Singapore : Ministry of Education .
+
+S * Popatlal , A. , 2007. International advisory council urges s'pore to develop local talent [ online ] .
+
+S Singapore : channelnewsasia .
+
+S Available from : http : //www.channelnewsasia.com /stories/singaporelocalnews/view/271538/1/.html [ Accessed 8 September 2009 ] .
+
+S * Straits Times , 2009 .
+
+S Bigger education budget [ online ] .
+
+S Available from : http : //www.straits times.com/Breaking % 2BNews/Singapore/Story/STIStory_336516.html [ Accessed 8 September 2009 ] .
+
+S Thorough the entire world , the national leaders of developed countries are anguishing about the crisis of aging population .
+A 0 1|||R:PREP|||Throughout|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||concerned with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A country budget would be spent in a few key areas such as defense , healthcare , environment , transport , research and development , education .
+A 2 2|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Public spending on the aged is necessary but should be limited in order for money to be diverted to other areas of the country 's development .
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If majority of spending is focus on the aged , it would limit the growth of the country which consequently lowers that standard of living for all .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:FORM|||focused|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:OTHER|||would consequently lower|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly with a shrinking workforce and increase in expenditure required in welfare , the country needs to focus on developing the further generation .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will need|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||generations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " All who have meditated on the art of governing mankind have been convinced that the fate of empires depends on the education of youth " a quote by Aristotle clearly state that education is the crucial factor to determine a country success and progress .
+A 26 27|||R:OTHER|||--- this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:VERB:SVA|||states|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 42|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With proper education system the young will be more productive when they enter the workforce .
+A 4 4|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence a highly skilled workforce in turn boosts the country economy and sustains the additional demands of a graying population .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will boost|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:SVA|||sustain|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The population should also be instilled with a strong sense of responsibility towards their parents from young through education .
+
+S This would alleviate a portion of the expenses to provide for the aged from the society .
+A 0 17|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore a portion of public spending should be place to align education structure which equips the young with right mind set and skills relevant to the needs of the workforce .
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||given|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 14|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:SVA|||equip|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:OTHER|||which are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , a key area which requires funding is the research and development programs of a country .
+A 13 17|||R:OTHER|||sector|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With strong support on research , new breakthrough can be discovered to cure chronic illness or age related diseases .
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||illnesses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The cost of health care could be lowered with advancement in science , medication which is more effective and lower the drug 's side effects .
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 25|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Effective medication would translate into a shorter time spent in hospital .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||hospitals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore it lower elderly burden on healthcare and improve or stabilizing the health of frail elderly .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||lowers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 4|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:SVA|||improves|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:FORM|||stabilizes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Healthier elderly are able to return to the workforce and contribute to the country 's development .
+
+S It may be objected that the amount invested in research does not produce equal rewards .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB|||argued|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , without continuous trials and error then new innovation could not be made .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||errors ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||innovations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is due to the persistent effort from researchers that many of today technology had been discovered .
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||technologies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Research and development on the defense of the country is also essential .
+
+S A country would be considered extremely vulnerable to menacing country with its graying population ( less able-bodied individual ) and lack of improvements on weaponry .
+A 7 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 24|||R:OTHER|||outdated|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus with adequate funding on the research and development , it will in turn place the country in a better position .
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||will be at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thirdly , an emphasis should be place on the country healthcare system .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:FORM|||placed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With a shrinking workforce and ever-increasing cost of living , the aged would even have difficulty coping with daily expenses , what more medical bills .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 23|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A critical illness could empty out elderly entire retirement fund and thus government should provide medical subsidy .
+A 0 1|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||Critical|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||illnesses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||of their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||subsidies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If the government does not provide any form of aid and shift the responsibility towards the family or society it will have catastrophic consequences .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||did|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||shifted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 22|||R:OTHER|||there would be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Society could deem the government as unsympathetic ; it lowers the people 's morale .
+A 7 14|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Those who are more affluent might migrate causing a loss of investors and talent which affects the country development .
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||, which could cause|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||talents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||. This may affect|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Statistic has also shown that there is an increase in spending on prescribed medicine expense ; from $ 535 in 1999 to $ 1410 in 2001 .
+A 0 1|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Statistics|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Goulding , 2005 ) The family footing the medical bills will in turn have less capital for other expenses ; namely , children 's education , daily necessity .
+A 5 5|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||Families|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:ADJ:FORM|||lesser|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:NOUN:NUM|||necessities|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Needy household might encourage their child to take up part time job to supplement the family finances .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||households|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||children|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Children might be grow up to be ineffective workers as their education had been disrupted .
+A 2 3|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This would negatively affect the society and the country economy on a whole .
+A 9 9|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A developed country with graying population bring about a shrinking workforce , if spending are focus on the aged it could cripple the country 's economy and halt developments .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||brings|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||R:PUNCT|||. If|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||were focused|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With appropriate distributed spending on key areas such as education , research and development and healthcare it could allow the country to progress despite additional demand of aging population .
+A 2 3|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 19|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:TENSE|||could|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Leaders of the country should balance the benefits of individual , society and country with care to maximise the country potential for development .
+A 20 20|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Refereneces
+
+S Goulding , Margie R. 2005 " Trends In Prescribed Medicine Use And Spending By Older Americans , 1992 2001 " Retrieved September 11 , 2009
+
+S ( www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/ahcd/agingtrends/05medicine.pdf )
+
+S Dealing with baby boom had always been the predominant issue in the past decades .
+
+S Sectors like housing and consumers 'market had to be carefully taken care of .
+A 4 6|||R:ORTH|||consumers'market|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The economy underwent a series of revolutionary changes due to the positive surge in population , hitting greater heights as the trend continued .
+A 11 12|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nothing like a premonition of an aging population was dangling in their minds during that time .
+A 0 17|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Now , the perennial concern of a fast aging population has surrounded the world .
+
+S Increasing elderly spending has shrunk the budgets of many countries , especially the developed ones where the problem of aging population is more vivid .
+
+S If no effort is put to limit the increasing healthcare and social security costs , expenditures on other priorities will soon come under pressure .
+A 4 4|||M:VERB:TENSE|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although spending on the elderly is inevitable in the face of aging population , careful spending is necessary in diluting the effect of fiscal consequences .
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Limiting elderly spending does not confine only within the present .
+A 6 6|||M:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is about coming out with a permanent solution which would curb the spending in the long run .
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In Australia , the mean-testing pensions have helped to cut down a significant amount of aging population costs .
+
+S However , statistics have shown that the nation 's health care spending will still nearly double from 6.4 % of its GDP in 2002 to 11.5 % in 2025 due to the larger proportion of elderly in relative to its population .
+
+S Therefore , the fiscal outcome may not turn out to be ideal , other expenses such as education and national defence will end up being squeezed .
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||because|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So it can be deduced that limiting elderly spending in the present does not equate to paying off in the future .
+
+S To deal with such challenges , the proportion of GDPs spent on healthcare and social security for the aging population should be aimed to scale down permanently .
+
+S Government should spend more money on creating healthcare awareness .
+A 0 1|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Governments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the average life expectancy in the world increases , people are living longer and they become more vulnerable to contracting chronic illnesses at the old age .
+A 16 16|||M:VERB:TENSE|||may|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Promoting healthy lifestyles and imparting valuable knowledge on healthcare are some of the options .
+
+S It is important for the elderly to know how and where to seek for help once they contract an illness because they can tackle the illness at the earlier stage , thus reducing the hefty healthcare costs if it is treated at the irreversible stage .
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have contracted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||R:OTHER|||. They|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 40|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 43|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 44|||R:OTHER|||much later|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Eventually the economy will be benefited when people become healthier and spend lesser on their healthcare .
+A 4 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||benefit|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After all , the benefits of this measure will definitely outweigh the expense , and is able to cut down the amount spent in the medical sector in the future .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN|||limitations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:OTHER|||the measure|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Freidland and Summer ( 2005 ) suggest the importance of increased productivity of future workers , regardless of age , for better economic growth .
+
+S However , in the future , bulk of the working population will have to come from the retiring baby boomers .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are several limitations to the extent of how the productivity can be increased among these workers .
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , for the more well-offs elderly , they are less willing to work as they want to enjoy their retirement .
+A 5 6|||R:ADJ:FORM|||well-off|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , more health issues will surface if the elderly are to work more or longer , especially for the less well-offs as most of them have difficulty in paying for their medical expenses .
+
+S Hence , in order to have a better economic growth , the process should be viewed with a more comprehensive perspective .
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Government should provide a wider protection net for the elderly , such as implementing health insurances , promoting health campaigns , better welfare programs so as to reduce the mental and financial burden on the aged .
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And this means spending on the elderly is required .
+
+S Although economic growth is important in providing care for the elderly , the limit standards on the elderly spending should be set carefully , so that they would not create any adverse effects on the economy .
+A 14 15|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As elderly will likely to form the core of the population in the future , they are becoming the major source of the economic growth .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , their welfare and healthcare should be well taken care of .
+
+S When this condition is satisfied , economic growth then can be sustained to cater for other areas of country 's development .
+
+S The aging population in Singapore is increasing .
+
+S This implies that there are lesser young people to support the larger group of elderly .
+
+S Therefore , the government has to channel more resources to look after the welfare of the elderly , especially in the healthcare sector where additional hospitals , such as the Jurong Hospital , are being built in Singapore to meet the escalating demand for healthcare and to provide better services .
+A 23 25|||R:OTHER|||. Additional|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , this may result in the elderly being over dependent on the government .
+
+S Eventually , this will strain the country 's economy and development .
+
+S Thus , public spending on the aged should be controlled so that money can also be diverted to other important areas of the country 's development .
+
+S This then gives rise to the problem of the inability of the aged being self-sufficient and self-supporting in old age .
+A 1 2|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 11|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The elderly are physically disadvantaged in the workforce .
+
+S Moreover , employers often hesitate to employ them as the 21st society is rapidly immersing in technologies and there are many young professionals who , although may not have the work and management experience , but have the much sought after skills .
+A 10 11|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 17|||R:OTHER|||technologically inclined|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||R:OTHER|||. There|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , it might not be easy for the elderly to work and support themselves .
+
+S In addition , the elderly might be reluctant to work due to over reliance on the government .
+A 12 12|||M:VERB|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:MORPH|||reliant|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Aside from providing financial support to the elderly , the government should try to help the elderly in other ways so as to reduce the dependency of the elderly on the government .
+A 0 1|||R:ADV|||Apart|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , public spending on the aged should be restricted .
+
+S " The Government has a duty to look after the elderly , he said , but it can not replace the love and warmth of a family , " said PM Lee in the National Day Rally 2009 ( 2009 , Aug 17 ) .
+
+S The government has been constantly emphasizing the importance of filial piety and the duty of the children to look after their parents .
+
+S From young , the values of filial piety are taught in school and instilled in them .
+A 4 16|||R:OTHER|||students are taught the values of filial piety|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In Singapore , filial piety is enforced legally .
+
+S The government came up with The Maintenance of Parents Act in the 1996 and has been studying to best use this legal pressure to ensure that the children will take care of their parents as filial obligations would reduce the reliance of the elderly on the government , therefore , the government 's budget on the elderly need not be as huge .
+A 5 6|||R:ORTH|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 37|||R:OTHER|||. This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 47 49|||R:OTHER|||and subsequently|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government has highlighted to the public the importance and benefits of financial planning for their old age .
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Advance financial planning allows the people to provide for themselves when they have retired or incapable of supporting themselves financially .
+A 0 1|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||Financial|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:VERB|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , they would be less of a burden to the government .
+
+S The CPF sets aside a sum from their monthly salary to prepare for the rainy days and one 's old age .
+A 17 19|||R:OTHER|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The various aspects of the benefits of CPF includes retirement , healthcare , home ownership , family protection and asset enhancement .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:SVA|||include|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , self supporting is another way to reduce dependency on the government .
+
+S The government has a duty in taking care of the aging population .
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||to take|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , they should limit the public spending on the aged .
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The responsibility to look after the aged should be shared between the children as well .
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||shouldered by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , the aged could prepare themselves for the old reducing the burden of others .
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||their old age|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||, and thus reduce|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Limiting the public spending on the age reduces dependency of them on the government .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:FORM|||aged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 11|||R:OTHER|||their dependency|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , more money can be diverted to other areas of the country 's development .
+
+S Ageing population is a pervasive phenomenon affecting countries worldwide .
+
+S Governments have been working on strategies to deal with this problem .
+
+S One of the strategies is to increase the birth rate of the country .
+
+S For example , Singapore has implemented the baby bonus scheme to lighten the financial costs of raising children .
+
+S However , the government not only has to deal with reducing ageing population but to attend to the needs of the aged as well .
+A 13 13|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:ADV|||also|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 24|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There is a need to subsidize the aged for their healthcare , transport , facilities and in other areas .
+A 15 19|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S More public spending has to be channeled to cater to the needs of the aged .
+
+S One may argue that public spending on the aged could be spent on country 's development .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB|||used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The development of the country is important but public spending on the aged should never be limited under all circumstances .
+
+S Whether the country develops or not , public spending on the aged should not be limited .
+A 0 7|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:ORTH|||Public|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The aged still deserves to receive the best welfare given by the country .
+A 2 3|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is known that they had contributed to the country for during the prime time of their life .
+A 10 11|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||lives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Their contribution should be recognized .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||contributions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A practical way of recognizing their contribution is to provide them with subsidies and growth packages .
+
+S By limiting public spending on the aged , it may signify that the government perceives that the country 's development more important than the welfare of the people .
+A 15 16|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:VERB|||to be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Due to this , some of people would resent the government for regarding development more important than its people .
+A 0 4|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:ORTH|||Some|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB|||seeing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:PREP|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the extreme cases , some of them would hold protests to vent their anger towards the government .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There could be a social backlash if the government were to limit the public spending on the aged .
+
+S The people may view that the government sees the old aged as a burden , not wanting to taking care of them .
+A 4 5|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 22|||R:OTHER|||as not wanting to take care of the aged , and see them as a burden|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This could cause the people to be skeptical about their welfare for their old age in the future .
+A 11 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The morale of the local workforce could be affected .
+
+S Some people may seek to migrate to countries that will look after the welfare of the aged .
+
+S And the migration of the workforce would lead shortage of workers in the country .
+A 8 8|||M:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Shortage of labour would impede the growth of the country .
+
+S Therefore , this causes economic development of the country to be reduced rather than growth .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB|||would affect|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , limiting the amount of public spending spent on the aged could help the country to develop more effectively during crisis .
+A 11 12|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If the country is facing an economic downturn , its revenue is reduced .
+A 3 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||faced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This calls for a need for the government to spend on areas which could boost the economy .
+
+S Money should be spent more wisely on helping the country to get out of the economic downturn .
+A 6 7|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the reduced revenue , the government should be more flexible by limiting the public spending on the aged .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By limiting the spending on the aged , it helps the government to have more funds available for getting the country out of the economic downturn .
+A 8 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||R:OTHER|||to get|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S More public spending could be allocated to skill upgrading for workers , education and building projects .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN|||funds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 13|||R:OTHER|||education , and upgrading the skills for workers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Despite the economic downturn , the government could use money from their reserve fund instead .
+A 0 1|||R:PREP|||In|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||funds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This could be a morale boost for the people because the spending on the aged by the government is not reduced despite the economic downturn .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||booster|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To conclude , the effects of limiting public spending on the aged should never be underestimated .
+
+S The government should weigh the social and economic cost of reducing public spending before making a decision .
+
+S The government should look into areas where public spending on the aged is not limited without hindering the country 's development .
+A 0 22|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The limit of public spending on the aged is important because it indirectly controls the funds which would be channeled into other areas of a country 's development .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||Limiting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This accounts for the dilemma in the amount of spending to be diverted towards the ageing society as many believe that money directed to boosting a country 's economic growth is more practical than spending it on an ageing population which offers no economic returns .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN|||difficulty|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:VERB|||deciding|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN|||funds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||to helping|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN|||population|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , a country should decide on the level of limit of spending they want to commit on the ageing population as different levels would lead to different results .
+A 8 13|||R:OTHER|||amount|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN|||amount|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For a country which places low limit on the public spending of the aged , the amount of investment being channeled into other areas of the country 's development would be lower than another with a higher limit on the public spending .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 40|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 42|||M:OTHER|||for the aged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , Britain spends more on their ageing population as compared to America and their level of investment in research and development is lower than that of America .
+A 7 8|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , this is not to say that the public spending on the aged is the sole factor for the cause of lower investments in other areas of a country 's development , it is only one of the many factors .
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 33|||M:PREP|||though|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nevertheless , it still affects the level of fund being diverted to a country 's development .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||funds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A low limitation limits the funds being diverted to other areas of the country 's development such as education , technology and economic investments .
+A 6 6|||M:PREP|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN|||developments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This may result in a slowdown in the progress of a country because the progress of a country is dependent on its ability to keep up with the competitive global economy .
+
+S With less funds being pumped into areas such as technology and infrastructures , investments may flow out when other nations offer better incentives .
+
+S This would then lead to an overall fall in the revenue of a country which will translates to a drop in the public spending on the aged ( Weil : 1997 ) .
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:FORM|||translate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:PREP|||into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , it can be seen that negative results are being achieved with neither the aging population nor the country 's economy benefitting from it .
+A 2 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , it may be argued that countries such as Britain are still progressing well in the global economy despite a high level of spending on the aged population showing that a low limitation on public spending does not equate to a halt in the progress of a country .
+A 29 30|||R:OTHER|||. This shows|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 41|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , the low level of limitation would mean that quality healthcare are being catered to the elderly as sufficient money are being invested in them , this may lead to a healthier ageing population which may then contain the spread of elderly illnesses ( Dunnell : 1995 ) .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 29|||R:PUNCT|||. This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This containment could possibly lead to a fall in money being diverted to the aged population as they are healthier now , hence increasing the funds being diverted to other areas of a country 's development .
+A 21 23|||R:OTHER|||; and thus|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , a country with a high limitation of public spending on the aged means that more funds are being diverted to other areas on their country 's development .
+
+S For instance , Singapore spend approximately 9 million on her ageing population , encouraging elderly independence instead thus she has a greater amount of money to be diverted to other areas .
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||. Thus ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Again , this is not to imply that the spending on the aged population is the sole factor leading to investments in other areas of Singapore .
+
+S With a lesser fund being channeled to the aged population more of it may then be focused onto areas that can spur the development of a country .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||funds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 18|||R:OTHER|||used in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This may allow improvements in fields such as , infrastructures , research and development , education and technology .
+A 8 9|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , it may attract more investments and that can generate more revenue of a country which can then increase the spending on the aged population ( Weil : 1997 ) .
+A 13 14|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||, which in turn|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||R:OTHER|||may|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN|||funds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:OTHER|||allocated to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , a win-win situation is achieved .
+
+S However , the increase in investments may not necessary lead to a rise in the revenue of a country because an outflow of capital may occur as those investments are foreign based .
+
+S Also , one can not be sure that the increase in revenue would be diverted to the ageing population as a country may continuously tap on the increase in revenue to spur more economic growth .
+
+S Lastly , by having a high limitation , it may mean that proper healthcare and medical technology are not provided for the ageing population and this may lead to a poorer health standard among the aged .
+
+S This would then translate to a more serious problem as the country would then need to pump in even more money to increase the health standard of the elderly in the future ( Weil : 1997 ) .
+A 4 5|||R:PREP|||into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence it can be seen that different levels of limitations on public spending produces different results which can be both good and bad as shown above .
+A 13 14|||R:MORPH|||produce|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These results may not be the same for all countries because each country has their own unique way of implementing different policies to deal with their ageing population .
+A 14 15|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But there is no doubt that public spending on the aged should be limited because it affects the level of fund being diverted to areas that aid the development of a country , however more importantly , it is the level of limitation that a country has to take note of .
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||funds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 34|||R:OTHER|||. However ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Each country will have a different level of limitation because of the differences they have within their society .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Different|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||countries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||levels|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||societies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , each country should understand their society well and implement a limit which will best benefit their ageing population and economy .
+A 7 8|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Bibliography :
+
+S Dunnell , K. ( 1995 ) 'Are We Healthier ?
+
+S ' , Population Trends , No .
+
+S 82 , pp .
+
+S 8-12 .
+
+S Weil , David N. , " The Economics of Population Aging " in Mark R. Rosenzweig and Oded Stark , eds. , Handbook of Population and Family Economics , New York : Elsevier , 1997 , 967-1014
+
+S Fast-aging population remains a precarious global challenge in today 's world .
+
+S This unprecedented demographical shift with the number of dependent adults surpass the number dependent children envisage serious negative impacts , from declining of work forces and real GDP to sharp increasing of elderly fiscal cost , that will impoverish and subsequently impede developmental growth .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:FORM|||surpassing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:SVA|||envisages|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Among all , the astronomical healthcare-cost issues generate most controversial arguments as more chronic degenerative diseases such as Alzheimer 's or arthritis are perceived as an inevitable component which tend to manifest in the later life .
+
+S Nonetheless , current research and development as well as policy have preeminently help to alleviate the dire consequences of aging process towards society .
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Alzheimer 's or Alzheimer Disease is the most common form of dementia mostly diagnosed on people aged 65 and above .
+A 14 15|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is well-known as a terminal disease leading to cognitive impairment , memory loss , apraxia , aggression , muscle mass and motor skills deterioration and ultimately death results in complication by external factors .
+
+S According to Bonin-Guillaume , Zekry , Giacobini , Gold and Michel ( 2005 ) as well as Meek , McKeithan and Schumock ( 1998 ) , dementia specifically Alzheimer 's is one of the most costly diseases for society in Europe and the United States , placing great psychological , physical and economic burden on caregivers and governments .
+
+S It is speculated ( Alzheimer 's Disease International , 2006 ) that the figure of dementia patients in Asia Pacific will quadruple to 65 million by 2050 .
+
+S This could be a calamitous tribulation to the nation .
+
+S However , scientists are now offering glimmers of hope by making headway on research to diagnose , treat , prevent and optimistically to cure this devastating disease .
+
+S For example , last year , Prana Biotechnology in Melbourne ( Reader 's Digest , Sept 2009 ) developed PBT2 that targets and reduce beta amyloid , a sticky protein hypothesized to be the cause of Alzheimer 's which form plaques that kills brain cells .
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:SVA|||reduces|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Memory and learning behaviours are reported to improve drastically sometimes within hours being given the drug .
+
+S Other drugs such as Rember , are announced to delay progression of the disease up to 81 percent while Dimebon promised to power and halt the perishing of brain cells .
+A 30 31|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Reader 's Digest , Sept 2009 ) .
+
+S Researchers also hope to develop early detection methods which will help by prescribing preventive medication before the actual occurrence of the disease .
+A 9 10|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , advanced molecular understanding of scientists towards life-span reveals that contrary to common belief , aging is actually regulated by specific cellular pathways instead of being an uncontrolled gradual breakdown process .
+
+S This implies that aging perhaps can be influenced with manipulation of certain cells .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The breakthrough took place with the discovery of Sirtuins , a group of anti-aging genes ( Dipp , Guarente , Westphal , 2007 ) with unique positive correlation in other words , affect age- related diseases including cancer , diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders .
+A 24 44|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Kennedy and Valter , 2006 ) .
+
+S The theory by a group of researchers from Harvard Medical School ( as cited in Reader Digest , Sept 2009 ) suggest that " with more Sirtuins , DNA repair would be more efficient " enabling the subject ( mouse ) to maintain a youthful or healthy gene pattern into old age , eliminate traits of aging and subsequently increase lifespan by 24 to 46 percent .
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:SVA|||suggests|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 35|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 53 54|||R:VERB:FORM|||eliminating|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 59 60|||R:VERB:FORM|||increasing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In short , based on the findings,aging may one day be reversible .
+
+S Critics have argued that though these researches are seemingly impressive and hopeful , there are simply no concrete empirical evidence on their practical significance or effectiveness .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , these findings fail to address the exigent issues of aging societies presently facing .
+
+S Yet , one should be constantly aware and confident of the actualization of technology 's development for a promising future on account from the past .
+A 22 23|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , policies are implemented in attempt to dissolve current concerns .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||attempts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Despite Scandinavian welfare state such as France , countries like Singapore who have long promulgate self-reliance do adopt certain policy framework for example the 3M 's , Medisave , Medishield and Medifund simultaneously with Eldershield to protect and support citizen on the skyrocket Healthcare cost .
+A 0 8|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:ORTH|||Countries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||promulgatpromulgated|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||R:OTHER|||such as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:PUNCT|||---|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 35|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 40|||R:NOUN:NUM|||citizens|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 42|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 43|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Government subsidies on a wide range of intermediate and long-term care services such as community hospitals and dementia care centers are available for patients especially elderly who require continuing care after hospitalization .
+A 24 24|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Efforts and workshops in collaboration between the Oxford Institute of Ageing and the Singapore Council for Third Age ( C3A ) are launched to educate as well as promote active aging among Singaporeans .
+A 0 5|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( The Oxford Institute of Ageing and Ow , G , 2009 ) .
+
+S In conclusion on the whole , society should now move toward a new paradigm that aging does not equate to burdensome on the economy or development of a country .
+A 2 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||:|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 21|||R:OTHER|||is not a burden|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although fertility rates fallen , longevity increased .
+A 3 3|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The fact where more people are living longer and healthier old ages have now altered the living and employment patterns of the elderly thus emphasized their contribution to humanity .
+A 0 30|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Improvement of technology has certainly at this moment transformed the definition and experience of aging .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||Advancement in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 8|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S Bonin-Guillaume S , Zekry D , Giacobini E , Gold G , Michel JP ( 2005 ) .
+
+S " Impact economique de la demence ( English : The economical impact of dementia ) " .
+
+S Presse Med 34 ( 1 ) : 3541 .
+
+S Dipp , M.A. , Guarente , L. , Westphal , C. H. ( December , 2007 ) .
+
+S " A therapeutic role for sirtuins in diseases of aging ? " .
+
+S Trends in Biochemical Sciences , Volume 32 , Issue 12 , 555-560 .
+
+S Retrieved Sept 15 , 2009 , from Science Direct .
+
+S Kennedy , B. K. , Valter , D. L. ( July , 2006 ) " Sirtuins in Aging and Age- Related Disease " .
+
+S Cell , Volume 126 , Issue 2 , 257-268 .
+
+S Retrieved Sept 15 , 2009 , from Science Direct .
+
+S Meek PD , McKeithan K , Schumock GT ( 1998 ) .
+
+S " Economic considerations in Alzheimer 's disease " .
+
+S Pharmacotherapy 18 ( 2 Pt 2 ) : 6873 ; discussion 7982 .
+
+S Ow , G. ( 2009 , Sept 16 ) .
+
+S " 9 in 10 Singaporeans do not feel well prepared for retirement " .
+
+S Channel NewsAsia .
+
+S Retrieved September 17 , 2009 from www.channelnewsasia.com .
+
+S Signy , H ( Sept 2009 ) .
+
+S " Alzheimer 's : Glimmers of Hope " .
+
+S Reader 's Digest ( Sept Ed ) .
+
+S Pg 66-72 .
+
+S The Oxford Institute of Ageing .
+
+S Electronic References .
+
+S Retrieved September 17 , 2009 , from http : //www.ageing.ox.ac.uk .
+
+S An aging population has been an issue in recent years as the increment in social needs of the elderly , public spending and burden on younger generations have governments probe deeper into the situation .
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:OTHER|||, as well as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:VERB:FORM|||probing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:NOUN|||issue|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Despite these significant consequences related to an aging population , " They ( Governments ) must realize that any further expansion of retirement benefits would only impoverish future generations and limit future public spending .
+A 11 12|||R:ORTH|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " ( Peterson , 2001 ) .
+
+S As concerns have been raised on the effectiveness of excessive money injected into financing social welfare policies to arrest short term issues , the improper use of public spending will likely create much burden for the next generation .
+A 31 31|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These measures almost certainly do not benefit the nation in the long run .
+
+S Therefore , public spending should be spent on other sectors of the economy beyond the minimum need for social funding .
+A 13 20|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There is little doubt that social welfare policies can alleviate difficult situations that the aging population is facing today .
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||populations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Direct monetary policies can provide a significant income support for them .
+
+S For example , the public assistance program can provide the elderly a sense of security for food , shelter and daily necessities .
+A 11 11|||M:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some of the elderly have no dependents and they live by themselves while others are looking at hefty medical bills and healthcare costs as their health deteriorates .
+A 12 12|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These are direct issues an economy has to face in order to curb social issues and if not treated , will likely incur greater losses for the governments .
+A 0 29|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the aging population grows , these spending should increase proportionately with the size to ensure that the elderly are taken care of .
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This can prove beneficial to the elderly as significant changes in living standards are achieved .
+
+S At the same time , the economy benefits from it since there will be fewer costly social issues .
+
+S Having met the minimum requirement , spending beyond this point can not possibly yield significant results .
+A 0 17|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Excess public spending only adds to the comfort of the aging population and does not effectively benefit the economy .
+A 0 1|||R:MORPH|||Excessive|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the elderly will not be encouraged to work , it will ultimately inhabit inactivity amongst the old aged when they take for granted that governments are providing everything for them .
+A 10 20|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:VERB:TENSE|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:OTHER|||the government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , if an old man , physically fit , is given monetary assistance beyond the minimum necessities , he will be compelled not to work even so if the benefit greatly make up a large part of his salary .
+A 4 11|||R:OTHER|||a physically fit old man|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN|||amount|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 25|||R:WO|||not be compelled|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 29|||R:OTHER|||, especially|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:VERB:TENSE|||made|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another instance in Singapore can be the availability of funds allocated to town councils for social welfare services , if allocated too much , the money can be used not to provide necessities but only more comfort .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN|||example|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 37|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will prove to be a double edged sword as public spending backfires .
+A 0 14|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The economy will not effectively utilize tax payers ' money to the best of its ability .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN|||government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:FORM|||utilized|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As resources are poured into the different sectors in the economy , growth will increase along with public spending .
+A 3 3|||M:VERB:TENSE|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is ensured by the motivation for personal gains in the economy as each sorts to benefit the most out of the stimulus that governments inject into the economies .
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||seeks|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , as more money is pumped into infrastructural development within a country , the industries benefit as lesser time for setting up plants , tax benefits and cheaper rental , drive costs of doing business down .
+A 7 7|||M:VERB:TENSE|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||, with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||taken|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||R:OTHER|||to set|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 33|||R:OTHER|||. All these will drive the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As these costs decline , businesses become more profitable when they effectively try to make use of the incentive from the government and ultimately translate to better salaries for consumerism .
+A 23 24|||R:OTHER|||this may|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 30|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The elderly can then benefit from larger social budget allocation as the economy grows .
+
+S At the end of the day , public spending should always be limited to finance the basic needs of the aging population .
+
+S Governments should weigh the costs and benefits associated with each dollar spent on social policies and the economy .
+A 11 11|||M:VERB:TENSE|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They must then determine where the necessary point is to effectively solve the issues an aging population is facing and then channel the remainder into the other sectors of the economy .
+A 23 24|||R:OTHER|||remaining resources|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With proper policies for implementation , " Public budgetary resources would be used only to secure minimum standards and basic social services .
+A 3 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:ORTH|||public|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " CITATION Tan00 \ l 1033 ( Tanzi .
+A 1 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S V. and Schuknecht , 2000 ) , only then can the economies as well as the aging population benefit healthily from the effective use of tax payers ' money .
+A 6 9|||R:OTHER|||Till then , only|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S BIBLIOGRAPHY Summer , R. B .
+
+S ( March 2005 ) .
+
+S Demography Is Not Destiny , Revisited .
+
+S Center on Aging Society : Georgetown University .
+
+S Tanzi .
+
+S V. and Schuknecht , L. ( 2000 ) .
+
+S Public Spending in the 20 th .
+
+S Century : A Global .
+
+S Perspective .
+
+S Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
+
+S Public spending on the aged should be limited as money should be spent in other areas such as defense and public infrastructure as they play a more important role in a country 's future development .
+A 13 14|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:NOUN:NUM|||roles|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Currently , most developed nations such as Japan , Singapore and Australia are facing problems of their societies turning grey as numbers working to support the old are dwindling .
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This causes social security problems which concern the ability of the young to support a larger number of people .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB|||question|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S An aging society causes a smaller working force which results to lesser tax players which might cause in a decline in government fund .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB|||means|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would result|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN|||payers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:DET|||This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is not feasible for a country to spend more the elderly when funds have a possibility of decreasing in future years .
+A 10 10|||M:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:TENSE|||being decreased|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Money for the aged can be saved as people should take care of their own parents when they turn old .
+A 18 19|||R:VERB|||become|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In Singapore 's context , each child has to take a compulsory module of moral education in their early years of schooling .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It teaches the importance of family coherence and the virtue of filial piety .
+
+S With that value in placed , responsibility in taking care of the elderly should not be pushed to the government but the people themselves .
+A 1 2|||R:DET|||these|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||values|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:OTHER|||should be shouldered by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A step further was taken to reinforce this idea .
+
+S Singapore law has derived with maintenance of parents act to protect the future of the elderly , allowing the elderly to sue for monetary needs if their children refuse to provide .
+A 0 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:VERB:FORM||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:SVA|||protects|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:VERB:TENSE|||refused|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This allows the country to save funds which are not unnecessary needed to provide .
+A 0 15|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Funds should be used more on developing talents instead .
+
+S The problem that the aging population is facing right now is the lack of human resource to provide for the total population .
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||resources|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 22|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We should now invest in creating and attracting talents , both local and foreigners to reduce the impact of the dwindling working force .
+A 13 14|||R:MORPH|||foreign|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Taking Japan for example , by year 2050 , one in three Japanese will be past their retirement age as average birth rate is reported at 1.23 babies per woman .
+A 20 20|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the solutions is to do a " replacement migration " where the foreign talents are attracted to replace the lack of human resource in certain countries .
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB|||recruited|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 23|||R:OTHER|||strengthen the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A country can secure these talents by setting aside funds for education , giving bursaries and scholarships to attract foreign students whom will in turn stay and work .
+
+S Either than talents , providing high level of security is essential .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Other|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:OTHER|||the people with a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are currently growing fears of terrorism after the September 11 attacks on the twin towers .
+A 12 16|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Funds should be casted aside for security purposes , such as military technology to protect their people from external threats .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:INFL|||cast|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Only by living in a safe country then can one enjoy the benefits of living in a ripe old age .
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , a dwindling population signifies lesser people to defend the country .
+A 6 6|||M:OTHER|||that there are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , technology is highly needed to replace the lost of manpower .
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||loss|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , not all elderly are well supported by their children .
+
+S Especially during the wallstreet meltdown in 2008 , many have lost their jobs .
+A 0 1|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||During|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With huge families facing financial crisis , the government will have to stand him to provide for the elderly in need .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||crises|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Not only that , single elderly that was being abandoned or do not have kids are in a disadvantage as there are no one to support them in anything happens in the future .
+A 4 5|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:PRON|||who|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 15|||R:OTHER|||are childless|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 19|||R:OTHER|||disadvantaged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 30|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , retirement age should be extended and people should be educated to work longer and save more for their future livelihood .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Elderly should be more independent instead .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||The elderlylderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the current situation , it is best to reflect on the funds provided and given to the elderly in near future .
+A 0 23|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some portion of the funds can be saved if people start to become responsible of themselves and their families .
+A 14 19|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In an aging society , due to lesser tax payers , government funds will eventually drop providing a huge cut in possible public expenditures needed to sustain a country .
+A 4 5|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 7|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||and this will provide|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the portion of money saved , it can be used in other areas of developments , which will bring about a better living environment for the people .
+
+S Therefore , funds should be limited in the area of spending on the aged .
+
+S Bibliography
+
+S D.A .
+
+S Coleman , Replacement Migration , or Why Everyone if Going to Have to Live in Korea : A Fable for our Times from the United Nations , Philosophical Transactions : Biological Sciences , Vol .
+
+S 357 , No .
+
+S 1420 , Reviews and a Special Collection on Human Migration ( Apr.29 , 2002 ) , pp .
+
+S 587-598
+
+S Grant Linsey , " Replaement Migration " : The UN Population Division on European Population Decline , Population and Environment , Vol .
+
+S 22 , No .
+
+S 4 ( Mar. , 2001 ) , pp .
+
+S 391-399
+
+S Tarak Shuman , The Aging of the World 's Population .
+
+S Ambio , Vol.13 , No .
+
+S 3 , Population , Resources and Environment ( 1984 ) , pp .
+
+S 175-181
+
+S Teo Peggy , Population Planning and Change in Singapore .
+
+S Population and Environment , Vol .
+
+S 16 , No .
+
+S 3 ( Jan. , 1995 ) , pp .
+
+S 237-251 Healthcare System to be restructured to cater to aging population .
+
+S ( 2009 , August 17 ) .
+
+S Channel NewsAsia
+
+S Social sector wants govt to move beyond law for parent maintenance .
+
+S ( 2009 , August 19 ) Channel NewsAsia 172 file for parent maintenance in last 12 months .
+
+S ( 2009 , August 19 ) Channel NewsAsia
+
+S This year , our government intends to spend $ 42.1 million on community- based and residential programmes for the elderly and the disabled .
+A 23 24|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Singapore Budget , 2009 ) Let us just think about the money that is going to be spent on the elderly .
+A 6 6|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Now , the problem some may question is whether such expenditure is too much .
+
+S Why not use the money in other areas so that these areas can improve ?
+
+S However , we need to realize that the older population we are talking about here refers to people who are not only old ; they also do face certain difficulties in supporting themselves and require the help to get on better .
+A 10 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 25|||R:OTHER|||but are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 28|||R:VERB:TENSE|||facing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:OTHER|||they may|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 40|||R:VERB|||do|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , I do not think that we should limit the amount of money to be spent on the elderly .
+
+S As mentioned earlier , one reason why we should not limit the spending is that it may not be fair to the elderly when the public spending is limited as among the elderly , there may be people who are really in great need of the support from the government .
+A 24 34|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 38|||R:OTHER|||those|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 45 46|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We do know that the older population has a higher chance of facing illness and inconvenience in their physical movements .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||illnesses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||inconveniences|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , based on the Census 2000 data , in Singapore , we have 14 percent of the elderly who only live with their spouse and 12 percent of the elderly do not live with their immediate family .
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN:NUM|||spouses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( 2000 ) These elderly are facing problems in their lives .
+A 1 1|||M:OTHER|||citation ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 3|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this case , they may not have the financial ability to take care of themselves without the help from the government .
+A 17 18|||R:DET|||any|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , it is the government 's duty to come in and render the help to them instead of limiting the help they can receive .
+A 9 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another reason why we should not limit the public spending on the older population is because of the fact that the phenomenon of ageing population is expected to continue growing .
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By limiting it , the amount may not be able to cater to all needs in the future as the limit is set on the basis of the population at a particular time .
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Yet over the years , when this group of people increases , especially in rather high rate , the amount needed will be more than the amount put aside then .
+A 13 14|||R:PREP|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:VERB:TENSE|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Limiting the spending then handicaps the whole system reaction to the increasing number .
+A 0 14|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Then again , there is always the opposite side to the issue .
+A 0 2|||R:ADV|||However|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some people may critique that if we do not limit the amount we are spending on the elderly now , this amount will increase proportionately with the increasing number of the elderly in the future .
+A 0 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:ORTH|||If|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||did|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will cause the proportion of the amount that will be left for developments in other areas to reduce in the future as well .
+A 5 11|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:TENSE|||be reduced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In an article in the Reuters , it is indeed believed that as the United States faces growing number of the older people , pension and healthcare services will be pushed up and thus , compelling major increases in public expenditure .
+A 20 21|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 30|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 42|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Maggie , 2009 )
+A 5 5|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , I see the argument in the other way .
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||another|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S That is , the amount of money that the government can use for developments of other areas may not increase even after limiting the spending on elderly .
+A 0 3|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:ORTH|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is because in actual fact , the burden is shared by the families of the elderly as well as the government .
+
+S The government does not pay the full cost .
+
+S If we limit the amount the government pays , the additional cost falls on the shoulders of the family members which will then be shifted back to the government by family in other means .
+A 30 30|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Robert and Laura , 2005 ) Since no difference is expected , be it limiting the amount or not , we should try to reduce the pressure that will be felt by majorities in the future-having to pay for high expenses for the elderly at home .
+A 7 7|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:OTHER|||doing so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 33|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||R:OTHER|||future , such as having|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 40|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After looking at both sides , we can see that the older population is not a small group of people and the number will continue to increase in number in the future .
+
+S Thus , to cater to the needs of the older population , which may also be the largest group of people within the country in the future , it is best not to limit the amount .
+
+S Instead , keeping it flexible , to be increased in times of great need will be a better choice .
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||such as to have it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Our society is aging .
+
+S Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing ( 2002 ) suggested , " since year 1950 , the average life expectancy has increased by 20 years and is expected to extend a further 10 years by 2050 " .
+A 0 0|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB|||highlighted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:PUNCT|||:|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This increase in life expectancy has been said to be the result of better public health care and advances in medical care .
+
+S Governments , realizing that there will be profound consequences followed by this global demographic transformation , have now come out with different strategies and policies to ease the aging process .
+
+S Nevertheless , the effectiveness of current research and policies in helping to ease the aging process are doubted by the public .
+
+S In fact , it calls into the question whether the elderly really benefits from the policy implemented in the aspect of financial security , employment and living arrangements for elderly .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:SVA|||benefit|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 30|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In terms of economics , old age financial support is the government 's main concern and therefore mechanism that provides citizens with financial security in old age has been introduced .
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||mechanisms|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:SVA|||provide|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:VERB:FORM|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , Central Provident Fund ( CPF ) , a comprehensive financial savings plan for the workers has been implemented in Singapore .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although CPF was aimed to secure the retired elderly by providing income to support their basic need in old age , nonetheless , it has been accused for its deficiency .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||give security to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Shantakumar 1999 , Asher 1996 and 1998 , Lee 1999 and 2001a , have pointed out the lack of universal coverage and the lack of adequacy of funds for retirement security in this CPF scheme , especially for the low-income elderly ( as cited in David R. Phillips and Alfred C.M .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||( 1999 )|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 7|||R:OTHER|||( 1996 and 1998 )|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 12|||R:OTHER|||( 1999 an 2001a )|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Chan , 2002 ) .
+
+S Along with the criticism , recent National Survey of Senior Citizens 2005 ( Ministry of Community Development , Youth and Sports , 2005 ) showed that only 41.3 per cent of the elderly aged 55 and above had CPF savings and , of these , 61.6 per cent felt that their CPF savings were inadequate .
+
+S Meanwhile , in a study of Asia Times Online ( Megawati Wijaya , 2009 ) , it showed a recent survey found out less than 5 % of the current elderly population rely on CPF disbursements for their livelihood .
+A 5 6|||R:PREP|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||was shown that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 23|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All of these prove the failure of CPF scheme in providing a secure future life for most of the elderly .
+A 1 2|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Apart from that , government 's initiative in raising the retirement age is also blamed to be not effective .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB|||seen|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In Singapore , the retirement age for its citizens will be raised from 62 to 65 by 2012 and eventually to 67 along with the higher life expectancy of its ageing population ( Reuters - The Inquirer , 2007 ) .
+
+S It is undeniable that by increasing the retirement age , the elderly will be able to accumulate wealth and eventually the strain on finances in their drought years will be ease .
+A 23 23|||M:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 28|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , people should take note that the problem now is not about the mandatory retirement age of the elderly , but indeed the employability problem faced by the senior citizens .
+A 22 23|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Most of the elderly claimed that they could not find a job even though they have the willingness to extend their retirement age .
+
+S National Survey of Senior Citizens 2005 ( Ministry of Community Development , Youth and Sports , 2005 ) showed that among the current generation of elderly , only 28.2 % of them are employed .
+A 0 0|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This data shows the seriousness of the employability problem among the senior citizens .
+
+S Therefore , unless the employability problem has been resolved , the increasing in the retirement age might worth-nothing to most of the elderly that are now staying unemployed .
+A 6 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:MORPH|||increase|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB|||worthnothing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides that , attractive financial incentives for promoting co-residence with the parents introduced by the Singapore government have also been argued .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||the a ttractive|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:OTHER|||which are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 21|||R:OTHER|||faced certain criticisms|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Inevitably , after the financial incentives such as tax reliefs and priority housing has been instituted , there are more adult children who live with , or nearby , their elderly parents .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB|||introduced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , increase in the co-residence with the parents does not imply increase in the willingness of the children in taking care of their parents .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||co-residences|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN|||anncrease|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S No one can guarantee that children who live nearby their parents will eventually take good care of their parents .
+A 17 19|||R:OTHER|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There may have children who live nearby their parents just because of the attractive incentives .
+A 1 3|||R:VERB|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As suggested in the Channel NewsAsia ( Asha Popatlal , 2009 ) , there are more elderly citizens apply for the Tribunal for Maintenance of Parents over the last 12 months .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:FORM|||applying|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " From August 2008 to July this year , 172 people filed applications , much higher than the average of 100 in previous years " .
+A 26 26|||M:OTHER|||( citation )|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This figure shows that by the time the rate of co-residence increase , there is an increase in the parents ' abuse cases also .
+A 4 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:SVA|||increases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 18|||R:OTHER|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 24|||R:OTHER|||cases of parental abuse|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , it is sensible for people to remain dubious about the effectiveness of promoting co-residence in improving the quality of care of the elderly by the adult children .
+A 4 5|||R:ADJ|||possible|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a conclusion , to a large extent , current policies implemented have not helped much to ease the aging process .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||In|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is mainly due to the deficiency in the policies themselves .
+
+S For the CPF scheme , there is lack of adequacy of funds for retirement security ; for the later retirement act , there is employability problem among the elderly that need to be resolved ; for the co-residence promoted , there is doubt on the quality of care of the older parents received from their children .
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||adequate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||to ensure|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:PUNCT|||. For|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:NOUN:NUM|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 36|||R:PUNCT|||. For|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 48 49|||R:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , current policies should be re-evaluated in their feasibility and should be amended in order to reach the ultimate goal- ease the aging process .
+A 20 22|||R:OTHER|||goalof easing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference List
+
+S Asha Popatlal .
+
+S ( 2009 , Aug 19 ) .172 file for parent maintenance in last 12 months .
+
+S Channel NewsAsia .
+
+S Retrieved September 14 , 2009 , from { http : //www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/449852/1/.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/449852/1/.html ]
+
+S David R. Phillips and Alfred C.M .
+
+S Chan ( Eds ) .
+
+S ( 2002 ) .
+
+S AGEING AND LONG-TERM CARE National Policies in the Asia- Pacific .
+
+S Singapore : Institute of Southeast Asian Studies .
+
+S Ministry of Community Development , Youth and Sports .
+
+S ( 2005 ) .
+
+S National Survey of Senior Citizens 2005 .
+
+S Retrieved September 14 , 2009 , from { http : //www.mcys.gov.sg/MCDSFiles/Resource/Materials/NSSC % 202005.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.mcys.gov.sg/MCDSFiles/Resource/Materials/NSSC % 202005.pdf ]
+
+S Megawati Wijaya .
+
+S ( 2009 , Aug 27 ) .
+
+S Singapore faces a 'silver tsunami' .
+
+S Asia Times Online .
+
+S Retrieved September 14 , 2009 , from { http : //www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/KH27Ae01.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/KH27Ae01.html ]
+
+S Report of the Second World Assembly on Ageing : Madrid Political Declaration and International Plan of Action 2002 .
+
+S ( 2002 , April 8-12 ) .
+
+S Retrieved September 14 , 2009 , from { http : //daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N02/397/51/PDF/N0239751.pdf ? OpenElement } [ HYPERLINK : http : //daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N02/397/51/PDF/N0239751.pdf ? OpenElement ]
+
+S Singapore to raise retirement age to 65 by 2012 .
+
+S ( 2007 , Aug 19 ) .
+
+S Retrieved September 14 , 2009 , from { http : //business.inquirer.net/money/breakingnews/view/20070819-83520/Singapore-to-raise-retirement-age-to-65-by-2012 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //business.inquirer.net/money/breakingnews/view/20070819-83520/Singapore-to-raise-retirement-age-to-65-by-2012 ]
+
+S ''Public spending on aged should be limited so that money can be diverted to other areas of the country 's development .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ''I am fully agreed with this statement .
+A 1 2|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nowadays , a lot of countries are having aging problem especially advanced counties like Japan , Sweden , Germany , Singapore and United State of America .
+A 10 10|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This global aging is also starting to intrude some developing nations such as Malaysia and Thailand .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB|||affect|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to the journals 'A Graying World ' and 'Doomsday Predications about Population Aging Are Exaggerated ' , population aged 65 and older is anticipated to more than double by year 2030 and furthermore median age in many first-world countries will reach between 52 to 54 by 2050.If the fertility rates do not rise again , the problem will worsen the society .
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 59 60|||R:VERB:TENSE|||be worsened|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 60 62|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Demographic changes due to growing aging population will have a serious consequence on health issues .
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||consequences|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Governments are forced to spend more money to overcome it .
+A 9 10|||R:PRON|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , Singapore needs to restructure the whole health care system due to the aging population as Singapore Prime Minister mentioned .
+A 18 22|||R:OTHER|||mentioned by the Singapore Prime Minister|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the funds have to be restricted wisely and diverted to other fields of the country 's development .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB|||used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , governments have to continue push up the pension age in line with rising life expectancies .
+A 6 6|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 8|||R:VERB|||raise|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN|||retirement|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Elder is encouraged to work longer to accumulate more wealth which could be used to support themselves .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||The elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , a tardy or zero fertility rates has increased the importance of elderly workforce in the market .
+A 4 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||rate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||having an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They could help to boost up economic growth by involving in different kind of sectors .
+A 5 6|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||being involved|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For some countries with little economic growth , society faces few choices on how to care for those who are least able to care for themselves .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , with sufficient economic growth there are more choices and fewer persons in need ( Robert B. Friedland and Laura Summer,2005 ) .The more elderly workforce in the market , the least governments spending on medical expenditures as well as lower down their pressures on aging problem .
+A 26 51|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , money can be diverted to education field in order to educate people or youngsters .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN|||sector|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 16|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Well educated people tend to have higher incomes and better health generally .
+
+S These people are not only helping government to cut down expenditures on health care , but also helping countries to generate more income as well as stabilize economic stability .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||the country|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 29|||R:OTHER|||the economy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S That is why a lot of countries are spending in a large portion in education .
+A 9 10|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To illustrate , education expenditures always occupy in a larger segment in fiscal budget in Singapore and Malaysia .
+A 7 8|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , public policies that encourage and facilitate education , basic research , and the application of promising technologies can enhance the well-being of current and future generations of older people ( Robert B. Friedland and Laura Summer,2005 ) .In other words , elites are able to invent more advanced technology in term of accelerate nation development .
+A 51 54|||R:OTHER|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 55 56|||R:MORPH|||nationational|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All advanced nations are using high-tech in every field .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||high technology|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , Japan is one of the countries which using the most advanced technology in manufacturing .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:FORM|||uses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Its car industry almost dominates the worldwide market and always is the top-selling cars in most of the countries such as Honda and Toyota are preferred by a lot of car users .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||world|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||has always produced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:OTHER|||. For instance ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These companies are not only making cars , but also involve in technology exploitation to benefit people .
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||are also involved|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN|||exploration|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Japan government always gives subsidies to these companies to create something more innovative in solving people daily life problems .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||The Japanese|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Consequently , Japanese is one of the most civilized races in the world .
+
+S In contrast , North Korea is still communist country and it is conservative .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Everything is under government controlled , civilians are not given any chance to involve in monopoly or private business .
+A 4 5|||R:MORPH|||control|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All the market judgments are determined by the government itself .
+
+S Moreover , most of the funds are spent for nuclear research and relatively there are less spending on country people needs .
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is the fact to cause the majority of North Koreans living in poverty .
+A 1 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:SVA|||causes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , governments could give subsidies or incentives to encourage people increase fertility rates .
+A 12 12|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nowadays , people are more educated and usually having small families .
+
+S They might be considering the opportunity cost of having a big family rather than more concentrated on careers .
+A 0 19|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If governments subsidize to encourage couples to have more children , fertility rates might be changed .
+A 2 2|||M:VERB|||provide|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||subsidies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , Singapore government gives different type of incentive and benefit to support parenthood to have and raise children .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||types|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||incentives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||benefits|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB|||encourage|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:MORPH|||parents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The increase of fertility rates is very important to every country as it could generate more man power as well as reinforce country military strength .
+A 2 3|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 18|||R:ORTH|||manpower|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In a nut shell , every country needs to consider wisely about public spending on the aged .
+
+S Other fields of the country development are important too .
+A 5 5|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , governments may have to choose the most sustainable and efficient way to estimate their national budgets .
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||plan for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Growing older is often associated with deteriorating health , economic declination and emotional problems .
+
+S Singapore has made legal amendments to improve state provisions which include social programmes for old age and sickness ( Hort and Kuhnle , 2000 ; ISSA , 2004 ) .
+
+S These changes demonstrated how seriously the government has assumed its responsibility in managing its ageing population .
+
+S With population ageing being prioritised as a top national agenda , the aging process would certainly be eased substantially .
+
+S The Survey of Senior Citizens ( 1995 ) showed that although the health status among respondents aged 60 and older was generally good , more than 30 per cent received treatment for some chronic illness .
+A 29 29|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:NOUN:NUM|||treatments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:NOUN:NUM|||illnesses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The majority of respondents had little or no formal education .
+
+S About 25 per cent males and 69 per cent females either never married , were widowed or divorced .
+A 10 11|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Collectively , these findings suggest that the elderly must rely on others for financial and social support .
+
+S To provide a wide safety net , the government has implemented several national-level health insurance schemes such as Eldershield , which is targeted at the long-term care needs of individuals aged 40 and over ( http : //www.eldershield.com/eshield/jsp/abt_eldershield.jsp , accessed 13 September 2009 ) .
+
+S It provides cash benefits to the insured who can not perform certain unaided activities .
+
+S In 2007 , the government announced a new potential Eldershield payout of $ 28,000 , instead of $ 18,000 for up to six years ( The Straits Times , 2007 ) .
+
+S This money is meant to be used to pay for care-giving needs , such as nursing home care .
+
+S General practitioners and dentists also provide care to low-income elderly in their neighbourhood at subsidized rates , thus enabling eligible elderly to have access to care near their homes .
+
+S These private practitioners are reimbursed by the Ministry of Health .
+
+S With these measures in place , the elderly can be assured that they would be cared for and that health care would remain affordable .
+
+S Another policy is to ensure Singaporeans are financially secure after retirement .
+A 5 5|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Central Provident Fund ( CPF ) has been the state institution to provide economic support to older Singaporeans .
+
+S Currently , Singapore 's CPF has the highest coverage of any retirement plan in Asia ( Asher , 2006 ) .
+A 10 11|||R:DET|||all|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||plans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In 2007 , Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong announced that the age at which individuals can withdraw their minimum sums will be increased from 62 to 65 .
+
+S This move will increase the period of time that individual savings can last during retirement .
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S CPF LIFE was launched this month to provide Singaporeans a lifelong income into old age .
+
+S Members will receive a monthly income depending on the cash savings they have in their Retirement Account for as long as they live ( http : //mycpf.cpf.gov.sg/Members/Gen-Info/CPF_LIFE/CPF_LIFE.htm , accessed 14 September 2009 ) .
+
+S In addition , for individuals 62 and above , the Housing Development Board will buy back the lease of their apartment and provide a shorter lease of 30 years for the same flat .
+
+S There would be two payouts ; a lump sum up front and monthly installments for the rest of the individual 's life .
+
+S All these schemes ensure adults have at least a source of cash income available to them during old age .
+
+S However , the main source of financial and emotional support for older persons in Singapore still rests with the family .
+
+S Approximately 60 per cent of older adults live in households where other family members pay for all the expenses .
+
+S One-fifth of older adults are self sufficient and there is almost no dependence on welfare ( Chan , 2001 ) .
+
+S Additionally , co-residence or living in close proximity to children remains the norm in Singapore .
+
+S Only 9.3 per cent of the 60-plus lived alone or in other arrangements , and 5.8 per cent lived only with their spouses .
+
+S The majority received financial or in-kind support from their children , if these were present ( Yap , 2008 ) .
+
+S Existing policies would be rendered inadequate without the family being responsible for the care of its older members .
+
+S Nevertheless , filial obligation should be stressed .
+
+S The Government has introduced schemes to encourage Singaporeans to maintain their parents such as the legislation on filial piety , known as the Maintenance of Parents Act ( Vasoo , Ngiam , 2000 ) .
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||which is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Under this scheme , elderly parents who have no other support can claim financial aid from their children .
+
+S Taxpayers who maintain their parents or grandparents in Singapore are also given income tax relief .
+
+S These social policies should be credited in helping the current generation of older adults cope with the emotional and behavourial challenges of the aging process .
+
+S At present , the Singapore government has taken a very proactive role in dealing with population ageing and various policies to enhance the quality of life of older people have been put in place .
+
+S However these remain works-in-progress and will continue to be developed in the years ahead .
+
+S The effectiveness and relevance of these policies should be evaluated regularly to provide an even better understanding of changing requirements and needs of the elderly .
+
+S References
+
+S * Chan , A .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Ageing in Singapore : policy challenges and innovations .
+
+S In T. Fu & R. Hughes .
+
+S ( Eds .
+
+S ) , Ageing in East Asia : Challenges and policies for the twenty-first century ( pp .
+
+S 123-137 ) .
+
+S Abingdon : Routledge .
+
+S * Chadha , N. K. , & Prakash , K. ( 2008 ) .
+
+S The Graying of the Asian Population : Issues and Challenges .
+
+S In N. K. Chadha ( Ed .
+
+S ) , Longevity and Productivity : Experiences from Aging Asia ( pp .
+
+S 1-9 ) .
+
+S Chiyoda-ku Tokyo : Asian Productivity Organisation .
+
+S * Chan , W. M. A .
+
+S ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Aging Societies : Emerging Issues and Perspectives from Singapore .
+
+S In N. K. Chadha ( Ed .
+
+S ) , Longevity and Productivity : Experiences from Aging Asia ( pp .
+
+S 68-80 ) .
+
+S Chiyoda-ku Tokyo : Asian Productivity Organisation .
+
+S * Chia , N.C. ( 2004 ) .
+
+S The Central Provident Fund and Financing Retirement Needs of Elderly Singaporeans .
+
+S In H. G. Lee ( Ed .
+
+S ) , Ageing in Southeast and East Asia : Family , social protection and policy challenges ( pp .
+
+S 22-39 ) .
+
+S Pasir Panjang : Institute of Southeast Asian Studies .
+
+S * Yap , M. T. ( 2004 ) .
+
+S Singapore 's Response to an Ageing Population .
+
+S In H. G. Lee ( Ed .
+
+S ) , Ageing in Southeast and East Asia : Family , social protection and policy challenges ( pp .
+
+S 66-87 ) .
+
+S Pasir Panjang : Institute of Southeast Asian Studies .
+
+S * Wong , G. ( 2004 ) .
+
+S Quality of Life of the Elderly in Singapore 's Multiracial Society .
+
+S In H. G. Lee ( Ed .
+
+S ) , Ageing in Southeast and East Asia : Family , social protection and policy challenges ( pp .
+
+S 168-189 ) .
+
+S Pasir Panjang : Institute of Southeast Asian Studies .
+
+S * Mehta , K. K. , & Thang , L. L. ( 2004 ) .
+
+S Multigenerational Families in Singapore .
+
+S In H. G. Lee ( Ed .
+
+S ) , Ageing in Southeast and East Asia : Family , social protection and policy challenges ( pp .
+
+S 216-229 ) .
+
+S Pasir Panjang : Institute of Southeast Asian Studies .
+
+S * Great Eastern .
+
+S ( 2009 ) About Eldershield .
+
+S Retrieved September 13 , 2009 , from Great Eastern Holdings Limited Web site : { http : //www.eldershield.com/eshield/jsp/abt_eldershield.jsp } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.eldershield.com/eshield/jsp/abt_eldershield.jsp ]
+
+S * Central Provident Fund Board .
+
+S ( 2009 ) CPF LIFE .
+
+S Retrieved September 14 , 2009 , from Central Provident Fund Board Web site : http : //mycpf.cpf.gov.sg/Members/Gen-Info/CPF_LIFE/CPF_LIFE.htm
+
+S An aging population has been much talked about in recent years .
+A 5 8|||R:WO|||talked about much|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Goh ( 2007 ) stated that countries like Singapore and Japan who face a fast aging population are expected to have a projected median age of 54 and 55 respectively .
+
+S Hauner , Leigh , and Skaarup ( 2007 ) believed that countries with a high and rising old-age dependency ratio will expect their age-related spending to escalate by 4 percentage point of GPD over the next 45 years .
+A 32 32|||M:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:OTHER|||GDP ( Gross Domestic Product )|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , governments and policy makers around the world are ready to set aside a larger portion of their countries ' budget to cater for age-related spending , with healthcare for elderly as most of their top priority .
+A 33 33|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 40|||R:NOUN:NUM|||priorities|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , to avoid compromising the development of other sectors , it is essential for policy makers to limit this perpetually increasing spending on the elderly by looking into viable alternatives .
+A 19 22|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Prime Minister Lee ( 2009 ) suggested that although it is the government 's duty to look after the elderly , children should do their filial duty by taking care of their own parents .
+
+S However , some might argue that the burden of their own families and the high cost of living in Singapore make it hard for them to provide for their parents ' living expenses .
+
+S While this may be true , it is still possible if these working adults can make adjustments to their lifestyles by cutting down on unnecessary expenses like the purchasing of luxury items .
+
+S This way , they are able to provide for their parents instead of abandoning them in a home or hospital .
+
+S Even though the government can look after the aged , Prime Minister Lee ( 2009 ) has pointed out that it is ultimately the warmth and love from the families that they need .
+
+S Majority of the elderly are not concerned with how much their children give them instead they are satisfied as long as their children are able to spend time with and show their love and concern for them .
+A 14 14|||M:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 29|||M:PRON|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By taking care of their own parents , these working adults can be positive examples for their children .
+
+S Under the influence of their parents , these children will be more likely to follow in their footsteps and will voluntarily take care of them when they are old .
+
+S Therefore , it is highly encouraged that children should fulfil their filial duty by looking after and caring for their own parents .
+
+S Chow ( 2008 ) proposed that mandatory medical savings scheme should be implemented in order to tackle the challenges of an aging population and the rising medical costs in Hong Kong .
+
+S Critics of this proposal have pointed out that the money set aside for this scheme will go to waste if they pass away even before they can utilize them .
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:FORM|||passed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , governments of many countries have urged that such savings scheme offers protection as health can be unpredictable .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||saving|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 16|||R:OTHER|||health protection|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By implementing a mandatory medical savings scheme , its contributors will have a ready sum of money to deal with any hefty medical cost which they may incur when they get older .
+
+S This way , it minimizes the chances of them not being able to afford their medical bills , and at the same time reduces the heavy burden on government subsidies .
+A 0 1|||M:PREP|||In this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:ADJ|||unable|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The scheme does not only provide protection for its contributors .
+A 2 6|||R:OTHER|||provides not only|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , a substantial payout from the medical insurance will be awarded if he or she is to encounter any mishap which results in death or any form of disability rendering the contributor unable to work .
+A 22 22|||M:OTHER|||, of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 25|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would render|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 34|||M:VERB|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This ensures that the family is still able to sustain themselves financially in the event that the contributor is unable to provide for the family .
+
+S Hence , implementing a mandatory savings scheme is essential to its contributors , their families and the government .
+
+S Lee ( 2008 ) proposed the plan to limit social welfare spending of South Korea in order to invest in programs that will increase the country 's economic growth .
+A 12 13|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S At this point , one might wonder if this move will compromise the welfare of the society with the elderly in particular .
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S While this may be a problem , a potential growth in the country 's economy will allow for even more funds to be made available for the area of social welfare in the future .
+
+S With a limited social welfare fund , people will rely lesser on the government and more on themselves .
+
+S Hence , it encourages them to work harder and save more in order to be better prepared for old age .
+
+S Furthermore , the limited spending on social welfare releases funds which can be diverted to other key sectors .
+
+S For example , these funds can be used in the research and development of the cures for terminal illnesses like cancer .
+A 14 15|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So , limiting spending on social welfare might just prove to be a feasible strategy which benefits the country in various aspects .
+
+S Countries with a fast aging population face an ongoing battle against the ever increasing welfare and health care costs .
+
+S It is therefore crucial that the governments and policy makers do not recklessly sink huge portion of their countries ' spending on these areas .
+
+S Instead , they should be looking at viable solutions that do not compromise the development of the other sectors .
+
+S Therefore , a boundary to the spending on elderly should be set in order to avoid increasing the burden on future generations and upsetting of the development of other key sectors as mentioned earlier .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference List :
+
+S Goh Chin Lian .
+
+S ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Singapore will have world 's 4th oldest population by 2050 .
+
+S Retrieved 16 September , 2009 , from { http : //app.mfa.gov.sg/pr/read_content.asp ? View,8231 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //app.mfa.gov.sg/pr/read_content.asp ? View,8231 ] ,
+
+S David Hauner , Daniel Leigh , and Michael Skaarup .
+
+S ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Preparing for Jump in Age-Related Spending .
+
+S Retrieved 16 September , 2009 , from { http : //www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/survey/so/2007/POL1227A.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/survey/so/2007/POL1227A.htm ]
+
+S Salma Khalik .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Govt may act against children who dump their elderly parents .
+
+S Retrieved 16 September , 2009 , from { http : //www.straitstimes.com/STI/STIMEDIA/sp/nationaldayrally2009/090817_govt_may_act_against_children.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.straitstimes.com/STI/STIMEDIA/sp/nationaldayrally2009/090817_govt_may_act_against_children.html ]
+
+S Asiaone .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Govt to push for filial piety : PM .
+
+S Retrieved 16 September , 2009 , from { http : //health.asiaone.com/Health/News/Story/A1Story20090816-161409.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //health.asiaone.com/Health/News/Story/A1Story20090816-161409.html ]
+
+S Caryn Yeo ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Hong Kongers oppose 'Medisave ' proposal .
+
+S Retrieved 16 September , 2009 , from { http : //www.straitstimes.com/print/Free/Story/STIStory_233470.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.straitstimes.com/print/Free/Story/STIStory_233470.html ]
+
+S Hankyoreh ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Government slashes welfare spending .
+
+S Retrieved 16 September , 2009 , from { http : //english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_national/313603.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_national/313603.html ]
+
+S John C. Goodman and Matt Moore .
+
+S ( 2001 ) .
+
+S Government Spending on the Elderly : Social Security and Medicare .
+
+S Retrieved 16 September , 2009 , from { http : //www.ncpa.org/pdfs/st247.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.ncpa.org/pdfs/st247.pdf ]
+
+S " Until recently , the ills of old age interested only poets and philosophers .
+
+S However , this has changed because governments and policy makers in the developed world are now confronted with the unprecedented problem of a fast aging population " claims Peter G. Peterson ( Fall 2001 ) .
+A 27 28|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 30|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 30|||M:PUNCT|||(|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 33|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The aging population has become a major issue in many developed countries including the United States , Japan and Singapore .
+A 12 12|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Increasing population of the aged created many implications on the society .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Clearly , both governments and the public are becoming more aware of this issue .
+
+S Governments in various countries have come up with different policies to address the problem of an increasingly aging population .
+
+S As the problem of the aging population worsens , governments have been spending increasing amounts of money to counter the problem , at the expense of other areas of the country 's development .
+A 11 13|||R:VERB:FORM|||to spend|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||amount|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is important that governments take note of this and control their spending so as not to neglect these other more important areas such as the education and the economy .
+A 18 19|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to the text , governments are stressing filial obligation and increasing the willingness of tomorrow 's grown children to support their own elderly parents .
+A 0 5|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:ORTH|||Governments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:FORM|||hope to increase|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , such practices are not well performed .
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||common|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is crucial for the government to spend money on the aged as not doing so will lead to social problems .
+A 12 12|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Already , we are seeing a breakdown in extended families .
+
+S The young no longer see filial piety as important .
+A 8 8|||M:VERB|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Elderly who are unable to support themselves and are abandoned by their children will have nowhere to turn to if the government turns its back on them .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:VERB:TENSE|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:TENSE|||turned|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will lead to increased crime rates , begging and vagrancy in the country , which is harmful for society .
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , this is not the only area where government spending is required .
+
+S As countries spend more money on public spending on the aged , other important sectors such as defense and education may get neglected and become under budgeted .
+A 5 8|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These sectors are as important as , if not more important than , spending on dealing with an aging population .
+A 15 17|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , facing an ever increasingly challenging global economy , it becomes increasingly important for countries to focus on education to maintain a skilled workforce .
+A 3 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:OTHER|||in an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S An educated workforce increases productivity , which drives the economy leading to increased wealth .
+A 10 11|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By increasing public spending on an aging population , governments risk overlooking important areas of the country 's development at the expense of the country 's overall well being .
+A 12 13|||R:ADJ|||other|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 29|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , healthcare cost has been increasing .
+
+S The introduction of new technologies and treatments for the aged are relatively expensive .
+A 0 3|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:ORTH|||New|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Governments have been spending too much money on the subsidies to help the aging population .
+
+S People may take advantage of government subsidies to pay for the expensive new technologies which are not necessary .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Governments should specify the types of treatments that it considers essential and subsidise these treatment , while leaving non-essential treatment cost to be borne by the consumer .
+
+S Limitation of the public spending will make sure government does not overspend on treatment that is not essential so that the money can be diverted to other areas .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||Limiting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , old age itself is a health problem .
+A 0 11|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is hard to cure the illness of the aged .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||illnesses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Governments may be spending too much money on expensive medical infrastructure such as building new facilities to suit the elderly .
+A 13 14|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Medical facilities can only prolong their life which does not have any significant impact on the country 's economy .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||lives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:SVA|||do|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Instead , the governments can distribute the money into other projects that are more beneficial to the country 's development .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB|||divert|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In Singapore , one of such projects includes the investment on infrastructure .
+
+S Such spending generates revenue and boosts the economy .
+
+S For example , a new entertainment centre can attract tourists which will increase foreign spending , benefitting the tourism sector .
+A 10 10|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||and benefit|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Governments should be cautious on their spending on expensive medical infrastructure which does not contribute to the country 's future development , focusing more on the nation 's areas of development that do .
+A 4 5|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||over|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||R:OTHER|||and should focus|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is important that governments plan their finances well to benefit different sectors of the country .
+
+S With the growing population of the aged , public spending is increasing so rapidly that governments are losing control of their spending .
+A 0 14|||R:OTHER|||Public spending is increasing rapidly with the growing aged population|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Governments should forecast from a wider perspective to ascertain whether the spending is necessary or should the money be diverted to other areas .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||adopt|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:VERB:TENSE|||should|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Public spending should be controlled to establish a balanced outcome for both the young and the aged .
+
+S If the usage of public funds is not well balanced , it will not only affect the country 's development , it could put the country 's future into jeopardy .
+A 21 23|||R:OTHER|||but also|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Citrinot , L. , 2009 .
+
+S Singapore retail sales are down as tourism falls [ online ] .
+
+S Available from : http : //www.eturbonews.com/10395/singapore-retail- sales-are-down-tourism-falls [ Accessed 16th July 2009 ] .
+
+S Wijaya , M. , 2009 .
+
+S Singapore faces a 'sliver tsunami ' [ online ] .
+
+S Available from : http : //www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/KH27Ae01.html [ Accessed 27th August 2009 ] .
+
+S Majid , H. , 2009 .
+
+S Healthcare system to be restructured to cater to ageing population [ online ] .
+
+S Available from : http : //www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/449200/1/.htm l [ Accessed 16th August 2009 ] .
+
+S Popatlal , A. , 2009 .
+
+S Social sector wants govt to move beyond law for parent maintenance [ online ] .
+
+S Available from : http : //www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/449608/1/.htm l [ Accessed 18th August 2009 ] .
+
+S Until these days , it is undeniable that aging population is still one of the current issues that are affecting our world nowadays .
+A 0 4|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:ORTH|||It|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is predicted that the problem will be worst in the future , that is many of the first world country will reach the median age of 53 .
+A 8 9|||R:ADJ:FORM|||worse|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 15|||R:OTHER|||:|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:OTHER|||people in the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||countries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Much should be done to help ease the aging process to avoid social and economical problems in the future .
+A 0 1|||M:OTHER|||Therefore , much|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is indeed true that many researches and development or policies had been done whether it is from the field of economics , science , medicine , social policy or even technological inventions .
+A 0 34|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , this researches , policies and development done has helped a lot in easing the aging process and ought to be continued as long as the problem persist to avoid a graying world in future .
+A 0 37|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Of all the different aspect of development that has been done to ease the aging process , the most significant field is medicine .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||aspects|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The aging population has forced a restructure of the whole healthcare system .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||restructuring|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In Singapore , to provide a better life for the old aged many new hospitals were built such as the Khoo Teck Puat Hospital in Yishun and the Jurong General Hospital .
+A 10 11|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With these new hospitals , the old aged patient gets better treatment in a way that they do not have to wait too long and travel too far to a particular hospital to seek the doctor .
+A 6 7|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||patients|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:SVA|||get|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 15|||R:OTHER|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:ORTH|||They|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:VERB|||see|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S More comfortable hospitals are up to provide appropriate service to the elderly .
+A 1 2|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||built|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With this , the elderly will be able to enjoy their stay in the hospital and do their medical check up regularly to maintain a healthy lifestyle .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||stays|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||hospitals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||ups|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although more hospitals were being built but many old aged patients with financial problems ca n't afford themselves to these hospitals .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:OTHER|||go to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:OTHER|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Knowing this , the Singapore government provides sufficient financial aid to help the poor elderly .
+
+S Subsidies are given to the eligible ones to help them overcome this problem .
+
+S On the other hand , there are also researches done on sickness which most commonly affect the old aged .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN|||illnesses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Researches on healthcare are being done to help maintain or improve the health of the elderly .
+
+S Better solutions are hoped to be found in order to help the elderly on their health issues .
+A 13 14|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instant , in the United Kingdom , researches on dementia are being done to find a better solution to cure the patients who are mostly the old aged .
+A 1 2|||R:MORPH|||instance|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to Rebecca Wood , the Chief Executive of the Alzheimer 's Research Trust , the population living with dementia is forecast to double within a generation .
+
+S To help ensure less elderly from suffering dementia in the future , researches are now being done by the UK .
+A 7 7|||M:PREP|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Much investment had been put into this research to defeat this sickness which is currently and will continue to haunt the old aged .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN|||illness|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some may argue that these researches do not help to ease the aging process because most of the time money is wasted as the proper solutions is never found although much investment had been dumped to help the researchers .
+A 19 19|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:VERB|||to be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 39|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although such may argue this way but it is better to try rather than to leave the devastating sickness continue to haunt out older generations .
+A 0 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:ORTH|||But|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB|||allow|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN|||disease|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides researches and developments on the field of medicine , social policy also plays a main role in helping to ease the aging process .
+A 4 5|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many countries had taken this step to enforced policy and scheme to everyone so that the burden of the elderly can be lighten .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:VERB|||lighten|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 23|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In Japan , the government has imposed the " National Pension Scheme " to all the citizens of the country .
+A 13 14|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 20|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this scheme , a basic old aged pension is provided to all citizens who are above 65 years of age and have contributed for 25 years or more to the country .
+A 6 8|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This scheme is helpful to ease the burden of the elderly as it secure the financial need of the elderly .
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||in easing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 18|||R:OTHER|||provides financial security for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||R:OTHER|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The old aged can then be independent and they do not need to rely on their children for money .
+A 1 2|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The old aged can live a comfortable life without worrying or without seeking for financial aid around .
+A 1 2|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But on the other hand , with these schemes , children need not do their duty to take care of their parents .
+A 0 1|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||On|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This may end up with social problem in a country .
+A 2 4|||R:VERB|||result|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Much younger generation will not be filial to their parents and will not bear the burden to take care of the older generation and will tend to push the burden on the government .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 27|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:PREP|||onto|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although such thoughts may arise , but there are not other better ways to guarantee the better life of the old aged .
+A 6 7|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||no|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Clearly , all these researches , developments and policies had helped the aging population to get a better live .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN|||life|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This effort should be continued without fail as this would guarantee the living standard of the old aged .
+A 5 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , having the living standard for the elderly guaranteed , the social problems can also be avoided in a country .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the issue on the " graying world " can be solved and well taken care of if necessary steps are taken to prevent it .
+
+S References : -
+
+S Article 9 , Ministry of foreign affairs of Japan .
+
+S Latest news , Alzheimer 's Research Trust , 10 September 2009 .
+
+S Adam Brimelow , ( 21 July 2009 ) , Call for Dementia Research Boost , the BBC News .
+
+S Retrieved , 17 September 2009 .
+
+S A Graying World , Peter G. Peterson .
+
+S Harvard International Review .
+
+S 23.3 ( Fall 2001 ) : 66
+
+S Channel News Asia , ( August 17 , 2009 ) Healthcare system to be restructured to cater aging population .
+
+S Caring for the aged is definitely an act to be applauded for and encouraged .
+
+S Some might have the perception that caring for the aged is the responsibility of the country .
+
+S Nothing could be further from the truth ; to care for the aged is to be taken upon by respective dependants , such as their children .
+
+S In fact , the ideal situation would be that they should actually take the initiative to be responsible for their own welfare .
+
+S If the country were to spend entirely caring for the aged , then many would shove responsibilities and indirectly many would also not care for their own health , since the healthy , represented by the country , would care for them .
+A 6 6|||M:OTHER|||its budget|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:NOUN|||citizens|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN|||theiresponsibilities|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 33|||M:PREP|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S While it is important to care for the aged , it is just as important to take into consideration and not neglect other areas of the country 's development .
+
+S Thus public spending on the aged should be limited .
+
+S Since birth , parents would give the best to their children from clothing to education and this should be reciprocated .
+A 11 11|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Being able-bodied and in good health , children should not forget their parents ' deeds towards them .
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN|||kindness|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They should assume this responsibility in providing for their parents .
+A 5 6|||R:PREP|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It could constitute a major spending by the government if not assumed by them .
+A 0 15|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , a substantial amount could be saved if not spent in caring for the aged , therefore enabling more funds to be disseminated for the country 's development in many other areas .
+A 20 21|||R:ADV|||thereby|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:VERB|||diverted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To rely on ourselves would still be the best option rather than relying on others .
+A 10 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For a start , prior planning is crucial where from young , one should not only be active physically but also actively saving .
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||, when|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 21|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This would be proved beneficial in the short run , when facing emergencies , or in the long run , when facing retirement .
+A 3 4|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Policies that encourage skills upgrading have also been introduced to enable the aged to re-enter the workforce .
+
+S This is further enhanced with incentives being offered to companies who hire them .
+A 4 5|||R:PREP|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:PRON|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Instead of grieving with regards having to work after reaching the retirement age , they could actually be optimistic and take this as an opportunity to be active in the society where they could sustain or even establish friendships through interactions at work .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN|||regrets|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 31|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 37|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Not only could they be able to sustain living through earnings obtained from working , the aged could also keep a healthy mind and body .
+
+S Although it would be ideal if the government need not have to be 'burdened ' with expenses to care for the aged , it is not feasible .
+A 10 12|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are those who are without any dependants and savings to see them through their retirement years .
+
+S In addition , it could also be dreadful where they are those who are not well equipped with education or skills to work and who really needs the country 's help .
+A 8 11|||R:OTHER|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even so , the country should not be obliged to care for them entirely .
+
+S Help given could be in many other forms instead of just monetary value .
+A 12 13|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With policies such as those that encourage the aged to acquire new skills , the government could also provide aid by compensating the loss in
+
+S income during that period of 'learning' .
+
+S Although help is given , it is not encouraged for the aged to continuously be reliant on that .
+A 17 18|||R:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Instead , with the skills acquired , they should 'venture ' out and earn a living of their own which would in turn reap many returns in both monetary value and health .
+A 29 30|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is also mentioned " work can help us stay physically active , mentally alert , socially connected and financially self-reliant " ( Yap , 2009 , p. 7 ) .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||true that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To rely on the country 's help is definitely not a solution in caring for the aged .
+
+S In fact , every single one of us has a responsibility and role to play be it directly or not , which if assumed , will go a long way in caring for them and the country .
+A 15 30|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When the country 's resources are not mainly focused in caring for the aged , it could be diverted to other areas of the country 's development such as economic and social developments .
+A 7 9|||R:WO|||focused mainly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Limiting the public spending in caring for the aged and diverting it to other areas of the country 's development would reap success in the long run which many would be able to enjoy economic and social prosperity then .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:OTHER|||. Many|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 34|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 38|||R:NOUN|||benefits|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Bibliography Yap , E. ( 2009 ) .
+
+S ADDING LIFE TO YEARS !
+
+S Happy , Healthy , Active Seniors .
+
+S Singapore : Ministry of Community Development , Youth and Sports .
+
+S A country has to always be ready to meet any form of challenges .
+A 2 5|||R:WO|||always has to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One such challenge in recent times would be the ageing population .
+A 3 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To find a solution to that problem certain amount of the public spending has to be diverted to it .
+A 7 7|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However an ageing population is not the only concern of any government .
+
+S Therefore public spending on the aged should be limited to allow diversion of the funds to other areas of the country 's development .
+
+S One of the reasons why public spending on the aged should be limited is due to the emergence of other better alternatives .
+
+S According to Robert B.Friedland and Laura Summer ( 2001 ) the working population would be able to share a large proportion of the responsibility , with the government to take care of the aged .
+A 28 30|||R:VERB:FORM|||taking|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 34|||M:ADV|||primarily|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of such initiatives would be the baby bonus package which has been introduced in several countries .
+
+S In the case of Singapore , the government has increased the cash gift for the first two children from $ 300 to $ 400 .
+
+S This is one of the long term efforts that the government has decided to invest in so that their public spending on the aged would be reduced in years to come by , as the future working population starts to emerge .
+A 31 32|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another temporary measure would be to increase the working population by encouraging immigration into the country .
+
+S Canada has experienced the highest per capita immigration rate in the world and expects an increase of 23.1 % of population growth over a period of 25 years ( Wikipedia , 2009 ) .
+
+S An increase in the working population will then allow more resources to be channelled out to other areas which demand such funds .
+A 14 15|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus proving to be a better solution to the problem , allowing the government to limit the public spending and allow fellow citizens to take responsibility .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:FORM|||proves|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||because it allows|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is necessary that the country allocates sufficient funds required for its growth and maintenance of its competitive edge therefore being necessary for the country to limit its public spending on aged .
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||to maintain|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||M:PUNCT|||. Therefore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||it is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 31|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Likewise Singapore has decided to increase its public spending in the area of research and development ( R&D ) to $ 7.5 billion ( Singapore Budget highlights , 2009 ) .
+A 0 1|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Though Singapore sees an aging population as a potential risk it channels sufficient funds to the aged but at the same time focusing on other areas of development as well .
+A 0 1|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||. Nonetheless ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:OTHER|||it focuses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Through R&D Singapore aims to reach greater heights in research fields which would then yield substantial profits to the nation , without which the growth of the nation would be stagnant .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||its R & D ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||. This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , public spending on aged should be limited and channelled to other areas of development .
+
+S However Robert and Laura argue that matters such as net impact of these expenditures and the changes that would occur if these programs do not exist and that it should be taken into consideration , which explains the need for public spending .
+A 0 43|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A government should cater to the various groups of the population without any form of discrimination as such the spending on the aged population should not be limited .
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 28|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S 4.68 % of the America 's Federal spending constitutes under the other assistance category in which 4 out of 5 top assistant recipients belong to the health sector ( USA spending , 2009 ) .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 25|||R:OTHER|||come from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Health sector would be one of the areas where help is needed for the aged due to the rising medical expenditure , thus not being fair to burden them with the entire cost .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||The healthealth|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 25|||R:OTHER|||and it is not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nonetheless they should also take into consideration the cons of not limiting the public spending on aged .
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If that happens and the nation decides to be a welfare state then it will fail like what Britain experienced .
+A 12 12|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It would no longer be able to a have constant economic growth which places a detrimental effect on the country .
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||growths|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||and that would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As such the public spending should be limited .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This ageing population problem can be dealt through a solution which is to increase the working population so as to share the burden with the government to care for the aged .
+A 7 7|||M:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||by increasing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 20|||R:OTHER|||, so that it could|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 26|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 28|||R:OTHER|||of caring|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Public spending should also be limited because areas like R&D need more of such funds to ensure constant progress of the nation .
+A 12 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Without a limit the country would then experience a decline in economic growth .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||on spending|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As such public spending on the aged should be limited so that money can be diverted to other areas of the country 's development .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||Therefore ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Readings ( Robert B. Friedland and Laura Summer , 2001 ) pg 15 Doomsday Predictions about Population Aging Are Exaggerated
+
+S Websites ( Wikipedia , 2009 16 Sep ) , Immigration to Canada http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_Canada # Immigration_rate
+
+S ( Singapore Budget highlights , 2009 ) { http : //www.singaporebudget.gov.sg/speech_toc/downloads/FY2009_Budget_Highlights.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.singaporebudget.gov.sg/speech_toc/downloads/FY2009_Budget_Highlights.pdf ]
+
+S ( USA spending , 2009 ) http : //www.usaspending.gov/
+
+S It is an ironic truth that Singapore is facing a demographic challenge as the population aged 65 and oleder is anticipated to more than double by the year 2030.There is much concern about the current development and policies , of which older people tend to be the principle beneficiaries .
+A 18 19|||R:SPELL|||older|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many policies for example Maintenance of Parent Act , Baby Bonus Scheme and later retirement agreement have helped to ease the aging process significantly .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||such as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Currently , much of the public discussion about an aging society involves the responsibility of the children to look after their aged parents .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||discussions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:SVA|||involve|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As we know , we Asian pay great attention on filial piety and it is our tradition practice to live together with our parents even after the children have married .
+A 4 5|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:MORPH|||Asians|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:MORPH|||traditional|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , life today is different from the past , some Singaporeans have not preserved this virtue and they actually abandone their parents in the old folks home or hospitals .
+A 7 7|||M:OTHER|||that of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||R:PUNCT|||. Some|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 17|||R:OTHER|||do not practise this tradition|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:SPELL|||abandon|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some of them even disappeared or changed their contact number after they sent their parents to the homes .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||numbers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This new social phenomenon could be curbed by implementing Maintenance of Parent Act .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Parents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This act came into force in 1995 to give parents above 60 years old who could not support themselves the legal means to claim maintenance from their children .
+
+S Some feel the state has gone too far by intruding on the delicate relationship between children and their parents .
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , this enforcement of law ensure the seniors of a more secured life .
+
+S According to that statistics , over 400 parents have sought the aid of the Tribunal of the Maintenance Act since it was set up 3 years ago .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , we could conclude that this act is efficient in dealing with the aging population .
+
+S The problem of growing aging population in Singapore could be curbed by encouraging later retirement , longer working lives , and lower barriers to elder employment , as suggested by Peterson .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 31|||M:OTHER|||( year )|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some might argue that the seniors are old and fragile which will decrease the productivity .
+A 10 15|||R:OTHER|||to be productive|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some even recognize that the late retirees could probably put too much stress on their aging body and mind that may develop various health problem among the elders .
+A 0 29|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the reality remains that later retirement will ensure the senior citizens of having a high quality of life in their twilight years .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is because they could earn money on their own and need not rely on their children for living expenses .
+
+S With financial capacity , the seniors would not become the burden of their families .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN|||independence|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Instead , they can age with respect and dignity .
+
+S Not only that , longer working lives enable the elders to remain physically , mentally and socially active for as long as possible .
+A 19 23|||R:OTHER|||a long time|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Being occupied with work , the aged could actually use their brains more frequently and this reduces the chances of getting senile dementia and Parkinson 's diseases significantly .
+A 20 21|||R:VERB|||developing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the saying goes , 'no man is an island ' , social activities are essential for the aged to stay healthy .
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The seniors could build up their social circles at the working place and this reduces their dependency on their family members .
+A 9 10|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:MORPH|||work|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||places|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , many have expressed their desire to work longer as they want to feel valued and be able to contribute to the society .
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:FORM|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In a nutshell,later retirement and prolonging the working lives are effective actions to ease the problems of an aging population .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||nutshell,late|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:FORM|||prolonged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN|||solutions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Last but not least , an aging population brings about a shrinking workforce , long-term stagnation and along with it a significant decline in real GDP .
+A 13 16|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 20|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The critical challenge of the government is to ensure the productivity of future workers .
+
+S The main root of this problem is because of low birth rate .
+
+S The modern parents prefer to have fewer children compared to the past generation .
+A 0 1|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||Modern|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:OTHER|||, as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They claimed that the living cost now is very high and they could not ensure a quality life style with more children .
+
+S Therefore , the government introduce the Baby Bonus Scheme which enlighten the financial cost of raising children .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||introduces|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB|||lightens|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The parents will get a cash gift of up to $ 4,000 each for their first and second child and $ 6,000 each for their third and forth child .
+
+S Furthermore , all the children born on or after 17 August 2008 will also enjoy Government contributions in the form of a dollar-for-dollar matching .
+A 15 16|||R:ORTH|||government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , the birth rate increases from 2.1 % ( 2006 ) to 2.55 % ( 2008 ) .
+
+S In a long run , it is believed that the Baby Bonus Scheme would increase the population .
+
+S Issues relating to aging are complex but not insurmountable .
+
+S What is therefore needed for wise policy planning is a close look at the range of its influences in the society .
+A 0 22|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In a nutshell , it may be said without fear of contradiction that the current policies have helped to ease the aging process to a large extend .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||any|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:NOUN|||extent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Over the recent years , there has been a large demographic shift in Singapore towards an ageing population .
+
+S At present , the median age is 36.7 ( Singapore Statistics , 2008 , Key Annual Indicators , ¶ 2 ) and it is estimated that if current demographic trends persist , the median age will rise to 41 years by 2030 , lagging behind only by Japan .
+A 13 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:VERB:TENSE|||persisted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 48 49|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Wijaya , 2009 , ¶ 3 ) The rapid growth in ageing population brings in controversial issues , one of which is related to the allocation of expenditure for the aged .
+A 4 7|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||about|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A prominent example would be public spending on healthcare , which occupies 4.5 % of Singapore 's gross national expenditure .
+A 20 21|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Wijaya , 2009 , ¶ 10 ) Although it is one of the lowest expenditure in comparison to other countries , the fast-ageing population makes it difficult for Singapore government not to increase public spending on the aged and allocate more on other areas instead , such as the Research & Development industry .
+A 4 7|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:ADJ|||rapidlyageing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 29|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The three main problems associated with the fast-ageing population point out that public spending should not be limited and allocated to other areas .
+A 1 3|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||rapidlyageing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||suggest|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They are lower birth rate , rising healthcare development costs to meet growing ageing needs and the economic loss incurred from a neglected ageing society 's welfare system .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||The problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 26|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the implementation of the Maintenance of Parents Act in Singapore , it is arguable that the young generations are not only morally responsible , but also compelled to take care of their aged parents independently .
+A 17 18|||R:ADJ:FORM|||younger|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:VERB:FORM|||taking|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the low fertility rate in Singapore challenges this argument because the financial burden resulting from the provision of aged parents is currently increasing on the fewer offspring .
+A 26 27|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is definitely taxing for an only child to bear the financial cost of his/her parents .
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||his orher|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , the rising cost of living such as increasing healthcare costs add on further strains to the limited young generation 's income , which often led to many cases whereby the children are unable to fend for their parents and thus abandon them .
+A 6 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:SVA|||adds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 23|||R:OTHER|||income of the younger generation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:VERB:TENSE|||lead|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 32|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:VERB:FORM|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 43|||R:VERB:FORM|||abandoning|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is evidently shown in year 2008 , in which approximately 172 senior citizens have filed applications to the tribunal against their children .
+A 2 3|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Wijaya , 2009 , ¶ 7 ) Hence , this shows that even with current government assistance such as healthcare subsidies and tax reliefs , nevertheless , the low fertility rate in Singapore continues to urge the government to expand public spending on the aged in order to meet the needs of the ageing society .
+A 5 7|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 28|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 42|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 43|||R:MORPH|||spend|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 53 54|||R:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Next , it is indeed that Singapore is a well-established country coupled with advanced healthcare facilities .
+A 0 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S That being said , the majority perceive that current public spending amount on the development of healthcare facilities is sufficient to meet the ageing demands .
+A 0 4|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||Many|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||as being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , this is often not the case .
+A 0 4|||R:OTHER|||However|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Singapore faces a sharp shortage of medical specialists in the areas of geriatric field and palliative care , to the extent of importing foreign nurses into the medical industry .
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This implies that the government has to invest more on training local medical specialists in these fields to meet the growing ageing needs , thus , more expenditure is required .
+A 23 24|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , hospitals are constantly facing the common problems of shortage of beds and long average waiting time ; the major factor of this problem is the geriatric patients .
+A 6 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||shortages|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The geriatric patients are often the ones who occupy majority of the hospital bed space and they suffered from chronic illnesses that require regular follow-up consultations .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , in the recent 2009 National Day Rally speech , Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong emphasized the need for step-down care such as building more community hospitals , day-care centres as well as nursing homes .
+A 24 25|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this way , more competent healthcare is provided to the large ageing demands , since geriatric patients can receive treatment in acute hospitals and then recuperate in the community hospitals .
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||satisfy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the development of healthcare facilities to meet growing ageing demands would inevitably raise public expenditure on the aged .
+
+S Adding on to the above , some will disagree that it is not feasible to expand public spending on the aged because it would neglect the development of other areas such as the Research & Development sector and the Banking & Finance sector , resulting in the loss of competitiveness and investors ' confidence on Singapore 's economy .
+A 0 5|||R:OTHER|||In addition|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , most people fail to realize that limiting public spending on an ageing society 's welfare system actually weakens the country 's economy .
+
+S A neglected ageing welfare system causes social instability to the country , for instance , the citizens would feel cash-strapped with the rising healthcare costs and there would be myriad cases reporting about elderly poverty or abandoned elderly .
+A 2 5|||R:OTHER|||welfare system for the aging|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||R:PUNCT|||. For|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 38|||R:OTHER|||abandonment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , foreign investments will decline drastically even with an advanced Research & Development sector or Banking & Finance sector because the social instability of Singapore loses foreign investors ' confidence , and Singapore will incur severe loss in terms of economic competitiveness .
+
+S Therefore , it is feasible to expand public spending on the aged .
+
+S All in all , it has become a fact that Singapore is currently facing a fast- ageing population and clearly shows that many problems will arise should public spending on the aged be limited , such as increasing financial burden on the fewer offspring , insufficient funds for rising healthcare development costs and losing of Singapore 's economic competiveness .
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||rapidly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 22|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||M:PUNCT|||. Many|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 36|||R:OTHER|||and this include|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 38|||R:MORPH|||increased|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 44|||R:NOUN:NUM|||offsprings|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 53 57|||R:OTHER|||weakened|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By establishing the pros and cons of limiting public expenditure on the aged , it would most likely impede the Singapore government from doing so and divert it to other areas because much expenditure is required to remedy these issues .
+A 0 41|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Bibliography
+
+S Harper , S. ( 2006 , October ) .
+
+S Ageing Repositioned : Singapore in the New Global Demography .
+
+S Centre For Governance And Leadership , Research & Publications .
+
+S Available : http : //www.cscollege.gov.sg/cgl/pub_ethos_1g1.htm .
+
+S National Day Rally Speech part 2 - Healthcare .
+
+S ( 2009 , August 16 ) .
+
+S Asiaone .
+
+S Available : http : //www.asiaone.com/print/News/AsiaOne % 2BNews/Singapore/Story/A1Story2009 0816-161435.html .
+
+S Statistics Singapore .
+
+S ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Key Annual Indicators : Resident Population Profile .
+
+S Available : http : //www.singstat.gov.sg/stats/keyind.html # keyind .
+
+S Last accessed 12 August 2009
+
+S Wijaya , M. ( 2009 , August 27 ) .
+
+S Singapore faces 'silver tsunami' .
+
+S Asia Times .
+
+S Available : http : //yoursdp.org/index.php/news/singapore/2733-singapore- faces-silver-tsunami .
+
+S Last accessed 2 September 2009
+
+S On November 13 , 2006 , the prime minister of Singapore , PM Lee , said in a speech : " Singapore has treated social welfare as a dirty word .
+A 7 8|||R:ORTH|||Prime|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:ORTH|||Minister|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The opposition and the Worker 's Party have called for a permanent unconditional needs-based welfare system .
+
+S I think that is an even dirtier five words .
+
+S " In Hong Kong , welfare is seen as an individual 's responsibility and the government will only step in to help those who are proven incapable of helping themselves ( South China Morning , January 13 , 2007 ) .
+
+S The four tiger economics in East Asia ; Singapore , Hong Kong , Taiwan , and South Korea have taken the approach to being a 'light welfare state ' , in which they had achieved high standard of living without burdening the state with heavy social expenditures ( Midgley , 1986 ) .
+A 2 4|||R:NOUN|||economies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:PUNCT|||---|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In contrast , the western welfare states that fund heavily on social expenditure have hindered the functioning of private market .
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Public spending on the aged should be limited to avoid heavy social expenditures and money can therefore be diverted to other areas for the country 's development .
+
+S The old age dependency ratio is estimated to increase with longevity and the decline of fertility .
+
+S With no limits set on the expenditure of welfare for the aged , a country with an aging society will face enormous financial burdens with regards to the funding of public pension system , expensive healthcare system and long-term dependency expenditures .
+A 15 19|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 27|||R:OTHER|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 30|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The higher the expenditure of a country 's welfare , the higher the tax rate will be to finance it .
+
+S It may undermine investors ' incentive to invest .
+
+S Concurrently , Japan is facing financial difficulties in gathering funds for their National Pension and Employee 's pension insurance .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||Currently|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Japanese government is now emphasizing on achieving economic growth rather than increasing welfare expenditures to support it 's growing aging society .
+A 17 19|||R:OTHER|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Hong Kong government reluctantly implemented deficit financing from 1998 to 2004 to meet the growing expenditures of caring for the aged .
+
+S It is estimated that if the deficit budget continues , Hong Kong 's $ 369 billion fiscal reserves would be wiped out by 2008-2009 ( South China Morning Post , February 23 , 2002 ) .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:FORM|||continued|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Instead of limitless spending on the aged , funds should be diverted to develop economic growth , and in turn use the revenues gained to finance aging welfare .
+
+S There is contradiction of a capitalism society being a welfare state .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:MORPH|||capitalistic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Limitless welfare for the elderly would impede the functioning of the private market .
+
+S When people are provided with social services that allow them to maintain a living , they are less inclined to work ( Esping-Andersen , 1990 ) .
+
+S This means that people will not see the need to save for retirement fund or work to be financially secure , as they know they can depend on the government .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||funds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The abuse of a welfare system can be examined in the case of British National Health Service ( NHS ) .
+
+S A strategic commonly used by the governments to decrease financial responsibility on spending for the aged will be to capitalize on the human resources .
+A 0 25|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hon.Lianne Daziel , New Zealand 's minister for senior citizens comments that " New Zealanders who are now sixty-five plus are more highly educated and healthier than their predecessors .
+
+S Their capacity for productive work of all kinds , not necessarily for pay , is a national treasure .
+
+S " Encouraging senior citizens to work will helps in contributing back to the society , and at the same time , ensure that they are financially independent .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:FORM|||help|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||them to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||contribute|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is a win-win solution .
+
+S Some may argue that limiting public spending on the aged while funding other aspects of development will neglect the aging population 's needs .
+
+S However caring for the elderly , especially those who can not provide for themselves , is being prioritize as a nation issue .
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:FORM|||prioritized|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:MORPH|||national|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The 'light welfare states ' besides having the support from the government body , they rely heavily on the private sector and family in providing care for the aged .
+A 0 15|||R:OTHER|||Besides having support from the government , the 'light welfare states '|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 25|||R:OTHER|||to provide|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government encourages financial independence by implementing pension schemes , adjusting retirement policy and providing employment opportunities .
+
+S There are also other public assistance programs for medical , housing , transportation , and even funeral preparations , after a means test .
+A 18 23|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , there are the public and private sector mix of welfare programs and organization .
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||organizations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They are the volunteers , old folks home , daycare centers , and hospital for the elderly with chronic illness and many more .
+A 0 24|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In Singapore , there are " over 300 existing voluntary welfare organizations and service providers " and recently , the Centre for Enabled Living ( CEL ) , with effort from the government , was launched to provide a first-stop referral service to the existing welfare organisations .
+A 29 30|||R:OTHER|||some help|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Family support and close kinship , which exists strongly in Asian society , has also helped in decreasing state 's welfare dependency .
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , public spending on the aged should be limited so as to prevent incurring heavy financial expenditures , and the spreading of the 'welfare diseases ' that undermine the incentive to work .
+A 11 13|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB|||curb|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 25|||R:OTHER|||t|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 29|||M:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:DET|||any|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It will not be a feasible plan to drain off money from nation reserves to fill up a bottomless pit .
+A 9 10|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:MORPH|||national|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Money can be diverted to other areas of the country 's development to grow revenues in order to support the aging population .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB|||earn|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The responsibilities of caring for the aged are divided or relied heavily on private and family sector , to lessen the burden on the state .
+A 9 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:PREP|||between|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Helps are readily available to those who are incapable of providing for themselves .
+A 0 1|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Help|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S * Center for Enabled Learning .
+
+S Electronic References .
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2009 , from { http : //www.cel.sg/NEWS42.aspx } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.cel.sg/NEWS42.aspx ]
+
+S * Chiu , W.S and Wong , V. ( 1998 ) .
+
+S Social Policy in Hong Kong : From British Colony to Special Administrative Region of China .
+
+S European Journal of Social Work , 1 ( 2 ) , p.231-42
+
+S * Dalziel , L. ( 2001 ) .
+
+S The New Zealand Postive Aging Strategy .
+
+S Wellington : Senior Citizens Unit , Ministry of Social Policy .
+
+S * Esping-Andersen , G. ( 1990 ) .
+
+S The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism .
+
+S Cambridge : Policy Press
+
+S * It 's About Fairness , Not the Widening Wealth Gap .
+
+S ( 2007 , January 1 ) .
+
+S South China Morning Post .
+
+S p. 2 .
+
+S * Melissa , S. ( 2009 , August 27 ) .
+
+S More help for disabled .
+
+S The Straits Times .
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2009 , from { http : //www.straitstimes.com/Breaking % 2BNews/Singapore/Story/STIStory_422177.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.straitstimes.com/Breaking % 2BNews/Singapore/Story/STIStory_422177.html ]
+
+S * Midgley,J .
+
+S ( 1986 ) .
+
+S Industrialization and Welfare : The Case of the Four Little Tigers .
+
+S Social Policy and Administration , 20 ( 3 ) , pp .
+
+S 225-38
+
+S * National Institute of Population and Social Secuirity Research ( NIPSSR ) .
+
+S ( 2000 ) .
+
+S Social Security Expenditures .
+
+S Tokyo,Japan : NIPSSR
+
+S * Offe , C. ( 1984 ) .
+
+S Contradiction of the Welfare State .
+
+S Cambridge , MA : MIT Press .
+
+S * Tsang Makes Case for Tax Increases .
+
+S ( 2002 , February 23 ) .
+
+S South China Morning Post .
+
+S p. 1 .
+
+S Aging of population is a summary term for shifts in the age distribution of a population toward older ages ( Leonid A. Gavrilov and Patrick Heuevline ) .
+A 0 0|||M:PUNCT|||"|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 3|||M:PUNCT|||"|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:VERB|||used to describe|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||the shift|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:OTHER|||, year|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus this refers to an increase in the population 's mean age which is generally due to the decline in birth rate and the increase life expectancy .
+A 17 18|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Problems associated with aging population will be the increase in social and healthcare cost and lower level of productivity .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As one ages , our body tends to be more vulnerable to healthcare problems , this will add on to the medical cost which requires funding from the government , thus putting greater stress on the younger generation with increasing taxes .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||one 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN|||health|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 32|||R:OTHER|||. This would put|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||R:OTHER|||in terms of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , we will also expect a shortage of labor which affects the level of efficiency of the country .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would affect|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , ongoing medical research , country 's development and government 's policies can help to alleviate these problems .
+A 5 9|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , medical advancements helps to lighten the burden of healthcare costs .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||help|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||cost|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the mass production of medicine , economic of scale is obtained thus lowering the cost of the drugs .
+A 0 1|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:FORM|||lowers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , the polyclinics provide highly subsidized medical care which benefited the elderly greatly .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||benefits|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There is also an increase in research on healthier food and supplements that helps to inform and advice the public on a healthier lifestyle .
+A 17 18|||R:MORPH|||advise|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||to adopt|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , these benefits may only favor a small group of elderly , probably the more educated and richer ones as they are the one who can apprehend the latest information regarding the healthcare research as well as able to afford and invest on health-checks and supplements .
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN:NUM|||ones|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:VERB|||comprehend|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 35|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 40|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 44|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Long waiting queues in polyclinics due to highly subsidized medical fees may deter or disregard those elderly with real needs .
+A 13 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , the location may not be accessible to some elderly especially to those who are physically disabled .
+A 12 12|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From another point of view , government intervention helps to solve the problem .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||may help|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the case in Singapore , the increasing number of polyclinics set up throughout the island that resolved the long queues and inaccessibility problem .
+A 3 4|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides this , polyclinics are upgraded to offer clean and fresh environment , for example , air-conditioning are installed and Nurse Clinician Service is implemented where patients with chronic conditions can make appointments in advance to reduce their waiting time , it further ensured the comfort level of the patients ( Polyclinics Singhealth , 2009 ) .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||R:PUNCT|||. For|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 42|||R:OTHER|||and this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 44|||R:VERB:TENSE|||ensures|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Health Screening in Singapore organize by the government helps to identify potential health risks with affordable price .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||screening at affordable prices|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 4|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:FORM|||organized|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 17|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Additionally , free health talks conducted helps to educate elderly especially the uneducated ones and advices them in leading a healthy lifestyle .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||In addition|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||help|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:MORPH|||advise|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||R:OTHER|||to lead|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , these measures and enable elderly to have a better understanding of their body , therefore reduce the healthcare cost .
+A 4 5|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||bodies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , automation helps to solve the social cost and reduces the need for younger generation to take care of aging population .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB|||reduce|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Automations such as dish-washer allow elderly to do simple chores at home and it increases the level of independence of the elderly at homes or even out to the society .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 30|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As one ages , our body tends to suffer from pains all over the body , automation such as massager helps to relieve pain hence it might reduces the possibility for doctor consultation .
+A 12 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN|||massage machines|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:SVA|||help|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:VERB:FORM|||reduce|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 31|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides this , remote controlled lighting helps elderly to control the house lights with a remote control , therefore , it minimizes the risk falling in the dark .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , the responsibility of the younger generation can be greatly reduced from decrease need of caretakers and medical costs .
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||, such as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , some may argue that this is the ideal situation and only a minority of the elderly will benefit .
+
+S Luxury goods such as massager and lighting system are only affordable by the rich and it may not cut down the chances of getting sick .
+A 0 1|||R:MORPH|||Luxurious|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN|||massage machines|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||systems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , automation only reduces the need for human labor but there is no guarantee that it is able to drive down social costs .
+A 11 11|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When viewed from another angle , we recognize that the benefits of automation may only be resulted in an ideal situation , but the government policies helps to maximize the welfare of the elderly .
+A 6 22|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 24|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:VERB:SVA|||help|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Setting up of community centre which gathers and organize activities for the elderly , such unaffordable automation is provided in these community centre and thus elderly can be benefited from it .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The setting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||centres|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 8|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 23|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 25|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 31|||R:OTHER|||is beneficial for the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , ongoing technology research helps to invent cheaper automation that is expected in the near future .
+A 0 18|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , we can conclude that automation can be seen as a tool in relieving the aging process that can be beneficial in a long run .
+A 18 26|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly , level of productivity of older workforce can still be maintained in current development of current industries .
+A 0 19|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Older workers can be absorbed with the establishment of light industries and machine-based industries .
+A 0 15|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In sync with the first point mentioned , extended lifespan enabled elderly to work more and longer .
+A 0 8|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:ORTH|||Extended|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||lifespans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , higher productivity is achieved to support the population , thus reducing the burden of younger generation from the increasing taxes paid .
+A 6 10|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 23|||R:OTHER|||in paying taxes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , some may argue that the elderly may not be fit enough to work and as there are doubts by employers if older workforce can achieve similar level of efficiency that are expected from younger workers , therefore this makes it more difficult for elderly to look for a job .
+A 16 17|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 35|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 39|||R:PUNCT|||. Therefore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 45 45|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From another point of view , there is only a minority who are unhealthy to work ; the majority should continue to work as long as they are able thus not to be deemed as extra burden to the society .
+A 13 14|||R:ADJ|||unable|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 29|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 29|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 34|||R:OTHER|||will not be seen|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 35|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , countries like Singapore has started to tackle aging problems where government is getting companies to rehire workers aged 62 .
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Unions are also working with companies to help older workers find and keep jobs through retraining programmes ( Valarie Tan , 2009 ) .
+
+S Moreover , extended working years should be acknowledge as a result of longer lifespan and due to the increasing literacy level of future elderly , it is definitely possible for them to work longer or work more .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB|||encouraged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:FORM|||increased|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 37|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , it is possible that productivity can still be sustain in aging population .
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||among|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , I agree to a large extent that research and government policies implement presently helps to alleviate the aging process .
+A 10 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||that have been implemented|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:TENSE|||helped|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Developments in the future will be expected to be much improved and better , though aging process is inevitable , it can sure be minimized through many different areas .
+A 10 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:OTHER|||its inconveniences|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 29|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The average age of human increases drastically within few years and this has lead to fast aging population and raised concerns of the governments and policy makers .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||has increased|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||the last|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:FORM|||led|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||populations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||R:OTHER|||among|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to the Health , United States ( 2008 ) , from 1900 through 2005 , life expectancy at birth increased from 46 to 75 years for men and from 48 to 80 years for women .
+A 2 7|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The aging process has caused unprecedented problems and negative impacts to the society especially to the aged which includes health issues as the aged will face a lot of illness when they are become older .
+A 7 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||, who|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 25|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 28|||R:OTHER|||plenty|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:NOUN:NUM|||illnesses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides that , the economics of the country face difficulty to support the growing number of the aged as there is many vulnerable aged whom live alone and need assistants from the governments .
+A 3 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||countries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||difficulties|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||in supporting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:PRON|||who|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:MORPH|||assistance|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore several research , development and policies have been used to ease the aging process to support the dependency of the aged and undeniable there is significant success in the strategies used .
+A 1 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB|||implemented|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 20|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:OTHER|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:OTHER|||Undeniably ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:NOUN:NUM|||successes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To ease the aging process , governments had put a great effort in research of medicine to provide the best treatment to the aged .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB|||have to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since there is an obviously advancement in technology when compared to past years , there is more inventions in medicine and equipments to treat the illnesses .
+A 4 5|||R:MORPH|||obvious|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:ADJ|||previous|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:NUM|||equipment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , some people may think that the aged will not be affordable to pay the treatment fees as better equipments and treatments will increase the costs needed .
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||able to afford|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||equipment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:NOUN:NUM|||cost|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To prevent such a situation , governments had founded some insurance schemes to reduce the costs of treatment .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||situatio from happening|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB|||introduced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||cost|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , Singapore government had introduced CPF Medisave Scheme and Medishield Scheme which can cover part of the treatment fees : the patient need not pay any deductible for outpatient treatments and Medishield will pay 80 % of the actual expenditure up to the claimable limit .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:OTHER|||fees|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By this , governments ensure that the aged get the proper treatments to reduce the suffering of the aged when facing illness and subsequently ease the aging process .
+A 0 1|||R:PREP|||Through|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||ensures|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||sufferings|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 28|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus far , the governments had introduced some new economic policies in order to ease the aging process .
+A 3 4|||R:ORTH|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This includes lengthening the age of retirement so that the aged have longer working lives ( Peterson , 2001 ) so that the aged can earn more wealth when they are still working to support themselves .
+A 20 20|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 24|||R:OTHER|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:NOUN|||money|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The strategy like lowering the barriers to elder employment shows a great effect to increase the rate of employment of the aged .
+A 2 3|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 13|||R:OTHER|||is effective|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||in increasing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:PREP|||among|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , some people may think that the aged is a burden to the society as they believe that the physical condition of the aged can not keep pace with the development of the country .
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 29|||R:OTHER|||cope|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S While this may be true , the facts show that the aged still can contribute to the economics as they have more experiences when compared to others .
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have shown|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||R:WO|||can still|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:MORPH|||economy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They share their experiences with the young and this can help increasing the economics of the country .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB|||to improve|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:MORPH|||economy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By this , governments also have earned more money and used the money to help the vulnerable aged and ease the aging process .
+A 0 3|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||The government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 10|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||could use|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , community centers or community clubs had their policies to ease the aging process especially to help the aged who do not marriage as they do not have children and live alone or some aged whom live separately with their children .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 43|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , An Area Agency on Aging ( AAA ) is designated in each of New Jersey 's 21 counties to serve as the primary entity responsible for developing comprehensive , coordinated systems of community-based services for the aged .
+
+S It analysis the needs and existing services within the county and prepare a comprehensive plan for the delivery of services to the aged .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:SVA|||analyses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:SVA|||prepares|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The community centers organize some activities such as performances , games and feasts to help them feel less lonely , cheer them up and make them happy and this has eased the aging process in the society .
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There is also many enthusiasts and volunteers in the society that are willing to spent their time to accompany the aged as they know that this can give mentally support to the aged .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:PRON|||who|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:FORM|||spend|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||R:VERB:FORM|||accompanying|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:MORPH|||mental|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Peterson ( 2001 ) had mentioned that an aging process in a country will cause shrinking workforce , long-term stagnation and decrease in real GDP .
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||mentions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , whole society in the country especially the aged will face a lot of problem as some of them still seeking aid from the government .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||societ ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||including|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Leaders of a country must rise above ideology and engage the practical realities to cope with the problem of fast aging population .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||countries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , governments and policy makers had applied some effective research , development and policies in medicine , economics and social policy and the results in easing the aging process is visible to us and this had brought a lot of benefits to the aged which can help them to have a better life and adapt in this aging world .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB|||implemented|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 25|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 60|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By this , governments can ensure the development of the country and provide a better living environment and society to all the people in the country .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||by doing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||countries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 26|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For a country to do well , the government has to ensure that all areas of its development are well funded .
+
+S Healthcare , military , education , and research and development are just some of the key areas affecting a country 's development .
+
+S With so many issues to be considered , it is certain that the funding available will never be sufficient .
+
+S Thus , it has always been a tough choice for the government to decide how much budget should be spent on the various areas of the country 's development .
+
+S In recent years , the increasing severity of the aging problem has brought about yet another problem that requires action to be taken promptly .
+
+S One of the most direct solutions to the aging problem is to allow more public spending on the aged .
+
+S However , with the limited budget a country has , it is essential that the more important priorities are first taken care of before large scale policies are implemented to help the aged .
+A 6 7|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First of all , country should spend the bulk of their budget on areas which are of great importance .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of these areas would be that of military .
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||the military|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The significance of military to a nation is so great that it is not possible for a country to constrict its spending in this area .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the ever present threat of terrorism which has the potential to cause huge destruction , it is without a doubt that investing in military is of a greater importance than taking care of the welfare of the elderly .
+A 7 7|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 20|||R:OTHER|||there is no|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government should not hesitate to spend on the latest military technology and equipment .
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||invest in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is to ensure that we will be able to defend ourselves should any undesirable situations arise .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||the country|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:PRON|||itself|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , others may argue that our country has always enjoyed peace and there are no signs of any conflicts with other nations arising .
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||Singapore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , are these large investments in military goods really required ?
+
+S Should n't we put the welfare of the elderly as a higher priority ?
+
+S With the increasing number of elderly coupled with the issue of low birth rate , the aging population problem has certainly become more pressing in recent years .
+A 7 7|||M:ADV|||together|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S True enough , Singapore has been successful in avoiding any direct conflicts with other countries .
+
+S However , nation security will always be one of the most important aspects to a country .
+A 2 3|||R:MORPH|||national|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The consequence of a weak military has the potential to destroy an entire nation especially one which is as small as ours .
+
+S This dire effect is something we can not afford , thus , investing in military good will definitely be one of the top priorities of the government .
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||goods|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , government should allocate its available resources wisely so as to obtain the most effective use of it .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:PRON|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To achieve this , money has to be channelled to the research and development area instead of spending excessively on the aged .
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By doing so , our country will be able to progress more quickly .
+
+S New technologies and more efficient production methods will be discovered .
+
+S With these , we will be well-equipped to ensure a sustained economic growth and head towards a prosperous and progressive nation .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||the country|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S No doubt , some may argue that we should always show our gratitude to the elders of the nation by making sure that they are well taken care of .
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||the nation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , if we were to divert most of our public spending to the aged now , it is almost certain that we will be facing an arduous problem in the near future .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||the country|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 26|||R:VERB:TENSE|||face|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Neglecting the other areas of our country 's development will hinder our progress and lead to limited economic growth , thus a shrinking budget .
+A 5 6|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As mentioned by Friedland and Summer ( 2005 ) in " Doomsday Predictions about Population Aging Are Exaggerated " , with little economic growth , there are fewer choices on how to care for the elderly thus intensifying the problem on hand .
+A 29 30|||R:PREP|||about|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , it is most essential to ensure a healthy economic growth as it will provide many alternatives to the problems our country face .
+A 4 5|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||R:OTHER|||Singapore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN:NUM|||faces|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As we can see from the above arguments , due to the limited resources available , and the ever growing number of issues that need to be tended to , it is impossible to ensure that all areas of our country 's development are well funded .
+A 1 4|||R:OTHER|||can be seen|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 41|||R:OTHER|||Singapore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , the government has to prioritize and allocate our resources wisely so that we can achieve the goals of having a stable and prosperous nation .
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 26|||R:OTHER|||the goals of having a stable and prosperous nation can be achieved.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Humanity has come a long way as we evolve and adapt to the changing environment .
+A 6 11|||R:OTHER|||in evolving and adapting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Through the years , we have managed to overcome several limitations , which in the past were nothing more than dreams .
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||it has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We succeeded in landing on the moon and communicating over long distance , yet there are still some boundaries we have yet to cross despite our best effort .
+A 0 1|||R:PRON|||It|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 22|||R:OTHER|||it still has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Aging is an inevitable process of nature .
+
+S While we can not stop the ticking clock in our body , we have made it possible for aging to be delayed and relieved to a great extent through advance technology and modern governance .
+A 1 12|||R:OTHER|||the ticking clock in our body can not be stopped|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 34|||R:OTHER|||advance technology and modern governance have made it possible for aging to be delayed and relieved to a great extent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S High-tech equipments and medications are available for the treatments of more illnesses as our understanding of medicine improves and governments nowadays are doing more for the elderly population in their society .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||equipment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||medication|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||treatment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 22|||R:OTHER|||. Governments nowadays are also|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With more emphasis placed on healthcare by governments today and the advancement of our medical technology , people get to live longer .
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Cancers are not as deadly as in the past and new vaccines are constantly being developed .
+
+S People , including the elderly , are made less vulnerable to the incapacitation of diseases , and in a way , we become biologically stronger .
+A 11 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:OTHER|||people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This also means an increase in the productivity of the aged physically .
+
+S McClatchy Newspapers ( 2008 , October 20 ) suggested that with the miracle of modern medicine , 60 might be the new 40 .
+
+S However , most treatments do not come cheap and chronic illnesses , especially , take a toll on their finances as people live longer .
+
+S " One hospitalisation , for example , a stroke can set you back at tens of thousands of dollars , " as stated by Associate Professor Paulin Straughan , sociologist , National University of Singapore in Channel NewsAsia ( 2009 , August 19 ) .
+A 13 14|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , most elderly are not rich and many can not afford the treatments .
+
+S Friedland and Summer highlighted that some segments of the aged population might be overlooked and remain very vulnerable .
+
+S For this group of people , most governments intervene to help to subsidise for treatments they genuinely need .
+A 11 12|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Modern governments promise old age security , which ensures that their citizens can fend for themselves during old age .
+
+S The approaches , however , may vary from society to society .
+
+S In some like The United Kingdom and Canada , government pensions are distributed to the elderly .
+
+S In some others such as Singapore , the people are compelled to provide in advance for their old age dependency .
+A 19 20|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some societies have laws in place to enforce children to take care of elderly parents .
+
+S For example , in Singapore , elderly parents may file in to the court if their children do not provide for them .
+A 11 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , there are various financial concerns about these methods .
+
+S In the case of government pensions , the heavy spending of public fund on the old aged may take a toll on other areas of the nation 's development .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||funds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus a method that works in a society may not work in another and sometimes , multiple approaches have to be taken .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||one|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , better healthcare and protection from government result in rising age expectancy , which is a double-edged sword because on one hand , people live longer as shown in report ( Friedland and Summer , 2005 , Fig 1-2 ) and on the other hand , the proportion of aging population increases if the younger generation are not reproducing enough , and this is exactly the trend today in developed nations .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 30|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 62 64|||U:CONJ|||This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 65 66|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the fast-paced society nowadays , there are several factors , such as high living cost and late marriage , discouraging people from reproducing " If fertility rates do not rise again , the problem will worsen as the median age in many first-world countries will reach 51 by 2050 , " as claimed by Peterson .
+A 1 5|||R:OTHER|||today 's fast-paced society|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||costs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||marriages|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||that discourage|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 56|||R:OTHER|||. Peterson has claimed that , " If fertility rates do not rise again , the problem will worsen as the median age in many first-world countries will reach 51 by 2050 , "|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the number of elderly increases , with a great potion due to the baby boom , there might not be enough young people in the workforce to support the economy and generate enough money for healthcare subsidies and government pension as mentioned previously .
+A 10 16|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 41|||R:NOUN:NUM|||pensions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S While there are temporary measures to alleviate this problem , such as rising the retirement age and importing foreign workers , the key is still to increase the fertility rate .
+
+S The aging process has been eased with the modernization of our society as better healthcare technology and government welfare are available to serve the elderly .
+
+S However , this revolution has generated a rising aging population which would be a problem to all levels of the society .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||may|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Governments in developed countries should look beyond temporary solutions to rising aging population and focus on getting people to reproduce .
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S While there are initiatives like maternity welfare and baby bonus to encourage reproduction , I believe more can be done and hope for the better .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference
+
+S 1.Channel Newsasia ( 2009 , August 19 ) .
+
+S Social sector wants govt to move beyond law for parent maintenance .
+
+S 2.McClatchy Newspapers ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Who you callin ' old ?
+
+S 60 is the new 40 .
+
+S Retrieved September 16 , 2009 , from http : //www.catholic.org/hf/health/story.php ? id = 30140 .
+
+S 3.Peter G. Peterson .
+
+S A Graying World
+
+S 4.R .
+
+S B. Friedland and L. Summer ( 2005 ) .
+
+S Demography Is Not Destiny , Revisited
+
+S 5.R .
+
+S B. Friedland and L. Summer .
+
+S Doomsday Predications about Population Aging Are Exaggerated
+
+S Many people have argued that public spending in the aged is a must for countries facing the problem of an aging population as this will have dire social , economical and cultural consequences of the country .
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:OTHER|||an ageing population|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 26|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S True as it seems , the question posed here is how the government should allocate its resources to cope with this problem .
+A 11 14|||R:WO|||should the government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the saying goes , 'Give the man a fish and feed him for a day , teaches the man to fish and feed him for a lifetime' .
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:SVA|||teach|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the use of the country 's resources should be well diversified to different areas of the country 's development so that no one area would be compromised on .
+A 26 28|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the implementation of elderly care hugely subsidized by the government , the aged will tend to be reliant of the government on providing for their old age .
+A 1 4|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This caused the aged to be heavily dependent of the government and thus developed a negative practice of the aged not saving for their own retirement .
+A 1 1|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It may be objected that the money which is not saved for retirement can be better spent elsewhere .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB|||argued|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Adam Smith argues in his book Wealth of Nations that 'each individual is continually exerting himself to find out the most advantageous employment of whatever capital he can command' .
+
+S Although it is argued that the 'extra money ' that the elderly will possess will be better spent elsewhere , it may not be spent in the most efficient way possible .
+A 12 13|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Adam Smith also points out that individuals will act in his own advantage , not that of the society .
+A 10 11|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the 'extra money ' that the elderly possess at the expense of the government may not result in the most efficient allocation of resources .
+
+S With more money from public spending spent on the aged , this also means that there are lesser money for the country 's other areas of development .
+A 16 18|||R:OTHER|||is less|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 27|||R:OTHER|||other areas of development in the country|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Other areas of developments that will increase the economic growth of the country will then be compromised .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||development|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One justification for economic growth is that with little economic growth , society faces fewer choices on how to care for those who are least able to care for themselves ( Friedland and Summer , 2005 ) .
+
+S Critics of this position points out that when more money are spent on the aged , it can also generate economic growth .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||point|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:SVA|||generates|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With better and more affordable healthcare services provided for instance , the elderly can be healthier and more economically productive .
+A 9 10|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will allow the elderly to be able to work for longer years and delay their retirement .
+A 12 13|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will then increase the labour force of the country and results in economic growth .
+A 11 12|||R:MORPH|||result|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , this growth is limited .
+
+S There is a limit to the economic growth brought about by delaying the retirement age of the elderly .
+
+S Therefore , government resources should be allocated to areas of development that will generate potential economic growth which can be sustained .
+
+S This includes Research and Development ( R&D ) where more efficient healthcare methods can be devised .
+
+S By designating the role of the caregiver of the elderly to the government , " Asian values " such as filial piety will be eroded as children would shed the responsibility of taking care of their parents to the government .
+A 27 28|||R:VERB:TENSE|||may|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It may be objected that these values are innate to one 's identity and is not easily influenced or changed by other factors .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , real life scenarios do actually show that these values can be influenced or eroded .
+
+S In Singapore , one is compelled to undertake the role of the caregiver and this compellation is backed up with law , the law of maintenance of parent 's act to ensure one fulfills one 's filial obligations .
+A 15 16|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 24|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is true that there are multiple advantages supporting public spending on the aged .
+
+S But in view of the many problems that country would face if large amount of public spending are spent of the aged , it is only wise that the government do likewise , to diversify its public spending to other areas of development and strike a balance among the other priorities .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 34|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:VERB:SVA|||diversifies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 44 45|||R:VERB:SVA|||strikes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The growing number of ageing population is an inevitable issue worldwide , especially in developed countries ( Peterson , Fall 2001 ) .
+
+S Technological advancement enables human to live longer .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||humans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , the younger generation are chasing after 'live life to the fullest ' and individualistic life .
+A 11 20|||R:OTHER|||'an individualistic and 'live life to the fullest ' lifestyle.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This new generation would have the perception of enjoying life and not having family and children because they see it as a burden .
+
+S In the long run , these will translate into a low fertility rate in the country .
+A 5 6|||R:DET|||this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the case of Singapore , the growing elderly population should not be accompanied by restriction in public spending on the aged , which may come in the forms of pension scheme , medical insurance , healthcare benefits and disabled allowance .
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||restrictions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:NOUN:NUM|||form|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:NOUN:NUM|||schemes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 40|||R:MORPH|||disability|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This paper recommends that public spending on the elderly should not be limited so that money can be diverted to other areas of the country 's development .
+
+S This is because the current benefits that are provided to the elderly are still inadequate .
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In terms of welfare and poverty , there are less than 5 % of household in the low income group which are beneficiaries of the state-funded system .
+A 7 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||households|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Only 0.07 % receives public assistance in 2004 ( Asher & Nandy , 2008 [ as cited in http : //mathialee.wordpress.com/2009/07/30/singapores-policy-responses-to-ageing-inequality-and-poverty ] ) .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:FORM|||received|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 22|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If public spending on them is limited , there would be lesser elderly who can be benefited through the government 's aid .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||low income groups|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:ADJ|||fewer|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 17|||R:VERB:TENSE|||could benefit|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:PREP|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:NOUN:POSS||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , an increase in social disparity and healthcare problems would be an issue to the country .
+A 14 15|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although public spending on the elderly is an endless process and that they do n't generate much productivity to the country , we need to promote our social responsibility as a nation .
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 32|||R:OTHER|||social responsibility as a nation needs to be promoted.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are many elderly who are unable to support their living and have to take up jobs like road sweeping and toilet cleaning .
+A 4 4|||M:NOUN|||people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||themselves|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides that , the elderly were once the people who had contributed to the growth of the nation and economy .
+A 10 11|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many of these vulnerable beings should not be left with little aid when they are in need of much care and help .
+
+S It is just as what every human being would not want to have when they grow old .
+A 0 18|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the context of a developed country like Singapore , which was ranked the third competitive economy in the world ( Anand , 2009 ) , sufficient funds are available for economic growth and other areas of development .
+
+S There would not be a dire need to divert part of the public spending on the elderly to other areas of the country 's development .
+A 0 1|||M:OTHER|||Therefore , there|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 6|||R:OTHER|||should not be a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The nation 's infrastructure , development and trade are in a desirable condition and the current spending on it is adequate to sustain these projects and economic growth .
+A 18 19|||R:PRON|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 26|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , the government should not focus on limiting the public spending but on the ways to spend it wisely .
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the examples is through means-testing .
+A 1 4|||R:OTHER|||example|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In turn , this spending can be changed into something productive when the elderly are involved in the economic cycle by working as a cook for traditional eateries and selling homemade items when they are living in a good condition due to the advantages that they gain from the public spending .
+A 0 52|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition to that , the money that is spent to help the elderly is partially their money which was deducted through tax payment .
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||on helping|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , policy makers have the responsibility to provide the elderly with comfortable ageing needs .
+A 12 15|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The aged should be able to enjoy the social security during their later years .
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We have to be conscious that even though they are deem as a liability , they are also part of the nation and shall not be neglected .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:FORM|||deemed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:TENSE|||should|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Stressing filial responsibility and raising more productive children is a way to support the aged , as suggested by Peterson ( Fall 2001 ) .
+
+S However , there are certain groups of elderly who are single , children-less , not in good terms with their children or still need to support their 'parasite ' adult children .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN|||child-less|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:PRON|||who|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:OTHER|||'parasitic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On top of that , elderly who are disabled and suffering from chronic illnesses would need a large sum of money to relieve themselves from their condition .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 25|||R:OTHER|||deal with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They wo n't be able to get ample financial support from their children and have to depend on the government to provide this assistance .
+
+S Even with the assistance of MediSave and MediShield , elderly suffering from terminal illnesses will not be able to pay for their high healthcare cost when these accounts are exhausted ( Channel NewsAsia , 19 August 2009 ) .
+A 10 10|||M:NOUN|||people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN:NUM|||costs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:OTHER|||their bank|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 36|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Albeit this will create a sense of dependency on the government , it is an unavoidable situation where the government would need to care for its citizens ' need .
+A 0 1|||R:PREP|||Although|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||R:VERB:TENSE|||needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 29|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Here , the emphasis it put on the ethical and constitutional aspect of a nation when they limit this public spending ( Moody , 2006 ) , preventing the elderly from ageing gracefully .
+A 0 34|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In a summary , the government should not limit the public spending on elderly and divert it to other areas of the country 's development .
+A 1 4|||R:OTHER|||summary|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is due to the ascending numbers of elderly in the coming years that we need to deal with ( Friedland & Summer , 2005 ) .
+A 14 18|||R:OTHER|||need to be dealt|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These elderly were once the people who had helped in building up the nation and the government should show their compassion and care for this vulnerable group by not restricting public spending on them .
+A 7 8|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is vital that the expenditure on elderly is being delegated according to their needs so that wastage can be avoided .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , more elderly can be benefited through this act and it would not be seen as wastage of the country 's funds .
+A 4 4|||M:NOUN|||people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||benefit|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference
+
+S Anand , Sameera .
+
+S ( 2009 , September 9 ) .
+
+S Singapore Ranks Third-most Competitive Economy in the World .
+
+S Retrieved September 11 , 2009 , from http : //www.financeasia.com/article.aspx ? CIaNID = 112098
+
+S Original :
+
+S Asher , Mukul G. , & Nandy , Amarendu .
+
+S ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Singapore 's Policy .
+
+S LKY School of Public Policy , National University of Singapore Secondary : Lee , Mathia .
+
+S ( 2009 , July 20 ) .
+
+S Singapore 's Policy Responses to Ageing , Inequality and Poverty .
+
+S http : //mathialee.wordpress.com/2009/07/30/singapores-policy-responses-to-ageing-inequality-and-poverty .
+
+S Friedland , Robert B. , & Summer , Laura .
+
+S ( 2005 , March ) .
+
+S Demography Is Not Destiny , Revisited .
+
+S Original : Moody , Harry R. ( 2006 ) .
+
+S 5th Edition .
+
+S Ageing Concepts and Controversies .
+
+S Pine Forge Press .
+
+S Secondary :
+
+S Google Books .
+
+S Ageing Concepts and Controversies .
+
+S http : //books.google.com.my/books ? id = OXS8XBwP0coC&pg = PA323&lpg = PA323&dq = why + should n't + limit + public + spending + on + elderly&source = bl&ots = syVTEELWyu&sig = MgENUgaEtI4yUs5BgRQeMum-kJc&hl = en&ei = NVSuSq7eNNGXkAXcleCVBg&sa = X&oi = book_result&ct = result&resnum = 5 # v = onepage&q = why % 20should n't % 20limit % 20public % 20spending % 20on % 20elderly&f = false
+
+S Peterson , Peter G. ( Fall 2001 ) .
+
+S A Graying World .
+
+S Harvard International Review .
+
+S Social Sector wants Govt to Move Beyond Law for Parent Maintenance ( 2009 , 19 August ) Channel NewsAsia .
+
+S The aging processes in Singapore with the ensuing serious impact have drawn our attention .
+A 6 7|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||impacts ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 14|||R:OTHER|||has caught people 's attention.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Aging process requires special attention because due to the low birth rate , Singapore has became an aging country with a large fraction of its population being aged .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The aging|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The governments are currently carrying out research and implementing policies to help to ease the aging process for both the elderly and country .
+A 1 3|||R:OTHER|||government is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Researchers are mainly focusing on healthcare and infrastructure .
+
+S The former involves finding out the types of age-related illness that are likely to arise when people reach a certain age and measures that can be taken to reduce the occurrence of the illnesses .
+
+S The latter involves developing public facilities that cater to the need of the elderly who are physically weak .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides that , various policies have also been introduced to aid the elderly .
+
+S These policies include granting subsidies that help to reduce the high cost of living , various HDB schemes to encourages children to live close to their parents as well as the upgrading of housing estate for the elderly .
+
+S The research and policies that have been continuously implemented for the aged in Singapore have worked well because of the pragmatic approach that has been taken .
+
+S Researches on healthcare and infrastructure had been constantly improving to ease the aging process .
+A 0 1|||R:MORPH|||Research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , the government is currently researching on the possible type of chronic illnesses that are likely to surface at a certain age of life , at the same time implementing control measure to prevent the occurring of the illness .
+A 7 8|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 30|||M:PREP|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:NOUN:NUM|||measures|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As saying said prevention is better than cure , thus the government sector such as the health promotion board and the Singapore eye care centre had constantly organizing campaign to draw the awareness of the elderly regarding the serious consequence associate with the illnesses .
+A 1 3|||R:OTHER|||the saying goes ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:NOUN:NUM|||campaigns|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:VERB|||raise|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 40|||R:NOUN:NUM|||consequences|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 41|||R:VERB:FORM|||associated|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They also provide free medical checkups for the elderly usually aged 50 and above for early detection of the illness .
+A 17 19|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is a good approach with some limitations .
+
+S This is because for those elderly who are illiterate and living alone may not know that there are such campaigns going on as they are unable to read campaign publish on the newspaper neither do they understand the advertisement that is telecasted over the television as they are mostly in English or Chinese .
+A 4 5|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 12|||R:OTHER|||, who are illiterate and living alone ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:NOUN:NUM|||campaigns|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:VERB:FORM|||published|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 33|||R:OTHER|||in newspapers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 36|||R:OTHER|||, or|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 38|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||R:NOUN:NUM|||advertisements|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 41|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus for those elderly that only understand dialect will not have the massage get across to them thereby defeats the purpose of the campaign .
+A 1 3|||R:OTHER|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 17|||R:OTHER|||get the message|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:FORM|||defeating|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Next , improvisation of infrastructure on public transportation and housing estate is another area of research that is being focus on .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||estates|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:FORM|||focused|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For public transport , a portion of seat had been removed , leaving a spacious area to suit the need of the elderly that are bounded on wheelchair .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||seats|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 12|||R:OTHER|||have been removed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 28|||R:OTHER|||wheelchair bound|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In housing estate , the government had upgraded those flat that is relatively old and inconvenience for the elderly .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||estates|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 12|||R:OTHER|||flats that are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:MORPH|||inconvenient|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Examples of upgrading is such that lift are now able to stop at every storey of the flat and within the lift there are handles for the elderly to held on for support while taking the lift .
+A 4 7|||R:OTHER|||lifts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 31|||R:OTHER|||hold on to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also all the squat toilet had been converted to seat toilet in avoid accident of elderly slip and fall when squatting and standing up .
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||toilets have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||toilets|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 14|||R:OTHER|||to avoid accidents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 19|||R:OTHER|||slipping and falling|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This improvise infrastructure is said to be one stone killing two birds as it not only provide to the elderly , it also cater its benefit for the handicapped thus this research does not serve entirely for the elderly , it is also for others purpose .
+A 1 2|||R:MORPH|||improved|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 12|||R:OTHER|||kills two birds with one stone|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:SVA|||provides|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 25|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:VERB:SVA|||benefits|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||M:PUNCT|||. Thus|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 36|||R:OTHER|||only serve|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 43|||R:OTHER|||also serves|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 44|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 44 46|||R:OTHER|||other purposes as well|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Policies complement the researches .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Given the high cost of living in Singapore , the government had provided benefits for the elderly by granting subsidizes on healthcare .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This policy works well because the aged would have their saving use for daily expenses such as food and necessity .
+A 10 11|||R:MORPH|||savings|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:FORM|||used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||necessities|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Apart from subsidy , the government had reorganizes the healthcare system to cater to the need of the elderly .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||subsidies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have reorganized|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , the government had taken a step-down approach by including more community hospital and nursing home in the health care sector that are more affordable than staying in the hospital .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 18|||R:OTHER|||hospitals and nursing homes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This policy is workable as elderly can recuperate better in the community hospital as they do not have to worry much about the medical fees .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , the community hospital provides convenience as it is near the neighborhood thus enable them to get medical aid soon after they fell sick and it help to assure their children that there 's someone to attend to their sick parents when they are at work .
+A 2 5|||R:OTHER|||community hospitals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:SVA|||provide|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||they are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:FORM|||enabling|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:TENSE|||fall|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 28|||R:OTHER|||. It also helps|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , although the cost of healthcare is greatly reduced , there are cases whereby the elderly who is childless and do not have any saving or income neither do they have any medisave to pay for the large amount of medical fee incurred .
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:NOUN:NUM|||savings|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 31|||R:OTHER|||, do not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With this , even there is subsidy ; the elderly will still not be able to afford medical expenses .
+A 0 4|||R:OTHER|||Even though|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||are subsidies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The next policy that is suggested is to give rebate to those who purchase a house that is close to their parents .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||rebates|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is likely to encourage the children to visit their parent often thus giving them a sense of warmth and security in return .
+A 2 3|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||parents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , this is not always the expected scenario .
+
+S Some children will only make use of the reason to get as much subsidy as possible and they might not visit their parent even though they are living very near .
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||parents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , although all these approaches provided limited ways in easing the aging process it is still a feasible and practical approach with the current research and policies implemented which had worked fairly well .
+A 6 6|||M:OTHER|||have only|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:VERB|||offer|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 34|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Only a small group of the aging population faces the limitations and the government can also come out with other policies to solve the problems so that the approach implemented can workable without any flaws and limitation .
+A 9 10|||R:DET|||these|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||may|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:DET|||these|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 31|||M:VERB|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||R:NOUN:NUM|||limitations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides relying on the government , Singaporeans must also pay attention to aging issue and help to play a part to reduce elderly dependence on the government .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||R:OTHER|||in reducing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , they can help to take care of their aged parent , be a volunteer to contribute to society that is gradually aging and works with the government .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||parents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||,or|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 30|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They must put themselves in the elderly 's shoe and realize that one day they will also be aged and they will also need the support of their children and others .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||People|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:NOUN|||people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||shoes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 23|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is believed strongly that one will be repaid for their kindness in treating others well .
+
+S In reciprocation , they will receive the same treatment one day if they do not treat others well .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||Likewise ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 3|||M:PREP|||if|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 4|||M:OTHER|||do not treat others well , one day they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||may|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Demographic trends across both developed and developing countries reflect that the world population is rapidly ageing .
+
+S In Singapore , the increasing life expectancy with the high-quality healthcare and the declining fertility rates are the causes of graying population .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:ADV|||together|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , it has been projected that 20 % of the population will be over 65 years old by 2030 ( Coughlin , 2008 ) .
+
+S Besides slow economic growth , the result of an ageing population is the rising pension and healthcare costs , which forces major increase in public spending in Singapore .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||one|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:OTHER|||in Singapore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 28|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , governments and policy- makers face great challenges and implications towards the ageing population .
+A 9 11|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nevertheless , despite the fact that the ageing population is likely to hurt public finances , it is crucial to recognize the well-being and livelihood of the aged can not be compromise by investing in other developments for economic gains .
+A 31 32|||R:VERB:FORM|||compromised|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is because the elderly has not only contributed significantly to the society ; in fact they have many important roles to play .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 17|||R:OTHER|||but in fact|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , they represent the imperative link with our history and tradition which is a crucial source of cultural identity and social stability ( Rasheed ) .
+A 6 7|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 28|||R:OTHER|||, 2010 )|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S While Singapore strives to develop itself to become a " world-class " and self-sufficient country , it is equally important for a society to be socially stable and secure .
+A 21 22|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This paper examines the various reasons for allocating more public spending on the aged as the ageing population continues to grow in Singapore .
+
+S Singapore was lauded by economists " for avoiding the pitfalls of erecting an expensive welfare state that diverts government funds from economic development " ( Burton , 2007 ) .
+A 23 30|||R:WO|||( Burton , 2007 ) . "|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is because over the years Singaporeans are encouraged and educated to be financially independent , self-reliant and plan for their old-age so as not to be overly dependent on the government .
+A 6 6|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:OTHER|||,so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , Singapore established its social security through the Central Provident Fund ( CPF ) since 1955 , which is a mandatory savings programme that fund pensions and healthcare for each citizen ( Burton , 2007 ) .
+A 16 17|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:VERB:SVA|||funds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 33|||R:OTHER|||citizens|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , it was stressed that children should carry out their filial obligations to provide for their ageing parents .
+
+S One example would be the passing of Maintenance of Parents Act that allow parents to sue their children for financial support ( Wijaya , 2009 ) .
+A 2 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:SVA|||allows|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In other words , public spending on the aged can be limited so that the government can pour in more state 's fund into other areas of the country 's development such as education , research and development ( R&D ) , urban development and upgrading of public housing and transport .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||should|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||R:OTHER|||funding|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 46 47|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 48 51|||R:OTHER|||transport and housing.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , these ongoing efforts to invest and develop the nation benefits the future generations of all ages .
+A 5 6|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , despite the fact that CPF is a flexible scheme to enforce savings for individuals , it has shows signs of weakness and was seen as insufficient to last for one 's retirement years ( Tsao , 2008 ) .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:FORM|||shown|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 27|||R:OTHER|||has been seen as being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the fundamental reasons for the insufficient fund in one 's CPF is the population 's needs to finance their public housing especially with the government encouragement .
+A 6 9|||R:OTHER|||insufficient funds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 18|||R:OTHER|||need of the population|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 28|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Additionally , it is especially hard for elderly whose wages were low during the early 60s and 70s to keep up with the rising cost of living ( Burton , 2007 ) .
+A 8 8|||M:NOUN|||people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 18|||R:OTHER|||,whose wages were low during the early 60s and 70s ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , CPF does not protect certain segment of the population who were not able to work and save during their younger days .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||segments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , the housewives were not able to contribute to their Medisave because they had to raise their family and choose not to work as a result .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:TENSE|||chose|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , Medisave will provide little or no protection for them in the event of illness .
+
+S Eventually , this does not only burden the aged with insufficient funds to support their medical expenditures but also strain the relationship with their children as they need to provide more monetary contributions to their parents .
+A 18 18|||M:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:SVA|||strains|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These reasons continue to urge the government to expand the public spending on the aged so as to sustain the needs and livelihood of the aged within the population .
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , while the government has emphasized the concept of filial obligations in children , the underlying truth is that children are going through a hard time trying to provide for their elderly parents sufficiently throughout their retirement years .
+
+S In a survey , it was reported that 66.0 % of senior citizens aged 55 and above were provided with regular cash contribution from their children .
+A 20 20|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Additionally , it has shown that the dependence on children to finance their healthcare expenditure increased with age and only 35.8 % of senior citizens aged 55 and above have a clean bill of health ( Ministry of Community Development , Youth and Sports [ MCYS ] , 2005 ) .
+A 4 4|||M:VERB:TENSE|||been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In other words , most elderly are rather dependent on their children to support them particularly those who suffered from chronic illnesses .
+A 6 6|||M:NOUN|||people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:TENSE|||suffer|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This dependence is coupled with the rising healthcare cost that is taking a toll on their children 's finances .
+A 5 9|||R:OTHER|||rising health care costs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , the decline in the number of children supporting elderly parents due to smaller family sizes put further strain on the children ( Wijaya , 2009 ) .
+A 17 17|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:FORM|||puts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , government ought to increase its public spending to assist and ease the strain of the children to support their aged parents .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||R:VERB:FORM|||supporting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the whole , as Singapore population ages rapidly , it accentuates the need to increase the public spending on the aged in order to meet greater healthcare demands and rising cost of living .
+A 6 6|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 30|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As discussed earlier on , the rising healthcare costs coupled with longer living parents put pressure on their cash-strapped children to provide for their elderly parents .
+A 3 4|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||puts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Apart from that , the aged is also burdened by the inadequate funds in their CPF accounts with several reasons for the inadequacy .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 23|||R:OTHER|||due to various reasons.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In short , the aged need more financial help from the government so as to ease the strain on the elders as well as their children .
+A 20 21|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Burton J .
+
+S ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Singapore 's social security system starts to creak , Financial Times .
+
+S Retrieved September 11 , 2009 , from http : //yoursdp.org/index.php/perspective/special-feature/341-singapores- social-security-system-starts-to-creak-
+
+S Coughlin , J.F. ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Ageing , Innovation and Policy .
+
+S Retrieved September 11 , 2009 , from http : //www.cscollege.gov.sg/cgl/events/Ageing , % 20Innovation % 20and % 20Poli cy % 20by % 20Joseph % 20Coughlin.pdf
+
+S Leong , W.K ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Ca n't legislate love ... TODAY Online .
+
+S Retrieved September 18 , 2009 , from http : //www.todayonline.com/Singapore/EDC090820-0000103/Cant-legislate- love-,,,
+
+S Ministry of Community Development , Youth and Sports ( MCYS ) .
+
+S ( 2005 ) .
+
+S Report on National Survey of Senior Citizens 2005 .
+
+S Retrieved September 11 , 2009 , from http : //www.mcys.gov.sg/MCDSFiles/Resource/Materials/NSSC % 202005.pdf
+
+S Popatlal , A ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Social sector wants govt to move beyond law for parent maintenance .
+
+S Channel News Asia .
+
+S Retrieved September 18 , 2009 , from http : //www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/449608/1/ .html
+
+S Rasheed , Z.A ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Ministry of Foreign Affairs on Agenda Item 104 : Follow- up to the international year of older persons .
+
+S Retrieved September 11 , 2009 , from http : //app.mfa.gov.sg/pr/read_content.asp ? View,607,
+
+S Tsao , M.A. ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Uncertainty About Healthcare For The Aged .
+
+S Retrieved September 11 , 2009 , from http : //prosperitypersonal.sg/community/experts-talk/53-smart- investor/309-uncertainty-about-healthcare-for-the-aged
+
+S Wijaya , M. ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Singapore faces 'silver tsunami ' , Asia Times .
+
+S Retrieved September 11 , 2009 , from http : //www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/KH27Ae01.html
+
+S Nowadays , aging population is increasing and the problem is to be more serious .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In year 2008 , the proportion of the elderly in Singapore is 8.6 % and we estimate the proportion of the elderly in year 2003 to increase to 18.7 % .
+A 1 2|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||it is estimated that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From other perspective , an increase in the aging population will lead to an increase in the government spending on the elderly .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||another|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to the statistic , the elderly dependency ratio in Singapore is 11.9 per 100 in 2008 .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||statistics|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , public spending on the senior citizens should be limited so that money can be diverted to other areas of country 's development such as taking care of the needy , the unfortunate , the young and infrastructure .
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Public money that is saved can be diverted to build infrastructure because it benefits all social classes such as the elderly , the needy , the unfortunate and the young by increasing their social welfare .
+A 9 10|||R:MORPH|||building|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , an increase of infrastructure can attract investment from abroad because the facilities are fully equipped .
+A 5 6|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , an increase of infrastructure can attract more tourists to travel to our country .
+A 4 5|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 16|||R:OTHER|||Singapore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The building of infrastructure makes tourist feel comfortable and convenient because tourists can travel around the country without barrier .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||tourists|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||it is convenientt|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||barriers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , Housing and Development Board ( HDB ) with lift , Mass Rapid Transit ( MRT ) , road , building and resort are some of the facilities that can be provided to increase social welfare .
+A 3 12|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 25|||R:OTHER|||roads , buildings , and resorts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Public funds that are saved can be used to develop the economy because economy growth will increase the citizens ' standard of living .
+A 13 14|||R:MORPH|||economic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , resources are limited .
+
+S Government can not choose everything to develop because scarce of resources such as land , fund and worker .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 7|||R:WO|||to develop everything|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 11|||R:OTHER|||of the scarcity of resources ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 18|||R:OTHER|||funds and workers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the government has to choose the most beneficial areas to invest .
+A 13 13|||M:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , government can also invest in areas where the profit and social welfare can be improved so that the citizens ' standard of living will be increased .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , investment will bring more job opportunities to the market due to the economic growth .
+
+S Therefore , the citizens have more job options and find it easier to be hired .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , the citizens can request for higher salaries as the economy has improved .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Higher salaries will encourage citizens to purchase more goods .
+
+S Therefore , the citizens ' standard of living will be much better compared to the past .
+A 3 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Accumulated public funds can be used to finance research and development .
+
+S Research and development is needed to discover new products and processes or to improve existing ones .
+
+S New products and technology will benefit the citizens by giving the citizens satisfaction and convenience .
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , a new invention 's medicine for elderly to improve health , electronic wheelchair for handicapped people and robot to take care of the children and elderly .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||medicines|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||wheelchairs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||robots|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , some of the research and development are not only beneficial to the economy but is also environmentally friendly .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Solar power is an example of environmentally friendly technology .
+
+S Solar power is an energy source obtainable by converting sunlight into electricity using photocells .
+
+S Therefore , environment pollution can be lessened by reduced usage of fuel .
+A 2 3|||R:MORPH|||environmental|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 12|||R:OTHER|||fuel usage.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , public spending should not be mainly on elderly and the money should be used for other areas of the country 's development .
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By having proper planning , the government can kill two birds with one stone .Why is it so ?
+
+S Public money that is saved can be diverted to several areas to increase social welfare and country 's reputation .
+A 9 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 19|||R:OTHER|||the reputation of the country.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , country 's development is a long-term investment and it must be planned properly because it will affect the new generation 's future .
+A 2 5|||R:OTHER|||the development of the country|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:OTHER|||future of the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:ADJ|||next|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 24|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Senior citizens can contribute to the nation by imparting their knowledge and sharing their experience with the younger generation .
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||generations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Have you ever asked yourself : How will we live in the old age ?
+A 5 6|||R:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Who will take care of us : our descendants , ourselves or government ?
+A 6 8|||R:PUNCT|||? Our|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||the government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nowadays , more and more people have to concern themselves with these questions as fast aging population is becoming a serious problem with which many countries are confronted .
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In my opinion , because there are a lot of effective methods to solve aging problem except medical and welfare programs , government should limit spending on aging population in order to develop prior areas .
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||UNK|||other|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , public spending diverted from the aged to other important areas of the country 's development can contribute to promote economic growth .
+
+S When the economy grows , fewer old persons need to be help because of the following reasons .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:FORM|||helped|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The first point that should be taken into consideration is that the more economic growth is , the more chances the elderly have to find jobs .
+A 15 15|||M:ADV|||there|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , they can cover their everyday needs by themselves .
+
+S Moreover , with sufficient economic growth , more services are supplied to care for the old .
+
+S For example , people can invite nurse to their home to look after their old parents everyday or the elderly can live in rest home with creature comforts and a lot of care .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||nurses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||homes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN:NUM|||homes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So , to ease the aging problem , economic growth should be accentuated .
+
+S It is said that government should spend much money on the aging population in order to reduce burden on young people .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||a lot of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This argument goes on to assert that because the expenditure of time and money on caring as well as buying medicine for the elderly is enormous , public spending on the aged will help young people concentrate more on their work and improve the quality of life .
+A 43 44|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , increasing public spending on the aged is not able to be a sustainable long term strategy .
+A 10 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If other prior areas of the country 's development such as education , economy are not be invested adequately , future generation of older people are likely to be even worse .
+A 2 3|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:NUM|||generations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 31|||M:PART|||off|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The first reason is that if people are not be educated well in their young days , their lives in the old age will be very vulnerable as people with more education tend to have higher incomes and better health .
+A 9 10|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Robert B. Friedland and Laura Summer , ( 2005 ) , Doomsday Predications about Population Aging Are Exaggerated ) .
+
+S Moreover , little economic growth often leads to lower income which makes it impossible for people to save much money for their old age .
+
+S Therefore , concentrating on prior areas of the country 's development instead of investing significant amount of money in the aged is likely to ensure better lives for future groups of older people .
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||amounts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Last but not least , reducing public spending on the aged helps to stress filial obligation .
+
+S Because little medical and welfare programs are launched when decrease government expenditure on the aging population , many people may have not enough money to send their old parents to rest home .
+A 1 2|||R:ADJ|||few|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:OTHER|||government expenditure on the aging population|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:MORPH|||decreases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 16|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:NOUN:NUM|||homes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They have to spend more time to take care of their parents by themselves .
+A 6 8|||R:VERB:FORM|||taking|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So , there are more opportunities for descendants to express their love and gratitude to their parents and grandparents .
+
+S As a result , family sentiment is enhanced significantly in the society .
+A 9 13|||R:OTHER|||within societyin society|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , because of enhancing economic growth , ensuring better lives for future generation of older people and stressing filial obligation , limiting public spending on the aged in order to invest in other prior areas of country 's development is a good approach to solve global aging problem .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:FORM|||enhanced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||generations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 38|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 47 47|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order to make the most of the limited budget for aging population , government should concentrate to support people who really need aid such as older single women .
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||R:OTHER|||on supporting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The aging population is a common situation in many developed countries .
+A 0 1|||R:DET|||An|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the number of elderly increases rapidly , there are numerous problems like deterioration of health .
+A 5 8|||R:OTHER|||increasing rapidly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There is a need for government to focus on these problems , in order to improve the welfare of the aged .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||governments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , this may lead to an issue of whether the government should limit their public fund on the aged .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||governments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From my perspective , I agree that it is morally right to spend the money on the aged who had contributed most of their life in national building , instead of limiting the spending .
+A 0 7|||R:OTHER|||One argument is that ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:OTHER|||instead of limiting spending ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 27|||R:OTHER|||to nation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 34|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Critics may argue that the public funding should be use for cultivating the younger generation , who will be the future pillar of the country ; instead of spending the public fund on the elderly who are not long capable of contributing to the society .
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:FORM|||used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||generations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 26|||R:OTHER|||countr ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:NOUN:NUM|||funds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 39|||R:OTHER|||no longer|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 44|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although this argument sounds logical , it is morally incorrect .
+
+S The elderly had contributed a lot to the society .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 10|||R:OTHER|||society|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is because of the elderly who had once before participle in many aspects of national building such as education .
+A 7 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||participated|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:MORPH|||nation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , we are able to enjoy the comfortable life today .
+A 7 10|||R:OTHER|||comfortable lives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There is an ancient Chinese proverb " remember the source while drinking the water " which can be apply in this case .
+A 18 20|||R:OTHER|||applied to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The contributions of the elderly should not be forgotten , the need to reward them for their efforts are crucial .
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the government should not reduce the public funding on the elderly .
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Instead , the government needs to recognize the efforts contributed by the elderly in national building .
+A 14 15|||R:MORPH|||nation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The public funding spends on the construction of medical infrastructures as well as the building elderly friendly houses are beneficial to all the human beings .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:FORM|||spent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||infrastructure|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The reason is that the process of aging occurs to everyone .
+
+S It is just a matter of time .
+
+S Since there is no way to escape aging , the government needs to pay much attention in the issues relating to aging .
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||a lot of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||pay a lot of attention to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S During the Singapore national day rally , Prime Minster Lim Hsien Loong pointed out the need to improve the health care system for the aged .
+
+S There is a need to make health care more accessible and affordable to the aged .
+
+S Therefore , the government had implemented the three M policies -Medifund , MediShield and Medicsave .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , the government is focusing on step down care too .
+A 8 10|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , the co-operation between the Changi general hospital and St Andrew community health care .
+A 13 13|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These measures help to reduce the expensive medical fee for the aged as well as cater to the needs of the elderly .
+A 5 9|||R:OTHER|||expensive medical fees|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||catering|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These measures will benefits the younger citizens in time to come .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:FORM|||benefit|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||times|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , it is rather wiser to focus on the aging issue and solve it before it backfires .
+
+S In the above paragraph , I had mentioned that if the government does not target on the health issue of the aged seriously , it may eventually backfires .
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||it was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:OTHER|||backfire.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The unhappiness and anger toward the government 's willingness to deal with the issue may rise among the aged .
+A 4 5|||R:PREP|||towards|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB|||increase|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S An atmosphere of anger may slowly result in strike .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||strikes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hong Kong is the example .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||one|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The elderly went on strike to oppose government for reducing their daily allowance of 60 Hong Kong dollars .
+
+S Additionally , the uncaring image of the government will slowing encourages the migration of the citizens .
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||slowly encourage|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 17|||R:OTHER|||citizens|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the government needs to pay extra attention in taking care of the aged .
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other side of the coin , if the needs of the elderly are well taken care off , they will still be capable of contributing the society .
+A 27 27|||M:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The elderly bring years of knowledge , experiences and business contacts with them .
+
+S They are just like encyclopedias which provide wise advice for the younger worker who may not be experienced .
+
+S In acting as the role of advisor , they will help the company to progress economically .
+
+S For example , Lee Kuan Yew , Minister Mentor of Singapore , is still active in the politic by advising the young politicians .
+A 16 18|||R:OTHER|||politics|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The requirement for Mr. Lee to remain active in the politic is good health .
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||politics|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , it is crucial for the government to spend more public fund in dealing with medical problems of the aged .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||funds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the public spending on the aged should not be limited .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Critics may argue that other areas such as education require public funding as well .
+
+S I agree that other areas do need public funding , and indeed money have to be spent on it .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , a developed country will have the ability to take care of all the areas .
+
+S Moreover , by taking care of the aged , it will portray the country to be a gracious and caring nation .
+
+S This positive impression will in turns attract foreigners to choose the country as one of the destination for pleasure .
+A 13 16|||R:OTHER|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will benefit the country economically .
+
+S Aging population is a problem affecting many global countries .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||An aging|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With an increasing aging population , countries will face lower productivity and raises the social and healthcare costs .
+A 12 17|||R:OTHER|||increased social and health care|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , part of public spending will be placed on the interest of the elderly and the rest will be diverted to other areas of the country 's development to help boost the economic growth .
+A 6 19|||R:OTHER|||should be placed on the interest of the elderly and the rest should|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First and forth most , education is one of the aspects that could greatly help to boost a country 's economy .
+
+S Though it is a long term investment where one takes many years to graduate to be ready to step into the workforce to help generate income for the country , but it is definitely worth the investment .
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 23|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When government steps in to provide subsidies for eligible students to further their education , the country will have a population with higher qualification as it covers more of those less fortunate families who could not afford the huge amount of school fees as compared to without subsidies .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN:NUM|||qualifications|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 48|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Next , research and development is another important aspect that could help boost a country 's economy .
+
+S For example , the European Commission has contributed 2 billion to ICT research projects as ICT is one of the areas that underpin Europe 's economic performance and it is pivotal to the economic growth ( Europe 's Information Society , 2008 ) .
+A 32 33|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is stated in the article that " it is essential to have continuous investment in research and development when governments ' faces difficult policy decisions to support the real economy worldwide " ( Europe 's Information Society , 2008 ) .
+A 20 23|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another example , 2.4 % of Singapore GDP ; amounting to 3 billion euros , is spent on research and development ( Gafoor , 2008 ) .
+A 7 7|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nevertheless , Singapore is planning to increase their spending to 6.8 billion euros by 2010 and target to spend 3 % of their GDP ( Gafoor , 2008 ) .
+A 7 8|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:MORPH|||targets|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The main objective of the investment is to build knowledge on three areas ; bio-technology , environmental technology , and digital media and information technology , for the rapid growth in Asia .
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Last but not least , business opportunities can be created with government efforts .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||effort|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A well constructed environment where visitors enjoy well Internet connectivity and teleconferencing facilities in most hotels , convention halls and exhibition venues opens up the opportunity to attract local and foreign corporations .
+A 7 8|||R:ADJ|||good|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , Singapore has placed a lot of efforts in constructing a place for business travellers ; one of their notable examples is the Novotel Clarke Quay Singapore , an ideal venue to hold MICE events that had just recently renovated its facilities ( Uniquely Singapore , 2006 ) .
+A 4 11|||R:OTHER|||put a lot of effort inton|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 30|||R:OTHER|||One of their notable examples is the Novotel Clarke Quay Singapore , which is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , in the year 2006 , Singapore wins the award of 'The Corporate Meeting of The Year ' ( Uniquely Singapore , 2006 ) .
+A 3 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||won|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This Award will in turn help to enhance Singapore hotel 's positioning as a venue for business travellers and MICE events ( Uniquely Singapore , 2006 ) .
+A 2 6|||R:OTHER|||helped|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:NOUN:POSS||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Coupled with high education system , powerful research and development , and creating business opportunities is not all but part of the key to attract more businesses and foreign talents into a country as people are always interested to work in a vibrant country .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||a good|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 19|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:FORM|||attracting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 33|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 40|||R:OTHER|||in working|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By doing so , a country 's development will be improved as there is circulation of wealth when trading is performed .
+
+S On the other aspect , if most of the public spending is used on easing the aging process , it will slow down economic growth because it 's more of a cost than income for the country .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN|||hand|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The cost of building a more suitable healthcare , infrastructure , transportation , housing , pension and financial aid for the elderly is necessary to help ease the aging process as the elderly health and economic value decline , and emotional and social problems rose , but these spending should be limited .
+A 3 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||pensions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 52|||R:OTHER|||However , spending should be limited as the health and economic value of the elderly decline , and emotional and social problems increase|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is because in the long run , if most money is spent on accommodating the older population , there will be little economic growth , and society will face with fewer choices on how to care for those in need ( Robert & Summer , 2005 ) .
+A 30 31|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , with sufficient economic growth , there will be more choices available to help those in need and there will also be fewer persons in need ( Robert & Summer , 2005 ) .
+
+S In addition , governments will be able to ensure the continuation of welfare programmes for the elderly .
+
+S In conclusion , public spending is for the good on the country 's population and the portions spend on the various areas will determine accordingly by different countries priority .
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||portion|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:FORM|||spent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 30|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , leaders in the country must realize that as more money is spend on easing the aging process , future public spending will be limited and this could have negative impact on future generations .
+A 3 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:FORM|||spent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 30|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , growing the economy in different aspects , such as the education , research and development , and business opportunities as mentioned earlier , is the utmost importance than just focusing on solving one area of problem .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB|||improving|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN|||areas|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 20|||R:OTHER|||rbusiness opportunities , and research and development|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 29|||R:OTHER|||more important|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 37|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S 1 .
+
+S Europe 's Information Society ( 2008 ) , How technology can help relaunch Europe 's economy .
+
+S Retrieved September 20 , 2009 , from http : //ec.europa.eu/information_society/newsroom/cf/itemlongdetail.cfm ?
+
+S item_id = 4523 .
+
+S 2 .
+
+S Speech by Singapore Ambassador to France , His Excellency Burhan Gafoor at MEDEF Universite Debate at L'ecole Polytechnique , 28 August 2008 .
+
+S Retrieved September 20 , 2009 , from http : //app.mfa.gov.sg/data/paris/statements/REMARKS_FOR_MEDEF_28_Aug_08 .html .
+
+S 3 .
+
+S Uniquely Singapore .
+
+S Accor Asia General Managers Conference 2006 Finalist : Novotel Clarke Quay Singapore .
+
+S Retrieved September 20 , 2009 , from http : //www.visitsingapore.com/publish/stbportal/en/home/mice_home/newsr oom0/sbea_awards_2006.html .
+
+S 4 .
+
+S Robert B. Friedland and Laura Summer , Demography Is Not Destiny , Revisited .
+
+S Center on Aging Society , Georgetown Universit , March 2005
+
+S It is widely known that the source of the government 's money comes from the citizens .
+
+S Where is all the money invested in ?
+A 6 7|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It has always been for the development for Singapore and its people .
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , Singapore is faced with an inevitable crisis : a growing aging population that is affecting the country 's economy ( Lee , 2008 ) because of the assistance the government has to render for the elderly .
+
+S The elderly has been perceived as the nation 's burden .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Should the government pay more attention to a specific group when their children are financially stable and forsake the country 's future ?
+
+S Hence , I agree that the government should limit their expenditure on the elderly so that money can be focused on other aspects for the country 's development .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||it can be argued|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:OTHER|||directed to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the contrary , the elderly need the government to support them and the government should do so .
+
+S This is because the elderly do not have the capability to work and fend for themselves .
+
+S The cost of medical and healthcare is increasing and this causes problems for families especially those earning a low income .
+
+S The cost of living in Singapore is high such that children have resorted to abandon their parents .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:FORM|||abandoning|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As government , it is their responsibility to take care and ensure that their citizens are not suffering and to ease their plight , especially in times of recession .
+A 0 7|||R:OTHER|||It is the responsibility of the government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The elderly had played their part in their younger days by paying for taxes and it is only reasonable for the government to repay them .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the inflating cost of health care in Singapore , it is inevitable for the government to implement necessary schemes such as Medisave and Medishield .
+A 10 18|||R:OTHER|||the government can not avoid implementing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , Singapore should not be dependent on the government for fiscal aid .
+
+S In the context of the elderly , the reason why government has to spend a lot of money on them is due to the fact that children nowadays are abandoning their parents either in hospitals or old folk homes .
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Why are children doing so ?
+
+S Burress ( 2007 ) argues that we should care for our parents and shower them with undivided love and attention because we will want the love and care when we are in our golden years .
+
+S However , unpleasant and traumatic experiences from childhood may be the reasons that push children to desert their parents .
+
+S The children now hold a grudge against the parents and refuse to provide for them now that they are grown up .
+
+S However , not all parents are like that .
+
+S Children have an unprecedented obligation to care for their own parents .
+
+S They have cared for us when we were young .
+
+S If we look back and consider the living conditions in the past , their sacrifices made then are no match for anything we would ever do in the present .
+A 0 7|||R:OTHER|||Looking back and considering|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||the sacrifices they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The value of filial piety has no significant meaning in Singapore 's " individualistic world view , " as mentioned by Assistant Professor Joonmo Son from National University of Singapore ( cited in Liew , 2009 ) .
+
+S However , the children have to realise that by not assuming their responsibilities to care for their parents , it would affect the whole society .
+A 8 9|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 22|||R:OTHER|||affects|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Tax prices may need to be increased to meet the needs of providing financial aid for the aged .
+
+S The elderly should also consider ageing with dignity and actively .
+A 6 10|||R:WO|||actively and with dignity|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They should not be too reliant on the government or their children for help .
+
+S Instead , they should look for avenues which allow them to maximise their abilities and talents in their golden years .
+
+S For example , the Council for Third Age is an organisation that strives for " an active ageing culture " ( Active Ageing , 2009 ) .
+
+S This is achieved through events that allow the elderly to organise activities for themselves .
+
+S Additionally , the Council organises Grandparents Day to " celebrate and honour " ( Active Ageing , 2009 ) our grandparents for their significant contributions for us .
+
+S With this , hopefully our elderly could regain a positive light in life and have a circle of friends whom they can trust and depend on .
+
+S Moreover , they should try and find means of working part-time jobs that are suitable for their age so that they could provide for themselves and also meet new people and make more friends .
+
+S This way , it will help increase the psychological and emotional well being .
+A 1 4|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , public spending on the elderly is necessary , however to a certain extent .
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||necessar .|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We could not rely on the government as they too have other areas of development to look out for .
+A 0 7|||R:OTHER|||the government can not be relied on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , not every parent is lucky enough to have children who could love them and fulfil their wants and needs .
+
+S Instead of helping them with monetary schemes , the government should implement new initiatives such as psychological and emotional support that encourages the elderly to get out of their misery and age actively .
+
+S Singapore , well-known for its top city infrastructure , has been ranked 26th in a quality of living survey done by Mercer ( 2009 ) .
+
+S The criterion for being a city with top infrastructure includes having excellent airport facilities and an extensive transport system ( Mercer , 2009 ) .
+
+S Singapore has one of the best education systems in the world , thus attracting students from all over the world .
+
+S With regards to the controversies on how public spending should be distributed , the main focus should be on creating a more conducive environment for the old since Singapore 's reputation as a global education hub is unrivalled .
+
+S The fact remains that education helps individuals gain knowledge and insights to life , which is the basis of civilisation and is vital for a nation 's political stability in the long run .
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Learning from the mistakes of past politicians , current leaders will avoid making the same blunders .
+
+S With proper education , leaders will know which policies are good for the country , when they should be implemented and how long the policy should be in place .
+
+S In spite of having a world-renowned education system , the leaders should strive to make improvements instead of just being contented with the current situation .
+
+S For instance , the government should adopt a more holistic approach such that the skills learned in classrooms can be adapted to the globalising world .
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With its well-reputable education system , the focal point of public spending should instead be placed on the elderly .
+A 2 3|||R:ADJ|||well-reputed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Prime Minister Lee pointed out in a newspaper report ( Mathavan , 2009 ) that the country should not overlook the issue of caring for the elderly such as providing healthcare subsidies .
+A 27 31|||R:OTHER|||and provide health care|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Due to the high standards of living , the huge medical expenses incurred by the elderly not only strain their children emotionally , but financially as well .
+
+S To address this issue , the government came up with the Primary Care Partnership Scheme ( 2008 ) where subsidies are given out accordingly after an income assessment is done .
+
+S However , I believe this is insufficient due to the stringent criteria placed on the Per Capita Income Rate of Subsidy .
+A 2 6|||R:OTHER|||this may be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The income assessment overlooks details such as a family having more than one elderly that requires medical attention as well .
+A 14 14|||M:NOUN|||person|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this case , they might encounter difficulties in paying for the medical fees as they have more than one elderly to look after .
+A 21 21|||M:NOUN|||person|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As such , the income assessment should be revised to provide a more concise evaluation of a family 's financial situation .
+
+S In this way , public spending can be used to provide more medical subsidies for the elderly .
+
+S The government should aim to provide a better infrastructure for the old as well .
+
+S Coming up with the Wellness Programme , " a pilot project to help seniors keep fit mentally and physically " ( Soh , 2009 ) , is the stepping stone for a more elderly-friendly environment .
+
+S This programme comprises of health checks , talks on how to engage the elderly socially , as well as conduct activities that help them adopt healthier lifestyles .
+A 19 20|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , this programme is not readily available because it is only set up in 12 constituencies .
+
+S In addition , it is only accessible to the elderly in newer estates such as Jurong Central .
+
+S This programme is not extended to areas which have a higher concentration of the elderly population , such as Jalan Bukit Merah .
+
+S The inculcation of the right values into the elderly would make this programme much more effective .
+
+S Instead of enticing the elderly with material benefits such as goody bags for example , motivating the elderly to exercise on their own would sustain interest in the long run .
+
+S To maintain the elderly ' interest , public spending should ideally be spent on building more facilities island wide so that the elderly need not travel long distances .
+A 2 5|||R:OTHER|||elderly people 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The efforts made by our leaders though commendable , is not sufficient to ensure the elderly interests .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 18|||R:OTHER|||remain interested|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S More should be done to ensure that they get the appropriate healthcare subsidies and proper facilities for them to stay healthy .
+
+S In the future , Singapore may even aim to become one of the best destinations for individuals to retire in .
+
+S References
+
+S Mercer .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Quality of Living global city rankings 2009 - Mercer survey .
+
+S Retrieved from { http : //www.mercer.com/referencecontent.htm ? idContent = 1173105 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.mercer.com/referencecontent.htm ? idContent = 1173105 ] .
+
+S Mathavan , S. A .
+
+S ( 2009 , March 18 ) .
+
+S Old age not a thorny issue for her .
+
+S The New Paper .
+
+S Soh .
+
+S ( 2009 ) Retrieved from { http : //www.938live.sg/vgn-ext-templating/v/index.jsp ? vgnextoid = cc6b64a21f800210VgnVCM1000001f0aa8c0RCRD&mcParam = 18d2638896593110VgnVCM100000e101000aRCRD } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.938live.sg/vgn-ext-templating/v/index.jsp ? vgnextoid = cc6b64a21f800210VgnVCM1000001f0aa8c0RCRD&mcParam = 18d2638896593110VgnVCM100000e101000aRCRD ] .
+
+S South East Community Development Council .
+
+S ( 2006 ) .
+
+S ELDERLY .
+
+S Retrieved April 8 , 2008 , from { http : //www.southeastcdc.org.sg/1164335773447.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.southeastcdc.org.sg/1164335773447.html ] .
+
+S In this growing society , younger generations are getting more educated .
+
+S Unlike in the past , younger generations nowadays are more work oriented .
+
+S They are reluctant to set a family and even though they are married , they do not wish to have any children .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB|||start|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They feel that having children will hinder their progress in their careers .
+
+S On the other hand , life expectancy rate has increase because people are becoming more affluent .
+A 7 8|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:FORM|||increased|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have become|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , aging population is now a rising problem globally .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||an increasing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A very good example will be Japan .
+A 4 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A case study in 2008 have shown that 20 % of the population now in Japan is sixty-five years old and above .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By the year of 2030 , the percentage of the population who is sixty-five years old and above will rise to 38.1 % .
+A 1 4|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Aging population will be a never ending problem in this modern society .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||An aging|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Increasing of public spending on the aged will not be able to solve this problem .
+A 1 2|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , public spending on the aged should be limited and the money should be diverted to other areas of the country 's development .
+
+S Firstly , increase of public spending on the aged will only make the aged dependent on the government .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||increasing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government should encourage the aged to extend their service to the workforce .
+
+S In Singapore , the government extended the retirement age from 62 years old to 65 years old .
+
+S People may think that it is time for the aged to enjoy their life because they have slogged for many decades but they do not know most of the aged are still fit and healthy .
+A 21 21|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If one person is occupied , it is beneficial for their physical well being .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB|||employed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , it will also benefit the country 's economy .
+
+S It proves that it is not necessary for the government to increase on their budget on the aged if their aged population are able to cope financially .
+A 0 1|||R:PRON|||This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The money on the other hand can be put in good use by improving on their research and development .
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this competitive society , in order to progress , a country must invest in the research and development industry .
+
+S It is true that the quality of lives of the aged will improve but that does not help in boosting the economy of the country .
+
+S One good example of country benefitting from research and development would be Japan .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Statistic has show that in 1987 , around 33 percent of computer related patents in the United States were Japanese , as were 30 percent of aviation related patents and 26 percent of communication patents .
+A 0 1|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Statistics|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have shown|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Not only the country economy will benefit , it will help the country to keep on developing and moving forward so as to catch up with the competitive society .
+A 2 11|||R:OTHER|||does the country economy benefit , it helps|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 30|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , public spending on the aged should be limited so as to let the other areas of the country development to advance on which will result in a improve economy .
+A 20 20|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 24|||R:OTHER|||advance|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:MORPH|||improved|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly , policies have been implemented by the countries to help the aged .
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In Singapore , the government has enforced individual savings through mandatory Central Provident Funds ( CPF ) , which mandates that the population saves for old age .
+
+S However , people might argue that the aged has their children to depend on but this dependence is straining on family ties as average health care cost rise .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:NOUN:NUM|||costs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Having a saving for them would be a better choice .
+A 3 3|||M:NOUN|||fund|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , by having this CPF scheme , the government is able to cut down on the spending on the aged and this sum of money could be put to better use by diverting it to the other areas of the country development , thus improving the country economy .
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 28|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 29|||M:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 42|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 48 50|||R:OTHER|||'s economyeconomy of the country|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , public spending should be limited and divert the money to the other areas of a country development .
+A 9 12|||R:OTHER|||money diverted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||'s development.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Through research and development and having the correct policies , a country not only will take care of their aged , it will also improve its economy .
+
+S This wills not only help the present old aged , it will also enable the present generation to be able to enjoy healthy and fulfilling lives into their sunset years without putting a heavy burden on their children and grandchildren .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:SVA|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 8|||R:ADJ|||current|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Internet Sources :
+
+S Charles Vance , Managing a global workforce : Challenges and Opportunities in International Human Resource Management .
+
+S ( Page 67 ) From { http : //books.google.com.sg/books ? id = BJbvdUbql0IC&pg = PA67&lpg = PA67&dq = japan + % 2B + 20 % 25 + of + the + population + is + sixty-five + years + old + and + above&source = bl&ots = A6j-bKd-9w&sig = RHTWcjXSb8_ZB-B1bjwfRVzSxJ0&hl = en&ei = Yx-3SumBE4TY7AOzv5jzCQ&sa = X&oi = book_result&ct = result&resnum = 10 # v = onepage&q = &f = false } [ HYPERLINK : http : //books.google.com.sg/books ? id = BJbvdUbql0IC&pg = PA67&lpg = PA67&dq = japan + % 2B + 20 % 25 + of + the + population + is + sixty-five + years + old + and + above&source = bl&ots = A6j-bKd-9w&sig = RHTWcjXSb8_ZB-B1bjwfRVzSxJ0&hl = en&ei = Yx-3SumBE4TY7AOzv5jzCQ&sa = X&oi = book_result&ct = result&resnum = 10 ]
+
+S Megawati Wijaya August 27 , 2009 .
+
+S Singapore faces a 'silver tsunami ' From { http : //www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/KH27Ae01.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/KH27Ae01.html ]
+
+S Wikipedia , the free encyclopedia , Research and Development in Japan .
+
+S From { http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_and_development_in_Japan } [ HYPERLINK : http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_and_development_in_Japan ]
+
+S I agree to a large extent that current policies have helped to ease the aging process .
+A 0 7|||R:OTHER|||To a large extent ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Being one of the top aging populations in Asia , Singapore has to be prepared for the challenges to be faced currently or in the future when Singapore turns into a prominent ageing society .
+A 22 23|||R:OTHER|||,or|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order to take care of the challenges , Singapore government has implemented several policies such as housing , health and employment policies to overcome the obstacles of the aging phenomenon as well as to provide an " effortlessly " aging process .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 23|||R:OTHER|||,such as housing , health and employment policies ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 42|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the policies is the housing policy , which strongly encourages extended family by providing incentives and also to provide the 'Elder- friendly housing ' for the senior citizens .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||families|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 22|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 26|||UNK|||elderly-friendly housing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Report from Government of Singapore 2000 , shows that in year 2000 , around 9 out of 10 senior citizens who are above sixty-five years old are living together with their children ( Government of Singapore 2000 , p.5 ) .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||A report|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:PREP|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 39|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This may due to the various housing schemes which resulted in this high rate of having elderly to stay with their children .
+A 11 12|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||R:OTHER|||staying|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some of the housing schemes implemented by Housing Development Board ( HDB ) include the Multi-Tier Housing Scheme , the Joint Selection Scheme , and the CPF Housing Grant Scheme ( Kalyani K. Mehta , 2002 ) .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Multi-Tier Housing Scheme is introduced to encourage married children to live together under one roof with his or her parents or vice versa .
+A 0 0|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||iwas|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 19|||R:OTHER|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This scheme allows extended-family applicants to be given priority allocation on the flats they wanted to live in .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||want|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Joint Selection Scheme is that it allows families to choose the flats on priority in order for the married children and parents to stay in separate HDB flats but close together in the same neighboring town or estate ( Kalyani K. Mehta , 2002 ) .
+A 4 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 16|||R:OTHER|||in priority|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:PREP|||so that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:TENSE|||can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 32|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Finally , the CFP Grant Scheme was also introduced to promote married children to live near their parents by offering a higher grant if their flat is near their parents ' home compared to those who are either staying alone or those who are not staying close to their parents .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB|||encourage|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 40|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 44|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Apart from these schemes , Singapore is also trying hard to create an elderly-friendly environment for instance , lifts were modified to stop on every floor , using non-slip floor tile to minimize the danger of elderly being slipped and fell , having support hand bar in toilet , alert alarm system , building of ramps and link ways to facilitate wheelchair access , and a lot more .
+A 15 18|||R:OTHER|||by :|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 21|||R:OTHER|||modifying lifts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:NOUN:NUM|||tiles|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 37|||M:NOUN|||people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 41|||R:OTHER|||slipping and falling|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 42|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 45 46|||R:NOUN:NUM|||bars|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 47 48|||R:NOUN:NUM|||toilets|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 48 49|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 49 49|||M:VERB|||installing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 51 52|||R:NOUN:NUM|||systems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 52 53|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 53 53|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 54 55|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 63 68|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Housing Schemes and building an elderly-friendly environment would definitely make the elderly to live more comfortably and rewarding .
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||schemes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB|||allow|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 19|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Health care policies for the aged have been getting numerous of notice in the recent few years .
+A 9 12|||R:OTHER|||noticed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 16|||R:OTHER|||recent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government has been aggressively promoting awareness of health care issues among the ageing society .
+
+S For instance , old folks who do not have any health care indemnity have been advised to have the Medishield accounts with support given from the government ( Chan , Angelique 2002 ) .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN|||people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This account permits individuals to pay for the medical bills .
+A 7 8|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , the government helps in subsidizing health screening program for the senior citizen .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||programs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 14|||R:OTHER|||senior citizens|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A person aged over 60 is allowed to perform a basic health-screening test with just S $ 5 ( Kalyani K. Mehta , 2002 ) .
+
+S Despite having various schemes for health care policy , there are still numerous of underprivileged senior citizens who can not afford the medical expenses especially for the prolong illnesses such as stroke and rheumatism .
+A 7 8|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:MORPH|||prolonged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:NOUN:NUM|||strokes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus the Medifund was established to provide aid for those who are unable to pay for healthcare services ( as cited in Ministry of Health , Singapore ) .
+A 19 27|||R:OTHER|||Ministry of Health,2010|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Needy patients are hence able to apply and use this fund to pay for their healthcare services .
+A 4 4|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In general , healthcare policies have been contributing a lot to meet the needs of the 'aged Singaporeans' .
+
+S Last but not least , it is important to make the elderly an asset to the society in Singapore by giving those physically well senior citizens the opportunity to work .
+A 15 19|||R:OTHER|||Singapore 's society|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 26|||R:OTHER|||senior citizens who are physically capable|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Government has started to put emphasis on the re- training of the older workers to work more efficiently and productively ( Chan , Angelique 2002 ) .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Not only that , government also extended the retirement age of the individuals .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These permit the aged population to continue serving the society and also in certain ways help to build confidence in the elderly .
+A 0 1|||R:DET|||This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:SVA|||permits|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:SVA|||helps|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , Singapore government has seriously looked into the needs of the senior citizens and the challenges faced in terms of aging population by implementing policies to ease the aging process .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Government of Singapore .
+
+S Singapore Census of Population .
+
+S Advanced Data Release no .
+
+S 6 , 2000a .
+
+S Singapore 's Changing , Structure and the Policy , Implications for Financial , Security , Employment , Living Arrangements and Health Care .
+
+S ASIAN METACENTRE RESEARCH PAPER SERIES .
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2009 from http : //www.populationasia.org/Publications/RP/AMCRP3.pdf
+
+S National Policies on Ageing and Long-term Care in Singapore .
+
+S A Case of Cautious Wisdom ?
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2009 from http : //www.idrc.ca/en/ev-28477-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html
+
+S Ministry of Health , Singapore .
+
+S Electronic References .
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2009 from http : //www.moh.gov.sg/mohcorp/hcfinancing.aspx ? id = 308
+
+S I agree that public spending on the aged should be limited so that money can be diverted to other areas of the country 's development .
+A 0 4|||U:OTHER|||Public|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are many aspects in our society that require us to devote our resources on them .
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 16|||R:OTHER|||the country 's resources.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Spending on Education , Healthcare , Research and Development and the aged are all within our consideration .
+A 12 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We do acknowledge that the aging population will require a large portion of a country 's budget to support various welfare programmes .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||It has been acknowledged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will in turn be a burden for any country to bear .
+
+S Thus I advocate spending on the aged is necessary yet it should be carefully limited so as not to compromise other sectors and overall national interest in the long run .
+A 1 3|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In any case , a lopsided spending will only compromise progress for other sectors which in turn will lead to other social and economic problems .
+
+S First , Education spending is a long term investment that a country can not neglect .
+
+S If our budget over focus on the aged , this will result in insufficient funding for Education which the academic intelligence of the younger generation will be greatly compromised .
+A 1 2|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||emphasizes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 29|||R:OTHER|||, greatly compromising the academic intelligence of the younger generation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will create a huge economic cost to the country .
+
+S When the population is less educated , we can foresee that our country 's general growth declining , especially in the area of Research and Development that requires highly educated personnel to function .
+A 7 17|||R:OTHER|||the country 's general growth declines ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We must understand the correlation between economic growth and spending on the aged .
+A 0 13|||R:OTHER|||The correlation between economic growth and spending on the aged must be understood|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With economic growth , the budget available will increase and we can afford to spend the same portion of the budget yet providing a larger real sum .
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||the government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Robert B. Friedland and Laura Summer ( 2005 ) mentioned that with economic growth , there will be a lower demand for government 's handouts and there will be more funds made available for elderly welfare programmes .
+A 23 24|||U:NOUN:POSS||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus education , which helps to sustain future economic growth , is an aspect where the spending on the aged must be carefully limited in order to prevent any compromise .
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Second , Research and Development industry engages in tertiary scientific and technical studies and in turn will bring about new discoveries or innovations to current technology .
+A 0 1|||R:MORPH|||Secondly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will cause the growth of new industries and constantly keep the country 's technological level at cutting edge .
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:OTHER|||of innovation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In Singapore case , where we heavily depend on the ever advancing technology to create new industries and job opportunities , Research and Development spending must be guaranteed so as to ensure the country 's economic growth in the future .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||'s case|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||depends|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:OTHER|||. Therefore ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Certain objection must , of course be considered : government odd to show its appreciation for the aged who had their fair share of contribution towards the country when they were in their working years .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||objections|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 36|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This point of view seems a logical argument for the government to plunge in more money for the aged .
+
+S However , Robert B. Friedland and Laura Summer ( 2005 ) mentioned that with economic growth , the aged population has more ability to fend for themselves either by getting an employment or through children 's support .
+A 30 31|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We should interpret this information as a means of relief to the government 's handouts .
+A 0 5|||R:OTHER|||This information should be treated|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S During good times , if the elderly can fend for themselves , then this would greatly lessen the load on the country 's budget .
+
+S Taking note that showing appreciation and wholesomely indulging in unrealistic spending are not the same .
+
+S To conclude , we can not deny the role of government in providing assistance to the elderly , either to show its appreciation or simply to those who are in need .
+A 3 31|||R:OTHER|||the role of government in providing assistance to the elderly , either to show its appreciation or simply to those who are in need , can not be denied|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From Robert B. Friedland and Laura Summer ( 2005 ) , we know that a group of uneducated or single elderly remains vulnerable as they do not have to means to save up for a decent retirement when they were working .
+A 0 13|||R:OTHER|||Robert B. Friedland and Laura Summer ( 2005 ) , point out|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:VERB:TENSE|||did|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:OTHER|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But we ought to ensure that while our sympathy and appreciation for the aged must remains , we must not overdo it because there are more than just the aged to look after .
+A 1 5|||R:OTHER|||it should be remembered|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:SVA|||remain|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 22|||R:OTHER|||it must not be overdone|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus spending on the aged is necessary yet it should be carefully limited so as not to compromise other sectors and overall national interest in the long run .
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||, however ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Word count : 656
+
+S Reference Robert B. Friedland and Laura Summer , Demography is Not Destiny , Revisited , Center on Aging Society , Georgetown University , March 2005 .
+
+S In the modern era , ageing population has become a phenomenon in many countries , especially those which hold records of past baby boom and present low fertility rates , like Singapore and Japan .
+A 1 2|||R:DET|||this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||populations have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This rising trend in the median age of the population has drawn much attention to the welfare benefits of the elderly .
+
+S While liberals view social welfare as a legitimate function of government and provision of welfare as citizens ' rights , I would beg to differ as a welfare state may end up heading towards a 'bottomless pit'- one which requires relentless public spending , in this case , on the aged and is indifferent to the person 's capability in attaining self-sufficiency .
+A 20 27|||R:OTHER|||it can be argued that the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 55 56|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , to ensure a nation 's continual economic growth and social development , we should utilize much of the fiscal earnings on other areas like investments and education .
+A 14 22|||R:OTHER|||much of the fiscal earnings should be utilized|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore to maintain a healthy balance between various demands and reduce dependency , there should be a boundary set on the public expenditure for eldercare .
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||to reduce dependency ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:OTHER|||care for the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To begin with , we must all recognize the fact that public funding is not infinite .
+A 4 16|||R:OTHER|||the fact that public funding is not infinite must be recognized|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , an ageing population itself will make the matter worse , as there is a " growing number of elderly persons ( being ) supported by relatively fewer younger persons " CITATION Peterson_01 \ l 1033 ( Peterson , 2001 ) .
+A 33 38|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This implies a possible fall in fiscal earnings through taxations .
+
+S As such should we spend more or even lavishly on building eldercare support , we could be significantly depriving other areas for progress : economic sector due to the shortage of funds for investments , and social environment due to the limited resources for enhancing quality of living , to name a few .
+A 3 5|||R:OTHER|||the government be spending|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||R:OTHER|||care for the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:PUNCT|||?|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:PRON|||This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 24|||R:OTHER|||development , for example ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 36|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 45 45|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Critics at this position may point out that higher taxation rates will be able to increase fiscal earnings .
+A 1 4|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nevertheless , such measure would fend off new immigrants ( who are needed to make up the shrinking population ) , and may even propel citizens away from homeland .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||measures|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 30|||R:OTHER|||their homeland|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Absence of these talents and labour would keep back potential investments by foreign companies ( Peh , 2006 ) and hence have adverse effects on the economy .
+
+S Thus , this is not a pragmatic approach .
+
+S In fact , the development of other sectors may bring about economic growth , which could possibly drive higher fiscal earnings to facilitate eldercare policies .
+
+S Restrictions should therefore be imposed on the public expenditure on the aged due to competition for funds by other sectors of progress .
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover in today 's contexts , many nations are advocating early preparation for retirement life .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||context|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the case of Singapore , the government implements compulsory savings scheme , Central Provident Fund ( CPF ) to help its citizens to start accumulating assets and savings upon entering workforce .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:VERB:FORM||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 31|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Pro-family policies and regulations , like the Maintenance of Parents Act , also help to reinforce social obligation in children to take care of their aged parents CITATION Peterson_01 \ l 1033 ( Peterson , 2001 ) .
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||obligations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 32|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With that , we can be ensured that majority , if not all , of the aged would be financially independent of their later essential needs .
+A 0 8|||R:OTHER|||This ensures that the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 27|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore the area that public sector should take care of is the psychological needs of elderly , upon entering their twilight years .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Facing loneliness and empty-nest syndrome , the elderly would require social support the most .
+A 8 9|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , building of eldercare infrastructure like day-care centres and hospices to deliver special care and attention is vital .
+
+S Also , financial aids would only be given to those without family support , through the Public Assistance Scheme .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||aid|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As compared to a welfare-state that provides pensions indiscriminately to all , such comprehensive approach would demand lesser public expenditure on the aged and thus funds allocated should be limited accordingly .
+A 13 13|||M:PREP|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:ADJ:FORM|||less|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nevertheless , some may argue that it is to one 's " entitlement " to receive pension and other forms of material benefits upon retirement CITATION Fer94 \ l 1033 ( Fernandez , 1994 ) .
+A 7 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 30|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To deprive one of his privileges is an inhumane act .
+
+S Such perspective , in my opinion , would instead create an impression that one can rely on the state at old-age , and result in the sapping of the incentives to work and save for retirement age .
+A 0 9|||R:OTHER|||However , this may|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:PREP|||during|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since an ageing population would translate into a growing number of 'beneficiaries ' , the figures of public expenditure would thus be expected to multiply and eventually become such a vast amount that could go beyond the financial capability of the welfare state societies .
+A 33 33|||M:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To avoid such social repercussion , we should prohibit free-flow expenditure on eldercare that can draw individual dependency on the nation .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||repercussions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 21|||R:OTHER|||free-flow expenditure on eldercare that can draw individual dependency on the nation should be prohibited.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In whole , public spending on the aged should not be spent at the expenses of other sectors ' progress .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||On the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB|||made|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||expense|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 20|||R:OTHER|||the progress of other sectors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , restrictive expenditure will avert the formation of " welfare dependency " but promote the building of a " compassionate society " through family-centred policies CITATION Chu93 \ l 1033 ( Chua , 1993 ) .
+A 26 31|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The concept of a welfare-state should be especially avoided in resources-scared countries like Singapore , because in times of financial difficulties , they will have no resources to tap on but to rely solely on themselves ( Clasen , 2001 ) .To be on safer side , policy-makers should allocate fiscal earnings in a diverse manner , and not solely on maintaining the aged .
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||countries with scarce resources|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 31|||M:VERB|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 44 45|||R:OTHER|||the safe|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S BIBLIOGRAPHY \ l 1033 Chua , M. H. ( 1993 , September 12 ) .
+
+S PM spells out welfare policy , Singapore-style .
+
+S p. 1 .
+
+S Clasen , J .
+
+S ( 2001 ) .
+
+S What Future for Social Security ?
+
+S Dabates and Reforms in National and Cross-National Perspective .
+
+S UK : The Policy Press .
+
+S Fernandez , W. ( 1994 , September 18 ) .
+
+S State Welfarism , Singapore-Style .
+
+S The Straits Times .
+
+S Peh , S. H. ( 2006 , November 14 ) .
+
+S Scandinavia-style welfare not for Singapore .
+
+S The Straits Times .
+
+S Peterson , P. G. ( 2001 ) .
+
+S A Graying World .
+
+S Harvard International Review .
+
+S It is undeniable that the world population is ageing regardless of how obsessed humans are about the obscure existence of time .
+A 17 21|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , ageing population is least to be agreed as an abstract matter .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 14|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , it is a real world phenomenon faced prominently in the twenty-first century in many developed as well as developing countries with some exceptions in only a few under-developed countries like the Middle East and North Africa where the youth population is bulging ( Dhillon , 2008 ) .
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The main reason lies in the advancement of research and technology , which conveys the message of the importance of living a healthier lifestyle by avoiding excess food consumption , smoking , liberal sex , apart from the assistance of advancing medical facilities which eradicate diseases to better sustain our lives .
+A 34 51|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , humans tend to live longer and the ageing population is rising in an increasing rate despite how developed a nation is .
+A 13 14|||R:PREP|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||regardless of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the World Population Ageing 1950-2050 report prepared by Population Division of the United Nations , it is stated that Europe , a region which comprises mainly first world countries , has the highest proportions of the aged in the world .
+A 5 7|||R:WO|||report 1950-2050|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB|||,prepared|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:NOUN:NUM|||proportion|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Europe is about to have 37 percent of its population to be 60 years and above by 2050 .
+
+S This is certainly a very large demographic number for the governing states to deny support because public spending , on the aged , if limited , will incur more disadvantages than advantages , not only to the aged who will be directly affected , but also to the overall society as a whole due to the fact that the members in the society interact with one another .
+A 58 59|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 61 62|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We are not mutually exclusive human beings .
+A 0 8|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The aged are parents to our children and we share the roots of human hierarchy .
+A 0 16|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As more people live longer , it is even more necessary for proper public spending to enhance various social security systems as the aged is more vulnerable to be discriminated in a capital-driven society nowadays .
+A 8 9|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 25|||R:OTHER|||tthe aged are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 30|||M:PREP|||against|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some forms of discrimination occur when many policies that are taking place currently to supposedly protect the ageing population are experiencing inefficiency as they do not seem to eradicate the problems of poverty among the aged .
+A 6 7|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 13|||R:OTHER|||current policies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||that are supposed to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||R:OTHER|||inefficient ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The society is still witnessing a considerable number of older people abandoned in the streets and alleys begging money from the public .
+A 0 2|||U:DET|||Society|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These are common sights , even in cosmopolitan cities of developed countries , and more significantly in developing nations .
+
+S The aged living in poverty is only one of the other ageing needy ones , which also consist of the handicapped , mentally-disabled , single and unmarried , the illiterate , and so on who should not be denied of receiving public fund from the government .
+A 8 17|||R:OTHER|||group needing help , the others|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is because neglecting them will create a 'paralysed ' society - a society of social problems with discriminations and marginalisation of certain groups of people that impair the progression of the groups ( TheFreeDictionary , 2009 for the definition of 'paralysed ' ) .
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:INFL|||discrimination|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In such society accompanied by materialism and ageism , the needy aged will be pushed to their ends as many of them are vulnerable to be abandoned even by their children who might deny their responsibilities of supporting their aged and sick parents .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN|||limits|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 43|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , many employers are reluctant to hire older labours either as skilled or unskilled working force .
+A 16 18|||R:OTHER|||workers.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , without the appropriate approaches from the government to assist them financially , they are 'paralysed ' by the cutting back on levels of public spending and likely to lose most means of life without jobs , shelters , and money to purchase their basic means of surviving like food and medicine .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||approach|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||the aged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 24|||R:OTHER|||cut backs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Such distortion in the society is a form of violation on the basic human rights .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Diversion of public spending to other areas the country 's development , instead on the aged is a doubtful policy to maintain regional political stability .
+A 7 7|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Most nations practise democracy that conducts general elections through which a population chooses an individual to hold the formal office ( The Indian Express Limited , 2009 ) .
+
+S Firstly , limiting public spending on the aged will definitely cause disparity on the principle of democracy itself , where the aged are denied their freedoms and rights to be supported by the government although they are the rightful citizens who play the role of voting the government .
+A 46 46|||M:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It will lead to a less unified country because the aged are provoked and would give fewer reasons for themselves to vote for a ruling government who marginalize them .
+A 0 8|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 20|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , age is a necessary factor for the voters .
+
+S A research has shown that young people in India are less likely to vote and the elderly are most likely to vote ( Joshi , 2009 ) .
+A 0 2|||U:DET|||Research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Additionally , Japan which 20 percent of its population is 65 years or older ( Reuters , 2007 ) hold relatively large voting decisions too .
+A 3 3|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||where|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 26|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Political parties are less likely to ignore this essential vote bank in order for them to thrive in the elections .
+A 9 11|||UNK|||category of voters|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB|||succeed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , Mark L. Haas of Duquesne University argues that disproportionate high number of young people in a society along with high rates of unemployment creates strong grievances against current political conditions and little stake in society .
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||a disproportionately|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 37|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S He cited a research showing that population ageing has been a source of political stability and economic development in many regions .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In other words , world 's ageing population has the potential to defuse war on terrorism .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Diverting funds from the aged to other forms of development will allow growing levels of poverty within the rising ageing population , thus create shaky grounds for the country 's political stability , and also create more means to result the funds to military spending .
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:FORM|||creating|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 46|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , it is unclear who will truly take care of the aged after the government retreats from providing the social fund .
+A 19 23|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There should be some organizations which hold as much as capital as the government and willingly play a larger role than the government .
+A 9 10|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The private sector may be the best alternative to support the aged collectively and to take charge of their economy .
+
+S However , it is a form of investment and portrays feasible forms of risk .
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The aged are vulnerable again to any possible failed investment and the poorer elderly may not be well protected as they do not possess much capital .
+A 4 5|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 10|||R:OTHER|||failed investments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The opportunity to obtain aged care support and services will be much limited if they are provided by the private for profit sectors rather than the private not-for-profit sectors ( McIntosh , 2003 ) .
+A 11 12|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Apart from this , non-profit organizations like the social workers have lesser incentives to provide a sustainable and constant assistance to the aged since their duties diverge to other social groups as well , such as the orphans , homeless teenagers , single mothers and others .
+A 7 10|||R:OTHER|||social workers ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the adult children of the aged seem like the most plausible individuals to depend on by providing for their parents .
+A 15 19|||R:OTHER|||provide|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nevertheless , in a capitalistic society , public goods are getting more expensive due to repeated economic downturns over the years .
+
+S The act of depending on the children 's filial obligation will instill greater social and financial pressures on them when the pattern of resource distribution is changed by the state ( World Population Ageing 1950-2050 Report , 2002 ) .
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||a child|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 40|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , there will be psychological effect of limiting public spending on the aged too .
+A 4 4|||M:ADV|||also|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||effects|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Realising that the government will not support the aged in a sustainable way , the younger generation will prefer to save up money for their own means when they get old , rather than spending it on their parents .
+
+S We should not limit public spending on the aged because any current policies should not be altered and contradicted when predictions of uncertain complications are made .
+A 0 9|||R:OTHER|||Public spending on the aged should not be limited|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 26|||UNK|||c|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Instead , they should be enhanced for general benefits , without sacrificing something for the other which in this case , sacrificing the aged is obviously doubted as a noble reaction from the government .
+A 0 35|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , public spending should be spent on the aged under a better mechanism through more practical effort like encouraging the aged to be productive if they are still capable in providing their knowledge and wisdom .
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||efforts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some jobs that the government can monitor to protect our senior citizens from being discriminated are in the agricultures , working from home , consultancy , teaching , making handicrafts , and gardening , which utilize the various experiences and knowledge of our senior citizens .
+A 15 15|||M:PREP|||against|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||R:OTHER|||agriculture|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 45|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This way helps to increase the country 's productivity among the aged and the aged are still protected to sustain their basic means of living .
+A 1 2|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||able|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , the 50-plus population of the world is both a production power as a working force and a purchasing power as a consumer force .
+
+S The combination of these forces can yield economic growth , and not the stagnation that some predict ( Novelli , 2003 ) .
+A 9 10|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Denying support for them on the other hand , will further result a nation to social , political and economic disparities .
+A 12 12|||M:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Aging problem is a rising issue which every government is worrying with .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The aging|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 5|||R:OTHER|||an important|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 10|||R:OTHER|||that governments are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||about|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Peterson ( 2001 ) even claims that the aging problem would worsen as the median age of the elderly will reach around 50 by 2050 in many first-class countries .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:OTHER|||first world|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This prediction is further supported by a survey conducted by the World Bank , which claims the continuously increasing expected lifespan since 1960 .
+A 14 23|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the growing population of the elderly , governments have put in a lot of efforts , providing a number of financial assistance and grants for example , in order to ease the issue effectively .
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||effort|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:PREP|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 21|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , some people disagree with the government policy and claim that there is a need to limit the public spending on the aged such that the money is diverted to other areas to attain a balanced and considerable economical and social development .
+A 8 8|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 26|||R:OTHER|||so thatt|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 39|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 40|||R:MORPH|||economic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , they also argue that governments ' approach is not a good remedy to cope with the aging problem permanently .
+A 2 5|||R:OTHER|||it can also be argued|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||the government 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Public spending on the elderly should be limited .
+
+S Some people may argue that limited public spending on the elderly is not a considerate action .
+A 11 16|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The aged has contributed a lot to form and shape nowadays society .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Limitation in public spending brings a deeper meaning that the government does n't acknowledge their contributions to the country .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||Limiting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 8|||R:OTHER|||has a deeper meaning ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , this is not entirely true since spending money on other suitable sectors may be a better and perhaps permanent solution to solve this aging problem .
+
+S Education is one of the good examples that help to solve this issue more effectively .
+A 2 7|||R:OTHER|||a good example|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:SVA|||helps|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It ensures that the young generation is well educated , full of knowledge and able to think critically .
+
+S This may indirectly help them to think and spend wisely in their future such that they are less dependent on the government as their future is financially secured .
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , instilled moral values remind them of the importance of taking up the filial obligation on their parents .
+A 16 17|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , it benefits more citizens rather than the elderly .
+
+S For example , it actually helps to ease the poverty problem since the lack of formal education among the poor contributes to the poverty issue directly .
+
+S Hence , public spending on the education should be stressed as well since it helps to solve the aging issue more effectively , rather than keep spending money on the elderly where the problems will never meet an end .
+A 25 26|||R:OTHER|||keeping on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 40|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , public spending on social work professional associations and related organizations should not be neglected .
+
+S Social work aims at restructuring the society , such that a more balanced society is attained , where no single citizen becomes the victim of the economics development .
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:MORPH|||economic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It also helps to solve the existing social problems and provides supports to the needy .
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||support|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , the burden of the less fortunate due to the gradually increasing in the living cost is eased directly .
+A 0 21|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Without the Singaporean government ( Ministry of Community Development and Sport ) providing funds and subsidies to these organizations , some of them might not be able to survive and continue operating , especially during the economics downturn which hit Singapore badly recently .
+A 36 37|||R:MORPH|||economic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 39|||M:VERB|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 42|||R:OTHER|||has badly hit Singapore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , public spending on this sector has a deeper meaning as well .
+
+S It acknowledges the contribution of these organizations and encourages them to keep providing help to those in need so that more people will be beneficial from the programs .
+
+S Besides , it helps to solve other social issues than aging problem .
+A 10 10|||M:ADV|||just|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , public spending on this sector should be increased such that a balanced and more structured society is formed and a more rigid social safety net is provided .
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the economics downturn , job opportunities are decreased unquestionably .
+A 2 3|||R:MORPH|||economic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is shown in the statistics conducted by the Ministry of Trade and Industry of Singapore , the unemployment rate has risen by 1.2 % , which was from 3.6 % in December of 2008 to 4.8 % in March 2009 .
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:OTHER|||which state that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , public spending on industrial and related sectors which provide more job opportunities for people who are affected during this harsh period should be stressed equally .
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , some elderly still wish to continue working as a result of insufficient savings and increasing cost of living .
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S More job opportunities may help them indirectly .
+
+S Besides , increased unemployment rate contributes to a lot of social problems which may threaten the social security of the country .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||rates|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:SVA|||contribute|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It may prevent the country from continuously developing to a certain extent .
+A 0 13|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , there is a need to address the unemployment issue which might lead to worse consequences compared to aging issue if it is not solved effectively and efficiently .
+A 0 30|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , development in this sector helps to boost the economics of a country and hence public spending is increased directly to involve and help more people in need .
+
+S In conclusion , public spending on the aged should be limited .
+
+S It does not mean that the government does n't take good care of the elderly or does n't acknowledge their contributions in the past .
+
+S However , from another view of perspective , the money diverted on other areas or sectors such as industry , tourism , social work professional associations and education help to form a more rigid and structured society .
+A 4 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , public spending on these areas has a wider coverage rather than focusing only on the aged .
+
+S Hence , for a better future , public spending on the aged should be limited .
+
+S The aging issue of population worldwide had never been so pressing until recently the large population of the Baby Boomers generation is due to welcoming their golden years .
+A 3 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 9|||R:OTHER|||was not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 25|||R:OTHER|||began to welcome|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As medical facilities and technologies have continued to evolve , so have the lifespan of the modern mortals prolonged .
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Global life expectancy at birth , which is estimated to have risen from 58 years in 1970-1975 to 67 years in 2005-2010 , is expected to keep on rising to reach 75 years in 2045-2050 ( United Nations , 2007 ) .
+
+S Demographic changes due to the rapid aging population will post serious consequences on health issues as well as the economy of the country .
+
+S In recognition of this problem , current policies as well as research and development that have been implemented has yield to ease the aging process .
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:FORM|||yielded|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S An aging population is often associated with the decline in the workforce and the productivity of the country .
+A 7 8|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , Denton and Spencer ( 1998 ) noted that the rate of growth of per capita GDP is certain to fall significantly over the coming decades unless either the immigration rate or the productivity growth rate increases rather dramatically .
+A 15 16|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 40|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is the aging of population that lies behind this concern ( as cited in Scarth , 2002 ) .
+A 3 5|||R:OTHER|||ageing of the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , policies such as Angel Policy 1989 , New Angel Policy 1999 and the " Angel Plan , Plus-One " 2003 have been introduced and implemented in the fast aging Japan to increase the birthrate and expand the workforce of the future as to maintain productivity of the country ( Cardiosk , 2008 ) ( Devasahayam , Yeoh , 2007 ) .
+A 22 22|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 31|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Size of tomorrow 's economy and tax base should be increased by raising more productive children so that the cost burden is spread over a larger and more affluent future generation ( Peterson , 2001 ) .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The size|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another alternative carried out by Japan is to use their advancement in science and technology to curb the aging issues which is the application of robots in their workforce .
+A 20 25|||R:OTHER|||by using|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Japan has innovatively modified robots to put them in the line of production and service industry as substitutes to their aging workforce .
+A 9 13|||R:OTHER|||production lines|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These two measures have attempt to reduce the reliance of workforce on the aging population and soothe the pressing matter of the aging population .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:FORM|||attempted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Healthcare system too , has been given high priority to cater the needs of the aging population .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||The health care|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 5|||R:OTHER|||has also|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance in Singapore , besides building new hospitals such as the Khoo Teck Puat Hospital in Yishun and the Jurong General Hospital , authorities has taken a big stride by building a link between acute hospitals and community hospitals where patients can receive treatment at the acute hospital and then recuperate at the community hospital .
+A 24 24|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 47 49|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this way , the elderly obtains appropriate care at the same time lowers the healthcare cost as well as frees up beds in the acute hospitals for more critical cases which need to be treated ( " Healthcare system to be reconstructed " , 2009 ) .
+A 6 7|||R:MORPH|||obtain|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 26|||R:OTHER|||aat the same time as lowering health care and freeing up beds in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This scenario maximizes efficiency as the government hospital will be able to deliver high quality medical skills and the community hospitals will be able to tend to patients ' psychology and social needs better .
+A 5 8|||R:OTHER|||government hospitals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong noted on the National Rally Day speech 2009 that the best way to keep health care costs down is by maintaining a healthy lifestyle .
+A 6 7|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the agenda to help the elderly maintain a healthy lifestyle , Wellness Programme is launched in 12 constituencies in 2008 with the aim of allowing senior citizens to undergo health screening , fitness assessments and to participate in physical activities ( " Wellness Programme popular " , 2009 ) .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Wellness centre organizes activities for their elderly members in various aspects such as intellectual pursuit , physical activities and also activities to expand their social networking .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Centres|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||organize|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 11|||R:OTHER|||various activities for their elderly members ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Cheerful and happy elderly who are satisfied and contented mentally and physically from the activities designated for them are less susceptible to illnesses , preventing the need of long term care , keeping the cost of healthcare maintenance low and resulting in a happier aging process .
+A 4 4|||M:OTHER|||people ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:MORPH|||designed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The implementation of the Maintenance of Parents Act in 1995 was said to be against the Singapore 's Confucianism idealistic norm and much to the controversy of the filial piety orientated society .
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 28|||R:OTHER|||controversial in a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a matter of fact , according to Kalyani K. Mehta , to meet further challenges of population aging , the Maintenance of Parents Act was implemented to deal with anticipated problems related to the social and health care of older persons .
+
+S This social policy imposes a legal obligation on children to maintain their parents to deal with and prevent problems related to the neglect of elderly parents .
+
+S Also , Central Provident Fund of Singapore ( CPF ) that was first introduced in 1955 is actually a social security savings plan where the overall scope and benefits of CPF revolves around retirement , healthcare , home ownership , family protection and asset enhancement ( " Singapore Central Provident Fund - CPF " ) .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 16|||R:OTHER|||,that was first introduced in 1955 ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:VERB:SVA|||revolve|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the early days , the employees can only withdraw the fund from Central Provident Fund when they retire however , in 1984 , a new scheme known as the Medisave , individuals can pay for their own or their immediate family members ' medical expenses using the Central Provident Fund savings .
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||could|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||money|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 31|||M:VERB|||was introduced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 52|||R:OTHER|||so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition to Medisave , MediShield which is a medical insurance scheme was introduced in the year 1990 in order to help all of the members to sustain and pay for long term medical expenses which arise from serious illness .
+A 15 17|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 25|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A new strategy , Eldershield , implemented in September 2002 , is a special insurance scheme that provides coverage for disability , especially in old age due to the lengthening of life span of Singaporeans ( Kalyani K. Mehta ) .
+A 31 31|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All these policies aim to lessen the financial burden of the elderly to provide them secured sunset years .
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||security in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although it is a continuous battle against the impact of aging population on our societies , given the support and coordination between the government , Voluntary Welfare Organizations ( VWO ) , community and individuals and through these coherent blueprints of policies and researches mapped out meticulously by governments , the aging process of various countries are believed to be able to be eased , if not overcame .
+A 1 16|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 32|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 49|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 53 54|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 56 57|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 67 68|||R:VERB:TENSE|||overcome|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference
+
+S Devasahayam , Yeoh ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Working and mothering in Asia : images , ideologies and identities .
+
+S Singapore : NUS Press .
+
+S Hasnita A Majid ( 2009 , August 17 ) , Wellness Programme popular with Singapore 's ageing population .
+
+S Channel NewsAsia Healthcare system to be reconstructed to cater to ageing population ( 2009 , August 17 ) .
+
+S Channel NewsAsia
+
+S Kalyani K. Mehta .
+
+S Chapter 5 : National Policies on Ageing and Long-term Care in Singapore : A Case of Cautious Wisdom ? .
+
+S Retrieved Sept 16 , 2009 , from { http : //www.idrc.ca/en/ev-28477-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.idrc.ca/en/ev-28477-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html ]
+
+S Michael Cardiosk ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Japans Population Policy : " Angel Plan " .
+
+S Retrieved Sept 16 , 2009 , from { http : //www.associatedcontent.com/article/1117971/japans_population_policy_angel_plan.html ? cat = 37 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.associatedcontent.com/article/1117971/japans_population_policy_angel_plan.html ? cat = 37 ] Singapore Central Provident Fund - CPF , About Central Provident Fund in Singapore .
+
+S Retrieved Sept 16 , 2009 , from { http : //www.activesingapore.com/singapore-central-provident-fund.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.activesingapore.com/singapore-central-provident-fund.html ]
+
+S United Nations , Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division ( 2007 ) .
+
+S World Population Prospects : The 2006 Revision , Highlights , Working Paper No .
+
+S ESA/P/WP.202 .
+
+S William Scarth ( 2002 ) .
+
+S Population Aging , Productivity , and Living Standards In : The Review of Economic Performance and Social Progress 2002 : Towards a Social Understanding of Productivity
+
+S " Advances in science and medical research and public health policies have meant that life expectancy for Australians is one of the highest in the world .
+
+S " Julie Bishop ( Australian Politician and current Deputy Opposition Leader of the Liberal Party ) .
+
+S When life expectancy increases , aging population increases too as people live longer .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 9|||R:OTHER|||the aging population also increases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to the Top Ten list ( Compare Infobase Limited , 2006 ) on the countries which have the highest life expectancy at Birth Year 2004 , Australia falls on the 5th position at 80.2 % , while Singapore moves up to the 4th position at 80.5 % .
+A 29 30|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Research has shown that improvements in health and welfare increase life expectancy .
+
+S " More developed regions of the world generally have higher life expectancies than less developed regions with lower life expectancies .
+
+S " ( Matt Rosenberg , 19 Aug 2007 ) .
+
+S Therefore , the current research and development/policies have helped to ease the aging population process with people living longer as compared to the past .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 15|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the case of Singapore , PM Lee spoke on the National Day Rally 2009 about the need to restructure the health-care system to serve more elderly patients .
+
+S The government has taken some measures to deal with the reality of aging society .
+A 12 15|||R:OTHER|||the aging society|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , more acute hospitals like the Khoo Teck Puat Hospital in the North and the Jurong General Hospital in the West are built to cater to more elderly patients .
+A 4 6|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 23|||R:OTHER|||, like the Khoo Teck Puat Hospital in the North and the Jurong General Hospital in the West ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Building more community hospitals are also vital to the elderly as the community hospitals can provide lower costs and special care for the elderly patients to recuperate after discharging from General Hospitals .
+A 4 7|||R:OTHER|||is also vitall|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:VERB:TENSE|||being discharged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Ren Ci Community Hospital for example , is affiliated to Tan Tock Seng General Hospital , and St. Andrew 's Community Hospital is affiliated to Changi General Hospital .
+
+S Therefore , elderly patients can go to Ren Ci Hospital or St. Andrew 's Hospital to recuperate until they have fully recovered .
+
+S The hospital also provides many activities like Karaoke sessions and engaging outside performances by volunteers , to cheer the elderly patients to help them in their early recovery .
+A 10 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:PREP|||up|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Other charity organisations like the NKF , TOUCH Community Services , and Salvation Army are also built to help the elderly by having different types of programmes or services ranging from rehabilitation , social , psychology and counselling .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 37|||R:OTHER|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A special and trained pool of doctors , nurses , social workers and caregivers are employed to cater to individual patient 's special needs .
+A 2 3|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 25|||R:OTHER|||patients special needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although hospitals are built to cater for the elderly and medical science is advancing , the most critical issue is still regarding the high medical cost that patients and families have to worry upon .
+A 21 22|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:PREP|||about|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To tackle this issue , the government has introduced policies and regularly improving them , like the CPF which consists of the Ordinary Account , Special Account and the 3Ms , which include Medisave , MediShield and Medifund Account , to prepare the citizens for their retirement .
+A 10 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When the citizens of Singapore turn to age 55 , they can withdraw their savings from their CPF .
+A 6 8|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides that , the CPF can also be used to buy a house , cover hospital expenses or for child 's education fees .
+A 19 21|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Medifund caters more to help the needy in paying for their outstanding medical bills .
+
+S As a result , the government sees fewer cases of residents unable to afford healthcare and the social medical workers reported the Medifund is enough to cover hospital bills .
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:OTHER|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Community Centres and Resident Committee Centres are also built in different areas of Singapore to provide recreational activities and programmes for the elderly to participate in .
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||have also been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Infrastructures such as elderly friendly facilities outside HDB flats or in the parks are also specially built for the elderly to encourage them to exercise and keep fit .
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||have also been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although not all elderly would be willing to use the facilities or take part in activities , the centres do advertising on the activities through banners and flyers or even mass media to encourage the elderly to be active and healthy .
+A 4 4|||M:NOUN|||people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 22|||R:OTHER|||advertise|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 30|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Five companies ( Philips Applied Technologies , Corventis Inc , Robotronics Land Pte Ltd , > 60 Design Centre at Temasek Polytechnic and Eubiq Pte Ltd , and ADT Security Services ) have been awarded grants amounting to S $ 500,000 to develop products for the elderly .
+
+S ( Wong Siew Ying , CNA , 7 Aug 2008 ) .
+
+S One invention is the Care Alert System which allows the elderly to call for assistance at the press of a button .
+
+S Other inventions like robots speaking in the same languages as the elderly , to remind them to take their medications , and robots acting as care-givers to support the elderly are also sold in the market .
+
+S Japan has invented robots to help the elderly with their physical and emotional needs .
+
+S For example , Paro , a cooing baby harp seal robot fitted with sensors beneath its fur and whiskers , is developed by Japan 's Intelligent System Co , to soothe patients in hospitals and nursing homes ( Alan Taylor , 4 March 2009 ) .
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even though new products like robots are invented , families with a lower financial background may not be able to afford these extra luxuries .
+A 6 9|||R:OTHER|||have been invented|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 15|||R:OTHER|||lower incomes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , these are just extra solutions to help the elderly and bring more convenience to families who can afford them .
+
+S Another more practical solution is the introduction of housing grants by the HDB for families who want to live near their parents .
+
+S In a way , it is to encourage adult married children to live near their parents so that they can take care of them and attend to their parents ' needs conveniently .
+A 0 8|||R:OTHER|||It encourages|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government also encourages adult children to take care of their own parents by pushing filial piety values in them , as there is a limitation on the government to help all elderly because resources like land and workforce are very limited in Singapore .
+A 18 19|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 30|||R:OTHER|||limit to how much the government can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However in some cases where unfilial children comes in , the government has introduced the " Parents Maintenance Act Law " , to help solve the problem of unfilial children by making them support their elderly parents in a form of paying them a monthly allowance .
+A 5 9|||R:OTHER|||children are unfilial|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition to the fear of being burdened by financial issues on the adult married children to take care of their own elderly parents , the government also introduced different policies to help them in other areas like ensuring work security in women who are in maternity leave , baby bonuses and children 's Edusave education funds .
+A 6 25|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 45 46|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The WDA has also come up with retraining and upgrading programmes to ensure and encourage people to hold on to their jobs .
+
+S However , we still have the problem on growing aging population due to low birth rates .
+A 2 5|||R:OTHER|||there is still|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||of a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order to deal with this problem , the government has opened up doors to foreign workers to work in Singapore so that they can help increase the workforce productivity , and also for companies to employ more care-givers to help the elderly .
+A 30 36|||R:OTHER|||Companies can also|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides attracting foreign workers , the government has also come up with campaigns and more incentives for married couples to give birth to more children so as to help ease the aging process .
+
+S In conclusion , the government has helped ease the aging process by introducing many new policies related to healthcare and laws to support the elderly and also medical advancements and infrastructures to help the needs of the elderly to cope with the aging process .
+
+S Reference List
+
+S Alan Taylor ( 4 March 2009 ) Robots from http : //www.boston.com/bigpicture/2009/03/robots.html
+
+S Compare Infobase Limited ( 2006 ) World Top Ten Countries by Highest Life Expectancy from
+
+S http : //www.mapsofworld.com/world-top-ten/countries-by-highest-life- expectancy.html
+
+S Matt Rosenberg ( 19 Aug 2007 ) Overview of Life Expectancy from http : //geography.about.com/od/populationgeography/a/lifeexpectancy.htm
+
+S Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong ( 2009 ) National Day Rally Speech from http : //www.channelnewsasia.com/nd09/rally_english.htm # pt4
+
+S Wong Siew Ying , CNA ( 17 Aug 2008 ) Five firms receive S $ 500,000 grants to develop elderly-friendly products from http : //www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/365562/1/.htm l
+
+S Bibliography
+
+S Alan Taylor ( 4 March 2009 ) Robots from http : //www.boston.com/bigpicture/2009/03/robots.html
+
+S Compare Infobase Limited ( 2006 ) World Top Ten Countries by Highest Life Expectancy from
+
+S http : //www.mapsofworld.com/world-top-ten/countries-by-highest-life- expectancy.html
+
+S Central Provident Fund ( CPF ) http : //mycpf.cpf.gov.sg/CPF/About- Us/Intro/Intro.htm
+
+S Matt Rosenberg ( 19 Aug 2007 ) Overview of Life Expectancy from http : //geography.about.com/od/populationgeography/a/lifeexpectancy.htm
+
+S Maintenance of Parents Act Law ( Chapter 167B ) http : //statutes.agc.gov.sg/non_version/cgi-bin/cgi_retrieve.pl ? &actno = Reved- 167B&date = latest&method = part
+
+S Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong ( 2009 ) National Day Rally Speech from http : //www.channelnewsasia.com/nd09/rally_english.htm # pt4
+
+S Singapore Workforce Development Agency ( WDA ) http : //www.wda.gov.sg/
+
+S The Wisdom Years Ageing Societies http : //wisdom.unu.edu/en/ageing- societies/
+
+S Wong Siew Ying , CNA ( 17 Aug 2008 ) Five firms receive S $ 500,000 grants to develop elderly-friendly products from http : //www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/365562/1/.htm l
+
+S From the birth to the death , man have experienced huge change continuously which is called aging process and as a result , our society has became older and older .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Not only man , our world has been changing continuously especially in economic sector which is the most important part of making a living .
+A 4 5|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thanks to this economic growth , we may escape from worries about hunger and poverty but do we feel insecure about our future when we imagine when we are 70 's or 80 's ?
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 29|||R:OTHER|||people may escape from worries about hunger and poverty but do they feel insecure about their future when they imagine that they are in their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Though our world economy has prospered dramatically for about a century , it does n't seem to have more places for the old as we all focus on achieving hasty economic growth .
+A 1 2|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||R:ADJ:FORM|||a place|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 27|||R:OTHER|||the focus is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , the fundamental flow of modern economy is a market capitalism in which most of the economic assets and system are owned by the private sector , not the public sector , government .
+A 6 10|||R:WO|||a modern economy is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The owner of the property always tries to seek the profit from that so our basic needs to live are considered as means of making money .
+A 3 4|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The problem starts form here .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , if our health insurance belongs to an individual for earning purpose we should pay a lot more to see a doctor and get a prescription and this makes the old feel difficult as they can not earn more after retirement but have to visit hospital more frequently than before as Peterson ( 2001 ) said .
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 30|||U:CONJ|||This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 35|||R:OTHER|||causes problems for old people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 41|||R:OTHER|||do not earn|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 52 58|||R:OTHER|||( Peterson,2001 )|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As our market economy brought about the private ownership of basic elements for living , our aging process faces distress .
+A 1 2|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||brings|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 18|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , we should consider the silver labor market because OECD ( 2005 ) reported that in days to come around 2050 , the old will consist one sixth of the total population .
+A 2 9|||R:OTHER|||the silver labor market should be considered|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 20|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So it has been insisted that the necessity of increment of elder employment and the government has tried to enlarge the job opportunity to the old .
+A 0 26|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , in reality , it is quite difficult to get a job after retirement and the quality of job is not enough to make a living .
+
+S Let me show you an example of Korea where its government is trying to create the employments for the old .
+A 0 8|||R:OTHER|||Take Korea as an example ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||employment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although the Korean government is making new jobs for elder people , they are not decent jobs like security guard or door-to-door delivery man and the salary for silver labor is too small .
+A 9 12|||R:OTHER|||elderly people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 24|||UNK|||tend to be low status jobs like security guards or delivery men .|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is because the current economy system looks for more efficient and competitive working force and the companies that hire the old do n't consider the elderly so they try to avoid engaging them .
+A 5 6|||R:MORPH|||economic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:MORPH|||work|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 29|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , the existing alternative plan for the increasing aging population employment is not affective in our economic basis .
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:ADJ|||effective|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 22|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thirdly , someone may argue that people have achieved huge economic growth and the product of that accomplishment results an upgrading of our living standard without uncertainty for the future .
+A 2 5|||R:OTHER|||it can be argued|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 25|||R:OTHER|||living standards|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Needless to say , our GDP shows our economic improvement in every year .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||Singapore 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Despite of this progress , people in this time do n't ready to live without earnings from the jobs .
+A 1 2|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 19|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Because our economy always encourages people to spend all of their money on new products and services not on saving , we are not used to save something for the future .
+A 1 2|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:OTHER|||people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:VERB:FORM|||saving|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A concrete example can be a credit card in our wallet .
+A 3 8|||R:OTHER|||is credit cards|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 11|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To get a drastic expansion of the consumption for economic growth , the market created the credit card which can distribute our current consumption to our future to reduce the present burden .
+A 21 22|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The aim of this maybe good , but this led to the crisis of credit so people suffer from their financial difficulties .
+A 4 5|||R:ORTH|||may be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 15|||R:OTHER|||credit crisis|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||where|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In a nut shell , our economy only has cared about the profit , people can not prepare for the future by saving and finally the old may experience financial hardship .
+A 5 6|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||cares|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Definitely , our economy becomes bigger every moment and we get a lot of advantage from it so we do n't have to worry about starving from lack of food .
+A 2 3|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 27|||R:OTHER|||it offers a lot of advantages , for example , people do n't have to worry about starving or a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However for someone , this benefit is just the other world 's happy story .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||some people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 15|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The marginal protection for the old is now becoming expensive private sector and their room in the labor market is small and poor for living .
+A 8 26|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , the old had no chance to prepare for the future by saving .
+
+S For these reasons , the in the aging population point of view , the economic improvement did n't ease the aging process .
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 19|||R:OTHER|||has n't eased|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To ease this process , our economy should consider excluded people , the old of the society and let them know how to prepare for their stable and comfortable future as we all are getting older even now .
+A 5 6|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:FORM|||excluding|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 38|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference
+
+S Peterson , P. ( 2001 ) , A Graying World , Harvard International Review
+
+S Ageing population has been a problem encountered by many countries today .
+A 0 0|||M:DET|||An|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To date , elderly aged over 65 constitutes 8.6 % of the total population in Singapore , which will see an expected rise to 18.7 % in year 2030 .
+A 27 28|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Such significant trend has led many to worry over the problems associated with this phenomenon , hence the government had initiated certain policies and developments aimed at helping the elderly .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||about|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These initiatives although are beneficial for the aged , government should consider limiting public spending on them to divert money to other areas such as education and development in Singapore .
+A 0 3|||R:WO|||Although these initiatives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Spending on the aged should be kept in a smaller proportion as compared to areas such as education .
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The younger generations should be the focus and not the aged as they are the ones who will up keep Singapore 's standing in the near future .
+
+S Prime Minister Lee ( 2009 ) at a dialogue with Nanyang Technological University students takes on the perspective that local students should build networks with the rest of the world and integrates in new environment in order to " push the boundaries " and break new grounds for Singapore .
+A 14 18|||UNK|||took the stand|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:VERB:SVA|||integrate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , plans by the ministry should be made to foster greater interaction between local students and international students .
+
+S Money should be given aid to needy students who will then not be deprived of a chance to participate in Exchange Program administered by the institution .
+A 4 6|||R:WO|||to aid|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:NUM|||programs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These programs enrich a student 's soft skills , which is essential for their ability to lead the country in time to come .
+
+S Singapore having one of the top education system should continue it 's reputation and government should divert money spent on the aged to pump in on refining students , who are the future leaders of Singapore .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||systems ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 26|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Singapore 's tourism sector is a lucrative field , which has contributed greatly to the country 's economic success , and government should divert money on the aged to this thriving industry .
+A 8 9|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:OTHER|||.Therefore , the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since 1996 , the number of tourists coming to Singapore has been increasing steadily with an estimated $ 14.8 billion tourist receipts in 2008 .
+A 21 22|||R:OTHER|||received|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Tourism has significant contribution in creating more jobs for locals and with the upcoming Marina Sands project , it is expected to thousands of jobs for Singaporeans in this period of economic downturn .
+A 2 2|||M:OTHER|||made a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 27|||R:OTHER|||thousands of jobs for Singaporeans are expected to be created|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , tourism sector have made huge contributions to Singapore 's economy , with an estimated $ 230 billion in 2007 .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All these benefits brought about by tourism must not be underestimated .
+
+S Thus , government has to continue improving on its infrastructure and developments for tourism and tourists so as to remain at a competitive edge with other Asian countries .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , funds spent on aged should be limited in lieu of spending it on more beneficial areas for the country .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Critics have validated the spending on aged by arguing for the role which elderly hold in building and molding Singapore to where it is now .
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These efforts must not be neglected and hence , government should provide for them now that they have turned economically inactive .
+
+S On the contrary , though these elderly have contributed to Singapore 's success , focus should be turned to family support and care for the elderly instead .
+
+S 'Hardware ' has been constructed to facilitate the aged daily lives ; 'heart-ware ' should be proliferated instead .
+A 9 9|||M:OTHER|||in their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By means of 'heart-ware ' , it is giving emotional support to the aged , providing unconditional love and respect for them .
+A 0 8|||R:OTHER|||" heart-ware " means|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Instead of channeling money to be spent on building hardware for the aged , more should be done to foster closer relationships between the young and old .
+
+S Teo ( 2009 ) believe that we should treat the elderly in ways , which we want to be treated when we are old .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||believes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 22|||R:OTHER|||people should treat the elderly they way that they want to be treated when they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Government can not coerce 'heart- ware ' on the young ; instead they can be influenced and taught by in school since young .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||the government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:OTHER|||when they are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , public spending should be limited as 'hardware ' has been built for the aged and focus should be placed on the intangible 'heart- ware ' for the elderly instead .
+
+S By limiting public spending on the aged does not render their importance in Singaporeans .
+A 0 14|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Aged still remain as a figure of respect .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The aged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , instead of hanging onto the past , Singaporeans have to look ahead and plan for the future journey .
+
+S Government should reduce the proportion of funds spent on aged facilities and divert it to areas in education and tourism development as these two fields will enable the continual growth for a small nation dependent on it 's labor force .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:DET|||this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Oon , Clarissa .
+
+S ( 2009 , February 12 ) .
+
+S Do n't let the sun go down on Singapore 's elderly .
+
+S The Straits Times .
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2009 , from straitstimes.com .
+
+S Kor , Kian Beng .
+
+S ( 2009 , September 16 ) .
+
+S A tip to students : Be driven about causes .
+
+S The Straits Times .
+
+S Retrieved September 16 , 2009 , from Factiva .
+
+S Teo , Eisen .
+
+S ( 2009 , September 14 ) .
+
+S Have a heart , it goes a long way as you age .
+
+S The Straits Times .
+
+S Retrieved September 16 , 2009 , from Factiva
+
+S Ministry of Community Development , Youth and Sports .
+
+S Electronic References .
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2009 , from http : //app.mcys.gov.sg/web/indv_researchstd.asp
+
+S Singapore Tourism Board .
+
+S ( 2009 , 10 January ) .
+
+S Record Year For Tourism Receipts In 2008 .
+
+S Retrieved 16 September , 2009 from http : //app.stb.gov.sg/asp/new/new03a.asp ? id = 9603
+
+S Many countries experience population aging .
+
+S In fact , nowadays Singapore population is aging too and it is one of the fastest aging populations in Asia .
+A 5 5|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are several developed countries such as Japan , US and Singapore predicting that educated aging boomers will have longer life expectancies than the generations that preceded them .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is estimated that by 2050 , our median age will be move from 36 to 54 , similar to Japan and Italy .
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||Singapore 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Recent studies have shown that Singapore has a low rate of population growth due to the declination of birth rates .
+
+S Many young couples think that having a baby is too expensive in Singapore .
+
+S This situation is not getting any better as more of the population ages .
+
+S Thus , there will be fewer younger generations to look after aged people in the future .
+
+S In addition , aging population causes a decrease in the workforce .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The decrease will be prominent when the baby boomers reach their retirement age and there will be fewer younger people to replace them .
+
+S In such a case , Singapore faces the challenge of developing public policies to accommodate the trend of aging and to gear up for a growing aging population .
+
+S Nevertheless , immigration policy is feasible to cope with an aging population .
+
+S Immigration policy has helped to ease the aging process .
+
+S It has been adopted by many countries especially in Singapore , which faces a serious population challenge .
+
+S Notwithstanding of a viable policy , Singapore citizens feel that these new immigrants and foreigners might not benefit them because they will face even more intense competition in the workforce .
+A 1 2|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , if Singapore does not adopt immigration process , it will face manpower shortfalls .
+A 8 9|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As we can see more elderly people retire from the work field in their retirement age and this cause the lacking of productivity in the workforce as well as labour shortage .
+A 1 4|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 17|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:SVA|||causes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:OTHER|||a lack|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 29|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Subsequently , labour shortage will bring negative impact on economic as it slows the country 's economic growth .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||have a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||the economy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In future years , the economic burden will be increased tremendously due to the aging labour force .
+
+S Despite it , these problems could be eliminated as the influx of foreigners through immigration will satisfy the needs of labour market and to boost the economy with improved labour productivity .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||Nevertheless|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:VERB:FORM||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Immigration is a possible solution to easing the aging process .
+
+S It can help to sustain the overall population size .
+
+S By admitting more immigrants , it will help to replenish a country 's aging population in the years ahead .
+A 0 6|||R:OTHER|||Admitting more immigrants|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , Singapore government has introduced several measures to boost the fertility rate .
+A 3 5|||R:OTHER|||the government of Singapore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of which is immigration approach , which have attracted many immigrants mainly from China , India , and Malaysia to integrate into our society and their coming have helped to raise the fertility rate .
+A 5 6|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 28|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In effect , more productive children will be raised and there will be sufficient numbers of younger generations to replace those of the older generations as they retire .
+
+S Moreover , since there are more young people engaged in the workforce , the elderly in later life will become more secured as they will be supported by the younger generations .
+A 19 22|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Immigration policy is a practical solution adopted by developed countries with aging societies , namely , Singapore , USA and China .
+A 1 2|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nonetheless , some countries are exclusively independent without relying upon immigration to sustain population growth .
+
+S For instance , Aging Japan is facing a population crisis as they have the lowest birth rate in the world .
+A 3 4|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , Japan is not yet ready to open the country 's door to immigrants and the rigidness of Japan 's immigration laws has been seen even until now .
+
+S As a result , it will lead to the economic problems associated with its graying population .
+
+S The shrinking of labour force and the lack of vitality for the workforce will be happening in the near future .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||happen|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , Japan needs to ease up on its immigration laws by allowing more foreigners to immigrate , in order to solve the problems .
+A 17 18|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , coping with an aging population will require a long time effort and it is a challenge to a country .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN|||term|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , this challenge could help to ease the aging process in the long run by adopting immigration process .
+A 18 19|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Despite it , the government should not only focus on a particular policy in order to resolve the aging problems .
+
+S There are others policies that should be taken into consideration , including ; family policy , later retirement for elderly , and promoting healthy life styles in resolving problems posed by aging process .
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By encountering long term aging process , the government should encourage older population to live an active aging life .
+A 0 6|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If they are encouraged to be productive , they can be economic contributors as well .
+
+S Elderly , who prepare well and early for old age will be more ready for retirement life , then the present generations of people will be able to enjoy meaningful and happily lives , without relying or putting burden on their children .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:MORPH|||happy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 38|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S 1 .
+
+S Lee Hsien Loong , Prime Minister , Singapore .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Preparing for an Aging Population : The Singapore Experience .
+
+S Winter 2009 , 6 , 1-6 .
+
+S 2 .
+
+S Lee Kuan Yew , Minister Mentor .
+
+S ( 2009 , August ) .
+
+S Difficult situations we are facing .
+
+S Speech presented at Tanjong Pagar 44th National Day Celebration Dinner , Singapore .
+
+S 3 .
+
+S Lee Hsien Loong , Prime Minister , Singapore .
+
+S ( 2009 , January ) .
+
+S Reinventing Retirement Asia .
+
+S Speech presented at the AARP-Council for Third Age Conference , Singapore .
+
+S 4 .
+
+S Isabel Reynolds .
+
+S ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Aging Japan gets serious about immigration .
+
+S Retrieved September 7 , 2009 , from http : //health.asiaone.com/Health/News/Story/A1Story20080807-81158.html
+
+S 5 .
+
+S Department of Economic and Social Affairs .
+
+S ( 1950-2050 ) .
+
+S Socio-economic characteristics of the older population .
+
+S Retrieved September 9,2009 , from http : //www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/pdf/9 1chapterv.pdf
+
+S 6 .
+
+S Sylvia Lim , NCMP from The Workers ' Party .
+
+S ( 2006 ) .
+
+S Population , Immigration and Rooting Singaporeans .
+
+S Retrieved September 2 , 2009 , from http : //www.wp.sg/wp/articles/2006/1109_sylvia.php
+
+S 7 .
+
+S Michael Cardiosk .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Singapore 's Aging Population : The " Stop at Two " and " Three or More If You Can Afford It " .
+
+S Retrieved September , 11 , 2009 , from http : //www.associatedcontent.com/article/1621347/singapores_aging_popul ation_the_stop.html
+
+S The Ministry of Community Development , Youth and Sports ( 2009 ) showed that at least 1 out of the 5 people will age 65 or older in 2030 .
+A 23 24|||R:VERB|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A similar estimation of population is expected to exist in the States .
+
+S As for Japan , at least 1 out of 4 people will age 65 and above by 2055 .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This finding is showed in Tiresias ( 2009 ) .
+
+S This alarming statistic has rang a bell on the importance of the public to spend their wealth on the needs of the aged .
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||about|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This essay will address the scope of 'limited ' , which is the appropriate amount of resources that public should spend on the vulnerable group .
+A 7 10|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Not all aged need financial help as these people may well be taken care of by their children .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although aging issues are prevalent in both developed and developing countries , these issues are more pressing in developed countries .
+
+S The developing countries , on the other hand , should invest their public spending on areas such as education and law and order before they can address the issue of aging population .
+A 30 30|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , public spending on the aged should be maximized in developed countries , while public spending in the developing countries should be utilized to help to reduce the societal problems .
+A 28 29|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The aged needs money to cover for their extensive bills , that range from medical purposes to other basic necessities .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||need|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In Singapore , it is not uncommon to see the aged works in sectors that are shunned away by the young .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||working|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One significant example is the cleaning industry .
+
+S It is true that the aged is able to support himself by being financially independent .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:PRON|||themselves|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , they receive little salary , which can hardly cover the increasing cost of the medical bills .
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||low salaries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Medical technologies have developed to be more advanced and sophisticated over the years .
+
+S Thus , the cost of medical purposes is considered as expensive by aged especially those who hold low-income jobs or living alone without the support of the family .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN|||treatment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||who live|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This group should be categorized as the vulnerable group .
+
+S Therefore , it is timely for the public to spend their wealth on this group .
+
+S The vulnerable group should apply for jobs that are registered under the Workfare Income Supplement ( WIS ) in Ministry of Manpower .
+
+S Then , a portion of the income tax from the working individuals should be channeled to help this group .
+
+S However , those who are not under WIS will not benefit from public spending .
+
+S This is to prevent the syndicate schemes that are on the rise today .
+
+S Their target is always on this vulnerable group as they believe that it is relatively easy to manipulate them in order to gain sympathy from the public .
+A 4 5|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The vulnerable group is usually forced to sell tissue packets and other religious symbols .
+
+S Hence , it is important to ensure that the group is well-informed of the policy .
+
+S Ideally , the policy should be in four different languages to cater to the understanding of residents .
+
+S Thus , if public spending is limited , the vulnerable group will be economically disadvantaged .
+
+S Aging population is becoming a very serious and significant problem especially in developed country where the educated and professional continue to strive in .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||populations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 23|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Public spending should not be limited as the money can be utilized to promote campaigns that encourage the vulnerable to constantly stay employed .
+A 20 21|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The group is highly likely to face discrimination from the workforce .
+
+S The vulnerable may be deemed as redundant .
+
+S Although the vulnerable may be perceived as the one with vast knowledge and experiences , the young is likely not to overlook this matter .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||ones|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||experience|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The young feels that the vulnerable is best replaced with modern technology , which is able to work quickly and productively .
+A 0 12|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , one of the campaigns organized by the United Kingdom is to end the discrimination faced by the aged .
+
+S The campaign , called Help the Aged , focuses on the theme : Just Equal Treatment ( 2009 ) .
+
+S It believes that the vulnerable should be given the right to work and so companies should abolish the concept of age restriction .
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is the human right that individual should be entitled to as long as the vulnerable is willing to work in order to earn a living for himself .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||individuals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 28|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , campaigns will raise the awareness of the public to help the aged to face the discrimination that still prevails within our society .
+A 22 23|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , a portion of public spending can be ideally used to spend on anti-discrimination campaigns .
+
+S Public spending in developing countries , on the other hand , should be well utilized to rectify the social problem .
+
+S In Thailand , for instance , the social problems need to be addressed as children are involved .
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This was researched by Chitradub ( 1999 ) .
+
+S It is crucial to help the children to break out of the vicious circle as children are the future generation to run the country .
+
+S However , children in Thailand are involved in the smuggling of drugs .
+
+S It is believed smuggling drugs are related to the issue of prostitution among children .
+
+S Berger and Glind ( 1999 ) from the Thailand 's Office of the National Commission on Women 's Affairs reported that an estimation 40 000 children are involved in the country 's lucrative business sex industry .
+A 9 10|||U:NOUN:POSS||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:MORPH|||estimated|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is an alarming issue as a vicious circle may get worsen .
+A 6 7|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The children will shape a perception that it is not morally wrong to be involved in this industry .
+
+S Besides , they believe that this lifestyle is one of the easiest ways to earn an astronomical amount of money .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||the children|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The public spending is , thus needed to rectify the perception shaped by the children , or else the problem will remain unsolved .
+A 0 2|||U:DET|||Public|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The spending should be used in campaigns in order to raise awareness about the importance of the basic education of children .
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By doing so , the children will have an aim to excel well in their education and so will not be involved in activities that will degrade their morale values .
+
+S Therefore , public spending is needed to bring the children out of the vicious circle .
+
+S Thus , it is indeed clear that developed and developing countries have different focuses of issues to address .
+A 13 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The prevailing issue needs to be resolved before the issue gets worsen .
+A 11 12|||R:MORPH|||worse|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Public spending should not be limited on the vulnerable because the ageing population is becoming a worldwide issue .
+
+S The issue is similar to a pandemic , which can affect both developed and developing countries .
+
+S Although it is true that ageing population is less severe in developing countries at present , it may not stay true for the future .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is because globalization has seeped in different spectrum of the world .
+A 4 13|||UNK|||h|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The children in the developing countries , who have received a quality education , may want to pursue his career in other countries with a stable and high income .
+A 6 7|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The children may want to migrate to other countries without bringing their parents along .
+
+S The social obligation , which has been instilled in the children about the responsibility to care for the parents , will be eroded .
+
+S Thus , trends in the developing countries may change in the long run .
+
+S As for now , in the developing countries , the ageing population is not much of a problem .
+
+S Majority of the people in these countries , live in villages .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The majority|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The children , whom have been socially ingrained with morale values , are obligated to look after the parents .
+A 3 4|||R:PRON|||who|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:MORPH|||moral|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , in future , when migration issue becomes a global pandemic , public should give a helping hand to the aged since the children will no longer take care of his needs .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||issues|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The public will then need to assist his needs in order to reduce the burden .
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the amount of money utilizes to help to ease the burden of the aged should not be limited .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:FORM|||utilized|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The financial burden and the discrimination faced at the workforce are among the problems that the aged is going through .
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There should be a level of awareness to help this aged so that he will age with dignity and pride .
+A 9 10|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is because we as individuals , sooner or later will reach at the ageing stage and will want our needs are being taken care of well .
+A 3 6|||R:OTHER|||everyone|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 26|||R:OTHER|||their needs to be taken care of as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The problems faced by the aged will be a global phenomenon .
+
+S Hence , this is where the role of public spending should come in the play of addressing the needs of the aged .
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||iin to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||to address|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference :
+
+S Chakrapand Wongburanavart , Good Practice in Information Exchange : Country and International Cases Thailand , report by the director of Thai Women of Tomorrow at the Regional Forum on Strengthening Information Exchange on Intolerable Forms of Child Labor , Bangkok , July 19-21 , 1999 , page 41-42 .
+
+S Herve Berger and Hans van de Glind , Children in Prostitution , Pornography and Illicit Activities : Thailand ( Bangkok : ILO-IPEC , August 1999 ) , page 7
+
+S Somphon Chitradub , Child Labour in the Trafficking of Drugs in Thailand : An ILO-IPEC Southeast Asia Paper ( Bangkok : ILO-IPEC , 1999 ) , page 2-3 .
+
+S Help the aged ; we will .
+
+S Human rights .
+
+S 2009 http : //policy.helptheaged.org.uk/_policy/AgeEquality/HumanRights/_default.ht m
+
+S Making ICT accessible .
+
+S Electronic references .
+
+S Retrived August 6 , 2009from http : //www.tiresias.org/accessible_ict/ageing_population/statistics.htm
+
+S Ministry of Community Development , Youth and Sports .
+
+S 2009 , about the seniors , the aging population .
+
+S Retrieved 2009 , from http : //app.mcys.gov.sg/web/indv_abtageing.asp
+
+S United states department of labour http : //www.dol.gov/ilab/media/reports/iclp/Advancing1/html/thialand.htm
+
+S The usage of the government budget has been a concern among politicians .
+
+S Decisions on the allocation of government funds can impact different aspects of the society differently .
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So how would spending money on the elderly affect the society ?
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Should the government continue to finance elderly welfare ?
+
+S I personally feel that government spending on the elderly should be controlled and the money should be used in other aspects of the society such as education , economic growth and healthcare of the public .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||Some believe|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 35|||R:OTHER|||that the money should be used in other aspects of the society such as education , economic growth and public health care|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Governments should limit their spending on the elderly as public spending may cause problems .
+
+S Continuous funding on elderly welfare may cause the elderly to be over reliant on welfare .
+
+S Thus , if governments were to reduce elderly welfare in the future due to circumstances like serious budget deficit , these over dependent elderly would face difficulties in their life .
+
+S Sociologists argue that government spending on the aged should not be limited as there is a portion of the elderly , such as the frail elderly without family support , that really needs help ( Robert B. Friedman and Laura Summer , 2005 ) .
+
+S However , the community and not only the government can help the weak elderly in the society .
+A 15 18|||R:OTHER|||society|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Community Chest is one channel whereby the public can donate money to finance welfare programs for the elderly .
+
+S This shows that governments can afford to reduce spending on the elderly as welfare is partially funded by the community .
+
+S Therefore , governments should limit their spending on the aged .
+
+S Also , Governments should use the government budget to deal with other issues that are more pressing than the aging population .
+
+S Currently , the proportion of the elderly in the society is still relatively small in most countries like Japan and Singapore so the problem is not that serious yet .
+
+S Thus , we should use the money to handle more pressing issue such as the health of the general public in this period whereby there are outbreaks of a lot of diseases such as avian flu and swine flu , that took the lives of many .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||the government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 42|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have taken|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some politicians may argue that although the proportion of elderly is still small now , it will grow larger if the problem of aging population is not dealt with now .
+A 10 10|||M:NOUN|||people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , there are other ways to deal with the problems of aging population rather than financing the welfare of elderly which will reduce the amount available to spend on more pressing issues now .
+
+S One of the ways would be to stress filial obligation and increase the willingness of children to support their elderly parents ( Peter G. Peterson , 2001 ) .
+
+S If this does not work , the government could legalize filial obligation .
+
+S The Maintenance of Parents act in Singapore requires children to support their elderly parents .
+
+S Since there are definitely other ways to cope with aging population , governments should allocate its funds to other areas that are more urgent .
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||populations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , Governments should focus on other areas such as education and economic growth as tackling such areas will solve the problem of aging population in the long run , killing two birds with one stone .
+A 14 14|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Education will increase productivity of people and this will lead to economic growth that will ensure the continuation of welfare programs for the elderly ( Robert B. Friedman and Laura Summer , 2005 ) .
+
+S Increase in economic growth will also lead to increase in employment .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus more people are able to work and accumulate savings for their old age .
+
+S Critics argue that people tend to spend instead of saving .
+
+S This may be true but there are policies such as the Central Provident Fund ( CPF ) scheme that compel people , by law , to save while they are active in the workforce ( Peter G. Peterson , 2001 ) .
+
+S In this scheme , a portion of a person 's monthly salary will be deposited into the CPF account on a monthly basis and it can only be withdrawn at the age of 55 , thereby assuring financial independence of elderly .
+A 40 40|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , governments should reduce their spending on the elderly and invest more money on budget should be used on education and boosting economic growth .
+A 11 12|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:OTHER|||of the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , I feel that public funding should be limited as it may cause the elderly to be over reliant on it and the money should be used elsewhere in areas such as public health that is more pressing and on education and economic growth that will also help to solve aging population .
+A 3 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 27|||R:OTHER|||. The money should then|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 38|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 41|||R:OTHER|||as well as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 46 46|||M:PREP|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 52 52|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 54 54|||M:NOUN|||crisis|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By carefully allocating government funds , the society will benefit as a whole .
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In developed countries , problems of aging populations are surfacing and at the same time worsening .
+
+S Limitations on public spending on the aged should be warded off .
+
+S The main focus of this essay will be on developed countries .
+
+S The reason for this is because aging population is much more serious as compared to developing countries .
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||their aging population problem|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There is a need to understand that the amount of reliance the aged have on the public is quite significant , also to take into account of the contributions the aged have made and as well as to recognize the more substantial advancement in other main areas of development over the aged .
+A 20 22|||R:OTHER|||. It is also necessary|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 33|||R:OTHER|||that the aged have made ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 44 52|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Critics commented that other areas of the country 's development such as education need the money to substantiate the advancement of these particular developments so as to bring them to greater heights so limitations on public spending on the aged should be enforced .
+A 1 1|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:OTHER|||.Therefore ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , there is the recognition of the fact that the government in developed countries has already pumped in a huge amount of money to develop the main areas of development like education and national defence .
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||governments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , these main areas have been well-developed .
+
+S In addition , aging population has not been an area of concern in the past and only recently the aged have formed a significant population in developed countries .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 21|||R:WO|||have the aged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus more should be spent on the aged since other areas are already so well developed that there is not really a need to use money to substantiate their advancement .
+
+S It is well known that Singapore acquires a world class education system .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From the past till now , Singapore has been spending a huge sum of money on the other main areas of development so as to build up the economy .
+
+S The efforts can be seen clearly as now Singapore is an advanced developing country however now the most predominant problem arising is the aging population .
+A 7 10|||R:WO|||Singapore is now|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 21|||R:OTHER|||. However the most predominant problem arising now|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus we must not limit public spending on the aged as it is a arising prevailing problem .
+A 1 10|||R:OTHER|||public spending on the aged must not be limited|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 16|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Cynics mentioned that in developed countries , quite a number of the aged are still working and receiving wages so they will have the means to pay for their living expenses and healthcare costs .
+A 1 1|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus public spending on the aged can be limited so that other areas like national defence can have the money to further their advancement .
+
+S However even though a significant number of the aged is still in the workforce , most of them are taking up menial jobs like cleaning which only gives them a meagre pay .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This small amount of money is hardly enough to cover their living expenses and healthcare costs as now healthcare costs are increasingly higher .
+
+S In addition , the aged are still quite vulnerable to diseases and are weak , thus public spending on the aged should not be limited so as to assist them in their healthcare costs .
+A 30 31|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is so as the aged are not suitable for laborious jobs .
+A 0 12|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The fact that the aged still need to work despite their vulnerability implies that they might be forced to work to meet their own basic needs .
+
+S This further infers that there is not enough public spending on the aged thus we should not limit public spending on the aged .
+A 13 13|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 20|||R:OTHER|||This is another reason why public spending should not be limited|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Developed countries are implementing measures to meet the needs of the aged .
+
+S For instance in Singapore , Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong mentioned in the recent National Day Rally Speech ( Goh , 2009 , para 19 ) that with the population rapidly graying , the Singapore government will put healthcare costs at the front and centre of its agenda .
+
+S This is a precise indication that the Singapore 's government does not have the intention to limit public spending on the aged .
+
+S The main reason for this phenomenon is that money needs to be spent on the aged now so as to ease the aging process if not years down the road , public spending might have to increase significantly as compared to now due to the lack of progress on the spending on the aged .
+A 24 24|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 47 50|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus it is important to spend more now to ease the problems of aging population if not years later the problems of aging population might heap up .
+A 15 15|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Engelhard ( 2009 ) mentioned that the aged are not worth the attention from the public .
+
+S They are deemed useless and with low productivity and can not contribute significantly to the society .
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 17|||R:OTHER|||society|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus society should limit their spending on the aged and shift their focus onto the young , nurturing them .
+A 16 19|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In time to come , the young can give back to the society unlike the aged .
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However we need to recognize the fact that the aged were young once and they have also made contributions to the society before .
+A 1 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:OTHER|||also needs to be recognized|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact they are the ones who laid the foundations for us , the younger generations .
+A 11 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Without their contributions , we may not be where and what we are now , thus it is the society 's responsibility to take care of them , regarding this as a repayment back to the aged .
+A 4 13|||R:OTHER|||the country may not be where and what it is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is like a cycle : in the past when the aged are still working they were the ones who took care of the younger generations , thus now it is the younger generation 's responsibility to take care of the aged .
+
+S In Japan it is predicted that the median age is expected to increase by a decade , from just over 43 years in 2007 to more than 52 years in 2050 .
+
+S ( Smil , 2007 , para 9 ) This shows that we should not limit public spending on the aged as the percentage of the aged will increase significantly in time to come due to the problems arising from an aging population .
+A 11 20|||R:OTHER|||public spending on the aged should not be limited|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By year 2055 many more people will require elderly friendly facilities .
+A 1 2|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Limitations should not be encouraged as years later the demand for elderly friendly facilities might exceed the supply of them .
+
+S Therefore it is important to spend on the aged now to ease the aging process years later .
+
+S In a nutshell , the above mentioned arguments and reasons point to the fact that public spending on the aged should not be limited as if it is limited , dire consequences such as the country itself might be seen as neglecting the aged will surface .
+A 32 44|||R:OTHER|||,such as the country itself might be seen as neglecting the aged ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This might lead to foreign corporations being discouraged to invest in Singapore as Singapore might be perceived as not having an effective system Therefore it can be concluded that the aged should have a bigger portion of the pie that is the public spending while the other areas will still be having their share too to maintain their standards in developed countries .
+A 23 23|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 44 44|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 45 46|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 50 52|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 54 55|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 55 63|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Goh Juang Long , Licensed Financial Consultant , Higher government subsidies for hospice care Retrieved September 15 2009 from http : //wealth1688articles.wordpress.com/2009/09/04/271/
+
+S Jack Engelhard ( 2009 ) Trade in grandma and other clunkers Retrieved September 15 2009 from http : //www.freerepublic.com/focus/f- news/2310939/posts
+
+S National Day Rally Speech .
+
+S Retrieved September 6 , 2009 , from http : //www.channelnewsasia.com/nd09/
+
+S Vaclav Smil , University of Manitoba , Canada , The Unprecedented Shift in Japan 's Population : Numbers , Age , and Prospects .The Asia-Pacific Journal : Japan focus .
+
+S Retrieved September 6 2009 from http : //www.japanfocus.org/- Vaclav-Smil/2411
+
+S In the middle Ages , most people were lucky if they lived to be 40 years old .
+
+S By the end of the 20th century , the average life expectancy had reached the early 70s .
+
+S For most of us living today , it is not unusual for us to grow up knowing our grand parents and great-grand parents .
+
+S Some people even remember their great-great grand parents .
+
+S I strongly agree with the statement that to a large extent , current research and development have helped to ease the aging process .
+A 0 8|||U:OTHER|||To|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are several reasons for this increased aging situation such as this increase in life expectancy .
+
+S Through the use of these specific reasons and examples , I will demonstrate why especially in the field of medicine .
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||this essay|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First , modern medicine is now able to cure or treat many diseases that were once terminal .
+A 0 1|||R:MORPH|||Firstly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When the first colonists traveled to the New World during the 15th and 16th centuries , they not only carried with them novelty items like horses and guns , they also carried new diseases .
+
+S For example , smallpox , from which many Europeans were immune , decimated the native populations of America and the Caribbean because the Indians had no immunity to a disease they had never experienced before .
+
+S Today , modern medicine can even prolong the lives of people who have diseases for which we do not yet have a cure .
+A 16 22|||R:OTHER|||this is still no|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Diseases such as , cancer , Parkinson 's disease and AIDS .
+
+S Second , people today are more aware of the effect of healthy living on their life expectancy .
+A 0 1|||R:MORPH|||Secondly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , even as late at the 1950s , many people were not aware that eating too many large portions of steak and potatoes and other foods rich in carbohydrates and cholesterol could significantly increase their likelihood of a heart attack .
+
+S Also , people were not aware of the links between habits such as alcoholism and cigarette smoking and diseases such as liver disease and cancer .
+
+S Today , medical research , both traditional and holistic , stresses the importance of healthy eating and exercise in increasing one 's life expectancy .
+
+S Thus , our increased life expectancy is largely due to advances in medical research .
+
+S However , it is also due to people 's willingness to accept the results of such research and to apply them by eating better and exercising more .
+
+S Many scientists predict that our average life expectancy will slowly continue to increase as medicine finds more cures for diseases that are still terminal today .
+
+S Reference : Park JeongSu , Readers digest 2002 May p69 , how to avoid aging ?
+
+S , Korea .
+
+S Kim HeeJae , Yoeseong Dong-a 2007 July p 223 , anti-aging , Korea .
+
+S Over the years , public spending such as in the form of healthcare benefits and subsidies for the aged has increased .
+
+S This is due to developed countries having an aging population coupled with higher cost of living .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the money used can be better utilized to develop other areas .
+
+S These include development for education , technological research and welfare programs for the needy people .
+A 2 4|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Diverting too much of a country 's budget to the aged can prove to be a heavy burden on its economy .
+
+S Welfare programs , such as free healthcare services that are introduced in some countries , do improve the quality and lifespan of the aged in the countries .
+A 25 26|||R:DET|||those|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , these welfare programs are not necessarily feasible for all countries .
+
+S It is especially not effective in small countries with a small economy like Singapore .
+
+S Firstly , funds that are needed to support these welfare programs will come from the taxes on the working-age adult .
+A 14 15|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The high cost of healthcare services results in high taxation on the citizens .
+A 11 14|||R:OTHER|||citizens|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These countries like Britain and the United States have generally low Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) and high public expenditure , with few exceptions like Sweden .
+A 8 10|||R:WO|||generally have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With a lower GDP , the country generates lesser revenue to divert to other areas of a country 's development .
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||Sweden|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:ADJ:FORM|||less|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Jonathan Eyal , 20 August 2009 ) Studies have shown that Britain 's National Health Service " devours 17.5 per cent of Britain 's annual fiscal budget , almost as much as defence and education combined .
+A 17 17|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " Providing for the aged will therefore hinder the nation 's overall development in other aspects .
+
+S The elderly in Singapore are dependent on government subsidies in various areas due to high cost of living in present society .
+A 14 21|||R:OTHER|||the current high cost of living|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , public spending on the aged is only a short term solution to the problem of aging population .
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This short term solution poses as a burden to the economy without actually addressing the root of problem of aging population in the long run .
+A 5 6|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Public spending will only continue to spiral upwards if government is committed to healthcare spending on the aged .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government should look at this problem in an economic perspective in the long run .
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The country 's budget allocation should place greater emphasis on education for the younger generation .
+
+S If the younger generation is well taken care of and educated , in the long run , they will form the working-age population and are more economically productive .
+
+S In this way , these working-age adults will form the community where money can be tapped to provide funds for the aged in future .
+
+S This long run solution by diverting the country 's resources from spending on the aged to education lessens the squeeze on the already fully exploited economy .
+A 2 5|||R:OTHER|||term solution of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If the government places more emphasis on the well-being of the aged instead of nurturing the younger generation , it discourages the younger generation to stay in a particular country .
+
+S The country 's resources are limited .
+
+S Giving more to the elderly means a lesser proportion for the younger generations .
+
+S Fewer opportunities , in the form of job security and stability arise from lesser money being diverted to education and development to the economy .
+A 13 14|||R:ADJ:FORM|||less|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will lead to emigration and brain drain from the country , which will in turn lose its competitive edge , and thus will be less attractive to investors .
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||lead it to lose/losing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S More money should be diverted to education for the development of the younger generation to deal with the problem .
+A 17 19|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S An example is Singapore providing free education and has one of the world 's best childcare services and facilities .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB|||offering|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , critics may argue that the elderly have contributed their part to nation building and should not be denied access to government funds .
+
+S Nonetheless , the younger generation forms the pillar of a country 's economy ; more attention should be given to nurturing them .
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With an aging population , spending on the elderly is bound to increase .
+
+S However , this spending should be limited because the development of certain areas of a country deserves more attention .
+
+S This is because a welfare state is not feasible for every nation although it may seem desirable .
+
+S In addition , healthcare subsidies should be reduced on the part of the government and transferred to the community in the long run .
+
+S Lastly , educating the younger generation is essential to a nation 's economic growth .
+
+S To conclude , the importance in the development of other areas clearly surpasses that of spending on the elderly .
+
+S References
+
+S Jonathan Eyal , ( 2009 , August 20 ) Health-care debate : Myths and realities .
+
+S The Straits Times , p.A2
+
+S Ho , A .
+
+S ( 2009 , August 25 ) .
+
+S Give women the right to ask bosses for flexi- work - baby bonus alone will not encourage women to have more children .
+
+S The Straits Times , p.A2 .
+
+S Khalik , S. ( 2009 , August 26 ) .
+
+S Let 's plug beyond-85 health insurance gap .
+
+S The Straits Times , p. A2
+
+S Basu , R. ( 2009 , August 28 ) .
+
+S Heed 'one for country ' Call .
+
+S The Straits Times , p. A2. .
+
+S The issue on aging population has become an increasing important issue in our society today .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||of an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The problems caused by aging population are increasing and it has placed great pressure on our society .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , the government is paying more attention to solve these problems caused by aging population through various means .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:FORM|||solving|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of them is to increase the public spending on the aged .
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , some may argue that by doing so it may limit the country 's development .
+A 6 7|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I feel that public spending on the aged should not be limited because the issue on aging population has become a major problem in the society .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||Therefore ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||of an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some may argue that public spending on the aged should be limited so that it will not limit the country 's development .
+
+S Other areas of the country 's development are equally important and hence government funds should also be directed to these areas such as education and healthcare sectors instead of just focusing on the aged .
+A 19 20|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 27|||R:NOUN|||health care|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Education is equally important because the young will determine the country 's development in the future since they would be the ones who will lead the country .
+A 18 20|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Without proper education , they will not have the ability to compete with other countries and this will hinder the country 's development especially in the economic sector .
+
+S Hence , the education sector is equally important .
+
+S In addition , the healthcare sector is also very important as it can help increase the standard of living of the people .
+A 20 21|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The health of the people is one of the major considerations when investors chose a country to invest in .
+
+S Hence , if the health status of the people is very low , investors may not want to invest in the country and this may affect the economic growth of the country .
+
+S Therefore , some may argue that public spending on the aged should be limited so that the funds can be diverted to other areas for the country 's development .
+
+S Nevertheless , I feel that public spending on the aged should not be limited as some of the elderly are in need of financial aid .
+A 2 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the future , this problem may worsen .
+
+S Some may point out that there are increasingly more people attaining higher level of education hence they are able to afford the increasingly expensive healthcare services .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||levels|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Friedland and Summer , 2005 ) However , there are still a group of people who only have a low level education .
+
+S Hence , with lower incomes , they may not be able to afford the increasing healthcare services .
+
+S In Singapore , we can see that this problem is occurring .
+A 0 11|||R:OTHER|||This problem is occurring in Singapore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is so as there is a huge discrepancy in the education levels seen within the baby boomers .
+
+S Hence , there will be a group of people who have a lower level education and they will need financial aid in order to afford the healthcare services .
+
+S By limiting public spending on the aged , this group of people may not be able to afford the increasingly expensive healthcare services .
+
+S Therefore , the public spending on the aged should not be limited .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , public spending on the aged should not be limited as people are having longer life expectancy as compared to the past and they will face larger financial risks of health .
+A 14 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:OTHER|||as a result|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 33|||R:OTHER|||health risks|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Friedland and Summer , 2005 ) As people live longer , they face more health problems .
+
+S With the increasingly expensive healthcare services , they may not be able to afford them .
+A 0 8|||U:OTHER|||They|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||the increasingly expensive health care services|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even the existing healthcare policies that help people to cope with the expensive healthcare services may not be sufficient .
+
+S In Singapore , the government has come up with policies such as Medisave and Medishield to prepare the people by saving a portion of their salary in these accounts .
+A 17 18|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , when they are ill they are able to use these accounts to pay for their medical bills .
+A 6 6|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , with rising costs of healthcare services , the money in these accounts may be used up quickly and therefore they will not be able to afford any more healthcare services .
+
+S Therefore , public spending on aged should not be limited .
+
+S In conclusion , even though the issue of aging population is important , we can not neglect the other areas that are essential to a country 's development .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 28|||R:OTHER|||other areas that are essential to a country 's development can not be neglected|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , we still should not limit the public spending on the aged .
+A 2 13|||R:OTHER|||public spending on the aged should not be limited.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Aging population is one of the major issues we face in the future .
+
+S If the problem is not dealt with properly , this may eventually affect the country 's development .
+
+S Therefore , I feel that public spending on the aged should not be limited .
+A 2 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In recent years , many countries are beginning to face the sticking issue of ageing demographic and undeniably , Singapore is one of the fastest ageing populations in Asia .
+A 6 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have begun|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||demographics|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Population ageing will bring about social and economic changes , and such a shift in the age structure means that the government has to make amendments to the public spending on the aged .
+
+S While it is important to care for the elderly , other areas of the country 's development should also be taken into consideration and not to be neglected , so as to achieve a balance in both the social and economic structure of the country .
+
+S According to Friedland and Summer ( 2005 ) , an ageing demographic will cause serious fiscal problems for publicly-financed health and welfare packages .
+
+S Indeed , money has to be spent to curb ageing problems but it is the society 's responsibility to ensure a desirable standard of living for the elderly , and to constantly fulfill the varying needs of this group of senior citizens .
+A 11 11|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government has to ensure that all elderly has a permanent roof above their head even after retirement , and they could also finance their day-to-day living expenses .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||R:OTHER|||can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , with longer life expectancy , it is also important to be certain that the country 's health care system is well-structured and sophisticated enough to prepare for an influx of sick elderly , and the cost of health care expenditure also includes the cost of promoting good health .
+
+S It is important to promote preventative measures as it will mean less expenditure to take care of people who are sick .
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||on taking|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , public funding should also cover other areas of the country 's development .
+
+S For instance , education is also an important area that should be focused on .
+
+S It is a recognized fact that education helps the young to secure a quality job in future , and also prepares them with the full value of the world .
+A 17 18|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 30|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is certainly worthy of the public fund to build the best educational facilities and ensure that every child has the chance to receive education .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||funding|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It important to make sure that education remains affordable in the country and this can be achieved through subsidiary by the government .
+A 18 19|||R:MORPH|||subsidies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , part of the public fund should also be spend on re-training schemes for working adults so as to improve their work quality and efficiency , as well as to keep them skilled and valuable for the industry .
+A 4 7|||R:OTHER|||public funding|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:FORM|||spent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 38|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Education will harvest long tern benefits for both individuals and the country as an educated pool of citizens will definitely generate greater economic growth .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||term|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With this additional economic revenue generated by the talents , more public funding can be channeled to help the aged .
+A 6 9|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Research and Development is also another important area of a country 's development .
+
+S In today 's context , industry changes in a fast pace and technology gets obsolete very quickly .
+A 7 13|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:SVA|||get|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is important to be innovative and constantly produces new ideas in order to stay ahead of competitors and to improve a society 's performance .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:SVA|||produce|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , Research and Development in pharmaceutical is particularly important as the creation of new drugs will help in the advancement of medical and clinical studies .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||pharmaceuticals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With more sophisticated health care system , it will in turn helps to reduce medical spending on the age and might even help elderly to sustain good health .
+A 0 12|||R:OTHER|||More sophisticated health care systems will in turn help|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:FORM|||aged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , it is important to receive incentives and funding from the government to perform Research and Development .
+
+S Other than areas in education as well as Research and Development , the defence force should have a share of the public funding too .
+A 5 8|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 24|||R:OTHER|||also have a share of the public funding|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Defence not only ensures national security but also maintain peace and stability in the country .
+
+S With the increasing threat from terrorism , defence should never be relaxed .
+
+S Nothing can be achieved in a chaotic environment , thus it is important to set aside of the public funding to effectively build an army , the navy and the air force .
+A 16 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many considerations have to be made when it comes to the topic of dividing the public funding .
+A 14 15|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S No doubt that it is essential to take care of the elderly who have contributed much to the society during their younger days , but the government must still ensure that there is enough funding on other areas of the country 's development .
+A 2 3|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Economic growth must never be sacrifice as the society as a whole must progress and achieve further advancement .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:FORM|||sacrificed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Discussion on the Factors that Have Shaped the Space Technology of China " That 's one small step for man , one giant leap for mankind " , since Neil Armstrong left the first human impossible on the moon , it has always been a dream for human beings to explore more about the outer space .
+A 0 28|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:ORTH|||Since|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:OTHER|||footprint|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a country possesses over five thousand years history , China never stops seeking the outer space .
+A 8 8|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In 1999 , 2001 and 2002 , China successfully launched in succession three experimental unmanned spaceships .
+
+S Later on 15th October 2003 , the first manned spaceship had been sent to the outer space .
+A 10 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Until now China has already launched 3 manned spaceships and over 30 artificial satellites are working on the earth orbit .
+
+S Moreover the Chinese government is proposing a plan that will send spaceship to the moon and built an observation station on the moon .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||spaceships|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:TENSE|||build|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Currently China has become the third strongest country in terms of the space technology , only after the America and Russia .
+A 17 18|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But how and why could China achieve these goals as a developing country ?
+
+S In this essay , I will explain this issue from two aspects , the economic factors and the military demands .
+
+S First come first , the development of space technology is a basic need of economic boost .
+A 1 3|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S China is undergoing a rapid development in economy .
+
+S Among all the Hi-tech industries , the information industry is the most important part .
+
+S For a country which has an area of 960million square kilometer , enough communication satellites are the first security for the information communication , which then provides a good environment for the development of economy .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:INFL|||kilometers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:VERB|||having|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 34|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , until 1994 China had built 8100 telecommunications systems , 11 satellites TV broadcast systems and 30 radio broadcast system in response to the needs of communication for the remote areas in China , such as the Xinjiang province , Inner Mongolia , and Yunnan province ( Baidu , 2008 ) .
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:NUM|||systems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 41|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 47 48|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Currently 80 % area of China is covered with the communication satellites not only for the TV broadcast but also for the world wide webcast ( Baidu , 2008 ) .
+A 3 4|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The innovation of the space technology is an indirect result of the development in economy of China .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 16|||R:OTHER|||economic development in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Second , the military force of China needs the support of the space technology .
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Most of today 's military device needs the guide of artificial satellite .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||devices|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||need|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||satellites|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the deterrence policy and capability to meet the new threat , China has developed several kinds of precision guild weapon and nuclear missile ( XinHua news , 2007 ) .
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||guided|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||weapons|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN:NUM|||missiles|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All these weapons have to be guided by artificial satellites .
+
+S Except for the military device , the natural resources of the outer space are also important for military aims ( but not only for military aims ) .
+A 0 5|||R:OTHER|||In addition to the use of space technology for building military devices|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 27|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The earlier China lands its spacecraft on the moon , the earlier China can begin to use the natural resources .
+
+S The resources of the outer space would be a great support for the continuous development of Chinese military force .
+
+S General speaking , the development of space technology is a certain result of the economic development and military development in China .
+A 0 1|||R:MORPH|||Generally|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||an inevitable|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the economic and military forces developing , the space technology will develop in response to it .
+A 2 7|||R:OTHER|||development of its economics and military forces|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When the space technology has reached a certain level , the economic and military forces will achieve a higher goal .
+A 16 17|||R:VERB|||reach|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Under such circuit , Chinese will finally stand on the place where Neil Armstrong has once stood .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN|||circumstances|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:NOUN|||people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S * XinHua news , " The Deterrence Function of Space Technology in Military Force " , 29th , May,2007 .
+
+S Retrieved from { http : //202.114.88.130 : 7070/gfweb/www/ArticleContent.jsp ? ID = 139 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //202.114.88.130 : 7070/gfweb/www/ArticleContent.jsp ? ID = 139 ]
+
+S * Baidu , " The Direct Effect of Space Technology on Economy in China " , 27th , Sep,2008 .
+
+S Retrieved from { http : //tieba.baidu.com/f ? kz = 482991285 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //tieba.baidu.com/f ? kz = 482991285 ]
+
+S The world is changing continuously because of various kind of inventions that have been designed and developed .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||kinds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Design is an act where engineers apply their creative energies in producing products or systems ( Seyyed Khandani , Ph.D. ,2005 ) .
+
+S Mobile phones , bicycles and electric appliances are the examples of the application of the technological creativity .
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They fulfill the human needs and have changed the quality of lives .
+
+S When designing a product or system , one current human need that should be given priority is the invention should be easy to operate which require less human effort .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||In|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 16|||R:OTHER|||priority requirement|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To meet this need , engineers should follow the five steps used for solving design problems , which can be found in the " Engineering Design Process " written by Seyyed Khandani ( 2005 ) .
+
+S When one accepts a new product , the first thing come to mind is " How to use it ? " .
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:FORM|||comes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The next question that will appear to the mind is " What is the easiest way to operate it ? " .
+A 21 22|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , an invention which is easy to use should be given priority .
+
+S Nowadays most people are living in a hectic life .
+
+S An invention which is easy to use is very important to help them to reduce the time consumed yet achieve the effectiveness of the product .
+A 20 25|||R:OTHER|||greater efficiency for their work|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , a laptop , which is simple to operate , helps the owner to collect lots of the information from the internet just in a short while .
+
+S This helps to reduce the time consumed to find the information from the thick books in the library .
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S An oven , which is also easy to operate , helps human to cook food in a short time .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||humans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If the way to operate a product is complicated , human will prefer not to use it because the time spent in operating the product is not worth to be wasted .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||humans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When the people are not using the designed product , there is no point designing the product .
+
+S Therefore , designing a product which is simple to operate is very important .
+
+S To design a product which fulfills the human needs mentioned , there are five steps to solve the design problems .
+
+S Firstly , define the problem and recognize the needs of the new product .
+
+S The main problem now is to create products that are simple to operate .
+
+S A clear definition of the problem is important because different problems require different solutions .
+
+S Second , gather pertinent information .
+
+S All the information has to be collected before going further into process .
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The information resources can be searched from traditional publications , scientific encyclopedia , technical handbook , electronic catalog and the internet .
+
+S Next , generate multiple solutions .
+
+S This step begins with creativity in generating new ideas that may solve the problem .
+A 4 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Engineers should not be afraid to try new experiences or ideas .
+
+S Then , analyze and select a solution .
+
+S The solutions that are conceived need to be analyzed and decision has to be made on which solution is the best suited for implementation .
+A 20 22|||R:OTHER|||most suitable|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Finally , test and implement the solution .
+
+S Implementation refers to the testing , construction , and manufacturing of the solution to the design problem .
+
+S Several methods of implementation as well as distinct activities that occur during implementation must be considered when testing is done .
+
+S ( Seyyed Khandani , Ph.D. ENGINEERING DESIGN PROCESS Education Transfer Plan , August 2005 )
+
+S In conclusion , inventing a product which is easy and require less human effort to operate is essential .
+A 9 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The five steps in engineering design process should be well-followed to produce a good product and fulfill the human needs .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB|||wellfollowed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The development of technologies from the context of the innovation-development process may be observed from either a technologically determinist perspective or a socially determinist view .
+A 4 5|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 25|||R:OTHER|||or a socially determinist perspective|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Technology determinism proposes the perspective that technology progresses along its own path , independent of social development .
+A 3 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In other words , technology has an effect on society but society does not affect technology .
+
+S Another perspective is social determinism , also known as social constructivism , which supports that society influences and shapes technology , and not vice versa .
+A 14 14|||M:OTHER|||the view|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One important technology which was socially determined is the mobile phone .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are several factors that contributed to the shaping of this technological innovation .
+A 5 5|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The first factor that shaped the mobile phone technology is the market forces .
+A 4 4|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Initially when mobile phones were created , the society 's demand for them was low .
+
+S There are several reasons to this situation .
+A 4 5|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Early mobile phones were heavy , bulky and expensive with very low coverage .
+
+S The demand was still there because there were those who could afford it and mobile phones were important to those who were always on the go .
+A 12 13|||R:PRON|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the 1990s , the number of mobile phone subscribers was initially almost zero , but it shot up to half a billion people around the world in a very short period of time .
+
+S The society had demands for cheaper and more portable mobile phones and thus , innovations came about .
+
+S Mobile phones came in more light-weight and smaller sizes .
+
+S There were also demands to turn mobile phones into entertainment and portable office tools devices .
+
+S Mobile phones now have many funky designs and added features like music players , cameras and e-mail readers .
+A 8 8|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , personal communication is also one of the factors that shaped this technology .
+A 11 11|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S People want to get connected with the world in the simplest and easiest way , and with mobile phones , they can do so almost anytime , anywhere .
+
+S Keeping in touch with friends became much easier .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have become|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Short calls help in bonding relationships as it portrays that the caller is concerned enough to give a call even on a busy day .
+A 7 8|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB|||show|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The internet is also an important communication medium and with that , mobile phones can now connect into the internet .
+
+S With the internet , people can get instant access to information online by just typing out the keywords and press 'Search ' on their touchscreen mobile phones .
+
+S Mobile phones can also be used for entertainment purposes .
+
+S For example , there are songs and videos available online and they can be downloaded directly into the mobile phone for listening or watching .
+
+S Another factor that shaped the mobile phone technology is personal display .
+A 3 3|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For some people , the mobile phone is like an extension of their external self and they feel incomplete without one .
+
+S The ability to customise one 's own mobile phone according to their preferences came from this so that each person could display their selves through their mobile phones .
+
+S With this , mobile phones became more like a fashion accessory and trends were created .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have become|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , most people can not survive without a mobile phone now .
+
+S It could be good or bad but research on the impact of mobile phones on the society is still ongoing .
+
+S One thing for sure is that mobile phones have changed the way the society lives .
+
+S In Singapore , innovation is one of the key economic drivers .
+
+S An innovation is an idea , practice or object that is perceived as new to an individual or another unit of adoption ( Roger , 2003 ) .
+
+S Engineers are an important element in the innovation processes as they perform the role of problem solvers by applying their creative energies in production ( Kam , 2003 ) .
+
+S This creative act is then translated as design in technical terms .
+
+S As we all know , Singapore is a small country with no natural resources , having human as our only resource .
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||humans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As such , we face several problems that are not encountered by other nations , like inadequate technologically inclined talents and insufficient support from citizens resulting in adverse societal attitude towards failure .
+A 25 25|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These problems will significantly hamper our engineering design processes for innovation .
+
+S Problem 1 : Inadequate technologically inclined talents ( locally )
+
+S Singapore , a country with only 4.4 million population , she has not enough professionals in the field of technology and scientific as most technological innovations are created by scientific research ( Roger , 2003 ) .
+A 10 11|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:MORPH|||science|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When manpower is the fundamental element of any process , without sufficient quality manpower , the commencement of processes is already hindered .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||As|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In short , this problem will hit hard directly on the first step of innovation , 'needs/problems ' , referring to figure 1 below .
+A 18 19|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 24|||R:OTHER|||( see Figure 1 below )|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the world become more IT savvy , Singapore needs to set her foot onto the technological industries .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||becomes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The easiest way to recruit technologically inclined talent is attracting foreign professionals .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||talents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Singapore does this by giving scholarships to foreign students from IT- savvy countries like India , Bangalore .
+
+S This act will effectively increase the quantity of technicians , allowing the kickoff of innovation process temporary .
+A 16 17|||R:MORPH|||temporarily|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However our heavy reliance on foreign talents will put Singapore in a vulnerable position in the long run where the foreigners do not have loyalty towards Singapore .
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To reduce this over- reliance , Singapore has been taking careful measures in her education system , for instance her first IT Masterplan for education ( MP1 ) in 1997 ( Keng , 2007 ) , ensuring that Singaporeans have sufficient IT skills for future endeavors .
+A 16 19|||R:OTHER|||. For instance , Singapore implemented|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Problem 2 : Adverse societal attitude towards failure
+
+S Scarce talents in Singapore is not the only problem we faced , another crucial worry is our adverse societal attitude towards failure .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||face|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||R:PUNCT|||. Another|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Few local citizens have the risk venturing attitude fearing failure as when one move into innovation several sacrifices need to be made for example , family , current job .
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||, fearing failure ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:SVA|||moves|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This frame of mind gradually prevents Singaporeans from having the courage to venture into the unknown which is required for innovation .
+
+S Thus this worry will affect both the Research and Development stage , from figure 1 .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||stages|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result we do not have the first mover advantage .
+
+S On the other hand , there are minorities in Singapore whereby they possess the adventurous attitude for instance the manufacturing of machines guns which are used by Russians .
+A 0 28|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , if Singapore is to survive in the high risk volatility of the global economy , more pervasive idea generation skills throughout the population ( Lambe , 2002 ) is required for innovation process to begin .
+A 31 32|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Education should not only focus on producing 'exam-smart ' students but also those who that can react flexibly with the changes and needs of the current society .
+A 2 7|||R:WO|||focus on producing not only|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S At the same time , society should also give ample supports to this creative thinker of our civilization .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 15|||R:OTHER|||those creative thinkers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , we should know that for these problems to be solved , it will require long term investment and there will certainly be some factors that can not be completely unraveled .
+A 25 26|||R:NOUN|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Appendix Figures and diagrams
+
+S i ) Figure 1 , Six main stages in the innovation-decision process References
+
+S i ) Rogers , E. M. ( 2003 ) .
+
+S The generation of innovations .
+
+S In Diffusion of innovations ( pp.136-157 ) .
+
+S New York : Free Press .
+
+S i ) Keng-Cheng Ang .
+
+S The influence of technology on the teaching and learning of mathematics in Singapore .
+
+S https : //php.radford.edu/ ~ ejmt/deliveryBoy.php ? paper = eJMT_v1n1n2
+
+S ii ) Kam , Wong Poh .The pattern of innovation in Singapore 's manufacturing sector .
+
+S http : //goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199- 2495748/The-pattern-of-innovation-in.html iii ) Patrick Lambe .
+
+S Singapore 's Innovation Journey .
+
+S http : //www.greenchameleon.com/thoughtpieces/innojour.pdf
+
+S Malaysia is generally a failure in terms of innovations .
+
+S According to E.M. Rogers in " The Generation of Innovations " , the six main stages in the innovation-decision process are the needs/problems , research , development , commercialization , diffusion and adoption , and last but not least the consequences .
+
+S However , in Malaysia , this process often ceases at the first stage , which is the problems .
+
+S Even if there is research done , the effort being put in is insignificant at all .
+
+S The main cause to this phenomenon is the ineffectiveness of the current education system in Malaysia .
+A 3 4|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The education system in Malaysia is typically exam-based .
+
+S All students are educated to pass or get high scores in their examinations .
+
+S In other words , schools are producing machines that study for the sake of examinations .
+
+S They do n't know how to apply their knowledge .
+
+S They do n't know how to improve things that they are taught .
+
+S They just receive everything blindly .
+
+S Under such circumstances , it is totally not surprising that younger generation usually do not have the ability to cope with problems that they have never faced before .
+
+S At most , they can only deal with problems whose solutions have already been identified and proven to work successfully .
+
+S Upon facing new problems that they never encounter , they will just give up and take other short-cuts instead .
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||have never encountered|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S That 's why the whole process of innovations tends to stop after problems or needs arising .
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:FORM|||arise|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By chance the process might proceed to the research and development state but that is where more and more problems and troubles will appear and try to block the way out .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN|||stage|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S How many of them can survive all the way through the six stages mentioned above ?
+
+S Another factor that contributes to Malaysia 's failure is the policy played by the government .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB|||made|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order to gain political advantages , the government or the ruling party has applied plenty of policies and acts to constraint the freedom of individuals in giving opinions .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB|||implemented|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB|||constrain|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Mass media in Malaysia might be seen to have a lot of freedom in reporting news and views but the truth is that they are all being controlled behind the veil .
+A 18 18|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Wondering how all these connected with innovations ?
+A 4 4|||M:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There is an invisible link .
+
+S If you are the government , what will you do if problems arising in your country ?
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:FORM|||arise|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S What if more and more problems keep on coming out ?
+
+S Try to find solutions for all the problems ?
+
+S No way !
+
+S The solution is most probably trying to conceal the problems from the public .
+
+S With most of the mass media under their surveillance , they will try their best to block all the negative issues and scandals that might threaten their position as the ruling party .
+
+S Since problem is the first stage of the generation of innovation , the government is actually blocking the entire flow of process innovation .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||identifying problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||R:WO|||innovation process|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Country ruled under such government will certainly have very limited evolution in terms of creativity and innovation .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||A country|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB|||enjoy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN|||development|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Does this make things clear enough now ?
+
+S As the conclusion , the government plays an important role in deciding the overall development of innovation and innovative design of a country .
+A 1 2|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Sadly , my home country , Malaysia , is not a very good example to be followed by others .
+
+S Hopefully , Malaysia will become a famous country for its people 's innovation and creativity in the future .
+
+S The world today has become more sophisticated and problems in our society are created , most of the time , by humans from the results of their innovations and inventions .
+
+S However , these inventions do not appear out of nothing ; it is the result of bringing together technologies and systems to solve our problems and to improve human needs .
+
+S All the products and systems humans are enjoying now are the results of human effort to improve our society .
+
+S But one thing is for sure - our Earth resource is depleting and engineers , being the problem solvers , have to come up with ideas to reduce fuel consumption and the risk of greenhouse effect and global warming .
+A 9 9|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||resources are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All these harmful effects bring us to this certain human need that should be given the utmost priority health .
+A 18 18|||M:PUNCT|||-|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To solve this , an engineering process has to be developed and this requires a methodology or a process of steps to help us arrive at the solution .
+A 1 3|||R:OTHER|||address this need|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The five step process , developed by Seyyed Khandani ( 2005 ) in http : //www.iisme.org/etp/HS % 20Engineering- % 20Engineering.pdf , is essential to help reduce the amount of pollutants in our air atmosphere .
+A 29 30|||R:MORPH|||pollution|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The problem has to be clearly defined so that researchers and engineers alike have the same concept about the human need to recognize this need for a new product or system .
+A 13 24|||R:OTHER|||understand the problem and recognize the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although engineers are usually involved in defining the problem , they may not always be the ones who initially recognize the need .
+
+S The emission of harmful pollutants into the air atmosphere by motorcars and factories has affected human health and this need to be rectified .
+A 7 8|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:SVA|||needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Systems have to be developed to improve the weather and make the air fresher which will , in turn , improve our health conditions .
+
+S There is more than one solution to any engineering problems .
+
+S Before further research can be done , collection of data that is related to the problem is needed to narrow the solutions for engineers to work on .
+
+S Details such as whether the issue of global warming is real has to be consolidated before ideas , such as to replace our motorcars with hybrid cars can be generated .
+A 20 22|||R:VERB:FORM|||replacing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Solutions to engineering design problems do not magically appear .
+
+S Ideas are generated when people are free to take risks and make mistakes .
+
+S Brainstorming at this stage is often a team effort when people from different diversities are involved in generating multiple solutions to the problem .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN|||backgrounds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Questions have to be asked and certain pointers have to be fulfilled and established .
+
+S The pros and cons of a solution have to be worked through and analyzed to select the best solution .
+
+S The final phase of the design process is implementation , which refers to the testing and manufacturing of the solution to the design problem .
+
+S The solution has to be fine-tuned as much as possible .
+
+S Product or systems has to go under a real condition test .
+A 0 1|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Products|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Graphs and charts , and information pertaining to the testing have to be recorded and reported to understand what has created .
+A 20 20|||M:VERB:TENSE|||been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The ability to communicate and sell an idea is an critical skill in engineering design .
+
+S Last but not least , the solution is implemented and a patent , which protects the idea from copyright infringement , has to be applied to develop an original and novel solution to a design problem .
+
+S In conclusion , engineering design process helps to meet human needs by the identification and the analysis of the processes .
+
+S Design activity occurs over a period of time and requires a step-by-step methodology .
+
+S The solution to a design problem does not appear out of nowhere .
+
+S There are as many processes of design as there are engineers .
+
+S However , since design problems are usually not defined properly and can have a great number of correct answers , the process may require backtracking and iteration .
+
+S To sum it all , it is best that common sense comes into play when certain steps do not play a part in the engineering design process .
+
+S Causes of Renewable Fuels ' Popularity
+
+S Nowadays , the technology of developing alternative and renewable sources of energy is rapidly gaining popularity due to its many advantages over the traditional sources of energy .
+A 18 19|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They are the supply of traditional source of fuels , such as coal , petroleum and natural gas which are known as non-renewable fuels .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||sources|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Alternative and renewable fuels include both biofuels and hydrogen fuel .
+
+S Biofuels are obtained from living or lifeless organisms CITATION Tsc07 \ l 1033 ( T.scheper & L.Olssen , 2007 ) , and it may be in solid , liquid or gaseous forms ; plant oil , ethanol and biodiesel are all examples of biofuels .
+A 8 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hydrogen fuel refers to using hydrogen gas as an energy carrier CITATION Ram09 \ l 1033 ( Gupta , 2009 ) .
+A 11 16|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The reason for the rapid development of alternative technology and renewable fuels are primarily based on four causes : environmental safety , future sustainability , economic benefit and geo-political stability .
+
+S First and foremost , renewable fuels are much more environmentally friendly compared with fossil fuels .
+
+S Fossil fuels like coal and petroleum produces a large amount of carbon-based polluting agents and greenhouse gases which contribute to global warming .
+A 6 7|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In contrast , alternative and renewable fuels produce significantly less carbon-based pollutants .
+
+S Let us make ethanol an example .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||take ethanol as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " Ethanol contains 35 % oxygen " CITATION Hel09 \ l 1033 ( Helping the Environment ) , this high percentage of oxygen , allows for a more complete combustion , thus reducing the harmful emissions .
+A 7 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , ethanol reduces exhaust carbon monoxide and toxic emissions by 30 % CITATION Hel09 \ l 1033 ( Helping the Environment ) .
+A 14 19|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The mankind 's battle against climate change is the catalyst that has fueled the search for the renewable sources of energy ; it 's one of the few positive impacts of the global catastrophe that we are heading to .
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The greatest secret to the success of alternative fuels is the fact that is it renewable .
+
+S There is an abundant supply of sources of biofuels and hydrogen fuels .
+
+S Unlike alternative fuels , the fossil fuels are finite resource .
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||resources|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They are destined to finish someday .
+
+S They take millions of years to replenish and are used up at a strikingly hasty rate .
+
+S At the current rate of consumption , all the natural gas and petroleum will be used up in less than 50 years CITATION Tan07 \ l 1033 ( Tan , Chen , Sadler , & Clare , 2007 ) .
+A 22 27|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , our daily life depends a lot on fossil fuels as a source of energy .
+
+S It is impossible to imagine a world without them ; this leaves us with another ethical issue to chew-on : is it fair to take away the luxuries of fossil fuels for the future generations ?
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||chew on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , renewable fuels are the key to the sustainability of our future .
+
+S Furthermore , alternative and renewable fuels are less expensive than fossil fuels .
+
+S Due to the shortage of petroleum and the ever-increasing dependence on it , the price of crude oil will keep continue to go higher .
+A 19 20|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In comparison with fossil fuels , renewable fuels will be much cheaper and more stable due to their wide availability no freight cost .
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||without|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , affordability and market stability are other factors that project the usability and usefulness and renewable resources .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB|||propel|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 16|||R:OTHER|||development of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Last but not least , alternative fuels do not rely on oil from Middle Eastern , owing to the advanced technology used to make renewable fuels opens up an entire dimension of ethicality .
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||the Middle East|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:OTHER|||. The advanced technology|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The technology can build country energy independence , and thus regional geo-political stability .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||a country 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is an indispensable asset that many countries strongly support and endeavor to adopt .
+
+S To conclude , not only are the renewable fuels a lot more eco-friendly , but they also have are widely and cheaply available .
+A 16 19|||R:OTHER|||are also|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , the technology can help governments maintain economically and politically stable .
+A 9 13|||R:OTHER|||economic and political stability|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Regrettably none of the alternative sources of energy are ready to dispose off fossil fuel at the moment .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||R:VERB|||replace|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||fuels|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even so it is crystal-clear to the world that alternative renewable fuels ' technology is the only way ahead .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||Nevertheless ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S BIBLIOGRAPHY \ l 1033 Gupta , R. B .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Hydrogen Fuel : production , transport and storage .
+
+S CRC Press .
+
+S Helping the Environment .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Retrieved Sep 5 , 2009 , from Renewable Fuels : http : //www.renewablefuels.com.au/
+
+S T.scheper , & L.Olssen .
+
+S ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Biofuels .
+
+S New York : Springer .
+
+S Tan , Y .
+
+S T. , Chen , L. K. , Sadler , J. , & Clare , E. ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Chemistry Matters ( G.C.E .
+
+S 'O ' Level ) .
+
+S Singapore : Marshall Cavendish Education .
+
+S Acknowledge : Thank Dear Rid for polishing essay for me .
+
+S After analysing the topic , I understand the main issue is about the problems and obstacles which slow down engineering design processes moving for innovations , and the place I will discuss about is my own country China .
+A 22 23|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I should be able to interpret two of these significant problems and analyse their influences on certain stages of the process .
+A 7 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So now it is time to come up with some specific problems hampering engineering innovations in my own country .
+
+S China has been through a great many of innovations and revolutions during the past few decades , and there were indeed some problems which people of China encountered during those innovation periods .
+
+S First of all , in my opinion , the hugest problem throughout all the innovations will be lack of certain resources , raw materials , some necessary tools and high-tech devices or equipments .
+A 15 17|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The next significant one is that the Chinese government used to be unstable and giving some wrong guidances so that some vast lost were caused to the industry .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB|||provide|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 18|||R:OTHER|||bad leadership|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||such|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:ADJ|||big|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:OTHER|||loss|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:SVA|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are some other problems such as lack of help from some developed countries , lack of engineers with brilliant knowledge and conflicts between conventional Chinese culture and western cultures in terms of some certain designs which are not so essential , so they are not discussed in this essay .
+A 43 44|||R:OTHER|||these problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Here are the aspects of engineering designs for innovation of China that I have thought of :
+A 0 16|||R:OTHER|||I will examine innovative engineering designs in the following industries in China :|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S * Aviation industry .
+
+S * Automotive industry .
+
+S * Petroleum industry .
+
+S * Catalyst industry .
+
+S * Iron and steel industry .
+
+S * Chemical industry .
+
+S As the aviation industry is a significant symbol of a country 's strength and a vital sign of the level of a country 's industrialization , I would like to dig further into this aspect .
+A 30 31|||R:VERB|||look|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:NOUN|||industry|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The following is the essay :
+
+S Do you know when the first time that China created its own aircraft was ?
+A 4 14|||R:OTHER|||China made its first aircraft|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The first aircraft that was created all by China was finished on 30th of July in 1923 ; 26 years before China become independent .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB|||made|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 16|||R:OTHER|||30 July|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:TENSE|||became|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It was on that very day that China , the " huge dragon " was added the wings .
+
+S Furthermore , the aviation industry of China got developed rapidly later on and China is able to produce many kinds of aircraft with high-tech now .
+
+S However , things were not always going well .
+A 3 6|||R:OTHER|||have not always been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the first place , it was quite a challenge for China to set up its manufactories to produce planes in a rather big scale because of the lack of resources and equipments ; then the situation of unstable state of government emerged and dragged back the total industry dramatically .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN|||factories|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 42|||R:OTHER|||frequent changes of governments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 44 45|||R:VERB|||pulled|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 47 48|||R:ADJ|||entire|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Quite early in the 1910s , the government of China started to prepare for setting up aircraft manufactories .
+A 0 4|||R:OTHER|||In the early|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN|||factories|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The engineers tried so hard that they were able to design the first aircraft in 1923 .
+
+S However , till 1949 , there were only over a dozen of small manufactories with shabby devices and few planes were produced .
+A 11 12|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN|||factories|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Worse , the necessary raw materials , processed tools and accessory and advanced equipments were all depending on import from other countries , let alone setting up an independent aircraft manufacturing system .
+A 7 8|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||accessories|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:MORPH|||dependent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||imports|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The problem really stunned the aviation industry for a while .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||adversely affected|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After China got independent , under the cheerful care and proper guidance of Chairman Mao and some other leaders of China , the aviation industry started to enjoy a pleasant time .
+A 7 8|||R:ADJ|||special|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government spent a lot of money sending engineers to study advanced technologies and importing expects from abroad ; the other various industries of China all give a great support to the aviation industry , especially by providing resources and funds .
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||experts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 27|||R:OTHER|||have all given|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In a few years time , China 's aviation industry grew from small to rather large and became able to produce aircrafts of many kinds .
+A 4 4|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the pleasant time moved on , in 1953 China was able to make its first five years plan for its aviation industry .
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||year|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government guaranteed a lot of labours , materials and funds for the industry and the engineers and workers showed much initiative and creativity in work .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||labour|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , after the great success of the first five year plan , in 1958 a dim and disordered period of governance arrived .
+A 18 19|||R:ADJ|||chaotic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A three year of " The Great Leap Forward " took place .
+A 3 3|||M:NOUN|||period|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government began to think that the industries of China had already developed so well that the government started to require the industries to pursue higher quality , huge plans and vigorously speed of construction blindly , which in turn induced many serious quality problems .
+A 12 12|||M:VERB:TENSE|||been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:MORPH|||huger|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:OTHER|||greater|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 41|||R:OTHER|||led to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Worse , taking advantage of this , reactionaries inner the government planed some sabotage in order to achieve their own goals .
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||inside|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a consequence , a huge lost was caused to the whole industry .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||loss|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Fortunately , people started to realize how wrong those guidance were and crush the reactionaries .
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||the leadership|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:SVA|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:TENSE|||crushed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The aviation industry kept stick to a solid and standard guideline when producing aircrafts and production gradually recovered .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB|||started to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From then on , some new aircrafts were invented and the industry went on well .
+
+S Finally , we could say that the process of the aircraft innovation was quite devious .
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:ADJ|||tortuous|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The lack of resources and equipments in the first place cost China a few decades to solve it ; then the whole industry went on well for several years as many aircrafts were produced ; however the government started to give wrong guidance and became unstable and caused a huge damage to the industry .
+A 15 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||R:PUNCT|||. Then|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Looking through the whole process , two serious problems came about and stunned the industry so hard .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||back at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB|||hit|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , they were all cleared up by proper guidance and much effort .
+A 5 7|||R:VERB|||resolved|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||through|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With consistent effort , there should be no doubt that China 's aviation industry will keep going well .
+
+S References
+
+S Website retrieved September 9 , 2009 , from { http : //hi.baidu.com/ % BB % EE % B5 % E3 % B5 % D8 % CD % BC/blog/item/58060f245dcca536c9955941.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //hi.baidu.com/ % BB % EE % B5 % E3 % B5 % D8 % CD % BC/blog/item/58060f245dcca536c9955941.html ]
+
+S Website retrieved September 9 , 2009 , from http : //wenwen.soso.com/z/q140240162.htm
+
+S Unlicensed Wireless Communication Technology
+
+S The world that we are living in today has been shaped by many technologies , people and cultures .
+
+S One of such important technologies is the wireless communications technology .
+A 1 2|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||technology|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Wireless communication is the transmission of data or information using electromagnetic waves or radio frequency without using physical wires .
+
+S The growth of this technology is unprecedented especially in this new millennium .
+
+S All over the world we will see that there are many devices that use this technology .
+A 5 6|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is almost impossible not to find any devices in our homes and offices today that use this technology .
+
+S For example , the remote controllers which help us to switch on or off our televisions , lightings , security alarm systems of our cars and homes and the opening and closing our auto-gates use the wireless communication technology .
+A 10 10|||M:OTHER|||open and close our auto-gates and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 34|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides these , other examples of devices that use this technology are devices that use the Bluetooth , Wi-Fi , Wi-Max , wireless LAN , mobile phones , etc. Life would not have been as easy and as enjoyable without these devices .
+A 5 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thanks to the many inventors , researchers , developers and governmental agencies that have helped to make these products available to the general public .
+A 12 12|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 19|||R:OTHER|||these products have been made|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The evolution of this technology is somewhat driven by the social needs .
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , the precursor to Wi-Fi was invented in 1991 by NCR Corporation for its wireless cash registers [ 1 ] .
+
+S Today , because of the growing demand of high-speed broadband internet connections , in areas where cabling can not be run such as the outdoors and historical buildings the use of Wi-Fi is a good solution .
+A 23 24|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The use of radio frequency technology to transmit information is governed by strict regulations .
+
+S In each country , the development , import or sales of these devices are governed by special governmental bodies .
+
+S For example , in United States it is governed by the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) , in Singapore by the Info-Communications Development Authorities of Singapore and in Malaysia by the Malaysian Communications & Multimedia Commission .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many of these wireless devices would not have existed if our governmental policies do not change to encourage innovation .
+
+S For example , in 1985 [ 2 ] , a decision by the FCC of United States to open several bands of wireless spectrum , so-called " garbage bands " ( 900 - 928 MHz , 2400 - 2483.5 MHz , 5725 - 5850 MHz bands ) without the need for government license has spawned growth in R&D in that area .
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Originally , these garbage bands were allocated for equipments that use radio-frequency energy for purposes other than communications ( such as microwave ovens which use the radio waves to heat food ) .
+
+S Due to this decision many " unlicensed " wireless technology products for communication purposes were developed , such as the Bluetooth , Wi-Fi , Wi-Max applications which operated using the spectrum of the garbage band .
+A 27 28|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:VERB:FORM|||use|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Unlicensed wireless devices are devices that emit low power radio frequency energy which are permitted without specific device or user authorization either through registration or grant of a license .
+A 12 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||devices|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||R:WO|||through either|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is because these devices have low probability of causing harmful interference to the users .
+
+S Hence , unlicensed devices are free from the usual delay and cost associated with approval of the licensing process .
+
+S This policy has great economics significance .
+A 4 5|||R:MORPH|||economic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The chain effect is that it encourages innovation to develop new communication products which help to fill consumers ' needs , which in turn helps to generate jobs in manufacturing of these products , logistic costs for transportation of these products to various countries around the globe and finally sales of these products to the end consumers .
+A 29 29|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 37|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 37|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 49 50|||R:OTHER|||the marketing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S * Wikipedia , the free encyclopedia .
+
+S " Wi-Fi : History " ( { http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi } [ HYPERLINK : http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi ] )
+
+S * Federal Communications Commission .
+
+S ( June 18 , 1985 .
+
+S ) " Authorization of Spread Spectrum Systems Under Parts 15 and 90 of the FCC Rules and Regulations " .
+
+S * Kenneth R. Carter , Ahmed Lahjouji , and Neal McNeil .
+
+S Federal Communications Commission .
+
+S ( May 2003 .
+
+S ) " Unlicensed and Unshackled : A Joint OSP-OET White Paper On Unlicensed Devices and Their Regulatory Issues " .
+
+S * The Economist , print edition .
+
+S ( Jun 10 , 2004 ) " A brief history of Wi-Fi " .
+
+S Engineers rarely identify a " need " but rather let the society discover it .
+
+S " Need " here refers to a desire or shortage of a good , and sometimes this " need " can be considered as a neccessity or a form of luxury .
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||commodity|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , Tetsuya Mizoguchi , an engineer from Toshiba Corporation , saw the need for portable personal computers and came up with the idea of laptop ; and as of current , one of the human needs that seek unremitting attention would be transportation .
+A 31 32|||R:OTHER|||recently|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 40|||R:VERB|||have gained|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Based on a study in the U.S done by Ecobridge , about 33 % of carbon dioxide emission comes from the burning of gasoline in internal-combustion engines of cars and trucks .
+
+S As the struggle between man versus nature continues to be unabated , it is the engineers ' job to design cars that are environmental-friendly to mitigate what has already been done to our environment .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to Khandani ( 2005 ) , the engineering design process can be used to tackle such needs .
+
+S First of all , we have to define the problem clearly .
+
+S The process of defining a problem involves identifying a need , developing a problem statement and establishing a criteria for success .
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||criterion|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It must be clear , concise and unambiguous to prevent any off-track .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB|||avoid|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN|||ambiguity|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Next , it would be to gather pertinent information regarding environmental-friendly cars .
+
+S This can be done through the use of internet , library or even encyclopedias .
+
+S According to Khandani ( 2005 ) , gathering pertinent information can reveal facts about the problem which might in turn result in a redefinition of the problem .
+
+S Subsequently , it would be to generate multiple solutions .
+
+S Creativity is one of the biggest emphasis in this step in order to generate techincal solutions to the problem .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||emphases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Team brainstorming sessions are also conducted to develop multiple solutions , reckoning on team dynamics .
+
+S Engineers must also be willing to take risk and make mistakes , and not to be afraid of being criticized for their ideas .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||risks|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , the team that invented hydrogen fueled cars faced several setbacks before they could attain their goal .
+
+S Lastly , it would be to select a solution and implement it .
+
+S Analysis of all possible solutions are to be done and reasons of why the final solution overrides the others must be clear .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the design of environmental-friendly cars , it must be in a way that , the design of this car would be less polluting than the current ones , coupled with lower price and better performance .
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||such|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 19|||R:OTHER|||designed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:ADJ|||existing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , engineers today now shoulder the responsibility of striking a balance between man and nature .
+
+S Greenhouse emissions must be put to the lowest level as much as possible .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB|||reduced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Designing a car that reduces greenhouse emissions significantly definitely poses a great challenge to them , and they should use engineering design process to help them in designing .
+
+S Nonetheless , at the rate of how man has been working on this , one can expect to see a big leap in car designs in the coming years .
+
+S References
+
+S 1 .
+
+S Rogers , E.M. ( 2003 ) .
+
+S The Birth of The Laptop computer at Toshiba .
+
+S In Diffusion of Innovations ( pp.144-146 ) .
+
+S New York ; Free Press .
+
+S 2 .
+
+S Khandani , S. ( 2005 ) .
+
+S Engineering Design Process .
+
+S Retrieved September 9 , 2009 , from http : //www.iisme.org/etp/HS % 20Engineering- % 20Engineering.pdf
+
+S 3 .
+
+S Wikipedia .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Engineering Design Process .
+
+S [ On-Line ] .
+
+S Retrieved September 9 2009 , from http : //www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_design_process
+
+S 4 .
+
+S EcoBridge .
+
+S ( no date ) .
+
+S Causes of Global Warming .
+
+S [ On-Line ] .
+
+S Retrieved September 11 , 2009 , from http : // www.ecobridge.org/content/g_cse.htm
+
+S " Eureka !
+
+S " exclaimed Archimedes , Greek mathematician and physicists , when he noticed water flowing out of his bath tub as he submerged himself into the tub .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||A|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||physicist|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This incident gave him an idea to later formulate the Archimedes principle .
+
+S Is the Archimedes principle considered research or serendipitous ?
+
+S At times , it can be quite ambiguous .
+
+S The Archimedes principle may seem more like a lucky incident which results in the formulation of a grand idea .
+
+S However , it was research and experiments that proved the Archimedes principle to be true .
+
+S We can define research technology as a technology based on deliberate examinations and careful analysis , and serendipitous technology as a technology found purely by luck .
+
+S Despite their differences in definition , a research technology and a serendipitous technology both share a common similarity ; the technology is ultimately used to tackle the problems of Man .
+A 16 17|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:PUNCT|||:|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the past before the discovery of the space pen , astronauts had difficulty in writing their discoveries with the normal pens as they resulted in leaks in zero gravity space .
+
+S Pencils were also strongly avoided as the lead posed a danger in space .
+
+S American industrialist and pen manufacturer Paul C. ( Fisher Mariel Bird , 2009 ) saw that this was a problem and started working on producing a pen that would allow astronauts to be able to write their discoveries in extreme environments and temperatures .
+
+S After years of gruelling research and analysis , the space pen was finally produced .
+
+S The same goes for Teflon , which was discovered by chemist Roy Plunkett .
+
+S As Teflon is considered to be one of the most slippery substances , it is widely used as a lubricant in the manufacturing industry and as a coating for production tubes in the pharmaceutical industry .
+
+S The technology is also used as a repellent against spills and dirt for fabrics , and under the brand name Tefal , the product is used in cooking wares , non-stick pots and pans .
+
+S However , despite their similarity in resolving problems of Man , the two technologies also share one difference ; the process in which it was discovered .
+A 18 19|||R:PUNCT|||:|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This would define a research technology from a serendipitous one .
+
+S As mentioned above , the invention of the space pen occurred because Fisher realised that astronauts were not able to pen their findings with a typical pen or a pencil .
+
+S He saw a need to assist Man in this area , and worked towards producing the ultimate pen .
+
+S We can not say the same for Teflon .
+
+S Plunkett 's initial aim was to produce a refrigerant that has better thermodynamic properties and safety measures .
+
+S He had a different goal .
+
+S He was not looking at producing a slippery lubricant and saw another set of problems that had nothing to do with Teflon .
+
+S To put it simply , he had no aim to discover Teflon .
+
+S Plunkett 's accidental finding only occurred when he was testing the chemical reactions of gaseous tetrafluoroethylene ( TFE ) ( Roberta Barbalace , 2006 ) .
+
+S In conclusion , both research and serendipitous technologies share differences in their definitions and the process in which they are discovered .
+
+S However , regardless of that fact , both technologies serve an ultimate purpose to provide a much better , easier , and safer environment for Man to work in .
+
+S References
+
+S MARIEL BIRD .
+
+S ( 2009 , MARCH 19 ) A CENTURY OF DISASTERS : THE TOP 10 WORST INVENTIONS IN HISTORY .
+
+S www.foxnews.com .
+
+S Retrieved September 12 , 2009 , from http : //www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,509673,00.html .
+
+S Roberta Barbalace .
+
+S ( 2006 , March 22 ) DuPont 's Teflon Cover-up .
+
+S EnvironmentalChemistry.com .
+
+S Retrieved September 12 , 2009 , from http : //EnvironmentalChemistry.com/yogi/environmental/200603tefloncoverup.html
+
+S The search for a sustainable energy source for Singapore
+
+S Do you not yearn for the latest gadgets like , PS3 , iPhone ?
+
+S Throughout history , we , mankind had always sought to improve the quality of our lives .
+A 4 5|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We have consistently created solutions to suit our needs and wants .
+
+S We have progressed much since the Stone Age .
+
+S Nowadays , electricity has become a key ingredient in our life .
+
+S Electricity is a form of energy that is generated mainly from burning fossil fuels .
+
+S However , fossil fuels are running out !
+
+S Singapore has no other natural resources , hence , our most urgent need will be to find a reliable source of sustainable energy .
+A 6 7|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to Khandani ( 2005 ) , the design process consists of five main parts : Defining the problem , gathering required information , generating multiple solutions , selecting a solution and testining of the solution .
+A 32 33|||R:SPELL|||testing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The problem is obvious .
+
+S Crude oil , a fossil fuel , might run out in fifty years .
+
+S There are a few alternate energy sources apart from fossil fuels .
+
+S A simple search yields the following sources : Solar energy , hydroelectricity and wind energy .
+
+S Solar energy is harnessed through photovoltaic process when the sunlight hits solar panels .
+
+S This process generates electricity .
+
+S Hydroelectricity uses moving water to spin turbines , creating energy .
+
+S A hydroelectric dam will need to be built to harness this form of energy .
+
+S Wind energy utilizes the kinetic energy of moving winds to spin blades .
+
+S These blades are connected to a generator which will generate electricity when the blades are spun .
+
+S These three sources are the most commonly found alternate energy sources .
+
+S Solar energy will be the best alternate energy source for Singapore .
+
+S Hydroelectricity and wind energy will not be feasible in this island state .
+
+S Hydroelectricity requires a large body of water which is not available in Singapore .
+
+S Wind energy requires a vast open area to place the windmills , Singapore does not have such space to spare .
+A 12 12|||M:CONJ|||but|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Solar energy , on the other hand , is easier to harness .
+
+S The infrastructure required is much simpler , only the solar panels and necessary wirings are needed .
+A 7 7|||M:PREP|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The panels come in many sizes which gives flexibility in positioning them .
+
+S Solar panels do not contain moving parts , unlike the turbines in the windmills or hydroelectric dams .
+
+S Hence solar energy is the best choice as the equipments are easier to maintain and safer to use .
+
+S The most effective method to harness solar power in Singapore will be to install solar panels on the roofs of all HDB flats .
+
+S The majority of housing in Singapore are HDB flats , these flats add up to form a considerable amount of land area .
+A 10 10|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As all HDB flats are under the jurisdiction of a government board , there is no need to seek approval from individual owners to implement this plan .
+
+S In conclusion , the most feasible sustainable energy source for Singapore will be solar energy .
+
+S This scheme is highly probably because the government has control over a large number of HDB flats , which constitutes to a large land area .
+A 4 5|||R:MORPH|||probable|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We will need to put this into motion as soon as possible .
+
+S To design environmentally-friendly product
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since 19 century , the environment has been polluted because of the fast development of industries and economics .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||the 19th|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nowadays , the pollution is very severe and has threatened living condition of human beings .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||conditions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To have environmentally-friendly product is a human need that has to be given priority , so that the products people use wo n't be harmful to neither the environment nor health of people .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||products|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 30|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the following paragraphs , how engineer design processes can help to achieve the purpose will be discussed .
+
+S To define the problem , three main needs can be identified : firstly , design products that the pollution caused during manufacturing can be minimized .
+A 17 25|||R:OTHER|||can minimize the pollution during manufacturing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , design products with environmentally-friendly material and consuming green energy .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||using|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thirdly , design products with minimizing emission pollution .
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||which minimize|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And the criteria for success of the product should put the level of environmentally-friendly into priority consideration .
+A 1 1|||M:OTHER|||one of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 17|||R:OTHER|||is whether the product is environmentally friendly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After defining the problems , the next step is to gather relevant information .
+
+S According to Khandani ( 2005 ) , traditional publications , libraries and internet are major source to find out information needed .
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||sources|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since our problem is very academic and needs in depth search , journals and books should be the main source to do research on .
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||in-depth|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||sources|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 24|||R:OTHER|||consult|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , our problem has three aspects , which is wide-ranged , so we need to focus on aspects that are well developed .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||diverse|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Then is time to generate multiple solutions for the problems .
+A 1 1|||M:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Now there are a lot of researches done on environmentally-friendly energy and materials , so learning to make use of these research results can help to solve our problem a lot .
+
+S At the same time , the creative idea of design to make the product more effective is important for the solution too .
+
+S The next step is to analyze and select a solution .
+
+S To analysis those design solutions , a lot of factors need to be considered .
+A 1 2|||R:MORPH|||analyze|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Functional analysis , ergonomics and product safety and liability are all important elements to evaluate those solutions .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And all these are for making the decision .
+
+S To compare one solution with another , ranking according to the attributes for the solution is necessary for us to see with one the best , in our case , environmentally-friendly should be the major criteria .
+A 12 13|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:OTHER|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:VERB|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:OTHER|||being environmentally friendly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:NOUN:NUM|||criterion|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Then , analyze each solution against the criteria we have , and rate each solution , in our case .
+
+S At last , choose the most scored one for the next process .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||highest|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB|||ranked|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The final process is to test and implement the solution .
+
+S Obviously , the product needs to be built up for testing and implementing .
+
+S Methods such as prototyping and concurrent engineering can be applied for implementation , and we need to know how effective the product is regarding to environmentally-friendly .
+A 24 25|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:OTHER|||its environmentally friendly features|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S During this process , documentation should be done so that others can understand the work .
+
+S In this process , new problems with the product can be found out .
+
+S In that case , we need to repeat the design processes to solve problems .
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To sum up , the design processes can help to solve the problem we have effectively , since in each step we do our job based on the problem we want to solve and the efficiency .
+A 34 36|||R:OTHER|||on how efficient we are in solving the problem|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference :
+
+S Khandani , S. ( 2005 ) .
+
+S Engineering design process .
+
+S Retrieved June 29 , 2009 , from http : //www.iisme.org/etp/HS % 20Engineering- % 20Engineering.pdf
+
+S New and clever technologies are constantly being realised by people all around the world to tackle problems that they face .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB|||developed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the creation of these technologies can be attributed to research or chance .
+
+S One example of researching resulting in an invention is a type of wall-mounted bed that can be folded onto the wall when not in use .
+
+S It was called the murphy bed and was invented by William L. Murphy to solve space constraints that he faced while living in a small apatment .
+
+S An example of an invention attributed to chance discovery is the Telfon .
+
+S This is a type of substance discovered by Dr. Roy J Plunkett while he was working on gases being used as refrigerants .
+
+S These two type of technology share many similarities and differences .
+
+S One of them is that they both exist to address problems that people are facing at that time of creation , but differ in process it takes to develope the product .
+A 24 24|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 28|||R:OTHER|||in developing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:SPELL|||develop|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another is that both type of technology requires people to ultilise a certain amount of creativity and good peception to develope them completely but differ when it comes to the type of people it usually involves .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||types|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||require|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:SPELL|||develop|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:OTHER|||the technologies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:VERB:SVA|||involve|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Technology , no matter how it is developed , will be used to address problems that people face .
+
+S Teflon for example , is being used in a variety of products as anti-stick or anti-stain coatings .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Cooking utensils coated with Teflon are now easier to clean up since the burnt food no longer stick to it .
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Clothes coated in a variety of Telfon became stain resistant which means less chance of it becoming damaged permanently by tough stains , and an easier time washing the dirt off the clothes .
+A 10 10|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another example , the murphy bed , also addressed a problem that some people faced .
+
+S This problem is the space constraint due to a small living space .
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By being foldable , space could be made available for use where the bed would havve been .
+A 15 16|||R:SPELL|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Ultimately , both type of technologies are beneficial to the human population .
+A 3 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The two ways of developing technologies have different processes .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB|||use|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The development murphy bed , for example , is driven largely by the problem it was trying to solve .
+A 2 2|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This result in a process where identifying the problem comes first , after which time and effort are put in to solve that one problem .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:SVA|||results|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , Telfon has seen itself being used as coatings to cloths , coating on cookware , insulations and even in medicine as stenotic arties .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||cloth|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 25|||R:OTHER|||as stenotic arteries in medicine|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One reason for this versatility is that the brainstorming is now focused on the various problems where Telfon could be used to great effect .
+A 21 21|||M:VERB|||to solve|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With a large pool of possible uses for Telfon gathered , the next step would be to modify this new technology so that it may be used for as many of the problems as possible .
+A 30 32|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Ultimately , while the murphy bed and Telfon originated from two differing processes , they still do share some similarities .
+
+S By observing this , it could be possible that people would combine some of the key aspects of the process to create a better model for developing new technology .
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||processes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Energy Crisis , where engineers are expected to make a contribution
+
+S When the human first learnt to use energy - the fire , the progress of civilization witnessed a fantastic leap .
+
+S Today , we can even say that energy plays the most important role in our daily life and also in supporting our huge society .
+
+S Therefore , as we human are running out of energy we could make use of , providing sustainable , green and reliable energy has been crucial for the survival of the whole human society .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||humans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So this is indeed the need of people today that should be given priority and engineers are especially expected to take their responsibility and play a key role in powering up our world again .
+
+S Before setting out for possible solutions for our energy problem , rigorously defining the problem itself is indeed necessary so that we could make sure that we are always in the right direction and know what properties the right solutions should possess .
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:TENSE|||can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " An energy crisis is the shortage of energy accompanied by the fact that now we can not find enough reliable energy as substitute " is a definition given by Prof. McLaren Hill from the University of Edinburgh .
+A 24 28|||R:OTHER|||, " a definition of energy crisis|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Fortunately , after decades of painstaking efforts we have already come up with many possible solutions .
+
+S Many of them fall in two categories : searching for new energy sources and implementing energy-saving methods .
+
+S For instance , the solar cell as a source of energy for satellites , industries as well as households has proved to be a promising method , while refining the ignition inside the cylinder in order to extract the most from every drop of gasoline is what many people are doing in laboratories now .
+
+S I have a Nokia N79 and surprisingly I found that when I un-plug the charger cable from the phone , a message saying , " Un-plug the charger from the socket to save energy " will appear on the screen , which is really an innovative way to publicize energy saving .
+
+S However , when it comes to analysing most of the solutions , considerable problems may arise .
+
+S Some may be highly constrained by geographical or climatic factors .
+
+S Such solutions contain hydro and solar energy generating .
+A 7 8|||R:MORPH|||generation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some may be too risky or expensive , like the nuclear power .
+
+S There are also solutions that are innovative but may not be of so much use that we can not rely on them to save us from the coming energy famine .
+
+S The warm-hearted message of my Nokia may well belong to this category .
+
+S So selecting the right solutions must be a very complicated task because we must take everything into consideration and assess all the solutions in the presence of the various factors .
+
+S Here , in my opinion , safety , sustainability and the harm done to the environment should be given significant priorities .
+
+S Testing and implementing the solutions are always combinations of excitement and disappointment .
+
+S Your new device may end up saving half the electricity or prove to be in vain .
+
+S But whatever the result might be , we must apply scientific methods in every stage , from building a prototype to conducting concurrent engineering , from the very first planning to the later maintenance .
+A 26 29|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 33|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Every step deserves our full efforts .
+
+S To sum up , solving the current energy crisis is a very complicated and systematic issue and engineers should act as pioneers in solving it .
+
+S By and only by applying the correct energy design process can they make more breakthroughs and bring us more good news .
+
+S Technologies have been developed since long ago , however , not all of them are planned .
+A 7 8|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are many pathways that lead to a technology being created , mainly by serendipitous discovery or through research .
+A 13 14|||R:PREP|||through|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In our everyday life , we stumble across things that are out of the norm .
+
+S While most of the events appeared to be non-significant , there are some where people actually get ideas from it .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||appear|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:PRON|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is what we call serendipitous discovery , when people make discoveries that they are not seeking .
+A 14 17|||R:OTHER|||did not seek|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the example technology discovered from research is development in automobile safety and better design of roads in the United States ( U.S. ) while an example of technology resulted from serendipitous discovery is the Post-it pads .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||examples|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||of technology being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Technology created via research has significant difference in comparison with technology resulted from serendipitous discovery in several aspects .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The technology|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||differences|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 10|||R:OTHER|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the major difference is whether there is a need for the technology .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||differences|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Technologies developed through research are ussually to address a problem that have been identified .
+
+S In this case , the development in automobile safety and better design of roads in U.S. is to reduce the massive casualties from road accidents where the annual vehicle death rate reached 50,000 in the early 1960s ( statistics taken from Rogers , E. M. ( 2003 ) .
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The generation of innovations .
+
+S In Diffusion of innovations ( pp.136-
+
+S 158 ) .
+
+S New York : Free Press ) .
+
+S On the contrary , technologies developed through serendipitous discovery are not born from a need for them .
+
+S For instance , Post-it pads were developed out of mere coincidence .
+
+S Decades ago , the 3M researchers found a new bonding agent during their research but it is not what they wanted to achieve as the bonding agent did not stick paper very tightly to the surface .
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:VERB:TENSE|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , it can be said that technologies created from research are due to a need for them while technologies from serendipitous discovery do not originate from a need .
+A 20 20|||M:VERB|||created|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another difference is the final usage of the technologies .
+
+S Technologies developed through research are use for their intended purpose .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:FORM|||used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , in U.S , the development in automobile safety includes safer cars that come with padded dashboards and stronger bumpers while safer roads are achieved by placing impact attenuators in front of viaduct pillars .
+
+S These technologies were developed for their intended purpose , which is to reduce casualties from road accidents .
+
+S Whereas , technologies developed from serendipitous discovery are not use for their intended purpose .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||However|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:FORM|||used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , the researchers of 3M found a new bonding agent during their research .
+
+S The bonding agent was initially thought as a failure as it does not meet the expectation of the researchers,which is to stick tightly to the surface of paper .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||did|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , it is later converted into a successful product when it is use to create " Post-its , " the little stick- on squares of colored paper that can be used to attach a note to a letter or other document which is not the intended purpose of this technology .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:FORM|||used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 42|||R:NOUN:NUM|||documents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 42|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In a nutshell , technologies created from research will be use for their intended aim while technologies developed from serendipitous discovery might not serve its intended purpose .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:FORM|||used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly , the difference between the 2 is the background research .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||one final|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||lies in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Technologies created from research undeniably have lots of background research .
+
+S This is proven just by looking at the amount of research needed before measures taken to developed a safer automobile as well as better design of highways .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The research span can be years,decades or even longer before the technology can be successfully developed .
+
+S However , this is different for technologies originated from serendipitous discovery .
+
+S There are no background research for these technologies , as they are created out of pure coincidence .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:VERB|||needed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With reference to Post-it pads , they are created without any background research .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The researchers simply found a way to utilize the bonding agent years later which led to the product Post- it pads .
+
+S Hence , there it can be said that there is background research for technologies originated from research while there might not be any background research for technologies created from serendipitous discovery .
+A 2 3|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Despite the differences between the ways the technologies are created , they help to improve the life of mankind be it through convenience or any other means .
+A 6 6|||M:OTHER|||by which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:PREP|||through|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , there are significant differences between technologies developed from research and serendipitous discovery , however , it does not change the fact that they are key to the future for mankind .
+A 15 16|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||these differences|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:OTHER|||both technologies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The development and advancement in science and technology has brought much convenience to human 's society today .
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:NOUN:POSS||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With a click of the mouse , one can communicate with another person half a globe away , strike a business deal with foreign entrepreneurs and catch up with the latest happenings all around the world .
+
+S Technology is something which is created to help solving the problems we face in our daily life and at the same time , improving the quality of our life .
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:FORM|||improve|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Generally , most of the technological innovations are created through basic research , followed by applied research and finally leading to development .
+A 17 20|||R:OTHER|||, leading finally|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Rogers , E. M. ( 2003 ) .
+
+S The generation of innovations , para .
+
+S 7 ) .
+
+S However , there are also some technological inventions which are designed from a serendipitous discovery .
+
+S According to Roger , serendipity is the accidental discovery of a new idea .
+
+S The differences between these two types of technological inventions can be perceived in terms of their research backgrounds , cost of the invention of the technology , and time consumptions .
+A 29 30|||R:NOUN:NUM|||consumption|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Technology developed via research and technology which resulted from a serendipitous discovery have different research backgrounds .
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Technology based on scientific research requires a wide range of knowledge about the research .
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||to conduct|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Special skills are also needed to carry out certain experiments and to record the result and data of the experiments .
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||results|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many researches also have to be carried out to identify and rectify the problems encountered throughout the experiments .
+
+S For example , to create a miniaturized medical submarine which can be injected into human bodies to destroy the blood clot that threatens a human life , there are many technical problems to overcome , such as how to make , power and steer them .
+A 44 45|||R:OTHER|||the medical submarine|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Metin Sitti , ( 2009 ) Voyage of the micro robots , para 2 ) .On the other hand , technology created by serendipitous discovery does not require any knowledge and special skills .
+
+S It is an invention by chance while a very different invention is undergoing research and analysis .
+
+S For example , DDT is created out of a substance used for protecting wool clothes against moth .
+
+S ( Rogers , E. M. ( 2003 ) .
+
+S The generation of innovations , para .
+
+S 11 ) Obviously , more research and analysis are needed for technology based on research as compared to technology created by serendipitous discovery .
+
+S Both the technology based on research and technology created by serendipitous discovery require different amount of cost to be carried out .
+A 0 2|||U:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||amounts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For technology based on research , a large amount of money is needed to purchase materials that are essential for the research and investigations to be instigated .
+A 26 27|||R:VERB|||conducted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , specific apparatus , for instances , machines and robots , which are usually expensive , are also needed in order to carry out certain experiments .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||instance|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , for technology created from serendipitous discovery , it actually requires a few cents or even not a single cent as it is a useful " side product " from a different research .
+
+S Less cost is required for this technology because it is an unplanned technology discovery .
+
+S Apart from that , time consumption of both the technology based on research is much different from the technology created by serendipitous discovery .
+A 6 7|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:OTHER|||that for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order to carry out many research and analysis , much time has to be spent for the technology to be successfully invented .
+A 5 6|||R:ADJ|||extensive|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , Thomas Edison had spent his whole life to invent a light bulb with almost ten thousands of failures before he succeeded .
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||tens of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For technology created from serendipitous discovery , less time required as it comes out unexpectedly .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One popular example is penicillin , where it turned out to be the first antibiotic because of its property of killing biological materials when it was left in Petri dishes containing biological organisms .
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Rogers , E. M. ( 2003 ) .
+
+S The generation of innovations , para.11 )
+
+S To sum up the salient point , technology created via research requires more researches and investigations than technology resulted from a serendipitous discovery .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||points|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , cost of creating a technology created via research is much higher as compared to that of technology resulted from a serendipitous discovery .
+A 7 8|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Technology based on scientific research consumes more time than technology resulted from a serendipitous discovery as there are many research and experiment need to be carried out .
+A 16 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:SVA|||researches|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:SVA|||experiments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference :
+
+S 1 .
+
+S Rogers , E.M. ( 2003 ) .
+
+S The generation of innovations .
+
+S In Diffusion of innovations ( pp.136-157 ) .
+
+S New York : Free Press .
+
+S 2 .
+
+S Sitti , M. ( 2009 , April 30 ) .
+
+S Voyage of the microbots .
+
+S Nature , 458 , 1121- 1122 .
+
+S doi : 10.1038/4581121a
+
+S Although all technology serves a common purpose , there are many differences between inventions that resulted from research and serendipitous discoveries .
+A 14 15|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:OTHER|||those resulted from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Looking at an example of invention that resulted from research which is the laptop and an example of serendipitous discovery which is the implantable pacemaker , a few distinct differences such as the cause leading to the research , final usage of the technology and the research procedures can be spotted between them .
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||-|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||R:OTHER|||-|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , the most distinct difference between an implantable pacemaker and a laptop is the intentions which led to the discovery of them .
+A 19 23|||R:OTHER|||their discovery|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the case of the laptop , the inventors of the laptop started with the intention of creating a " DynaBook " which is a concept thought up in 1968 .
+A 21 21|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 28|||R:OTHER|||conceived|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The " DynaBook " concept is to make a " personal computer for children of all ages " .
+
+S The implantable pacemaker , on the other hand , was initially an attempt to build an oscillator to record the sound of heartbeats .
+
+S However , when Wilson Greatbatch , inventor of the implantable pacemaker , inserted a wrong resistor and discovered a different reaction , it led to the invention of the first implantable pacemaker .
+
+S Therefore , it is obvious that the cause which led to the invention is very different where in the case of the laptop which , it was already intended since before its creation whereas in the case of the implantable pacemaker , its creation was never intended .
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||in that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another difference is the final usage of the inventions .
+
+S In the case of the laptop , the final usages is what it is intended for since before its creation during the time of conceptualisation of it .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||the laptop|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 20|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 27|||R:OTHER|||its conceptualisation stage|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , in the case of the pacemaker , the final usage was not what it was intended to be .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It was intended to be a machine to record the sound of the heartbeats which was mentioned above but end up as a device to stimulate the heart to serve as a cure for certain heart problems .
+A 14 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:TENSE|||ended|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As shown above , in the case of most serendipity discoveries , they will normally not be used for the initial purpose of the experiment that led to its discovery whereas in the case of invention through research , it will be the used for its intended purposes .
+A 35 35|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly , the pace of advancement that led to the invention of the laptop and the pacemaker is different too .
+A 15 15|||M:PREP|||that of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Normally in the case of a serendipitous discovery , there is a sudden advancement in the progress of the research as it is an accidental discovery during the experimental process .
+
+S The experiment that discovered the implantable pace maker was done in 1958 and within months of its discovery the first implantable pacemaker was being used on a human being .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||led to the discovery of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , for the laptop , the concept of it was thought up in 1968 and the first " laptop " only came into existence in 1975 .
+A 6 10|||R:OTHER|||its concept|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||R:VERB|||developed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , there are undeniably some similarities between serendipitous discoveries and discoveries made through conventional research method .
+A 0 4|||R:OTHER|||Despite all the differences|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||methods|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In both example , regardless of its method of discoveries , both are beneficial to mankind and help to improve the quality of life .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||examples|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||methods|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The laptop simplified human work whereas the pacemaker help prolong life of some stricken with life threatening diseases .
+A 2 2|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||has helped|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , though there are many differences between the discovery of the laptop and pacemaker shown above , they both help to propel the human race forward into the future .
+A 15 15|||M:OTHER|||that of the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Today , the change in climate is being labeled as one of the main threats that are affecting the existence of humankind .
+
+S For example , global warming has caused the temperature throughout the world to rise , which results in the melting of the icebergs in the North Pole .
+
+S Concurrently , the sea level would rise and cause serious floods that would dangerously threaten the survival of our human race .
+
+S Thus , we should rank preserving our environment as the main priority among our other needs .
+
+S By applying the engineering design process , we could design a product that is environmental friendly .
+
+S The first step in the engineering design process is to identify the problem that our product will face .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , during the manufacturing of the product , we should be environmentally friendly by reducing the amount of wastes produced and ensure that the wastes produced are properly disposed too .
+
+S Secondly , we should also use used materials as the main material for our product and ensure our product is recyclable .
+
+S The next step is to gather relevant information that would help make our product a success .
+
+S The most convenient way to collect the appropriate information is through the use of internet , as there are always search engine available to help get our sources more accurately and quickly .
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:NUM|||engines|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are also traditional ways such as using the library and looking through bookstores to gather more detailed information .
+
+S The third step is to generate multiple solutions to solve the problems that are stated in the second paragraph .
+
+S For example , we could use filters in gas pipes to reduce air pollution from the factories manufacturing the product .
+
+S We could also come out with a standard procedure on how to dispose the waste products so that there would be no chemical leakages that are harmful to the environment .
+
+S Through more brainstorming within our group , we would arrive with more solutions .
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The fourth step is to analyze and to select the best solution .
+
+S The best solution would be chosen from the few ideas that we have thought of during the " generating multiple problem " process .
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There will be many criteria that we need to fulfill in order to choose the best solution .
+
+S The most important criteria are which solution proves to be the most environmental friendly and whether the product will be able to function properly by using mathematical calculation and scientific theory .
+
+S The subsequent criteria will be whether it is safe to implement and if it is cost effective to produce .
+
+S The last stage in the engineering design process is to test and implement the solution .
+
+S We should come out with a series of tests to prove whether the products work in real life environment .
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||environments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We should also develop a suitable design for our product that would be warmly welcomed by the public .
+
+S Even if one of the tests fails , we could apply the engineering design process to solve the problems that developed in the process of the testing .
+A 20 21|||R:VERB|||have emerged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the engineering design process would be able to help us develop an environmentally friendly product to help preserve the environment .
+
+S Therefore , it proves to be a good method to solve most of our needs .
+
+S Reference :
+
+S Khandani , S. ( 2005 ) .
+
+S Engineering design process .
+
+S Retrieved June 29 , 2009 , from http : //www.iisme.org/etp/HS % 20Engineering- % 20Engineering.pdf
+
+S Technology developed via research and technology resulted from a serendipitous discovery
+
+S Human beings have gone through 21 centuries .
+
+S In this long time period , technology developed together with human society .
+A 7 7|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There is one obvious point that technology developed via different ways .
+A 0 7|||U:OTHER|||Technology|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Two main ways are research and serendipitous discovery .
+
+S Both research and serendipitous discovery are very important in technology development .
+
+S Technology developed via research and technology resulted from a serendipitous discovery differ in some aspects and share similarities in some other aspects .
+A 15 18|||R:OTHER|||but are similar|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In terms of development process , technology developed via research and technology resulted from a serendipitous discovery are different .
+
+S For technology via research , scientists have a clear plan before they start their research .
+
+S They know what they want to get or to achieve at the very beginning .
+
+S Then they just do what they should do step by step according to their plan .
+
+S Finally , they achieve their goal .
+
+S The process of the development of technology developed via research is very systematic with very clear target .
+A 2 3|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Technology resulted from a serendipitous discovery is different .
+
+S Scientists discover a very useful technology unexpectedly .
+
+S That means they themselves even do not know they will discover it until they really do .
+
+S They do not have the target but they finally get to dig out some new technology .
+A 9 13|||R:OTHER|||stumble upon|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These two kinds of technology also differ from each other in development input .
+
+S As an old saying goes , one can not make bricks without straw .
+
+S Technology research is also the same .
+
+S From the moment that scientists decide to work on a new technology , scientists have to put in a lot in order to discover a new technology .
+
+S These inputs include time , effort , found , and so on .
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||fund|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Unlike technologies developed via research , technologies resulted from serendipitous need almost zero input .
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||serendipity|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This kind of technology is just like a gift from god .
+A 10 11|||R:ORTH|||God|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is for free .
+
+S What is needed is just luck .
+
+S Scientists need such luck to get this god 's gift .
+A 7 8|||R:ORTH|||God|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So , these two kinds of technology need different input .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||inputs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Consumer domain is another difference between technology resulted from research and technology resulted from serendipitous discovery .
+
+S In most circumstances , scientists are clearly aware of consumers of their technology before they start their research .
+
+S They develop certain technology which satisfies certain consumer domains ; in comparison , scientists usually do not know the use and the specific consumer domains when they first accidently discover a technology .
+A 27 28|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:SPELL|||accidentally|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In spite of these differences , these two kinds of technology share several important similarities .
+
+S Both of them are very useful to the development of our society .
+
+S They help make our life easier and more comfortable , thus improve our living standard .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:FORM|||improving|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If adapted into industry production , both kinds of technology can bring economic benefit .
+
+S To conclude , technology developed via research and technology resulted from serendipitous discovery not only have differences but also share similarities .
+
+S Even though these two kinds of technology develop from different ways , they both can benefit society and our daily life .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are developed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Over the past century , the technological boom has brought about much comfort and convenience through different inventions .
+
+S These luxury items , although they bring about a lot of convenience to our lives , are major culprits of destroying our environment .
+
+S As such , one of the main human needs would be to restore balance and lengthen the lifetime of our environment .
+
+S The process of creating new inventions , also labelled as engineering design process , is able to address this issue .
+
+S This can be done by taking into consideration the factor of inventions being environmentally friendly as one of its major factors in the five steps of engineering design process , which are as follows : Defining the problem , gathering information , generating solutions , analysing and selecting a solution and implementing the solution .
+A 5 8|||R:OTHER|||considering|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 15|||R:OTHER|||environmental friendliness of inventions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Khandani , 2005 )
+
+S The step of defining the problem is very important .
+
+S It points the whole purpose of the process in the right direction .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB|||sets out|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , for new problems defined , the factor of it being environmentally friendly can be factored in .
+
+S For example , eco-friendly gym equipments today are able harness the energy generated during its use to power the machine itself .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||equipment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This innovation eliminates the need for external power for the gym equipment .
+
+S Moreover , new inventions should not be the only products with a " green " factor as old inventions can be revised in order to cohere to the " green " status .
+A 21 22|||R:VERB|||re-designed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 27|||R:OTHER|||achieve|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One such example would be the invention of hybrid cars which are recognised as environmentally friendly automobiles .
+
+S The next step is to gather information and generate solutions .
+
+S Information gathering is a step which allows the designer to be equipped with background information of the problem before tackling it .
+
+S At this step , researching on the various methods in order for the product to be more environmentally friendly should be one of the main concerns .
+
+S It also allows them to consider existing solutions , if any , and consider various factors which will determine the success of the product such as the economical factors of the product and its effectiveness .
+A 26 32|||R:OTHER|||its economic viability|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , solutions generated from these ideas should be able to resolve the problems indentified as well as conforming to the requirements of society .
+A 14 15|||R:SPELL|||identified|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:MORPH|||conform|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The solutions should be environmentally friendly such as being able to bypass or convert the by-products which are harmful to the environment , such as greenhouse gases or toxic waste .
+
+S Moreover , not only should the product solve the initial problem , it should also meet society 's demand in terms of usability , ergonomics and economical concerns .
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thereafter , the next step would be the process of selecting the solution for implementation .
+
+S This process selects a solution generated in the previous step that best meets the requirements of the problem .
+
+S Each problem is different and unique , thus , they would have different factors to consider for analysis .
+A 6 7|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Every design is rated based on the consideration of various factors such as functionality , ergonomics , mechanical , manufacturability , safety , economical and for regulations and compliance .
+A 17 18|||R:MORPH|||mechanics|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:OTHER|||cost-effectiveness|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 29|||R:OTHER|||compliance with regulations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Khandani , 2005 ) The solutions would then be rated according to different criteria corresponding to the analysis and the best would be then selected .
+A 23 25|||R:WO|||then be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since the need for an environmentally friendly product is the emphasis for the invention , its functionality would naturally be a priority for consideration .
+
+S After which , safety is another area of concern .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||functionality|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Finally , the solution will only be implemented after going through a series of rigorous tests and improvements .
+
+S In conclusion , engineering design process is a general process which ideas can be generated to resolve current issues .
+A 10 10|||M:PREP|||through|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the main human needs of the current millennium would be to have a sustainable environment in view of the rapid progression of our technology .
+
+S Engineering design process is able to address this issue by encompassing and focusing on being environmentally friendly for every invention .
+A 14 17|||R:OTHER|||the element of environmental friendliness|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Seyyed Khandani , Ph.D. , Engineering Design Process Education Transfer Plan , 2005 .
+
+S Technological developments are divided into two different categories : the conventional method of developing technology through researching or through serendipitous discovery .
+A 16 17|||R:MORPH|||research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:OTHER|||the unusual method of developing technology|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The two technological innovation discussed would be the Laptop Computer and Sildenafil ( Viagra ) .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||innovations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Though they are on opposite spectrum in terms of the field of technology , both have similarities in their own way .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One difference , aside from their uses , is in the manner which they were developed .
+A 9 12|||R:WO|||the manner in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The development of the laptop in Toshiba took on a systematic and direct approach towards an apparent goal : to reduce the size of a personal computer so it will be compact enough and portable .
+A 29 30|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , Sildenafil , the compound in Viagra , was synthesised and studied initially for usage in treating hypertension ( high blood pressure ) and angina pectoris ( a heart disease ) .
+
+S However , clinical trials showed that it did not treat angina but instead , stimulate significant penile erection .
+
+S The company , Pfizer , thus decided to manufacture the compound into pills and market it as a drug to treat erectile dysfunction .
+
+S Another difference between the two technological developments was approvals from the inventor 's company leaders .
+
+S In the case of Viagra , the inventors Peter Dunn and Albert Wood had the blessings of their company to carry out their research and were given research facilities and funding .
+
+S Tetsuya Mizoguchi , on the contrary , had to go " underground " with the laptop research project in the company 's other factory , diverting funds and shifting engineers from military projects to design the laptop , despite being denied development funds and an experienced team of engineers ( Rogers 2003 ) .
+
+S Ironically , after the success , Tetsuya was promoted to Toshiba 's board of directors while the inventors of Viagra were denied recognitions for their invention .
+
+S Yet , aside from being products of different fields , both technologies were able to commercialise into products successfully .
+A 15 16|||R:VERB|||be commercialized|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Pfizer managed to patent the newly synthesised Sildenafil , incorporate it into pill form before marketing it as an oral treatment for erectile dysfunction .
+
+S In 2000 , Viagra sales accounted for 92 percent of the global market for prescribed erectile dysfunction pills .
+
+S ( Keith A 2000 ) The laptop was a radically different innovation then , nevertheless , it was marketed furiously and soon had majority market shares in Europe , United States and Japan ( Rogers 2003 ) .
+A 13 14|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another similarity between both technologies was that they had competitors .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||the two|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Global shares of Viagra dropped to 50 percent due to other erectile dysfunction pill manufacturers like Cialis , Levitra and several counterfeits and clones .
+
+S ( Berenson , 2005 ) .
+
+S Toshiba , similarly , has seen its fair share of competition with leading names like Dell , Apple and Fujitsu .
+
+S Finally , both innovations have helped enrich the lives of people by addressing a need or a problem .
+
+S Offices in Japan are crowded and homes are small with no space to install a desktop gave rise to a need for smaller personal computers .
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||, giving|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The problem of male erectile dysfunction was solved by the innovative development of Viagra , though it was a 'coincidence ' the compound Sildenafil causes penile erection .
+A 21 21|||M:DET|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , though the development of Viagra was serendipitous and would seem unfair to the arduous task of development via research in the case of Tetsuya 's laptop project , both worked towards a common goal of enriching lives , which I feel is first and foremost the basis of technological advancement .
+
+S Also , let us not forget that chemists , Peter Dunn and Albert Wood , were also working systematically towards creating a compound to treat hypertension and angina .
+
+S Transportation is a necessity that humans can not live without .
+
+S The number of car on the road keep on increasing year by year and so do the pollution that arises from it .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||cars|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:SVA|||does|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore engineers need to come up with better design of environmentally friendly hybrid cars that run on green energy fuel to replace the current diesel engine cars .
+
+S The first step in engineering better hybrid cars is to define the problems of current hybrid cars and to gather information about them .
+
+S Current hybrid cars available in the market are not practical and do not appeal to the mass market .
+
+S Some of the factors include the lack of recharging stations and the high cost of producing it .
+
+S This deters consumers from switching their old diesel powered cars to the more environmentally friendly hybrid cars .
+
+S We also need to make a complete market survey on the reasons why hybrid cars are not getting the attention of consumers .
+
+S As stated by Khandani in " Engineering Design Process , 2005 " , consumers are the one that ultimately establish the need for a product .
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:SVA|||establishes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , understanding this need of environmentally friendly hybrid cars is of importance before proceeding to the next step of the design solution .
+
+S Next , engineers need to generate multiple solutions for the hybrid cars .
+
+S This includes brainstorming sessions to find new alternative fuels and designing a new engine that can run on it .
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||such fuels|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Engineers also need to make comparison on the latest hybrid cars such as electric cars , hydrogen fuel cell cars and solar powered cars to see which one is more efficient and suitable .
+A 6 7|||R:PREP|||between|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Willingness to take risks and experiment with new alternative fuels are also important so that more creative ideas can be generated .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Then , we proceed to the next stage of analyzing the various solutions and selecting the best one .
+
+S As highlighted by Khandani , there are some factors that may need to be considered in the analysis such as the product safety , functional analysis , market analysis and mechanical analysis .
+
+S The hybrid cars should be tested for its safety and functionality .
+
+S For instance , solar powered hybrid cars need to be ensured that it has enough energy to function well in the night .
+
+S Hydrogen fuel cell cars must have a practical way of emitting water as its waste .
+
+S We also need to analyze the safety of the designs .
+
+S If it is below par , we can add adequate safety features or a thorough instruction manual to it .
+
+S Lastly , after going through rigorous analyzing and selecting the final design , we need to make a prototype of the hybrid car and test its overall function in real world situations .
+A 5 6|||R:MORPH|||rigorously|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will reveal the weaknesses in the design , hence the engineers can improve on it .
+A 8 9|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We also need to test and check various criteria so that the hybrid car meets the needs of the consumers .
+
+S Documentation and patent on the overall design should be done at this stage .
+
+S Then , we need to execute extensive marketing and awareness campaign to get consumers to buy the hybrid car .
+
+S To conclude , engineering a new design of environmentally friendly hybrid car helps to reduce pollution by using green fuels such as electric and solar power .
+
+S Creative engineering design can produce a paradigm shift for people to start using environmentally friendly cars due to all its positive advantages .
+A 19 20|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Battery , the Renewing Energy Carrier
+
+S What is the best alternative of fossil fuel ?
+
+S The answer is widely believed to be one of the renewable energies , which include solar energy , wind power and so on .
+
+S However , in the process of looking for new energy source to take place of coals and oils , a more urgent problem of the energy system has been neglected -- the storage of the energy .
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||coal|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||oil|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If the coal , oil and sunshine can be regarded as the primary energy carriers , the battery , whose energy can be consumed effectively and cleanly , is the secondary energy carrier , which relates to our daily life more closely .
+
+S Ironically , comparing with the primary energy carriers , the battery is far less popular and only used in some specific fields .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:FORM|||compared|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S How can the engineering design make it widely used by innovating ?
+
+S The process can be divided into three parts , defining the problems of battery , finding the solutions and selling the new products .
+A 12 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The birth of the battery can be back to several hundreds years ago , but it failed to dominate the energy carrier market since its two obvious weakness , which can not be improved easily .
+A 7 7|||M:VERB|||traced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:PREP|||because of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:NOUN:NUM|||weaknesses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , the battery is limited by its energy capacity .
+
+S The capacity of the traditional battery is too small to supply the big machines continuously , especially the cars .
+
+S It can only be used in some trivial electric devices such as mp3 player .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||players|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The second weakness of battery is its charge time : comparing to the refueling of the fossil fuel , the battery charge takes too much time .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:FORM|||compared|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It reduces the efficiency of the battery .
+
+S These two elements together impede battery to be an instant energy carrier , and finally lead to today 's situation of energy carrier market .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although battery is not widely used today , it is possible to change the situation by innovating .
+
+S To enhance the capacity of the battery , keep trying new materials is important .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:FORM|||keeping|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since the new battery is designed to use in the big machines to replace engines , the capacity will have the priority .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||be used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The engineers can try some heavy materials without worrying about the weight and volume .
+
+S Additionally , the engineers can also redesign the energy system of the big machines to cooperate with the battery to get a best efficiency .
+
+S To shorten the charge time , the technicians can get some ideas from the design of small batteries , which can be fully charged in fifteen minutes .
+
+S The last part of the process is to sell the products .
+
+S The popularization of battery is not isolated ; as an energy carrier , it should be together with the innovation of the electrical cars and other engineering products to form an industry chain .
+A 15 16|||R:VERB|||go|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The chain will also include the battery charge station , which will replace the refueling station as the popularization of battery .
+A 16 17|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To sum up , the engineering design process can be a good way to innovate new generation of battery .
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A process that includes defining , solving and selling will build a whole industry chain of new battery , and finally meet the energy carrier need of the society .
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||around|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||batteries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nowadays , there will always be an engineer designed product wherever we go to or whatever we do .
+
+S They are the results of engineer designs to meet our needs .
+
+S In order for us to progress faster , more money needs to be pumped to the research sector so that discoveries like cures for illnesses , could be discovered faster .
+
+S Therefore , engineers should design products or systems that could improve the economy .
+
+S Engineer designs that save energy , cut costs and save manpower are the key to improving the economy so that more money can be used for more research .
+
+S New form of or improved transportation could help to reduce costs and save time .
+
+S Teleportation is the ideal form of transportation in most of our dreams .
+
+S Although it is indeed unrealistic and impossible , we can never know if it can be realised .
+
+S No one thought that mobile phones were possible hundreds years ago too .
+
+S However , realistically , we could improve our transportation through better public transport design systems .
+
+S One example would be replacing drivers with automated computerized transports .
+
+S By replacing drivers with automated computerizations , manpower could be saved and public transports would be less costly .
+
+S With cheaper transports , people would have more money to spend , improving the economy .
+
+S In cities around the world , large amount of energy are consumed by electrical appliances every day .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By designing better electrical appliances that could perform the same function with lesser energy used , we could save a large amount of energy .
+A 12 13|||R:ADJ:FORM|||less|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One example would be designing a fridge that uses less power to run .
+
+S With lesser energy used , costs of living are reduced and the economy would improve with more people having more money to spend .
+A 1 2|||R:ADJ:FORM|||less|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another way to improve the economy would be through the designing of new form of energy sources .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||forms|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the natural resources are depleting , price of using it as source of energy is becoming increasingly costly .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:ADJ|||high|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One such example would be the price of petrol .
+
+S Therefore , through discovery of new form of convenient and renewable energy , the price of energy could be more stable .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||forms|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With a more stable price , it reduces the chance of a big change that could lead to economy problems .
+A 0 7|||R:OTHER|||A more stable price|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Given the current shaky economy , another big upset would have an adverse effect on our lives .
+
+S Therefore , a stable economy is essential for us to progress in technology and having a more reliable source of energy is the key to it .
+
+S To sum up , a stable and better economy is the current human need that should be given priority to engineer designs .
+A 20 22|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Engineers could design or discover better transports , electrical appliances and energy to ensure a better and more stable economy .
+
+S With a better economy , more energy could be invested into the research sector to discover more inventions to improve our lives .
+
+S Inventions that could save , lengthen lives or make life more enjoyable .
+
+S HINDRANCES IN IMPLEMENTING TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS
+
+S With a population of 1.15 billion , a total area of 3.2 million square kilometers , twenty eight states , seven union territories , diversity in culture and around a hundred different languages , India , has certain significant problems in the hampering of engineering design processes for innovations .
+A 35 36|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Though engineering design is considerably well established in the country , some practical problems , play spoil sport .
+A 14 15|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 18|||UNK|||unclear meaning|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Despite having the manpower , she is still not technologically advanced in comparison to the other developing countries like China , Brazil and Egypt .
+
+S The two main causes for this problem are population outburst and corruption .
+
+S The population of India is rapidly multiplying , increasing from 1.147 billion in 2008 to 1.15 billion in 2009 , in a course of just one year .
+
+S This makes it difficult to implement innovations , especially in relation to engineering design .
+
+S Having a literacy rate of 61 percent , it is quite difficult to introduce new technological innovations , as not all the people in the country would understand and know how to utilize the product well .
+A 33 34|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another problem is 'Brain Drain ' or " human capital flight " ( Ramones , n.d. ) which began taking away India 's brain power at a rapid rate .
+
+S This is because the job opportunities are better in foreign countries in comparison with the state of unemployment in India .
+A 14 18|||R:OTHER|||those|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " This concept of taking education in a country but earning for another is known as brain drain .
+
+S " ( Bhargava Tarang , n.d. ) The western countries open up more job opportunities as they acquire cheap and hardworking labour .
+
+S Problems such as second highest population , vast size , low literacy rate and 'Brain Drain ' have made it difficult for India to take a step towards technological innovations in the field of engineering design .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Currently , corruption is wide-spread in India .
+
+S " India is ranked 85 out of a 179 countries in { Transparency International } [ HYPERLINK : http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_International ] 's { Corruption Perceptions Index } [ HYPERLINK : http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index ] , although its score has improved consistently from 2.7 in 2002 to 3.4 in 2008 .
+
+S " ( CNN-IBN , 2007 ) .
+
+S The revenue involved in this widespread mishap is very high , thereby affecting all the facets of the country .
+
+S Even the poverty stricken section of the society is forced to bribe the officials for their living .
+
+S Right from education every other field in India is flooded with corrupt officials who primarily work with a self centered mindset to misappropriate and amass huge amount of money .
+A 25 25|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These individuals are indifferent to the fact that majority of India 's population is below the poverty line .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S While the rich get richer , the poor keep getting poorer .
+
+S The 'black ' money does not get released into the economy for the fear of law and hence hampers the economy , widening the bridge between the 'haves and have nots ' , pulling more people under the poverty line .
+
+S This multi faceted economic problem poses as the main hindrance to India 's technological development and is the mother of all other social and political problems that India faces .
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||becomes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Despite having morbid and influential problems , population and corruption , India is still a fore runner in the economic scenario and has a steady development rate .
+
+S The reason for this is its integrity .
+
+S Furthermore the young generation is well informed and is taking several initiatives to rectify the previously committed mistakes , thus causing the country to accelerate in a path of new economic revelations .
+
+S References
+
+S Bhargava Tarang , ( n.d. ) , Brain Drain in India .
+
+S Retrieved on 7th September , 2009 from { http : //ezinearticles.com/ ? Brain-Drain-in-India&id = 996844 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //ezinearticles.com/ ? Brain-Drain-in-India&id = 996844 ]
+
+S CNN-IBN .
+
+S Believe it or not !
+
+S India is becoming less corrupt .
+
+S ( September 26 , 2007 ) .
+
+S Retrieved 6th September , 2009 from { http : //ibnlive.in.com/news/believe-it-or-not-india-is-becoming-less-corrupt/49402-2.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //ibnlive.in.com/news/believe-it-or-not-india-is-becoming-less-corrupt/49402-2.html ]
+
+S Ramones ( n.d. ) , Brain Drain .
+
+S Retrieved on 7th September , 2009 from { http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_drain } [ HYPERLINK : http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_drain ]
+
+S How do we invent products or systems ?
+
+S Do we simply just think of an idea and create a product to try and solve a problem ?
+
+S As engineers , most of us will use a process identified as the engineering design process .
+
+S The design process is a 5 stage process which includes defining the problem , gathering useful information , finding multiple solutions , narrowing down the solution and testing and implementing the solution ( Khandani,2005 ) .
+
+S The 5 stages are sequential which means that an interruption in any of the 5 steps can hamper the engineering design process .
+A 5 5|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In Malaysia , engineering design processes for innovation have not been evolving as much as the government would like .
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||them to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The problems that contribute to it is that there are not many quality engineers left in Malaysia and the local society 's mindset .
+A 5 6|||R:PRON|||this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:PREP|||because of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The first problem is the lack of quality engineers left in Malaysia .
+
+S Most engineers leave for financial reasons .
+
+S The value of the ringgit is rather low so engineers tend to favor working overseas as the salary is higher and the working environment is much better .
+A 16 16|||M:OTHER|||there ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , Malaysians who studied in Singapore are required to sign a bond which ties them to work in Singapore for a few years .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||study|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After working in Singapore , most of them will not return to work in Malaysia as the pay is almost double compared to working locally .
+A 18 18|||M:OTHER|||in Singapore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 25|||R:OTHER|||the pay in Malaysia|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The engineers produces in local universities are not able to fill the gap left by the engineers who leave the country .
+A 0 1|||M:OTHER|||In addition , the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:FORM|||produced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The second problem is the society 's mindset .
+
+S Malaysians have a very conservative way of thinking .
+
+S They are not willing to take new risks in terms of design innovations .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||innovation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Malaysians are contented easily and refuse to improve on existing innovations and technologies .
+A 2 4|||R:WO|||easily contented|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Malaysian societies are also uncooperative in their work .
+A 0 1|||R:MORPH|||Malaysians|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They are not willing to seek help from foreign countries and source most of the work to unqualified local companies .
+A 0 1|||M:OTHER|||Furthermore , they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN|||contract|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Apart from that , it is well known how corrupted the country is .
+
+S Corruption can lead to unmotivated work ethics .
+
+S The problems listed above can have an impact on all or one of the 5 stages of engineering design process .
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First and foremost , the conventional thinking of Malaysians can affect the first stage of the process that is defining the problem .
+A 17 19|||R:OTHER|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Their traditional thinking will not be able to identify what the needs of the country are .
+
+S The uncooperative nature of the country can influence the design process in terms of generating multiple solutions .
+
+S We need to work together with other nations to tackle a problem because other countries may have different views to a problem solution .
+A 19 20|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Most significantly , because of the insufficient amount of engineers in the country , we are just not able to source enough manpower to accomplish the design process .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN|||number|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB|||get|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the progress of engineering designed is being disrupted by local society and the lack of engineers .
+A 7 8|||R:MORPH|||design|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:OTHER|||the mindset of the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the rest of the world continue to improve technologically , we advance at a slower pace .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||continues|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:OTHER|||can only|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There is a need to have an attitude change in both the government and society .
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Engineers should remain in the country and not just leave for personal benefits .
+
+S They should consider helping improve the level of design innovation in the country so that we can compete globally .
+A 4 4|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference
+
+S Khandani,S .
+
+S ( 2005,August ) .ENGINEERING DESIGN PROCESS .
+
+S ( pg.5 ) .Retrieved
+
+S September 2,2009,from http : //www.iisme.org/etp/HS % 20Engineering- % 20Engineering.pdf
+
+S WA2
+
+S Incredible as it seems in such a resource-rich earth , the energy crisis has become one makeable problem .
+A 16 17|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But the fact is that the shortage of energy has affected the whole human society and our further development .
+
+S As Tennessee Valley Authority disclosed that the normal 60-day store of coal now can only supply ten to twelve days ( Business : The Energy shortage worsens , 1997 ) .
+A 5 5|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This means that our resources can not fulfill our increasing demand .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB|||meet|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The most pressing issue is finding a replacement for fossil resources .
+
+S One of the most suitable replacements is nuclear power .
+
+S However , there are some concerns about it , such as security , costs and performance , which have limited the popularization of this promising substitute approach .
+A 26 27|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order to resolve these problems , a new generation of nuclear energy system which is called the Fourth Generation reactors is under test .
+A 22 23|||R:OTHER|||undergoing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN:NUM|||tests|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the six approaches that named as supercritical-water-cooled reactor can give us a way for our future energy with further researches .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 19|||R:OTHER|||the solution to meeting future energy needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:MORPH|||research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Supercritical-water-cooled reactors share the benefits of Generation IV and some further benefits compared with other kinds of reactors , SCWR may also resolve some concerns about safety and cost with some further development .
+A 2 2|||M:OTHER|||( SCWRs )|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:INFL|||SCWRs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S SCWR as one of the six reactor concepts for Generation IV nuclear fuel , share the same advantage with all other reactors and some further predominance compared with other reactors .
+A 0 0|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:MORPH|||shares|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:NOUN|||advantages|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Generating electricity in a sustainable , economically viable , safe and reliable manner is the basic goals of Generation IV .
+
+S Sustainable means that the system should generate power by some natural fuel , at the same time , minimize the environmental impact .
+A 13 13|||M:PREP|||while|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:FORM|||minimizing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Economically viable means that the generating cost should be competitive with other energy resources , meanwhile the capital investment should also be low enough to allow access to a large number of countries .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||while|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Safe and reliable mainly emphasize that the future reactors should perform better or at least as well in terms of the safety and reliability as current ones .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||'Safe and reliable '|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||emphasizes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The focus is to decrease the emission of radiation and insure the safety of civilians once accident happen .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB|||ensure|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:SVA|||happens|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Compared with other reactors , SCWR is advanced as its higher thermal efficiency ( about 45 % versus 33 % for LWR ) and simple plant .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:OTHER|||?|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Nuclear Power Energy , 2002 ) The SCWR is effective because only one cycle is involved .
+A 7 7|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , the SCWR does not require steam separator plates , heat exchangers nor turbines compared with BWR .
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||?|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Tilkki V. Supercritical Water Reactors : A Survey on International State of Research in 2006 , 2006 ) All the simple design reduced the construction cost of nuclear electrical station .
+A 19 19|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:TENSE|||reduces|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also the coolant of SCWR is water which is cheaper compared with other kinds of reactors .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Moreover ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:OTHER|||the coolants used in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although SCWR owns lots of benefits , two main concerns about the cost and safety limited the population of this reactor .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:VERB|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 5|||R:OTHER|||many|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:MORPH|||limit|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Opponents way argue that the cost of nuclear energy is not equivalent to what we have paid .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||may|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:VERB:TENSE|||pay|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:OTHER|||for it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This means that the electrical power which is generated by nuclear is very costly .
+A 11 11|||M:NOUN|||stations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Actually , the cost of nuclear energy can be divided into 4 parts : the construction cost , the operating cost , the cost of waste disposal and the cost of decommissioning the plant .
+
+S For the operating cost , the cost of producing electricity has decreased from 3.63 cents per KWHr to 1.68 cent since 1987 .
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||cents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the USA , the nuclear power operators are charged 0.1 cents per KW-Hr for the disposal of Nuclear Waste and the average decommissioning cost is $ 300 million .
+A 18 20|||R:ORTH|||nuclear waste|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , these costs are all affordable compared with other kinds of method .
+A 13 13|||M:NOUN|||energy generation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||methods|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The main cost is the construction cost which may vary from 1 billion to 5 billion ( such as Shoreham , Long Island , 1985 ) dollars .
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||the station on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nowadays , the lowest cost of nuclear power industry is $ 1300 per KW in China .
+A 3 14|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But the new AP1000 can promise a cost of $ 1000 per KW construction cost and only spend 3 years .
+A 3 4|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB|||take|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:VERB|||to construct|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Everything you want to know about Nuclear Power , n.d. ) Thus , in the future , the nuclear electricity can share the same price with other fossil resource electricity .
+A 12 12|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:TENSE|||may|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:PREP|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , some one doubt about the safety of the SCWR .
+A 0 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Their worries are based on the accidents occurred before .
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||that have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , only from 1989 to 1992 , during such a short period of time , there are more than ten accidents occurred in India , USA and Japan for such a short period of time ( Calendar of Nuclear Accidents , 2004 ) .
+A 3 16|||R:OTHER|||during the short period of just 3 years from 1989 to 1992|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:DET|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 37|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All of these experiences told us that nuclear power is really dangerous .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN|||incidents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||tell|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S That is the reason why one of our goals for Generation IV is to ensure the safety of people .
+
+S Some processes for SCWR can not be achieved safely by present technology , but the scientists are really working hard on them and some breakthrough had been made .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 9|||R:WO|||safely achieved|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN:NUM|||breakthroughs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , the future for SCWR is will be safe and effective .
+A 2 12|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To conclude , we can see that SCWR is a sustainable , economically viable , safe and reliable approach .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If all the disadvantages can be overcome , we can get a suitable replacement for fossil resources .
+A 2 3|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will have got|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References Business : The Energy Shortage Worsens TIME , Monday , Aug. 31 , 1997
+
+S Nuclear Power Energy , Cogeneration TechnologiesTM Trigeneration TechnologiesTM EcoGeneration Solutions , LLC 2002
+
+S Tilkki V. Supercritical Water Reactors : A Survey on International State of Research in 2006 Otaniemi , Finland .
+
+S Helsinki University of Technology ; 2006 November 6 .
+
+S Everything you want to know about Nuclear Power , { http : //nuclearinfo.net/Nuclearpower/WebHomeCostOfNuclearPower } [ HYPERLINK : http : //nuclearinfo.net/Nuclearpower/WebHomeCostOfNuclearPower ]
+
+S Calendar of Nuclear Accidents No.nukes , 2004 { http : //archive.greenpeace.org/comms/nukes/chernob/rep02.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //archive.greenpeace.org/comms/nukes/chernob/rep02.html ]
+
+S Not only does design entail magnificent facade or a weird opinion of a maverick , but it also involves pragmatism , cost and efficiency .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:ADJ|||strange|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All these requirements are fully passed just by those who are well educated .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB|||met|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Quite the opposite , while there is a highly increasing demand in engineers with acuity of design , even in the education system of my own country , there are two major setbacks for engineering students getting adequate design skills : the lack of practice in school and the insufficiency of co-curricular activities .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||However|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , students in high schools do not have enough useful practice time in their schedule .
+
+S Although the curriculum has recently been continually improved to gradually reduce the conventional teaching method , the reality is still a void in students ' lab skills .
+A 4 5|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:OTHER|||use of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||methods|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 27|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The reason is that the equipping of new device needed for experiments is not in tandem with the changing of textbooks .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN|||acquisition|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN|||equipment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Only in the urban areas can students have opportunities to get access to the required equipments .
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||equipment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Regarding students in other places , they can merely see the teacher do a sample experiment in the lecture but can not try by themselves .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||For|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:ADV|||only|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:OTHER|||the experiments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even worse in some remote areas , students can only listen to the description of the experiment by the teacher .
+
+S According the Labor Newspaper , Hung Yen , a south province of Viet Nam , there are thousands of students are studying without sufficient lab equipments due to the delay in project of purchasing new equipments and corruption .
+A 1 1|||M:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:ADJ|||southern|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:NOUN:NUM|||equipment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 33|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:NOUN:NUM|||equipment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 37|||M:PREP|||due to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In these regions , another factor that breaks the camel 's back is the exodus of young lab teachers to cities where they can have a conducive environment to develop their own job and earn a better living .
+A 32 33|||R:NOUN|||career|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The residue of this migration is an old generation teachers who do not much familiar with modern device in labs .
+A 9 9|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:ADV|||very|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||devices|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Consequently , students do not have chance to learn the priceless pragmatic experience of how to design in work .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB|||gain|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , students do not attend enough efficient co-curricular activities in school .
+
+S This can be accounted for the fact there are few organizations in almost all schools .
+A 5 5|||M:PREP|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There was , in fact , one organization , namely the Youth Union , in my secondary school .
+A 6 6|||M:ADV|||only|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When I went to high school , luckily we had three organizations : the Youth Union , Harmonica club and PTNK Soccer league .
+
+S Though activities held by the above organizations ranged from learning history , stance to acquiring leadership , not many students were benefited from them .
+A 11 13|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S That is due to the fact that the number of attendants for one activity just covered a small portion of the whole students in school .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN|||participants|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||R:OTHER|||all the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , since co-curricular is not compulsory in our country , and the studying in other learning centers takes up almost all time of students , they tends to drop co-curricular activities in school .
+A 4 4|||M:NOUN|||activities|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:OTHER|||students|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:VERB:SVA|||tend|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Youth Newspaper recorded a New Zealand professor that Vietnamese students spent so much time to study academic knowledge that co-curricular activities became something " luxurious " .
+A 8 8|||M:VERB|||saying|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||spend|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:PART|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB|||gaining|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have become|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 27|||R:OTHER|||a luxury|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The two aforementioned issues leave engineering students to be detrimental effects on their design process for innovation .
+A 7 17|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For one thing , students who are not used to doing lab , research usually have just a vague image of what should be done .
+A 12 13|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN|||idea|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For them , the first step of design process seems to be far away as they can not define the problems completely since " people have a natural tendency to attack the current solution to a problem rather than the problem itself " ( Khandani , S. , Engineering design process , page 8 ) .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , all the rest of process can be ruined because of the first steps , for example , if the problem statement is not broad enough , the statement will preclude the new thoughts on the issue .
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , it is arduous to undo the whole process , otherwise these novice engineers have to accept low-quality products and , consistently , low profit .
+A 0 2|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another thing is that without experiments in co-curricular activities , fledgling engineers can not fulfill the second and the third steps : collecting pertinent information , generate multiple solutions .
+A 25 26|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:VERB:FORM|||generating|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is because they will lack of confident in communication with other colleagues to gather information as well as learning experience , so they hardly can find out the most effective information , let alone their inaptitude in information-searching method .
+A 4 5|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:MORPH|||confidence|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:MORPH|||communicating|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 26|||R:WO|||can hardly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 40|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Co-curricular activities also give engineering students necessary creativity and imagination to come up with many answers for a single question .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB|||help|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||develop|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If students do not actively join various activities , they will be apt to apply solely rules and theory in school to work .
+A 12 13|||R:ADJ|||prone|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:WO|||solely apply|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , " creativity is much more than just a systematic application of rules and theory to solve a technical problem " .
+
+S ( Khandani , S. , Engineering design process , page 11 ) .
+
+S Losing creativity and imagination means that they are losing their advantage in the knife edge market .
+A 12 16|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , the difficulty in dealing with the first three steps is a veritable hindrance for the whole project .
+
+S In brief , what impedes engineering process design for innovation in my country 's education system is the lack of practice and co-curricular skills .
+
+S However , with efforts to reform education , I optimistically believe that we can overcome these obstacles to be competitive engineers in global market .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference :
+
+S Khandani , S. , ( August , 2005 ) , Engineering design process .
+
+S Thousands of students resort to studying without facilities , the Labor Newspaper , No 57 , posted 8 : 36 ( GMT + 7 ) am 13/3/2008 , retrieved from { http : //www.laodong.com.vn/Home/Hang-chuc-nghin-hoc-sinh-chiu-canh-hoc-chay/20083/80155.laodong } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.laodong.com.vn/Home/Hang-chuc-nghin-hoc-sinh-chiu-canh-hoc-chay/20083/80155.laodong ] at 11 : 00 am 5/9/2009 .
+
+S Vietnamese students have little time for co-curricular activities , the Youth Newspaper , posted 6 : 32 ( GMT + 7 ) 7/7/2009 , retrieved from { http : //www.tuoitre.com.vn/Tianyon/Index.aspx ? ArticleID = 325280&ChannelID = 7 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.tuoitre.com.vn/Tianyon/Index.aspx ? ArticleID = 325280&ChannelID = 7 ] at 10 : 30 am 5/9/2009
+
+S Design is a must for any product .
+
+S If there is no design , there will be no end product .
+
+S In Singapore , there are problems that hamper engineering design processes for innovations .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||innovation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , problems like lack of creativity and time taken to create a full design .
+
+S These problems may cause impacts to the market ; like unavailability of new products , poor design outcome and changing mindsets of potential designers .
+A 3 6|||R:OTHER|||impact|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||resulting in consequences such as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First , it is the lack of creativity .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||there|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Every individual has a different mindset ; some are born lazy , while some are not .
+
+S In Singapore , a number of us are the lazy type , which means we are lazy to design .
+A 8 8|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also there are some that are shy to speak up about their ideas .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Moreover ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another problem would be individuals with fixed mindsets , thinking that designing are not a good path to take .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , from Marcelo Ang 's ( 2009 ) talk , he mentioned that it is always the mental block of an individual that makes everyone thought of not to go for designing .
+A 3 4|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:VERB:TENSE|||think|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 32|||R:VERB:FORM|||going|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence the need to remove that mental block , so that the individuals will have the opportunity to design and invent what they desire for .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||there is a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , this may cause the market to lose out good designers , which could potentially help boost the market .
+A 0 4|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||This mindset|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:PRON|||who|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN|||design industry|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will impact the market because there will be an unavailability of new products .
+
+S Without people designing new products and stuffs , there will be no new products in the market .
+A 5 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This in turn will cause the market to suffer , in the article Designing engineers to change the world , Chan ( 2009 ) mentioned that market users always demand for new products , which they are fascinated with .
+A 9 11|||R:PUNCT|||. In|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 19|||R:OTHER|||" Designing engineers to change the world "|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , when there are no new products , these potential customers are lost .
+
+S Hence , causing the market to suffer .
+
+S Second , it is due to the time taken to create a full design product .
+A 2 3|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A design process is not a one-night outcome .
+A 5 8|||UNK|||the outcome of one night 's work|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It might take days and months to perfect the design so as to ensure that the end product is good .
+
+S Thereafter , more problems may arise such as finding and building of the parts and materials that are not readily available in Singapore .
+
+S For example , a lot of stress tests had to be done during the process of making NEWater ( 2008 ) .
+
+S This includes tests on human to confirm that it is fit for drinking before it is produced for public consumption .
+A 0 1|||R:DET|||These|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||included|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||humans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||Newater|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Those tests were not done in a day or month .
+
+S It took more than a year to complete .
+A 0 1|||R:PRON|||They|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This leads to other effects and impacts the market .
+A 0 1|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S People will tend to go for simpler designs , because of the long time required to create a proper full design .
+A 1 2|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reason being , it will be much easier to design and time required would be much lesser .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||The reason is that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||a simple design|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:OTHER|||to produce such a design|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:ADJ:FORM|||less|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will result to poor designs produced in the market .
+A 1 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||results|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:VERB:TENSE|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence market users will not be tempted to buy the product , which would cause the sales and market to be low .
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Additionally , this will also lead to loss income to the designer as they might not earn their production cost back .
+A 3 6|||R:OTHER|||also leads|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||lost|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||designers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Eventually potential designers will have second thoughts and step out of designing .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the lack of creativity and the time to create a design could cause impacts to the market in Singapore .
+A 17 18|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These problems that may hamper the engineering design would impact the market causing the unavailability of new products , designers taking shortcuts in design and changing mindsets about design .
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:OTHER|||designers '|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , this would lead to market downturn .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I personally feel that the most common problem originates from every individual 's mindset , when they have already made up their mind .
+
+S It 's hard to change once it 's fixed .
+A 5 5|||M:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I believe that if an individual takes up the courage to change , and design a proper design , it would resolve the problems that are hampering the design process for innovations .
+A 31 32|||R:NOUN:NUM|||innovation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Chan , E.S. ( 2009 , April 21 ) .
+
+S Designing engineers to change the world .
+
+S The Straits Times .
+
+S Marcelo H. A .
+
+S Jr. ( 2009 , August 28 ) .
+
+S The importance of inventing/invention/innovation .
+
+S Conducted at National University of Singapore ( NUS ) , Leture Theatre 7 .
+
+S Overview of NEWater .
+
+S ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Overview of NEWater .
+
+S Retrieved September 5 , 2009 , from Public Utilities Board ( PUB ) , Singapore 's national water agency Web site : http : //www.pub.gov.sg/NEWater/Pages/default.aspx
+
+S In your home country some problems ( may ) significantly hamper engineering design processes for innovations .
+
+S Describe two of these problems and explain their impacts on effects on certain stages of the process .
+
+S We humans always dream .
+
+S We have never been satisfied with what we want .
+
+S We are always out there looking for something better .
+
+S It might seem that we are greedy , but the fact that I am writing this essay sitting comfortably in an air conditioned room is fact enough to validate our greed and curiosity .
+
+S If we were n't greedy for more always just imagine how different the world would have been .
+A 4 8|||R:OTHER|||always greedy for more ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Just an hour without the majestic invention of electricity just drives everyone crazy .
+A 4 8|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 13|||R:OTHER|||make life intolerable for everyone|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The boom of innovation and technology in the past few decades has just been tremendous .
+A 12 13|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Every country wants to be technologically forward and pumps in enormous amounts of money and resources into leading innovations and research developments .
+
+S However the standard of research and innovations being administered in every country varies to a great deal .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||innovation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 9|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is influenced by the different social and economic atmospheres prevalent .
+A 6 11|||R:OTHER|||prevailing social and economic atmospheres|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Now I am going to talk about the various issues that hamper engineering design and innovations in my own country , India .
+
+S The first thing that jumps right into your mind when you read about India is its vast size and a whooping population of over 1.1 billion ( Population Council , 2009 ) .With such a vast population the onus on the government to ensure the welfare of the people is tremendous .
+A 4 8|||R:OTHER|||comes to one 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||one reads|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:ADJ|||whopping|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 37|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With a large part of the population depending on the government for subsidies and food , most of the annual budget is spent in ensuring that the people are well fed .
+
+S With India being a democratic country the major revenue for the government is taxes paid by the people .
+A 6 6|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the standard of living not being quite high the revenue earned by the government is also quite less .
+A 9 9|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:ADJ|||limited|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore the amount of money the government can afford to spend on the research projects is quite less comparatively .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||little|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||compared to other countries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S India spends only 450 million USD per year on research ( The Acorn n.d. ) .
+
+S One of the major responsibilities of the government of any country is providing quality education to the children .
+A 17 17|||M:OTHER|||nation 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This has always been quite a problem for India .
+
+S With its vast size and population a lot of the rural areas still lack proper schools .
+
+S Fifty percent of the children living in these rural areas leave school before completing their fifth grade ( The English Argument , Prashant Mekala ,December 8 ,1995 ) .
+
+S These children then resort to manual labour .
+A 3 5|||R:OTHER|||end up in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is quality human resource lost .
+
+S These children may one day turn into great thinkers and scientists ,but due to lack of proper facilities they drop out of school .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have turned|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is no wonder that India lags in technological innovations and research .
+A 7 7|||M:PREP|||behind|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However in the cities the quality of education is world class .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 4|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The people educated in the cities are now exposed to the entire world .
+
+S They are quite well learned .
+
+S Some of them tend to leave the country in search of better prospects in the developed countries .
+A 3 5|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The chance of earning huge sums of money and a quality lifestyle just makes them leave their country as though they are leaving their house to take a leisurely stroll .
+A 9 9|||M:OTHER|||of obtaining|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the government spending huge sums of money on them and these people not even repaying the government by working here and paying taxes here , it is a huge blow for the government .
+A 26 27|||R:OTHER|||their departure|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S More than 300,000 Indians migrate to the United States and over 75 percent of these people have had tertiary education ( Finance and development , June 1999 ) .
+
+S With such highly educated individuals leaving the country the scope for leading research becomes quite limited,scarce .
+A 8 8|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||limited|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another factor is that a lot of the developed countries attract foreign talent in addition to their own population .
+A 13 19|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S India is not able to do that .
+
+S With the standard of living and environment not meeting that of the developed countries we are unable to attract brilliant individuals from different parts of the world .
+
+S With all these factors playing a role , the engineering design and innovation is hampered quite a lot .
+A 13 13|||M:OTHER|||in India|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 18|||R:OTHER|||significantly hampered|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Steps have been taken to minimise the effects of these factors , but there is still a long way to go to see all these factors vanishing all together .
+A 27 29|||R:ADV|||altogether|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Several private organisations have started helping the people in what little way they can .
+
+S References
+
+S International Monetary Fund ( June 1999 ) .
+
+S How extensive is Brain Drain ?
+
+S Retrieved September 5 ,2008 from { http : //www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/1999/06/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/1999/06/ ] carringt.htm
+
+S The Acorn .
+
+S India 's Academic R&D Budget Retrieved September 5 , 2008 from { http : //acorn.nationalinterest.in/2007/03/05/indias-academic-rd-budget/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //acorn.nationalinterest.in/2007/03/05/indias-academic-rd-budget/ ]
+
+S Population Council Retrieved September 5,2008 from { http : //www.popcouncil.org/asia/india.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.popcouncil.org/asia/india.html ]
+
+S Innovation engineering has been a commonly recurrent phrase among the industries in the recent years .
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , exactly how many engineers fully understand the full meaning and implications behind the simple phrase ?
+
+S Furthermore , how many understand the long and exhausting process required for innovative engineering operations to be executed and optimized ?
+
+S The process of concept generation , product testing and product implementation requires lots of resources .
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||a lot|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These resources come in the form of time , which translates to financial terms , and experience in the process .
+
+S In the Singapore society where it is relatively result orientated , people tend to be afraid to try out new ideas as they are afraid they will lose out to the intense competition they face from the others .
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , engineers will rather stick to tried and proven methods that are seen to be effective , instead of explore for more alternative methods .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:FORM|||exploring|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , these engineers fail to realise that failures are the key to innovation .
+
+S Without having gone through failures , new and better processes would not be developed properly , and thus failing to achieve optimisation .
+A 13 15|||R:WO|||properly developed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 22|||R:OTHER|||optimisation would not be achieved|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The environment makes it hard for companies to allocate resources for innovation , and at the same time , keep the company 's competitive edge in the market .
+
+S Due to this problem , fresh ideas would not even have a chance to be developed , least to say , move towards the implementation of the idea .
+A 17 18|||R:ADV|||not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This gradually develops into an inflexible culture , whereby our workers choose to stick to current beliefs rather than try out new ideas .
+A 0 1|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 3|||R:OTHER|||has gradually developed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:ADV|||where|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Generating new concepts do not just require a single day of effort , as what people believe , but instead require a longer thought process which may take days or even months .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||does|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:SVA|||requires|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The culture in Singapore does not even allow our workers to make time for this crucial concept generation process .
+
+S Another problem we face in Singapore is the lack of experience our country has in the innovative engineering field .
+
+S Compared to developed countries , which have years of experience in the field , our nation has just begun to prosper .
+
+S Previously , public policies have guided our nation towards the manufacturing arena .
+
+S This has brought rise to various government bodies efficient in international operating and manufacturing standards .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB|||given|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , it has only been in recent years that our government has moved towards research and development .
+
+S Therefore , it would take quite some time to gear local engineers towards an innovative mindset .
+
+S Engineering processes not only rely on theories , but a lot on the engineer 's experience .
+
+S Chief engineers who have been in the field for a period of time would be valuable resources .
+
+S However , it would take years for a new generation of engineers to be trained in innovative engineering .
+
+S Innovative engineering requires the engineer to venture into areas which have yet to be explored , which makes the experience even more vital , as it would allow problems to be identified even before they occur .
+A 18 19|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These problems would most probably yet to be explored by current engineers .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Such|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 8|||R:OTHER|||not have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , Singapore should open up to accept more challenges and failures especially for the younger generations of engineers .
+
+S The younger engineers should be more daring and dare to venture into the innovative world to discover new ideas .
+
+S Problems for innovations in China
+
+S As the third biggest country with the largest population in the world , there are still some unavoidable problems of engineering design processes for innovations in a developing country , China .
+A 13 16|||R:OTHER|||China still faces|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 31|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Two major problems among these are : the low acceptance of engineering design and the complex verification before licensing procedures for engineering projects .
+A 16 20|||R:OTHER|||procedures of verification for licensing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The majority of Chinese citizens have just received junior middle school or primary school education as a result of the large population and the developing economy .
+A 5 8|||R:OTHER|||only receive|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , it is not hard to figure out the lack of knowledge about engineering design which results in the low acceptance of engineering design .
+A 7 9|||R:VERB|||understand|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In my hometown , there is nearly no such words related to engineering design .
+
+S Except the flourishing cities , such as Shanghai and Beijing , in most parts of China , people seldom hear of engineering design , not to mention to understand it .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||U:VERB:FORM||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S People do not know how to make use of the new technologies and new products so that it is easy to imagine the situation where engineering design processes for innovations receive not much or little support from the public in China and people .
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 41|||R:OTHER|||Chinese government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Sometimes engineering design may interfere some persons'interests in the short run .
+A 5 5|||M:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN|||term|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , when a kind of new technology is being marketed , perhaps some people who earn a living by the old technology or products , like hand embroidery will suffer market competition even huge losses .
+A 26 27|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 34|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 35|||M:VERB|||make|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Without the proper understanding , people mostly object engineering design , let alone the support .
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||most people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||R:OTHER|||not to say|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||support it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There is no doubt about the trouble caused by such condition to engineering projects .
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||a perspective|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In brief , both the low level of enducation and the gap between traditional craftsmen and developers of new technologie lead to the low acceptance of engineering design in China .
+
+S Another serious problem for engineering design is the complex verification before licensing procedures for engineering projects due to the incomplete law system .
+A 10 13|||R:OTHER|||procedures for licensing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a developing country , China spares no effort to revise the law with gradual improvement .
+
+S However , there are still some problems hampering engineering design to some extent .
+
+S In most cases , it costs quite a lot for project managers to get the licence for an engineering project , not just money and time , but also the interpersonal relationship .
+A 27 32|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In China , interpersonal relationships are still one of the most important factors to survive successfully in the complex society like China and one has to put much effort to establish and maintain interpersonal relationships .
+A 13 13|||M:ADJ|||necessary|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:ADV|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In other words , without a healthy interpersonal relationship , it is really hard to survive in China .
+
+S Taking into account all of the above elements , there is no wonder at the high cost in time and labour for a licence of engineering project .
+A 13 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:OTHER|||terms of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:VERB|||is required|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:OTHER|||to obtain|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It does not just waste a lot of time for an innovation project , but also passes away the mood of inspiration for innovation .
+A 0 1|||R:PRON|||This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||in the case of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 24|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Finally , it is most likely that nobody would like to promote critical thinking for an intricate process owing to the desire for an innovation project .
+
+S The problems all above are related to people 's attitudes towards engineering design and the political situation for engineering innovations , implying the heavy going improvement of engineering design .
+A 0 4|||R:WO|||All the above problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 25|||R:OTHER|||difficulties in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:MORPH|||improving|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even though , it is a journey of hardships for Chinese innovations in the field of engineering design , which really suffers quite a lot at the moment , the future for Chinese engineering innovations is still bright with the government striving to achieve the goal for a healthy environment of engineering supervision .
+A 2 3|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||R:OTHER|||is really suffering|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In today 's world , the significance of nuclear energy can not be ignored .
+
+S In some countries , nuclear energy plays an important role in power in power production .
+A 10 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Currently , " nuclear energy supplies about 80 % and 30 % of the electricity in France and Japan respectively. " ( section2.3 ) .
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||respectively|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S More prominently , countries are using nuclear energy to make powerful weapons for military purposes .
+
+S We know how Iran and North Korea have been using their nuclear 'power ' to negotiate with the US .
+
+S However , these powerful weapons were not were not within scientists ' imagination of how nuclear energy would be utilised .
+A 5 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Scientists probably had intended to use nuclear energy for peaceful purposes like using it as an alternative source of energy production .
+A 20 21|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , we shall examine how nuclear energy grew and how it is important to the world now and in the near future .
+A 8 9|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nuclear energy was discovered in the early 1990s ( section2.1 ) .
+A 9 10|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Scientists discovered that a huge amount of energy could be produced from the nuclear fission of the element uranium .
+
+S We shall not go down to the details of that process but it was a major scientific discovery as it leads to another form of energy production .
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:TENSE|||led|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Unfortunately , nuclear energy 's first real useful application was on Japan 's cities where two nuclear bombs landed and caused massive destruction .
+
+S While this historical event marked the end of WWII , it presented nuclear energy to the rest of the world .
+
+S Soon , countries like Russia and China became nuclear 'powers ' as well .
+
+S Their governments funded nuclear research and the setting up of more nuclear reactors .
+
+S Naturally , nuclear weapons became increasingly sophisticated as nuclear countries reinvent these weapons and vie to be the most powerful nuclear state .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||reinvented|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||vied|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:OTHER|||in the world|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Now , nuclear weapons , from what we know , can be flown to a faraway place to cause massive destruction .
+
+S However , the use of nuclear weapons on another country has been non-existent since WWII as countries realize the chaos it could cause .
+A 20 21|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , the primary purpose of nuclear energy is to generate electricity .
+
+S Unlike energy produced by burning carbon , nuclear energy is clean as no greenhouse gases is produced from nuclear plants , where nuclear energy is made .
+
+S Using more nuclear energy and less carbon-generated energy to produce electrical energy could mean a significant decrease in greenhouse gases and a cleaner earth to live in .
+A 26 27|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Countries like France rely on nuclear power as much as other countries that rely on carbon to generate electricity .
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , nuclear energy might become essential in the near future as the world seeks to solve the problems due to global warming .
+A 18 18|||M:ADJ|||energy-related|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:OTHER|||such as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S At the same time , just like any other forms that could be used to generate electricity , nuclear power is not a perfect source of energy too .
+A 27 28|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The danger of radioactivity is always imminent as critics often refer to the nuclear accident in Chernobyl that resulted in many deaths and serious repercussions such as unnatural births many years after the accident .
+
+S In addition , even if nuclear accidents do not occur , spent nuclear fuel would remain radioactive for decades .
+
+S As a result , land space has to be sacrificed to accommodate waste storage .
+
+S In conclusion , nuclear energy would probably play an important as the Earth 's carbon resources are used up .
+A 17 19|||R:OTHER|||gradually being depleted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , nuclear countries should only encourage research on nuclear energy production for peaceful purposes .
+
+S They should not use it as a weopon in war as this could spell the end of the world .
+
+S References
+
+S WIKIPEDIA The Free Encyclopaedia ( n.d. ) Nuclear Power Retrieved Sept 5 , 2009 , from http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power # Origins
+
+S The creation NEWater , a technology where used water is treated to become potable , is one of the few examples of success in the research of technology in Singapore .
+A 2 2|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Prior to this achievement , PUB ( Public Utilities Board ) faced many obstacles and that includes the lack of engineering technology which made the cost of implementation unrealistic .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:TENSE|||included|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , this plan was shelved in the 1980s .
+
+S Similarly , Singapore is currently facing problems that hamper its ambition of coming up with great innovations .
+
+S One of these problems is the rigid education system that is restricting the growth of the minds of young Singaporeans , mainly the teenagers .
+
+S At the same time , the comfortable state of living in Singapore has posed the challenge on provoking the minds of its people to improve their current state of living .
+A 12 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||poses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All these may then lead to the slowdown of the technological advancement in Singapore .
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Ministry of Education ( MOE ) in Singapore adopts an academic based education system , where excellent examination results are prioritized over the creativity of one 's mind .
+
+S Parents and teachers emphasized a lot in obtaining 'A ' grades and hence students have a misconception towards education .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||emphasize|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They have the impression that doing well in examinations equates to success in their future endeavours .
+
+S Moreover , academy promotion mainly requires students to reproduce the knowledge conservatively without much consideration .
+A 2 2|||M:VERB|||achieving|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||academic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As such , lesser time is made for attending brain teasing courses and for almost all cases , they are made optional to students and their importance is not highlighted .
+A 3 4|||R:ADJ:FORM|||less|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||, in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:DET|||whose|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , 'students from Singapore tops result in Mathematics and Science among their peers from other 41 countries but when it comes to designing , Singaporeans are way behind their foreign peers ' ( Boston College , n.d. ) .
+A 5 6|||R:MORPH|||top|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||results|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:WO|||41 other|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is then evident that Singaporean students are proficient in examination questions yet failing in creativity .
+A 2 3|||R:ADV|||thus|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:FORM|||fail|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In view of the restrictions set on one 's creativity , there is no doubt why designing novel engineering processes is beginning to be seen as outstanding talent in our society .
+A 4 10|||R:OTHER|||limited development in creativity of the people here|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||the ability to design|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The other problem Singapore faces is , ironically , its high standard of living .
+
+S More importantly , the efficient system of governance in Singapore lives up to most of the promises made to its people during general elections .
+
+S Given their comfortable lifestyle they are enjoying , the idea of bringing about a change is not of their priority .
+A 1 2|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||the people 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , they have upgraded the facilities in housing estates , such as the implementation of the Lift Upgrading Scheme , and this brings about the 'tardiness ' in Singaporeans to think about further improvements to their life .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||the government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||through|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:OTHER|||schemes such as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has brought|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 33|||R:OTHER|||in thinking|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Their focus , instead , is directed at their routine occupational job and their own family matters and therefore , the element of creative is not part of their daily life .
+A 23 24|||R:MORPH|||creativity|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The result that consequently led by these problems is the failure to generate creative ideas as a solution or improvement to their surroundings .
+A 0 9|||R:OTHER|||Consequently , these problems result in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:OTHER|||the people 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The scope of their thoughts is relatively narrow and hence they usually fail to come up with innovations that are beyond their imagination .
+
+S Surprisingly , what Singaporeans have in mind as the ideal solution may not be in tandem with other fellow foreigners .
+A 17 19|||R:OTHER|||that of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Eventually , without a niche in designing , they will then lose out to the 'brains ' from other countries when it comes to employment for 'a designer is a planner with an aesthetic sense' .
+A 10 11|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Bruno Munari , n.d ) Not only do we need to be knowledgeable , originality , too , plays an important role when it comes to being a great innovator .
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||n.d. ) .|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 14|||R:OTHER|||is knowledge important|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 19|||R:OTHER|||but originality too|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , Singapore has to move away from its current mindset and practices in order to succeed in coming up with engineering design processes for innovations .
+
+S For example , Singapore needs to , and have already begun to , deviate from its regimental approach of learning .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S MOE has been 'moving in recent years towards nurturing young Singaporeans who ask questions , and who are willing to think of new ways to solve new problems, ' ( Ministry of Education , n.d. ) in an attempt to inculcate the positive mindset of learning at a tender age .
+
+S In the meantime , Singapore has also declared that it will increase its investment in research and development ( R&D ) to 3 % of its GDP by 2010 .
+
+S ( ChannelNewsAsia , 2007 ) The bold decision to invest billion of dollars into R&D will make people realize the importance of innovations to the sustainability of Singapore and no doubt open up more avenues for new discovery to be made .
+A 5 5|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||billions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 38|||R:NOUN:NUM|||discoveries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All in all , both measures that Singapore 's government is taking clearly reflect on its intention to drive Singapore to become one of the leading countries in terms of technology .
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||the Singapore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Boston College .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Study Rates Singapore Best in Math , Science .
+
+S Retrieved September 03 , 2009 , from http : //www.bc.edu/bc_org/rvp/pubaf/chronicle/v5/N27/timss.html
+
+S Bruno Mutari .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Inspiring quotes about design .
+
+S Retrieved September 08 , 2009 , from http : //designwashere.com/80-inspiring-quotes-about-design/
+
+S ChannelNewsAsia .
+
+S ( 2007 , February 15 ) .
+
+S Singapore to invest 3 % of its GDP on R&D annually by 2010 .
+
+S Retrieved September 03 , 2009 , from http : //www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/258795/1/.html
+
+S Ministry of Education .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Our Education System .
+
+S Retrieved September 03 , 2009 , from http : //www.moe.gov.sg/education/
+
+S " Think outside the box " .
+
+S It is the sentence that we all heard many times before when it comes to innovation .
+A 0 1|||R:PRON|||This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Singapore , as a young nation with no natural resources , depends heavily on its human resources to survive .
+
+S To be able to capture the consumers in the market , we have to be innovative in product designs .
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||design|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , I think problems like the fixed mindset of the person and the lacking of resources may hamper with engineering design process for innovations .
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||lack|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||processes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , many people have a fixed mindset .
+
+S They tend to worry what other might think and are afraid of criticism by others .
+A 4 4|||M:PREP|||about|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||others|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Self-criticism is also another issue that hinders creativity .
+
+S Most people believe themselves to be lacking in creativity and think that others will not like their ideas .
+
+S Hence during the presentation of ideas , they will present it with little or no confidence because they are afraid of making fools of themselves .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 4|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 11|||R:OTHER|||they present their ideas|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , others will take it that there is a lack of enthusiasm in the idea .
+
+S Also if someone has received a negative response , there is a high chance that they will not pursue any innovative attempts anymore .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Moreover ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||receives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:PRON|||he|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Sometimes , people have the tendency to make products too complex and too focused on factors like usability that it results in a design barrier .
+A 11 12|||R:CONJ|||or|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:VERB|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Not everyone encourage new ideas .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||encourages|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Often their reaction to new things is negative .
+
+S These will also further hinder creativity .
+A 0 1|||R:DET|||This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , since Singapore is small , it is limited in resources .
+
+S We often have to import materials from other countries .
+
+S As a result , the cost of production will be expensive and people rather choose to design a simple product and not to invest in the product innovation and research .
+A 13 13|||M:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 23|||R:OTHER|||instead of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:FORM|||investing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also we have a small talent pool of people with innovative ideas .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||In addition ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , most people do not possess the skills that are able to design any innovative products .
+
+S As a result of the problems that hamper with engineering design process for innovation , many fail to identify those unmet needs of the market , causing the market to suffer .
+A 8 9|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Instead of having new type of products in the market to capture the attention of the consumers , the market ended up with many different products having similar features and functions .
+A 4 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:TENSE|||ends|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As mentioned by Chan in his lecture , many people are also willingly to pay more for design as well as for new products that they think are simple , practical and useful .
+A 0 1|||M:OTHER|||Furthermore , as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:MORPH|||willing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , Apple iPhones were in high demand in the market during its launch because of it design , simplicity and reliability although the features of the iPhones are generally the same as many other smartphones in the market .
+A 17 18|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , it is possible to avoid all aspects which will hamper with engineering design process for innovations by changing the mindset of the people as well as to find alternative ways to solve the problem of lacking of resources .
+A 13 14|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||processes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 31|||R:OTHER|||finding|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||R:OTHER|||the lack|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We should attempt to make changes to our way of life in order to begin a larger change in our lives ; be more innovative .
+A 21 25|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Chan , E.S. ( 2009 , April 21 ) .
+
+S Designing engineers to change the world .
+
+S The Straits Times .
+
+S Engineering design process plays an important role in innovation and creativity .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The engineering|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since the resources in the world are limited and decreasing , many countries are making efforts to develop the designing process to use the resources more efficiently and improving the standard of life .
+A 27 28|||R:OTHER|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:VERB:FORM|||improve|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , in my country there are still some problems that hamper the creativity and design , especially the lack of resource and the behavior of customers .
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:NUM|||resources|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this essay , I will discuss about these obstacles and how they affect the design process .
+A 7 8|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First of all , one of the biggest obstacles that hamper the engineering design process in my country is the lack of resources which includes both factors : the human resources and natural resources .
+A 23 23|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 29|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Human resources , in this case , can be known as the labor force needed for design with skillful abilities and knowledge .
+A 7 11|||R:OTHER|||refers to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:PART|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:NOUN|||products|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||R:OTHER|||skill|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Without knowledge , an engineer can not start his designing process because he does not know where to begin and what to create .
+
+S As a result , the lack of human resource affects the design process at the very first stages .
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||stage|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another factor that also deteriorates the creativity is natural resources , as known as the space , time , materials ... for designing .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB|||hampers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:OTHER|||the lack of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 15|||R:OTHER|||such as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , in my country , many projects had to be postponed because there are not enough materials to make the products .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When waiting for importing the resources from other countries , these projects were still on the paper .
+A 3 6|||R:OTHER|||the resources to be imported|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , natural resources are important at the stages of implement the ideas to create the products .
+
+S Secondly , the behaviors of the users also cause many problems when providing the products to the market .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB|||putting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Customers are usually afraid of changing the current product to new ones when they think the old one is satisfactory .
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||products they are currently usingt|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||R:OTHER|||ones are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Once they are used to with the current product , it is hard to persuade them to switch to the new one because they have to learn how to use the new device .
+A 5 6|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This may not be a big matter of the young but with the old people , the problem is much more greater .
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , my mother just want to use the traditional line-phone than the cell-phone because making a call with the hand-phone is quite complex than just picking the line-phone and dialing .
+A 5 8|||R:OTHER|||will only|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||and not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:ADV|||more|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:PART|||up|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 30|||M:NOUN|||handset|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 32|||M:OTHER|||the number|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Consequently , a new product , although has been well and functionally designed , could be easily refused if it was not friendly to them .
+A 7 12|||R:OTHER|||functionally well|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:OTHER|||users|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this situation , the behaviors of the customers are the key factors which directly determine the successful of the product in the last stages of the engineering design process-making the product and bring it to the market .
+A 17 18|||R:MORPH|||success|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:OTHER|||process : making|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:VERB:FORM|||bringing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the two factors : lack of resources and behaviors of the customers cause great problems to the engineering design process in my country .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They affects most stages of the design process as they can postpone the process or even though stop it .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:SVA|||affect|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Unfortunately , these problems can not be solved in a short-run , it needs much efforts to bring back the knowledge and materials into my country .
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||the short term|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB|||will require|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||effort|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Have you ever wonder how many vending machines does the National University of Singapore have ?
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:FORM|||wondered|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Believe it or not , it is reported that there are over 100 vending machines in this university alone .
+A 19 20|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( National University of Singapore , 2009 ) Vending machine is almost available at everywhere .
+A 8 8|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||machines|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 14|||R:OTHER|||available almost|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We can see them in hospital , parks or even jungles !
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||hospitals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is no doubt that this invention has influenced our modern life in a great extent .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||There|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , this technology has only come to major scene at early 1880s , where back until 10-70Ad , the first vending machine was invented by a Greek engineer named Hero of Alexandria CITATION Eri06 \ l 1033 ( Jaffe , 2006 ) .
+A 4 7|||R:OTHER|||only came|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||the market|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||although|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 19|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 33|||M:OTHER|||many centuries ago around 10 A.D. to 70 A.D.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Various factors have contributed to allow such invention to be widely adopted in today 's world .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The major reason of the up rise of vending machine is due to the rising wage cost during 1880s .
+A 3 4|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||popularisation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " In the 1880s , common occupations included cobblers , daguerreotypists , nail makers , spinners , watchmakers , candle makers , gaslighters , milliners , washerwomen , tinkers , shoeblacks and glove makers .
+
+S " CITATION Pam09 \ l 1033 ( Schehl , 2009 ) Labour 's welfare has also been taken notice as first Labour Day in United States was instituted .
+A 11 29|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Pennsylvania , the once southern state which supported the idea of slavery , abolished its slavery system .
+A 3 7|||R:WO|||southern state which once|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the overall standard living of the public begins to rise in city in the following years , most people were unwilling to have a job of selling items like chewing gum and newspaper .
+A 4 4|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||began|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||cities|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:VERB|||take up|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Wastage of human resources can be seen and therefore chewing gum company , Thomas Adams Gum , decided to build the first commercial vending machine , selling gums on train platform CITATION Gum08 \ l 1033 ( Gumballs , 2008 ) .
+A 0 8|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:NOUN:NUM|||platforms|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This effectively saves the cost of employing a worker and improves the efficiency in the sales .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||saved|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||improved|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Ever since the first vending machine appeared , many companies adopted this idea as the public welcomed such invention .
+A 10 10|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Convenience it brought has definitely played a big part in its success .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The convenience|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 2|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the consumer 's view , cumbersome long queue can be avoided when we only need to have a can of drink .
+A 0 1|||R:PREP|||From|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN|||perspective|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||queues|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:PRON|||he|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:SVA|||needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , the simple manipulation of vending machine and hygienic storage is widely accepted by masses .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the contrary , the vendor viewed it as favourable because they allowed selling of stocks that have very long shelf life .
+A 0 7|||R:OTHER|||From the vendor 's perspective ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||the vending machine|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:TENSE|||allows|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Frequent updates can be avoided and the reliability of these vending machines is guaranteed .
+A 0 5|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Practically , it can be placed at any places , whether it is rural location .
+A 2 3|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||place|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 13|||R:OTHER|||including|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||locations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This introduction of vending machines has improved and revolutionized the conventional way of merchandising .
+
+S In countries like Japan and Singapore , where there is a lack of space , the need for a condensed merchandiser which allowed space efficiency is furthermore amplified .
+A 22 23|||R:VERB|||improves|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As time gradually goes by , the population density of many countries increased .
+A 12 13|||R:MORPH|||increases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A device that free out more available spaces is gaining more recognition .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||Devices|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:PART|||up|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN|||popularity|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In Japan , the available vending items range from instant noodles to cars !
+
+S CITATION Nat091 \ l 1033 ( Nate , 2009 ) The need to concentrate all stocks in a small space imparted to the invention of more variety of vending machine .
+A 20 30|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the rising wage costs , demand of a more convenient way of vending process and lack of space have shaped this technological innovation .
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||selling certain products|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , the advancement of vending machine has never come to a halt as it continues to accommodate more human needs .
+A 3 5|||R:OTHER|||improvements|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:ADV|||not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In years to come , more improved version of vending machine will be introduce to the society and bring more benefits to human kinds .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||versions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:FORM|||introduced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN:NUM|||kind|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S BIBLIOGRAPHY Gumballs .
+
+S ( 2008 , June 3 ) .
+
+S History of Vending Machines and Chewing Gums .
+
+S Retrieved from Gumballs : http : //www.gumballs.com/history.html
+
+S Jaffe , E. ( 2006 , December ) .
+
+S Old World , High Tech .
+
+S Retrieved from smithsonian : http : //www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/ancient_calendar.html
+
+S Nate .
+
+S ( 2009 , April 28 ) .
+
+S Vending Machines .
+
+S Retrieved from design boom : http : //www.designboom.com/weblog/cat/13/view/6208/vending-machines.html
+
+S Schehl , P. ( 2009 , September 7 ) .
+
+S Labor force has changed since 1880 .
+
+S Retrieved from Mount Vernon News : http : //www.mountvernonnews.com/local/09/09/07/labor-force-has-changed-since-1880
+
+S Singapore , N. U .
+
+S ( 2009 , July 15 ) .
+
+S Vending Machine .
+
+S Retrieved from National University of Singapore- Office of Estate and Development : http : //www.nus.edu.sg/oed/services/retail-and-dining/vending-machines.htm
+
+S Commercial nuclear power industry had witnessed the worst nuclear power plant accident in its history : Chernobyl .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The commercial|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reports pointed out that the disaster killed 56 people and caused about 336,000 people in contaminated areas in Russia , Belarus and Ukraine to evacuate and resettle ( World Nuclear Association , 2009 ) .
+
+S The accident raised the question about the safety of the nuclear power plant and the ways that people can avoid such case .
+A 19 20|||R:VERB|||prevent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:OTHER|||accidents in future|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From an article by Bernhard Wilpert from Technical University of Berlin , Germany we can see that if we apply psychology in design process of the nuclear reactors , the disaster might not happen .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||According to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 21|||R:OTHER|||psychology had been applied|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:NOUN|||Chernobyl|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have happened|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After the accident , people tried to figure out what are the reasons that caused the malfunction of the power plant .
+A 7 9|||R:VERB|||analyse|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||malfunctioning|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Several theories had been provided , but mostly concentrated on two issues : the mistakes of the reactor crew and the deficiency in the design of the RBMK ) reactor ( high-power channel reactor - reactor bolshoy moshchnosty kanalny ) ( World Nuclear Association,2007 ) .
+A 2 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB|||proposed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 31|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:OTHER|||called|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These two factors- one belongs to human and one belongs to machine-can be eliminated by carefully using psychology in design process .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||factors--|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB|||relating|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||humans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB|||relating|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||machines--can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , the human reasons for the accident come from various factors : the lack of knowledge of the reactor manager , the subjective points of view while performing unusual activities with the reactor and the weak communications between the workers in the power plant .
+
+S Since a nuclear reactor is described as a " complex high hazard systems " ( Wilpert,2007 ) , the adequate and clear cognition are very important not only for the individuals but also for the whole workers in the manufacture , where the collaboration between them plays the key role in the work of the plant .
+A 18 19|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 31|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 36|||R:OTHER|||all the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 40|||R:NOUN|||manufacturing plant|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 43|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 44 46|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If the Chernobyl reactor crew had had enough information about the dangerous caused by the reactor when working in low power settings , they would have never performed the test to determine how long turbines would spin and supply power following a loss of main electrical power supply .
+A 11 12|||R:MORPH|||danger|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 27|||R:WO|||never have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 34|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 40|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Unfortunately , such tests were still carried out despite the unstable of the plant under risky circumstances .
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||instability|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If we had applied psychology in the nuclear power plant , the workers had been trained well and they would have had right responds with the accidental problems while running the plant .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB|||given|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:OTHER|||responses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:PREP|||during|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 28|||R:OTHER|||accident|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the operators had broken many important rules of safety just to complete the test quickly : they had diminished the flow of coolant water , disabled the automatic shutdown mechanisms , released the control rods from the machine over the acceptable limit .
+A 32 33|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These actions resulted in increasing the amount of the energy produced to an uncontrollable level in a very short moment and caused the explosions of the reactor .
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||within|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN|||time|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Once again , the communications between the human-human and human-machine were not guaranteed .
+A 4 13|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Without proper knowledge and problem-solving skills from psychology design , they could not know exactly the situation and behaved in a wrong way when problems appeared .
+A 6 9|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 17|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , the other reason that is also widely supported is the flaws in the design of the RBMK reactor , especially the control rods .
+A 5 10|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Initially , the control rods were designed to slow down the reaction of the nuclear plant .
+
+S However , the engineer who had created the rods had not expected the chemical structure inside the rod actually increase the reactions between radiation atoms at the first moment when being put into the reactor .
+A 18 18|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:OTHER|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:VERB:FORM|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this case , the minimum requirements in testing the rods were not relevant .
+
+S Thus , the point is that the designer had just made the rods for working in stable conditions , not for such tests like this .
+A 0 2|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||designers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If the designer had applied psychological in their design process , they would have thought carefully and predicted the unexpected problems which might happen with the rods when using them .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||designers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:MORPH|||psychology|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In contrast , they neglected the standard criteria just to make them simpler , cheaper but , unfortunately , more dangerous .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||Instead|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , when the disaster happened , another serious mistakes when building the nuclear power plant reflected the weak cognition in the importance of psychology design is that the wall around the reactor is not tough .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||mistake|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , the wall was broken out and radioactivity was released freely into the atmosphere , which is extremely dangerous for human and wildlife in a large area around the plant .
+A 7 9|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN:NUM|||humans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:PREP|||within|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S An absolute evident that proves the necessary of psychological design is the similar accident with the Three Miles Island nuclear reactor in the US .
+A 2 3|||R:MORPH|||evidence|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:MORPH|||necessity|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this case , the wall of the reactor which had been built with Europe 's high standards of safety had prevented the radiation from spreading into the air and no one had to die because of it ( Michael Grunwald , 2009 ) .
+A 39 40|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These examples show that even the machine errors can be eliminated by carefully design and applying psychology in the design process to predict all the cases that may happen in the future .
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:FORM|||designing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:NOUN|||scenarios|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since the horrible accident of Chernobyl , such old technologies used to build the Chernobyl reactor have never been used again .
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , people have been doing research to improve the efficiency , the feasibility and the most important : the safety of the power plants as such disaster will never happen again .
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:PREP|||so that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:NOUN:NUM|||disasters|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is said that " Psychological methods , theories , and findings are becoming increasingly important to design " ( Etienne S. Benson , 2006 ) .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||" ( p ) sychological|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the more and more collaboration between psychology and design , the engineers have been using their results for the design process to make more reliable and stable products .
+A 2 5|||R:OTHER|||increasing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 18|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , we can minimize the damages caused by accidents or even avoid them and increase the efficiency of works .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||damage|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Problems hampering engineering design processes for innovation
+
+S According to the news report by Rita Zahara ( 2005 ) , " Singapore is only rank 15 in the world for its innovative capabilities .
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:FORM|||ranked|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Singapore firms still lag greatly behind their counterparts in the US , Finland , Israel and Korea .
+
+S " Despite having high GDP and a pool of savvy engineers , there are still quite a number of problems in Singapore that are hampering its engineering design for processes for innovation .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are many social and economical factors in Singapore that are hampering the country 's engineering design processes for innovation .
+A 5 6|||R:MORPH|||economic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Comparing to other countries , although Singapore do not have much technological constraints , there are still a lot of factors hampering inventions and innovations in Singapore .
+A 0 1|||R:VERB:FORM|||Compared|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||does|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Two main problems are Singapore 's small economic market and its population holding a resistance to change attitude .
+A 17 18|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , a small economic market can greatly hinder a country 's engineering design process for innovation .
+
+S Due to the small geographical size of Singapore , its population is only less then six million people .
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||than|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , Singapore 's economic market is not large .
+
+S Most inventions , be it new or improved from previous inventions , takes a vast amount of time and money before it might become an innovation .
+A 4 5|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:SVA|||take|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Most engineers or designers are reluctant to even try inventing or making innovative products as they know that their inventions will most likely not make much profit , or even worse , a loss .
+A 32 34|||R:OTHER|||might make|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , Singaporeans ' refusal to take risk and their contentment with their current lifestyles are also causes for the hampering of engineering design processes for innovation in Singapore .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||risks|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The mindset of resistances to change in Singaporeans greatly prevents good innovative ideas and the acceptance of such ideas .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||resistance|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Most Singaporeans are resistant to changes as they are too used to their current lifestyles .
+
+S They do not want any changes to what they already had .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , this will cause them not to expect for anything more or better and thus , not thinking of new ideas on how to improve what they already had .
+A 0 2|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:FORM|||think|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , Singaporeans have strong refusal to tolerate risk .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN|||aversion|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Most Singaporeans do not dare to try new ideas as they fear of failing , in which most probably results in time and money loss .
+A 12 13|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||R:ADV|||usually|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Singapore 's small economic market and its population holding a resistance to change attitude will have some bearing on the engineering design processes for innovation .
+A 13 14|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to the book by Ullman , David G. ( 2009 ) , there are ten building stages in the engineering design processes .
+A 6 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Namely " Identifying a need , Defining the problem , Conducting research , Narrowing the research , Analyzing set criteria , Finding alternative solutions , Analyzing possible solutions , Making a decision , Presenting the product , Communicating and selling the product " .
+
+S Singaporeans ' refusal to leave their comfort zone will greatly affect the very first stage of the engineering design process , " Identifying a need " .
+
+S It will be very hard for Singapore to discover what it still needs when its people are content with what they already had .
+A 17 18|||R:ADJ:FORM|||contented|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , Singapore 's small economic market is affecting the second and third building stages in the engineering design processes , " Defining the problem and Conducting research " .
+
+S A small economic market is preventing engineers and designers from defining problems and conducting research as they fear it will most likely be non-profitable or at a loss .
+A 24 28|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the two main factors contributing to the hampering of engineering design processes for innovations in Singapore are caused by Singapore 's small economic market and its population holding a resistant to change .
+A 20 22|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:MORPH|||resistance|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The process of inventing and innovations are crucial to all of us .
+A 5 6|||R:MORPH|||innovating|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Imagine a world at night without lights , which was also an invention turned innovation .
+
+S References :
+
+S Rita Zahara ( 2005 ) , Channel NewsAsia , 15 April 2005 .
+
+S News report cited from NUS website : http : //www.spp.nus.edu.sg/ips/docs/Media/yr2005/Innovation/CNA_Room % 20for % 20 imrpovement % 20in % 20Singapore % 20innovation % 20ranking_150405.pdf
+
+S Ullman , David G. ( 2009 ) The Mechanical Design Process , Mc Graw Hill , 4th edition
+
+S According to the Maslow 's hierarchy of needs pyramid , physiological need is the most basic tier of the pyramid .
+
+S It was viewed as the most important need among others .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , I think human health need or medical needs are the one which I should give priority on .
+A 4 8|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Engineers are very important role on designing new medical product to suit these human needs .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB|||play|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||products|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are many different medical research is where engineers could lay their hand on and design products according the requirement .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||areas|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||stipulated|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||requirements|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The most recently leading research on medical area is medical imaging , tissue engineering , pharmaceutical engineering , stem cell engineering and genetic engineering .
+A 2 3|||R:MORPH|||recent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 8|||R:OTHER|||medical research areas|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In my opinion , medical imaging is the most important area where we need to spend time and effort .
+
+S Medical imaging technology refers to the method or process used to obtain graphic images of the human body structure or organs .
+
+S It helps the doctor to diagnose diseases or illness of a patient at an earlier stage .
+A 7 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Throughout the years , various types of medical imaging technologies were invented .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are two main type of classification on medical imaging , invasive and non-invasive .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||types|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 8|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:PUNCT|||:|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Invasive imaging includes nuclear medical imaging and X-ray imaging .
+
+S Invasive imaging method require radioactive means to produce medical scanning which would have a possibility on causing harm to the patient body but could be used on majority human body parts .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The invasive|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||requires|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||human|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , non-invasive imaging techniques like MRI and Ultra imaging would do the same job without causing any side effect on the patient .
+
+S The only set-back of such techniques is the high operation cost and constraints on the type of human body parts which they can be used on .
+
+S Engineering design process could be used on the invention of a new imaging technology .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The engineering|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This new imaging technology must have both the advantages of the non-invasive and invasive imaging .
+A 6 10|||R:WO|||the advantages of both|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore it had to tackle the operation cost problem and the type of human body parts where the imaging device could penetrate to .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB|||address|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:TENSE|||can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:OTHER|||be used on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another major concern in the engineering design process of the new imaging technology would be providing higher resolution 3D/2D clinical image .
+A 13 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will help the doctors to analysis a potential ill patient with improved detailed image .
+A 6 7|||R:MORPH|||analyse|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 10|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||images|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since modern computers continually increase on processing speed and volume of memory , it will provide a huge support on designing better resolution image devices .
+A 13 14|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The only portion which engineers would need to figure out is how to lower the operation cost of such imaging device .
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In my opinion , materials of the films and the simplicity of the devices would be important
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the presence of the new resolved imaging technology , more humans were being able to make use of such technology since it will be cost- reduced .
+A 1 4|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 26|||R:OTHER|||its cost would be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Better clinical image will also be provided to the doctors , as a result doctor will be able to have a clearer diagnose of the diseases/illness on the patient .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||images|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 14|||R:OTHER|||; as a result ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||doctors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB|||provide|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:MORPH|||diagnosis|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:NOUN|||disease/illness|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Eventually , the average lifespan of a human will be prolonged with such benefits since early detection of illness prone to be easier for treatment and cure .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN|||devices|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:OTHER|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 25|||R:OTHER|||to treat|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly , Engineering should view medical imaging area as their priority since it could resolve a lot of medical problem exist in the modern world .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||engineers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||their innovations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:FORM|||existing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Good health is still the most crucial area where everyone would wish to achieve after all .
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||make their achievements in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order to successfully hold the 29th Olympic Games , the Beijing municipal government had done all they can to optimize the transportation system in Beijing .
+A 14 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||did|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB|||could|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , take one of the most developed cities as example , it was reported that the time every resident in Beijing spent on transportation per day reached five hours and five minutes in 2008 .
+A 2 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Obviously , nowadays there is nearly no more space for transportation system to improve but people still have to pay more than one fifth of their lives for it .
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 29|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the problem is basically that people only make changes according to the traditional system , while in most cases a better system has to be built with the old one totally destroyed .
+A 11 12|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore a big revolution in transportation has become one of the current human needs , which can be appreciated as one way to save human lives .
+
+S Started from human needs , a new idea obtained by comparison can make transferring happen possibly in few seconds .
+A 0 1|||R:VERB:FORM|||Starting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S What exactly is this new type of transportation ?
+
+S The following ideas are what I speculate on transferring in the future : The first step is to store the information of the people , more generally , is to break up human body into atom-size particles and make a rearrangement of particles .
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||in terms of transportation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 29|||R:OTHER|||that is ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 32|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 42|||R:OTHER|||rearrange|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 42|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The second is to translate the information to alternating current with energy stored and released then load the current on the electromagnetic wave .
+A 7 13|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 23|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The third step is to transfer the electrical messages via electromagnetic wave to the destination .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||waves|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Finally , the signal will be acknowledged at the destination .
+
+S Then the same people will be rebuilt there with the accurate human body information .
+
+S How do I design this new idea ?
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||did|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:VERB|||develop|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When facing the problem , as an Engineering student , he or she should go back to the root of the problem .
+A 2 3|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Apparently , the human needs cause the problem .
+
+S In most cases , people complain about the time .
+A 0 3|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore the problem solver come to find out which vehicle can save the time most .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 6|||R:VERB|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||R:WO|||most time|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For myself , I put the light at the first place , whose speed is the limit of the speed world .
+A 0 22|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Actually , light belongs to the electromagnetic wave family .
+
+S Fortunately , if the frequency is nicely set within a certain range , the wave can hardly be blocked , whose property is much better than the light .
+A 20 28|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since electromagnetic wave has ever been used as the vehicle of many kinds of information , it is possible for it to help send human body information as well .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||waves|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 6|||R:OTHER|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:OTHER|||to use them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As long as the real body can be translated to certain kind of information , human needs will be met perfectly .
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||humans ' transportation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:TENSE|||can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:WO|||perfectly met|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Is this design realistic and feasible ?
+
+S Everything is possible .
+
+S Honestly , it is impossible to find a person who is willing to risk his whole life rather than waste five hours on streets every day .
+A 23 24|||R:OTHER|||the road|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the fact is that every organic body is made up of finite kinds of elements and every human activity is based on the same chemical foundation .
+
+S Therefore it will be possible to decompose and recompose organs or tissues sooner or later .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As for the problem of energy reduction in transmission , it can be addressed by diversifying and complicating the structure of the body information .
+
+S In conclusion , engineering design should base on human needs , which was recently called " Human Oriented Design " or " humanization " .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||be based|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||R:OTHER|||a concept|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , creativity stems from overall analysis on what we have now , what we need to have in future and most importantly what the differences between them are .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Actually , all the above are just writer 's personal point of view .
+A 3 3|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Though most of them sound like fiction story , the dream is still achievable .
+A 7 8|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We are now just like our ancestors thousands of years ago thinking that step onto the moon is impossible .
+
+S In fact , the idea of travelling by light is close to the imagination of transporting in time which most scientists are doing research on now .
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||like|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN|||concept|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:PREP|||through|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S That is why we should have confidence in our technology and ourselves because impossible is nothing .
+A 13 16|||R:WO|||nothing is impossible|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Ever wondered how many cars are there in the whole world ?
+A 0 1|||M:OTHER|||Have you ever|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 7|||R:WO|||there are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to the article , " World 's Most Congested Cities " ( Robert Malone , 2006 ) , there are about 750 million vehicles ( and counting ) in the world , and at least 50 million cars are being manufactured in the world each year .
+A 13 14|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And out of the 750 million vehicles , 240 million come from The United States of America ( USA ) , and 850 thousand come from Singapore ( US Commercial Service , 2008 ) .
+A 12 13|||R:ORTH|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From the above figures , the ratios of human beings to vehicles are approximately 5.4 , 1.3 and 8.8 respectively .
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||5 : 4|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||1 : 3|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||8 : 8|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And all these figures are crucial in pointing out that vehicles , gasoline-powered vehicles to be more specific , are important and have blended into our lives .
+A 0 1|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although this technology is important , many do not know its history and the development of the gasoline-powered vehicle was actually heavily influenced by political , economical and social factors .
+A 13 13|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:MORPH|||economic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , there were the economical factors , and these factors can be seen as " natural " and " man-made " .
+A 5 6|||R:MORPH|||economic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The " natural " factor that caused a spike in the number of gasoline-powered vehicles was the declining cost of oil at that point of time which made gasoline-powered vehicles a stronger competitor to the electric-powered vehicles , which were the more commonly- used vehicle .
+A 24 25|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:PREP|||over|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition to the above-mentioned " natural " factor , there were several " man-made " economical factors .
+A 16 17|||R:MORPH|||economic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And the man behind these factors was Henry Ford .
+
+S Henry Ford was the man who mass produced and mass distributed the gasoline-powered vehicle .
+
+S One of the key economical factor that Henry Ford induced was that he collaborated with banks and introduced car insurances and loans ( only if people purchased Ford 's vehicles ) , which actually amplified the effects of the declining cost of oil .
+A 4 5|||R:MORPH|||economic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||factors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And as a result , the gasoline-powered vehicles became even more economically competitive and appealing .
+A 0 1|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||vehicle|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , it also became more affordable in a sense that the insurances covered certain repair costs incurred by mishaps ; and loans allowed people to pay up slowly because there was no " pay by instalments " scheme back then .
+A 8 9|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Consequently , by the laws of supply and demand , Ford increased the supply of gasoline-powered vehicles due to an increase in the demand for gasoline-powered vehicles increased .
+A 27 28|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , gasoline-powered vehicles took a huge step forward and got ahead of the electric-powered vehicles in terms of support .
+
+S The second set of factors were the political factors , and one of the main factors was the convenience the gasoline-powered vehicle brought about in World War I .
+
+S During World War I , the military realised that gasoline- powered vehicles were more convenient to use as compared to the electric- powered vehicle because it was difficult to charge the battery of the electric-powered vehicle right in the midst of a battle where there was no electrical source .
+A 20 24|||R:OTHER|||electric-powered vehicles|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This convenience was the fact that gasoline was portable and could be brought around on vehicles which allowed vehicles to be re- fueled at any time and place and that it could be done very quickly .
+A 3 3|||M:OTHER|||due to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:PRON|||this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Apart from the influence by the military , the government had a part to play as well , because the government implemented biased policies that involved building more gas stations and roads to cater to the gasoline-powered vehicles .
+A 4 5|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These implementations brought more convenience to users of gasoline-powered vehicles because gasoline was made more available , and places once inaccessible became accessible .
+
+S On the contrary , there was no " charging " station and roads were not very ideal for electric-powered vehicles to move on ; basically , there was nothing done to cater to the electric-powered vehicles which made it difficult for people to utilise the electric-powered vehicles without having any worries .
+
+S As a result , the electric-powered vehicle continued to lose its support , and gasoline- powered vehicles took another point home .
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The next set of factors that further developed the gasoline-powered vehicles were the social factors .
+
+S And the presence of this social factors actually determined the fate of the electric-powered vehicles .
+A 0 1|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:DET|||these|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , these social factors , which were partly caused by the overpowering economical and political factors , " pushed " people to choose the gasoline- powered vehicles .
+A 13 14|||R:MORPH|||economic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The people were made to believe that the gasoline-powered vehicle was the " byproduct of market competition and engineering advancement , not a product of compromise and negotiation " ( Dr. Sovacool , 28 August 09 ) , which , in actual fact , was not .
+A 46 46|||M:OTHER|||the case|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Due to meritocracy and freedom , people " chose " the gasoline-powered vehicles eventually , and brought electric-powered vehicles to eternal rest .
+A 7 7|||M:ADV|||eventually|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The above factors gave gasoline-powered vehicles its place , even though electric-powered vehicles were better in terms of the technical aspects .
+A 6 7|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:OTHER|||in the market|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , electric-powered vehicles were cleaner because it did not produce any harmful byproducts from combustion , were quieter , more luxurious and safer because it did not deal with any forms of combustion or heat .
+A 8 9|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:OTHER|||and they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , electricity was easily available compared to high octane gasoline ( and up till today , high octane gasoline is essential for engines to work smoothly ) .
+
+S Even though electric-powered vehicles were relatively more superior in the technicalities , due to the factors mentioned above , the technicalities were marginal and people were not affected by the potential problems they might face if they choose the gasoline-powered vehicles .
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||technical aspects|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||technical aspects|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:VERB|||fazed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 38|||R:VERB:TENSE|||chose|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the development of an innovation does not solely depend on how technically superior it is , it also depends on many other factors , as we can see from the above example of the gasoline-powered vehicle .
+
+S These factors may vary in terms of the degree of impact , but there will always be an array of factors that will determine if an innovation succeeds .
+
+S The more important and valuable an innovation is to the society , the more impactful are the contributing factors , and the more elaborated the impacts will be .
+
+S Just imagine if vehicles were not as important , and we do not depend on them to such a large extent World War I would not have such a drastic effect on the extinction of the electric-powered vehicle and banks might not have approved the implementation of the insurances and loans .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||In this case ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:VERB|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And who knows ?
+
+S All our cars might be plugged in and getting charged now .
+
+S References
+
+S Robert Malone .
+
+S ( 2006 , December 21 ) .
+
+S World 's Most Congested Cities ( 2006 ) Retrieved September 4 , 2009 , from http : //www.forbes.com/2006/12/20/worlds-most-congested-cities-biz-energy- cx_rm_1221congested.html
+
+S U.S. Commercial Service ( 2008 , May ) Retrieved September 4 , 2009 , from www.buyusa.gov/auto/singapore.pdf
+
+S Dr. Benjamin Sovacool ( 2009 , August 28 ) .
+
+S Using the Social Science Systems Approach to Explain the Non-Adoption of Electric Vehicles Retrieved September 4 , 2009
+
+S Problems which Hinder Engineering Design Development in Indonesia
+
+S " Engineering is a creative process of turning abstract ideas into physical representations " , says Khandani .
+A 3 4|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This means , engineers need creativity to make new beneficial things , and this is exactly what engineers in Indonesia lack , along with sense of innovation .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:ADJ|||useful|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The two main causes are Indonesia 's education system which limits the student 's creativity and the lack of structured government programmes regarding research and technology .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||cause of this situation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The first problem , the education system does not allow students to express themselves freely , causing students to be less curious and therefore not creative .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||is that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Teachers in school are also not supportive .
+
+S Some even too conservative that everything must be done exactly like what he or she has done .
+A 1 1|||M:VERB|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:ADV|||so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||how|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 15|||R:OTHER|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On top of that , the questions given in school are usually too straight forward as the questions themselves do not test the deeper understanding of the concepts by the students .
+A 13 15|||R:ORTH|||straightforward|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , the questions in the national examination are all multiple choices .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN|||choice questions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , to be able to pass the exam , students do not need to really understand as they just need to memorize and use the correct formula or even try their luck .
+A 17 17|||M:NOUN|||concepts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This kind of rote learning makes defining problems , which is the very first step of engineering design process , hard for Indonesian students .
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , this forms a habit among the students that they also apply in real life which makes them ignorant on how things work and concern only about how to use those things .
+A 16 16|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:PREP|||about|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:OTHER|||as they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:OTHER|||become concerned|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Instead of discovering and solving problems around them , they tend to avoid them and wait for someone to solve it .
+A 18 18|||M:ADV|||else|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:PRON|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With this kind of attitude it is quite impossible for someone to innovate .
+A 5 5|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To make matter worse , even when someone survived that kind of education and has bright ideas , the government will not give them the opportunities to innovate , such as providing enough budgets for Research and Development ( R&D ) in Science and Technology , or easiness of taking loans for new businesses in these areas .
+A 2 3|||R:MORPH|||matters|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||survives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:PRON|||him|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:OTHER|||needed support|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:NOUN|||funding|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 47 47|||M:VERB|||facilitate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 47 48|||R:NOUN|||ease|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is because most developing countries ' governments , like Indonesia 's , still do not yet realize that a good innovative culture in the country can actually solve other problems like poverty and basic education opportunity .
+A 36 37|||R:NOUN:NUM|||opportunities|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The minuscule R&D expenditure of less than 0.2 % , in 2001 , of the GDP clearly shows this lack of priority ( Krishna , n.d. ) , especially when compared to Singapore 's 2.19 % , in 2002 , expenditure ( Agency for Science , Technology and Research , 2003 ) .
+A 39 41|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore as they do not have structured programmes regarding research and technology , there are only few job opportunities in this science and technology sector , further discouraging engineers to innovate .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Instead , they prefer to have secure jobs in other more profitable sectors such as finance and banking .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Thus ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This leads to no improvement in engineering in Indonesia .
+A 3 3|||M:OTHER|||a situation of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Among these two main problems , the latter is actually more important .
+
+S Despite the poor education system , there are still a lot of innovative and creative people in Indonesia who wants to become real engineers .
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:SVA|||want|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , without a supportive government , they can not do anything .
+
+S Most of them choose to go to other countries which respect their ideas more .
+
+S This make Indonesia loses many of its best people .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:SVA|||makes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||lose|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , if only Indonesia 's government can realize that research and technology is a really important factor , it is still possible for Indonesia to rapidly improve in terms of innovation .
+
+S References
+
+S Khandani , Seyyed .
+
+S ( 2005 , August ) .
+
+S Engineering Design Process : Education Transfer Plan .
+
+S IISME : California
+
+S Agency for Science , Technology and Research .
+
+S ( 2003 , October ) .
+
+S National Survey of R&D in Singapore 2002 .
+
+S Retrieved September 9 , 2009 , from { http : //www.a-star.edu.sg/uploads/RD2002_V1.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.a-star.edu.sg/uploads/RD2002_V1.pdf ]
+
+S Krishna , V. V. ( n.d. ) .
+
+S The Republic of Indonesia .
+
+S Retrieved September 9,2009 , from { http : //portal.unesco.org/education/en/files/55596/11999604295Indonesia.pdf/Indonesia.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //portal.unesco.org/education/en/files/55596/11999604295Indonesia.pdf/ % 09Indonesia.pdf ]
+
+S " Build a better mousetrap , and the world will beat a path to your door " , said by Ralph Waldo Emerson .
+A 19 20|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The quote can be used to express the significance of the engineering design processes to generate innovations in making a useful product for society and industry .
+
+S Among the developing countries , Vietnam is one of the fastest growing economies in which engineering design processes for innovations is now playing a more and more important role .
+
+S There are certain problems which are still obstructing those processes , two of them are the weak law protection of patent registration and the lack of entrepreneurship skills .
+
+S Nowadays , it is not difficult to look for a fashionable " Adidas " or " Nike " T-shirt on a street in Ho Chi Minh City , the biggest city of Vietnam .
+
+S The reason is not because Vietnam is attracting worldwide fashion brands due to its fast growing economy , but because it is not ever easier to make and sell fake T-shirts in Vietnam .
+
+S The issue of patent violation has been raised critically in recent years by Government and the society .
+
+S There are several problems in the governmental administrative level have been listed as the kernel of the issue .
+
+S Firstly , the National Inspection Organ has lacked of skills and human resource in investigating and tracing patent violation incidents .
+
+S Secondly , even when the violators are caught , the fines for their serious guilt are sometimes much lower than their unrighteous benefits ; this leads to the fact that the offenders would rather pay the fines than give up their business .
+
+S Moreover , the critical contraband good problem has affected not only foreign companies but also the local companies with low quality products with lower prices .
+
+S This whole bunch of weak supports from the Government policy and law has lead to serious hampers in the local creativity of engineering design .
+
+S The effort for researching new social needs turns into the effort for importing foreign products .
+
+S These obstacles could make Vietnam become a technology dependent country in the area .
+
+S For recent decades , entrepreneur concepts have started budding those first steps in Vietnam for .
+
+S However , low skills in entrepreneurship are still making a main issue in training business mindset for young generation .
+
+S For instance , the e-commerce breaking out in recent years has made a large number of start-up companies in IT and media communication .
+
+S Most of the company- starter had been technicians before deciding to start their business with lacked and weak entrepreneurial skills .
+
+S Therefore , the approach of social and economical factors in the entire system of engineering design was omitted .
+
+S As a result , a lot of companies have had to resize or change their business .
+
+S In fact , the lack of entrepreneurship skills has caused missing stages in the process of engineering design for innovations .
+
+S In conclusion , certain problems are temporarily blocking the development of innovations in Vietnam .
+
+S However , from what can be observed in these recent years , especially after Vietnam joined World Trade Organization ( WTO ) , strong actions have been taken in reforming the law system as well as promoting the entrepreneurship in universities .
+
+S With a positive view , Vietnam is trying to shorten the gap between itself with the area and the world .
+
+S Several effects on the development of Newater
+
+S Eleven years ago , Singapore welcomes its first Newater plant , which is a turning point in Singapore 's technology development history .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||welcomed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 22|||R:OTHER|||the history of the development of Singapore 's technology|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Newater represents the technology that purifies the used water to make it clean and drinkable again ( The Write Staff ) .
+A 6 7|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S During the last decade , the number of Newater plants increases to four .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has increased|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Meanwhile , a new one is under construction .
+A 0 1|||R:ADV|||Currently|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S What is more , in the near future , 30 % of the demand of water will come from Newater .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN|||supply|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:OTHER|||in Singapore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S During Newater 's history , government , resources and the development of other technology show a significant influence on the development of Newater .
+A 0 4|||R:OTHER|||In the history of Newater|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:OTHER|||the lack of water|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||technologies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB|||have had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First of all , government plays a determining effect on the development of Newater .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has played|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Concerning about the situation of water supply in Singapore , the government officials decide to focus on the Newater technology to meet the water demand in Singapore especially for the industry and commercial use ( The Write staff ) .
+A 0 1|||R:MORPH|||Concerned|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 7|||R:OTHER|||water supply situation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||decided|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 32|||M:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The successful development of Newater is due to enough funds that government has invested .
+A 0 1|||M:OTHER|||Thus , the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||sufficient funding|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||invested by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the support of Singapore government , the technology of Newater has blossomed and the fifth Newater plant has been successfully set up in the Chanqi area this year .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides the support of Singapore government , a lack of water supply pushes the development of Newater .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:TENSE|||pushed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The shortage of potable water has become a global problem over the years .
+
+S What is more , about 40 percent of the population around the world and more than 80 counties are dealing with the problem of lacking of water ( transl ) .
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN|||countries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:OTHER|||the lack|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In consideration of Singapore , shortage of water results from several reasons such as geographic position , climate and increasing population .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||the case|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Consequently , Singapore needs to import water from neighboring countries such as Malaysia to meet its needs ( Lee , 2009 ) .
+
+S These reasons contribute to the development of Newater .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||contributed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the pressure of water shortage , having its own water supply system becomes more and more necessary .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||became|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:OTHER|||for Singapore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S That is how the resource shortage leads to the development of Newater .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||led|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Government and resource are not the only factors that affect the development of Newater ; the development of other technology also plays an important role in accelerating the development of Newater .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||the lack of water resources|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have affected|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||R:OTHER|||has also played|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In 1970s , Singapore already paid attention to the technology of its own water supply system ; however , the cost was enormous and technology is immature such as the unreliable membrane is not reliable ( The Write Staff ) .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||was already paying|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 35|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nowadays , the development of material science makes the technology of microfiltration succeed .
+A 0 1|||R:ADV|||However|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has made|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Meanwhile , there are some other breakthroughs in the technology helping the development of Newater .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||have also been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||which have helped|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To conclude , external factors will affect the development of technology .
+
+S The development of Newater is a good example to demonstrate it .
+A 10 11|||R:PRON|||this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Government invests funds to support the research on Newater .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||invested|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , resource crisis , especially the shortage of water , pushes the development of Newater .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||crises|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:TENSE|||pushed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Meanwhile , the development of other technologies makes Newater possible .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:FORM|||made|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All of these factors have a positive effect on development of Newater and make it succeed .
+A 5 5|||M:VERB|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||made|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference :
+
+S * PUB , Singapore 's national water agency-policy .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Retrieved September 9 , 2009 , from { http : //www.pub.gov.sg/NEWater/Pages/default.aspx } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.pub.gov.sg/NEWater/Pages/default.aspx ]
+
+S * Distribution of global water ( 2006 ) Retrieved Sep 6 , 2009 From { http : //amuseum.cdstm.cn/AMuseum/diqiuziyuan/wr0_3.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //amuseum.cdstm.cn/AMuseum/diqiuziyuan/wr0_3.html ]
+
+S * PEECH BY PRIME MINISTER LEE HSIEN LOONG AT THE OFFICIAL OPENING OF THE CHANGI WATER RECLAMATION PLANT ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Retrieved Sep 6 , 2009 .
+
+S From { http : //www.pub.gov.sg/mpublications/Pages/Speeches.aspx } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.pub.gov.sg/mpublications/Pages/Speeches.aspx ]
+
+S * PUB , Singapore 's national water agency-history .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Retrieved September 9 , 2009 , from { http : //www.pub.gov.sg/about/historyfuture/Pages/NEWater.aspx } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.pub.gov.sg/about/historyfuture/Pages/NEWater.aspx ]
+
+S With time passing by , more and more new technology have been discovered or created , these technologies can be classified in two main patterns , one is the technologies which are developed by research , another type is the technologies which are resulted from serendipitous discoveries .
+A 0 1|||R:PREP|||As|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:FORM|||passes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||technologies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:PUNCT|||. These|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN|||categories|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:PUNCT|||:|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||R:OTHER|||the other|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 44|||R:VERB:TENSE|||result|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This article will discuss the similarities and differences between these two patterns of technologies .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN|||types|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I will focus on two common items in our life : Penicillin and the telephone .
+
+S The detailed comparison will be discussed in the following paragraphs .
+
+S Firstly , " Penicillin is one of the earliest discovered and widely used antibiotic agents , derived from the Penicillium mold .
+
+S " ( Bellis , 2009 ) Penicillin was found by Alexander Fleming while he " observed that colonies of the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus could be destroyed by the mold Penicillium notatum .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB|||discovered|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||( was observing )|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " ( Bellis , 2009 ) After Fleming observed that , he paid high attention to Penicillin , he discovered that Penicillin could kill many kinds of bacteria .
+A 13 14|||R:ADJ|||much|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This important finding , however , had not been paid a lot attention until the 1940s when " when Howard Florey and Ernst Chain isolated the active ingredient and developed a powdery form of the medicine .
+A 6 9|||R:OTHER|||was not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB|||given|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " ( Bellis , 2009 ) Penicillin is " the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases " ( Wikipedia , 2009 ) Although many of the bacteria have the resistance of Penicillin now , it is still in widely used .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||drug|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:SVA|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 30|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 35|||R:OTHER|||are resistant toward|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 43|||R:MORPH|||wide|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Futuremore , the telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876 and " by 1884 , long distance connections were made between Boston , Massachusetts and New York City .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Secondly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " ( Inventor , 2009 ) Bell was very interested in helping deaf people which leaded him to invent the telephone .
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||led|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , " the telephone came as a direct result of his attempts to improve the telegraph .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||In addition|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " ( Bellis , 2009 ) The invention of telephone is not a coincidence , but a lone-term research result .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 20|||R:OTHER|||the result of long-term research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In nowadays , telephone plays a very important role in our life , we can hardly live with them .
+A 0 1|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:PREP|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:PREP|||without|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From the previous paragraphs of introduction of Penicillin and the telephone , we can easily find some similarities and differences .
+A 2 3|||R:ADJ|||above|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 7|||R:OTHER|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB|||see|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:OTHER|||between the two|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First of all , both of these two technologies have benefit people and improved our life a lot , both of them help us in some aspects , Penicillin can help us to deal with some diseases which were hard to cure , the telephone can help us to communicate with others easier and make the world much smaller .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:FORM|||benefited|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||us|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 18|||R:OTHER|||very much|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||R:PUNCT|||. Both|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have helped|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:PUNCT|||:|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 31|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has helped|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 43|||M:PREP|||while|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 45 47|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has helped|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 52 53|||R:OTHER|||more easily|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 54 55|||R:VERB:TENSE|||made|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , both of the technologies become mature after a long time of hard working studying .
+A 3 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||have matured|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||conscientious|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Both Penicillin and the telephone have not been used for years after they were invented ; many people put a lot of efforts to make them more mature and more useful .
+A 5 8|||R:OTHER|||were not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB|||discovered|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||effort|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The only difference between them two is that the Penicillin was found in accident while the telephone was invented by clear aim .
+A 5 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:PREP|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Fleming had not planned to find anything like Penicillin while Bell had a clear purpose and worked on it .
+
+S To conclusion , both Penicillin and telephone help people a lot and both of them are the product of hard working and long-term consummation .
+A 0 1|||R:PREP|||In|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||significantly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||products|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:MORPH|||work|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 24|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The difference between them is whether the inventor has the clear purpose or not , which Bell had and Fleming had not .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But this difference does not decrease the value of either of these two technologies .
+
+S References :
+
+S Bellis,M .
+
+S 2009 .
+
+S The history of Penicillin .
+
+S Retrieved on 8/9/2009 from http : //inventors.about.com/od/pstartinventions/a/Penicillin.htm .
+
+S Bellis,M .
+
+S 2009 .
+
+S The history of the telephone .
+
+S Retrieved on 8/9/2009 from http : //inventors.about.com/od/bstartinventors/a/telephone.htm .
+
+S Inventor .
+
+S 2009 .
+
+S Bell 's telephone .
+
+S Retrieved on 8/9/2009 from http : //sln.fi.edu/franklin/inventor/bell.html .
+
+S Wikipedia .
+
+S 2009 .
+
+S Penicillin .
+
+S Retrieved on 8/9/2009 from http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin .
+
+S Human needs are always unsatisfied .
+A 4 5|||R:ADJ|||unsatiable|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Centuries ago , providing sufficient food was the most urgent need .
+
+S At the same time health problems also created great needs for advanced medical technologies and facilities .
+A 4 4|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As years go by , industrialization emerged in many countries to meet various people 's needs , like job opportunities and economic growth .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||went|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the big success of industrialization has created a problem for our modern peoplehow to save our fast degrading environment ?
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||people : how|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||can we|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , designing technologies in environmental friendly manner is one of the greatest human needs to protect our living environment and to ensure a sustainable economic development .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:MORPH|||environmentally|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||R:NOUN|||necessities|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:OTHER|||in order|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After the problem has been defined , which is the first step of engineering design ; engineers need to gather pertinent information about the problem .
+A 1 2|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , engineering who focusing on design environmental friendly transportation tools , must have the basic knowledge about the products of different types of fuel combustion and how they affect the environment .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||engineers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:FORM|||focus|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:FORM|||designing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:MORPH|||environmentally|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They should also be updated about any latest methods to generate energy in environmental friendly ways , such as solar energy , tidal energy or wind energy , and their respective advantages and drawbacks .
+A 6 7|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:MORPH|||environmentally|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:OTHER|||through generating renewable energy like|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Engineers will move on to next step once they are equipped with necessary knowledge .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The second step of the design process is generating different solutions to the problems .
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , engineers basically come up with two main ways to make machineries and transportation tools less polluted .
+A 17 19|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First way is changing the way energy is generated , such as changing petrol engines which produce carbon dioxide and hydrocarbons to fuel cell which only produce water and oxygen .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The first|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN:NUM|||cells|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This solution can be further divided by considering different types of method to generate energy in less polluting ways .
+A 5 6|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||methods|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The other solution is dealing with the polluting products generated along the way .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:FORM|||to deal|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , catalyst convertors are installed on cars to convert toxic gas carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons produced from non-fully combustion to non-toxic gas carbon dioxide and water .
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||gases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:ADJ|||incomplete|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:OTHER|||the non toxic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN:NUM|||gases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although different ways of solutions have been found out , not all are practical , so engineers also need to analyze and select a suitable solution .
+A 5 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||may be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , both of the two solutions we discussed before are theoretically correct , but today we only see convertor has been installed .
+A 8 9|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:ADV|||above|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:MORPH|||converters|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||R:VERB:TENSE|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:OTHER|||in cars|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is because changing the ways generating energy is very costly and the safety is unpredictable .
+A 0 1|||R:PRON|||This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:FORM|||to generate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:OTHER|||of such methods|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , fuel cells are very expensive , thus the cost of production will be so high that they will be unmarketable .
+A 9 10|||R:ADV|||so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another example , Hydro-powered cars , which actually have been produced but not used widely due to hydrogen is flammable , there are still big concerns of consumers ' safety .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||is that of hydro-powered|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:OTHER|||the fact that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:ADV|||so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this step , engineers will also look at other factors like economic , social factor to filter the solutions .
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||factors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Finally , engineers will test their solutions and make continuous changes to their product .
+
+S Although it is difficult to have a perfect solution , engineers are still trying hard to meet our needs to save the environment .
+
+S When we look around , we can see the efforts put in by engineers , the power saved light bulb , solar water heater , car catalytic converters and etc .
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||in products such as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 18|||R:OTHER|||energy saving light bulbs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN:NUM|||heaters|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:OTHER|||so on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These products are produced only after long and complicated designing process .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We should really be grateful to engineers who work dedicative to satisfy our needs .
+A 9 9|||M:ADV|||so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:MORPH|||dedicatedly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Social Construction of Technology : Nuclear
+
+S Roger ( 2003 ) explained the difference between technological determinism and social determinism or the social construction of technology .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||explains|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Technology is not something that is independent of values .
+
+S Otherwise , technology is a product of society and obviously is influenced by norms and values of the social system .
+A 0 1|||R:ADV|||Indeed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , technological determinism is the belief that technology causes changes in society and this implies technology is somehow autonomous .
+A 19 19|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Roger did not agree with the latter belief .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||does|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Technology never stands in itself ; it always carries something in it .
+
+S Let us take a look at one example of a great human work in the late centuries : nuclear .
+A 19 19|||M:NOUN|||weapons|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We are going to view the definition and some factors that make nuclear become a nuclear .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||look at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||a nuclear weapon|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN|||weapon|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First of all , let us see the definition first .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||look at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to Wikipedia , " A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions , either fission or a combination of fission and fusion .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||( a )|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " Let us recall the Nagasaki and Hiroshima tragedies , both cities were destroyed completely because of this thing .
+A 10 10|||M:OTHER|||during which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S That was the first nuclear bomb executed on earth .
+
+S From that time , nuclear production was getting more popular all the time .
+A 3 3|||M:ADV|||onwards|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nowadays , not only western countries , but also Asian countries ( China , Japan , North Korea , Taiwan , India , Iran , Iraq , Israel , etc ) have nuclear power .
+
+S One thing to notice is that this stuff is very expensive .
+
+S In " 50 Facts About U.S. Nuclear Weapon " , it is stated that the cost of the Manhattan Project ( through August 1945 ) is 20,000,000,000 USD .
+A 25 26|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S That is just the cost of one project in one country .
+
+S You can imagine now how much money we have spent to develop this 'nice ' technology .
+
+S Although it costs great amount of money , but those nuclear countries are still improving their nuclear capabilities .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We must be wondering why people want to spend so much money on such things .
+A 0 1|||R:PRON|||Some|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 4|||R:OTHER|||wonder|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Basically I think the first reason is because humans hate to lose .
+
+S Usually when you are creating nuclear power , the main purpose is to make other countries respect and fear you .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||a country|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||creates|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||that country|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is very useful in military aspect .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S My former history teacher one day said that " To create peace , we need big power .
+A 7 7|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " This means that if I have enough power to knock you , your friends and your family down , then it is very logical that you want to have a peace with me because you know that I am capable of doing awful things to you .
+A 27 27|||M:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 31|||R:OTHER|||make|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S That is why people ( in this case , countries ) want to be strong so that they are trying to develop something .
+A 16 17|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||R:VERB:TENSE|||try|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:ADJ|||powerful|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As technology is getting better and better , the way people fight with each other is also improved from time to time .
+A 2 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||gets|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB|||becoming|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 22|||R:OTHER|||more advanced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A long time ago people fought using woods , rocks , bones , etc. And then they knew about metals , so they used spears , sword , arrows , etc in their wars .
+A 4 4|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||wood|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:NOUN:NUM|||swords|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The next phase is the gunpowder stage .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Finally , we arrive at this nuclear stage .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have arrived|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Everything seems so cool right now , so does the war .
+A 0 6|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 10|||R:OTHER|||including|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We do not even have to sweat to declare a war with a country .
+
+S As in , we just need to type some commands on our computer and click a button to launch a rocket .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||That is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I have noticed that people are actually trying to be more efficient ( from going to the field and using rocks as weapon until using buttons on the computer only ) and this is the second reason why people keep spending money to improve nuclear .
+A 22 22|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 45 45|||M:NOUN|||weapons|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To conclude , I just want to emphasize that technology depends on social factors .
+A 3 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is just like a knife ; you can use it for good ( peel fruits ) or for bad ( kill someone ) .
+A 14 14|||M:OTHER|||such as to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:OTHER|||such as to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This nuclear case is just one of the examples .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||Nuclear power|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||such|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||example|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The military aspect has contributed a lot to technology improvements .
+A 8 9|||R:MORPH|||technological|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And there are still a lot of aspects that contribute to technology as well .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||In addition ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S 50 Facts About U.S. Nuclear Weapons .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Brookings Institution .
+
+S Retrieved September 9 , 2009 , from { http : //www.brookings.edu/projects/archive/nucweapons/50.aspx } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.brookings.edu/projects/archive/nucweapons/50.aspx ]
+
+S Nuclear Weapon .
+
+S ( 2009 , August 25 ) .
+
+S Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia .
+
+S Retrieved September 9 , 2009 , from { http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapon # Governance.2C_control .
+
+S 2C_and_law } [ HYPERLINK : http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapon # Governance.2C_control .
+
+S 2C_and_law ]
+
+S Rogers , E. M. ( 2003 ) .
+
+S The generation of innovations .
+
+S In Diffusion of innovations ( pp .
+
+S 136-157 ) .
+
+S Nwe York : Free Press
+
+S What is shaping the development of nuclear energy ?
+
+S Before the 1950s , most of electricity was created by burning fossil fuel , and no one was aware of other energy .
+A 5 6|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:OTHER|||forms of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After the second world war , the whole world was busy recovering economics and industry .
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||building their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:MORPH|||economies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So the need of fossil energy became more and more serious .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Hence ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S At this moment , a few countries found that only relying on fossil energy is not enough and there should be another efficient energy to be created .
+A 1 3|||R:OTHER|||that time|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:NOUN|||source|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 27|||R:OTHER|||tap from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After a few years in U.S. , the world 's first nuclear power plant was set up .
+A 0 4|||R:OTHER|||A few years later|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although some scientists and officers in a few countries felt sometime in the future fossil energy can be used up , the governments did not give enough attention to creating another efficient energy because there was still enough fossil energy in store for the near use .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN|||politicians|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||that some time|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:VERB|||developing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 33|||M:NOUN|||source|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 45 46|||R:NOUN|||future|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Till decades after , people found that fossil energy is nonrenewable and fast depleting is only a less serious problem , the more serious is that the world 's average degree is increasing since the final product of burning fossil fuel is carbon dioxide which is the main source of aggravating the greenhouse effect .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||It was only|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||later|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:PART|||out|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:OTHER|||the fact that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||R:OTHER|||minor|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:NOUN|||temperature|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 44 44|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S At the same time , sulfur in fossil fuel will become sulfur dioxide which will cause acid rain .
+
+S The use of fossil fuel brings up much pollution and even ruins lungs of many kinds of creatures , including human beings .
+A 5 7|||R:VERB|||causes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From and eco-logical stand point , the world should decrease the use of fossil fuel and try to find other ways of creating energy .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:ADJ|||ecological|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 5|||R:ORTH|||standpoint|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:VERB|||generating|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Then , to invest nuclear energy becomes quite important and emergency .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||As a consequence|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 4|||M:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has become|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||urgent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And the development of nuclear energy receives vigor .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB|||has been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:SPELL|||invigorated|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , when fossil fuel prices fall can any country resist the temptation ?
+A 7 7|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The answer is no .
+
+S During 1970s and 1980s , influenced by excessive industry development , the world 's economic cost reached to a high point but at that time , fossil fuel prices were decreasing .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||industrial|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||economies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This mad those nuclear power plant which were under construction less attractive .
+A 1 2|||R:MORPH|||made|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||plants|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:VERB|||to develop|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They just were set aside .
+
+S Almost as the same reason in 1973 , France and Japan suffered oil crisis .
+A 0 5|||R:OTHER|||However ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Their governments could not pay for such high oil debts and these two countries decided to depend on nuclear technology .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In other words , France and Japan were forced to invest nuclear technology .
+A 11 11|||M:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S What is surprising that today 80 % of the electricity in France is supplied by nuclear energy .
+A 3 3|||M:VERB|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In Japan the percentage is also as high as 30 % ( Sharon Beder , 2006 ) .
+A 12 13|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S .
+
+S But not all the countries can afford the cost to build up a nuclear power plant .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||However ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN|||price|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||of building|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Take the U.S as an example .
+A 3 5|||R:OTHER|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The U.S. is the country having most nuclear power plants , and is well known by their technology in this area .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However in the U.S. , to build up an ordinary nuclear power plant will cost as much as $ 6 ~ 10 billion .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:OTHER|||6- $|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And this does not include the expense of repair and maintenance in the future .
+
+S So far , only big countries have their own nuclear power plants .
+
+S But it is sure that in the future , nuclear energy will give a strong support to the whole world industry economics .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||However ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:ADJ|||certain|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 22|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When all the countries are aware this point , it is only a matter of time to make nuclear energy all over the world .
+A 6 6|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 20|||R:OTHER|||nuclear energy will be generated|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Except the factor of countries ' industry development , to have nuclear weapons is also a stimulus .
+A 0 17|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S No wonder , the destructive force of nuclear weapon is terrible .
+A 2 3|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||weapons|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The original goal of developing nuclear technology is to invent weapons .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is a truth that if a country has nuclear weapons or technology , it can produce a nuclear deterrent , which helps a country gain a higher position in a negotiation .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN|||fact|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:OTHER|||international|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:NOUN:NUM|||negotiations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But this is prohibited by UN laws .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||However ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As nuclear technology becomes so important , it is necessary to have an international organization to supervise the process of every country 's development .
+A 23 23|||M:ADJ|||nuclear|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Then the WANO ( world association nuclear operator ) was set up .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Thus ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 8|||R:ORTH|||World Association Nuclear Operator|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the WANO 's beginning to discharge its duties , the world 's nuclear development goes on the right way .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||As|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 5|||R:VERB:FORM|||begins|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||is now progressing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Now , although not all countries are using electricity supplied by nuclear energy , many parts of the world are benefiting from it .
+
+S In 2007 , 14 % of the world 's electricity came from nuclear power and , it can be seen after a few years the nuclear energy will benefit the whole world .
+A 15 16|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 24|||R:OTHER|||a few years from now|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:OTHER|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S Sharon Beder , ( 2006 ) { The Japanese Situation } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.herinst.org/sbeder/privatisation/japan.html ] , Japan , Soshisha .
+
+S As many big cities in the world are facing the water crisis , as acid rains becomes increasingly frequent , as the number of lung cancer patients keeps going up , environment protection has become one of the most vital need of human .
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||crises|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:SVA|||become|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:MORPH|||environmental|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 41|||R:NOUN:NUM|||needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 43|||R:NOUN:NUM|||humans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To satisfy human 's need and make contribution to protecting environment , engineers are to design and invent products in an environmental friendly way .
+A 2 4|||R:NOUN:POSS|||humans '|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||contribute|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB|||seek|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:MORPH|||environmentally|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Through engineering design process , we can see how engineer satisfy that need .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||engineers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to Khandani.S ( 2005 ) , there are five steps in solving designing problems .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN|||Khandani|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the steps to get pertinent information and to analyze and select a solution , engineers can make their product more environment-friendly .
+
+S To design and produce something more environment friendly , engineers should pay more attention on environment-related information when searching for pertinent information .
+A 6 7|||R:MORPH|||environmentally|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:OTHER|||to help them in their design|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , suppose an engineer is looking for a material for meal boxes of taken-away food .
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN|||take-away|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Apart from information about cost , weight , water resistant ability , etc , he needs to pay extra attention on some environmental information like whether the material can be biodegraded or recycled .
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||and so on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Taking this environment-related information into consideration helps make more environment friendly decision .
+A 9 10|||R:MORPH|||environmentally|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||decisions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The other step is to analyze and select a solution .
+A 1 2|||R:ADJ|||second|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Usually , engineers will come up with more than one plan along the way they design a product .
+A 11 14|||R:OTHER|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They need to analyze and evaluate them and give a final plan .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||the plans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||decide on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the Engineering Design Process , Khandani.S ( 2005 ) shows us how an engineer evaluates different plans .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN|||Khandani|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||engineers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:SVA|||evaluate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , they need to analyse criteria or factors to evaluate design plans .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB|||decide|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||for evaluating|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They need to perform several types of analysis on each design .
+A 11 11|||M:NOUN|||plan|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These types of analysis are the factors on evaluating plans .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN|||criteria|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Next they value each factor by its importance , and give a mark representing how important it is .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN|||criterion|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||according to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this way , they set criteria for evaluating plans .
+
+S After that , they evaluate each factor against the corresponding criterion .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||aspect of the design|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Based on how well that plan fit the criterion , they give a mark .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN|||aspect|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||fits|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Last , calculate points and compare .
+A 0 1|||R:MORPH|||Lastly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 2|||M:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||the points for each plan|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:PRON|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Let the mark of each factor multiplies the number representing the importance of this factor and add up all the total mark .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Then|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||aspect of the plan|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||is multiplied by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN|||criterion|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 22|||R:OTHER|||the total mark is added up|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By comparing the total mark of different plans , they decide the final plan .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , suppose an engineer is designing a process of producing a kind of detergent .
+
+S There are some factors , such as efficiency of the product and cost , to be taken into consideration for deciding the final plan .
+
+S If he can increase the importance of the factors related to environment protection , he may use substitute of phosphorus , or cleanse the waste water before discharge it .
+A 11 12|||R:MORPH|||environmental|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:VERB:FORM|||discharging|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Then the process and product would be more environmental friendly .
+A 8 9|||R:MORPH|||environmentally|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If engineers can think more about environment when designing , the product will become very environment-friendly .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Then our earth will become cleaner and more sustainable .
+
+S We will have a more comfortable and healthier environment to live in .
+
+S Reference
+
+S Khandani , S. ( 2005 ) .
+
+S Engineering Design Process .
+
+S Government Regulations and Public Opinions in the Development of Electric Bicycle in China
+A 5 6|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Bicycles|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One typical image remembered by the world about China is about its astounding amount of bicycles on the roads : swarms of people riding bicycles filling the roads which are not really narrow .
+A 10 11|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN|||number|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S While since the year of 2000 , another phenomenon occurs on the roads of cities in China : electric bicycles .
+A 0 1|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has occurred|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A cording to data on reliable Chinese websites , in 2004 alone , 6750000 electric bicycles were produced by more than 1000 factories all over China and these numbers were expected to increase by times by the end of 2010 .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||According|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 34|||M:ADJ|||many|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( { http : //www.ind.com.cn/htm/2009-07/28/content_786827.htm.accessed September 4,2009 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.ind.com.cn/htm/2009-07/28/content_786827.htm.accessed % 20September % 204,2009 ] ) With the maturing of the technologies on electric motors and long-life battery , multiple types of electric vehicle could have been created .
+A 0 20|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:NOUN:NUM|||batteries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 38|||R:NOUN:NUM|||vehicles|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Previous existing government regulations and public opinions on road safety act important roles in shaping electric bicycle in China into what it is today .
+A 0 1|||R:MORPH|||Previously|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||have played|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The previously existing government regulations have a tremendous effect on the development of electric bicycles when it comes to the size and speed of electric bicycles .
+A 0 1|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:OTHER|||these|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Before the e-bike ( electric bicycle ) which is light ( lighter than 20kg ) and slower ( maximum speed is less than 20km/h ) we see now , there are also a number of other kinds of electric vehicle in developing .
+A 7 7|||M:OTHER|||we see now|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:ADJ:FORM|||slow|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 28|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 40|||R:NOUN:NUM|||vehicles|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 42|||R:OTHER|||being developed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They are more like electric motorbike which is much more powerful and , of course , heavier .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||motorbikes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But because of the government regulations on city transportation under which all means of transportation on road are grouped to either motor or non-motor and nothing in between , the prototype of the heavy electric bicycles was nipped in the bud as it can be counted to either of the two criteria because of its variety of performance .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||However ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:PREP|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 44|||R:VERB:TENSE|||could|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 44 44|||M:ADV|||not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 45 46|||R:VERB|||categorised|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 46 47|||R:PREP|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 51 52|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The later electric bicycle was then designed to be more like a normal bicycle and was only allowed to ride on non-motor roads , light but moving automatically .
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:TENSE|||be ridden|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:OTHER|||It is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:MORPH|||moves|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S People can even ride it just like riding a bike when it runs out of power .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN|||bicycle|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Apart from government regulations , public opinions also have prominent effect on the development of e-bike .
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||have also had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:ADJ|||significant|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||effects|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After the e-bike was placed on the market , safety issues related to the e-bike were brought up .
+
+S Data on road traffic accidents were counted .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB|||collected|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In Hangzhou , the capital city of Zhejiang province , the cases of accidents caused by e-bike has been increasing for three years .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN|||number|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||e-bikes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 20|||R:VERB:TENSE|||increased|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:PREP|||over|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( http : //www.hangzhou.gov.cn/main/xxbs/T152837.shtml accessed September 4 , 2009 ) Though the number was relatively small compared with those caused by cars and motorbikes , people were becoming more and more concerned with the safety issues with e-bike and a series of public hearings were then carried out to discuss how to make e-bike a safe vehicle on the roads .
+A 0 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:PREP|||about|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 38|||R:NOUN:NUM|||e-bikes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 44|||R:NOUN|||discussions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 53 53|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Finally , the speed limit was set at 20km/h which is quite at the lower end of what the technology allows to do .
+A 21 21|||M:OTHER|||the e-bike|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Then all the e-bike industries begun to improve other performance of e-bike like battery life and noise rather than speed and loading ability .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:FORM|||began|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||performance in other areas|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order to meet the requirement of government regulations and public opinions , the development of e-bike has gone through several changes ; therefore it was shaped to the e-bike we see now .
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hopefully , the next typical image left by China to the world will be e-bike .
+A 14 14|||M:OTHER|||that of the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Videophone
+
+S In 1936 , the first public video telephone had been developed .
+A 8 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S At that time , people had to simultaneously go to special post office video telephone booths to use this service .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||both interactants of a video telephone|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Until 1980s , with the development of chip , transmission technology , digital communication , video codec technology and integrated circuit technology , videophone became truly usable .
+A 0 1|||M:OTHER|||It was n't until|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:OTHER|||the IT|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Then many predicted that videophone would be very popular someday and it would be loved by the public .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||At that time|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , in recent decades , there was almost no market for the videophone and videophone has not emerged in our lives .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||R:OTHER|||been integrated into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the reasons why videophone could not become popular is that there were technical problems .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Because the communication quality was not that good , users could not get clear and coherent images .
+
+S But apart from the technical factor , the development of videophone mainly limited by some social and economic factors .
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First , the price matters .
+
+S Videophone was very expensive in early times .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The videophone|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 7|||R:OTHER|||when it was first launched|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even in today when the technology is so advanced , the price is still quite high .
+A 1 2|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One videophone roughly ranges in price of S $ 200 to S $ 1000 .
+A 6 7|||R:PREP|||between|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , the videophone costs much more than the normal phone especially when user takes a long distance call .
+A 12 12|||M:VERB|||to use|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Second reason is due to the privacy issues .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The second|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S People sometimes do not want the other side to see their tired face .
+
+S When they are talking , they want to be relaxed and feel free .
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||at ease|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Videophone users also commonly look at the video screen and not at the video camera , causing the eyes to take on an unnatural awkward glance , as the camera is usually just positioned away from the screen ( " Videophone , " 2009 ) .
+A 39 43|||R:OTHER|||Videophone ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Third , there was no unified standard .
+
+S For a long time , although there were some companies producing videophones , different kinds of videophone from different companies could not communicate with each other because they did not share a standard .
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||videophones|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another reason may be that people actually desire less fidelity in their communication , as evidenced by the popularity of written conversation ( i.e .
+
+S texting and instant messaging , which are commonly available on all video-enabled cell phones and web chat programs ) ( " Videophone , " 2009 ) .
+A 20 24|||R:OTHER|||Videophone ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nowadays , with the fast development of the internet , more and more people accept to video chat through some internet chatting software .
+A 8 9|||R:ORTH|||Internet|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are accepting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||the idea of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:FORM|||chatting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:ORTH|||Internet|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The necessity of using videophone is becoming lower and lower .
+A 0 1|||M:OTHER|||Thus , the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN|||appeal|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It sounds like a tragedy that this great innovative device has not been used or even seen by most people since it was invented in 19th century .
+A 25 25|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S What experience we should gain is that social and economic issues can indeed shape the development of a new product .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||The lesson|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:OTHER|||from this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , considering social and economic aspects before the implement of an innovation is important .
+A 9 10|||R:MORPH|||implementation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Videophone .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S In Wikipedia .
+
+S Retrieved September 9 , 2009 , from http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videophone
+
+S Conventionally generated technology versus innovation created in a skunk works
+
+S According to E.M.Rogers , the pioneer of diffusion of innovations theory , there are basically six stages in the innovation development process : needs/problems , research , development , commercialization , diffusion & adoption , consequences .
+
+S Specifically , in the development stage , there are two categories of organizations to generate innovation : conventional R&D ( Research and Development ) organizations and skunk works .
+
+S Conventional R&D organizations are " bureaucracies , structured to provide stability and continuity to nurture innovation " ( Rogers , 2003 , p.144 ) .
+
+S On the other hand , skunk works are " small and often subversive units within a larger organization that are created in order to pioneer the development of a technological innovation " ( Rogers , 2003 , p.144 ) .
+
+S Technologies generated in either organization require the dedication of researchers ' hard work and basic capital support from the company .
+
+S There are some differences , however , between the technologies generated in these two organizations , in terms of time of accomplishing innovation , cost of generation , the maturity of products , etc .
+
+S One big difference between the technologies in the two organizations is time of accomplishing innovation .
+
+S Normally skunk works generate innovations more quickly than the conventional R&D organizations , for workers in skunk works work " on a crash basis to create an innovation " ( Rogers , 2003 , p.144 ) .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The well-known example is the development of Macintosh .
+
+S In the early 1980s , Steve Jobs , president of Apple Computer , established a particular skunk works .
+
+S Only after four years did the revolutionary new computer be displayed at Apple 's annual stockholders ' meeting ( Rogers , 2003 , p.144 ) .
+
+S On the other hand , conventional generated technology probably takes a longer time ; for example , another revolutionary invention , light bulb , was first generated in the 1800s .
+A 5 6|||R:MORPH|||conventionally|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Until the 1850s , after Thomas Alva Edison and other engineers ' improvement , light bulbs became prevalent ( History of the light bulbs , Wikipedia ) .
+
+S In recent years , skunk works are mostly generated due to commercial or marketing competition .
+
+S Workers in the skunk works have stronger motives than those in the conventional organization .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The result is that researchers in the skunk works generate innovation faster .
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To generate innovation in a comparable short time as mentioned previously , normally skunk works assemble more outstanding personnel and more capital as opposed to conventional R&D organizations .
+
+S Therefore , people highly selected can accomplish the task without much trouble in capital .
+
+S One example is the Xerox Corporation , then the world 's leading document copier manufacturer , which founded its skunk works Xerox PARC with the investment of $ 150 million , which generated the mouse and other important personal computing technologies due to its brilliant personnel ( Rogers , 2003 ) .
+
+S Although Xerox failed to transfer those technologies to the marketplace due to its poor commercial strategies , it is significantly meaningful that in a short time , Xerox PARC attained so many technological breakthroughs that were adopted later .
+
+S Besides the differences of time and cost , nevertheless , when coming to the commercialization stage , products transferred from technology in skunk works are sometimes not so mature as those transferred from conventional R&D organization due to the time limitation .
+A 35 36|||R:NOUN:NUM|||organizations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Actually , the Macintosh was announced before 1984 , but then postponed several times for immaturity in technology ( Rogers , 2003 , p.144 ) .
+
+S On the contrary , Conventional R&D organizations have more time to make their innovation more customer-friendly and more mature in technology .
+A 4 5|||R:ORTH|||conventional|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In a nutshell , on average , skunk works generate technological innovations more effectively and efficiently .
+
+S However , it has higher requirements for the personnel and capital , which are difficult for some companies that are in shortage of capital .
+A 2 3|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nevertheless , conventional R&D organizations can generate innovations stably and continuously , which is still essential to the development of the company .
+
+S The technologies generated in both organizations help build a better world .
+
+S References
+
+S Rogers , E.M. ( 2003 ) .
+
+S The generation of innovations .
+
+S In Diffusion of innovations ( pp.136-158 ) .
+
+S New York : Free Press History of the light bulbs , in Wikipedia .
+
+S Retrieved September 7 , 2009 , from http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamp_ ( electrical_component )
+
+S Prior to the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century , the needs of people are just basic-food , clothing , air and last but not least , shelter .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Now , the needs have just expanded from the basic four needs to other needs such as entertainment , communication , and transportation .
+
+S However , the question is which need requires more attention than the others in this modern era ?
+
+S The answer would be transportation .
+
+S Well , in order to have a better transportation , design processes are needed to fulfill the need .
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Transportation which is cheap and safe , environmentally friendly and uses alternative source of energy has the utmost importance in the need of transportation .
+A 15 15|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 24|||R:OTHER|||most desirable|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the imminent problems faced by the modern transportation is to depend less on fossil fuels .
+A 3 4|||R:ADJ|||eminent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN|||challenges|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S At the rate of usage of fossil fuels -at three billion barrels per year-now , it will not take long before the fuels deplete .
+A 0 1|||R:PREP|||With|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:ORTH|||- at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||year now -|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:TENSE|||get depleted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to a presentation made by Osman Chughtai and David Shannon , fossil fuels will mostly run out in 17 years minimum or a maximum of 50 to 70 years .
+A 11 12|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nevertheless , other transportation problems like producing too much pollutant such as nitrogen oxides .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||pollutants|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Pollutants produced have been proved to have an enormous effect on the Earth ozone layer , corroding the ozone layers and exposing humans to the deadly ultraviolet ray .
+A 7 7|||M:VERB|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:NOUN:NUM|||rays|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To add to the problems stated above , the world currently needs a better transport , in terms of safety and functionalities as well as its cost .
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:MORPH|||transportation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As an example , cars produced must be durable , meaning that the cars must be able to withstand great momentum struck on them .
+
+S Besides that , weather must not be an obstacle for good cars .
+
+S In addition , cars must be low in cost despite having all the functionalities .
+
+S Therefore , in order to counter all the problems , engineers need to go through design processes .
+
+S First of all , engineering processes provides the foundation for researches to get a new state-of-the-art design .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||provide|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:MORPH|||research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Engineers have to identify the problems such as producing a transport that does not run on fossil fuel .
+
+S Then , they can brainstorm to come up with a new design that meets all the criteria for a better car .
+
+S Recently there was this groundbreaking news stating that engineers found a technology called H2CAR process , a process for producing fuels from plants or what they call the process-biomass .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Venere , E. New biofuels process promises to meet all U.S. transportation needs .
+
+S Retrieved on 5/09/2009.http : //www.purdue.edu/UNS/x/2007a/070314AgrawalBiomass.html )
+
+S Besides researches , development processes enable engineers to produce designs that will be tested on real ground .
+A 1 2|||R:MORPH|||research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Effectiveness , durability and functionalities of the designs will be tested .
+
+S In this case , transportations like cars must be able to withstand extreme weathers and must be aerodynamically shaped for maneuverability .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:INFL|||transportation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Car safety must be included in the blueprint of the car as well .
+
+S Previously , engineers managed to come up with a design called catalytic converter with a function to reduce the pollutants released due to combustion .
+
+S In a nutshell , design processes are the main essence for a better future transportation , in terms of fuel type , environmentally friendly , functionalities as well as its cost .
+A 22 23|||R:OTHER|||environmentalenvironmental|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:MORPH|||friendliness|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This need must be taken seriously in order to secure a brighter future- a future people do not need to travel on bicycle or on foot .
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||future --|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:ADV|||where|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Mobile phone industry in China needs innovation
+
+S " Chinese mobile phone users total 703 million " ( HYPERLINK " http : //thegovmonitor.com/world_news/asia/chinese-mobile-phone-users-total-703-million-3376.html " http : //thegovmonitor.com/world_news/asia/chinese-mobile-phone-users-total-703-million-3376.html ) this is reported at 4th September 2009 .
+A 20 20|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:ORTH|||This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But seven out of ten of the mobile phones users holding are not Chinese brands .
+A 5 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN|||phonephone|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:VERB|||using|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S How can Chinese enterprises compete against foreign mobile phones ?
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN|||phone companies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Innovation !
+
+S History witnesses that mobile phone markets are always broadened by new features of the phone .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||has witnessed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||how|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||have always been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Motorola 8900 which was available in market in the year 1995 was firstly featured with a cover so that miss-press of button was avoided .
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||wrong press|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S At the same year the first self-chosen ring tongue was heard from Ericsson GH398 .
+A 0 1|||R:PREP|||In|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN|||tone|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The first folding phone was Motorola 328C born January 1999.Nokia 7110 is the first mobile phone with a wap browser which was released in October 1999 .
+A 8 8|||M:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:ORTH|||1999 . Nokia|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hagenuk CH9771 was the first mobile phone put its antenna inside the phone .
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All these new features brought a great raise in revenue .
+
+S Innovation shows great power in mobile market .
+
+S As mobile phone is built up by so many parts , there are various ways of innovation .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Of all the aspects of innovation , appearance and function weigh the most .
+
+S Appearance means much because people treat mobile phones not only as communication tools but also as kind beloved toys .
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||a kind of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Various functions are important because different places have different conditions .
+
+S I phone conquer the whole world but failed to enter Japan 's market because of two reasons : First , Japanese like to own a unique style of phone but iphone has only one style which would cause embarrassment when Japanese meet the other iphone user .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has conquered|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 43|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 45 46|||R:NOUN:NUM|||users|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Second , Japanese phones have many functions such as mobile-shop which can help them pay bills on their phone .
+
+S But iphone doesnot have them .
+A 2 3|||R:ORTH|||does not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As for the appearance there are four major designs : straight , flip , slide and rotation .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After rotation , what is going to dominate the market ?
+
+S There are new appearances to be designed .
+
+S Such as a straight phone with 3-row,4-collum keyboard .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||3-row,4-column|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To protect the fragile touch screen , the keyboard can act as the cover and leave only a little part of the screen out side when not used .
+A 23 25|||R:ORTH|||outside|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is both cool and convenient to have a camera which can rotate like a transformer to make it easier to take phones for the photo-taker .
+
+S Function design has an endless way to go .
+
+S Basically a smart phone can have music player , video palyback , camera , GPS , wi-fi and so on .
+
+S There are plenty of functions now but the new the better .
+A 8 9|||R:ADJ:FORM|||newer|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A phone can act as a telescope in Birdnest during Beijing 2008 Olympic Games by using the camera and its zoom function .
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It can also design a diet for its owner for here to lose weight .
+A 9 11|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A phone can be a weatherperson , an e-pet or whatever .
+
+S As technology develops and society changes , more and more functions will be possible and wanted .
+
+S Innovative mobile design is important also because designers can harvest both copy right and market .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB|||dominate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A new design is protected by its copy right so that for the producer meet slight competition entering the market .
+A 7 9|||R:ORTH|||copyright|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 20|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To conclude , China mobile industry need to work on innovation of phones ' appearance and function .
+A 4 4|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Problems significantly hampering engineering design processes for innovations Along with the development of the living standard , people 's demands for goods increase .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB|||hamperhamper|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 3|||M:OTHER|||innovation in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN|||rise|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||standards|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S At the same time , people pay more attention on the quality of the goods .
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order to meet the demand of modern society , we need higher efficiency and more advanced technology .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||demands|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , the innovations of engineering processes are more and more important .
+A 4 5|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But in real life there are many problems hamper engineering design processes for innovations .
+A 4 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And the two of most significantly are the state of information communication not smooth and the corruption .
+A 0 1|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:MORPH|||significant|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:OTHER|||which is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the practical production , only the workers directly use the production equipments .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||equipment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The senior management and the boss , who have the right to change and introduce new equipments and technologies seldom care about the real condition of production .
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||equipment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So the only people who know the problems of production are the workers .
+
+S They may meet a lot of problems and may want to change the technologies .
+
+S But they do not have the power to do so .
+
+S And because of the state of information communication is not smoothly , workers can not transmit the problems that they found in production to the people who have the power to make decisions .
+A 1 3|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||smooth|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB|||relay|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Maybe sometimes the workers come out with good ideas to solve the problems , but they do not have opportunities to put the ideas into practice .
+
+S And of course , the workers would not get rewards .
+
+S In this case , after a long time the workers do not have enthusiasm to think about how to solve the problems .
+A 10 13|||R:OTHER|||lose|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And the company loses its opportunities to innovate .
+
+S At the same time it loses the opportunity to save costs and increase production efficiency .
+A 4 4|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another very important problem in practical production is corruption .
+
+S And the corruption often causes more serious problems than other problems .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||It|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is a so serious problem that exist almost every area .
+A 3 4|||R:ADV|||very|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||exists|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For the leaders in the companies and factories , if they were corrupt , they will only care about their own benefits and ignore many others .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are many cases that the leaders corrupt lead the whole companies or factories to go bankrupt .
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 8|||R:WO|||corrupt leaders|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:FORM|||leading|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And there are also some cases even more fearful .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||which are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:ADJ|||scary|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some of set up a company just want to cheat , all the actions that the companies make are all want to cheating for money from consumers or other companies .
+A 1 2|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 22|||R:OTHER|||about|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For the staffs , if they were corrupt , they would not focus on their jobs any more .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||staff|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , they will envy others who have a higher position or make more money or make greater contributions .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In such case , they may do a lot of bad things , maybe to frame others , in order to make more benefits for themselves .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB|||create|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB|||get|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For workers , they will only care about how to please their leaders to get more benefits and not care about the production .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB|||receive|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S What the worse influence is the corrupt people will affect the general mood of a company or a factory .
+A 0 2|||U:PRON|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To conclude , there are many problems existing hampering engineering design processes for innovations .
+A 6 8|||R:WO|||existing problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And the state of information communication and corruption are two most serious ones in my home country .
+
+S We should seek ways to solve them .
+
+S In this era of globalization , engineering design has been emphasized by the governments of the countries all over the world , such as United State , Russia and France .
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 17|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:NOUN:NUM|||States|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is because the development of engineering design could bring many advantages to country 's economy and also in social aspect .
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 21|||R:OTHER|||society|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Actually , the scientists may perceive a future problem and launch some researches to overcome it .
+A 0 1|||R:ADV|||Currently|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:MORPH|||research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If we observe our surrounding , we could see many inventions of technological creativity such as computer , automobile and other electrical appliances .
+A 4 5|||R:MORPH|||surroundings|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nevertheless , there are some problems which significantly hamper engineering design processes for innovations in my home country , Malaysia and cause the impacts on certain stages of the process of engineering design .
+A 20 20|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 24|||R:OTHER|||impact|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 31|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , financial problem is one of the factors which constrains engineering design processes for innovations .
+
+S As we all know , if we want to improve our engineering design , we need to launch many researches .
+A 18 19|||R:ADJ|||much|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , Research and Development ( R&D ) plays a very important part in engineering design processes for innovations .
+
+S Subsequently , a lump sum of money need to be used to launch all these researches , but our government is not able to invest so much money on all these researches .
+A 7 8|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||such|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 32|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So , the financial problem arises and constrains the engineering design processes for innovations .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For your information , Malaysia is a country which is still developing and not as wealthy as other western developed countries such as United State , France and Germany .
+A 0 4|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN:NUM|||States|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , we lack of money to improve our facilities of research such as well-equipped laboratories and other highly technological instruments .
+A 4 5|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , this will causes the engineering design process to pause in the half way because of the lack of the highly technological instruments .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:FORM|||cause|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||processes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB|||be interrupted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 16|||R:OTHER|||halfway|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , if we want to design a race car , we need some highly technology instruments to do researches on the car engine and other parts of car .
+A 16 17|||R:MORPH|||technological|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:MORPH|||research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN:NUM|||engines|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 29|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although we have already found the important information about the research , we can not continue to an analysis of design solution because of the lack of highly technology instruments to investigate .
+A 0 1|||M:CONJ|||And although|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||through|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:ADV|||still|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||R:OTHER|||analyses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:NUM|||solutions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:MORPH|||technological|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:OTHER|||be used for investigation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Other than financial problem , we are also facing the problem of lack of professionals in certain engineering fields such as mechanical engineering , chemical engineering and electrical engineering .
+
+S Many of the researches of engineering design which were carried out in the modern countries had been done successfully .
+A 0 1|||R:ADJ|||Much|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is because there are many professionals in their countries .
+
+S In fact , the lack of professionals in engineering field results the failure of many researches .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||fields|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has resulted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||some|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , some of the automobile researches have been failed due to the lack of the professionals .
+A 7 8|||R:MORPH|||research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The stage of analysis of design solution has been constrained because of the limited knowledge and lack of professionals .
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , some forums of the engineering design should be held between our country and other modern countries such as United State , United Kingdom and Germany .
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 27|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , the forum on how to manufacture an eco-car can be held in order to help us exchange our opinions with the professionals from modern countries .
+
+S In a nutshell , financial problem and lack of professionals in my home country should be solved as soon as possible , so as to improve our engineering design processes innovations .
+A 21 24|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , private sector , the government and also citizens should work hand in hand in order to get more investment for engineering design researches and produce more professionals in the field of engineering design in the future .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB|||encourage|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:MORPH|||research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A Big Country With Little Innovation
+
+S Indonesia , a country hosting more than two hundred and thirty million citizens , is South East Asia 's largest country and economy to date .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Yet Indonesia still trails behind its neighboring countries such as Malaysia , Thailand , and even The Little Red Dot : Singapore , in terms of advancement in design based technology .
+A 28 30|||R:OTHER|||design-based|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is commonly believed that the slow rate of technological growth in Indonesia is caused by two major problems , which may hamper the innovative engineering design process .
+A 19 20|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , Indonesia lacks culture of innovation .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to the statistics published by UNICEF in 2007 , only fifty percent of Indonesian citizens are urbanized , which means the other half live in rural areas with little exposure to modern world and technology .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 32|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S People living in traditional villages live very simple life .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||lives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They stick to their ancestors ' traditions , and sometimes prefer traditional way of doing things to labor saving modern devices ; for example : some farmers prefer buffalo driven ploughs to tractors .
+A 1 3|||R:OTHER|||keep|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||R:OTHER|||labor-saving|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 30|||R:OTHER|||buffalo-driven|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , the farmers still rely on the government supplies and subsidies , which encounters a lot of logistics problems , instead of innovating their own way of solving problems .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||run into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:MORPH|||logistical|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , most universities in Indonesia are more teaching based , less research intensive than those in Japan or The States ; that makes Indonesian university students less creative and innovative in problem solving .
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||based and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , Indonesian engineers usually provide less possibility of solutions in tackling a problem compared to those who are trained abroad .
+
+S The second problem that may hamper the engineering design process in Indonesia is due to its both excessive and cheap natural resources , space , and workforces .
+A 16 17|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As mentioned before , Indonesia hosts more than two hundred and thirty million citizens , and its unemployment rate is considered high at 9.1 % ( Reuters , 2008 ) .
+A 2 3|||R:PREP|||above|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , Indonesia needs to create jobs for its people ; one way is by developing its agricultural businesses , which has been a hot topic lately during the presidential campaign .
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Prabowo Subianto , son of Sumitro Djojohadikusumo , former minister of economics for both Indonesia and Malaysia , during his vice presidential campaign opposed a solution to current Indonesian problems ; he promised to create jobs by developing bio diesel producing palm plantation in Indonesia , which may absorb about 6 million workforces .
+A 30 32|||R:PUNCT|||. He|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It 's apparent that innovative and labor saving devices will not work in Indonesia ; the new invention seemed to be more expensive compared to the traditional way .
+A 1 2|||R:CONTR|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||labor-saving|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The impact of Indonesia 's cheap resources on engineering design process is on its implementation stage .
+
+S After the invention is patented , there is nobody who is willing to buy it , because in Indonesia 's case it 's not cost efficient .
+A 15 16|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:CONTR|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another effect is demotivation of young engineers from designing new product , because the rewards the society gives them is not equal to their long time hardworking .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||products|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 26|||R:OTHER|||long-time|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:NOUN:NUM|||hardwork|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , Indonesia still faces several challenges in developing its design-based technology .
+
+S To tackle them , Indonesian government has to work hard in developing innovative culture in the society , and decreasing the people 's dependability on the government .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to Khandani 's statement " What distinguishes engineers from painters , poets , or sculptors is that engineers apply their creative energies to producing products or systems that meet human needs " , all engineering designs aim to meet human demand to become successful products .
+A 41 42|||R:NOUN:NUM|||demands|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 46|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Now , when the society becomes widely and continuingly developed , people are looking for new designs to satisfy their comfortable lives .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 10|||R:OTHER|||develops|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Those new designs may be the demands of entertainment , education or even something beyond our imagination .
+A 0 1|||R:DET|||ThThesese|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , in my opinion , one of the main concerns in our society is finding a new energy supply to alter the old ones , which become exhausted due to the overexploitation of human .
+A 21 22|||R:OTHER|||substitute for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:VERB|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:OTHER|||depleted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 35|||R:OTHER|||human exploitation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order to solve this urgent demand , engineering plays an important role in finding the other alternatives such as nuclear energy , solar energy and geothermal energy .
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Evidently , energy becomes vital and indispensable in our life , relating to most of everything we are working .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has become|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||R:OTHER|||deal with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Because of the influence of energy , the natural resources have invisibly caused wars and conflicts between many countries over years and years .
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 23|||R:OTHER|||time|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The recent war between United States and Iraq in 2000 might be considered to be a typical example .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although U.S. has been saying that this war was for the anti-terrorism , or more importantly for keeping the peacefulness of the world , it is clear that one of the reasons why American troopers stay in Iraq is the benefits of petroleum .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB|||maintaining|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:MORPH|||peace|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is a typical example of showing how important energy is since it exerts a grave impact on our daily life .
+A 6 7|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:ADJ|||great|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Due to the non-renewability of the natural " fossil " resources , the more demands the society needs , the more exhausted they become .
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:OTHER|||these resources|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to the online newspaper Financial Times ( 2006 ) and USA today news ( 2004 ) , the oil reserves in Trinidad and Tobago will run out in the next 20 years and the world oil reserves will become exhausted just in 40 years .
+A 12 13|||R:ORTH|||Today|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These figures partly show the urgent necessity to find a feasible alternative energy source which will never become exhausted .
+
+S The process of finding a new alternative energy source , which is not only renewable but also environmental-friendly , has been conducted for a long time and regarded as an ultimate goal for engineering .
+A 21 22|||R:VERB|||undertaken|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The most popular energy is nuclear energy .
+
+S The nuclear power is extracted from the usable energy from heavy atomic nuclei ( for example Uranium 235 ) via chain of nuclear reactions .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||It|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The first nuclear plant was built in Russia in 1984 whose initial electricity production is about 5000KW .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nowadays , nuclear power is harnessed for many purposes in our daily life .
+
+S It may create electricity , equipment or even weapons like the nuclear bomb or nuclear power submarines .
+
+S However , the design of nuclear reaction has to meet many rigorous requirements to avoid the nuclear releases as well as to isolate the radiation from the life .
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All of these conditions have to be followed strictly otherwise it may cause immeasurable consequences .
+A 9 9|||M:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , one of the most tragic accidents involving radiation release was the Chernobyl disaster , which happened in 1986 .
+A 16 17|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This disastrous accident results from the weakness in design and up to now , the neighboring areas still suffer from the radiation .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||resulted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:ORTH|||Up|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another solution is the perpetual resources as known as solar , geothermal energy and etc...The solar energy is drawn from sunlight 's energy by many solar panels which are designed to fit the house proof .
+A 6 7|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||etc.The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:NOUN|||roofs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This energy will be converted into electric or thermal energy to serve our life .
+A 2 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Geothermal power takes the thermal calorie in the entrails in the earth and translates into other energies which contribute an important role to operate turbines and machines .
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:PART|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:FORM|||operating|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are three basic types of geothermal energy plants ( i.e .
+
+S the dry steam plants , flash steam plants and binary power plants ) .
+
+S Geothermal energy is considered as the most potential alternative for the nonrenewable energy resource in the future .
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Though the perpetual resources are always there for us , their use may be constrained by the lack of technology for control and delivery , and also by investment and willingness to pay .
+
+S Also , those resources may not be applied and used everywhere on earth due to the geographic differences .
+A 2 3|||R:DET|||these|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , I content that energy problem should be classified on the first priority in human must-solves not only because of many huge benefits it provides for people but also because of the critical shortage of energy resources .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB|||contend|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||R:OTHER|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||humans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||to solve|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this context , engineering design process meets these urgent needs by finding many feasible solutions such as nuclear energy , solar energy and geothermal energy sources .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||meet|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although this process has just gotten initial achievements , it promises a fully potential energy source in the future which may permanently serve human kind .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nowadays , the petrol price has fluctuated a lot .
+
+S Thus , many countries spend more money and time on developing new resources which can be used as a substitution to petroleum .
+A 19 20|||R:MORPH|||substitute|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Energies such as solar energy have been promoted to fulfill this purpose .
+
+S This can be seen through the increasing in research and development of the solar cars or other products .
+A 6 7|||R:MORPH|||increase|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The using of the solar energy related goods has been highly encouraged by the environmentalists .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||use|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||energy-related|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So I would like to discuss about the reasons of innovation of these technology in the following factors , named economic factor , government factors and environmental factor .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||R:OTHER|||in such|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 28|||R:OTHER|||based on economic , governmental and environmental factors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First of all , as what I have mentioned before , the petrol price was fluctuating in recent years , this makes many factories start to worry about the cost and the profit they can earn .
+A 5 8|||R:OTHER|||earlier|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:ORTH|||This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Most of them feel unsecured because the cost of petrol may lead the low profit or even red deficit .
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , they are keen to find out more substitutions .
+
+S So we can see many firms and companies start to invest in solar energy areas .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||In the process|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As solar power is actually inexhaustible and reproducible , they can use it whenever they want and it is free of charge as well .
+
+S However , the start-up cost is pretty high .
+
+S It is because of the cost of the batteries .
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Presently , there is limitation of the amount of energy the batteries can store as we can only " use solar cells to generate up to 240 watts of electrical power in full sunshine " ( wikepedia ) .
+A 5 6|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 38|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As long as we can find a way to increase the amount of the energy the batteries can store , the cost will not be much a problem anymore .
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So I think , although they have to spend much more on researches now , they can definitely save more in the long run .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , petrol resources are not evenly distributed around the world .
+
+S This means that some countries control more petrol while some may not have it at all .
+
+S This results in certain countries feeling unsecured as they are afraid that their potential enemies may use this as a weak point to harm them .
+
+S For example , their enemy may cut down the inflow of the petrol provided to their land .
+A 13 17|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Without petrol , the economy in the country will be affected badly .
+
+S Lastly , solar energy is free of pollution .
+
+S It is commonly known that burning of petroleum will release carbon dioxide , nitrogen and some other gases which will cause air pollution .
+
+S This will in turn cause many harmful results include acidic rain or global warming .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:FORM|||including|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the contrary , solar energy will not lead to such pollution .
+
+S And as solar energy comes from the sun , it can be regarded as reproducible and we do not need to worry about if it will be used up one day .
+A 27 29|||R:VERB|||depleted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , I think we should decrease the using of petrol related product and slowly switch towards using the products which need new resources .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||use|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||R:OTHER|||petrol-related|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||products|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Only if we show our interests and demands on these products , those researchers can have motivation and more funds to do their projects .
+A 6 6|||M:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S REFERENCE
+
+S Section 2 , Practical applcations , 2009/09/07 wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cars # Limitations_and_challenges
+
+S Water Need Should Be Given Priority in Designing
+
+S Engineers are indispensable .
+
+S Their achievements are influencing the developments of every industry .
+A 2 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||influence|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||development|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the application of engineering spreads , few can tell the exact range of engineers ' work .
+
+S But one task of all the engineers is common : to meet people 's needs .
+
+S People 's need is so various that one prime need must be given priority to avoid distractions .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In today 's world , this need should be people 's demand of fresh water .
+A 12 13|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As is known , water is a resource that human can not live without .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||humans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Its uses range from climate regulating , industry application to food processing and daily drinking .
+A 5 6|||R:MORPH|||regulation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Water is even the sign of life .
+
+S Scientists often use it as the first criteria to judge whether there is life on a new landed planet .
+
+S This means that water is probably the first thing creatures need to maintain life .
+
+S Therefore , water is also one essential need for people to survive .
+
+S Back to a hundred years ago , water was never a concern .
+A 0 2|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:ORTH|||A|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S While , today it is different .
+A 0 1|||R:ORTH|||while|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It 's now commonly recognized that fresh water will be the scarcest resource in the follow century .
+A 1 2|||R:CONTR|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:FORM|||following|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some people even assume that the next world war will be fought for the limited fresh water on the earth .
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||because of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order to ensure human 's survival and the peace of world , engineers should respect the human 's need for water most when designing products .
+A 4 6|||R:NOUN:POSS|||humans '|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 12|||R:OTHER|||world peace|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 19|||R:OTHER|||humans '|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One aspect engineer should work on to meet people 's need of water is to reduce the pollution in engineering process .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||engineers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Pollution is one main reason for water scarcity .
+
+S To be exact , there is never a lack of water on the earth , but pollution damaged most of the available water sources , such as rivers and lacks .
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:NOUN|||lakes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Pollution in water is often caused by waste emission generated in industry processes .
+
+S To solve this problem , the best way is to emphasis environmental friendliness when engineers design machines or develop new procedures for industry use .
+
+S This can stop pollution to water more thoroughly than government 's fine on water pollution .
+A 4 5|||R:PART|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , engineers can design device that can save water .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S People are using water everywhere in life other than in industry .
+
+S Therefore , if device can avoid wasting water in daily life of each person , it will surely save considerably large amount of water .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Small device like taps , water coolers , washing machines , can all be the targets of engineers .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||devices|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Engineers should attach importance to water-efficiency together with other efficiencies regarding designing device , so that enough water can be conserved to meet people 's need .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB|||give|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||devices|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:NOUN:NUM|||needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To sum up , engineering should give priority to people 's need for water first , as water is necessary for human 's survival .
+A 12 13|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:NOUN:POSS||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order to highlight this need , engineers should emphasis on environmental friendliness and water saving in designing .
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||emphasize|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For the next 10 years or more , Singapore would have a high percentage of population consisting of the elderly .
+A 9 10|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are a few factors leading to ageing population , where some of them are low birth rates and increase in the cost of standard living .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 15|||R:OTHER|||like|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the increase number of elderly , there would be a need in safety areas , thus products or services should be designed to meet this need .
+A 3 3|||M:OTHER|||in the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , one of the current market products is called " MEMSwear " which is produced by National University of Singapore engineers .
+
+S This product is a smart suit that is equipped with array of microsensors which are able to detect falls suffered by the wearers and to send alerts to their caregivers .
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides these functions , the engineers have also included an " impact-reduction " system to reduce the damage does to the wearer when he or she falls .
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:FORM|||done|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For the product , we have seen that the engineers have make use of the engineering design processes to meet the need .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:FORM|||made|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , they have defined the problem , which is the ageing population and they have seen the need to invent a product which could gives extra safety protection to the elderly .
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:VERB:FORM|||give|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , they have brainstormed on the preliminary criteria for a better design for the product ( Khandani , S. ( 2005 ) ) .
+A 19 21|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , for the first version of the product , they have not included the " impact-induction " system .
+
+S Without this feature , the wearer might suffer a serious accident if he or she falls .
+
+S Thus , through the use of engineering design processes , they have come out with a better design of the product .
+
+S Next , this is another product which works alike as the previous product .
+
+S But other than the features that the " MEMSwear " has , this product has additional functions ( Khandani , S. ( 2005 ) ) .
+
+S One of the functions is that upon receiving an alert when the user has a serious fall , it would dial for ambulance immediately .
+
+S This would greatly reduce the consequences of the fall if actions are taken within a shorter time .
+
+S Another additional function is the implementation of a temperature sensor .
+
+S For instance , in the case of a fire , the temperature sensor will be alerted and sends warning alerts to their caregivers or call for Civil Defense Force immediately .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will send|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , when considering the design of the product , there is a need to make special considerations that are suitable for the elderly use .
+A 22 23|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Those factors that might need to take into consideration when designing the product are inflexible movements and slow response time .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||be taken|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Engineering would have to use the engineering design processes to list out multiple solutions the designing of product ( Khandani , S. ( 2005 ) ) .
+A 0 1|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Engineers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For each solution , they would have to analyze and select one of the best solutions that suits most of the criteria listed .
+
+S In order to make sure the product works well , engineers have to test it before they launched the product .
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:TENSE|||launch|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , we have seen that the problems of ageing population could get more serious for the next few years , thus there is a need to design a product that could help to reduce the risks and impacts faced by the ageing population .
+A 16 17|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By the example of these two products , we could see that both of them have make use of the engineering design processes to meet the need .
+A 0 1|||R:PREP|||Through|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 3|||R:OTHER|||examples|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:FORM|||made|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And thus , it proved that it is really important to follow through the engineering design processes when inventing a new product .
+A 3 4|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB|||go|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Humans ' activities on Earth have always been depleting Earth 's valuable yet limited amount of natural resources and at the same time damaging Earth 's environment .
+A 0 2|||R:NOUN:POSS|||Human|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 9|||R:OTHER|||depleted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 23|||R:OTHER|||thus|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will cause Earth 's natural resources to be depleted and modifying Earth 's environment so much that it is no longer suitable for human life .
+A 1 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||causes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:FORM|||modify|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore humans have to give priorities to conserving Earth 's natural resources and protecting its environment .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This can be achieved by completely abolishing already available engineering processes , modifying and improving these old processes , or correctly identifying the reasons for the rise of that need .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB|||setting aside|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , engineering processes that are available now and are widely used can be abolished while new ones can be introduced to perform the function of its predecessor and at the same time fulfilling the need .
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN:NUM|||functions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:NOUN|||precursors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:MORPH|||fulfil|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , humans have always been depending of one of Earth 's natural resources , fossil fuels as an important source of energy .
+A 6 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||depended|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , due to human 's overuse of it , fossil fuels are expected to be completely depleted in the year 2050 .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||s '|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore engineering processes of technologies that extract energy from fossil fuels must be abolished and new ones must be introduced to ensure a constant supply of energy for humans .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB|||superseded|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , western powers like countries in Europe and the United States is planning to construct large scales solar energy farms in areas in Africa like the Sahara desert to replace generating energy from fossil fuels .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||scale|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since solar energy is a renewable source of energy and therefore can not be depleted .
+
+S Furthermore , the burning of fossil fuels produces harmful substances like carbon dioxide and smoke particles that can destroy Earth 's environment .
+
+S However , clean energy sources like solar energy do not cause these problems .
+
+S Therefore we can see how abolishing old engineering processes and embracing new ones can satisfy that need .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||setting aside|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , instead of removing available engineering processes , they can also be modified so that its original function is still available but at the same time satisfying the need to reserve natural resources and protecting the environment .
+A 16 17|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||functions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:VERB:FORM|||satisfy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:VERB|||preserve|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:VERB:FORM|||protect|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , transportation systems like cars require fuels like fossil fuels which is processed from a depleting natural resource , fossil fuels .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide are produced from these cars which will contribute to the notorious greenhouse effect .
+A 13 14|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To solve this problem , engineering processes like the designing of the car 's engine can be changed .
+
+S For instance , the introduction of electricity cars by General Motors , uses electricity to power the car 's engine instead of fossil fuels .
+A 3 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:MORPH|||electric|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:SVA|||use|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This satisfy the need as electricity can be generated from renewable sources of energies like solar and wind energy .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:SVA|||satisfies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||energy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide will not be emitted also .
+A 8 8|||M:ADV|||also|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , we can observe how modifying available engineering processes can satisfy the need .
+
+S Thirdly , the need can be fulfilled by correctly identifying and analyzing the reason for the rise of that need , so that the correct decisions can be made in engineering processes to fulfill the need .
+A 23 24|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:PREP|||through|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 36|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , CFC gases in the past is a by-product of many of our industries .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These gases causes the destruction of the Earth 's ozone layer in the atmosphere which causes more harmful ultraviolet , UV rays to penetrate the atmosphere , causing health problems like skin cancer to humans due to these UV rays .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||caused|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||caused|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:OTHER|||and consequently|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore a worldwide policy was implemented to ban the emission of CFC gases into the atmosphere by industries .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , we can see how making the correct decisions to prevent pollution to the environment can fulfill the need .
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , to ensure a sufficient supply of natural resources and a healthy environment for us and our future generations to live in , engineering processes can meet our need by removing and introducing or modifying available engineering processes and making the correct decisions in engineering processes can fulfill that need .
+A 30 31|||R:NOUN:NUM|||needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 43|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 45 46|||R:PREP|||through|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 46 47|||R:OTHER|||these|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 48 52|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to Khandani ( 2005 ) , engineers design products or systems that meet human needs .
+
+S Out of all the human needs in the world , to have clean water should be given priority compared with others .
+A 10 12|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Despite the fact that the amount of water on earth is quite large , nevertheless , we can only drink a very small part of it .
+
+S It is because most of the water in the world is sea water , which is not potable at all .
+
+S In addition , due to the global warming , the sea level rises .
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , some precious sources of drinking water , like underground water is polluted and not drinkable any more , which makes the situation even worse .
+A 12 12|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In some regions in the world , such as the Middle East and Africa , the shortage of clean drinking water is very serious , which even causes wars sometimes .
+A 26 30|||R:OTHER|||sometimes causes wars|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To solve this problem , there are two ways in which engineers can contribute .
+
+S The first way is to design a system to recycle used water .
+
+S Water we daily use can be divided into two categories , which are respectively for drinking and not for drinking .
+A 11 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , water we use to flush toilet , to irrigate farmland and to wash cars is not necessary to reach the same hygienic level as the drinking water .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||toilets|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , we may use recycled water to do these jobs so that we can save more clean drinking water for people to drink .
+A 22 24|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Actually , this idea has already been adopted by many countries to relieve the pressure caused by the shortage of water .
+
+S Moreover , some developed countries , such as Singapore , have mastered this technology so well that recycled water can be drunk directly , which really helps a lot to solve the problem of shortage of water .
+
+S However , this method may not suitable for those developing and undeveloped countries because it costs a lot of money , and the technology required is also very high .
+A 6 6|||M:VERB|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The other way to get drinking water is the desalination of sea water .
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||through|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As mentioned before , the amount of sea water is truly vast ; therefore , humans can certainly take sea water as another source of drinking water .
+
+S However , the process of desalination of sea water is very difficult .
+
+S It requires highly advanced science and technology , and of course , it is very costly .
+
+S Another limitation of this method is that it can only be applied in seaside countries , like Singapore , which means that it is not the first choice to many inland countries .
+A 28 29|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But since it also has its advantage , like the huge and widespread source , it is still worth trying .
+
+S According to Khandani ( 2005 ) , the net result or purpose of most engineering designs is to produce a product that generates a profit for the company .
+
+S Therefore , since the two methods mentioned above are both costly and difficult to apply , they can be restricted by the economic and market and thus , they may be not able to solve the shortage of water in a short period .
+A 24 24|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But what is important is that , at least , these two methods give us hope .
+
+S It is this kind of hope that motivates humans to develop , to improve , to pursue our dream , and finally to have such a beautiful world today .
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||dreams|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hope is the most significant contribution which engineers have ever made to the world .
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||contributed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Environment-friendly car is a current humans ' need which should be given priority .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The environment-friendly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 7|||R:NOUN:POSS|||human|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Humans need to travel from one place to another easily .
+
+S The current car 's technology , the fuel injection has satisfied that need , but dissatisfies environment 's need .
+A 9 9|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||has not satisfied|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Humans need a car which not only able to transport them easily but also friendly to the environment .
+A 5 5|||M:VERB|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:VERB|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is engineers ' job to apply their creative energies in designing a solution which meets humans ' need .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||the doctors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First of all , the current car 's technology , the fuel injection has satisfied humans ' need to travel .
+A 13 13|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , the time taken to travel from one place to another with a distance of a few hundred kilometres has reduced from 2-3 days to 2-3 hours ; as a result , humans are able to travel instantly .
+A 22 22|||M:VERB:TENSE|||been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is indeed makes human 's mean of transportation rises to another level .
+A 1 2|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||s '|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||means|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:FORM|||rising|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Second , in contrast with the benefit which the fuel injection has contributed to humans ' life , it has polluted the environment .
+A 7 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:NOUN:POSS|||human|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:OTHER|||, in fact ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is due to the fuel processing in the car .
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , the fuel injection is exhausting Carbon Dioxide ( CO2 ) as a result of incomplete burning of fuels .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that traps the earth 's heat and contributes to global warming .
+
+S Third , humans not only need to travel but also need a pollution free environment to live in .
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||-free|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the view of this issue , engineers are needed to design a solution .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to Khandani ( 2005 ) , products or systems are designed to meet human needs by engineers .
+A 12 18|||R:WO|||by engineers to meet human needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For years , engineers have experimented to design a solution to this issue .
+A 6 7|||R:PART|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:FORM|||designing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , Japan 's engineers have experimented for about 10 years before they successfully designed an eco-car which makes use of electric energy .
+
+S This eco-car has no fuel tank therefore produce no emissions at all .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||, therefore ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||it produces|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On top of that , Japan 's eco-car is as fast as the fuel injection car .
+
+S Lastly , Japan 's engineers had followed engineering design processes , Khandani ( 2005 ) , to design their first eco-car .
+A 10 11|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They started by defining the problem of the fuel injection system .
+
+S They defined that the fuel injection system 's problem lies on the fuel it uses .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB|||argued|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , Japan 's engineers started to look for alternate fuel for their eco-car .
+
+S They gathered information in order to arrive successfully at the right fuel 's source ; subsequently , they decided to use electricity as the fuel .
+A 12 13|||U:NOUN:POSS||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The road to success is not smooth ; likewise , Japan 's engineers had gone through a lot of challenges and tests before they arrived at their final prototype of Japan 's first eco-car .
+A 26 27|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Humans need to care about the environment 's condition , in order to preserve it for the new generation .
+A 9 10|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The new generation deserves to live in the same environment as we do .
+
+S To conclude , by using engineering design processes , engineers can design product that meets humans ' need .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||products|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:SVA|||meet|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:NOUN:POSS|||human|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Healthcare is a basic essential in every country .
+
+S It compromises of the people 's living condition , availability of medical treatment and prevention of disease .
+
+S Emphasis on healthcare services differs from country to country .
+
+S For instance in Singapore and Japan , healthcare is emphasized on the elderly due to their aging populations but both execute their policies in a different way .
+A 24 27|||R:OTHER|||different ways|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , we will look at the principle of healthcare of the elderly in respective countries and the solution to the healthcare needs of an aging population .
+
+S The aging community has become an eminent issue in Singapore .
+
+S With a replacement rate of 1.5 children to 2 adults and estimation that by 2030 , 18.4 % of the population will be make up of the elderly , it is no wonder why Singapore government is promoting reproduction in young couples .
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:FORM|||made|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:PREP|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the population ages , the main users of hospital services will be the old aged .
+A 14 15|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , improvement in healthcare services for the elderly is essential .
+
+S Mobility of the elderly is a factor as well , as they have problems walking and moving around .
+
+S According to a survey in 2004 , Singapore is named one of the unfriendliest countries towards the wheel chair bounded .
+A 9 10|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , there is a need for us to better the healthcare services of our older citizens .
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||impove|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In Japan , nearly one quarter of the population is made up of the old aged .
+A 14 15|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is mainly due to the speed of industrialization in Japan .
+
+S Being one of the economic giants , Japan industrializes very fast at an early stage .
+
+S This causes an imbalance between work and family .
+
+S The fast paced society force citizens to place work as priority over family resulting in a declining population .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||forces|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , in Japan , pay increases with the age of the workers .
+
+S Hence , companies tend to seek younger employees causing the older workers to lose their jobs and their health pension benefits .
+
+S Since the number of old aged is increasing , it is important to cater to their needs in terms of healthcare .
+A 4 5|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The first concern is the living condition of the old aged .
+A 9 10|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Home care facilities such as hospice ; day care centre and nursing home are built to look after the elderly especially when their family members are unable to do so .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||hospices|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||centres|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||homes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , in Singapore , one room apartment with specially installed emergency buttons and lifts are catered to the elderly .
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These apartments are created in such a way that they minimize the risk of the elderly injuring themselves .
+
+S The second concern is the mobility of the elderly .
+
+S Shopping malls and other common places should be equipped with more ramps and handicapped friendly escalator .
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||-friendly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||escalators|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , on trains in Singapore , certain seats are allocated for the elderly .
+
+S Last but not least , health benefits for elderly should be protected .
+
+S They should be offered free medical checkups and treatment if necessary .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN|||check-ups|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , healthcare services should not be neglected especially in countries , which face aging population .
+A 12 13|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S More need to be done to improve our healthcare sector so as to achieve a healthier and wealthier society .
+
+S Over the past century , numerous research breakthroughs and creative innovations have allowed engineering design processes to meet various human needs .
+
+S According to Khandani ( 2005 ) , engineering designs are systems that are introduced by humans through combining different technologies and innovations to satisfy a particular human need creating ability for humans to complete a task faster or more efficiently .
+
+S To produce these systems , design processes are carried out over a period of time , ranging from months to years , and they are conducted based on a series of steps .
+
+S For example , water supply has been a main concern for the Singapore government as Singapore has no natural sources of water .
+
+S Consequently , after years of research and design in aim to alleviate this problem , the NEWater technology was invented .
+A 8 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This technology allows used water to be reusable after undergoing treatment through microfiltration and reverse osmosis .
+
+S This is an example in which a particular human need has been satisfied by an engineering design system .
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even though engineering design processes have been aiding humans in meeting many of their needs in the past , many others have yet to be satisfied ; and the need to tackle pollution is one of them .
+
+S Pollution has been an ongoing problem for the past few decades or so and thus far , little has been done to alleviate this problem .
+
+S Global warming , as a result , is becoming more and more an issue of raising concern as little has been done to eliminate or tremendously reduce pollution .
+A 15 16|||R:VERB|||rising|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:ADV|||substantially|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Temperature has been increasing due to the excessive release of greenhouse gases ; and sea levels have been rising due to the melting of ice caps in the North and South poles .
+
+S Time is running out and to protect the sustainability of life on Earth , necessary actions have to be taken immediately if not , as soon as possible and the help of engineering design processes should not be left out .
+A 21 21|||M:OTHER|||, and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First and foremost , vehicles have been a main source of pollution and a large contributor to the emission of greenhouse gases .
+
+S In the past , vehicles used to emit harmful gases such as carbon monoxide .
+
+S Subsequently , engineering design processes have made possible the invention of catalytic converters which convert the harmful gases emitted by vehicles into non- harmful gases .
+A 22 24|||R:ORTH|||non-harmful|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the flip side , although the problem of the emission of harmful gases has been handled , vehicles today are releasing carbon dioxide , which is a greenhouse gas , instead .
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Consequently , a new engineering design process has to be carried out to rectify this problem .
+
+S After years of research , then comes the idea of inventing an environmentally-friendly car ; also known as an ecocar .
+A 14 15|||R:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , a group of Engineering and Design students from Singapore has invented its first environmentally-friendly car which does not emit any amount of carbon .
+
+S This is an example of a great breakthrough of an engineering design process which will be able to tackle the problem of pollution .
+
+S Another area of concern that is contributing much to the pollution of the environment is energy generation .
+
+S Power stations , also known as power plants , are common sources of energy in most countries and they make use of the combustion of fuels to produce energy in powering up the whole city .
+
+S Due to the combustion of fuels , pollution occurs ; and taking into consideration that many countries have adopted the use of power stations , the effects of polluting the environment occur on a large scale .
+
+S Therefore , cleaner sources of energy generation have to be discovered and engineering design processes can do just that .
+
+S An example of a clean method of energy generation would be the invention of solar technology .
+
+S Solar technology makes use of heat and radiation from the Sun to produce useful forms of energy ; and this is made possible by engineering design processes .
+
+S To conclude , pollution is an ongoing , serious problem in which swift actions need to be taken .
+
+S It is a human need to neutralize this situation because Earth 's and human 's sustainability is at stake .
+
+S With engineering design processes , the benefits of gaining control over pollution are tremendous .
+
+S However , engineering design processes take a certain period of time as factors such as safety and other side effects have to be put into consideration too .
+
+S Moreover , we humans can not be totally dependent on engineering design systems only .
+
+S We have to be socially-responsible as every living person has a part to play in tackling pollution .
+
+S Throughout the years , there has always been a debate on whether technology shapes society , a technologically determinist perspective , or does society shape technology , a socially determinist view .
+A 22 23|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:SVA|||shapes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One such technology that is closely related to this debate is the invention of the automobiles .
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||automobile|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Without this invention , we would probably still be riding the bicycle to work or school .
+
+S Looking back at history , we can see how this important technology has been shaped by societal factors as well as technological factors .
+
+S Due to the influence of these factors , the gasoline powered cars have won over the electric cars for years .
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||R:ADJ|||gasoline-powered|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , societal factors like the expansion of cities favor the gasoline cars over electric cars .
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As cities grow bigger , it becomes impractical to have an electric car for travelling .
+
+S For example , the gasoline powered cars can travel an average of about 300km on a full tank of petrol as compared to a maximum distance of 150km for a full charge on an electric battery .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 6|||R:ADJ|||gasoline-powered|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In big cities like the United States , travelling to and fro from work can easily surpass 100km .
+
+S Also with the expansion of society , time becomes money .
+
+S No one is willing to spend 8 hours a day waiting for their car to be charged fully before they can make use of it .
+
+S Another societal factor is the increase in individualism among people .
+
+S Everyone now wants to own a car for the convenience and for individualism 's sake .
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In one family , there could be three cars ; one for the father , the mother and the son .
+
+S Take Dubai for instance , they now have an average ratio of 571 cars to every 1000 people .
+A 4 5|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:ORTH|||They|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , this affects the automobiles as people purchase more gasoline powered cars .
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The reason is that car manufacturers , in order to retain their market share of gasoline powered cars , will invest time and money to promote gasoline powered vehicles over the unproven market of electric cars .
+A 26 28|||R:OTHER|||gasoline-powered|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A social stigma that electric cars are only meant to be golf carts or less is hence created , and this leads to people purchasing the gasoline powered cars .
+A 25 26|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 28|||R:OTHER|||gasoline-powered|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Next , technological factors current available technology and limitation of resources have also helped shaped the automobiles .
+A 4 4|||M:PREP|||like|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:MORPH|||currently|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With current technology , more hybrid cars are showing up on the market .
+
+S Hybrid cars involves either part gasoline part electric or part gasoline part compressed natural gas ( CNG ) .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||involve|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is made possible only with the advancement of technology as compared to the past .
+
+S For instance , the regenerative brake system has been invented whereby you charge your battery just by braking .
+
+S Car manufacturers like Chevrolet are cashing in on this possible new market , and coming up with new models like the Optra Magnum CNG in 2008 .
+
+S With a cleaner and efficient hybrid car , more people are opting for the switch .
+
+S The gasoline powered car has finally seen a worthy competitor .
+A 1 3|||R:ADJ|||gasoline-powered|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , technological restrains like limited resources has been a set back for hybrid users .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN|||restraints|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Looking at Singapore for example , there are only 5 CNG refueling points around the country .
+
+S To get your vehicle refueled would be troublesome if the nearest CNG petrol station is far away .
+
+S This constrain makes consumers think twice before purchasing a hybrid vehicle .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN|||constraint|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , the fact that hybrid cars are a relatively new technology , car repair shops might not have the knowledge to repair hybrid cars yet , and any repairs must be sent back to the car manufacturer .
+
+S This makes it inconvenient if the shop is located far away from the consumer .
+
+S In short , these few factors have played an important role in shaping the automobiles that we know today .
+
+S Imagine if there no technological restrains and that we could create a self replenishing battery .
+A 3 3|||M:VERB|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN|||restraints|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The possibilities are endless , but it proves one point .
+
+S Technology and society co-exist and affects one another .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:SVA|||affect|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even till now , we are shaping many other technological inventions .
+A 1 2|||R:PREP|||until|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Only the future can foretell the impact of these factors on technological advancement such as in the automobile industry .
+
+S Who knows , hybrid cars might actually manage to successfully dethrone the gasoline powered cars in the near future .
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||gasoline-powered|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Electronics such as lights and cars have become essential to the human beings over the past years .
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These electronics though wonderful , but they consume a huge amount of energy .
+A 0 1|||M:OTHER|||However , these|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Given that the global price of fuel is on the rise , users of these electronics are incurring higher cost .
+
+S One current human need that should be given priority for engineering design is to have cost saving electronics .
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||cos-saving|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , the problems with lights is that , in order to save electricity , the user will have to manually turn off the lights upon leaving the area , which is rather impractical in places such as offices , toilets and classrooms which require the lights to be constantly turned on .
+
+S The idea of electricity conservation on usage of lights was to have the lights automatically turned off when the area is empty .
+
+S As a result , the idea sparked off the concept of integrating motion sensors to lights .
+
+S The milestone in having a motion sensor light to automatically turn on and off the lights with the presence of a human being was how to accurately identify the presence of a human being in the area monitored by the sensor .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN|||challenge|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To overcome the milestone , the motion sensors use infrared energy to detect human beings .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN|||challenge|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , these sensors are also highly sensitive to human body temperature , therefore resulting in a highly accurate detection .
+
+S Today these motion sensor lights are used almost everywhere , in offices , toilets , classrooms and even homes .
+
+S Secondly , the recent price hikes in petrol fuel have caused human beings to pay a higher amount of money for their car petrol as compared to previously .
+
+S To overcome the price hikes , an alternative to petrol fuel is needed .
+
+S The outcome of intensive engineering design was to replace petrol fuel with ( CNG ) Compressed Natural Gas .
+
+S These natural gases are widely available on earth as compared to petrol fuel which is getting limited as the oil reserves depletes .
+A 18 19|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:TENSE|||get depleted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order for a car to be powered using CNG , there are certain modifications that needs to be done .
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:TENSE|||needed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , new fuel storage was introduced , and took the name of Integrated Storage system .
+A 16 17|||R:ORTH|||System|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another example is the modification of the engine .
+
+S The natural gas from the storage cylinders flows into a fuel line when the engine is started .
+
+S The gas is then ignited by a spark plug , thus powering the car .
+
+S In Singapore , public transports such as taxis , buses have converted to CNG .
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , according to Channel NewsAsia , there is an increasing number of private cars owners converting their conventional petrol fuel powered cars to CNG cars .
+A 21 23|||R:OTHER|||fuel-powered|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Engineering designs have improved the designs of lights and cars , which used to consume a huge amount of energy in the past .
+
+S To sum up , with the depletion of natural resources and high electricity and fuel cost , engineering designing should be given priority to cost saving electronics .
+A 23 24|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Engineering design is the process of creating a system or products to meet the desired needs of people .
+
+S Usually , engineers face difficulty in designing a product or coming out with ideas that are of demand by the public .
+A 14 17|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:FORM|||demanded|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As an engineer , he needs to define the problem , gather pertinent information , generate and analyse multiple solutions and finally , test and implement whether the solution works .
+A 0 1|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||An|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the two most disturbing problems that may hamper engineering design processes for innovations are the inability to generate multiple solutions to convince their superior to implement their products or ideas and the failure of constantly creating a product that are of demand .
+A 18 18|||M:OTHER|||of engineers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 42|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 43|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , in the aspect of generating multiple solutions , engineers often face the problems off lacking of funds and unable to convince their superior that their idea is feasible .
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:MORPH|||lack|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||inability|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In most cases , their design will be rejected because the product or idea is not conventional .
+
+S Their idea or product is a total new concept which people may find it hard to accept because of traditional idea or product that may have etched in their mind .
+A 6 7|||R:MORPH|||totally|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:VERB:TENSE|||been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , in the Singapore National Service , the professional nature of the military officers , using its portion of dominant influence , typically make most of the important decisions about innovation .
+A 9 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , the low ranking cadets usually fail to convince the high ranking officers that their innovative products or ideas may improve the military .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One example is the introduction of unmanned combat air vehicles by the engineers in the military .
+
+S This unmanned combat air vehicle may be potent enough to replace the ubiquitous manned fighter in the near future .
+A 5 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||might have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , due to the higher officer not having enough trust over the air vehicle being piloted by human , this unmanned combat vehicle project did not succeed in carrying out .
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 31|||R:VERB|||being implemented|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Instances such as the above example will significantly affect the morale of the engineers .
+
+S Hence , it is imperative to address the issue of engineers unable to convince their superior to implement their products or ideas .
+
+S As an engineer , if their ideas or products face constant rejection by their superior , they will stop coming up with new ideas or products as they see no purpose for coming up with new ideas or products and constantly opposing their superiors .
+A 1 3|||R:OTHER|||engineers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , the superiority in company will significantly hamper engineer morale and their design .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||companies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:POSS|||engineers '|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , the other problem that restricts engineer design is the lack of confident to implement ideas or products that are of demand .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||engineering|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:MORPH|||confidence|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although in the initial stage the surveying of their products response may be good , when it comes to implementing their ideas or products , the response may be of the reverse .
+A 5 8|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 11|||R:OTHER|||response to their products|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 32|||R:OTHER|||different|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Engineers spend efforts in developing the products , but the final products that they design may not be of popular demand .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||a lot of effort|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:DET|||these|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Society always strives for useful and economic products .
+
+S Products that are not practical and expensive will face rejection .
+
+S For instance , in the 1960s , Singapore developed a phone that was able to see the other caller .
+
+S This type of phone faced rejection because the phone was expensive and users found it infringing their privacy .
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , the sales of these phones were low , affecting the morale of the engineer who design this phone .
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:TENSE|||designed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||R:OTHER|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As an engineer , facing multiple failures may cause them to be disheartened and put them on high alert as they will be more careful when they want to design a product .
+A 0 4|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:ORTH|||Facing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||engineers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They will tend to feel disappointed because they need to solicit a lot of funds , putting in their utmost efforts when developing the products , and only to find out that their products face rejection by the public .
+A 26 27|||R:CONJ|||but|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will seriously restrict their innovation because they may be afraid to face constant failure .
+
+S The " best " design solution is always hard to develop because it is one that most completely fulfils the client 's requirements .
+A 19 20|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , engineers may just stop at gathering pertinent information , and not go into generating multiple solutions as they are worry that their products may not be of demand as expected , which again hamper their design processes for innovations .
+A 20 21|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 35|||M:VERB:TENSE|||may|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 41|||R:NOUN:NUM|||innovation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , it is usually the lack of ability to convince the superiors and the constant rejection by the public that significantly hamper engineering design for innovations .
+A 12 13|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Traditional mindset should be changed and let engineers have a chance to develop their ideas .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||mindsets|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , engineers should do their research and marketing of their products effectively , such that product that they develop will be of marketing value .
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||products|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN:NUM|||market|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Scientific technology has been developing rapidly since the first industrial revolution .
+
+S Meanwhile many new kind of innovative inventions come out almost in every day changing the way people living .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||kinds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:OTHER|||, thus|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:FORM|||live|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There exists a remarkable fact which is that a technical innovation is viewed different between different groups of people .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||It|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:VERB|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:MORPH|||differently|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:PREP|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A wonderful invention to a group of people may be dislike to the other ones .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:FORM|||disliked|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||others|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In general , the justification of the utility of a specific technology or invention depends on the specific perspectives from different group of people .
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN|||opinions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Space technology is a good example to explain the reason how different views come out .
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||existence of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Space technology is a kind of high innovative , high compositive and also high cost technology .
+A 6 7|||R:MORPH|||highly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:MORPH|||highly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:SPELL|||composite|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:MORPH|||highly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:MORPH|||costly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Its aim is to find out the unknown scientific questions and for military use .
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The beginning of space technology derives from America and Russia .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Then it quickly spreads out to all over the world .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||spread|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nowadays European countries , China , Japan and India are all have a high development in space technology .
+A 9 10|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||advanced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Toward this new technique , there are two opposite opinion exist in these days .
+A 5 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||opinions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 14|||R:OTHER|||nowadays|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Government and scientists think it is worth to spend money and people working on this , and it will benefit the whole country .
+A 0 1|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Governments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||because|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , many people look it in another way that it is a waste of resource which can be used to improve people 's living condition .
+A 4 9|||R:OTHER|||think|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||resources|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:NOUN:NUM|||conditions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If we look a little deeper into the causes that lead to the opposite solution , we will find that the focus that specific group of people pays attention to is , obviously , quite different from each other .
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN:NUM|||groups|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:VERB:SVA|||pay|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the government and scientists ' point of view , space technology is essential that it is the fundamental things we need to do to protect our country and fulfill future needs .
+A 0 1|||R:PREP|||From|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:POSS|||governments '|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 9|||R:OTHER|||point-of-view|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:PREP|||because|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||thing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:NOUN:NUM|||countries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They pay lots attention to keep technique developing moving and more concentrate on the huge issue , like military demand , and the future .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||much|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||technological|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||developdevelopment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||R:WO|||concentrate more|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||issues|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S That is also the reason why every country tries their best to improve the space technique .
+A 9 10|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN|||technology|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Former president of America Regan even state the announcement of star war program , although it was given up at the end .
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||President|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:SPELL|||Reagan|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 10|||R:OTHER|||announced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:SVA|||wars|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the contrary , civilians who state the opposite idea think the same issue another way round .
+
+S They focus more on current living condition and environment .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||conditions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Whether people can go to the outer space has nothing to do with them .
+
+S They simply pay their attention to the surrounding that needs to improve to make a better living condition .
+A 7 8|||R:MORPH|||surroundings|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:SVA|||need|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||improvement|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||conditions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Associated with the high cost space technology development , they will think government focus on this is a kind of waste .
+A 0 1|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||With|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In their opinion , government should spend these money and resource to these places where we can benefit from in today 's life .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||resources|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 23|||R:OTHER|||us|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So , it is not surprising that not all people satisfied when Chinese Government proudly announce the success of launching Shenzhou-5 spacesuit into the universe .
+A 10 10|||M:VERB|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||announced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:OTHER|||of the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To civilians , they regard suffering people who live in starve and thirst , or the traffic system that influence people 's daily life .
+A 0 25|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , judgments towards a technical innovation or development always tend to different directions when these are made by different group of people .
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||differ|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||because|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:NUM|||groups|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All in all , the difference does really derive from the different thinking perspectives .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||differences|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||do|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Because people tend to think about things associating with their own experience and life , different justification come out .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:FORM|||associated|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN|||opinions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||R:VERB|||emerge|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hundreds of years ago , people used to go out riding horses ; illuminate the house by candles ; start fire using firewood 's .
+A 12 13|||R:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:NOUN:POSS||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And we now go out by buses ; light the house by electric lights ; start fire using lighters... Nowadays , people are living in a very convenient world .
+A 7 8|||R:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||lightersand so on .|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 24|||R:VERB:TENSE|||live|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But few my notice that we are facing a serious problem behind all these inventions we are using .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||may|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To run all these things , we need energy .
+
+S And the short of petroleum is the most important issue that we must take care .
+A 2 3|||R:MORPH|||shortage|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||address|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Why is the petroleum so important ?
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:ADV|||very|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Petroleum can be extracted and refined to produce fuels including petrol , paraffin , and diesel oil .
+
+S Without these extracted products from petroleum , cars can not run , planes can not fly , and ships can not launch out .
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:TENSE|||be launched|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The world may not run any more .
+
+S What 's more , petroleum is a liquid mixture of hydrocarbons which is present in suitable rock strata and is not reproducible for now .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||What is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is said that after 60 years , the world will run out of petroleum .
+
+S How are we going to solve this problem ?
+
+S There are two ways to solve this problem .
+
+S One way is to conserve and save the petroleum .
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Engineers have brought out some solutions for saving the petroleum .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||come up with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The greatest consumption of petroleum is in the transportation operation .
+
+S One of the engineer 's solutions is to mix the alcohol and petrol together to provide the energy .
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This solution is now in the test and implement period .
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:FORM|||tested|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:FORM|||implemented|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In Wuhan , one of the biggest cities in China , all the taxies are operating using this mixture fuel .
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||mixed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another solution , which is almost the same concept , is the Hybrid-Electric Vehicle .
+
+S This kind of vehicles uses both electric power and fuel and is different from the previous version .
+
+S It combines the electric power system and fuel system together .
+
+S When the vehicle starts , it consumes the electric power .
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After the speed of the car reaches a certain range , it will switch to fuel power system .
+
+S When using fuel power to start the car , the fuel is not fully burned .
+
+S That 's why we can smell strong petrol when the car starts .
+A 1 2|||R:CONTR|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To do this concept of power system is to let the fuel fully used in order to save the fuel .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||R:OTHER|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , conservation alone can not solve the problem .
+
+S The other way is to develop new energy resources to replace petroleum .
+
+S Hydrogen fuel cell , solar power and nuclear power are the three hottest topics that interested engineers most .
+A 15 15|||M:VERB|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The research of fuel cell on vehicles was started in early 1960s and it gets well developed until now .
+A 0 2|||U:DET|||Research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||has continuously|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Most of car makers have come out with their own hydrogen fuel cell powered vehicles .
+A 1 2|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||cell-powered|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But hydrogen fuel cell vehicles are still in the test and implement phase .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||testing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:MORPH|||implementation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are some prototypes running on the road .
+
+S But for finalized product , the cost should be reduced and the efficiency of the cell should be increased .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Solar and nuclear power are the more advanced technology .
+
+S Solar power is in the experimental phase .
+
+S The key point to increase the efficiency of solar power is how to concentrate the sunshine .
+A 3 5|||R:OTHER|||in increasing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB|||isolate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If this point can be solved , the potential of solar power is prodigious .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN|||challenge|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For nuclear power , actually it is using the power generated by the nuclear fusion .
+A 4 5|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nuclear fusion is the same way as the sun to generate its power .
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||in generating|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The research of nuclear fusion has been processed for decades , but the progress is not so obvious .
+A 0 2|||U:DET|||Research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||going on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:ADV|||very|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In brief , the energy problem is one of the most serious problems to us now .
+A 9 10|||R:DET|||our|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So we need to be step by step , follow the right rules , to get the best solution of this urgent problem .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||work on it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||arrive at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We live in an era of great change , an increasingly global society as a result of rapid growth in information and communication technologies .
+
+S However the above only holds through for those who are not stricken with poverty .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Surely the needs of these people , most of whom are based in developing countries , are endless .
+A 0 2|||U:ADV|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||poor|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The need for basic infrastructure ranks high on their priorities .
+
+S This is because basic infrastructure is the basis for any country to develop essential facilities like transport , housing and education , to help the poor .
+A 21 22|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The engineering design process is an effective way through which the needs of these people could be met comprehensively .
+
+S According to Kandani ( 2005 ) , the very first step in any engineering design is to identify the need and to define the problem .
+
+S The word 'need ' refers a man 's desire for a certain product or system .
+A 5 5|||M:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This need is usually identified by the society and may vary from society from society .
+A 13 14|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus needs which are considered a necessity to some might actually be a luxury to others .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , infrastructure is a real need for those living in the rural villages in Asia but not for the nomads in Africa , although both groups are affected by poverty .
+
+S The nomads would prefer to conserve the forests and wildlife so as to be able to carry on their nomadic lifestyle .
+A 18 18|||M:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This example clearly illustrates the importance of establishing the need accurately so that engineers would be able to work effectively towards solving the problem .
+
+S The second step of this engineering design process is to gather essential information .
+
+S In this step , engineers analyze the existing solutions and pick out the pros and cons .
+
+S Economic , environmental and safety factors are also analyzed .
+
+S Many developing countries have made big plans on establishing infrastructure in the rural areas in an attempt to bridge the gap in the standard of living between the urban towns and suburban villages .
+
+S However , these plans tend to get hit by delays after delays because of various reasons .
+
+S So it 's vital for engineers to collect as much information as possible so as to not repeat the mistakes and go down the same slippery slope of their predecessors .
+A 2 3|||R:CONTR|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Once this is done , engineers can start to formulate multiple solutions .
+
+S This step urges engineers to temporarily throw the rulebook out of the window , open up their minds and explore many different ideas and possibilities .
+
+S Dr. Kandani suggests that a team with professionals from different fields be formed .
+
+S This team can work together and share their knowledge and expertise to come up with a few solutions .
+
+S The most logical step after you have come up with a few solutions is to pick the best one .
+A 5 8|||R:OTHER|||coming|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is actually the decisionmaking process , after studying the various solutions .
+A 4 5|||R:SPELL|||decision-making|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , if a school is being built , based in the land available , few designs would have already thought off .
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:VERB:TENSE|||been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Certain schools might be able to hold more students while not proving to be as stable as another that hold fewer students but is very much stronger .
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||others|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So it is in this step that engineers make the decision of which design to adopt while weighing in all the factors to come up with a viable solution .
+
+S The final step in the engineering design process is to test and implement the solution .
+
+S This step is to essentially win the approval of the consumer as well as picking on possible flaws .
+
+S Ironically , this step is one that is followed by most however , they do not bother to pick out flaws and in the end the consumer uses a flawed product .
+A 11 12|||M:PUNCT|||. However|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:OTHER|||thus|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Possible flaws should be picked out so that the product can be improved on later .
+A 4 6|||R:VERB|||identified|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , I would like to recommend the engineering design process because it 's very complete in its steps to provide a solution to those in need .
+A 14 15|||R:CONTR|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The establishment of basic infrastructure in developing countries through engineering design will give the poor an avenue to success fully escape from the vicious cycle of poverty .
+A 18 20|||R:ORTH|||successfully|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The world today is undergoing global warming which is caused by the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB|||experiencing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The solution to this problem is the harnessing of an alternative form of energy called kinetic energy in wind .
+
+S An example of a product created for this purpose is the wind turbine and it is created using the three main steps in design process to address the problem which are problem definition , information gathering and testing and implementing of solutions .
+
+S The first step in the design process is the problem definition .
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Following this procedure helps to generate more solutions to the problem addressed .
+
+S Tapping of kinetic energy in wind is a good solution as wind is abundant due to the frequent changes in the atmospheric pressure .
+A 1 2|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It announces to the engineers that Earth is in grave danger , thus giving them more motivation to think of a solution .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||This step|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , by defining the problem as the fast decreasing quantity of fossil fuels , it gives engineers an insight to create a product which can be used to tap kinetic energy in wind .
+A 16 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||gain|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:PART|||into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:FORM|||creating|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Referring to the earlier models of windmills like those built in Sistan , Iran , from the seventh century , which were used to grind rice grains , engineers used the same concept to create wind turbine which converts kinetic energy in wind to electrical energy .
+A 43 44|||R:PREP|||into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The second step in the design process is the gathering of information .
+
+S The credibility of the problem needs to be addressed after the problem has been defined .
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The important factor which determines the efficiency of the wind turbine is the general wind flow in the area where the wind turbine is built .
+
+S Since the wind turbine heavily depends on the wind to generate electricity , it is important to study the wind flow pattern before the wind turbine is built .
+
+S For this study , past weather forecasts and also the internet play vital roles in providing information needed to improve the efficiency of the wind turbine .
+
+S The overall gain in electrical energy needs to be calculated to decide whether the building of wind turbine is worth its value .
+
+S The last step in the design process is the testing and implementing of solutions .
+A 11 12|||R:MORPH|||implementation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The testing and implementing solutions is closely related to the analysis of the design solution .
+A 3 4|||R:MORPH|||implementation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 4|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The main factor which contributes to the analysis is marketability .
+
+S For example , the Matilda built at Goland , Sweden produced a surprisingly high sixty-one gigawatts per hour of electricity in fifteen years which produced more energy than the other typical wind turbines .
+
+S However , the Matilda was demolished on June 6 , 2008 .
+
+S In conclusion , the main three steps in the design process help to create a guideline for the engineers to follow .
+
+S Problem definition requires knowledge of wind and thus making full use of it .
+
+S In terms of information gathering , the efficiency of the wind turbine is of paramount importance in determining whether it really solves the problem .
+
+S Lastly , the testing and implementing of solutions consists of marketability , ergonomics and safety which serve as a check on whether the product is deemed suitable to solve the problem .
+A 5 6|||R:MORPH|||implementation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nowadays , engineering design products are cores for everything .
+A 6 9|||R:OTHER|||everywhere|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Engineering systems play important roles in all the fields ; for example entertainment , healthcare as well as education .
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although it is essential for all the fields , engineering products and systems in healthcare and medical fields should be given the highest priority since health is the most important thing for all human beings .
+A 1 2|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Designing of medical products which can make all human beings ; young and old as well as disabilities easier and safer is obviously important .
+A 10 11|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:ADJ|||healthier|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , some medical products like " Fall Detection System " and " Posture monitoring system " can even help people save life in some ways .
+
+S On the other hand , people spend much more time normally for entertainment than healthcare .
+A 6 11|||R:WO|||normally spend much more time|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result there are mass products for entertainment because of high demand .
+A 3 3|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Instead , healthcare products should be widely available and used .
+
+S There are many healthcare products which are available in research organization but not widely available in current market .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||organizations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , " Fall Detection System " which can detect the fall of person especially elder people and can send instant message via sms to relatives so that the person can get immediate help in critical situations .
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||persons|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||messages|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 31|||R:OTHER|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As mentioned in " Global action on aging " website that the number of senior citizens are rising and the action for this should be taken , it is obvious that increasing number of elder people and taking care of them has been necessary to be considered .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 37|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 47|||R:OTHER|||imperative|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is also mentioned that since the number of elderly people increases , the burden of caring is also increasing for young people .
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||is increasing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , engineering should consider the situation of increasing number of elders and come out with the solution which can take care of situation in order to help elder people safe as well as make youth work without worry .
+A 5 6|||R:DET|||this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 18|||R:OTHER|||solutions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 27|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 30|||R:OTHER|||the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 34|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although there are R&Ds for healthcare products for monitoring and taking care of elder people , these devices are not widely used in the market .
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So , in order to get this situation , engineers should think about the ways that can make the design process meet the need of the market situation .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB|||address|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN:NUM|||needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the examples of medical system is " Posture Monitoring System " which can monitor body posture all the time and keep warning the user to maintain best posture .
+A 1 3|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||example|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:OTHER|||continuously|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Recently in 2009 , Nanyang Poly Technic won merit prize in Tan Kah Kee young inventors ' award competition in Singapore by its posture monitoring system and there are also research papers and prototypes of posture monitoring system by R&D from other countries but are not widely available in current market .
+A 5 7|||R:ORTH|||Polytechnic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:ORTH|||Young|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:ORTH|||Inventors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:ORTH|||Award|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:PREP|||through|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:OTHER|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:ORTH|||There|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 49 49|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One example of engineering products for disabilities which is mentioned in The Straits Times by Grace Chua is a chair that turns sound into vibrations which is invented by NUS PhD student Suranga Nanayakkara , which could help deaf people experience music and even aid them in speech therapy .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||the disabled|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 27|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:DET|||This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order to make engineering design product meet the needs , first of all , clear and unambiguous definition of this problem should be defined .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||products|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Problems should be widely and well defined by engineers , elder people as well as adults so that more innovative products and ideas come out .
+A 5 6|||R:ADV|||clearly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , it is also necessary to make sure that there is enough information to generate clear problem definitions that addresses the real need .
+
+S Once alternative solutions coming out , engineers need to analyze and decide bested suited solution to implement .Government and organization are also responsible to support R&D process in order to gather information needed , generate multiple solutions , analyze solutions and test as well as implement solutions which are the necessary steps for the design process .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:FORM|||come|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||the best|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||.Governments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||organizations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:PART|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:FORM|||supporting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , engineers should try to get preferable situation in the market for the products , for example , " Fall Detection System " which can take care of elder people and " Posture monitoring system " which can help people of all ages to maintain best posture with the help of government and organizations as well as consumers .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB|||identify|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:ADJ|||ideal|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 32|||R:OTHER|||the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 33|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And the goal can also be achieved by developing most suitable design engineering process for the system and products for healthcare .
+A 9 10|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 21|||R:OTHER|||healthcare systems and products|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A human need is a necessity that human required in order to survive .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||humans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB|||need|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One main necessity is food .
+
+S According to the World Food Program 's 2008 report , 25000 people are dying every day due to famine and related issue .
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:NUM|||issues|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A large portion of the deaths comes from the Third World Countries like Africa and India .
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By using the Engineering Design Process introduced by Seyyed Khandani , a professor at Diablo Valley College , we can reduce the famine .
+A 21 22|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some factors that play a part in of famine include political , technological and environmental issues .
+A 3 8|||R:OTHER|||contribute to famine|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The World Food Program ( WFP ) has been providing food and aids to areas affected by famine since it established .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||aid|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 21|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By using the engineering design process , the first step is to define the problem .
+
+S The definition of the problem is straight forward in the beginning , the people are starving , so they provide food .
+A 6 8|||UNK|||straightforward|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:PUNCT|||:|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:TENSE|||must be provided|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , for Malawi , the WFP and the World Bank analyzed the solution and found out that it is better to donate cash to them ; as they did some researches and found out that the country has food resources , but the poor can not afford it .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB|||figured out|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:OTHER|||based on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 31|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:NOUN:NUM|||research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 33|||M:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 48 49|||R:PRON|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In 1990s , the WFP introduced the donation of cash and vouchers policies ; one of the pioneer countries that received this aids is Malawi .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||, and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , providing cash did not only help to solve the famine , it also improved the financial situation for the farmers .
+A 19 20|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , the WFP saved time and cost from the collection of food and delivering it to the affected areas .
+A 8 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:MORPH|||collecting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In 1970s , the WFP has been providing food to India to temporarily solve the famine .
+A 5 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||provided|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S During this period , they have been analyzing the situation to generate other solutions to permanently solve the famine .
+A 5 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||analyzed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to the design process , the second step is to gather related information , then generate various solutions .
+A 17 18|||R:ADJ|||possible|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The first off solution is to provide genetically modified seeds and fertilizers to the farmers , so that they will obtain higher yield .
+A 2 2|||M:ADJ|||possible|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Before this solution was implemented , they did a further study , and realized that the solution will not work ; as the farmers are using traditional farming methods which are not yield efficient .
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , the WFP provided machines and farming education to the farmers in the 1980s .
+
+S These aids have improved the famine situation as the famine dropped by about 20 % in a WFP 's 1990s report ; On the other hand , these solutions are not applicable to all the lands in India as various areas have different types of lands .
+A 2 3|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:NOUN:POSS||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 40|||R:ADJ|||different|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For the dry lands , the WFP has do further researches on water irrigation methods .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB|||researchresearch|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the solutions is to construct a drainage system from the Indira Ghandi canal to irrigate the dry lands in the region .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some events like drought , flood and earthquakes are causes to famine .
+A 8 11|||R:OTHER|||cause|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These types of events are unavoidable .
+
+S Nevertheless , events like deforestation and overgrazing has affected the fertile lands and caused the yield to go down .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:ADV|||also|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||yields|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S While governments spend millions and billions of dollars on entertainments and military expenditure yearly , these large amount of money can be put to good use in helping their own people .
+A 0 1|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||Governments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||entertainment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:CONJ|||but|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:DET|||ththis|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||R:VERB:TENSE|||could have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S India has increased the military spending by 50 % in 2008 , bringing the amount to 40 billion dollars ; despite that 35 % of the people are still affected by famine .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||R:OTHER|||although|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The famine caused by these situations is preventable .
+
+S That large amount of money can be invested in the agriculture sector , like having the technology to plant seeds that will grow on dry land , which will greatly solve the famine .
+A 0 1|||R:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||could|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB|||using|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the WFP can do more researches and analysis , like creating genetic modified seeds that can survive in dry or wet land , or an indoor farming center that will shelter the crops from natural disasters , which will resolve the famine issue .
+A 8 9|||R:MORPH|||research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 42|||R:OTHER|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , the governments can try to allocate more budgets to the agriculture and research center than invested tons of money on entertainment sector , which is redundant when people in their own country are suffering without having a basic need .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||budget|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:INFL|||centers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 23|||R:OTHER|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:OTHER|||not right|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 42|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The last step of the design process is to test and implement the solution .
+A 3 4|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By moving a small step forward , will reduce the famine .
+A 0 1|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:VERB|||Taking|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Poverty is unavoidable , but famine is preventable .
+
+S Thus , we should do more to help the people that are suffering from famine .
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Communication is an important part of human development , it allows ideas and information to be disseminated effectively .
+A 8 10|||R:PUNCT|||. It|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the milestones in human communication is the invention of radio which changed the way we communicate in an obvious and physical way .
+
+S Radio allows the transmission of data over a distance literally through the air , which is not possible by the conventional cable lines .
+
+S Although the primary use of radio when it was first invented was for communication , alternative uses of radio have been developed and applied .
+
+S Two main driving factors that shaped the innovations of radio will be economic and military demands , leading to the usage of radio beyond pure communication .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||innovation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The value of radio being able to transmit and receive information over a distance wirelessly and cheaply has been the attention of scientists and inventors .
+
+S The first radio set was able to transmit only simple signals , still it was valuable enough to be used by the maritime .
+A 12 12|||M:CONJ|||but|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||R:OTHER|||in maritime work|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Due to its simplicity , Morse code was adopted as the preferred language used on radio then .
+
+S By sending Morse code sailors were able to communicate with other sailors or to controlling towers on land when they were out in the open sea .
+
+S Hence , safety of sailors had improved as they would be able to signal for help during emergency .
+
+S An example will be the sending of message to the nearest ship requesting for assistance by the Titanic before it sank , it illustrated the usefulness of radio as a tool for communication in situations where line communication is not possible .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||by the Titanic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||R:PUNCT|||. It|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Sending of Morse code via radio set was further popularised by the telegraphy which transformed the use of radio into a service much like the postal .
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:NOUN|||service|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Telegraphy flourish as it was relatively reliable and much faster than postal , encouraging more resources to be channelled into the development and research of radio technology .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||flourished|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:NOUN|||service|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another value of radio was its ability to perform mass communication .
+
+S As the average cost of production declined steadily , radio set was mass produced leading to the birth of radio broadcasting .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Broadcasting allows single directional flow of communication where important information can be disseminated to the mass quickly and effectively .
+
+S Warnings and announcements regarding weather or disaster evacuation can be made via broadcasting will greatly help in minimising the casualty rate in a disaster as the mass can receive vital and timely information and instruction even when the cable lines are damaged .
+A 8 10|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:NOUN:NUM|||masses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The other factors that influence the development of radio will be military demands .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have influenced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The need for communication between joined military operations across forces and formations lead to the development of powerful signal set .
+
+S To prevent enemies from tapping on their communications or disrupting their signals , technology such as " anti-jamming " was developed by the military .
+
+S Besides improving on communication , military demands had also led to the invention of radar which uses radio wave in detecting distance objects and getting information such as their location and movement .
+A 21 22|||R:MORPH|||distant|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The technology of radar was soon transferred to civil usage such as by the commercial planes and ships due to its usefulness in navigation .
+
+S Another development of radio by military is guided weapon which arises from the need to raise accuracy of weapon in decreasing the chances of damaging and injuring civilian or allied forces .
+
+S In conclusion , radio is an important technology that is still being developed and improved continuously .
+
+S From its communication values to other discovered usages , economic factor and military demands have played a positive role in its overall development .
+A 10 11|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN|||factors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Invention and development of radio has better the society in numerous ways .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The invention|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||have bettered|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A need refers to what is required in order to do something or achieve some state of being .
+
+S 'Human needs ' , for example , have been taken to describe requirements which must be satisfied if harm to an agent is to be avoided .
+
+S Overpopulation is one of the current human needs that should be given priority .
+A 8 8|||M:OTHER|||or challenges|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Size or Density of the population affects the overpopulation .
+A 2 3|||R:ORTH|||density|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the world where the human populations are growing , we should focus on solving the problem of insufficient land to maintain the life on earth .
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The houses today are stronger , and some of them can withstand natural disaster .
+A 0 1|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||Houses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example in Japan , a country where earthquake happen often , their engineer is trying to solve the problem of building a building that can withstands earthquake .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||earthquakes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||engineers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||try|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB|||constructing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 24|||R:OTHER|||buildings|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:VERB:FORM|||withstand|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:NOUN:NUM|||earthquakes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By using the Khandani Principle , the engineers gather pertinent information about the earthquake and manage to implement a solution after several test had been conducted , called Seismic retrofitting method , where Seismic retrofitting is the changing of existing building to a structure that is more resistant to ground motion , soil failure due to earthquakes or seismic activity .
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||earthquakes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||tests|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 39|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 51 52|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Engineers try to solve overpopulation by combine many houses into one building , thus building multi-unit housing or also known as attached dwellings has been invented .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:FORM|||combining|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:VERB|||initiated|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Apartment , barracks , tenement and terrace house is good example of multi-unit housing .
+A 0 1|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Apartments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||tenements|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||houses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||examples|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Engineer applied Khandani principle that time , they define the problem and has gather enough information to make sure the building will not collapse .
+A 0 1|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Engineers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||defined|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||gathered|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||buildings|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , in Singapore , where the land is very small , engineers build a lot of condominiums and apartments to solve the problem of insufficient houses and manage to save some of the land for other purposes .
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||built|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:VERB:TENSE|||managed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the future , the population will increase much more , and by building more multi-unit housing can not solve the problem effectively .
+A 0 1|||M:OTHER|||However , in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 10|||R:OTHER|||further increase|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In my opinion , engineer should focus on upgrading the building .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN|||engineeengineers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||buildings|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They should implement the solution of building multiple level basements for multi-unit housing and building since we do n't really use a lot of the underground space .
+A 2 7|||R:OTHER|||build|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:CONTR|||not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Building multiple level basements may cause some other potential problems and engineer should try to solve these .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||engineers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Engineers have to analyze every possible problem that may occur like water seepage , internal condensation , underground virus and bad acoustics when building more underground level .
+A 26 27|||R:NOUN:NUM|||levels|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S That is why building more underground level , we need to use Khandani principle 2005,that is require engineer to gather a lot of pertinent information from any sources available before implement it .
+A 3 3|||M:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||( 2005 ) that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||requires|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||engineers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:VERB:FORM|||implementing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , engineers can also improve the stability of the building so that more levels can be built above the building .
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||buildings|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||R:OTHER|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The stability of the building depends on the wideness of the base level , the material of the structure and the method of building the structure .
+A 2 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Engineer can increase the wide of the base of the structure to support extra level of building build on it .
+A 0 1|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Engineers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:MORPH|||width|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:FORM|||built|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Engineer can improve the structures by using more strong material like diamonds , gold , and etc and finding more suitable method for building a structure .
+A 0 1|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Engineers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 9|||R:ADJ|||stronger|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||etc.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:NUM|||methods|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nobody can create a perfect solution with just one try .
+
+S Engineers need to test the solution before they started to use it .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||start|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hidden problem can be found out testing it under real condition .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:PREP|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:PRON|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||conditions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Khandani , 2005 )
+A 5 5|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , with Khandani 's engineering design process , engineers can generate a perfect solution to solve overpopulation .
+
+S If we compare the house 10000 BC to the modern house today , engineering design process is apparent .
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If in the world we do n't have engineering design process , engineers may generate solution that is ineffective or it may cause harm to other life form .
+A 6 7|||R:CONTR|||not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||such|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||solutions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:NOUN:NUM|||forms|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are many human needs in the world and the engineering design process can help to meet those needs in a better way .
+
+S The issue of the depletion of earth 's natural resources have been raised repeatedly throughout recent times .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The earth 's natural resources are not well distributed across the globe , and hence some countries face the problem of the lack of certain natural resources .
+
+S Singapore , due to its small land size area also face the problem of the lack of natural resources .
+A 9 9|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:SVA|||faces|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In particular , the issue of the lack of water has been the headlines for many times .
+
+S In order for Singapore to be self-reliance on water , there is a need for Singapore to create portable water resources for its people .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||self-reliant|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Singapore had tried a number of ways in its bid to shift towards self- reliance of water .
+A 13 15|||R:ORTH|||self-reliance|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This includes desalination and damping up of rivers to form water catchment areas .
+
+S However , these methods are still short of providing for the growing need of water of its people .
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In recent years , the nation 's engineers have come up with a purification process which can purify waste water into portable water for use .
+
+S The product of it is called New water .
+A 2 4|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S New water is treated waste water that had undergone stringent purification processes using advance dual membrane and ultraviolet technology .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:MORPH|||advanced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The product can be bottled for consumption or be mixed with reservoir water and then going through the usual water treatment to produce drinkable water .
+A 7 7|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:VERB:TENSE|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:FORM|||go|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Currently , New water is supplying Singapore with 15 % of its water demands .
+
+S There are plans to scale up the project to contribute 30 % of the water supply by 2010 .
+
+S The quality of the product is even assured by many international experts .
+
+S This is indeed a product of system which is engineered to meet the human need for natural resources .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The design process of the system has undergone 5 design process stages as illustrated by Khandani in his Engineering Design process paper .
+
+S Firstly , the team of engineers working on the New water project identified the problem which is the lack of water resources for Singapore .
+
+S Singapore has been buying water from Malaysia , its neighbouring country in order to supplement its own water supply .
+A 11 11|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the water agreements with Malaysia are expiring soon in 2011 & 2061 .
+
+S The agreements have been providing for 40 % of the country needs .
+
+S Therefore , the engineers identified the need for Singapore to shift towards self-sustainability in terms of water resources .
+
+S Secondly , they gather pertinent information on the technologies and usage of water that is purified from waste water .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||gathered|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the first masterplan was shelved because of the great cost and unreliability of the process .
+
+S The cost incurred will offset the benefit that it may bring .
+
+S Hence , the team decided to wait for further technological advancement before building its first plant .
+
+S They eventually build its first plant after the technology of dual membrane purification has matured and the production cost has come down .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||built|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:VERB:TENSE|||came|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thirdly , prior to the implementation of the New water technology , there are also multiple solutions to the problem of lack of water resources in Singapore .
+A 9 10|||R:ORTH|||Water|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Solutions include desalination of sea water and damping up more rivers to increase the water catchment area .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||included|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The desalination of seawater will require large amount of fossil fuel to run which is another natural resource that Singapore do not have .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:SVA|||does|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , the desalination plants will also leave a larger carbon footprint .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Despite these , a desalination plant is still build because of the growing demand .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:FORM|||built|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The damping up of rivers to form water catchment areas is in fact being implemented .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Marina barrage the newest kid on the block was formed by damping the marina channel to form a large water catchment area capable of meeting 10 % of Singapore 's need .
+A 2 2|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , as Singapore has limited land , we can not go on forever creating water catchment area from our land .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||could|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||areas|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , New water is decided as a solution needed to meet the need for water of the Nation .
+A 3 4|||R:ORTH|||Water|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:ORTH|||nation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Finally , in May 2000 , the first New water plant is completed .
+A 9 10|||R:ORTH|||Water|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Currently there are 4 New water plant in Singapore with a fifth on its way .
+A 5 6|||R:ORTH|||Water|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Together , they will be able to meet 30 % of Singapore 's need .
+
+S Bottled New water were also given out during National events , promoting the use of the New water in our daily life .
+A 2 3|||R:ORTH|||Water|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , New water has been a engineering design which was designed to meet the human need of the lack of water resources particularly in Singapore .
+A 4 5|||R:ORTH|||Water|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 22|||R:OTHER|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Throughout the history of human , there are a lot of successful products which have great effect on human life , just like television , cell phone and so on .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 5|||R:OTHER|||human history|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 27|||R:OTHER|||the cell|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is not only their high level technology that makes them so successful , but also that they meet the need of the people .
+A 16 16|||M:OTHER|||the fact|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Electric car , which is first invented by General Motors Company ( GM ) , is such an interesting case .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The electric|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The invention of electric cars is both successful and failure .
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||a success|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We can analysis it in both social and technological aspects .
+A 2 3|||R:MORPH|||analyse|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Electric car is the product of social reasons .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The electric|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As we know , ordinary car 's fuel is gas which is used since the first car has been produced .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S While there exists a problem that the burning of gas gives off poisonous gas and large amount of carbon dioxide which cause serious air pollution .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||gases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:SVA|||causes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , as it is mineral resource , the storage of gas is becoming less and less which directly leads to the rise of the price .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN|||supply|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Because of the reasons stated above , people want to invent a kind of vehicle which can use cleaner and cheaper energy instead of gas .
+
+S That is why the electric cars came into being .
+
+S Another direct reason social reason is that in the early 1990s , the California and Arizona state governments had raised a policy which said at least 10 percent of the cars produced in the automobile companies should be environmental friendly , in another word is nonpolluting .
+A 2 3|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 45|||R:OTHER|||other words ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This promoted the research of electric cars .
+A 4 5|||R:PREP|||into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the mean time , GM also wanted to use this opportunity to restore their position in automobile world .
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is the social reasons that do favor to electric car .
+A 0 1|||R:DET|||These|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||did|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S While , there are also some negative social sides .
+
+S Thanks to nearly a hundred years developing , the foundation of the gas industry was quite strong .
+
+S There were a lot of big gas companies tried a lot of methods to promote their products in order to push electric cars out of the market .
+
+S For example a gas company even asked for the President of America , Bush , to appear in their advertisement .
+
+S So you can imagine the difficult situation electric car 's companies met at that time .
+
+S The technological aspect is also very important .
+
+S At that time , the electric car was mainly made of aluminum which gave the car lighter weight and the shape was aerodynamically styled which could reduce the air resistance .
+
+S Both of the two features provided the electric car faster speed .
+
+S As it was powered by electricity , there was less noise .
+
+S Driving such a car could be quite an enjoyable experience .
+
+S While , technology was not fully developed at that time and the battery could only support the electric car to run at most 100 miles .
+
+S Furthermore , most of the gas stations did not offer the service to charge the electric car , so it is very inconvenient for people to travel long distance .
+
+S So , the electric cars could n't be widely used .
+
+S While recently the companies of electric cars have realized the importance of social and technological factors and they start to fight back .
+
+S In social aspect , the environment situation becomes more serious than twenty years ago .
+
+S The crude oil production rate reduces .
+
+S The price of gas goes higher and higher .
+
+S Again people become interested in electric cars and the companies also take these advantages to promote their products .
+
+S They also invited some superstars , like Tom Hanks , to help advertise the car .
+
+S In technological aspect , new kind of battery has be developed .
+
+S The travelling range has been expanded to 500 miles , nearly five times farther than before .
+
+S Many functions , like GPS and ABS , are also applied to the electric car .
+
+S The performance of electric car can be as better as normal car .
+
+S Through the case of electric cars , we can see that whether a product can be successful or not is decided by both the social and technological factors .
+
+S The change of these conditions directly influences the position of the product in the market .
+
+S So when engineer produce a new product , taking these two aspects of factors into consideration is important .
+
+S Global Warming
+
+S With the development of the technology , people have more comfortable and beautiful clothes to wear , more enjoyable entertainment to participate , more delicious food to eat and more convenient transportation tools to use .
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 35|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , one of the most important factors seems to be forgotten by human beings : the place we live - the earth .
+
+S Nowadays , as our Earth Mother becomes hotter , human beings ' living condition is greatly threatened by the global warming , the issue which is discussed fiercely among scientists .
+A 4 4|||M:NOUN|||Mother|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN|||r|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As an engineer , we must also take this responsibility to protect our Earth Mother .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||engineers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is commonly known that global warming is caused by frequently industrial activities these years ; in detail , it is due to the emission of green house gas ( GHG ) .
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||recent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||years .|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 19|||R:OTHER|||To be precise|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:NOUN:NUM|||gases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , this idea is not acceptable for some people ; they consider the climate change as the natural phenomenon .
+
+S Actually , if we refer to the figure of " Temperature VS CO2 Emission " , we can straightaway reach a conclusion .
+
+S We can surprisingly find that the two curves match each other , in other words , it implies that the growth of temperature has some kind of tendency toward the growth of the emission of CO2 .
+
+S So , it is hard to say that there is no relationship between these two issues .
+
+S In recent years , due to much more frequent industrial activities , the curve of emission of CO2 consequently jumps to a very high point , so does the curve of temperature .
+A 25 26|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:ORTH|||So|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nowadays , the rising temperature has been paid much more attention because of some sudden , striking surprise , for instance , the melting ice in Antarctica , the rising sea level .
+A 6 8|||R:VERB|||received|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN|||events|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As mentioned above , the rising temperature is due to much more emission of green house gas , so the key to global warming will focus of this issue .
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||higher|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||emissions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||gases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , we can make use of natural energy instead of fuel , as we all know , burning fuel will emit a lot of green house gas , including CO2 .
+A 11 14|||R:OTHER|||fuel.As|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:NOUN:NUM|||gases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , if we use natural energy , we can not only reduce the emission of green house gas , but also save our resource .
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN:NUM|||resources|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Let us look at the example from America , Denmark and Holland .
+
+S These countries are famous for using wind energy to produce electricity , and wind energy still has a lot of potential to be made use of in many other areas .
+
+S Water energy is also a kind of natural energy which can be exploited by human beings , such as China .
+A 19 19|||M:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Day by day , these kinds of natural energies will finally show their advantages and occupy an important place in our industrial development .
+
+S Secondly , we think that countries must set up a system to sacrifice their economy - to control the frequency of industrial activities .
+
+S Kyoto Protocol signed in Japan is the best example .
+A 0 0|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this protocol , the member countries have to reduce certain amount of green house gas according to the amount of green house gas they produced and the most acceptable way is just reduce industrial activities .
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thirdly , increase planting area is also an efficient way to reach our goal , as plants could absorb CO2 .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:FORM|||increasing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||areas|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the threaten of global warming has come , we engineers need to face it bravely and design products against the climate change .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN|||threat|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||R:PUNCT|||. We|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We have only one Earth Mother , we will never lose her .
+A 5 6|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||Earth . We|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||must|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the progress of our society , human beings get stuck in a dilemma of energy .
+A 1 7|||R:OTHER|||our society progresses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On one hand , the energy resources we use now which are mainly fossil fuels will be exhausted soon if we continue to consume as current rate while the use of fossil fuels trigger out a series of environmental problems .
+A 10 10|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:PREP|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:VERB:SVA|||triggers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , the development of society calls for larger and larger amount of energy , which makes us in desperate need of energy .
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||amounts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order to develop our society without exhausting all the fossil fuels or sacrificing our environment , we have to find new energy resources to take place of traditional fossil fuels .
+A 26 26|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this case , solar energy stands out becoming our first choice .
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Engineering design play a significant role in the use of solar energy , especially in the system of solar heating .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||plays|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the first stage , engineering design mainly contributes by clearly defining the problem and gathering pertinent information .
+
+S In fact , humans began to utilize solar energy to heat water as early as 3000 years before .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||had begun|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:ADV|||ago|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the efficiency of solar energy was very slow .
+
+S The question how to make a efficient and effective solar heating system is addressed by engineers .
+A 2 2|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order to find the solution , engineers spend large amount of time to collect the relative information , from which they can generate inspiration while draw lessons from the previous work .
+A 16 17|||R:ADJ|||relevant|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:OTHER|||iinspiration ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:VERB:FORM|||drawing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Though this preliminary stage appears simple , actually it not only takes a lot of time and calls for patient , but also is the crucial fundamental of the solution .
+A 19 20|||R:MORPH|||patience|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:NOUN|||stage|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Then engineers come to the core step that is the generation of solutions .
+A 3 5|||R:OTHER|||in at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First , engineers decide to make a solar collector which can effectively collect solar from surroundings .
+A 3 3|||M:VERB:TENSE|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:NOUN|||energy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||the surroundings|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Because of efficient heat conductibility of metal , engineers use a huge piece of metal which is painted black to collect the solar energy .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After that , engineers build the circulation equipment to make water flow below the metal so that the metal can transmit the heat to water and then people can use the heated water .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to this solar heating system , engineers also come up with certain products widely used in our daily life , such as the solar water heater .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||Using|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 12|||R:OTHER|||designed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S That is not the end of engineering design .
+
+S What engineers do next is to test the system and make possible improvements .
+A 2 2|||M:VERB:TENSE|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:VERB:FORM||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although solar energy has certain advantages compared to other kinds of energy , it has an inevitable disadvantage .
+
+S The solar energy is limited by various natural conditions , such as day and night , seasons , and places .
+
+S It is not stable enough so that people may not be able to use solar energy to heat water whenever they need .
+A 5 5|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To improve the solar heating system , engineers add accessorial energy equipment to it such as electrical heater .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have added|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This improvement makes it possible for people to get hot water fast and conveniently even when there is not enough sunlight .
+
+S That is the end of the engineering design in the solar heating system .
+
+S To make the efficient and effective solar heating system , engineers carefully define the problem and collect important information about this issue , then they generate all the possible solutions , finally they test the solutions and make changes to improve the solution .
+A 2 3|||R:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 24|||R:PUNCT|||. Then|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 32|||R:PUNCT|||. Finally|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides solar heating system , engineering design is also used in other fields in terms of energy issue .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the help of engineering design , the wish to get out of the current energy dilemma will no longer be a dream .
+
+S The Human Need that should be Given Priority
+
+S In the current world people depend more and more on technology to improve their life , which stimulus the development of science and technology in reverse .
+A 0 4|||R:OTHER|||Currently ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||lives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB|||stimulates|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , among so many kinds of human needs , some of them should be given priority because of their urgency .
+
+S In my opinion , we should pay most attention on the development of clean energy such as solar energy .
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The reason why we should focus on the research of solar energy is that the atmospheric pollution caused by the consumption of fossil fuels is severe , there is enough amount of solar energy to be used on earth , and the diffusion and adoption of solar energy product is satisfying .
+A 27 27|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||R:OTHER|||Earth ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , the research of solar energy can be traced back to the year of 1900 .
+A 13 16|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although at that time they only focused on solar power plant .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||plants|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Later , because of the decrease of petroleum and natural gas , the scientists paid attention to solar energy again .
+A 6 7|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Until today , the process of solar energy research is still quite difficult .
+A 0 1|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , because of the severe pollution problem , we have to focus on the development of solar energy .
+A 0 2|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:ORTH|||Because|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nowadays , there are already various kinds of solar energy product in the market .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||products|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , people use solar energy converter to heat up water , which will save amazing amount of energy acquired from other ways .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||converters|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:PREP|||through|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , the usage of solar panel should become more and more important in the future .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||panels|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is said that if we can cover a place of 40,000 square miles with solar panel , the demand for electricity of the whole world will be satisfied .
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||panels|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , solar energy is inexhaustible and we can use it without worrying about polluting the atmosphere , which really solved the problem brought by the consumption of fossil fuels .
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:TENSE|||solves|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:VERB|||caused|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In some place of the world , people are accepting solar energy product such as solar energy converter as they think that it is fashionable and pollution-free .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||places|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||products|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||converters|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , in rural and pastoral Tibet , solar energy converters have replaced conventional pollution-prone fuel .
+
+S But in cities such as GuangDong and ShangDong provinces in China , people are not so willing to install solar energy converter though the government forced some buildings to install the converters to save energy and reduce carbon emission .
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:NUM|||converters|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As for the solar energy panel , the situation is better .
+
+S Some residents in America covered their roof with solar energy panel and hopes those panels will provide 50 percent to 80 percent of power consumption in their house .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||roofs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||panels|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:NOUN:NUM|||houses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , since the price of solar energy panel is decreasing recently , more and more consumers will think about the usage of solar energy panel .
+A 25 26|||R:NOUN:NUM|||panels|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the 1980s and 1990s , the research of solar energy fell into the low tide because that the price of petroleum fell down and the solar energy product was too expensive and there was no important breakthrough about the development of solar energy product .
+A 17 18|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:NOUN:NUM|||products|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:VERB:SVA|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 44 45|||R:NOUN:NUM|||products|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , since the environmental pollution has become one of the most important topics in the world nowadays , we also should pay more attention to clean energy such as solar energy .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The usage of solar energy product will not only save large amount of energy and solve the problem of energy crisis but also give us a clean world with little pollution .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||amounts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the developmemt of the society , our demand for the various commodity keeps increasing .
+A 2 3|||R:SPELL|||development|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||commodities|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We want to make our lives more comfortable and convenient .
+
+S However , without enough energy to manufacture the products , how can our desire be satisfied !
+A 16 17|||R:PUNCT|||?|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the current human need to find endless energy source is becoming more and more urgent so that it should be given priority .
+A 17 17|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To satisfy the current human need , we ha better use Roger 's Engineering design process to work out a supreme solution .
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||should|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This process contains five steps : define the problem , gather pertinent information , generate multiple solutions , analyze and select a solution , test and implement the solution .
+
+S As we know , most of the energy we are consuming is fossil energy such as coal and oil which is limited .
+A 19 19|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If we just depend our future on fossil energy source , how can we live on after hundreds of years !
+A 4 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||years ?|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Just a few years ago , America declared a war against Iraq with the justification that there were bio-chemistry weapons in Iraq .
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||bio-chemical|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Obviously , it wanted the oil in Iraq .
+
+S This war alarms us that if we do not solve the energy problems , more wars may be declared in the future .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB|||warns|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S That is really disastrous and horrible .
+
+S However , there are many other kinds of energy source on the earth such as nuclear power , water power and solar power .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||sources|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Now the problem is how to use these power to substitutde the fossil energy , which means how to convert these power into the energy that can be used by us such as electrical power .
+A 9 9|||M:NOUN|||sources|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:PART|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:SPELL|||substitutes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To solve this problem , building electrical powerhouse may be the best choice .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||powerhouses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The reason is that the electrical power is clean , easily transported and easily stored .
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , different places can share the energy source .
+
+S The problems brought by the unbalanced energy source distribution are solved .
+
+S Although making use of nuclear power , water power and solar power seems feasible , there are some reasons that make solar power be the most appropriate .
+A 23 24|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nuclear power can be very clean and can generate large quantities of electrical power .
+
+S Nevertheless , it can generate so huge power that it is very unsafe .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||such|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , in 1986 , a nuclear powerhouse in Soviet Union exploded , which destroyed many buildings and claimed many people 's lives .
+
+S The strong radiation of the explosion even influenced all the North Hemisphere .
+A 9 9|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S What a tragedy it is !
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Depending our future on nuclear power , we can not guarantee there will be no such kind of explosion any longer .
+A 0 21|||R:OTHER|||We can not guarantee there will be no such kind of explosion any longer if we rely on nuclear power|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Using water power can just slightly reduce the pressure on the energy .
+
+S That is because the consuption of energy is so large nowadays that even though we make full use of water power , it is still far less than the consumption .
+
+S Undeniably , the technology of solar power convertion today is still not perfect .
+A 7 8|||R:SPELL|||conversion|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many improvements should be made to increase the convertion rate and lower the cost of the equipment so it can be pervaded .
+A 8 9|||R:SPELL|||conversion|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB|||utilised|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nevertheless , this does not affect solar power to be the most ideal energy for the future .
+
+S Compared to other energy , solar power has three big advantages .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN|||sources|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The first is that it is very clean .
+
+S Actually , the sunlight is electramagnetic wave .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||waves|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S During the convertion to electrical power , there is no emission of poisonous gas or water .
+
+S The second is that soalr power is very safe .
+
+S Unlike the nuclear power or water power , we never need to worry about the explosion of the powerhouse nor the collapse of dams caused by the strong water stream .
+
+S Nowadays , we already have built some solar powerhouses but we never hear anything unfortunate happens .
+A 0 2|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||R:OTHER|||have never heard|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:SVA|||happen|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Last but most importantly , solar power seems endless .
+
+S Only if the sun disappears will the soalr power be used up .
+
+S However , as we know , the life of the sun is more than billions of years .
+
+S Therefore , for the three advantages above , we can find it really meaningful to develop the solar power tachnology .
+A 19 21|||R:OTHER|||technology|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , during the development of solar power technology , we should pay more attention to solving the difficulty of the pervasion .
+A 10 22|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This means that we will apply the technolgy to every household so that most solar power shining on the earth can be converted .
+
+S Lowering the cost of the application is also very important , otherwise nobody is willing to adopt this technology .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , to maintain the sustainable development of our society , we should give priority to the current human need to develope more energy from various source of human society .
+A 22 23|||R:SPELL|||develop|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Among the diverse energy source , solar power has the brightest prospect for its non-pollution , safety and infinitude .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||sources|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , it is really worthwhile to develop solar power to make our society development sustainable .
+
+S Moreover , during the development of solar power technology , we should try to increase the efficiency of the power convertion and lower the price of the products .
+
+S From a luxurious entertaining appliance in the early stage of development , television becomes an indispensable and ubiquitous thing within every family nowadays .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has become|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN|||household|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With millions of viewers around the world , it is used for various purposes not only by broadcasters and institutions but also businesses .
+
+S Television had to go through a very long way of development with reciprocal influences on society .
+
+S Advertising has become the most effective way of promoting sales of products .
+
+S The use of them is the most influential factor contributing to the development of television .
+
+S The cost of a television commercial depends upon the popularity of the channel and the time when it is broadcast .
+
+S These costs are the financial backing of broadcasters ' programming .
+
+S Another way is to weave advertisements into shows .
+
+S This practice has begun in film .
+
+S For instance , a character may be driving a particular type of automobile , wearing a certain kind of clothes , or eating at a particular chain restaurant .
+A 26 28|||R:WO|||restaurant chain|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A brand or trademark sometimes is used .
+A 4 6|||R:WO|||is sometimes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In terms of advantages , I strongly believe that the benefits television brings to our society are undeniable .
+A 0 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Meyrowitz , a professor of communications at the department of Communication at the University of New Hampshire in Durham , deduced that television is the " secret-exposing machine " , and it opens up the " biggest secret of all , 'the secret of secrecy ' " to children .
+
+S It is even claimed that television has replaced printing to become the main way to access information .
+
+S Researchers suggest that children who were exposed to educational programs , positive models preferred reading books , were more artistic and got higher grades .
+
+S Nowadays virtually all the broadcasters have at least an educational program for their own .
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S That 's because of the high demand of parents , institutions and educationists .
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , television also brings more negative influences on our society as many as the positive ones .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 14|||R:OTHER|||than|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A lot of findings showed that people tend to imitate the language and behavior which are inappropriate in society .
+
+S Children addicted to televisions are associated with obesity , passiveness , heath 's problems and sometimes bad grades .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||television|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||R:OTHER|||health|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Inappropriate contents are deemed as another type of dangers to the youth .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||danger|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Violence , sex , drugs abusing , nonsense comics , etc. cause a lot of controversies over the right age of watching them ; and the youth are subject to parental television control , especially when it influences their self-esteem and body image .
+A 5 6|||R:MORPH|||abuse|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With carefully-nurturing parents , a child can greatly benefit from television programs ; whereas the child may encounter inappropriate contents if the parents let him or her freely use devices .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||concerned|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||programs ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:NOUN|||television|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Adults who spend too much time on TV viewing seem to be the unsatisfied people because they try to look for happiness in those programs after a hard struggling day .
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:ADJ|||dissatisfied|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However it is usually short time happiness .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||lived|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition to this , broadcasters often have some shows and programs addressing women in the new century .
+
+S Television played a vital role in the feminist movement .
+
+S It is in dispute whether television has been changing the norms of society .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||disputable|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , television has obviously contributed a lot to determine and shape our society , owe the strong links between its development history and the human 's one .
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||owing to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S That is the reason why we always have to improve it , to nurture it .
+
+S We have to balance the pros and cons as well as the relationship of television to our present and future generations .
+
+S In the 21st century when people around the world get more opportunities to interact with each other , the ability to speak and understand other languages has become more and more important .
+
+S Most people choose to hire a translator .
+
+S However , the well-trained ones are hard to find and they are not always available at times when you need them immediately .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , some people feel that their privacy is not preserved with a translator involved .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB|||safeguarded|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , we have initiated this product called " N-in-1 Auto- translator " which can help solve all those problems mentioned above .
+
+S In the following paragraphs , the design process of our product will be illustrated to show how we fulfill people 's need to communicate with people speaking different languages .
+A 25 26|||R:NOUN|||others|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First of all , in the engineering process of this Auto-translator , we will keep modifying and upgrading until it fully serves its purposes .
+
+S According to Khandani , in the final testing and implementing process , we will make sure that it can translate exactly and clearly right on the spot .
+
+S For the after-sale services , we would establish an official website for the customers to acquire necessary information and post their feedbacks .
+A 21 23|||R:OTHER|||feedback|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , we will upload different language packages online so that customers speaking specific languages can install the software in their Auto-translators and make use of them .
+
+S Though we can not have all languages , we have the ones that the majority is requesting .
+
+S We will keep upgrading and modifying our software until our customers satisfy .
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||are satisfied|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Having talked about the modifications , we have made efforts to minimize the cost , change the charging method and improve the portability .
+
+S As a brand new product which people do not have much faith in , it has been made reasonably affordable .
+
+S As batteries are not environmental friendly , we make use of the DC chargers instead .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have made|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is very convenient for the customers and they do not have to change batteries all the time as the lifetime of the chargeable battery is purposely made longer .
+
+S In addition , we have had the device more portable by minimizing the size and weight .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB|||made|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , our device has many components consisting of a scanner , a speaker , a printer and a recorder .
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This allows our product to be multi-functional in contrast with an electric dictionary which has many limitations .
+A 11 12|||R:ADJ|||electronic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Customers do not have to bring them all .
+
+S Instead , they can just selectively plug-in any component they need in order to make it much more portable .
+
+S Form this example , we can see that we engineers always think from customers ' point of view and try our best to fulfill their needs .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||From|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||the customer 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , we should also take care of the interests of small groups of people .
+
+S Our target customers are businessman , travelers , international school teachers and students and other people who have needs to understand other languages .
+
+S However , after reviewing all those feedbacks on our official website , we found that the blind also need it .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||the feedback|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:INFL|||feedback|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After numerous research , we found that they recognize things by touching , smelling and hearing .
+
+S Thus we made modifications on our device such as the Braille-mini- printer .
+
+S This mini-printer can print in Braille so that they can understand by touching the paper after they scan the documents in other languages .
+
+S We can see that just a little change can benefit a large number of people .
+
+S To sum-up all the points mentioned above , we would conclude that engineering design processes can meet people 's needs by qualified products and services , continuous modifications and the attitude to think for customers .
+
+S There is an old saying goes , " Customer is the god .
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||which goes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||The customerr|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " We totally agree with it .
+
+S We engineers must always keep ourselves upgraded and think for the customers all the time so that we can make upgrades and modifications to meet their needs .
+
+S While one is looking for A , he may discover B accidentally along the way , and this process is called the serendipitous discovery .
+
+S It is very different from the normal technologies we have , which are resulted from developments aiming to solve specific questions .
+A 12 13|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They are also different from each other in terms of level of success and how well they cater to solve a problem .
+A 17 19|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nonetheless , besides so many differences , they are also similar in the aspects that they are both important and can only be discovered by prepared minds .
+A 2 3|||R:PREP|||despite|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One obvious difference is how each technology is discovered .
+
+S The normal technology is found and developed by following certain procedures .
+A 0 1|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , a problem or need is always first identified , and then people start to brainstorm and think of solutions for the problem .
+A 22 23|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They always have a clear purpose or goal in mind which leads them in a certain direction to resolve the puzzle .
+
+S Nevertheless , for technologies found through serendipitous discovery , they show complete randomness .
+A 0 1|||R:ADV|||However|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They are absolutely unexpected .
+
+S While one is solving some physics question , he may derive a solution for a biological problem in an approach which no one has thought of before .
+
+S There is nothing like a plan or preparation for this .
+
+S Hence , the two technologies differ from each other greatly in the ways how they are discovered .
+A 13 14|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another difference between them may be the desirability .
+
+S Most of the time , serendipitously discovered technologies gain more recognition and greater success in terms of economic or scientific aspects , compared to the average normally developed technologies .
+
+S This is just lke what Lawren Block said , the thing one found while looking for something else , usually suited his needs more .
+A 3 4|||R:SPELL|||like|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The reason behind this is that serendipitous discoveries cater to solve the problems in more ingenious ways , as they may be the results of some unknown happenings , and they are produced by following some rules of the nature we have yet to gain an understanding of , which are mysterious but also powerful .
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN:NUM|||result|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A simple example would be the success of Dichloro- diphenyl-trichloroethane ( DDT ) , compared to other insecticides .
+
+S Nonetheless , apart from the differences , there are also similarities between these two kinds of technologies .
+
+S One major similarity they share is that both can only be discovered by prepared personnel .
+
+S As what Louis Pasteur has said , in the arena of observation , opportunities favor only the prepared minds .
+A 1 2|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is indeed very true .
+
+S When people see some new products or discoveries , especially those close to our daily lives , sometimes they can not help but ask themselves why when they have experienced some similar things , they failed to turn them into innovations or products .
+A 26 26|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In our daily lives , it is true that we may experience this or that kind of things , but it is only those careful ones , prepared ones , those who always pay more attention to tiny things happening around them and treat things seriously , come up with ingenious discoveries .
+A 44 44|||M:DET|||these|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One needs to be prepared to identify a potential serendipitous discoveries , as well as to develop a normal technology , so that he does not miss out any important details and gain success in the end .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||discovery|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:PRON|||one|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:MORPH|||gains|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All in all , technologies discovered through conventional means and those discovered by chance are quite different in the aspects of how they are discovered and the general impacts they have .
+
+S However , they also share some similarities like they can only be found by prepared individuals .
+
+S In the end , though they may be so different , it is quite obvious that they are equally important and necessary for our lives and even the progress of mankind .
+
+S Thus , we should always be on the lookout , and think more about things around us , always be prepared .
+A 17 18|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:ORTH|||Always|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Engineering is a field of specialization where new products are being invent or where old products are being upgrade or modify .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:FORM|||invented|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:FORM|||upgraded|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:FORM|||modified|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , it is always a tough path to undertake as there will be problems arising during the design process .
+
+S The main processes during an innovations ' design involves identifying the problem , researching of new methodology , development of the new or upgraded product and finally the promoting of sales of the product .
+A 5 7|||R:NOUN:POSS|||innovation 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:MORPH|||developing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , problems often occur during the two most critical part of the designing process which lies during the research and development section .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||parts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:SVA|||lie|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN:NUM|||sections|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In Singapore , innovations and inventions due to engineering are still currently in the early stages .
+
+S The main involvement in the designing process for innovations include modifying and upgrading of existing products .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:SVA|||includes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , the improvement of the reverse-osmosis process that creates NEwater and the development of the 'eco-friendly ' vehicles .
+A 0 21|||R:OTHER|||The improvement of the reverse osmosis process that created NeWater and the development of the 'eco-friendly ' vehicles are examples|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These ideas and products had came from other countries and Singapore merely just takes the products and modifies it to suit her own needs .
+A 4 5|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||took|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB|||took|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For an instance , the weapons and equipment used by the Singapore Armed Forces ( SAF ) originated from countries like Germany and the United Kingdom .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The possible reasons that Singapore lacked the initiative to come out with a brand new product could lie in the lack of resources support and the general mindset of Singaporeans .
+
+S Firstly , the lack of resources support could significantly hamper the research and development process in engineering design for innovations .
+
+S Singapore is a small country in terms of resources and technology capabilities .
+
+S As a result , during the research stage of an engineering process , a lack of materials and funding could cause the designing process to fall through .
+
+S Funding and materials are crucial during an engineering design process as trials and equipment are require to gauge and judge the progress and the progress and outcome of a development .
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:FORM|||required|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 25|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Often , some engineering processes lie within a thin line away of some juristic rules .
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These rules and regulations are especially strict in Singapore , as a result engineering are often being restricted by these limitations which could hamper some bold yet useful innovation ideas .
+A 9 11|||R:PUNCT|||. As|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , although Singapore are ranked among the first few countries in development of products in Asia , nevertheless engineers in Singapore have to regularly keep track of the new technologies by discussing with their counterpart from leading countries like Japan and the United States of America .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The lack of knowledge prevented engineers in Singapore to come out with brand new ideas for innovations .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:FORM|||prevents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:PART|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:FORM|||coming|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The other problem faced by Singapore is the lack of courage for Singapore engineers to come out with a creative and new innovation .
+
+S this problem can be attributed to the upbringing of Singaporean kids .
+A 0 1|||R:ORTH|||This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Children in Singapore are brought up in a very 'safe ' and stable environment where everything is provided for .
+
+S Instructions on every single detail are given , as a result , Singapore kids are deprived of the chance to think independently .
+A 7 9|||R:PUNCT|||. As|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As they are brought up in such an environment , they normally will develop a mindset that it will better to follow rules as it will be much more stable and fool-proof rather than trying to think out of the box and create or do something bold .
+A 11 12|||R:ADV|||naturally|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is an underlying problem as these kids who will grow up to be engineers will not be able to come out with exciting innovations .
+A 21 22|||R:PART|||up|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , these two main problems basically hamper the research and development area of engineering design process , Singapore engineers could only at the moment upgrade of modifies existing innovations .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||areas|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB|||can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:OTHER|||or|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus they are the reasons why local Singaporean engineers have failed to come out with a stunning innovation yet .
+
+S A serendipity found is defined as accidently and unexpectedly discovering something fortunate .
+A 2 3|||R:MORPH|||find|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One technology that was discovered by serendipity is sound-powered telephone .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Unlike to a serendipity invention , a product or system that is created or developed , not coming from accidents , but through a series of engineering design processes is a research invention , and a technology developed via research is the mobile phone .
+A 1 2|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For these two technologies , there are several similarities and differences in the aspects of their usages , the power supplies they need , the communication efficiencies and health concerns .
+
+S Firstly , compare the usages for both the sound-powered telephone and the mobile phone , they are similar in the way that both are used for communications .
+A 13 16|||R:OTHER|||phone.They|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:NOUN:NUM|||communication|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the ways they are being used are different .
+A 6 7|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The sound-powered telephone is now widely used in naval vessels , and also in emergency communication systems for high-rise buildings , airports and ski lifts etc , whereas a mobile phone is designed for calling contacts .
+
+S Unlike to a sound-powered telephone , extra functions are included in a mobile phone , providing games , music and camera for use .
+A 1 2|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||such as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , the sound-powered telephone differs from the mobile phone in power supplies they need .
+A 13 14|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||needed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The speaker 's voice , through its microphone unit , supplies necessary power for operating the sound-powered telephone .
+
+S Batteries or power connections are not required.The circuit is always live , thus a user simply begins speaking rather than dialing another station .
+
+S On the contrary , the mobile phone could not operate without the use of an external power , normally a battery must be included and charged , so that the mobile phone can be switched on .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||R:PUNCT|||. Normally|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thirdly , in terms of communication efficiencies after the connection is established , the mobile phone provides better efficiency than the sound- powered telephone .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||efficiency|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Because , on a sound powered phone system , only one person can speak at a time or the signal will become hopelessly garbled , however , a mobile phone system allows both sides to input analog signals into the circuits at the same time .
+A 0 2|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 26|||R:PUNCT|||. However|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 30|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly , for engineers , design a safe product is a big concern .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:FORM|||designing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The mobile phone emits electromagnetic radiation , which may harm one 's health if using it for long period of time .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:FORM|||used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the sound-powered telephone does not pose any health risks to human beings due to its relatively simpler circuits compared to the mobile phone .
+
+S In conclusion , both technologies are electronic devices , their main function is the same , that is to provide people a way to communicate .
+A 8 10|||R:PUNCT|||. Their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although the sound-powered telephone has lesser efficiency than the mobile phone after the connection is established , it functions as emergency communication devices more often than the mobile phone because it does not require external power source in order to operate it .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:MORPH|||less|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:MORPH|||efficient|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||device|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:OTHER|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The mobile phone has more sophisticated structures and theories than the sound-powered telephone , hence , the mobile phone emits harmful radiation to users .
+A 13 15|||R:PUNCT|||. Hence|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Anyway , both technologies have greatly improved the convenience in communication system in our life .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||In any case|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For the past few centuries , engineers and scientists have been working together , resulting to numerous great discoveries and inventions benefiting mankind in various aspects .
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , as science and technology evolves , they had also brought up numerous problems .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:FORM|||evolved|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this essay , I will be focusing on the environmental issues that were brought about by the improvement of science and technology and how can engineering design processes meet the need .
+A 25 33|||R:OTHER|||engineering design processes can meet the need|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From the late 19th to early 20th century , there was an outburst of great discoveries and inventions , coupled with worldwide expansion of industrialisation , creating many machines to aid human needs , and wants .
+
+S The sudden out-break of these events had caused several negative impacts on Earth .
+A 6 7|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the most prominent examples is global warming , a result due to the existence of greenhouse gases .
+A 12 14|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Global warming causes the increase of the average temperature of Earth , which results in major problems such as melting ice caps at both poles , rising sea levels , heat waves and depleting ozone layer .
+A 3 4|||R:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S During the golden period of invention of machineries and industrialisation , machines running primarily on fossil fuels emit large quantity of greenhouse gases during incomplete combustion of fuels .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:INFL|||machinery|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:TENSE|||emitted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These harmful gases have resulted in the vast pollution of the globe .
+
+S And , the situation continues to worsen .
+
+S It was only until the late 20th century when the environmentalists discover that the greenhouse gases are harmful and have resulted in adverse conditions on Earth and started countering the pollution .
+A 2 3|||R:ADV|||not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||discovered|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:TENSE|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Kyoto Protocol , a treaty signed among the countries to lower the emission of greenhouse gases to the environment which started in the 1990 's , was quite a success .
+A 0 0|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , even though there was a decrease in the percentage of the greenhouse gases emitted worldwide , the greenhouse gases still exist in our atmosphere , depleting our ozone layer .
+
+S Engineers , on the other hand , invented a product called the catalytic converter that helps to convert the harmful gases to gases that is less harmful to our environment before releasing them out to the environment .
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This was a better cure to the problem .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN|||solution|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Currently , as engineers , we should work on an advance model of catalytic converter , with a higher efficiency and better compatibility with different models of engines which may emit harmful gases .
+A 10 11|||R:MORPH|||advanced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even though the process might be time-consuming and expensive , the improved version of the converter will be very useful to us .
+
+S Alternatively , we can look into the possible problems that might arise before the release of the product .
+
+S During the brainstorming stage , engineers should have looked at the product in various angles ; the possibilities of doing harm to the environment while creating and testing the product , the ways to dispose off any toxic or radioactive wastes and the possibility of exploitation of product on immorality purposes .
+A 7 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||look|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:PREP|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:OTHER|||product ;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:PART|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 41|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 46 52|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , engineering design processes can meet the need of solving global warming by the improvement of catalytic converter and execution of cautious planning before any other procedures .
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||converters|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Prevention is always better than cure .
+
+S Safety is a primary need for all inventions even to this date .
+
+S However safety has been overlooked or neglected on many occasions and brought harm to its users .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||this has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One example would be the injuries caused by can openers .
+
+S In order to overcome such injuries and keep users out of harm 's way , we need a logical design process to design a can opener of high safety standards .
+
+S According to Khandani ( 2005 ) 'Engineering design process ' is a sequence of steps to design a product in a systematic order .
+
+S The five main steps are to define the problem , gather information , generate multiple solutions and analyze and select a solution and finally implement .
+A 24 25|||R:OTHER|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To help achieve the objective of designing a safe can opener , engineering design process can be used to analyse the problems of existing can openers , and discover areas of improvement .
+
+S Existing can openers include lever type can opener , rotating wheel can opener and butterfly opener .
+
+S The first stage of designing a product would to define the problem using three key points .
+A 8 8|||M:VERB|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They are to identify and establish a need , develop a problem statement and establish criteria for success .
+
+S The first two points have already been looked into by previous manufacturers .
+
+S However , the criteria of success have to be relooked at for a safer product .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A new can opener has to be safe , light , environmentally friendly and low cost .
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||cheap|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After defining the problem , the data relevant to the need , safety in this case , has to be gathered .
+
+S Statistics research to find out how many are affected , on which part of the user the injuries occur , when do injuries normally occur and who are the affected has to be done to get a better idea of the situation .
+A 0 1|||R:MORPH|||statistical|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides that , material research has to be done to understand to what extend can the material harm the user and what are the alternative materials available .
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||extent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 27|||R:OTHER|||alternative materials are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , for the lever type can opener is made of cast iron which makes it bulky for users who end up injuring themselves in an effort to use it .
+A 3 4|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , interviews on affected users can be done to understand how the injuries occur .
+
+S Manufacturers should also be interviewed to explain their reasons for overlooking the safety aspect if they had done it knowingly .
+
+S Once all the information has been compounded , the third stage of design process would be to generate multiple solutions .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB|||collated|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Multiple solutions can be from the users as well as manufacturers .
+
+S In design process existing ideas are torn apart to find the fault in them .
+A 3 3|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , in the lever type , its unprotected knife-like sickle is too dangerous for domestic use .
+
+S As for the rotating wheel , the necessity to pierce the first is a nuisance for users and the butterfly opener produces sharp edges on the lid .
+A 11 11|||M:NOUN|||can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There after , new ideas , tools and methods are combined to propose a new solution .
+A 0 2|||R:ORTH|||Thereafter|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Such synthesis will seek to improve the weakness of previous solutions .
+
+S After the brainstorming and gathering ideas , the fourth and most crucial step of design process would be to analyse and select a solution .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The evaluation of proposed designs would be an overlap of the suggestion given by users and manufacturers and the information gathered .
+
+S Four main analyses are used for the designing of a safer product .
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They are functional analysis , ergonomics , safety analysis and market analysis .
+
+S Being safe is the primary need of the product .
+
+S However , the functionality will determine the ultimate success of the product .
+
+S The three existing products have satisfactory function ability .
+
+S The first electric can opener was able to remove lids from more than twenty cans per minute without any risk of injury but was not put into practice because it was not handy .
+
+S Klassen Enterprises of Centreville introduced a wall-mounted electric model which was safe .
+
+S Unfortunately , this complex design was unpopular among users .
+
+S In functional analysis , the practicality of the product is put to test .
+
+S Next would be the ergonomic analysis of the product .
+
+S A safety device has to be able to fit the hands of the people utilising it to provide comfort and confidence in handling it .
+
+S Design process looks at the geometric properties of the human body to determine the dimensions of the safety product .
+
+S A good design will be able to fit ninety percent of its users .
+
+S Currently the lever type is mainly suitable for adults due to its large handle and considerably high mass .
+
+S As for the wheel type , the pliers-type handle allows a firm grip of the can edge and suits most users .
+
+S The butterfly opener is easy to grip but its metal frame makes it uncomfortable for the user .
+
+S The third analysis , safety analysis would determine which product has a leading edge over the other products .
+A 6 6|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The human need of safety is still not addressed in many can openers .
+
+S The lever type opener has a sharp edge which exposes the user to potential hazard and the other two openers leave sharp edges on the lids of cans which are threat to safety .
+
+S The new product has to de void of sharp parts as well as be able to not leave any sharp edges on the lid .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 7|||R:ORTH|||devoid|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In design process , engineers have to keep records of calculations and methods used and foresee other ways people could use the product .
+
+S As a result , safety considerations must be included in the manual of the new product .
+
+S Description of inherent dangers should then be displayed on warning labels .
+A 5 6|||R:ADV|||also|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To make profits market analysis has to be done .
+A 3 3|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Just like the existing openers , future products have to be evaluated against criteria such as sales features , cost of manufacturing and advertising .
+
+S Failure to do this will results in unpopular products like the wall-mounted electric model mentioned earlier .
+
+S Once the analysing alternative solutions , the most suitable product has to be chosen .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||After|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Design process uses the decision process to select the best solution .
+
+S Firstly , the desirable attributes such as safety , function ability , marketability and ergonomics are ranked in order of importance .
+
+S Followed by this , a value factor is assigned to each attribute .
+
+S For instance , in this case , the success of safety is twice as important the success of market analysis , a value factor of 20 will be given to safety and 10 to market analysis .
+A 15 15|||M:PREP|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Value factors are assigned on basis of 0 to 100 relative to the importance of other criteria for success .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Next , a rating factor is assigned to each new solution .
+
+S This will indicate how well the proposed product satisfies the particular criteria .
+
+S For example , if a product satisfies the criteria of safety to the maximum it will be given a rating factor of ten and if satisfies the criteria of marketing by only half it is given a rating of 5 .
+A 25 25|||M:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 33|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Substantial knowledge of the product and its users will allow engineers to make an accurate evaluation which involves rating factors and value factors .
+A 19 19|||M:NOUN|||safety|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The value factors are multiplied to the rating factors and summed up for each product .
+
+S The proposed solution with the highest score will be chosen as the best design .
+
+S The final stage in design process is to implement the solution .
+
+S This would include prototyping , concurrent engineering , documenting and applying for patents .
+
+S These procedures would have already been done by existing products .
+
+S The new product for opening cans has these four processes before it is introduced to the market .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One such product in the current market which is safe for opening cans , handy , environmentally friendly and ergonomically stable is the one touch can opener .
+A 3 6|||R:OTHER|||currently in the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It leaves the lid of opened cans without any sharp edges .
+
+S It is battery operated and uses a magnet to attach on to the lid and while cutting the edges away using an ultra fine blade .
+A 14 15|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Unfortunately , it is not very affordable and hence not marketable enough .
+
+S Future inventions would have to give more importance to the marketing aspect of it .
+
+S It can be seen that the design process is tedious , time consuming and sometimes even never ending .
+
+S No effort will go futile if executed in the right direction .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Design process suggests a safe path for engineers to take to achieve success .
+
+S The never ending need of safety to humans is an obligation for engineers of tomorrow to fulfill .
+A 4 5|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Increased confidence in consumers is seen whenever safety is beefed up for products .
+A 9 11|||R:VERB|||enhanced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the case of can openers , making opening of cans hazard free will be able to draw a large consumer audience .
+
+S Constantly placing an emphasis on safety will serve as a reminder for all other manufacturers to meet and will in turn benefit mankind as whole .
+
+S When you go shopping , do you usually see same kind of products which almost have the same functions or even same appearances ?
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to the research done by U.S. Customs and Border Protection , in 2004 the total amount of illegal copying products is 1.39 million and 63 % products come from China .
+A 18 19|||R:MORPH|||illegally|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:FORM|||copied|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In China now , huge amount of products do not contain any innovation elements and the manufacturing companies just copy the existing patterns .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:MORPH|||innovative|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As these companies manufacture products which are copied the basic design from others , the product design process is no longer for innovations .
+A 6 7|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:FORM|||copy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:ADJ|||present|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There must be some reasons .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reason|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Obviously copying ideas and reducing manufacturing cost should hamper the innovative design process .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some companies in China usually copy basic ideas from others and make use for themselves .
+A 13 13|||M:OTHER|||of them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In recent years , lots of small companies appeared in southern China .
+A 8 8|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These companies found their own brands and manufacture all kinds of products such as IT products .
+
+S However , all these companies do not do innovation design .
+
+S They imitate worldwild famous companies .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||world -famous|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , some cellphone companies in GuangDong province imitate famous mobile phone such as NOKIA , Apple .
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||Nokia and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In 2008 , the producing amount of this kind phones is more than 80 million in China .
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||production|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These phones have the exactly same appearance designs with big companies , even the first time you look at it , you can not identify which are produced by NOKIA and which are copied .
+A 4 5|||R:MORPH|||exact|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 13|||R:OTHER|||names . Even|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 21|||R:OTHER|||Even if you look at them for the first time|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The negative consequences are obvious .
+
+S Because of copying basic ideas from others , the first stage for design is no longer for innovations .
+
+S Secondly , reducing manufacturing cost hampers the innovative design process as well .
+
+S In order to reduce input and gain more benefits , some companies pay very little attention to design process because that design process always cost lots of money .
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:TENSE|||costs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , they have to simplify their products or just copy from others .
+A 11 11|||M:PRON|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even though there is an innovation idea , designers will not consider it .
+
+S As a result , design process just follow the privious pattern and no innovation is created during the design process stage .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||follows|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:SPELL|||previous|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As mentioned above , innovation design process will be hampered if companies copy ideas from others and reducing manufacturing cost .
+A 16 18|||R:OTHER|||to reduce|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:OTHER|||costs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In some sense , innovation helps humankind to move forward .
+
+S It is so important that innovation design should be existing anywhere .
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||present|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In today 's global competitive market , products ' functionality is not the only thing customers are looking out for .
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||a product 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Products not only must serve its functions but must look good on the surface .
+A 1 4|||R:WO|||must not only|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S No doubt there are products with solely excellent functions out on the market .
+
+S These products are appreciated by few .
+
+S It does not take long for one to realize that products must have its own unique design in order to be relevant in the market .
+A 13 14|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Engineering Design Process , written by Professor Seyyed Khandani from Diablo Valley College in Pleasant Hill , California , aims to guide engineers and aspiring designers to design their product through a sequential thinking process .
+
+S Engineering Process Design brings the reader across different aspects of engineering design , such as the marketability of the product and the testing of products .
+
+S Designing itself is a creative process and in some cases , readers may find certain aspects of Engineering Design Process are not applicable at all .
+
+S In Singapore , the small elastic market and the lack of facilities and flexibility for product testing may hamper the design process .
+
+S According to Khandani ( 2005 ) , the purpose of designing is to generate profits .
+
+S Afterall , who will want to waste their efforts on something that does not reap benefits ?
+
+S This is one of the reasons why engineering design process is not all that easy in Singapore .
+
+S With only a population of 4 million , Singapore has a relatively small market .
+
+S The remuneration is simply not enough to lure players into the market to product and design their products .
+A 13 14|||R:MORPH|||produce|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Engineers will often find themselves limited by the consumers ' needs .
+
+S In addition , engineering design process in Singapore is often faced with Singaporeans ' preferences for foreign goods .
+
+S Firstly , foreign goods are often established brands which appeals to the local market .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:SVA|||appeal|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , certain goods , especially technological products are much cheaper when imported overseas .
+A 8 8|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:PREP|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In recent years , with the explosive number of online shops emerging and the increasing popularity of B2C ( business-to-consumer ) websites such as Amazon.com , it is not difficult to purchase foreign goods .
+
+S This resulted in the low demand for locally designed products and often discourages engineers to continue in their innovations .
+A 1 1|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Before the product is implemented , it is important that the product is being tested first .
+A 13 14|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Singapore , a small country has only 650 square kilometers of land area .
+
+S Much of the landscape is covered by skyscrapers and public housings .
+
+S The lacks of land area to build suitable facilities to test products are an obstruction to engineers .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since 2004 , the National University of Singapore ( NUS ) , School of Engineering 's Formula Society of Automotive Engineers ( FSAE ) has been building racing cars and representing Singapore in competitions against other universities from other countries .
+A 8 8|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Associate Professor Seah Kar Heng commented that one of the difficulties faced by the team is the lack of a suitable venue to test drive the cars .
+
+S Beside the lack of facilities , engineers are constrain by the strict regulatory imposed by the Governement .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:FORM|||constrained|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:MORPH|||regulations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The team from FSAE could only test- drive their cars within NUS ' compounds and in United States where competitions were held .
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Currently , there are only laws governing the use of conventional cars on public roads .
+
+S The team from FASE will have to seek approval from different agencies which are often very time-consuming .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , Engineering Process Design is a comprehensive guide for engineers who have no idea on how to go about designing a new product .
+A 16 17|||R:PREP|||about|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , in Singapore , engineers will find that they will meet into some problems that may hamper the design process .
+A 12 13|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Due to the small market in Singapore and Singaporeans ' preference for foreign goods , many may give up their innovations eventually .
+
+S For those who successfully designed their products , they are met with another problem the lack of facilities to text their products and the inflexibility of Government 's regulatory .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN|||problem--|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB|||test|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:MORPH|||regulations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Engineering design process is a tedious one and by analysing the problems that hamper it , one may be able to make the process a smoother one .
+
+S Engineers Design in Renewable Resources
+
+S Our world is experiencing amazing changes every day .
+
+S It can not be denied that some people in certain areas are still struggling around the poverty line , however , most of the citizens of the world believe that our living conditions are becoming better and better .
+A 18 20|||R:OTHER|||. However ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But behind the prosperity , we are facing some great challenges , or , in another way , some urgent problems which may affect the rise and fall of mankind .
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||put|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Among those problems , the limitation of resources has raised a lot of concern from our society .
+A 8 12|||R:OTHER|||is a source|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Engineers are playing an important role in finding and using renewable resources such as wind power and solar power to satisfy the increasing demand of resources .
+
+S Firstly , scientists and engineers have been focusing using wind and solar power for decades of years .
+A 8 8|||M:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many solutions have been tested and implemented .
+
+S The most well known examples may be the solar water heater and wind power electrical generator .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:FORM|||powered|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These two inventions can not only meet our daily needs , but also protect the environment and save the existing resources like coal and petroleum .
+
+S To put it more specifically , solar water heater can take place of other kinds of water heaters based one coal gas .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB|||run|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So besides the reasons above , it is also very cheap to use these renewable resources so users can get a lot of economical benefits from that .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , some of the technologies are still under testing .
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||being tested|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Engineers are trying to generate multiple solutions to some problems .
+
+S And these problems are mainly caused by restriction and immature technology of wind and solar power .
+
+S For example , scientists and engineers have found that the wind speed and hours of sunshine are not steady so that the generating energy is also not very steady .
+
+S These two resources are restricted by the geographical position and climate .
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , the efficiency of converting wind power is very low .
+
+S So the focus of engineers is to design and test new technology .
+
+S For instance , car is one of the most important transportations in the world ; however , new research has proved that the existing extra petroleum can only be used for another eighty to ninety years .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN|||transportation means|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||. However ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:FORM|||proven|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Engineers are trying to solve the problem that what we shall use after the petroleum run out .
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:SVA|||runs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus a new kind of solar-powered car has been invented .
+
+S But even engineers have reached certain success ; the solar-powered car they can produce is still far from the standard of civil transports .
+A 5 6|||R:ADJ|||limited|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 9|||R:PUNCT|||. The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 24|||R:OTHER|||transport|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So engineers still have a long way to go to test and find solutions to make better use of wind and solar energy .
+
+S Last but not the least ; engineers are trying hard to put their dream in to reality .
+A 3 6|||R:OTHER|||least ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB|||make|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They have the plan to build a power house in the air space because it is easier to get more solar energy and convert them in to electricity in a better efficiency .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||plans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 27|||R:ORTH|||into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 32|||R:OTHER|||more efficiently|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They are still gathering the pertinent information .
+
+S With their great efforts I will not be surprised to see a total different world in the future .
+A 4 4|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:MORPH|||totally|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So to sum up , we have a bright future for renewable resources and problem of limited resources will worry people no more .
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " The world is coming to an end in the 2100s ( 22th century ) !
+
+S " Is this statement a false preposition or a reality that has yet come true ?
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN|||prophesy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Natural resources around the world has been depleting at an alarming rate which has led to numerous debates and interventions by environmentalists , in a bid to reduce the amount of resources extracted and employed by mankind .
+A 5 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are being depleted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , not all readily available natural resources can be used directly from their raw form .
+
+S One such example is the purification of water to make it portable .
+A 11 12|||R:ADJ|||potable|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Water is an essential part of human life .
+
+S Everyone needs it for survival and also for many other applications such as industrial usage .
+
+S Even though water is readily available , however , the process of purification to make it portable is tedious , technologically intensive and most importantly , expensive .
+
+S According to statistical figures from a United Nations Organisation ( UN ) publication , the global population consumes approximately 3000 kilometric of water daily .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN|||UNO|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||cubic metres|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , there is an increasing need for newer , greener and more cost-effective purification methods so as to provide massive amounts of clean and affordable drinking water for all parts of the world especially in less-developed countries .
+A 36 36|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , the ever-increasing need for cheap portable water should be given high priority in global research and development initiatives .
+
+S The following case study illustrates the importance of modern technology and engineering design in water purification process , especially in countries that do not have self-sustainable water supplies .
+
+S Engineering design and modern technology assists these countries by first identifying the specific problem and in the process of doing so , possible solutions will be generated .
+
+S The final stage of the design process involves the testing and implementation of a particular chosen solution .
+
+S For example in Singapore , the government identifies that she has to be more self-reliant and self-dependent on her water supplies so as to mitigate any difficulties faced in times of contingency and emergency .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB|||recognised|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , being a small 'island ' country surrounded by close neighbours , the idea of desalination of sea-water to meet her water demands is not a viable long-term option .
+
+S As a result , NEWater , a sewage treatment plant , was set up a few years back to look into the possibility of converting 'used ' or sewage water into clean drinking water via reverse osmosis technology .
+
+S As such , large emphasis and investments have been vested into this initiative since then .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB|||invested|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Through the application of the engineering design framework and modern technology , purifying sewage water seems to be highly viable and successful .
+
+S According to statistics from the Public Utilities Board ( PUB ) , NEWater will meet 30 % of Singapore 's current water needs by 2010 .
+
+S Hence , this example has shown that through the proper implementation of engineering design framework and application of modern technology , the current human need of securing clean and cheap drinking water can be achieved with a high degree of success .
+A 0 2|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:ORTH|||This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||shows|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , engineering design process and modern technology will no doubt aid in solving and realising various human needs such as that of water purification .
+
+S However , prudent and appropriate usage of the world 's natural resources still has to be practised religiously and conscientiously as engineering solutions do not guarantee complete success in any application .
+
+S As a result , both human and technology has an important role to play in the quest of satisfying human needs .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to Rogers , E. M , writer of " Diffusion of innovations " , in general , there are six stages of innovation-development process .
+A 2 6|||R:OTHER|||E.M. Rogers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They are awareness of the needs or problems , basic and applied research , development , commercialization , diffusion and adoption and finally consequences ( Rogers 2003 ) .
+
+S During the process , there are many factors that would affect the outcome of the development project .
+
+S Some of them are determined by the technology perspective or social factors , whereas some includes government involvement .
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:SVA|||include|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One important technology that Rogers mentioned is the innovation of refrigerator in 1930 for electric and gas refrigerators .
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When people do a comparison on both types , latter has a better advantage on the first and they were expecting for the gas refrigerator .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||did|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:PREP|||over|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But it did not captured in the consumer market .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:FORM|||capture|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The main reason for this is because of the investment , consideration and decision made by the corporations involved in this project .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They believed that they would make more profits from electric refrigerator and thus market it to the public .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||refrigerators|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||marketed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , it turns out that technology in electric refrigerator is available to the consumer in stead of the consumer choice .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||turned|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||R:ORTH|||instead|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another example on social problem lead to government involvement and scientist is the safety issue with automobile in the United States .
+A 2 3|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:FORM|||leading|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 11|||R:WO|||and scientist involvement|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||automobiles|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In 1960 , the annual fatality due to vehicle reached 50,000 that drew the government attention of the safety issue on the transport system .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||vehicles|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN|||ie|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Survey conducted between the specialized researchers and public 's view of the traffic safety problem .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||A survey|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 1|||M:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It was found out that the research team did n't agree with the public view and claimed that it was individual-blame perspective .
+A 3 4|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a conclusion from conductive researchers , professors , government officials and insurance company executives , the research on safety measure became due to system-blame perspective and thus redesigned auto vehicles and restructured highways .
+A 4 5|||R:MORPH|||conducting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:NOUN|||engineers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a consequence for above both cases , the technology did not become the way the consumers expect and the solution for solving social problem was redirected .
+A 3 4|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 7|||R:OTHER|||both the above cases ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:TENSE|||expected|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN:NUM|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It did not follow the stages mentioned above for the successful completion of the process .
+
+S Most of them will be varied along the process due to several factors and thus lead to different type of innovation .
+A 3 5|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||led|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From my point of view , no matter on the sequence of innovation-development process , as long as there is a new invention , it is invented to benefit all the mankind .
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||what|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference : Rogers , E. M. ( 2003 ) .
+
+S The generation of innovations .
+
+S In Diffusion of innovations ( pp.136-157 ) .
+
+S New York : Free Press .
+
+S Technology has improved so rapidly in the past century that men have threaded into outer space , harvest enormous amounts of energy from minute quantities of nuclear material , and yet there still exists the problem of food shortage .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB|||tread|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:TENSE|||harvested|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 31|||R:OTHER|||. Yet|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This problem is very serious in many Third World countries in Africa as well as Asia .
+
+S For example , in countries like Sierra Leone and East Timor , one person and one child die every five seconds due to starvation .
+
+S With such worrying statistics , food shortage is definitely a problem which should be addressed as soon as possible .
+
+S If the world is not growing enough food to support its population , the process can be speeded up through the development of Food Science and Bio- Engineering .
+
+S Certain types of food such as rice and fruits can be genetically modified to grow faster and increase food yield .
+
+S Animals such as cows and chickens can also be genetically altered to grow faster and produce more milk or eggs respectively .
+
+S By designing and engineering certain genes of these plants and animals , food production can be increased to meet the increasing needs of poor countries .
+
+S However , as food has to be consumed by the human body , there are very strict restrictions and quality control on food or animals that undergo genetic modification .
+
+S As such , with many factors to consider , the process of modifying the genes is not easy .
+
+S Engineering design processes are able to meet the challenges of this job .
+
+S A part of engineering design processes is to constantly generate new ideas to improve on current ones .
+
+S Like what Seyyed Khandani said , " You start with existing solutions to the problem and then tear them apart-find out what is wrong with those solutions and focus on how to improve their weaknesses " ( 11 ) .
+A 37 40|||R:OTHER|||2005,p11 )|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By constantly improving on the process of gene modification , it can be improved to the extent of meeting the strict requirements for human consumption .
+A 6 6|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||modification|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Engineering design processes also involve branching into different areas of study and combining existing technology to create new ones .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||involves|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , Food Science and Bio-Engineering was developed by combining ideas from the science and engineering sectors .
+
+S Seyyed Khandani mentioned about a process called synthesis , which is to integrate ideas , equipment and processes to create new solutions ( 11 ) .
+A 3 4|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 26|||R:OTHER|||2005 , p11 )|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The benefits of new technology to increase food production through genetic modification are endless .
+
+S New technology could increase the variety of food capable of being genetically modified , replace existing gene modification methods with cheaper alternatives and even allow vast improvements on food yield from current processes .
+
+S There are strict regulations and quality control for genetically modified food before it can be used for human consumption .
+
+S Engineering design processes are tedious , complex and require much creativity for the generation of new ideas .
+
+S Therefore , genetically modified food created from such processes would be able to pass the strict requirements and thus able to meet the needs of reducing food shortage in Third World countries .
+
+S In spite of the increase of research and development in recent years , there is still a significant amount of discoveries and innovation are still been made by people outside of laboratories .
+A 13 16|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:VERB:FORM|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These kind of unconventional environments are commonly referred to as skunkwords environment .
+A 10 11|||R:SPELL|||skunkworks|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , we would define it more broadly to include all researches done without the aid of external aid .
+A 11 12|||R:MORPH|||research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 17|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Though the environments are very different , there are also many similarities between them .
+
+S Conventionally generated technologies are conservative while innovations created in a skunkworks environment are revolutionary .
+
+S As mentioned by E.M. Rogers in his article The Birth of the Laptop Computer at Toshiba , Tetsuya Mizoguchi ,who came up with the idea of developing a mobile computer , had to went " underground " after his proposal was rejected by his superiors .
+A 33 34|||R:VERB:FORM|||go|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As his idea was unconventional , his company did not want to allocate resources into this unknown territory .
+A 14 15|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order continue his research , he secretly used money from his company and transferred engineers from other projects to carry out his research .
+A 2 2|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After 2 years of research , they created their first prototype that progress to change how the use of computers around the world .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:TENSE|||progressed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 24|||R:OTHER|||computers around the world were used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Indeed , the huge impact brought about by Mizoguchi is shown by IDC 's forecast which says laptops would represent 66 percent of corporate purchases , with 71 percent of consumers opting for a notebook instead of a tower by 2011 .
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( arstechnica.com )
+
+S In contrast , conventionally generated technology such as NEWATER progressed much slowly .
+
+S The research on NEWATER started in 1998 as a joint initiative between the Public Utilities Board ( PUB ) and the Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources ( MEWR ) .
+
+S ( http : //www.pub.gov.sg/NEWater ) Its aim was to find a way to provide a sustainable means of providing water for industrial use and consumption for places where water is scarce .
+
+S This research took very long to carry out and commercialise as it has to go through a long corporate structure for approval .
+
+S Also , care were taken to ensure all the of the water treatment procedures are widely acceptable .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although it has resulted in a sounding success , the technology has not been widely implemented due to patents of the technology being filed by the parent companies .
+A 6 7|||R:ADJ|||resounding|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , neither conventionally generated technologies nor discoveries made in skunkworks have an absolute success rate .
+
+S For example , the engineers of General Motor 's ( GM ) R&D unit in Detroit were able to create astatically pleasing and highly efficient automobile that runs entirely on battery power ( Rogers 2003 ) .
+A 20 21|||R:SPELL|||aesthetically|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:NOUN:NUM|||automobiles|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:VERB:TENSE|||ran|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , limitations of the technology and failures of publicity resulted in a weak adoption of the new technology .
+
+S Similarly , bio fuel studies made by independently by many researchers found that it could be used to replace fossil fuels .
+A 6 7|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the techniques involves developing fast-growing trees that can grow to size in just 10 years to generate the bio fuel .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:FORM|||involved|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:ADJ|||full|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( { http : //biofuelguide.net/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //biofuelguide.net/ ] ) Similarly , lack of publicity and technological constrains prevented it from becoming a popular technology .
+
+S In conclusion , in spite of the various inherent differences of conventionally generated technologies and innovations from skunkworks , such as revolutionary or conservative , both share various similarities such as providing possible but not definite solutions to our problems .
+A 19 21|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is by complementing each way of research 's advantages that we may is able to discover ways to solve future problems .
+A 5 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:FORM|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Innovation-Development Process , as defined by E.M. Rogers , essentially 'consist of all the decision , activities and their impacts that occur from recognition of a need or a problem through research , development and commercialization of an innovation ' ( Rogers 2003 , The generation of innovation ) .
+A 43 51|||R:OTHER|||, 2003 )|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This process is further broken down into 2 perspective , technologically or socially determinist .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||perspectives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:MORPH|||determined|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One good example of a social construction of technology would be the video call function of a phone .
+
+S AT&T picture phone in the late 1960s was invented and marketed as an additional function on top of voice call capabilities of a telephone .
+
+S It allowed user to 'see ' each other as they talk .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||talked|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This innovation was not one that had been thoroughly surveyed before the Research began , and users ' feedback was that it was bulky , controls too unfriendly and picture too small ( { http : //www.corp.att.com/attlabs/reputation/timeline/70picture.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.corp.att.com/attlabs/reputation/timeline/70picture.html ] ) .
+
+S The society could not accept the new product of the market due to several socio-economical and governmental factors .
+
+S Firstly , the picture phone aims to allow both users on the phone to feel closer to one another , as they can now see each other over the phone .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:FORM|||aimed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:TENSE|||could|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , it was this very concept which backfires , as users of the phone felt privacy intrusion to their way of life .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||backfired|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The concept was not easily accepted by the more conservative society back in 1960s and hence it failed its primary purpose .
+
+S Secondly , it was not economical to own such a phone , as data transmission was not as developed as it is today .
+
+S It was way more expensive to own and upkeep such a phone , and even with the monetary ability to own such a machine , technology at that time did not allow for a smooth transmission of data to the phone , as pictures were transmitted once every 2 seconds .
+A 2 3|||R:ADV|||far|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This generally played a part in the declined in product demand in the market and hence less consumers are willing to fork out the money for the phone .
+A 7 8|||R:MORPH|||decline|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thirdly , the governmental priorities were not on the development of Information Technology ( I.T .
+
+S ) in the 1960s , when majority of the world 's super power are still in the production and manufacturing industry .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||powers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This resulted in little government funding during that era and thus little improvement in the I.T .
+
+S front .
+
+S It was only until 1990s that government across the world pour in vast amount of resources into researching faster and better broadband networks , which in turn saw some sharpest rise in broadband speed and decline in cost of becoming a broadband user .
+A 2 3|||R:ADV|||not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||governments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||poured|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||amounts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 25|||R:OTHER|||. This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In a broad sense , the shift of governmental focus has allowed for the booming of video calls function as it is now much affordable .
+A 10 11|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Concluding the above , the world today are better equipped with the relevant infrastructure and network to facilitate the use of such a device , a 'picture phone' .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||In conclusion|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This spin off effect from such development has proved to us that social determinants have definitely been playing a huge role on moulding the development of our technology .
+A 21 22|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In modern society , what we can see and hear surrounding us is always about technology and science .
+
+S Humankind has been inventing more effective and useful equipments by applying advanced techniques .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||equipment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , since the first airplane successfully flew in the sky , people have been master of the theory of flying which makes the dream that people can fly come true .
+A 21 22|||R:OTHER|||flight|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Then , in the following years , many better planes are produced to satisfy people 's requirement .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:NOUN:POSS|||peoples '|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||requirements|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to Rogers ( 2003 ) , technology is defined as a design for an instrumental action that reduces uncertainty in the cause-effect relationships with achieving an advantage or useful result .
+
+S In fact , the majority of these technological innovations can not be reliable without human creativity and research .
+
+S However , some technologies were invented serendipitously .
+
+S Generally speaking , intended research to pursue development is similar with serendipitous discovery in terms of the aim and contribution to the human society .
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The main difference between the two kinds of invention is the process and the effort .
+
+S First of all , the aim of technology which was developed with research is to explore some useful things and attempt to reach the unknown scientific area in order to solve the problems in real world .
+A 34 34|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , people spend a great amount of money to reach Mars to explore the mysterious outer space even though the probability to help make improvement for the Earth is low .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have spent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:PART|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:FORM|||helping|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:NOUN:NUM|||improvements|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , this is doing research for improving human 's standard of living and making life more convenient and comfortable .
+
+S Similarly , the serendipitous is the effect by which one accidentally discovers something fortunate , especially while looking for something entirely different .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||serendipity|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , the result of serendipitous also helps explore the unknown things and places .
+A 6 6|||M:NOUN|||discovery|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , both of technology that was discovered by research and serendipitous discovery contribute to the human society .
+A 4 5|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , in terms of process and effort , the research to develop new technology is different from the serendipitous discovery .
+
+S Specifically , the majority of technological innovations are developed by scientific research which based on knowledge , research and application in practice .
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order to make achievement , it requires a lot of work to do thus it would take a long time .
+A 0 7|||R:OTHER|||Achievement|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even so the result is still unpredictable .
+
+S On the contrast , serendipitous discovery seems very fortunate because people receive unexpected things which are always beneficial for human society .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||In|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , Sir Alexander Fleming discovered the first antibioticpenicillin when he was doing research on the biological materials occasionally .
+A 9 10|||R:ORTH|||antibiotic penicillin|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Similarly , DDT was also discovered by accident in the 1930s , when a Swiss chemist , Paul Muller , was trying to find a way to protect wool clothes against moths .
+A 4 5|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:MORPH|||woollen|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , serendipitous discovery is more convenient and fortunate but it is much more difficult than doing research to develop innovations .
+
+S In conclusion , people always try their best to make inventions to solve problems encounter in real world .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:FORM|||encountered|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Keep doing research on different scientific area is one main aspect to discover what humankind desire .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Continually|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||areas|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:SVA|||desires|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , it is true that people sometimes find new things or make inventions unexpectedly , which is considered as serendipitous discovery .
+
+S Both fulfill useful function in human society .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||functions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , DDT was widely used as a mosquito killer during World War II .
+
+S Truly speaking , people may prefer to serendipitous discovery for its convenient , fortunate as well as the same award , whereas it is more difficult to achieve .
+A 6 7|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||R:OTHER|||convenience|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 20|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:PREP|||though|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Innovations are made every single day and we keep progressing .
+
+S But the most interesting part of innovation of technologies often turns out to be the set of events/situations which leads to the innovation .
+
+S Innovations may be planned to meet a purpose or to complete an objective .
+
+S These are the conventionally planned research based innovations .
+
+S Few technologies get innovated serendipitously .
+
+S They happen through work of wisdom combined with blind luck .
+
+S Comparison and contrast of two technologies innovated in these two different ways gives us many interesting features of innovations to ponder about .
+A 21 22|||R:PART|||over|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A classical example for a technology invented serendipitously is the discovery of Warfarin , the most effective rat poison in world .
+A 20 22|||R:OTHER|||the world|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the 1930s , many farmers in the U.S made their cows feed partly on sweet clover hay for it was regarded as vital for sweetening acidic soils and preventing erosion .
+
+S In due time , it was found that the cattle herd were dying rapidly .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||herds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When the cattle blood was analyzed in the lab a hemorrhaging agent called Coumarin was isolated .
+A 9 9|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Further experiments and tests helped the bioscientists to discover the beneficial effects of this agent for surgeries and other purposes .
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||surgery|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The ultimate result was obtained when renowned professor Link discovered another use of it as a rodenticide .
+
+S It proved to be very effective against rats and became a huge success .
+
+S The main aim was to find the cause of death of the cows but it ended up resulting in the discovery of an efficient rodenticide .
+
+S ( Generation of innovations : E.M Rogers )
+
+S The incident which we recall when we think of a research oriented innovation is the issue of automobile safety in the United states .
+
+S In this case , the issue gained high priority in the Congress , thanks to the help of Ralph Nader 's " Unsafe at Any speeds " .
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The policy makers blamed something or the other for the increasing number of accidents and deaths .
+
+S The research people tried to refine the system instead .
+
+S They formed new public policies and federal law was passed against the issue which forced car manufacturers to build safer cars and highways authorities to ensure safer roads .
+
+S In this case the innovation was preplanned .
+
+S Every detail of the bill passed was carefully constructed keeping in mind the status quo .
+A 9 9|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Generation of innovations : E.M Rogers )
+
+S When we look at these two technologies which were innovated differently we find that research based innovations are according to the famous proverb " Necessity is the mother of invention " .
+
+S The driving force becomes the desperate need for solving a problem .
+
+S However in the case of the serendipitous innovations there is no exact driving force .
+A 8 8|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Set of experiments accidentally yield results which prove to be significant .
+A 0 1|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Sets|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Who could have thought that an apple would be enough for a man to develop the concept of mechanics and gravitation ?
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The technologies innovated in this fashion were never meant to be innovated .
+
+S But today without them our survival seems questionable .
+A 2 2|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 4|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is hard to conclude which type of innovation outshines the other.Infact it makes no sense as both are special in their own ways .
+
+S But it is important for us to acknowledge these innovations , respect them and strive to do many more things to make life better ! .
+
+S Engineers have been designing products or systems to improve the everyday life .
+A 9 10|||R:DET|||our|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||daily lives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The process that they used is called the engineering design process .
+
+S Constantly , the process has developed new technology that helped to solve problems to human like making travel to countries faster and comfortable by planes .
+A 0 5|||R:OTHER|||The process has constantly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Engineers have been trying to solve a human problem for many years .
+
+S That problem is to make drinkable fresh water to everyone in the third world countries .
+A 8 8|||M:ADJ|||available|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Engineering process involves defining the problem , gathering pertinent information , generating multiple solutions , analyzing and selecting solution and test and implements the solution as quoted from Khandani .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The engineering|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||solutions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||testing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:FORM|||implementing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:OTHER|||Kandani ( 2005 )|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First , we will look at how the problem should be defined in the engineering process .
+
+S Water covers 71 % of the earth surface and water from ocean take up 97 % from total percentage of surface water .
+A 7 7|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||the oceans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Wikipedia ) Even though water seemed to be everywhere , only a very small percentage of water is drinkable to the global population .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||seems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 24|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are also many places in the third world countries where drinkable water is not available due to lack of rain fall and pollution in the water sources .
+A 20 22|||R:ORTH|||rainfall|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These places which face water shortage for a long time will face dehydration , diseases due to lack of fresh water and infertile soil for plantation .
+
+S Second , in the design process is to gather pertinent information on why the problem still exists as stated by Khandani .
+
+S Third world countries ' government knows that there is a need to solve water shortage problem .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||governments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:SVA|||know|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , developing new and clean water technology needs large amount of money .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||amounts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This money can be put to better use like getting medications for their people .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||medication|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another possible reason for the problem to be existed could be pollution from industries .
+A 6 9|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Inland water sources are being polluted by factories which dump chemical waste products into the water sources which make the water source not fit for usage .
+A 17 17|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 24|||R:OTHER|||unfit|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:NOUN|||drinking|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Third , is to generate and select possible solutions in the engineering design process .
+
+S Since inland water sources are being polluted and not fit for drinking , Ocean which covers a large area on earth is another possible option .
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||oceans ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:SVA|||cover|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , seawater is not drinkable as it contains a very high level of sea salt and impurities .
+
+S Therefore , to make seawater into drinkable water , engineers decided to use desalination .
+
+S Desalination is a process that collects extracted water from sea salt and impurities through boiling .
+
+S The extracted will be furthered purified for usage .
+
+S In order to make the extracted water to be fit for drinking water standard set by World Health organization ( WHO ) , engineers will include a process that add nutrients into it .
+A 7 9|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||standards|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another possible solution can be creating more water catchment areas by planting more trees and building reservoirs .
+
+S However , this solution can only help to solve the problem in the long run if only the water catchment areas are free from pollutions .
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN:NUM|||pollution|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The result might not be an immediate effect as it takes time for natural rain fall to fill up the reservoirs .
+A 8 8|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:ORTH|||rainfall|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , building desalination plants near the sea can help to solve the shortage of water immediately .
+
+S Lastly , Engineers can do some testing on desalinating seawater into drinkable water after they have drafted out a cheap and affordable desalination process for the third world countries to purchase .
+A 17 18|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The results from the testing will be sent to WHO for approval to desalination plant to be build for producing drinkable water in the area .
+A 12 13|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:FORM|||built|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If the technology is newer than the previous old desalination process , the engineers might able to get it patent so the price for this new technology will be affordable to everyone .
+A 15 15|||M:VERB|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:FORM|||patented|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the engineering design process aids engineers in developing newer technology to help meet the needs or solve the problem of the global population .
+
+S This process is able to apply in producing clean water from seawater which helps solve water shortage problems in certain countries .
+A 3 4|||R:ADJ|||applicable|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The process able to identify the problem , understand why it is still not solved , produce solutions to it and getting it work in an engineering way .
+A 2 2|||M:VERB|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:FORM|||get|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the context of the innovation development process , the development of technologies may be viewed from either a technologically determinist perspective or a socially determinist view , also referred to as the social construction of technology ( Rogers , 2003 ) .
+
+S The construction of technology believes that the innovation of technologies is limited and controlled by social factors .
+
+S One technology that was socially shaped was the invention of automobile cars .
+
+S Automobile vehicles played an important role in this modern world as human rely heavily on it as a main type of transport for travelling .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||humans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:PRON|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This technology is shaped by various groups of engineers according to social constraints .
+
+S Firstly , the raise of the automobile industry started as early as the nineteen centuries and the First World War acts as a catalyst to speed up the research and development processes of automobile vehicles .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN|||rise|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||nineteenth|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||century|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:TENSE|||acted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is so as during the war , there is a raise in demand for automobile vehicles to transport soldiers and supplies to front line .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN|||rise|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is also used for combat purposes .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Funding and incentives were given to companies to improve automobile technology as whichever countries with the more advance technologies have a higher chance of winning the war .
+A 17 18|||R:MORPH|||advanced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:TENSE|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , faster , more durable and improved energy efficient vehicles were developed during the war period due to the demands from the military .
+
+S Secondly , the developments of automobiles vehicles are encouraged and limited by government policies and regulations .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||development|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As more roads were constructed over the years globally , it benefited the automobile industries .
+
+S Most places are accessible by roads , this in term boast the sales of automobiles and with the increase in sales .
+A 6 8|||R:PUNCT|||. This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB|||boosted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 21|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the raising sales of cars , consumers will have more demands ; manufacturers will spend more money in research and development so as to give their customers more choices .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB|||rising|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||spent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides constructing roads , governments give tax rebates to companies that are heavily involves in research and development projects .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||gave|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:FORM|||involved|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Speed limits and safety regulation set by governments are also factors to be considered when designing and developing new technologies .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||regulations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Automobiles manufacturers take advantage of these situations and limitations to evolve their products technologies to another level .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||took|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Finally , all the research and developments of technology depend on economic factor .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||factors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is so as no investor would be willing to fund a project that does not make money .
+A 3 4|||R:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , when engineers make improvements to enhance the technologies aspect of automobile vehicles , they have to consider the interest of the company .
+A 9 10|||R:MORPH|||technological|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||interests|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The technical aspects of car depend heavily on production cost .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||cars|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||costs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If the production cost increases , carmakers would either see a reduction in profit or potential buyers of the product would see an increase in the price .
+
+S These two scenarios are not desired and this is the reason that cars are still running on petrol rather than powered by electricity or natural gases despite the fact that they are cleaner energies .
+
+S In conclusion , the research and developments of technology depends on social constraints such as economic factors , military demands or government policies .
+
+S Hence technology is actually a product of society and is influenced by the norms and values of the social system .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The biggest priorities of companies were to ensure that projects that they are involved have great profit potential .
+A 1 2|||R:ADJ|||greatest|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||priority|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:ADV|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Never Stop
+
+S Toshiba is the first brand to have laptop known by many people .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||laptops|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But did you ever know that the invention of laptop is not support by the top executives of Toshiba at that time .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 13|||R:OTHER|||was not supported|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:PUNCT|||?|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Indeed , there are always some innovations were created in a skunk works environment .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||R:ORTH|||skunkworks|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , many other innovations are created in a conventionally generated environment .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This essay will focus on two examples of these two environments respectively and analyze the differences and similarities of these two different environments .
+
+S The first example is the engineer of Toshiba who wanted to create a laptop ( pp.144- 146 Rogers , ( 2003 ) ) .
+A 15 24|||R:OTHER|||Rogers , 2003 , pp 144-146 )|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although he discovered the eagerly need of smaller and portable computer in Japan .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||urgent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , at that time , Toshiba 's marketing situation was not good and the company did not want to risk for a new concept of product .
+A 21 22|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Fortunately , our hero Mizoguchi did not give up .
+A 2 4|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Otherwise , our laptop may not be as good as now .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||laptops|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||they are now.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , he diverted funds and found engineers himself to fulfill his idea of creating laptop .
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After two years of hard work , they finally worked out their laptop .
+
+S However , Toshiba still did not accept the laptop because they did not think it could have good market share .
+
+S The good thing is that after all his hard work , he finally proven to Toshiba that his invention very useful and sells very good .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:FORM|||proved|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:VERB|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:FORM|||sold|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:OTHER|||well|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After that , he became one of the chief of Toshiba .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||chiefs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , for a conventionally generated technology , like the development of electric cars in California and Arizona , it is regulated by government ( Rogers , ( 2003 ) pp .
+A 5 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S 87-89 ) .
+
+S Company had to do research on how to manufacture it and make it be loved by consumers .
+A 0 1|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Companies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:PRON|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:PRON|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although the whole process of making the car is very tough , the engineers were supported by company , government , and society all the way .
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||companies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:OTHER|||the government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After briefly know the cases of both situations , differences of them come first .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:FORM|||knowing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 13|||R:OTHER|||let 's examine their differences|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The first difference is that engineers worked in a skunk words environment did not have much support from public or organizations , while conventionally generated technology received a lot of help from society and company .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:FORM|||working|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||R:NOUN|||skunkworks|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:NOUN:NUM|||companies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The second difference between these two cases is that the idea of innovate laptop was come out with the inventor himself while the electric car issue is a requirement by government .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:FORM|||innovating|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:FORM|||came|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 18|||R:OTHER|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 30|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This different may not be necessary , but it is quite obvious that people in skunk words environment are more likely for their own ideas .
+A 1 2|||R:MORPH|||difference|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:NOUN|||skunkworks|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||environments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:ADJ|||responsible|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The similarities between them come next .
+
+S First and the most important one is that those innovations all promoted development of the society .
+A 5 6|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , no matter how much help they had received , they all do their best to present their best works .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||did|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S No matter what difficulty they have faced , they did their best to deal with it and finally solve it .
+A 5 6|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the first differences between a skunk works environment and a conventionally generated environment are the differences between financial , technology , equipment , resource and people 's attitude towards them .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||difference|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:MORPH|||finances|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:NOUN:NUM|||resources|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The second difference the source of the idea .
+A 3 3|||M:VERB|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The similarities are those innovations all promoted the development of society and they do their best for the creation of their product and dream .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||did|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the spirit of innovation and passion for innovation , our life will become better and better .
+
+S References :
+
+S Rogers , E.M. ( 2003 ) .
+
+S The birth of the laptop computer at Toshiba .
+
+S In Diffusion of innovations ( pp.144- 146 ) .
+
+S New York : Free Press .
+
+S Rogers , E.M. ( 2003 ) .
+
+S Opinion leaders and mavens in the diffusion of electric cars .
+
+S In Diffusion of innovations ( pp.87-89 ) .
+
+S New York : Free Press .
+
+S In Singapore , innovations in engineering design had been in the cold when compared to leading countries like Germany or Japan .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From my opinion , I can identify two problems that lead to this situation : Our education structure as well as the shallow engineering heritage that we have .
+A 0 1|||R:PREP|||In|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 7|||R:OTHER|||there are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have led|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , the education structure in Singapore is too structured and does not promote the creativity of students .
+A 9 10|||R:ADJ|||rigid|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Majority of our Singaporean kids will go through primary school and graduate with a PSLE certificate ; follow up with a Secondary school education in either the express , normal academic or normal technical stream .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The majority|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||certificate ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:ORTH|||secondary|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This streaming system ; however , was largely based on the students ' abilities to cope with the standard subjects on language , math , science and humanities instead of the interest of the students in terms of arts , science or other humanities like literature .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||however ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , there was an unhealthy emphasis on the children 's results in the standard subjects which they learned .
+
+S Parents wanted their children to score well in order to advance to university and have a bright future .
+
+S In their eyes , creative students who want to make it into the art streams were just rotten apples who could n't do well in their standard subjects .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||arts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||stream|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Indeed , this was very discouraging for the young minds .
+
+S As a result , creativity which is the key to innovation is n't developed since young for many Singaporeans .
+A 5 5|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , we have a shallow engineering culture in Singapore .
+
+S Aside from having tons of labor intensive industries during the 1970s , our focus of engineering was more towards money making opportunities rather than research and development .
+A 3 5|||R:OTHER|||many|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Germany is famous for their innovative and precise engineering in their automotive industries since the 1920s .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Japan on the other hand , is famous for their creative and remarkable ideas for anything that they manufacture .
+A 9 10|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||R:OTHER|||manufactures|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Singapore ; however , is famous for our clean and green country , which was basically the work of blue-collared workers cleaning up the streets during the wee-hours .
+A 1 2|||R:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:OTHER|||early hours|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Singapore 's emphasis on commercial gains rather than innovations was largely influenced by the fact that we were a trading hub since British 's rule .
+A 23 24|||U:NOUN:POSS||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Chinese Merchants , Indian Spice traders and Malay Rubber traders involved in the trading market were the backbone of our country 's growth .
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||merchants|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:ORTH|||spice|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:ORTH|||rubber|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , the Europeans had the Romans who created the wheel while the Japanese made the Katana for their Samurai .
+
+S Therefore , we can not blame our forefathers for not being innovative when it comes to engineering .
+
+S Our innovations came in the way that they do business instead .
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||tense|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , if we are able to solve the education structure problem , it will still take a few more generations of Singaporeans before we can start to see results for our engineering innovations .
+A 3 3|||M:ADV|||even|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We are after all , a very young nation when compared to the rest of the world .
+
+S Perhaps in future , there will be Singaporeans who can create engineering wonders to revolutionize the world .
+
+S We will then be able to catch up to countries like Germany or Japan and be labeled as a country with innovative engineering .
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the past few centuries , humankind has taken giant leaps in technology .
+
+S The creativity and need for ever improving lifestyle have led to new inventions to ease our lives .
+
+S These new inventions are discovered when there is a need or a problem ; and when an invention would help solve the problem .
+
+S However not all innovations are popular , even though the product would have a technological use , it may not be socially approved .
+
+S Therefore an innovation can not simply be put into the market and expected to be sold , even though it would have a use .
+
+S Instead , the product should be accepted socially .
+
+S Even some of the products we use everyday are socially determined , for example , the electric refrigerator .
+
+S During the 1930 's two types of refrigerators were at the prototype stage , one the electric refrigerator and the other the gas refrigerator .
+
+S The gas refrigerator was superior to the electricrefrigeratorin several ways .
+
+S The gas refrigerator uses and ammonia refrigerant which is vaporized by heating with a gas flame .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Then therefrigerantdissolves in water , hence cooling the refrigerator .
+
+S On the other hand , an electric refrigerator has a compressor that condenses the liquidrefrigerant and releases the heat , which wasabsorbedby therefrigerantwhen itvaporized , into the outside surrounding .
+
+S ( Rogers 2003 )
+
+S The gas refrigerator , though using the same principle as the electric refrigerator , has a few advantages over the electric refrigerator .
+
+S The electric refrigerator has acondenserand motor to drive it , in contrast a gas refrigerator does not contain any mobile mechanical components that could breakdown , and hence would require less maintenance .
+
+S This would mean it would be less expensive to maintain agasrefrigerator compared to an electric one .
+
+S In addition to this advantage the gas refrigerator makes lessnoisethan the electric refrigerator as well .
+
+S ( Rogers 2003 )
+
+S Typically , one would expect the gas refrigerator to capture the consumer market .
+
+S However it did not , the main reason being that powerful companies such as General Electric , General Motors , Westinghouse and Kelvinator spent huge sums of money on research and development .
+
+S These companies realized that larger profits can be made by selling electric refrigerators and they aggressively marketed the product .
+
+S Even though smaller companies tried to compete in the market with the gas refrigerator , they could not stand the might of companies such as General Electric .
+
+S Hence the use of gas refrigerators never popularized and instead today we continue to use the electric refrigerator despite it having several flaws .
+
+S ( Rogers 2003 )
+
+S In conclusion it can be noted that this technology was determined by companies such as General electric rather than it being the consumer 's choice .
+
+S Also it goes to show that for a product to be approved and accepted by society , it should be socially determined rather than technologically determined .
+
+S Obstacles of engineering design processes for Innovation
+
+S As we all know , engineers build this beautiful world .
+
+S They apply the complicated theories and knowledge into practice to benefit our life .
+A 7 8|||R:PART|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is the engineers who have done the greatest job and made the biggest contribution to human beings .
+
+S Although my home country , China , has been developing very fast and achieved tremendous success since the implement of open and reform policy , especially in the field of engineering design processes of innovations , there are still a lot of problems or obstacles lying on the way to further success .
+A 18 19|||R:MORPH|||implementation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Among all the problems , corruption and education rank as first and second .
+
+S According to the Oxford Dictionary , corruption means that dishonest or immoral behavior of activities .
+
+S In my home country , a large number of great ideas or inventions are made almost every day , but few of them are made into practice and benefit us .
+A 24 25|||R:VERB|||put|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:OTHER|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S What is the reason ?
+
+S Corruption .
+
+S In some cases , when a research group comes up with a new plan or idea , he has to report to his boss to ask for fund to develop the idea .
+
+S Then the boss has to report further to a boss on a higher level , then all the way up .
+
+S Finally , the report reaches the " super boss " , but if corruption exists , the standard for the " super boss " to judge whether this idea should or should not be developed further is whether it can benefit himself , instead of the majority of people .
+
+S If the research group is lucky enough to get the fund , the money has to be passed all the way down to the group through a lot of institutions in between .
+
+S As the money is passed from one to another , it will become less and less , the other goes to the bosses ' own pockets .
+
+S Finally , the research group gets the money , but no use anymore , because the remaining money is not enough or the arrival time of money is too late .
+
+S When such things happen again and again , people will have no desire to innovate because they know they will not succeed .
+
+S Just in this way , corruption hampers the execution stage of engineering design processes for Innovation , killing numerous of engineering design processes for innovation .
+
+S The other problem which hampers the engineering design processes for Innovation is the education system .
+
+S As we all know , China has the largest population in the world , so students suffer a lot in order to get into a higher education institution .
+
+S They are forced to focus on how to get high marks , but not care about the creation .
+
+S PRC students are said to be " full marks , less ability " .
+
+S They just repeat what other has done before , and have little idea what innovation is about .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||others|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Of course , repetition can not lead us to innovation .
+
+S This is the big problem that hampers the thinking stage of engineering design processes for Innovation .
+
+S Although the government is try to improve it , so far the result is not satisfied .
+A 15 16|||R:ADJ|||satisfactory|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In a nutshell , the two main problems what hamper the engineering design processes for Innovation in my home country are corruption , which will probably kill the innovation on the process of execution , and education , which makes the youth less creative that their peers in other countries .
+A 29 30|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These two problems are very difficult to solve in a short time , but we can improve a lot and make the engineering design processes for Innovation better and better .
+
+S Human need is something that is necessary for humans to live a healthy , convenient and comfortable life .
+
+S Are the needs that meet/fulfilled human need come from no way ?
+
+S The answer is No !
+
+S Have you ever observed your surroundings , for examples telephones , computers , fans , iPods etc. Those are all came into being through the creative application of technology , and do not appear from nowhere .
+A 18 19|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Majority of the engineering designs are categorized as inventions-devices or systems , it does n't exist before or are the improvements over existing devices or systems .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The majority|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||did|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Those inventions or designs are processing under a term called : Design activity .
+
+S The solution to the design problem requires step-by step methodology , and normally the activity is often an iterative process .
+A 16 17|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Next I will illustrate more in details how engineering design processes can meet that need by using one of a current human need that should be given priority - Eco Car .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||detail|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Basically engineering design process includes of five-step process .
+
+S It is usually used in a problem-solving works for design problems .
+
+S As the example given by Khandani 's article , Wright brothers are actually gone through this five-step process , to show that design problem may require backtracking and iteration .
+
+S The five steps used for the solving design problems are :
+
+S * Define the problem
+
+S * Gather pertinent information
+
+S * Generate multiple solutions
+
+S * Analyze and select a solution
+
+S * Test and implement the solution
+
+S 10 students from our school , NUS also involving in the Eco car design .
+
+S On 17 Aug 2009 , they successfully launched the first Singapore-designed urban concept car with zero carbon emission .
+
+S Let 's talk about how they use the five-step process to work out such an impressing job !
+
+S Firstly , definition of the problem .
+
+S Before we can develop a problem , we need to recognize the need for a new product , system , or machine .
+
+S We all know that the vehicles are running by the petroleum fuel , because of the rapidly increasing of the petroleum prices due to lacking of the material , and it is predicted will running out in few decades , this issue lead us to look for a new material to replace petroleum has become enthusiastic among the engineering fields .
+A 42 43|||R:VERB:SVA|||leads|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , establish criteria for success is important as well .
+
+S We should consider the preliminary criteria before move into next stage .
+
+S For examples , the design must be low cost ; the design must be user friendly etc .
+
+S Collecting information is the next thing we are focusing .
+A 9 9|||M:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We need to collect all the information that relevant to the problem .
+
+S In this stage , develop a problem statement is necessary .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:FORM|||developing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A broad definition will help in the sense of allowing you to look at alternative solutions .
+
+S We should keep asking ourselves for questions , in order to discover mistakes and false and also to help in redefinition of the problem , such as : is the hydrogen is only the material we need to consider ?
+A 5 6|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||redefining|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S What are the existing solutions to the problem ?
+
+S etc. Searching for information resources for examples , using internet , electronic catalog or indexes will also broaden your view on your design problem .
+
+S Thirdly , generate multiple solutions .
+
+S In this stage , creativity plays an extremely important rule here because in generating new ideas that may solve the problem .
+
+S We could start with an existing solution to the problem , and from there can find out more weaknesses about our design/product and focus on improving the weaknesses .
+
+S For examples , the top speed of the Eco car can only reach 40km/h , which is consider " slow " for a normal driver .
+
+S So how can we improve from this issue ?
+
+S Thus , combine new ideas , methods , finding more weaknesses could help in producing a totally unique solution to the problem .
+
+S When come to analyze and select solution , here we need to decide which solution is the best suited for implementation to the problem .
+A 1 3|||R:OTHER|||it comes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:INFL|||analyzing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:FORM|||selecting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Analyzing the best solution is essential before deciding which design solution to implement .
+
+S For examples , functional analysis .
+
+S We need to ensure the given solution will function the way it should .
+
+S Even thought it meets all the criteria but fail at one of them , it is still consider failure .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||even though|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:SVA|||fails|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:FORM|||considered|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Product safety and liability , we also need to consider the Eco car that we design does n't cause injury to humans , property damage and environmental damage from the use of your design .
+
+S Besides that , economic and market analysis , to analyze how people feel in this Eco car , are they willing to pay for a car the top speed has only 40km/h ? Lastly is the decision making and give rating to each design alternative against the stated criteria .
+A 29 30|||R:OTHER|||of which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 30|||M:VERB|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For examples , safety : 30 percent , efficiency : 30 percent etc .
+
+S Now we 've reached the final stage - test and implement the solution .
+
+S There are several considerations have to be taken part , such as prototyping , concurrent engineering and the distinct activities that might happen during implementation like , documentation , applying for patents .
+A 4 5|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||considered|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Finally testing and verification , you have to test all steps in the process work .
+
+S Because without having a proper testing at all stages in the process , you may find yourself into trouble later on .
+A 17 18|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a conclusion , follow the engineering design process is an important guidance as it can guides your design into more details of implementing ideas , more effective way of problem solving .
+
+S Design activity is cyclic and iterative , it will continually repeating to the five step processes , until the best design has appeared .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:FORM|||repeat|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are several issues that may affect negatively an engineering design process .
+
+S Two main problems faced by Singapore engineers are financial issues and social factors .
+
+S Singapore is a modern globalized city utilizing cutting edge technology for its growth and development .
+
+S Thus , much emphasis is placed on the designing engineers to develop innovations to further improve the well-being of our society .
+
+S Even with strong government support in nurturing designer engineers , the problems are still very much prevalent .
+
+S For large scale engineering design processes , a huge amount of resources is required .
+
+S A large amount of money is required to purchase these resources .
+
+S Financial problems may start to arise at the start of the design processes .
+
+S An aspiring innovator will usually face financial problems and find it hard to kick start their research .
+
+S Thus , he or she has to find companies or organization to finance their work in return for partial ownership rights over their research .
+
+S Without proper funding , designer engineers will find it hard to complete their innovations given the iterative nature of their work .
+
+S Furthermore , funding is required to apply for patents .
+
+S Pursing patents are not easy as they will take long period of time to process , requiring large amount of money .
+A 0 1|||R:VERB|||pursuing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||a long time|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The engineers have to be confident about their innovations and understand the improvements their work will have on society .
+
+S ( Khandani 22 ) .
+
+S Even if the financial problem is resolved , the innovations have to be socially acceptable .
+
+S This applies to the design processes as well .
+
+S That is , the design processes must not goes against proper ethnics and morals , nor result in any negative third party effects .
+
+S For example , some processes of bio-engineering are involved with life human cells research and the use of living test specimens .
+
+S These may offend the general public as these actions are seen as 'playing god ' , going against common religious beliefs .
+
+S Engineering processes that result in environmental issues will also face pressure from environmental groups or the government .
+
+S Another social reason would be the government factor .
+
+S In Singapore , there are several policies governing the ongoing design research processes .
+
+S Engineers are required to seek approvals before carrying out their work processes to meet safety regulations .
+
+S These may result in crucial time loss .
+
+S Time is a pressuring factor for designer engineers with date lines to meet .
+
+S Tedious 'red tape ' in all the government processes would slow down the progress of research , resulting in lower working quality and efficiency .
+
+S In conclusion , the social and financial factors are main issues hampering the design processes of engineers .
+
+S The problems are even more so in the Singapore context .
+
+S However , realizing the importance of designer engineers in today 's society , Singapore government has implemented measures to encourage innovative engineering .
+
+S Development funds are set up and the many guidelines for designer processes are clarified .
+
+S It helps to alleviate the situation , but the problems will still continue to persist .
+
+S Technology and inventions are not strangers in this fast developing world .
+
+S Things that people had never imagined 2 centuries ago have become a formality nowadays .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN|||normality|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In 1876 , Alexander Graham Bell invented a telephone .
+
+S Today , we can not live without a hand phone whereas people from 1900s did not have one for their own .
+
+S Furthermore , sharing of information has never been easier with the invention of Internet after another century , in 2000s .
+
+S All these inventions have been contributed by a lot of people of different expertises .
+
+S Most of the time , new technology and innovations are being developed based on existing technology while some individual or group may discover technology serendipitously .
+
+S There are certain similarities and differences between those two methods of discovery .
+
+S We will discuss about computer technology compared to the discovery of penicillin which is a serendipitous discovery .
+A 3 4|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For every discovery or technology to be accepted by consumers , it has to meet the demands of users .
+
+S This is the same for both technology via research or a serendipitous discovery .
+
+S An example of this is the discovery of penicillin in 1928 which was one of the earliest antibiotics available in the market .
+
+S The use of penicillin extended from killing disease-causing bacteria to saving lives in the battlefield during the World War II .
+
+S Therefore , this discovery was a success and used by people all around the world .
+
+S This fact illustrates that not only the discovery has to be success but also it has to be accepted by society .
+A 11 12|||R:MORPH|||successful|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Technology developed through researches has often been influenced by economical and profitability factors .
+
+S Most of the products created in computer technology are based on this factor .
+
+S For example , the companies have been developing different models of electronic devices every month to boost their sales .
+
+S According to Rogers ( 2003 ) , although gas refrigerators has overwhelming advantages ( no moving parts , no noise ) the extensive investment in R&D by big companies had made electric refrigerators better products .
+
+S On the other hand , a serendipitous discovery does not depend on those factors .
+
+S An individual or a group of researchers can make discoveries which may be useful to society without following the influence of companies and investors .
+
+S Other major differences between the two technologies are the availability of funds for research and the facilities used by researchers .
+
+S Technology developed through researched usually has ample funds allocated to them whereas the individual researchers will have to find the fund for their own .
+
+S Nowadays , Computer Technology has become so popular that every potential research will be funded sufficiently and thus researchers can produce more innovative ideas and products .
+
+S In conclusion , technology , whether it is discovered accidentally or purposely , is the main ingredient of new innovations and products .
+
+S We have to make the technology useful to society because they are the main users of the end-products .
+
+S In the end , a serendipitous discovery will be just as good as a technology discovered by research as long as it serves the purpose of contributing to the society and making lives better .
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||echnology|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Energy source is the key factor that will affect the development of any country .
+
+S It is required especially for industries , agriculture , and even domestic uses .
+
+S However , due to the large consumption of energy , most countries are facing serious energy crisis .
+
+S One of the reasons may be also due to the increasing population and resulting in people consuming energy more than the amount of energy produced .
+
+S This serious shortage of energy is affecting industries as well as the daily lives of people .
+
+S According to an article written by Khalid Chandio ( 2009 ) , he says that " Pakistan is presently facing a serious energy crisis " and " the demand exceeds supply " .
+
+S Therefore , it is crucial to find possible solutions to solve the problem before it gets fully depleted .
+
+S Many countries now are trying to increase the cost of energy to prevent people from misusing them .
+
+S Although some countries are still keeping up with the rapid increasing of energy demands , there is still a need for other alternatives to prepare for the future .
+
+S Some possible solutions will be utilizing sun energy , wind , coal , geothermic and bio energy , which in principle are renewable .
+
+S However , among all this possible solutions , most of them are not suitable to be implemented due to high cost and the availability in large scale .
+
+S For example , coal is cheap but it causes pollution .
+
+S Extra work has to be done in order to reduce the amount of pollution produced to the minimum ( Khalid Chandio ,2009 ) .
+
+S Several design considerations have to be well-planned such that low design cost , design safety and preventing harm to the environment .
+
+S Analysis is the key to process design .
+
+S Among all the suggested solutions , it is crucial to analyse all the solutions before making a decision .
+
+S After brainstorming all the possible solutions , solar energy stands out to be the best solution .
+A 11 13|||R:OTHER|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to an article by Musse Mohamud Ahmed ( 2003 ) , he says that solar energy is world-wide recognised renewable energy sources , cost free and clean energy .
+
+S Environment impacts are also negligible .
+
+S However , one problem that may hinder this invention is the use of costly equipments and the selection of the wrong peak sunshine data .
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||equipment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , exact calculations for the solar power production are very important before any actual implementation of solar energy scheme to ensure proper performance and reduce cost .
+
+S Cost depends heavily on the size of solar power system .
+
+S Weather conditions are important for high performance as solar energy depends largely on the sun .
+
+S Cloudy weathers will produce lesser power as compared to sunny weathers .
+
+S Engineers need to calculate the required solar panels needed for certain hours use of energy .
+
+S Selection of solar energy components is another issue that engineers need to take into consideration when using solar energy .
+
+S To conclude , solar energy proves the best solution to solve energy crisis in term of cost and high performance , except for the cost of the solar power system .
+
+S Proper choosing of solar power system is therefore very important .
+
+S Solar energy also stands out in terms of commercial purposes due to environment impacts .
+
+S This will result in negligible pollution produced .
+
+S Hence , solar energy provides a remarkable invention to the earth .
+
+S " Education is not the answer to the question .
+
+S Education is the means to the answer to all questions " , William Allin did define the final purpose of studying , which becomes more and more essential in this 21st century .
+
+S Education is such an indispensable part of our lives that need improving to catch up with others ; overall , it should be given priority and development .
+
+S Although our common education system is generally sufficient , it still contains some shortcomings that spread out all over the world .
+
+S In developing countries , education is even a far-away concept though a lot of governments ' and outside donors ' have been made .
+
+S As a glance : " In sub-Saharan Africa , for example , the average student-teacher ratio in primary school is 47 to 1 , compared with 17 to 1 in developed countries .
+
+S And that masks even worse conditions in the early grades , where this ratio can be as high as 100 to 1 .
+
+S As a result , too few of these new students are mastering the basic skills necessary to begin lifting themselves out of poverty " ( Hewlett Foundation ) .
+
+S The education issue also involve the cost of schooling , " Even when schooling is ostensibly 'free ' studies have shown that parents incur other direct costs such as activity fees , uniforms , paper and pens ( including texts and excise books ) , transport , lunches , expenses for boarding and others which often result in the exclusion of poor children from school " ( Chimombo , 2005 ) .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||involves|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Other problems are equity and gender issue , cultural and religious attitudes , efficiency and quality .
+
+S In developed countries , the cost of study and also the efficiency of education are the main points which considerably need observing .
+
+S " Another observation in the report that we find is those with college degrees are facing the highest unemployment in two decades since records started being kept .
+
+S With college costs going through the roof and in many cases , costing nearly $ 50,000 a year at private schools many are asking whether some college degrees are even worth pursuing " ( Mybudget360 , 2009 ) .
+
+S In short , the education shortcomings mainly focus on the equipment and management issues .
+
+S The problem seems to need help from social workers , but indeed , it also relies on engineers .
+
+S Processes to solve the above design problem include several steps .
+
+S According to Khandani , they are defining the problem , gathering pertinent information , generating multiple solutions , analyzing and selecting a solution , testing and implementing the solution .
+
+S Specifically , when focusing upon the education problem , it can be inferred that the key words are " cost " and " efficiency " .
+
+S Then perhaps a multi-purpose tool is the good starting-point .
+
+S The tool should be sufficient to reduce the cost and enhance the efficiency .
+
+S For example , it could be an interactive learning device , an all-in-one electronic book , a real-time network or even a virtual intelligent teacher .
+
+S Whatever it is , the tool must be affordable by either governments or best individuals , helpful to students ' studying progress and feasible for popularization .
+
+S Also and importantly , it should be a new and creative invention .
+
+S To achieve this aim , a large group of engineers are recommended to establish and work together .
+
+S People coming from different places all over the world will bring along their own view for the issue , understand what their country 's need and contribute both their academic and social knowledge .
+
+S Co-operation among engineers will make an innovation in the end when the abstract idea is turned into physical equipment .
+
+S Education today should be given more priority and improvements .
+
+S That could be carried out by engineers who hold the key to solve design problems .
+
+S " Design activity occurs over a period of time and requires a step- by-step methodology " , said Khandani .
+
+S Work cited
+
+S ( Khandani , S. ( 2005 ) .
+
+S Engineering design process .
+
+S Retrieved June 29 , 2009 , from http : //www.iisme.org/etp/HS % 20Engineering- % 20Engineering.pdf
+
+S ( Hewlett Foundation .
+
+S Global Development : Quality Education in Developing Countries .
+
+S Retrieved September 7 , 2009 from http : //www.hewlett.org/programs/global-development-program/quality- education-in-developing-countries ( Joseph P. G. Chimombo ( 2005 ) .
+
+S Issues in Basic Education in Developing Countries : An Exploration of Policy Options for Improved Delivery .
+
+S CICE Hiroshima University , Journal of International Cooperation in Education , Vol.8 , No.1 , ( 2005 ) pp.129 152 ( Mybudget360 .
+
+S Does a College Degree Protect your Career ?
+
+S Unemployment Rate for College Graduates Highest on Record .
+
+S Retrieved September 7 , 2009 from http : //www.mybudget360.com/does-a-college-degree-protect-your-career- unemployment-rate-for-college-graduates-highest-on-record/
+
+S Obstacles lying in front
+
+S Standing in the Third World , China has taken the challenge to improve the development step by step in the past few decades .
+
+S Yet there is a long way to go , especially for those designing engineers , because creative design and integrated innovation really play vital roles in one country 's development .
+
+S However , lots of realistic problems which are like obstacles hampering China from enhancing the economy in design process , lie in the way .
+
+S Specifically , two problems from social and technological aspect are emphatic .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||aspects|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Examination-styled education limits the creativity of potential persons .
+
+S And furthermore , China is losing those talent people who are good at designing because of the unbalanced policy .
+
+S Firstly , Examination-styled education cuts down children 's creativity .
+
+S Due to the huge population in China , Chinese education system has to select talented people by setting one universal examination which is called GaoKao for candidates all over China each year .
+
+S According to the ministry of Education of PRC , all together more than 10 million candidates will have to attend Gaokao for the entry to universities every year .
+
+S However , China has only 720 higher education institutes offering degree program ( MOEPRC , 2006 ) , which means that those 10 million candidates have to fiercely compete for the deficient universities in terms of their marks in exam .
+
+S Under such an stressful circumstance , students learn knowledge only for examinations .
+A 2 3|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order to gain a best result in GaoKao , they have to do thousands of tutorial questions for practicing .
+
+S Their goals are getting more marks in each test rather than trying to learning and applying knowledge to solve problems .
+
+S Therefore , most students neglect practicing their capacity of learning , communication skills , using logical method to get information , and so forth .
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||methods|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , the most horrible thing is that they can not thinking creatively especially for design process .
+
+S Engineers as they will be , their job is to be skillful at applying knowledge to solving problems they meet effectively , which is irrelevant to getting full marks in examinations .
+
+S Secondly , more and more talented designing engineers leave China behind .
+
+S The policy of reformation and opening pushes China into a new global position she has never met before .
+
+S The designing engineering can get touch with foreign developed companies which may provide attractive remuneration .
+
+S Chinese government also does not take measure to keep resources of human talents .
+
+S As a result , approaching 600 thousand students has gone out overseas for further study since 1980s .
+
+S But only a quarter of them come back to serve China in economic development ( Pan , 2006 ) .
+
+S In the same way , China lost lots of design engineers which may contribute innovative ideas about construction either on specific field like civil engineering , or on the entire development of Chinese economy .
+
+S However , only minority of the experts can make efforts on design process in China .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , the acceleration of enhancement of engineering will be reduced at a large scale .
+
+S Additionally , every country nowadays is trying its best to protect human resources as well as technology and design ideas .
+
+S Less highly educated people staying in China will be a disadvantage on this protection .
+
+S Good designing ideas may be lost from China , or even not created in this country .
+
+S In conclusion , my home country China now faces two challenging troubles .
+
+S Examination-styled education kills children 's creativity .
+
+S And , Chinese government does not manage well on resources of human talents .
+
+S Both problems will sharply hamper the design process of innovation of China .
+
+S Obviously , it will be an extremely heavy load on our generation and hopefully , we can handle this issue and change the situation .
+
+S Reference List :
+
+S Pan , C.G .
+
+S ( May , 2006 ) .
+
+S The Report on the Development of Chinese Talents ( No.3 ) .
+
+S Pan Chenguang .
+
+S Last Retrieved from 2006-12-19 12 : 58 : 48 http : //www.hrcn.com.cn/article/news.jsp ? articleid = 1158129098861 http : //www.cass.net.cn/file/20061219108730.html Numbers of Schools by levels and types .
+
+S ( 2006 ) .
+
+S The Ministration of Educations of People 's Republic of China .
+
+S http : //www.moe.edu.cn/edoas/website18/54/info33454.htm
+
+S TITLE : Nowadays , science and technology in China has been growing rapidly .
+
+S As the economics develops and China becomes more connect
+
+S Problems Hampering Engineering Design Process in China
+
+S Nowadays , technology and science in China is growing rapidly .
+
+S As the economics develops and China is more connected to the global environment , the government has placed much emphasis on science and technology to make it an integral part of the development of the country .
+
+S Engineering design is an crucial part of technology .
+
+S However , since China is a developing country , the systems and regulations are not sufficiently advanced .
+
+S Lots of problems existing in different areas hamper the engineering design processes for innovation .
+
+S Among them , the most serious two are from education system and financial investment .
+
+S In order to solve these problems , we must first know how these problems come from and the negative effects they have caused .
+
+S In this essay , I will discuss these clearly .
+
+S First and foremost , education system in China is not conducive enough to cultivate students ' ability of innovation .
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Especially for engineerings , hands-on , practical ability and independent thinking are the most important capabilities .
+
+S However , the education evaluation system in China is based on examination .
+
+S Using examinations to recruit the most outstanding students results in that a large proportion of engineering students are only good at rote memorization but not innovative thinking .
+
+S This caused the shortage of talents on both quantity and quality .
+A 1 1|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Based on statistics on 2004 , the number of researchers per million is 708 in China , while it is 3750 in developed countries ( Education Economic Indicators of Countries in the World , 2009 ) .
+
+S Engineering creation and innovation can not go without talents .
+
+S Moreover , to create a new product need the cooperation of many people .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If there is not enough talents , the design process can even hardly be started .
+
+S So the problems in education system is the main obstacle to the engineering design process .
+
+S In addition , funding remained a major problem of technology development because science and technology study and every steps in an engineering design process are expensive .
+
+S Compared with the world average education and technology input of 5 % , the spending of China is only 3 % ( Zhang , 2006 ) .
+
+S The funding for technology is far from enough .
+
+S To develop a new technology needs advanced equipment , instruments , venues and special materials .
+
+S Besides , for talents , subsidies and welfare are necessary .
+
+S The design process of every invention needs large amount of expenses .
+
+S For some of the complex scientific research projects , it need a long time to go .
+
+S When it comes to some design for specific purpose , it may not receive any economic profits in a short-term .
+
+S If the government cut off the financial support halfway , the task ca n't be continued and everything come to naught .
+
+S It is precisely because there is not enough money input , a lot of good ideas can not be implemented .
+
+S And because of no good treatment , many talents go abroad to carry on their study and work .
+
+S Without strong funding support , the engineering innovation can not develop well .
+
+S This has seriously affected the engineering and technology innovation in China .
+
+S In conclusion , the problems from education system and technology funding have hampered the development of engineering design process of innovation for a long time .
+
+S To be a powerful country , China should develop in a comprehensive way .
+
+S Technology and innovation is the soul of a nation 's development .
+
+S So the government should reform the education system and provide more funding on technology to develop engineering design processes for innovation .
+
+S Reference :
+
+S Education Economic Indicators of Countries in the World .
+
+S ( 2009 , February ) .
+
+S China Education Information Net .
+
+S Retrieved September , 8 , 2009 , from http : //www.cee.edu.cn/show_news.jsp ? id = 5446
+
+S Zhang,J.P .
+
+S ( 2006 ) .The effective input of funds to increase financial education .
+
+S Retrieved September , 8 , 2009 , from http : //www.chinacourt.org/html/article/200603/10/197890.shtml
+
+S In this new era of globalization , design and innovation plays an important role in changing the world into a better place to live .
+
+S From ice age until this modern world of technology , many inventions and innovations have been made so as to suit our lifestyle .
+A 1 3|||R:OTHER|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , mobile phones have become smaller and lighter with the miniaturization of digital components and the development of more sophisticated batteries .
+
+S Inventors realized the risk of not taking a risk and dare to challenge an outdated product .
+
+S However , in my home country- Malaysia , there is some obstacles that hold back engineering design processes for innovation .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The first problem is the current economic model for one off development .
+
+S In our country , we are unable to achieve commercially significant levels of reuse beyond platform .
+
+S This is because the engineers design and develop most products as individuals in isolation from other products .
+
+S Eventually , all the products such as computer software are more or less have the same functions , it is just that return on investment in product development would be far higher if multiple versions or multiple products were taken into account .
+A 9 10|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , organizations rarely make commercially significant investments in identifying and harvesting the reusable assets , unless it is explicitly planned in advance .
+
+S This problem causes us fail to recognize the opportunity to convert resources optimally so as to meet our objective , which is to meet desired needs of the public .
+A 4 4|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And of course , this need can sometimes be considered a necessity to some people but a luxury for others .
+
+S But the most important reason is , when engineers do not investigate a reusable product , they will eventually creating the same structural product without improving its properties .
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:FORM|||create|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , these products do not fulfill different needs of the public .
+
+S The second matter that significantly hampers engineering design processes for innovations in my home country is the limitation of human resources for designing new products .
+
+S Human resources are an important factor for a country to come up with lots of creative innovation .
+
+S For instance , the younger generation dares to challenge themselves and think out of the box to generate new ideas .
+
+S They have the initiative and determination to turn their dreams and imaginations into reality .
+
+S Unfortunately , these expertises tend to work in other countries instead of staying back after graduation .
+A 2 3|||R:DET|||this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:INFL|||expertise|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||tends|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is because foreign companies willing to offer them higher position and satisfying salary compare to local companies .
+A 5 5|||M:VERB|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:FORM|||compared|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Consequently , there is no new blood in research and development prospects .
+
+S Lack of human resources brings great impact on our country 's economic growth .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The lack|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is because outdated products will be eliminated from the market and when there is no invention of new products , sooner or later other countries will stop importing products from us and head towards those with higher technologies .
+
+S As a result , our country will fall into inflation and recession will occur .
+
+S In conclusion , engineering design process for innovations plays a crucial role in our society .
+
+S It is very important for a country to sustain its products ' marketability by enhancing its design and functions .
+
+S Hence , current economic model for one off development and limitation of human resources should not be obstacles for our country 's progress .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Do n't multitask , multithink instead .
+
+S Think out of the box and be creative so as we can keep on path with the fast paces of life .
+
+S Reference
+
+S * A.Eide , R.Jenison , L.Mashaw , L.Northup .
+
+S Engineering : Fundamentals and Problem Solving .
+
+S New York City : McGraw-Hill Companies Inc.,2002
+
+S * { http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handphone } [ HYPERLINK : http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handphone ]
+
+S * { http : //www.softwaredesign.ie/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.softwaredesign.ie/ ]
+
+S * http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_design
+
+S With the constant rise of sea level , many countries face the danger of being submerged underwater .
+
+S If this happens , we may not even have sufficient rice for survival .
+
+S More than a third of the Mekong Delta in Vietnam , where nearly half of the country 's rice is grown will be submerged underwater if sea level rises by one more metre ( IOL , 2009 ) .
+
+S Vietnam is the second largest rice exporter after Thailand and this will put the rice on our table at stake .
+
+S Global Warming has been a persistent problem that engineers should step in and help .
+
+S Engineers should adjust their designs creatively ; like constructing more green buildings and including more greeneries in any future plans for redeveloping Singapore .
+
+S Firstly , engineers should design all buildings in accordance with the Building and Construction Authority ( BCA ) green mark scheme .
+
+S The scheme would provide advices on how a green building should be built and what additional features should be included .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||advice|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All these guidelines will save electricity wastage and reduce environmental impact as well .
+A 6 7|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , although the air conditioning system in a library can not be switched off at night due to the moisture content in the atmosphere , they can be set to a higher temperature or partial of the units can be switched off automatically at night .
+A 36 37|||R:MORPH|||part|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , it will help in decreasing the Chlorofluorocarbons ( CFCs ) gases emitted which harms the ozone layer .
+
+S In short , engineers should adopt the green mark scheme for all the buildings they design in the future to reduce the environmental impacts that are harmful to the earth .
+
+S Secondly , engineers can dedicate more green areas to future plans on redeveloping Singapore .
+
+S Some of the emission of negative gases that affect the ozone layer are beyond our control , certain plans to recycle the harmful gases should be considered .
+
+S For example , trees and plants can be planted at strategic locations of Singapore as they will reduce pollution by photosynthesising and producing oxygen in return .
+
+S This is an ideal method which can be adopted especially in congested cities like Singapore .
+
+S Other than dedicating land area for greens , gardens can also be built on the balconies , outer facade and even the roof of buildings !
+A 17 18|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||facades|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||roofs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The multi-tier idea will definitely increase the intensity of green areas , thus reducing pollution and help to recycle cleaner air for our atmosphere .
+
+S To sum up , there should be gardens in every town and park in every estate to allow a good ratio of renewing air supply in the atmosphere .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||parks|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In summary , all buildings in Singapore in the future should be built in accordance with the green mark scheme by BCA and include a certain minimum percentage of green areas for all future town plans .
+
+S All engineers should design creatively and innovatively not only for decorative reasons , but to tackle the global warming problem as well .
+
+S So do you know why Singapore 's Minister Mentor , Mr Lee Kuan Yew wanted Singapore to be a garden city since she gained independence ?
+
+S References
+
+S IOL Classifieds .
+
+S ( 2009 , August ) .
+
+S Climate change could submerge city .
+
+S Retrieved September 3 , 2009 , from
+
+S http : //www.iol.co.za/index.php ? from = rss_Science&set_id = 1&click_id = 31&ar t_id = nw20090820110457248C414875
+
+S Nowadays , the living standard of human has been improved due to the changes in time .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||standards|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:NOUN|||beings|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Everything has changed drastically from the past untill now .
+
+S Therefore , the requirement of people to the technology is enhanced .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||requirements|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||in terms of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB|||increased|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , in the past mobile phone has been designed to the size of a brick , and now mobile phone has been designed into a small and stylish design with high technology function , such as touch screen function .
+
+S However , the engineering design process for innovation has been hampered in my home country , Malaysia .
+
+S According to the The 6th International Malaysian Studies Conference 2008 , " it is true that Malaysian SMEs do not see innovation as part of their business " .
+
+S In my home country , I feel that the 2 main problems that affect the engineering design processes for innovation hampered are the lack of government support in engineering innovative design area and social problem .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB|||hamper|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In my home country , I feel that social problem could be one of the main problems that lead the engineering design process for innovation hampered .
+
+S For the people who live in the urban area , it is quite obvious that most of the houses are designed in the same design by the developer , as the society does n't have high expectation in unique houses design , as long as it meets their basic requirement , low price and large housing area .
+
+S Same to other engineering sector , as money remain the main concern in everybody 's mind .
+
+S Many people feel that engineering design is not very important in their daily life , as it can not help them to earn big money .
+
+S With this , the older generation feels that a functional product is more important compared to a well designed innovative product .
+
+S Old generation also do not encourage young generation step in designing area because they feel that designing can not bring a good future for them .
+
+S Hence with this , the young generation will follow the pathway of their parents , for example , work as businessman .
+
+S Next , the other main problem is the lack of government support in this area , as the resources in the engineering design process for innovation and the expertise in this area are very limited in my home country .
+
+S People who are interested in engineering design area do not have any opportunity to explore in this area .
+
+S For example , the PETRONAS Twin Tower , the iconic building of Malaysia , government has bought the design from a Japanese architect and built it , as we can see that opportunities are given out to foreigners instead to local people .
+
+S These 2 problems may lead to some of the future local talented people give up on pursuing their interest in engineering design processes for innovation .
+
+S Some may seek for other solution such as for those who can afford big sum of education fee will go oversea for better education , and work there , as there have more exposure and opportunity to explore in designing area .
+A 3 4|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||solutions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||fees|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:MORPH|||overseas|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:OTHER|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 31|||M:VERB:TENSE|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 38|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 41|||R:OTHER|||design|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to the Australian Education International , " There were almost 21,000 Malaysian student enrolments in Australia as at the end of October 2008 .
+
+S This is 1,000 more enrolments than the same period last year , and represents almost 7 % growth " .
+
+S Whereas for those who could not afford to study in oversea for higher education , may end up in give up their ambition .
+A 9 10|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:MORPH|||overseas|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides that , the export rate of Malaysia 's product would also be heavily affected , such as the automobile sector , as it would slowly be outclassed by other innovative products from other country .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||products|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:NOUN:NUM|||countries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , innovative designing does n't come into consideration in designing a product for most engineers in my home country and their main target is to meet their client requirement .
+
+S With this , if nothing has been done to solve it , in future the engineering sector in Malaysia would be seriously affected , compare to other more advance country .
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:FORM|||compared|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Problems of China Independent Innovation
+
+S Technology is the power to make one country strong .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||a country|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since China has developed a lot in the last decade , its economic strength has increased significantly .
+
+S However , as President Hu ( 2007 ) says in the Seventeenth National People 's Congress , China is still weak in independent innovation .
+
+S Since then , it became a big task to implementing the strategy of putting a lot of efforts in technological advancement .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has become|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:FORM|||implement|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||effort|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S China has learnt a lot from other countries , but is lack of its own inventions .
+
+S The reason why my country does not make a big progress in innovation area is because of the weakness in education system and limitation in economic support .
+
+S In this paper , I will discuss on two basic causes : education problem and economy problems , and explain the effects these two problems cause .
+A 7 8|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First , education is a big issue that government should improve to make citizens more talented and creative .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Exam-oriented education is the main education system in China .
+
+S It inherits traditional education from thousands years ago : " life depends on one examination " , which pushes a lot of pressure on students .
+
+S China is a crowded country with limited jobs .
+
+S The only way to get a good job is to enter a good university , which makes the exam becomes more and more difficult in order to find most talented students .
+
+S However , students lose their creativity and innovation since they have soaked in the exam paper for a long time .
+
+S Moreover , teachers and parents only care about the exam results instead of their talent , which will make students only good at exam .
+
+S Furthermore , the education in university is not good .
+
+S Some universities want to increase their popularity , so they approve more master degrees and PHD degrees , which decrease the level of master degree students .
+
+S In recent news , there is no difference between the employment ratios of graduate students and masters .
+
+S This will bury a lot of talented people .
+
+S Finally , many student choose to go oversea to finish their education or start their careers , which made China lost many talents .
+
+S In short , the education system in china killed talent of innovation .
+
+S Beside the education problem , the lack of money for design projects is also a big problem .
+
+S As President Hu ( 2007 ) writes in his NPC report scientific development should depend on the situation of country development .
+
+S Overall saying , the productively level in China is not high , and the socialist market economy has established initially .
+A 1 2|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:MORPH|||productivity|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the gap between rich and poor tend to increase .
+
+S Government has spent lots of money on urban and rural development .
+
+S Moreover , as China become more open to the world , she faces constant intensifying international competition .
+
+S Comparing to some developed countries which have advantage in economic scientific , we will suffer more predictable and unpredictable risk .
+A 0 1|||R:VERB:FORM|||compared|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Seventh National People 's Congress , 2007 ) Because of the limited money for research , many people have to do their experiments in a small place with crude equipments .
+
+S All of these make the development of engineering design stuck in a difficult situation .
+
+S In conclusion , education problems and economy problems hinder the development of design technology .
+
+S Government should advocate the education for all-round development to all the schools , and put more money into scientific development .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will increase people 's independent innovation ability , and make the country more prosperous .
+
+S Reference :
+
+S Hu Jintao .
+
+S ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Seventeenth National People 's Congress Report .
+
+S Retrieved from Sep 6th 2009 .
+
+S From http : //news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2007-10/24/content_6938568.htm
+
+S Being country with a relatively small market dominated by large companies and a low spending consumer base , it is extremely difficult for new products to penetrate into the market and capture consumer attention without insufficient financing .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , government financing on such new ventures is essential for its survival .
+
+S However , there has been a lack of government support to such projects mainly due to defense expenses .
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Over the past three decades Sri Lanka has witnessed the longest civil war in the country .
+
+S Billions of dollars was spent every year for purchasing weaponry , rehabilitating refugees and for wages of defense personnel .
+
+S A record USD 1.82 billion was spent in the year 2008 only on new weaponry which is a twenty percent increase from the previous year ( Note 1 ) .
+
+S Although decades long war finally came to an end last June , estimated 280,000 refugees have to be relocated , 30,000 disabled soldiers have to be looked after and a 6000 families of dead army cadres have to be compensated ( Note 2 ) .
+
+S All these require financing which the government aims to gain mainly through taxation which makes it even difficult for new products to survive .
+
+S Due to insufficient funding many new engineering products and ideas face difficulties in marketing , advertising which is required to reach to the masses of the population .
+
+S Also , some new products require the expertise from other fields and even from other countries and extensive research in order to make their product marketable and competitive however absence of proper funding makes it challenging to gain such expertise .
+
+S Due to these reasons many products even fail to launch into the market .
+
+S The second reason that I feel makes it difficult for new engineering innovations to be successful is due to large number of professionally qualified Sri Lankans migrating to other countries .
+A 17 19|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Sri Lanka has the highest literacy rate in South East Asia with over 96 % population being able to read or write , this is mainly due to a free education system introduced in the late 1940 s ( Note 3 ) .
+
+S All Sri Lankans enjoy a free education up to university level thus , a large proportion of the population gain high professional qualifications which are recognized all over the world .
+
+S However , there is no proper system such as the MOE grant system in Singapore to retain these individuals with in Sri Lanka resulting in most of these professionals leaving the country for better paid employment opportunities .
+
+S Reports show that over 8000 Sri Lankans have migrated to India from January 2009 to August 2009 ( Note 5 ) and over 100,000 Sri Lankans are currently residing in Australia making them the 16th largest ethnic group in Australia ( Note 6 ) .
+
+S These numbers show the magnitude of the seriousness of this problem .
+
+S Due to this high rate of migration a vacuum of knowledge and expertise is gradually being developing with in the country which eventually has lead to a decrease in fewer innovations especially in the field of engineering .
+
+S These professionals also make up most of the high spending consumer base in Sri Lanka therefore migration of these professionals contribute to the reduction of sales of new products indirectly .
+
+S In conclusion I believe lack of financial resources especially low amounts of government spending and migrations of professionals are the two main reasons that cause lack of product innovation and idea generation in the field of engineering in Sri Lanka .
+
+S It is rather unfortunate because these problems could be rectified through careful planning and strategic management .
+
+S What is engineering process ?
+
+S Engineering process is a process to find out the solutions to improving the performance of a system .
+
+S Engineering process can be divided into many stages from the initial stage identify the need research on it until the final stage presenting the products .
+
+S Engineering design process is important processes that have to be carefully done before the product send for mass production .
+
+S However in our real life there engineering process is not hundred percent perfect , during the design process there are minor and major problems .
+
+S In Malaysia there are two major problems that significantly hamper in engineering processes and their impact .
+
+S First problem that significantly hampers engineering design processes for innovations in Malaysia is financial issues .
+
+S Due to the global economic crisis , currently Malaysia is under economic downturn .
+
+S This economic downturn led to great decline in the engineering sector field especially in engineering design process .
+
+S In the past few years , Malaysia 's company was dismissed their worker in order to reduce their labour cost .
+
+S The workers they have dismissed not just only the operators , part of them are research engineers .
+A 5 5|||M:VERB|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||just the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , to lower their expenses they even temporary suspend all the research and develop process .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB|||reducing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:MORPH|||temporarily|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:FORM|||suspended|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The employee may think research and develop is a costly investment and a lot of uncertainty process .
+A 6 7|||R:MORPH|||development|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example The Bakun Dam project was suspended due to lack of the fund in 2001 .
+
+S Second problem that hampers engineering design in Malaysia is lack of technology systems .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The second|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In Malaysia there are many small enterprise companies which are lack in technology systems for their manufacturing process .
+
+S Due to the lack of technology systems in their factories they do not have a good exhaust for the waste gases .
+
+S Most of the waste gases are contain a lot unhealthy chemical compounds that harm for human body and pollute the air quality .
+A 5 6|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , their factories were not allowed to continue all the manufacture process .
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The process involve can be either manufacturing process or an experiment process .
+
+S Furthermore due to lack of the technology system in my country a lot high technology research have to be postponed .
+
+S They need wait for few months to few years to import the new system form other country to continue the research process .
+A 2 2|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The effect of the financial problem on engineering process for innovation will result engineering process stuck at the research stage .
+
+S Due to the lack in fund , there is money to hire research engineering , research equipment and materials on experiment .
+A 4 5|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||funds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , lack in fund also will affect the initial stage identify the need of the consumers there is no fund for conduct survey .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Beside the effect on financial problem , outdated technology systems used in Malaysia also will cause the research process either defer for a long period or stuck there .
+A 0 1|||R:PREP|||Besides|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In summary , financial problem and lack in technology was two major engineering design problems in Malaysia .
+
+S Engineering design will affect the development in Malaysia , thus government should to pay close attention to this issue and find out the possible solutions .
+
+S Such as they can conduct workshop to help small enterprise company on improve their technology system .
+
+S Reference
+
+S BCC NEWS .
+
+S Malaysia gives megadam green light .
+
+S Retrived September 9 , 2009 , http : //news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1195112.stm { Chris Egert } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.kirotv.com/station/13698874/detail.html ] .
+
+S Lack of Funding Slows Research , Cleanup of Sound .
+
+S Retrived September 9 , 2009 , from { http : //www.kirotv.com/news/18034044/detail.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.kirotv.com/news/18034044/detail.html ]
+
+S BCC NEWS .
+
+S Vulcan bomber project could fold .
+
+S Retrived September 10 , 2009 , from http : //news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/leicestershire/4921876.stm
+
+S Ever wondered why some brilliant engineering creations are not as involve in our life compared to creation like the microwave oven ?
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||important|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The microwave oven changed our way of living for a better , providing us with so much convenience , with just a click of a button plus a considerably short waiting time , we could stir up a dish with no mess and no hassle .
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||the better|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Innovation is the word for creations which have made it this far , widely adopted and used by the public .
+
+S One such life example of a failure creation yet ingenious piece of artifact would be the solar panel powered vehicle .
+
+S Without a doubt , the solar-panel powered vehicle would outweigh with exceptional advantages over the conventional gasoline powered vehicle , such as , zero emission and zero refueling , going green and saving the Earth from global warming .
+
+S The question is why this creation not popular with the public or attracting investors to further develop this product ?
+
+S There are two main causes for this lack of acceptance from the society which hampered the engineering design process for innovation : limitations and ownerships .
+
+S To begin , solar panel powered vehicle runs on the concept of converting sunlight energy into mechanical energy which propels the vehicle .
+
+S In another word , on a particular day which is cloudy or rainy , the vehicle will have no source of energy to tap on to produce output energy to run the vehicle .
+
+S To further discourage users , the location of this solar panel powered vehicle is very crucial , if the user resides in countries near the poles ; they experience lesser daytime , thus minimizing the chance to utilize the vehicle .
+
+S Speed and power of solar powered vehicle is low in nature because of the way it 's built to tap the energy from , compared to gasoline powered vehicle , another turn off factor .
+
+S Also , in aiming to be energy efficient , the design of the vehicle requires large area surface , which generated space limitation , being too big of a size to maneuver around on public roads .
+
+S In short , the limitations of weather , location , speed , power and space deterred the public from accepting this creation as part of their convenience list .
+
+S Next up , solar cells are what make up the solar panel and it is not surprising that this new technology is of high market value .
+A 1 2|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The initial cost of this type of vehicle is very high compared to what it can offer in return , which is also why patrons are discouraged and rather decide on the conventional gasoline vehicle .
+
+S Since the cells are of high value , and as long in Singapore 's context is concern , most vehicles are parked in the open and not in a garage ; the solar panels on the vehicle are very prone to thievery for personal benefits or vandalism for self satisfaction .
+
+S To add on , solar cells are of delicate piece of engineering , environmental pollutions can degrade the solar cells and the lifespan of these cells are of no better , they can be very random from few months due to loose connections or two decades if properly taken care of .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||Additionally ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To sum it up , solar cells are of high market value due to its scarcity , incurring a high cost in every aspect , such as , repairing because mechanics with knowledge of solar cells are limited and the infrastructure for this product is not widely available commercially , thus the high cost .
+
+S To conclude , for a creation to evolve into successful innovation , the acceptance from the society is the utmost importance , only then it will create a market demand for service provider such as organizations to bring in and further market or develop the product .
+
+S Users being the society and providers being the organization , the absence of either one will not lead to an innovative engineering design .
+
+S Like an old saying goes , " It takes both hands to clap " .
+
+S References
+
+S Clean Energy Ideas .
+
+S ( 2007-2009 ) .
+
+S Disadvantages of Solar Energy .
+
+S Retrieved September 08 , 2009 , from http : //www.clean-energy- ideas.com/articles/disadvantages_of_solar_energy.html
+
+S Do you know that India is crowned the most corrupted countries in the world ?
+
+S ( India Business Blog , n.d. ) In many developing countries , there will be some kind of problems or obstacles that may hamper engineering design processes for innovation .
+
+S So , what are the problems in India that prevent engineers from their design processes for innovations ?
+
+S When we look at the problems that India has which hamper engineers , there are many to list but there are few most important or dangerous obstacles like political corruption & political parties not only affect the engineers work but also the growth of the country .
+
+S The first main problem in India which inhabits the engineering design process is political corruption .
+
+S When one submits a design process for innovations to their higher authorities for approval , the project proposal will not be processed immediately .
+
+S The proposal report will be stacked on the higher authority 's table for months .
+
+S The project proposal will only get processed fast enough when bribing is used .
+
+S A 2005 study done by Transparency International in India found that more than 50 % of the people had first hand experience of paying bribe or peddling influence to get a job done in a public office ( Wikipedia , n.d. ) .
+
+S Road infrastructures projects are one of the engineering projects that would get hamper the most .
+
+S The road systems in many villages and cities in India are either incomplete or done with dissatisfaction .
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many state-funded construction activities in India , such as road building , are dominated by construction mafias , which are grouping of corrupt public works officials , material suppliers , politicians and construction contractors ( Wikipedia , n.d. ) .
+
+S The result of political corruption has bad effects .
+
+S Firstly , the development of the country is inhabited .
+
+S When good & innovating projects are proposed , the projects are not identified by the authorities or they get delayed as the authority officers do not get bribe .
+
+S Secondly , public officers approve unsuitable projects if they get bride for it .
+
+S For example , shoddy construction and substitution like mixing sand in cement while submitting expenses for cement , results in roads and highways being dangerous and sometimes simply washed away when India 's heavy monsoon season .
+
+S Hence , thousands of people & kids get injured or get killed when structures collapse due to poor construction .
+
+S The second problem in India is the political parties .
+
+S There are too many political parties for different states in India .
+
+S There is no one strong voice to lead the country in the right path .
+
+S In July 2008 Washington Times reported that nearly a fourth of the 540 Indian Parliament members faced criminal charges .
+
+S At state level , things were even worse ( Wikipedia , n.d. ) .For example , in Utlar Pradesh Assembly election in 2002 , candidates with criminal records won the majority of seats ( Wikipedia , n.d. ) .
+
+S When the ruling party comes up with an innovative idea to improve the living standard of the people , the opposite party will come up with statements that will oppose their plan .
+
+S For example , water shortage is a huge problem in many parts in India .
+
+S Karnataka state does not let their river to flow into Tamil Nadu .
+
+S The political party in the both states does not have good understanding with each other .
+
+S The effects of the problem are mostly on the people .
+
+S When the political parties in Karnataka & Tamil Nadu does not come up with plans to solve the water issue , the public starts riot to solve their water demands .
+
+S When there is a riot , the normal routing life of the public are affected .
+
+S Innocent people & children get hurt in the riots and even cause death .
+A 11 13|||R:OTHER|||die|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Engineers can not carry on with their water projects to solve the problem because different political parties have different views & comments on the projects .
+
+S Hence , engineers are unable to continue their work .
+
+S In conclusion , the political corruption & political parties ' problems in India are highly affecting the work of an engineer .
+
+S When an engineer works hard to create an innovative or creative design projects , their works are delayed or rejected due to political corruption & misunderstanding between political parties .
+
+S The dream of an engineer is destroyed as there is no one voice to lead the country .
+
+S Engineers can not provide good services to the public when corruption is involved .
+
+S Innocent people get affected by these problems too .
+
+S Public can not get better living standard because of political corruption & political parties as they stop the engineer 's projects & ideas for better living lifestyle .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The public|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To solve these problems , India has to form a good & strong politics .
+
+S The current political parties are mostly occupied by senior citizens & uneducated members .
+
+S Young & educated members should join the politics to lend the country in the right path .
+
+S In that way , most of the engineer 's hard work & innovative ideas will be fulfilled .
+
+S References
+
+S India Business Blog , n.d. India and China crowned the most corrupted countries in the world .
+
+S Retrieved September 8 , 2009 , from http : //trak.in/tags/business/2007/10/17/india-china-top-corruption-index/ Wikipedia .
+
+S Corruption in India .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Retrieved September 7 , 2009 , from http : // en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_in_India
+
+S Engineering design is the process of an attempt to improve the current system by analysing the needs of users , researching , finding solutions and presenting the final product ( Wikipedia , n.d. , para 1 ) .
+
+S However , the engineering design processes for innovation might be hampered because of different problems that are faced during different phases of the process .
+
+S Some of these problems are great enough to result in a failure as a whole .
+
+S We shall discuss two of the problems and their subsequent impact on engineering design in the next few paragraphs .
+
+S Disapproval of ideas due to fiscal reasons is one of the problems .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The disapproval|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The primary objective of having a business is to earn profit .
+
+S Therefore , if a given idea is not believed to produce substantial earnings , the management of the profit driven companies would tend not to approve it as the funds could be channelled to some other more profitable ideas .
+
+S Hence , the development of the idea will be stuck at the research stage as resources such as manpower , raw materials and financial support are not allocated .
+
+S If the engineer is passionate enough , he might be able to implement the idea using his own time and expenses .
+
+S However , this would also mean that the duration of the implementation will be increased relative to one with sufficient support from the management .
+
+S One such example would be how Tetsuya Mizoguchi , a brilliant engineer in the 1980s , managed to see through his idea of compacting a desktop sized personal computer into in the form of a laptop which was highly condemned by his management ( Rogers , 2003 ) .
+
+S Even with the support from the management , the amount of funding allocated is limited by its assigned budget .
+
+S There are certain constrains given the limited budget .
+
+S In addition , the company will also expect the engineer to show some tangible results for them to continue funding the project .
+
+S However cost , time and speed are related .
+
+S Therefore to be able to show some achievement , the speed of research would need to increase thereby increasing the total cost incurred .
+
+S With the significantly increased cost , less people would support the idea of continuing the research .
+
+S Hence , we are now trapped in a catch-22 situation where faster results would mean more cost and more cost would mean less support .
+
+S The engineering design process would then be stranded at the research stage if the support garnered is insufficient to justify its funding .
+
+S In conclusion , the problems that pose the largest threat to the engineering design process would be the disapproval of ideas due to fiscal reasons and also the need for quick results for proper funding to take place .
+
+S The latter is a more challenging problem as it not as straight forward to solve as the former .
+
+S References
+
+S Engineering design process .
+
+S Retrieved September 9 , 2009 from { http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_design_process } [ HYPERLINK : http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_design_process ]
+
+S Rogers ( 2003 ) .
+
+S The birth of the laptop .
+
+S Retrieved June 9 , 2009 from { http : //www.ivle.nus.edu.sg/workbin/file_download.aspx ? workbinid = a841d9e6-4e47-407b-a86a-1076c79a67d5&dwFolderId = 6d679fa2-a631-4913-97af-4d7dda944f64&dwFileId = 27239a18-c360-42dd-87de-399574875702 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.ivle.nus.edu.sg/workbin/file_download.aspx ? workbinid = a841d9e6-4e47-407b-a86a-1076c79a67d5&dwFolderId = 6d679fa2-a631-4913-97af-4d7dda944f64&dwFileId = 27239a18-c360-42dd-87de-399574875702 ]
+
+S According to Mr. Il Houng Lee , representative of International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) organization in Viet Nam ( December , 2008 ) " To reach Singapore pace of growth , Viet Nam will need 158 years more " ( Tri Duong , GeographyIQ , cited in PHP news in Viet Nam 2008 , para.1 ) .
+
+S That affirmation had caused a tumult in public opinion and forced each Vietnamese people to question " Why was our country growing in such a slow pace like that while possessing plentiful resources and abundant young labour ?
+
+S " From my point of view , the main and deep causes are the outdated system of education and the insufficiency in governmental management , which not only affect Viet Nam growth in general but in fact , to be more specifically , hamper its key , the engineering design processes for innovations .
+
+S Firstly , the problem of the system of education is always existing as an obstacle for many aspects , especially in Engineering where creativity and innovation should be privileged , where the personal and original opinion should be highly respected , that is why we have to analyze to its core .
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||has always been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
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+
+S In Viet Nam , the traditional ways of teaching and learning which are still currently applied in every establishments are too passive : teachers read out loud or write on the board and students copy , all information must be memorized exactly the same in the manuals , the syllabus for teachers must be 100 % respected , etc,... thus there are no creative ideas , no new thing to teach , no spontaneous students and no active classes where personal opinions could be freely express .
+
+S Therefore , real engineers hardly glow from that kind of environment .
+
+S So how can this outdated system still survive until this moment ?
+
+S Whose fault is it ?
+
+S Many scholars when analyzing and criticizing the weakness and lag of the current system of education often compare or justify by saying : " In the past , our time were this.were that .
+
+S but now ... " however they forget that comparison has already become outdated " ( Vietnamnet , 29/09/2008 ) .Now we know , the whole system has been outdated from the past to the present , because of that mind set , no one seems to like the idea of changing , no innovations could slip in that traditional-so-called system of education .
+
+S Moreover , the quality of material for the studying environment is also degrading , which in fact is another factor that hampers the overall development of innovation in design engineering process of Viet Nam .
+
+S Among the latest series of newspaper with many comments about the system of education in Vietnam , including the Chronicle of Higher Education of USA who commented that the slow progress of the system of universities in Viet Nam is no different than the one from 20-30 years ago .
+
+S This specialized in education newspaper said : " Economists indicate that Vietnam does not even have one university which is considered having the international quality .
+
+S " ( MYE forum , 08/06/2006 , para.1 ) .The quality of infra-structure and education serving tools are that low , same goes for the quality of teaching , but the main point here is the ones who have the right to change and improve that entire thing hardly taking a concern .
+A 20 21|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
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+
+S As a result , the bad effects seems to outweigh all : the source of workers flows to foreign countries where they can find an ideal environment for studies and works , most never come back to mother country ; it is too easy to hold 2 or 3 degrees/diplomas/certificates but in fact the holders have no professional knowledge and experiences ; not only lack of professional workers but the their quality has also gone down .
+
+S That is the reason why the outdated system of education in Viet Nam plays an " essential " role in destroying potential and talented engineers .
+
+S If we only change the educational system , it is not sufficient enough to solve the growth retardation in technical design and innovations of Viet Nam .
+
+S Indeed , the slow development in engineering design process of Viet Nam is also seriously affected by the weak management of government .
+
+S Although Viet Nam is rich in natural resources but its government does not have suitable methods to impulse the development of business and economy .
+
+S For instance , the strategy of Viet Nam to attract the investment from foreign and local companies is not really effective .
+
+S According to a statistics of World Bank ( WB ) organization on " Doing business in 2010 " , Viet Nam has dropped down two levels due to the complicated procedure of export and import duties , in which it costs too much time to complete the whole formalities ( Tri Duong , GeographyIQ , cited in PHP news in Viet Nam 2009 , para.9 ) .
+
+S Besides , the statistics shows no reduction in the number of times a company in Viet Nam has to pay taxes , which can reach up to 32 times per year ( Tri Duong , GeographyIQ , cited in PHP news in Viet Nam 2009 , para.10 ) .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||show|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The complication in the official procedure causes the hesitance of investors , and it subsequently affects the development of design process and innovations of engineers , who need investment to execute their projects .
+
+S In addition , the weak in governmental management is also reflected in the brain-drain problem of Viet Nam .
+A 4 5|||R:MORPH|||weakness|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This problem has happened for a long time due to the lack of investment of Government in young-manpower .
+
+S From a website discussion on the quality of education in Singapore , Vietnamese students studying in NUS insisted " Innovation and creativity of young human resources has made Singapore become a very strong country in both commerce and technology ; Singapore always consider attracting the talent manpower as top priority , while government of Viet Nam does not focus on encouraging creativity and intelligence to speed up the development of whole country " ( Doan Xuan Loc , BBC Viet Nam , 2009 , part 3 ) .
+
+S Therefore , developing innovation and creativity in young manpower is also the main factor which affects the design process of engineering .
+
+S From all the analyses above , we could see through the direct causes which influence the engineering design processes and innovations are the weakness in the administration of education system and governmental structure .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a Vietnamese student who is studying abroad and receiving the advanced education of Singapore , I myself realize that for Viet Nam to be able to catch up the World 's developing pace , we must find a wise way to reform and improve considerately also uniformly in every domain .
+
+S The privileged goal is to renovate the system of education and government ; because these are the essential elements which can help Viet Nam achieving certain breakthroughs in science-technology , from that found a powerful and prosperous country .
+
+S References :
+
+S http : //tintonghop.info/news/14/23/3171225/ ( World Bank Organization website- Doing business 2010 )
+
+S Translated by Tri Duong , Word Bank organization , cited in PHP news in Viet Nam 2008 , para.1 from http : //tintonghop.info/news/14/23/3146926/
+
+S Collection from Vietnamnet http : //tintuc.xalo.vn/20- 761700860/1155447186XLcai_cach_giao_duc_vi_sao_la_tat_yeu_i.html ) .
+
+S MYE forum ( 08/06/2006 ) from http : //www.maiyeuem.net/vtopic128126.html )
+
+S Tri Duong , cited in PHP news in Viet Nam 2009 from http : //tintonghop.info/news/14/23/3171225/
+
+S Doan Xuan Loc , BBC Viet Nam , 21/04/2009 from http : //www.bbc.co.uk/vietnamese/vietnam/2009/04/090421_vietstudents_singapor e.shtml
+
+S There is a common catch phrase in the Singapore educational system - think out of the box .
+
+S Essentially the concept of 'thinking out of the box ' revolves around the idea of innovativeness .
+
+S Some people find it difficult to do so and interestingly enough , they even took courses to learn to be creative .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||take|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Little did these people know that they are already embedded with this ability ever since they were born .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||do|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Indeed , we unknowingly use our innovativeness to fill ourselves with excuses for doing or not doing something .
+
+S In engineering context , engineers use their creativity to create new products and according to Khandani ( 2005 ) , " What distinguishes engineers from painters , poets , or sculptors is that engineers apply their creative energies to producing products or systems that meet human needs .
+
+S This creative act is called design .
+
+S " Nevertheless it is often easier said than done , as there are always factors hampering creativity .
+
+S Once such obstacles are overcome , it becomes easier for one to innovate .
+
+S The first problem that a prospective innovator will face is actually his ability to accept failure positively .
+
+S This is because the process of creating a new product often requires the innovator to continuously modifying it .
+
+S It also implies that an engineering design often requires many failed attempts before a breakthrough is obtained .
+
+S In the process of doing so , the innovator may at times , needs to challenge the conventional way of doing things in order to obtain a new approach in solving a problem .
+
+S As such , some risks need to be taken .
+
+S Unfortunately in Singapore , many of us do not have this mindset in the first place .
+
+S Probably due to the fact that we are overly result orientated that we do not like the idea of risk taking .
+
+S Risk taking is often seen as undesirable as it does not guarantee a result that we expect it to be .
+
+S A successful inventor will at some point of time , take some calculated risk to make their idea a reality and if every risk is minimized , it may not be possible to do so .
+
+S For instance , the Wright Brothers risk their reputation to fly the world 's first aircraft .
+
+S If they were to think like a Singaporean , it would be unlikely that we have airbus flying in our skies .
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The result of being so negative about risk taking is that many plausible ideas may not have taken flight .
+
+S As such , the chances of getting another Singaporean innovator like Sim Wong Hoo , is low .
+
+S This does not borne well especially when our economy is heading towards being knowledge based .
+
+S Hence if we were to change our attitude towards innovation and risk taking , perhaps , we might see a new technology conglomerate originating from Singapore someday .
+
+S Another obstacle that potential innovators will face is the process of identifying underlying problems they might face even before embarking on their project .
+
+S Many people often focus their attention on the product itself but failed to look at other issues like cost management , marketing , product 's aesthtic and safety requirements .
+
+S These problems are related to each other and neglecting them will lead to the possible failure of the product as a whole .
+
+S For example , although the raincoat is more effective than umbrella in protecting people from rain , many adults still refuse to use raincoat due to its poor aesthtic .
+
+S This further illustrates that in order for a product to be successful , innovators need to pay attention to other factors as well .
+
+S In Singapore , many of the people tend to frown at problems and justify their actions in the form in complaints .
+
+S In doing so , they are not being objective in resolving the problem instead ; they are trying to give themselves a false sense of disillusion that the problem is caused by others .
+
+S While there may be some truth in it , it just goes to show that Singaporeans place their priority in shifting the blame to others before identifying theirs .
+
+S This does not meant well for any new Singaporean innovator seeking to engineer a new product design .
+
+S By shifting the blame on external factors , the underlying problems will never be resolved .
+
+S Therefore , in order to be prepared in all aspect , innovators need to be alert to all possible problems he might face .
+
+S In conclusion , it is clear that there are many factors that will hamper engineering design process for innovation .
+
+S More often than not , many people succumbed to these obstacles and never had the chance to realize their ideas .
+
+S Ultimately it boils down to the amount of planning that an innovator does .
+
+S The more work he does in anticipating problems , the less he will encounter .
+
+S After all , people who fail to plan , plan to fail .
+
+S Reference :
+
+S Seyyed , Khandani .
+
+S Engineering Design Process : Education Transfer Plan .
+
+S August 2005 .
+
+S 8 September , 2009
+
+S Undoubtedly , China has emerged as the world 's technological and industrial giant since the last two decades .
+A 13 14|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Engineering professionals and scientists have definitely contributed significantly to the country 's advancement .
+
+S Even though the country recognises the importance of such progress , there are still some problems that significantly hamper engineering design processes for innovations .
+
+S Firstly , the rigid education system in China is one of the main obstacles which hinder engineering innovations .
+
+S Education is one of the crucial factors which determine a country 's might .
+
+S The education system in every country plays a key role in moulding the future of the country .
+
+S The rigid education system in most parts of China , however , places more emphasis on books and academic results , rather than promoting creativity in the classrooms .
+
+S There are millions of students in the country and it is therefore very competitive to stand out among all .
+
+S Perhaps , the only best way to distinguish one is through a series of examinations .
+
+S Due to such reason , there is simply no room for creativity and innovation in the class .
+
+S Students or rather the young generations grow up with the mindset that achieving excellent results is much more important than being innovative .
+
+S As a result , without promoting and inculcating the significance of being creative , engineering design processes are hampered at the beginning stage .
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
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+
+S In addition , raising enough funds for engineering design purposes has always been a problem .
+
+S Even if the passionate engineers get together and plan to launch a project , it is very difficult to get sponsorship .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Most of the time , the designing processes may require sophisticated equipments and materials which may not be easily available within the country .
+
+S Sometimes , the engineers have to import the necessary resources overseas .
+
+S If the project would be carried out over a few years , the funds would be running low very fast .
+
+S Therefore , the engineering design processes may most likely end half way due to the lack of funding .
+
+S Moreover , there is also lack of role models for young engineers in China .
+A 4 5|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The country has just started her technological and industrial progress in the recent decades .
+
+S Unlike the US and the European countries , China does not have a long historical record of her own engineering precedence .
+
+S For example , China has become the one of the largest semiconductor industry in the world .
+
+S However , those semiconductors are still not as good as those in Silicon Valley .
+
+S A group of computer engineers created the powerful search engine Baidu which is another modification of Google .
+
+S Thus , there is a lack of the originality of the idea during the designing processes .
+
+S Finally , the country has vast land size with the world 's largest population size .
+
+S This means that it is rather difficult to have a centralised authority to control and regulate private engineering design sectors .
+
+S As a result , intellectual property has become a sensitive issue in China .
+
+S In fact , China even has a poor reputation for protecting intellectual property .
+
+S This has in turn discouraged engineers , both local and international , to conduct any research or experiment in the country .
+
+S Moreover , the issue of intellectual property even dismay many foreign investors to provide sponsorship for engineering design in China .
+
+S Therefore , the external factors may also undermine the engineering design processes .
+
+S All in all , although there has been significant progress within China as a whole , there are in fact many problems that hamper engineering design processes .
+
+S If some of these obstacles can be solved or overcome , the country would benefit even more significantly due to the contributions from the engineering design sector .
+
+S Many people usually consider Singapore as a hub for Engineering and Innovation .
+
+S We have a strong economy , a stable social system , as well as a relatively uncorrupted government .
+
+S Moreover , Singapore 's ongoing push for a " Knowledge Based Economy " ( KBE ) to " sustain growth and help keep Singapore competitive1 " ( Timothy Ouyang 2008 ) allows us to be the forerunners in today 's demand for design and engineering .
+
+S Even so , we still can not assume that Singapore is the ideal place for Engineering and Innovation .
+
+S We know that no country is perfect , and no country can fully adhere to the Engineering Design Processes that Khandani has postulated in his article " Engineering Design Processes " .
+
+S Khandani states that the five major processes are : " Defining the problem " , " Gathering information " , " Generate multiple solutions " , " Analyze and select a solution " , and finally " Test and implement solution2 " ( Khandani 2005 ) .
+
+S Although Singapore has the means to encompass these above processes to produce innovative design , certain problems arise to hamper our design processes .
+
+S Two of the biggest problems lie in our lack of experience , as well as our cultural mindsets .
+
+S These two problems are interlinked , and they hamper the above five Engineering Design Process in many ways .
+
+S The first problem , as I take to believe , would be our lack of experience and development in engineering and innovation .
+A 4 9|||R:OTHER|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although Singapore is a developed nation with a developed education system and economy , our development is very recent in comparison to Europe and the United States .
+
+S Thirty years ago , our industry was still predominantly based on manufacturing .
+
+S The engineering sector only took off in the 1990s , along with the initial conceptualization for the KBE .
+
+S Therefore , although our students in colleges , polytechnics and universities are equipped with critical thinking skills for design invention and innovation , we do not have any experience and still remain as 'Engineers on paper' .
+
+S True knowledge is epistemic and empirical in nature ; and according to Khandani , expertise in the Engineering Design Process requires an iterative critical inquiry on practical problems and solutions ( paraphrased from Khandani 2005 ) .
+
+S Indeed , Singapore recognizes this problem , and is currently focusing on further development in the Research and Development sector .
+
+S Also , our leaders encourage creativity and entrepreneurship in our people .
+
+S Yet , this ideal will not be realized for the time being .
+
+S And in the meantime , our lack of experience and development in engineering and innovation continues to pose a problem for aspiring engineers , as well as design processes for innovations .
+
+S Why is the ideal for practical development not going to be realized in the near future ?
+
+S A very plausible reason would be due to the Social mindset of Singaporeans , and it is also this very factor that hampers the Engineering Design Process for Innovations .
+
+S As Singapore is an Asian country , many Singaporeans tend to adopt Asian values and mindsets- which advocate adhering to social norms and not go against convention or 'the textbook' .
+
+S Also , the value of family before self results in many Singaporeans not wanting to risk themselves for a breakthrough in personal achievement .
+
+S Fuelled by the recent economic crises , many Singaporeans prefer to 'play it safe'- to stick to stable , routine and high paying jobs ; than to get creative , take risks and be curious of the unknown .
+
+S It is from this reason we have the aphorism : 'stick to the iron-rice-bowl' .
+
+S While such mindsets ensure a relatively stable life for us and our families , it promotes contentment and impedes self-improvement .
+A 14 15|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
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+A 18 19|||R:VERB:SVA|||impede|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We know that the Engineering Design Process requires the continuous process of construction and tearing down of existing schemas .
+
+S To do so requires great flexibility of mind , as well as a certain zest for personal breakthrough and risk taking .
+
+S It is in this respect our mindsets greatly impede on the philosophy of Engineering , and hence pose a problem on the designing process for innovations .
+
+S Now , we know that the Engineering Design Process in essence produces the ideal methods of inquiry and processing into any engineering design .
+
+S But with our lack of empirical knowledge , added on to our fixed cultural mindsets , such processes can not be holistically considered .
+
+S For a start , our mindset fixation adversely hampers our ability to " Define the problem " - the first step of the engineering process .
+
+S Our unwillingness to seek for problems in life leads to an inability to recognise a potential improvement when it comes .
+
+S Also , the second process of " Generate Multiple Solutions " is affected .
+
+S The value of 'going by the book ' may render us so accustomed to stick to the fail-safe solution we learn from textbooks we do not want to write books anymore .
+
+S This problem can be seen from the way our students consider education .
+
+S To the Singaporean student , education is primarily aimed for the passing of examinations and to acquire a job , rather than to join ranks of our leading Engineers in development and innovation .
+
+S If we were to persist with such static frames of mind , then we can never breakthrough our existing achievements ; be it through innovation and Engineering via the Engineering Design Process , or even by any other way .
+
+S Moreover , our lack of establishment in engineering research and development may pose further problems to the Engineering Design Process .
+
+S Professor Seah has given a classical analogy of this issue when he narrates his personal endeavours to design the NUS car .
+
+S According to him , one of the greatest problems the NUS team encountered during the design process was the inability to seek advice from experienced people on how to build a car ; due to the absence of an existing car industry in Singapore .
+
+S " Testing and implementation " would hence be based on trial and error , and the pool of knowledge we base our future innovations upon is greatly limited to foreign talent and textbooks .
+
+S We would be unable to " Gather Information " effectively , as well as select the right solution to our problems if we were to encounter any .
+
+S We have seen how the problems of our lack of experience and expertise , coupled with our static mindsets , can affect multiple stages of the Engineering Design Process for Innovations , and ultimately innovation itself .
+
+S Unless we strive to break our existing conservative mindsets- to be inquisitive in mind and daring in heart as our government calls for ; then can we bring to life the true knowledge of engineering .
+
+S We would then be able to impart the full knowledge of engineering to our future generations : the experience , mindset and example of true engineering philosophy .
+
+S References :
+
+S 1Timothy Oyang .
+
+S " Knowledge-based industries set to sustain Singapore 's Growth .
+
+S " Channelnewsasia 24 March 2008 < { http : //www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporebusinessnews/view/336959/1/.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporebusinessnews/view/336959/1/.html ] >
+
+S 2Seyyed Khandani .
+
+S " Engineering Design Process- Education Transfer Plan .
+
+S " IISME/Solectron/2005 August 2005
+
+S 3 paraphrased from Professor Seah 's Guest Lecture given 28 August 2009 .
+
+S In Singapore , there are various problems that may significantly hamper engineering design processes for innovations .
+
+S These problems comprise of , insufficient funds , insufficient resources , design may not be aesthetically pleasing to be selected and copyright infringement .
+A 3 4|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Of these four identified problems , I would highlight two of them and the effects that they had on certain stages of the process .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Insufficient funds and resources are two problems that may significantly hinder engineering design processes for innovations .
+
+S The completion of the process might be slowed down due to financial constraint and the parties involved in the engineering design process might have to seek financial help .
+
+S For example , in the case of the Marina Bay Sands Integrated Resort , the engineering processes were affected due to financial constraint .
+
+S According to Channelnewsasia ( 19 November 2008 ) , it was reported that the shares for Las Vega Sands Corporation have lost an astonishing of more than 90 % in a year , and it was US $ 8.8 billion ( S $ 13b ) in debt .
+
+S As a result , many feared that Las Vega Sands Corporation might go bankrupt .
+
+S Therefore , the opening of the Marina Sands Integrated Resort had to be delayed .
+
+S The above example was an illustration of lack of sufficient funds to keep the innovation design going .
+
+S Lacking in funds can lead to the disruption of the progress of an engineering design process .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||The lack|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The engineering design process will be disturbed when there is not enough money to buy relevant resources required .
+
+S Insufficient funds may not allow the engineering design process to proceed .
+
+S For example , the innovation design of the race car from National University of Singapore may not have been so successful without sufficient financial support from the school .
+
+S Therefore , shortage of funds and financial help may hinder to the progress of the engineering process , as in the case of , the Marina Sands Integrated Resort and also prevent an engineering process to begin , as in the race car example .
+
+S Another problem that might hamper engineering design processes for innovations would be insufficient resources .
+
+S Insufficient resources would mean , not having enough raw materials or materials needed for the engineering innovation design process .
+
+S Resources need not be mainly on materials , but also manpower or labour .
+
+S For example , in the case of the Marina Bay Sands Integrated Resort , there was a shortage of materials such as sand and steel .
+
+S There was sand ban on sand exports and contractors could not get sand that was needed from the fabrication of concrete .
+
+S Secondly , there was a lack of manpower and the construction process was slowed down as a result .
+
+S These two main factors , lacking in manpower and materials had hindered to the progress of the engineering design process .
+
+S In conclusion , as illustrated in the case of the marina sands integrated resort and the engineering innovation design of the race car , we can see that lacking in funds and resources are two obstacles that engineers had to consider .
+
+S The impacts that each problems had , can affect gravely on the progress of the engineering innovative design and they should be well- planned .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||impact|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S Choo Zheng Xi ( 2008 , November 2008 ) .
+
+S The Online Citizen , Retrieved September 08,2009 , from http : //theonlinecitizen.com/2008/11/las-vegas-sands-and-election-punting- cut-your-losses-or-double-or-nothing/
+
+S During innovation development process , there are two groups of people ; they are technological determinism and social determinism .
+A 14 15|||R:MORPH|||technologically|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:MORPH|||deterministic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:MORPH|||socially|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:MORPH|||deterministic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Which one should we accept ?
+
+S The development of telephone tells us that socially determined rather than society being technologically determined .
+A 7 7|||M:OTHER|||it was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , the most obvious change we can see is the size of the mobile phone .
+
+S Since the first generation phone which was invented in 1973 until now , the weight of the phone from 1kg was greatly reduced to the lightest mobile phone of merely 40g .
+
+S This tremendous change is due to the population demand ; the mini sized phone is so much more convenient compared to the 1kg phone .
+
+S It is so light and small that we sometimes , even forget that we are actually carrying one .
+
+S Following that the world is becoming more and more of an intensive developing cyber-epoch and global village is also seeing a faster pace of life .
+
+S The people claim that modern life is facing enormous time-constraint .
+
+S A lot of people even work 24-7 .
+
+S So the internet surfing on the mobile phone was invented .
+
+S You can surf internet anytime and anywhere as long as connection is available .
+
+S So now you can even work even on the way home !
+
+S A new innovation is the GPS on the mobile phone .
+
+S This function served many purpose , example , family members can now know whereabouts of their disability family members when they are lost .
+
+S For user who likes to go hiking , they can even navigate their direction in the wild .
+
+S And of course , during an emergency , paramedic personnel and rescue people can locate their victim more easily and accurately , thus saving precious time .
+
+S Lastly , the whole world is facing the proliferation of aging population in this contemporary world , so caring for old people is many developed countries ' top social priority .
+
+S This leads to the invention of the big button cell phone .
+
+S The big button phone designed with big numbers and bright text is most welcome by many of our elderly friends .
+
+S It is quite similar to the normal desktop phone , but big button telephones that are special designed for the elderly population make sure it is simple to use and safe .
+
+S The design is also carefully thought of so as not to confuse or annoy the users , like leaving out any unnecessary features .
+
+S There is even a button for emergency call , users can simply press that special button when anything happen .
+
+S In conclusion , the idea of having a small size phone and internet came from the social people , and the GPS function and big button telephone is the idea which are proposed by the government .
+
+S The telephone is definitely both a big business and a successful technology story which and the society definitely played a big part in it .
+
+S Technology can not change society , only the society can choose how the technology develops in a feasible way .
+
+S References
+
+S Tom Farley .
+
+S ( 03/11/2009 ) .
+
+S Private line 's Telephone History Part 1 & 2 .
+
+S Retrieved September 5 , 2009 , from { http : //affordablephones.net/HistoryTelephone.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //affordablephones.net/HistoryTelephone.htm ]
+
+S Does technology change society ?
+
+S Orbicom and IDRC - 2008 Retrieved September 5 , 2009 , from http : //www.digital-review.org/themes/26-social-political-and-cultural-aspects-of-icts.html ?
+
+S Rogers , E.M. ( 2003 ) .
+
+S Opinion leaders and mavens in the diffusion of electric cars .
+
+S In Diffusion of innovations ( pp.87-89 ) .
+
+S New York : free press
+
+S Rogers , E.M. ( 2003 ) .
+
+S The generation of innovations .
+
+S In Diffusion of innovations ( pp.136-158 ) .
+
+S New York : free press
+
+S Engineering design process may be defined as the process where engineers apply their creative thinking to produce products or systems that meet human needs .
+
+S In the process of engineering design for innovation , there is no doubt that a lot of problems and difficulties will be faced .
+
+S Although there are problems and obstacles , the development in engineering design for innovations is crucial and essential .
+
+S My home country , Malaysia , also try to develop it but several problems are met .
+
+S Among these problems , the two major problems are financial problem and technical problem .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First and foremost , money plays an important part in the development of engineering design process .
+
+S Malaysia is still a developing country from every aspect and the finance of Malaysia is not robust enough to make a significant leap in the development of engineering design .
+
+S From the last few decades till now , many countries include Malaysia have been facing financial crisis and economic storm .
+
+S As a result , The Federal Government of Malaysia tends to emphasizes more on economic progression and development but only little attention is given to the development of engineering design .
+
+S Without adequate amount of capital , development of engineering design becomes very difficult and inefficient .
+
+S Advanced technologies used in foreign country can not be introduced into Malaysia because of insufficient capital .
+
+S Maintaining and repairing the high-technology machines and devices require high costs , too .
+
+S Furthermore , talented people are hard to be attracted as there is no good working environment and no sufficient capital for those skilled people to carry out their researches .
+
+S Moreover , it costs a lot to build modern working environment and high-tech facilities .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The next problem is technical problem .
+
+S Malaysia has not reached the high-technology level to design an engineering product and there is no working environment culture for engineering design .
+
+S There are too few technicians or people who are specialized in engineering design .
+
+S Education system in Malaysia show too little concern for the engineering design academia .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The education|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||shows|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S People lack of knowledge and information in engineering design , thus they are not able to deal with current and future practical problems .
+A 2 3|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , technologies in Malaysia still need improvement , as most of the technologies are introduced from foreign countries .
+
+S The facilities for experiment and researches have not met the basic level of performing .
+
+S The lack of technical skills has brought much effect on the development of engineering design in Malaysia .
+
+S On one hand , the facilities and devices used are not excellent enough to perform good experiments , resulting in inaccurate results with more errors .
+
+S On the other hand , Malaysia lack of skillful labor and this has resulted in an inefficient production of creative innovations .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||lacks|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Both low accuracy experiment results and inefficient production can not be solved easily .
+
+S These technical problems have caused slow progression of development of engineering design .
+
+S To sum up , financial problems and technical problems have significantly hampered the development of engineering design process .
+
+S Although there are still obstacles and problems exist upon the road of development of engineering design , I do believe that my home country , Malaysia , can overcome them as time passes .
+
+S With the world 's population increasing , it is expected that there will be a growing demand for food .
+
+S Hence , one current human need that should be given priority is to have sufficient food for the world population because we all do not wish to be in the Malthusian trap of over-population .
+
+S According to Khandani ( 2005 ) , engineering design processes can meet this need through the systematic application of the five main steps : defining the problem , gathering relevant information , generating multiple solutions , analyzing a solution and lastly , testing and implementing the solution .
+
+S The first step of defining the problem by identifying and establishing the need , ensures that we have chosen a 'real ' need and not a 'perceived ' need to work on .
+
+S Indeed , having sufficient food is a 'real ' need because we have seen how Thomas Malthus 's ghost stalks many of the poverty-stricken areas such as Ethiopia , Somalia and Niger where starvation due to famine has led to the loss of many lives .
+
+S More importantly , this step reminds us that we are addressing the 'real ' need of having sufficient food for basic sustenance which deserves more attention and not the 'perceived ' need of having food for relaxation , personal fulfillment or interest .
+
+S Next step of defining the problem involves developing a problem statement which allows us to specifically address and successfully meet the need to have sufficient food .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The next|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this case , it would be to increase food production by designing a crop that is able to withstand adverse environmental conditions so that more land can be used to grow crops and a crop that can be harvested all year round so that the amount of food produced is not limited by seasons .
+
+S The crop designed must be low cost so that even farmers living in poverty can also afford to buy the seeds of the crop .
+
+S Moreover , the crop should not rely heavily on the application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in order to grow well as this will have detrimental effects on the environment .
+
+S The next step of engineering design process-gathering relevant information enables us to be aware of the types of crops currently being manufactured and used , from which we can assess their effectiveness and improve on the current crops used .
+
+S Information regarding current research efforts on crops development can also provide us with an invaluable insight .
+
+S We can also utilize our creativity to generate alternatives to meet the need to have sufficient food such as devising new irrigation methods or new ways to make barren land fertile again .
+
+S Furthermore , analysis of the design also makes sure that the design can really work and people are willing to use the design .
+
+S For example , we can test the feasibility of the design by first implementing it in a small field and see whether the crop designed actually matures faster .
+
+S We can also carry out market surveys or make industrial visits to obtain people 's responses and opinions on the design which we can take into considerations when improving on the design .
+
+S All these will help us to make an informed decision whether to implement the design on a larger scale .
+
+S In conclusion , through engineering design process , we ensure that only 'real ' need is being addressed , relevant information is gathered to serve as a basis to generate multiple solutions and the design is analyzed thoroughly before it is implemented to meet the need of have sufficient food .
+
+S What determines a technology to be good or bad ?
+
+S Well , technologies are there to supposedly improve our way of life .
+A 7 7|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We assume technologies are constantly changing for the better .
+
+S However , this may not always be true .
+
+S A technology that looks seemingly practical and useful to our everyday lives may not function well in the society .
+
+S In other words , technology is a product of the society .
+
+S It may be technically sound but may not be well received by the end users .
+
+S We have to understand that technologies not only have to be shaped around technical factors but also around social and economical ones .
+
+S One important technology that was shaped as such was the electric refrigerator .
+
+S Electric refrigerators have been competing with gas refrigerators that are technologically better and have overwhelming advantages .
+
+S These gas refrigerators are quieter and have no moving parts and thus tend to last longer than electric refrigerators .
+
+S So why do electric refrigerators still manage to spot better sales in the market ?
+
+S Firstly , the constant adoption of electric refrigerators was greatly influenced by economic factors .
+
+S According to an article on diffusion of innovations by Rogers E.M. , large companies like General Electric and General Motors had an economic advantage over smaller companies that produce gas refrigerators .
+
+S For example , Kelvinator , a large electric refrigerator production company had a budget that was 33 times more than the Common Sense Company , which was a smaller gas refrigerator production company .
+
+S As a result , these larger companies can afford to pour huge amounts of funding into electric refrigerators as they had earlier decided that larger profits could be made from them .
+
+S Moreover , with economic advantage , these larger companies can afford to spend a huge sum of money to intensively promote their electric refrigerators to gain better advertising .
+
+S Smaller companies were unable to match these giants and thus remain stagnant .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||remained|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With lack of advertising , their products were poorly accepted in the market .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides companies being influenced by potential profitability and having gained access to better funding , social factors also played a part .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:FORM|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:TENSE|||play|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Better advertising by larger companies has led consumers to believe that electric refrigerators are still the product of choice .
+
+S This is an example of how larger companies socially shaped the product .
+
+S In addition , consumers also have an issue with gas refrigerators .
+
+S Most gas refrigerators use ammonia as coolants .
+
+S These coolants are not use by electric refrigerators .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:FORM|||used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Consumers did not like the idea of storing their food products in gas refrigerators as they thought the harmful coolant might contaminate their food .
+
+S As a result , gas refrigerators were not favourable among consumers and that led to an increase in sales of electric refrigerators instead .
+
+S The battle between these two types of refrigerators is still happening today with electric refrigerators having a competitive edge over the other .
+
+S In conclusion , companies and even individuals have economically and socially shaped electric refrigerators , making them a preferred product over technologically better gas refrigerators .
+
+S In this new era of globalization , we must not deny the importance of implementation of design into engineering problem solving processes .
+A 17 18|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These two are strongly related and without designing mind , engineers definitely could not solve a problem based on engineering knowledge .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:TENSE|||can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , engineers are taught to consider engineering design during their tertiary education .
+
+S Nowadays , people are having a misconception that design is just simply the planning that lays the physical shape and pattern of every object or system .
+A 3 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But the truth is that engineering design is the decision-mailing process , in which the basic sciences , mathematics , and engineering sciences are applied to convert resources optimally to meet a stated objective .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN|||decision-making|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:VERB|||converge|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , in designing a car , internal combustion engine are specifically configured to work optimally and therefore the design of components such as cooling system and piston engine valves should be taken into consideration .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||engines|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , in our very own country , Malaysia , some problems have arisen in which significantly hamper the engineering design processes for innovation and these have resulted in severe impact on certain stages of the process .
+A 14 15|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The most common factor which contributes to the failing of the process is the insufficient fund provided to complete the whole process and by means , the process includes definition of problems , narrowing of research , finding of several alternative solutions , determination of the most possible solution and lastly the making of decision .
+A 22 26|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 29|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 54 54|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If no fund is provided , such process could not be completed .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This could be explained because in order to determine the most possible solution in engineering design process , we have to conduct many experiments and these experiments require materials in which money must be injected into the project .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , over in Malaysia , we have our own national car corporation , which is known as Proton .
+
+S However the selling of their cars simply could not bypass the sales of other imported cars such Honda and Mitshibitsu .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB|||overtake|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:PREP|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is simply due to the fact that it is not efficient and well designed enough to compete among all car retailers , which is the cruel truth that recognised by every Malaysians .
+A 20 22|||R:NOUN|||cars|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 29|||M:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:MORPH|||Malaysian|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Based on the fact it reflects the insufficient investment by Proton 's shareholder in Malaysia compared to total equity owned by big corporation .
+A 0 1|||M:OTHER|||This is based|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the money big corporation possesses , they are able to conduct Research and Development of their own product and at last launch out the product which is efficient and generates greater revenue compared to other smaller competitors .
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||corporations possess|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another root problem that hampers engineering design process is the lack of education to engineers about engineering design knowledge during their tertiary education .
+A 13 14|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Universities play an undoubtedly significant role to educate future engineers to execute engineering design process in future while at work .
+
+S Unfortunately in Malaysia , design-centric knowledge is not given much emphasis .
+
+S Knowledge taught during lecture is not enough to develop student to think creatively and determine alternative solutions from problems arisen .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||students|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:FORM|||arise|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore there is none or simply only a few research laboratories are set up in campus to encourage undergraduates to determine problems generated themselves during experiment .
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 24|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore exposure to definition of problems is not greater enough to let students to find other possible problems by themselves .
+A 8 9|||R:ADJ|||extensive|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB|||allow|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , engineering design process is important to meet complex challenges in the world such as global warming and all types of pollution .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Fund must be injected to project in order to execute the process .
+A 4 5|||R:PART|||into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:MORPH|||projects|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly , education system must be reviewed in order to solve such challenges and bring us a new generation of engineers who are able to devise innovations guided by the perspectives of a true designer .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Factors That Hamper the Innovation of Engineering Design
+
+S China has been developing very fast these years .
+
+S Along with the expansion of industry and the growth of national economic strength .
+
+S Chinese entrepreneurs have gradually abandoned the mass-but-cheap production mode .
+
+S On the other hand , they swicth their attention to production mode which involves much technological innovation .
+A 0 4|||R:OTHER|||Instead|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB|||have switched|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , there are still numerous factors which hamper the innovation of engineering design in my country .
+
+S For example , the lack of fund and talents .
+
+S But , I would like to unveil two essential factors , which are the managerial problem of state-run entrepreneurs and the lack of intellectual property protection .
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN|||enterprises|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Regarding to the first problem , it is of high importance that we investigate the background of leaders in state-run entrepreneurs .
+A 1 2|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN|||enterprises|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The leaders are directly appointed by central government .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Interestingly , the criteria is not about how well marketing experience or managerial ability the person has .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||much|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is about whether the person is loyal to the government .
+
+S Thus , many importance positions in an entrepreneur belong to government officers , which as a result , makes the entrepreneur like government .
+A 3 4|||R:MORPH|||important|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN|||enterprise|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN|||enterprise|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The bureaucratic style in a company will create rigidity during the process of management and production .
+
+S In this way , innovation of engineering design will be affected .
+
+S In addition to the problem of leadership in state-run entrepreneurs , the problem created by the monopolistic status of state-run entrepreneurs also can not be neglected .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN|||enterprises|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN|||enterprises|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As far as I am concerned , monopolism is prevailed among state-run companies .
+A 7 8|||R:SPELL|||monopoly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||prevalent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many of them fully control a certain type of resource .
+
+S In this way , they are not subject to fierce competition in a markect .
+A 12 13|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , many state-run companies do not have incentive mechanism or the mechanism of selection through competition .
+
+S The consequence is that a large number of the employees treats theirs jobs as " iron rice bowl " , which means a job is secure .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:SVA|||treat|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There is no worry for being kicked out due to laziness .
+A 6 8|||R:VERB|||dismissed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this way , the whole company corrupts and becomes obsolete .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is corrupted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With regard to the next problem , the protection of law and the raise of public awareness must come into play .
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:FORM|||raising|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S China is no more than a newly-emergent country .
+
+S Many of its legal and judicial systems are yet incomplete .
+
+S Thus , there are cases of intellectual properties not being protected .
+
+S Moreover , the law enforcement is still weak and the punishment for violating the law is not severe enough .
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , there are many cases about stealing of innovations or some famous brands .
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is due to the lack of public awareness .
+
+S For example , even though the brand " Qsing Dao " beer was set up in China , it was an American businessman who first register the brand .
+A 25 26|||R:VERB:TENSE|||registered|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The hardworking of the company for so many years was all gone , which is devastating to innovation of engineering design .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||hard work|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the factors that hamper the innovation of engineering design come from both inside and ouside of the entrepreneurs in China .
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN|||enterprises|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From the inside , we need to change the criteria of leadership appointment and raise the awareness of protecting intellectual properties .
+
+S Similarly , from the outside , China has to create a competitive environment and a legal system which helps innovation of engineering design prosper .
+
+S The development of technologies may be viewed differently .
+
+S Traditional analysis of technology has been looking at the past to analyze the present .
+
+S The social science system approach challenges the way we look at technology .
+
+S It suggests that acceptance of a new technology depends not only on the technical factors but also on the economic , political and social ones .
+
+S We have to understand the system as a whole and not looking only at one aspect of the system to try to understand it .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:FORM|||look|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the past , the solar energy is not readily accepted because of its technical challenges such as , weight of the integrated chip , expensive research , lack of technology know how , shortage of device as some devices need to imported .
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 41|||R:VERB|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 42|||M:VERB:TENSE|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , it is safer , cleaner and considered more environments friendly .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||environment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the increasing of oil prices , there are many technologies have been created to solve the climbing of black gold .
+A 2 3|||R:MORPH|||increase|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There is a need to look for alternative resources .
+
+S The discoveries and the development of solar technology have become an agenda in most country .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||discovery|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||countries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Governments have been encouraging and giving away incentive to company to develop the alternative energy efficient products like solar technology .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||incentives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||companies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , when the oil prices drop , government and company slowly stop to pursue the alternative as they can continue their business with cheaper oil .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||governments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||companies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With cheaper oil , companies reduce research fund on innovation and development .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||funding|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Economic challenges have moved the shift from solar technology to the cost of building it .
+
+S Company has been trying to get the market share by pricing their solar cell at extremely low price .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||Companies have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order to survive , another company cut their price for the same technology product .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||cuts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the cut throat competition , less revenue is generated and less fund is put to the research .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||funding|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB|||chanelled|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These will slow the development of solar technology and the innovation of it .
+A 0 1|||R:DET|||This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In contrast , if there is no competition within each other .
+
+S Large company will monopolize the market .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||companies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They will suppress new technologies and only start on research and development on alternatives under government pressure .
+A 8 9|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , some company has created solar technology advancement on military weapon and working greatly with the governments .
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||companies have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||weapons|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These technologies are for military demand and do n't bring any improvement to life .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||This technology|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:CONTR|||not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Instead , it is used to destroy human and bring misery to certain people .
+
+S Socially , we have been conditioned to believe that the innovation is the inevitable product of market competition and engineering advancement , not a product of compromise and negotiation .
+
+S The need for innovation and technology are to bring along for daily aspect of life .
+A 0 16|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Technology is the product of negotiation and compromise .
+
+S Social and political decisions play a part in determining the technology .
+
+S Most of the technology failure is not because of technical problems , but because it is not accepted by the consumers .
+
+S The invention of wind-up radio
+
+S In the context of technology , most innovations and inventions are shaped without aiming at addressing a specific or general social issue .
+
+S However , there are exceptions .
+
+S One of the best known socially shaped inventions is Trevor Baylis 's wind-up radio , which was initially designed for communicating information about AIDS to people in Africa .
+
+S Apart from the major social issue , there were several other factors including economical problem and technical problem , which also contributed to the final prototype of the mass production on the assembly line .
+
+S The wind-up radio was intended to halt the spread of the mortal epidemic AIDS by education and information sent by broadcasts .
+
+S AIDS is the most horrible disease that spreads across the continent of Africa , affecting millions of people , most of who are undereducated and still struggling below poverty line .
+A 21 22|||R:PRON|||whom|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After a series of surveys and researches , abstinence , fidelity , promotion of condom use and risk perception were identified as the most significant issues concerning the prevention of AIDS .
+
+S One step further , BBC , later with other African local radio companies , launched many HIV and AIDS public service announcements in English , French and other African native languages to educate people about AIDS .
+
+S At that point , Trevor Baylis came up with the idea of wind-up radio , making idea of broadcasting education possible .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Intertwined with the social issue of AIDS , the economical situation also hurdled the idea of using broadcast to educate people .
+A 9 10|||R:MORPH|||economic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||broadcasting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Different from other continents in the world , many people in Africa are still struggling for food , having no access to electricity .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||Unlike|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 2|||M:OTHER|||the situation in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this case , engineers were challenged to design a special kind of radio that would not need to plug in sockets or batteries for electricity .
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:TENSE|||be plugged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These special needs finally led to the innovative combination of a small transistor radio , an electric motor from a toy car and the clockwork mechanism from a music box to form the original prototype of the wind-up radio .
+
+S Because of the low cost , it was possible to collect enough funding for mass production which finally gave the African people free access to education about AIDS .
+
+S The cost controlling process of producing the wind-up radio was a great success .
+
+S Putting aside the original social objective and economical constraints , designing the wind-up radio also required to solve several practical technical problems .
+A 7 8|||R:MORPH|||economic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 18|||R:OTHER|||the solution of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First , the charging up process should be stable enough to avoid damage to the components of the radio .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB|||prevent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Second , the output current must be very stable and enduring for avoiding distortion of the signals .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB|||preventing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Last but not least , the charging-up process should be efficient .
+
+S Unless the charging-up process can be done within seconds , the annoying process of charging up would finally hinder users from frequent use .
+
+S Through the invention of wind-up radio , it is clearly shown that engineering is not all about solving technical problems .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S During the process of conceiving and designing a new engineering product , it is very like that many social and economical factors would eventually become the shaping or determining force .
+A 14 17|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:MORPH|||economic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In Singapore , there are actually many issues to consider for an engineer in the engineering design processes for innovations .
+
+S The two issues I feel are the most important are in terms of economic and technical challenges .
+A 10 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Economic challenges will affect the process of engineering design because we need to consider the financial status for the majority of the people .
+
+S The products being made must not be too expensive .
+
+S As a result , people will tend to think twice before they decide to purchase the products .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||Otherwise|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The economy downturn also prevents consumers from buying things that they think are not essential .
+A 1 2|||R:MORPH|||economic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Manufacturing industry suffers the most from this recession .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The manufacturing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Due to the financial constraint , consumers will go towards buying pirated products instead of purchasing the original .
+
+S This causes a decrease in demand for it .
+
+S They do not mind the products for not being able to perform as good as the original .
+A 6 7|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||well|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To them , it is worth it since it is cheaper .
+
+S Even if consumers do not go for pirated products , they will still go for second hand products .
+
+S This is because the products are still usable despite some minor wear and tear .
+
+S The budget given by the company may cause engineers to think of ways to cut down costs in the production so as to gain extra profits for the company .
+
+S As a result , the products may not last long enough and have to change it quite regularly .
+A 12 16|||R:OTHER|||they have to be changed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Technical challenges will need to consider the demands of the consumers .
+A 0 11|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It must be useful to the majority of the consumers .
+
+S We must also cater the needs to the different age group .
+A 4 4|||M:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||groups|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It must also provide comfort and convenience to the people .
+
+S For example , hand phones , computers , mp3 and cameras have make communication between people in a distant more easily simply just by a click or a press in the button .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:FORM|||made|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:MORPH|||distance|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:OTHER|||easier|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Information and data can be transmitted easily by the use of internet .
+A 11 12|||M:DET|||the Internet|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This was definitely not possible in the past .
+
+S Engineers also need to consider whether the consumers will be able to accept the products being designed .
+
+S We also need to consider the commercialization of the products .
+A 0 1|||R:PRON|||They|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is because the way of commercializing will affect the sales of it .
+
+S As a result , engineers will be forced to come up the modification of the products in a short period of time .
+A 11 11|||M:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will cause the products to be less effective because there is a lack of testing .
+
+S Although the gadgets have included more functions , it is less durable .
+
+S For example , hand phones nowadays are prone to defect when it is accidentally drop on the floor .
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||damage|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:FORM|||dropped|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , Engineers need to understand the issues that are not related to engineering profession directly but will affect them in the production process .
+
+S That is why engineers need to think beyond their job scope .
+
+S " { Great innovators and original thinkers and artists attract the wrath of mediocrities as lightning } [ HYPERLINK : http : //thinkexist.com/quotation/great_innovators_and_original_thinkers_and/160905.html ] .
+
+S " Nowadays , the ability of engineering designing not only determines one 's own future but also a nation 's power , wealth , and influence .
+
+S However , in my home country , China , engineering design process for innovations are always stifled by political , social , and economic reasons .
+
+S Firstly , in China , the designing and innovating process are always hampered by some political factors .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||processes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And these factors always result in some management problems .
+
+S In China , nearly all the research institutes and universities are state-owned and controlled by the ruling communist party .
+
+S Therefore , academic institutions are difficult to escape from acting like a government department .
+A 2 6|||R:OTHER|||it is difficult for academic institutes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , the head of research groups and the presidents of universities are all assigned by their superiors in the party .
+
+S So when selection processing , the academic achievement of candidate is not the priority to be considered but their loyalty to the party .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||process|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , in some institutes , the head tends to know nothing or have little knowledge upon the field which he is in charge of , which will certainly misguide the research directions and disturb the atmosphere of researching and studying .
+A 16 17|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Further , the rules of regulating institutes are mandated in a dogmatic and quantized way .
+A 13 14|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All the boffins are required to attain some academic objections per year .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN|||targets|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , they need to apply and get a project of how much money per year , or how many essays they should publish in public scientific journals , and so on .
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||a certain amount of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:OTHER|||a certain number of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If they can not meet the requirements , they will not get promoted or get enough salary they are supposed to get .
+
+S However , in such a short term , there seems to be impossible to discover significant results .
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , many researcher have to 'make up ' essays on their own sake , or simply plagiarize other 's works .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||researchers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , in most of institutes , the funds of science are given by seniority .
+A 5 6|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As for some young but creative engineers or scientists , it may be very hard for them to get financial support to carry on their own researches , which will stifle their creativity and make them have no place to fulfill their potentials .
+A 26 27|||R:NOUN:NUM|||research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 37|||R:OTHER|||give them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , some social reasons also exert detrimental influence upon the designing and innovating process in China .
+
+S To start with , it seems to have become a consensus that China does little on the protection of intellectual properties and patents .
+
+S What is worse , in china , nearly all the people have formed a habit of buying pirated discs and illegal downloading from the Internet .
+A 5 6|||R:ORTH|||China|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:MORPH|||illegally|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From a research by BSA , about 93 % software used in china are prated , which costs 3.6billion dollars loss every year .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB|||pirated|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And according to Microsoft , about 29 % of computers in China are illegally installed with windows system in 2008 ; especially 5 % are computers for government use .
+
+S Moreover , the protection is also inadequacy in terms of patent .
+A 6 7|||R:MORPH|||inadequate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||patents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to the statistical figures , about 30 percent of patents are illegally used without authorized .
+A 15 16|||R:MORPH|||authorization|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But it is very hard for the victim to prosecute the infringers .
+
+S According to China 's law , it will take about 3 years to finish the lawsuit ; and it will consume more time and money to execute the verdict after they win the case , especially for most of trespassers , who are usually in small business or manufacture their illegal stuffs in a family workshop , it is even harder to trace and penalize them .
+A 36 37|||R:PREP|||because|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 48 49|||R:VERB:FORM|||manufacturing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 51 52|||R:NOUN|||products|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly , the designing and the process of innovation are sometimes detrimentally affected by economic mode in China .
+
+S On sake of the High GDP index , the government sometimes only cares about how many investments they can attract from overseas and other places ; And Most of enterprises in china only focus on manufacturing , processing , and exporting goods .
+A 0 3|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 29|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:ORTH|||China|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S What they need do is just transferring the raw materials to finished goods .
+A 3 3|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So it is no need for them to invest a multitude of money to establish research and development groups to design or invent new technologies and sciences .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||there|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S At the same time , they also assert that designs and innovations are not their business but things cared by some leading firms in US or other countries instead of China whose enterprise not only lack of funds but also core technology .
+A 17 25|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:NOUN:NUM|||enterprises|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And now most of the enterprises are quite satisfied with this economic increasing mode and think that it is no necessary to change the industrial structures .
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||growth|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So when some original designs and innovations come out in China , it is more likely for them to be ignored and discarded .
+
+S So in this way , the impulsion for designing and processing innovations has been greatly encumbered .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN|||impetus|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To conclude , there are many problems which obstruct the process of engineering design and innovating in my home country , China .
+
+S And China still has a long way to improve its regime and the value of whole society towards designing and innovating .
+
+S However , I am still optimistic about the engineering design processes for innovations in China and I believe it will be made better when the globalization becomes more prevalent and China becomes more open .
+
+S Two Obstacles of Engineering Design Progresses
+
+S The innovation of laptop from desktop pushed Toshiba , a small company unknown to most , to the focus of IT world and helped it make a lot of money ; British , being driven by the inventions of steam engine and railway , became the most powerful country in the world .
+
+S Engineering design progresses are so important that they determine the rise and decline of companies and even nations .
+
+S As the biggest developing country , China has shown the world its power as well as shortcomings .
+
+S Among the shortcomings , the lack of engineering design progresses for innovation is serious and the two significant obstacles are the bad environment for reach and the brain drain problem .
+A 22 25|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The environment for research is bad in China is because at first , there is not enough capital given to do researches .
+A 8 9|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||firstly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:MORPH|||research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to China Research Environment Report , Science Observation ( 2006 .
+
+S 2 ) , the average funds for national researchers are less than 100,000 RMB ( near 20,000 SGD ) a year , to say nothing of other researchers .
+
+S Without enough capital , how can researchers buy the necessary equipments and do the necessary experiments to make science and engineering progresses !
+A 22 23|||R:PUNCT|||?|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another fact is that the talent in China waste a lot of time doing things that irrelevant to research .
+A 16 16|||M:VERB|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One significant phenomenon is that the doctors , masters and graduate students in university call their tutors 'boss ' , which is because instead of teaching them new knowledge or doing researches , tutors often ask students do tasks from companies to make money .
+A 20 22|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:MORPH|||research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 37|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , many administration jobs in universities and science institutes are done by scientists and engineers who are not good in administration in deed .
+
+S Because of the good treatment of administration jobs , a lot of talented scientists and engineers waste time competing to get them , leaving the research jobs behind .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN|||terms|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To move the distractions , it needs to apply certain regulars to retain the talent in their positions and also , improve the treatment of research jobs .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN|||regulations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN|||terms|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to an essay in Sina.com ( { http : //news.sina.com.cn/c/2007-06-20/111513271455.shtml } [ HYPERLINK : http : //news.sina.com.cn/c/2007-06-20/111513271455.shtml ] ) , China has sent 1060,000 students to study overseas but only 275,000 of them have come back and contribute to their motherland .
+
+S The rate of brain drain is near 70 % .
+
+S It is astonishing .
+
+S As known to all , students who manage to get the chances of studying overseas are usually the top students .
+
+S They are the ones who can make great contribution to engineering design progresses and other kinds of innovations .
+
+S Losing these top students means losing engines that can promote the country to a new height .
+
+S To solve the problem , again we should create a good environment for study , research , work and living to attract the talent overseas to come back .
+
+S The road for China to become strong in innovations of engineering design is still very long .
+
+S We Chinese should work hard together to make China strong and we would grad to see that one day , the logo of 'make in China ' can change to 'create in China' .
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||be glad|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN|||'made|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:VERB:TENSE|||be changed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:OTHER|||'created|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I believe the current human need that should be given priority is the need to reduce traffic congestion as it has always been a problem left unresolved for many decades .
+
+S With the help of engineering design process , many of such problems that we face in this present world can be minimized and resolved .
+
+S Engineering design process flows through these stages of defining the problem , gathering information , generating multiple solutions , analyzing and selecting a solution and finally testing and implementing of solution .
+A 30 30|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , on defining the problem of traffic congestion and also gathering vital information on this human need .
+
+S The problem of traffic congestion is constantly happening throughout the world everyday and it is affecting the way we carry out our daily routines .
+
+S This problem leads to the lost of precious time that could be put to good use and it also affects the progression of work and major projects .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||loss|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With this lost of precious time , we often have to make use of extra time to make up for the time lost in traffic congestion .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||loss|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus it will also create an impact in the financial losses and holding back economic growth throughout the world .
+
+S Secondly is the generating of multiple relating solutions , analyzing and selecting of a suitable solution .
+A 6 7|||R:ADJ:FORM|||related|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the solutions that I came up with is to have a signboard attached to all traffic lights ; this will indicate to all the drivers whether they should avoid travelling on certain roads that may have traffic congestion .
+
+S Although there are radio stations to report on traffic congestion , however some drivers may not tune into radio stations or may not know of other alternative ways to redirect their paths .
+A 11 12|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:ORTH|||in to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This results in accumulating the length of traffic congestions as the numbers of cars keeps piling up after it occurs .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||number|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This solution of indication can prove to be very useful , when an accident or traffic congestion occur .
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:SVA|||occurs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The sign board will have the three arrows mainly representing , left , straight and right directions .
+
+S For example in an event of traffic congestion , the central transport system will be notified in the shortest possible time .
+
+S Signboards that are in area of traffic congestion and other possible affected areas would be updated and give suggestion to the drivers to redirect them away from the traffic congestion .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||suggestions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This central transport system would also provide an update for the traffic police ; so that they may go down to rectify the situation .
+
+S Lastly is the testing and implementing of solution .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With this idea of solution , I would build a 3D replica of this system to test on the effectiveness of the reducing traffic congestion .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||R:OTHER|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I would continue to improve on the design with more stringent tests and experiments which will give me the most suitable configuration for a specific area on the island .
+
+S In conclusion , I see the need to improve on the transportation system around the world .
+
+S Using engineering design process , we could design a specific solution to allow the transportation system to have a faster and smoother flow of traffic .
+
+S As we advanced into dramatic change of technology , the world has made a breakthrough in science and achieved a milestone of success .
+
+S It is veracity that engineers are those who are playing crucial role in the society while the world is expanding unremittingly .
+A 2 3|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is because engineers are quintessential in designing products that meet human needs .
+
+S They utilize their knowledge to come out with new innovations which will give a fresh impetus to enhance the development .
+A 6 7|||R:PART|||up|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In my opinion , current human need that should be given priority is having electric vehicles that operated entirely on battery power .
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:TENSE|||operate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As we all know , petrol is non renewable natural resources and hence changes of its price has a big influence to the world economic as all main transportations are using it as fuel .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||resource|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:MORPH|||economy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , it is necessary to design vehicles that move by low cost electricity .
+
+S Electric vehicles can receive their power from a number of renewable sources that then transmitted into the vehicle through the use of electrical cable and stored in battery .
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Through this , the dependence on the crude oil can be minimized gradually .
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , air pollution is deteriorating nowadays .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB|||worsening|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By using environmental friendly electric vehicles , the pollution problem can be alleviated by decreasing the smog level .
+A 2 3|||R:MORPH|||environment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , electric vehicles typically have less { noise pollution } [ HYPERLINK : http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_pollution ] .
+
+S According to Seyyed Khandani , Ph.D. , there are 5 steps for solving design problems so that the process meets the need .
+
+S Firstly , engineers must recognize the need and define the designing problems such as how far the driving range of a fully charged electric vehicle is and etcetera by gathering enough information , running experiments and perform computation .
+A 36 37|||R:VERB:FORM|||performing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After that , engineers should start gathering pertinent information to reveal fact facts about the problem .
+A 11 12|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This step is quintessential as it make sure that their efforts and time of are not wasted at the wrong place .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||makes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Then , engineer will use creativity to generate ideas that solve the problem by starting with existing solutions then try figure out and improve the weakness in those solutions .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||engineers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:FORM|||trying|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Later on , engineers will combine their new ideas and tools into the existing solutions and finally unique solutions will be formed .
+
+S At this stage , engineers might have multiple solutions .
+
+S Hence , they have to analyzing their solutions and select the solution which is best suited for implementation .
+
+S The last step is test and implements the solution that involves testing , construction and manufacturing of the solution to the design problem .
+A 4 4|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||implement|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If the car passes all the tests , a new electric car is finally formed and will definitely meet the need .
+
+S Besides , engineers need to consider about the electric car 's safety , cost and effects to the environment so that this engineering design meet the need .
+A 6 7|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:SVA|||meets|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , since electric car design 's cost is over budget , engineer might rather design combination electric-gasoline vehicles to cut down the cost .
+A 3 4|||R:PREP|||if|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||engineers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , safety of the car should be given priority in order the design process meet that need .
+A 13 13|||M:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , engineers have to confirm that the car is safe to be driven by running few tests before the cars are supplied in the market place .
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Engineers also have to run experiment on the emission from electric car so to make sure the car is environmental friendly .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||experiments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:PREP|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:MORPH|||environment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To drive home the point , the engineering design processes will definitely meet that need if engineers preserve stoically whenever they meet failures during the process .
+A 17 18|||R:VERB|||persevere|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Engineers have a constant need to upgrade current technologies to keep up with the ever-evolving world .
+
+S Being a problem solver had only meant that they will constantly face a slew of problems that abound in the world .
+A 4 7|||R:OTHER|||only means|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Changes in the climate in recent times show that the Earth is embroiled in what is called global warming .
+
+S The need for more sophisticated technologies to reverse this damage caused to our environment has set engineers racing against the clock .
+
+S The war on terror never ceases as well .
+
+S The need for state-of-the-art weaponry and stealth vehicles has posed a tough problem to engineers as well .
+
+S However one human need that is most prevalent and disconcerting is widespread hunger .
+
+S The need for engineers to come up with food technologies that may fill the bellies of hungry children is overwhelming .
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN|||stomachs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Indeed , we have to solve this pressing problem before it becomes too late .
+
+S Starvation is a big issue around the world .
+
+S From Asia to Africa , Europe to America , it is ever present , though varying in severity .
+
+S Since this problem is so widespread , it is essential it be given priority over others .
+
+S The delay of which , could lead to more human fatalities .
+
+S In Africa especially , where there is a higher percentage of the population that are malnourished , an engineering solution is needed .
+
+S In fact , this presents the world 's inefficient use of resources .
+
+S Here , people in developed countries are gorging down heaps of food and getting obese while some in Africa are starving to death .
+
+S If we were able to close the food gap between them , maybe the problem could be improved .
+
+S One way in which engineering design processes can help alleviate hunger around the world is to increase food production .
+
+S Though the developed world has too much of it to the point of wastage , it is impossible to " transfer the leftovers " to the developing nations and is ethically wrong to do so .
+A 29 29|||M:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , equipping the world with an abundance of food can help solve this issue .
+
+S Increasing food output starts at the plantations and fields .
+
+S Droughts due to erratic weather can cause disruptions in the food supply .
+
+S Therefore , maintaining good irrigation can ensure food supply remains consistent .
+
+S Dams are built to control the flow of river water .
+
+S This is one engineering marvel that prevents floods and helps generate energy in the process .
+
+S Complex irrigation networks are built so the crops are watered sufficiently .
+
+S Another way to increase food production is to engineer grains and seeds so they produce more within a shorter timeframe .
+
+S They are genetically modified with desirable qualities to meet the needs and conditions of the place they are grown .
+
+S Crops are more robust and can withstand harsher conditions like strong winds , while carrying more grains atop their stem .
+
+S By genetically engineering many of our foods , we can actually increase food yield from the same plot of land in a shorter amount of time .
+
+S However , Khandani mentions that the solution is n't perfect and we should keep revising and " going back to the drawing board " .
+A 8 9|||R:CONTR|||not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Our solutions are not one off .
+
+S We need to constantly modify them even as they bring about more problems .
+
+S In short , man will always find ways to solve our daily problems through engineering .
+
+S When people around the world are dying from hunger , engineers can be called to present possible solutions and find the best and most efficient way to deal with them .
+
+S Global warming is an exceptionally severe problem facing the world today .
+
+S It is a process whereby the Earth 's temperature increases which are attributable to the use of fossil fuels , and industrial or agricultural processes .
+A 10 10|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Man-made emissions release great amount of carbon dioxide which causes a large buildup of " greenhouse gases " .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One factor which contributes to the buildup is from power plants or factories .
+
+S Another major factor will be the carbon dioxide emitted from cars .
+
+S Though it may only contribute a small percentage to the buildup in the gases , but as time goes by , the increase in the utility of cars will become a big threat to global warming .
+A 15 16|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:NOUN|||contributor|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus a group of students from NUS came out with an idea of creating an eco-friendly urban concept car with zero carbon emission .
+A 8 9|||R:PART|||up|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This group consists of students from the School of Design and Environment and also the school of Engineering .
+
+S This car was built from scratch with its body designed and manufactured by the students themselves .
+
+S It runs on a hydrogen fuel cell that drives the electric wheel hub motor .
+
+S In this way , it will achieve twice the energy efficiency compared to the burning of gasoline in the internal-combustion engines .
+
+S In addition , with the design of the eco-car , mechanics will have easier access to the components for trouble-shooting .
+
+S With such attractive advantages installed in the eco-car , it might slowly be introduced to the society as a form of transport so as to solve the problem of global warming .
+
+S Because the eco-car runs on hydrogen gas , this will lead to the reduction in the usage of petroleum and thus saving the natural resources for better usage .
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:FORM|||save|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , there will also be disadvantages with regards to the creation of the eco-car .
+
+S Though the eco-car may seem to be the perfect solution to solve the problem of gasoline combustion cars , it will cause conflicts with many car manufacturers such as Toyota or Nissan .
+
+S With this invention , the governments will strongly recommend civilians to replace their current vehicle to the eco-car .
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , there will be a negative impact on the sales for the current car manufacturers .
+
+S When all of these happen , it will also affect the economy and also the jobs of the sales personnel .
+
+S Another disadvantage of the eco-car will be the resources that it uses .
+
+S Take gasoline combustion cars as an example , when it is running low of fuels , the driver can easily top up his vehicle at any petrol stations nearby .
+A 7 8|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:NOUN:NUM|||station|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But as for the eco-car , the resources it uses may not be readily available , so it will not be very convenient .
+
+S Although the eco-car may be a great invention to remedy the problem of global warming , we should not solely depend on it .
+
+S Instead we should put more focus on the other factors which have greater impact on global warming
+
+S Most of the products today are created using a conventionally generated technology but there are a few products were invented in a skunkworks environment .
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , the first laptop computer was produced in a skunkworks environment because Toshiba , a Japanese electronics company , have taken huge losses with its failure in the desktop computers ' market in the 1980s .
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:TENSE|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:VERB|||suffered|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So , the company refused to invest in the research and development of the laptop computer ( Rogers ) .
+
+S Even though conventionally generated technology is more popular nowadays , both ways of production have its own advantages and disadvantages .
+A 15 16|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Both ways of production are similar in its motive .
+A 7 8|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The intention of the teams is to research and develop their product hoping to come out with new invention or make the existing products better .
+A 15 16|||R:PART|||up|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , a research and development team with financial support from the company research on the company 's product and try to improve the existing products and create new products for the company .
+
+S It is almost the same for the team working in skunkworks environment .
+
+S They believed that the products they are working on will be a success even though they are not supported by company .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||believe|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , there are differences between the two of them .
+
+S Firstly , they differ in financial aspect which is the main aspect .
+
+S Productions using conventionally generated technology have full financial support from the company .
+
+S With the financial support from company , the research and development team can have comfortable and productive workspace .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , there are no or very few financial support for the team working in skunkworks environment .
+A 10 11|||R:ADJ|||little|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , skunkworks environment usually are not comfortable to work in .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides mentioned above , the team using conventionally generated technology can afford state of the art devices which will increase the efficiency of research .
+A 1 1|||M:OTHER|||what is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In contrast , the team working in skunkworks environment not only do not have those devices , but they have to bring their own equipment to work .
+
+S The second difference between productions using a conventionally generated technology with those from skunkworks environment is the creativity of the team members .
+
+S The main problem of the team in skunkworks environment is the financial problem as mentioned earlier .
+
+S The lack of money causes them to consider other options when inventing a product .
+
+S For example , they might look for used items to be use as inputs for its production .
+A 15 16|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In contrary , the team with full financial support do not really need to consider the cost of research therefore they most probably could not come up with products which are more cost efficient .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||contrast|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Finally , after comparing both the ways of production , we will realize that both also have their pros and cons but in my perspective , production in the skunkworks environment is better mainly because of the freedom in inventing new things .
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Without the supervision and control from the sponsor company , team members are able to explore new ideas that might not be parallel to the company 's main objective .
+
+S That is why there is a significant number of people are willing to work in the skunkworks environment despite the problems they faced .
+A 10 10|||M:PRON|||who|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:TENSE|||face|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is because these people believed that their inventions will benefit mankind .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||believe|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Helen Keller made her miraculous breakthrough as she spelled W-A-T-E-R when water ran over her hand .
+
+S The importance of water lies where it comprises 70 % of a person .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||in the fact that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Without food , one can still live for a few days .
+
+S However , without water , life will be shortened to one day .
+
+S No doubt water is the basis of life in this planet .
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the Maslow 's Hierarchy of needs , water , together with breathing , food , sex , sleep , homeostasis and excretion are the ground basic of human needs .
+
+S Therefore it should be given priority as a current human need .
+
+S Khandani , a professor of engineering in California has derived an engineering design processes model , which can be applied in meeting the need of countering water scarcity .
+
+S In the first stage , the problem of water scarcity is identified as a global issue .
+
+S Secondly , information pertaining to water scarcity should be gathered , including the severity of problem on a global scale , limitations of current methodologies , underlying reasons and so on .
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Next , engineers , scientists should get together to discuss how the problem can be solved , suggesting means of cutting down wastage , encouraging recycling , inventing industrial process with less water and so on .
+
+S By exchanging expertise , multiple solutions may be generated .
+
+S For example how some countries with limited water resource , like Singapore and Israel , manage to sustain the water supply .
+
+S After presentation of solutions , different institutions/government bodies may select one of the them and investigate on .
+
+S The last stage of the process will be the testing and implementation of the particular solution .
+
+S As for drinking water , it is crucial to ensure the safety of public when a new technology is adopted .
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , in real life , a problem may not be solved as expected by implementing a standardized model .
+
+S For example , for an idea of water conservation to be developed further , scientists need the financial support from government/corporations .
+
+S Self-funded projects are usually carried out in skunkworks environment where researchers have to bear the consequence of failure .
+
+S Further more , the whole process in the model which Khandani has proposed may take many years to be completed , making self-funded projects less viable if there is still no support along the way .
+A 0 2|||R:ORTH|||Furthermore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another kink in the process is the selection of solutions .
+
+S Corporate bodies tend to look for solutions with maximum profitable returns .
+
+S Government entities also need to justify themselves if they opt for more expensive solutions which may/may not generate returns .
+
+S For example , comparing to the water transfer project from another location with more abundant water supply , distillation of sea water will be a more expensive solution though it has the potential of solving the problem in the long run .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:FORM|||compared|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , water is the urgent need for human .
+
+S To solve water scarcity with the engineering design processes is viable , but limited in its actual application .
+
+S Many things that surrounds us today makes our lives a lot easier .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||surround|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||make|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From kitchen appliances like refrigerator to home entertainment systems , these are things which we often take them for granted .
+A 17 18|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They also did not appear at our homes overnight like Christmas presents .
+
+S All the many inventions at our homes are developed by engineers which took a long time to develop .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 18|||R:OTHER|||over a long time|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It started from identifying the needs of people , followed by coming up with various solutions and then implementing it .
+A 19 20|||R:PRON|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is called Design Process in which engineers use to approach problems .
+A 5 6|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to Khandani , there are five basic steps used in a design process .
+
+S This five basic steps can also be applied to problem solving .
+
+S The first step is to identify the problem , which usually involves the process of knowing what the customer wants and what problems are they encountering with existing products .
+A 23 25|||R:WO|||they are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly we need to gather more information , like previous failed attempts of solving similar problems , whether a need for a new solution is needed or not and the problem with existing solutions .
+A 12 13|||R:PREP|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thirdly coming up with many solutions , fourth after analyzing all the solutions , one is chosen .
+A 0 17|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly testing and implementation is done on the solution .
+
+S All the steps are important as safety , reliability and economic factors are included and may have a huge impact on many peoples ' lives .
+
+S Currently , there are many engineers in our society today .
+A 9 10|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They solve solutions to needs of people , for example an army general wanting a better and a faster tank for his army .
+
+S But more priority should be given to things like health care .
+
+S In the past , people who wants to see a doctor have to wait in long ques .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||wanted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN|||queues|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S More often than not , those people who are waiting in the line were in urgent need for medical attention .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Time is often wasted in the administrative part of the process .
+
+S Nurses in a clinic have to flip through archives for a patient 's information manually .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore a more efficient way of allowing people to see doctors are needed .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Engineering process can be applied to meet the needs of people and solve the problem .
+
+S After the problem is being identified , more information needs to be gathered .
+
+S Khandani said that inexperience designers will skip this step and proceed to finding solutions , but efforts spent in gathering information will pay out later in the design process .
+A 3 4|||R:MORPH|||inexperienced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Engineers found out that in clinics , human errors of the nurse is present , resulting in longer ques .
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN|||queues|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So solutions like computerizing all administrative work and the processing of patient 's medication is being implemented .
+
+S In this way , human error is eliminated and people can see the doctor and get their medication in a faster way .
+
+S There are many problems than can be solved systemically using the five design process that Khandani mentioned .
+
+S Health care is only one of the many pressing needs for engineers to solve .
+
+S Many useful feed back is needed in order for more problems to be identified .
+A 0 1|||R:ADJ|||much|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Great engineering Designheart pacemaker
+
+S In the 21st century , with the development of the world 's economy , people 's living standard keeps advancing .
+
+S However , because of overeating high protein food , being lack of exercise and many other relevant reasons , various kinds of disease is threatening us human beings , especially the heart disease .
+A 9 10|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Till now , heart attack has become the top one killer among all the disease which threatens the human 's health .
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||diseases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:SVA|||threaten|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to a research conducted at 2000 , the number of people dying from heart attack accounts for almost one-third of the total number of deaths around the world , and even worse the percentage is expected to be greatly enhanced by 2020 .
+A 5 6|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , WHO says heart attack as the 21st century 's plague and calls for more attention on the heart disease .
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Fortunately , the appearance of a kind of engineering design product helps huge amount of patients who suffer a lot from heart attack .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN|||numbers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S That is heart pacemaker .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S What is a heart pacemaker ?
+
+S Basically , it is a medical device which uses electrical impulses , delivered by electrodes contacting the heart muscles , to regulate the beating of the heart .
+
+S With the help of pacemaker , patients whose heart rate is too high or too low can maintain an adequate heart rate .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to classification , Heart pacemaker belongs to ergonomics which is a study of how people interact with machines .
+
+S As an ergonomical design , the primary requirement is safety .
+
+S Because the heart pacemaker should be implanted into patient 's body before it can work well , it asks for higher safety requirement .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB|||calls|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The material used to make a pacemaker is silicon , titanium steel and special artificial plastic , both of them is quite friendly to patients ' internal environment and will not cause injury or other diseases to humans .
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S What 's more , nowadays , the heart pacemaker is quite small with thickness only 10mm and weight only 40 grams .
+
+S Such kind of little size ensures a low possibility of hurting the human organs .
+
+S All in all , proper material and suitable size make the pacemaker much safer to use .
+
+S The second important requirement of an ergonomical design is reliability .
+
+S An engineer should seriously consider that the pacemaker is used to save patient 's life , if it suddenly breaks down , the patient will face the risk of losing life .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:PUNCT|||. If|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 30|||M:DET|||his|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The major problem in reliability for the heart pacemaker is how to keep a stable power supply to the pacemaker and defibrillator .
+
+S Originally , the battery of the heart pacemaker is made up of mercury-zinc which at most can only work for 2-3years .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Such short using age of the battery together with some other reasons leaded to a few cases of patients ' death because of running out of energy in advance .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||lifespan|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:FORM|||lead|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:OTHER|||the battery|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nowadays , the engineers adopt lithium cell which has great advantage over the older one for it can last for 10 years and is much lighter .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The success of applying lithium battery into heart pacemaker brings a substantial increase in reliability .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Last but not least , the price of an ergonomical design should be reasonable .
+
+S Since the main purpose of heart pacemaker is to save people who have heart disease , the price can not be too high to afford .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thanks to the advancement of the manufacturing process and cheaper material , the price ( $ 5000- $ 15000 ) of normal heart pacemakers is much more acceptable compared with that of those produced in early time .
+
+S Reasonable price promotes the wider use of heart pacemaker around the world .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Overview , the coming out of the heart pacemaker makes a tremendous contribution to the patients who suffer from the heart attack .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Overall|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 5|||R:OTHER|||invention|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We have to say it is really a commendable achievement among all the engineering designs .
+
+S Let 's expect the prospective heart pacemaker can be more convenience and more powerful features at lower price .
+A 1 2|||R:CONTR|||us|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:VERB|||hope|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:MORPH|||convenient|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:VERB|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I 'm sure it will be fantastic news for the whole human beings .
+A 1 2|||R:CONTR|||am|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||all|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference : a ) Khandani , S. ( 2005 ) .
+
+S Engineering design process b ) Wikipedia .
+
+S Technical innovations are essential to the development of a nation .
+
+S However , making innovations is not just as simple as thinking about new ideas and carrying them out , but something requiring complex engineering design processes .
+
+S According to Khandani , the process of solving design problems can be generalized to five steps : " define the problem , gather pertinent information , generate multiple solutions , analyze and select a solution , and test and implement the solution " .
+
+S In most cases , it is not easy to go through all these steps successfully due to the hindrances from various facets .
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN|||sources|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this essay , I will talk about two problems which have been greatly hindering such engineering design processes in China .
+
+S One is the brain drain problem and the other is the capital problem .
+
+S Since China adopted the reform and opening-up policy in 1978 , uncounted promising students have gone abroad for further study .
+A 11 12|||R:ADJ|||countless|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S China has spent a lot of resources to educate them and expects them to reward the society after further education .
+
+S Unfortunately , lots of these talents are unwilling to return to their motherland because of the much more superior conditions in developed countries , which causes the brain drain problem .
+A 17 18|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As we can see , the five steps of engineering design processes for innovations given above all involve qualified well-educated people .
+
+S Such a brain drain makes China fall into a severe shortage of talents whom are necessary for the implementation of any stages of the process .
+A 13 14|||R:PRON|||who|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:NUM|||stage|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since there are not enough people for engineering design processes , China is not capable of making enough innovations for higher living standards in a short time .
+
+S Then more educated people will go abroad , which deteriorates the brain drain problem in turn and exerts a greater negative effect on the process .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||As a result ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB|||aggravates|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , China is still struggling to meet its people 's basic living needs as a developing country .
+
+S Every year China has to spend most of its revenue on fundamental infrastructure and national defense , etc .
+
+S Therefore , unlike US and European developed countries , not much capital can be spared for engineering design processes for innovations , which arises the capital problem .
+A 5 7|||R:WO|||developed European|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:VERB|||causes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As we all know , it is often costly to gather sufficient valuable information in this information age and carry out a new policy in today 's materialistic society .
+
+S Thus in the course of engineering design , one usually needs lots of money for getting pertinent information and testing and implementing the solution .
+A 11 13|||R:OTHER|||much|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Without enough useful information , people can not come up with best solutions .
+
+S Even if they have made it , testing and implementing it is still impossible without sufficient capital .
+
+S Besides , when people are aware that not much capital is available , they may not choose the most efficient but more costly solution in the course of 'analyzing and selecting a solution ' , which may bring about bad effects in the long run .
+
+S Therefore , the capital problem hampers engineering design processes to a very great extent .
+
+S Actually , the brain drain problem and capital problem have been restricting China 's engineering design processes greatly these years .
+
+S But the government has done much to relieve these two and other similar problems .
+
+S I have the confidence that China will overcome these hindrances one day .
+
+S At that time engineering design products or systems will boom to meet people ' needs .
+
+S Einstein once noted that " the god does n't play dice .
+
+S " From his perspective , since every natural event happens as a result of a cause or collective causes , I 'm not sure if it is proper to refer the discovery of LSD , short term of Lysergic acid diethylamide , as an accident .
+A 21 22|||R:CONTR|||am|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 30|||M:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S At least it is not an intentional consequence like the discovery of risperidone , a medicine for mentally disordered people .
+
+S In the following paragraphs , I shall touch on the similarities and differences of their pharmaceutical effects , controllabilities and consuming groups .
+
+S Firstly , despite the fact that they focus on different aspects pharmaceutically , LSD and risperidone actually share some similarities on medical effects .
+
+S They both have strong corrective influence on mental disorder .
+
+S In 1993 , by the United States Food and Drug Administration , risperidone was approved for the treatment of schizophrenia , and bipolar disorder in 2007 .
+A 3 15|||R:WO|||risperidone was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Especially for pupils with age 13-18 , risperidone is the only approved drug agent in America .
+
+S On another hand , LSD was once widely used for treatments of mental disorder as well before it was approved with devastating side effects , which would be illustrated in the second paragraph .
+A 17 24|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , LSD affects people in alcoholism in a positive way which unachievable for risperidone .
+A 12 12|||M:VERB|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , the controllability of the both of short term and long effects of LSD and risperidone varies greatly .
+A 5 7|||R:WO|||both the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:NOUN|||term|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:SVA|||vary|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Risperidone always gives a constant performance .
+
+S Beside its expected medical effects , the side-effects are also predictable .
+
+S The most common side effects include severe anxiety , akathisia , sedation , dysphoria , insomnia , sexual dysfunction , low blood pressure , muscle stiffness , muscle pain , tremors , increased salivation , and stuffy nose .
+
+S But for LSD , the physical and psychological effect varies greatly from one to another , and is highly depend on the amount of dosage , consumer 's personality , mood , the surrounding environment and other variable factors .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:SVA|||vary|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||the other|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:MORPH|||dependent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Most importantly , the social issues aroused by consumption of LSD are unexpected .
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||arising from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The typical physical effects are dilated pupils , higher body temperature , increased heart rate and blood pressure , sweating , loss of appetite , sleeplessness , dry mouth , and tremors .
+
+S Rather than physical and psychological effects , LSD also triggers intense spiritual experience which leads consumers to illusory images and feelings .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||Apart from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There is a great number of people believe that LSD serve as divine vehicle which transport the consumers to the outer-space where the god lives .
+A 7 7|||M:PRON|||who|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:SVA|||transports|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 25|||R:OTHER|||gods live|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Several suicides were conducted before the United States government banned LSD in 1966 .
+A 0 4|||R:OTHER|||There were several cases of suicide|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly , the consuming groups of LSD and risperidone consist of different people with different purpose , resulting in different social problems .
+
+S Normally , the consumers of risperidone are psychological patients who are seeking effective treatment .
+
+S However for LSD , it was mainly regarded as a mean to get high by the American hippies .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||means|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even the poets , painters and musicians tried to seek inspiration by consuming the LSD .
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , the consuming group of LSD is rather complicated than that of risperidone .
+A 10 11|||R:ADV|||more|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to above , even though riperidone and LSD share some similarities in their pharmaceutical effects to certain extend , they are different from each other in terms of controllabliities of side effects and their consuming groups .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||extent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:SPELL|||controlability|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Artificial Legaments
+
+S The sport is one of the most important things in human beings life .
+A 0 1|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But , unfortunately , it is inevitable to get injured when we do sports .
+
+S Knee injury is a common injury in many sports , for example , basketball , soccer , skiing and etc. And also , it is difficult to recover because of the complexity of the knee .
+
+S Among the various knee injuries , the anterior cruciate ligament ( ACL ) injury happened in most cases .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||happens|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 18|||R:OTHER|||most often|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If the sick do not recover completely , it is likely for him to get injured again at the same place .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||injured|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even worse it could affect his daily life .
+A 0 4|||R:OTHER|||It could even|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So ,the treatment of the ACL injury is considered as a very important problem in sports medicine .
+A 9 10|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN|||matter|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As we know , ligaments do not have the same ability of regeneration as bones .
+
+S It is almost impossible for ligaments to regrow if it has been raptured .
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||they have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:SPELL|||ruptured|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The classic method to solve the problem ( ACL injury ) is that remove a ligament from the patient itself such as patellar tendons .
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:PRON|||himself|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But this method has some disadvantages .
+
+S First , it harms the healthy part of the patient , which means the patient would get injured again at another place .
+
+S Second , it has been proved that this method could cause pains and patellar tendonitis .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB|||shown|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So , to meet the human need , scientists are looking for the new method .
+A 12 13|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The new one is to use artificial ligaments .
+
+S To make the artificial ligament meet the need , scientists considered it in many aspects .
+
+S First , the artificial ligaments should not cause rejection reaction .Second , it should be very strong ,flexible and anti abrasive ,so that it can ensure that the patient can play sports in the normal level .
+A 32 33|||R:PREP|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Third ,it should have the ability to grow and combine with the reptured ligament .
+A 12 13|||R:SPELL|||ruptured|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After a few years research , an artificial one called LARS ligaments came out .
+
+S The LARS ligament is made of industrial strength polyester fibers .
+
+S The polyester fibers and the original design of the knit have been tested for rupture , stretching and wear .
+
+S The result has showed that the LARS ligament is extremely resistant to flexion , traction , torsion , and residual stretching .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:FORM|||shown|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , the design has biocompatible properties to human beings tissues , because the intra-articular longitudinal fibers allow for tissue in growth .
+A 9 10|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Compared with the human ligaments , the LARS ligament is much more tensile .
+
+S Futhermore , if we use LARS ligaments in the reconstruction of cruciate ligament , the time of recovery can be reduce a lot .
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:FORM|||reduced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The professional player who uses LARS ligaments can return to the court in 3 or 4 months after the surgery while the classic method will cost 6 to 12 months to recover .
+
+S This technology shows its advantages with the classic method .
+
+S And the invention of it gives the players and sports enthusiasts a better choice when they suffer the injury .
+
+S At the same time , there is also a pitfall about the artificial ligaments .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||ligament|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Because it appeared less than 20 years and we can not predict what could happen after 30 or 40 years , which artificial ligaments have been used for .
+A 0 28|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I think as it improves a lot in the future , it can take possession of the classic method finally .
+A 13 16|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The innovation of laptop
+
+S STS , Science and technology studies , is the interaction of scientific research and social , political , cultural values .
+
+S Having taken shape in the 1960s , STS provides us another view of the innovation-development process in terms of social construction of technology .
+
+S Among thousands of technologies , laptop , one of the most important innovations in twentieth century , is a good example of socially determined technology .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The laptop , firstly manufactured by Toshiba in 1985 ( Rogers , 2003 ) , ten years after the birth of the desktop computer , has again brought about a tremendous revolution in our lives .
+A 3 4|||R:MORPH|||first|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The idea of making a laptop was inspired by mainly three social factors : demand of customers , support of technical stuff , and source of funding .
+
+S Firstly , the demand for a convenient and cheap computer grew rapidly at the beginning of 1980s .
+
+S At that time , there were very few people owning a personal computer at home , as the price of a computer was much higher than what the workers could afford .
+
+S Most of the computers were offered by the companies as office supplies .
+
+S Problems rose as the workers had to stay in the company to finish the work that can not be done without a computer .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB|||arose|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , the efficiency of work was lowered .
+
+S Meanwhile , the regular work time was affected negatively .
+
+S In order to solve these problems , a new kind of computer was in demand .
+
+S Under such condition , the idea of laptop had been inspired .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||conditions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , the man power that provides technological support plays an essential rule to the innovation of laptop .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||main|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN|||role|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The idea of designing laptop was first not approved by Toshiba , while Mizoguchi , the chief designer of laptop did not give up .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||but|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S He organized a group of talented engineers who were selected from the military projects with strong professional skills and knowledge and started the research secretly .
+
+S After 24 months of hard work and thousands of times of practice , the first laptop was born .
+
+S The support of technical stuff brought a successful step towards the final goal of promoting and producing laptops .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN|||staff|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly , but not the least , the source of funding made the production and sales of laptops possible .
+A 0 5|||R:OTHER|||Last but not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Though the research team has made the idea of laptop came true , the laptop would not be finally put into production without a large amount of money .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To the disappointment , the plan of producing the laptops had again been rejected due to the small potential market estimated by the company .
+A 1 2|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A new obstacle was in the way of Mizoguchi 's laptop plan .
+
+S Fortunately , the potential of this innovation drew the attention of Nishida , an expert at marketing .
+
+S With his cooperation , the sales of laptop had been guaranteed and the production was finally executed .
+
+S To sum up , the innovation of laptop can not be separated with the three main factors .
+A 12 13|||R:PREP|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The demand of customers inspired the designers , the support of technical stuff put the idea into practice , and finally , the source of funding ensure the sales .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN|||staff|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:VERB:TENSE|||ensured|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Without any of these three factors , the dream of owning a laptop will be still a dream now .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Rogers , E.M. ( 2003 ) .
+
+S The birth of the laptop computer at Toshiba .
+
+S Retrieved from Sep 9 , 2009 .
+
+S In Diffusion of innovations ( pp.144- 146 ) .
+
+S New York : Free Press .
+
+S Lightbulb and Microwave oven
+
+S Have you tried to live with fire as your light source and use fire to cook or heat food ?
+
+S It must be terrible .
+
+S Fortunately , Thomas Edison created lightbulb in 1879 and Percy LeBaron Spencer discovered microwave energy after World War two .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is amazing that Edison picked up a fifty-year-old idea and made it come true , while Percy brought microwave oven to light by an accident , indeed .
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These two wonderful discoveries have lots of similarities and difference .
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||many|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||differences|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the first place , the two inventors discovered lightbulb and microwave oven in totally different ways .
+
+S Moreover , the idea of microwave oven was totally new , while someone had worked on lightbulb before Edison .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Finally , the inventions and innovations of lightbulb and microwave oven are really great creations for human beings .
+
+S First of all , Edison and Percy made the two considerable discoveries in two completely different ways .
+
+S Edison achieved this unbelievable task by thousands of various experiments .
+A 8 9|||R:ADJ|||different|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To choose the suitable filament for the lightbulb , Edison tried more than 1600 kinds of materials with different heat-resisting .
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN|||heat-resistance|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The result showed that platinum was the best material to be used as filaments , which was not satisfying due to its high price .
+
+S After many setbacks , Edison decided to use carbon to make filament .
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nevertheless , Percy lighted on microwave energy by pure coincidence .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||On the other hand|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:VERB|||chanced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When he did some experiment focusing on radar waves , the melt of a candy bar in his pocket excite the surprise of him .
+A 19 23|||R:OTHER|||surprised|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After deeper research , Percy concluded that microwave heating could raise the internal temperature of many foods far more rapidly than a conventional oven .
+
+S In addition , Edison did not 'invent ' the lightbulb actually , while Percy is the first person who discover the microwave energy and invented microwave oven .
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:TENSE|||discovered|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In contrast to conventional belief , Edison just improved upon an old idea which had been thought out 50 years ago .
+
+S Since he was interested in electric appliance , he picked up this idea and made several improvements to it through various experiments .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||appliances|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After improving the vacuum inside the globe , he produced a long-lasting and reliable light source .
+
+S Conversely , there was nobody who discovered the energy of microwave before Percy .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||In contrast|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After he found out this big secret and went through careful trials , Percy developed microwave oven into practical eventually .
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , he is definitely the inventor of microwave oven .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Last but not least , lightbulb helps us say goodbye to darkness and microwave oven provides us a pretty convenient way to heat food .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:ADV|||very|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Both of these two remarkable inventions help us to lead a much better life now .
+
+S Because of lightbulb , the big world becomes brighter and more colorful .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , we can read , write and do lots of things in the night .
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||many|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lightbulb has brought us easier and more convenient life .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The lightbulb|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the same manner , microwave oven has become one of the many modern conveniences nowadays .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It provides us a better way to heat food .
+
+S Not only can it save time but also can be operated in a safer manner .
+A 7 7|||M:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 9|||R:WO|||can also|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , lightbulb and microwave oven are both great discoveries .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , they do have many difference and similarities .
+
+S First , Edison and Percy made the two considerable discoveries in two completely different ways .
+
+S Moreover , Edison just made improvements to lightbulb while Percy invented microwave oven .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Finally , though they are different in many ways , both of them do contribute a lot to help us lead a better life now .
+
+S Anyway , we must thank Edison Thomas and Percy LeBaron Spencer made these two extraordinary inventions .
+A 11 11|||M:PRON|||who|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nuclear Weapons - a socially determined innovation
+
+S 15th August , known as " Victory in the Pacific Day " , is celebrated by people all around the world to memorize the surrender of Japan in 1945 .
+A 22 23|||R:VERB|||commemorate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S What we need to emphasize here is that the atomic bomb explosion in Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 6th and 9th August respectively definitely speed the surrender of Japan .
+A 16 17|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:VERB|||hastened|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the history of warfare , these are the only two nuclear weapons used for attacking .
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||in the offensive|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nowadays , more than sixty years passed by , nuclear weapons are still the most destructive weapons invented by human beings .
+A 0 1|||R:ADV|||Now|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||later|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Surprisingly , when the nuclear technology is firstly discovered by scientists , it was seemed as a method to satisfy human 's needs of energy .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB|||seen|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First of all , we must acknowledge that the invention of nuclear weapon is a result of development of science and technology .
+
+S After Einstein 's General Relativity Theory and famous equation E = mc2 , scientists thought more about how to get energy more efficiently and effectively .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In early 1939 , two German scientists first published their essay about nuclear fission and also stated that this new energy recourse can make tremendous profits for human beings .
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN|||source|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:TENSE|||could|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:VERB|||bring|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Unfortunately , at the background of World War Two , military demands had priority over anything else .
+A 2 3|||R:PREP|||against|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The discovery of nuclear technology gave both sides of the war an opportunity to win .
+
+S Both Axis and Allies wanted to catch the ball before the bound .
+
+S Obviously , Allies finally win the battle on the invention of nuclear weapons .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||won|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Otherwise , the result of World War Two may be different and it is hard to imagine what our life should be today .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||might|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S U.S. used more than six hundred thousand people and invested more than two billion dollars to start the " Manhattan Project " .
+A 0 0|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In around four years ' time , U.S. solved a lot of unpredictable technological problems and eventually successfully made three atomic bombs near the end of World War Two .
+
+S Japan tragically became the first and only target of nuclear weapons in the history .
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even till now , whether the invention of nuclear weapons for peace or war is still discussed all over the world .
+A 10 10|||M:VERB|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We can not deny that the two bombs dropped in Japan finally brought peace back to people in the world .
+
+S However , the catastrophe it caused to Japanese was really serious .
+A 6 7|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hiroshima and Nagasaki were thoroughly destroyed and most residents were killed by the unimaginable power and heat from the explosion .
+
+S Even today , nuclear crisis in North Korea and Iran still threatens the stabilization of world .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If there was no E = mc2 or World War Two , nuclear weapons may never be invented .
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But everything also seems very natural and has its inevitability .
+
+S This is history .
+
+S Maybe for the nuclear technology itself , utilizing it to make weapons is unfair , but we must agree that it is the social needs , or specifically the military demands , and government priorities at that time that decide the direction of this innovation .
+A 39 40|||R:VERB|||determined|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Just like every year people celebrate the " Victory in the Pacific Day " , there should be some others memorizing the nuclear weapons .
+A 20 21|||R:VERB|||remembering|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are two different perspectives for the development of technologies : technological and sociological point of view .
+
+S When viewed from the technological point of view , it can be seen that the technology , consisting of hardware and software , is shaped according to how technology has improved .
+
+S However , that is not true as it can be seen that considerations like market and cost are not taken into account .
+
+S Therefore the sociological factors like affordability and user-friendliness are used to determine the development of technologies .
+
+S An example of such technology is the Global Positioning System ( GPS ) .
+
+S The technology consists of numerous satellites that orbit around the Earth that provide its users with various functions ranging from navigation to prediction of weather , thus , widely used in transportation industries .
+
+S The military also use GPS in various methods from missile guidance to enemy tracking .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||uses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides that , the public has also benefited from this technology as it can be used for search and rescue purposes and also as a navigation aid .
+
+S Numerous factors have brought about the development of the GPS mainly the government , military and public demands .
+A 10 10|||M:PUNCT|||:|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First , the government had a great part to play in the development of the GPS .
+
+S In 1983 , the U.S. President Ronald Reagan decided that the GPS will be made available to civilian uses after the Soviet Union shot down a commercial airliner which had navigational difficulty , bringing about the death of more than 200 passengers .
+A 16 17|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||use|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since then , the government realised that the GPS is the key to providing a dependable way of navigation and thus , pushed for its development .
+
+S Currently , the GPS is widely used in the aviation and maritime industry so that similar incidents can be avoided .
+A 19 20|||R:VERB|||prevented|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Second , the military brought about revolution in the usage of GPS by integrating missiles and other artilleries with GPS which improved the accuracy and efficiency of the weapons .
+
+S Besides that , it allowed the soldiers to do scouting and accomplish their tasks at night through GPS- receivers that coordinated their movements with command posts .
+
+S When the GPS is paired together with satellite cameras , enemy tracking and identifying targets are made convenient .
+
+S Next , the public demands have pushed the benefits of the GPS greater when gadgets are integrated with GPS to provide constant relative motion and time coordinating .
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||further|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:MORPH|||coordination|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Using such products , users are capable of navigating in any part of the world .
+
+S At such , even the user 's estimated time of arrival can be calculated .
+A 0 1|||R:PREP|||As|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Such products have saved lives when rescuers tracked the GPS signals from their gadgets to locate the victim 's whereabouts , bringing the success rate of search and rescue mission to a higher level .
+
+S Today , the GPS is a widely used technology in not just the transport industry , but also in military and civilian purposes .
+
+S It has also since developed into a cost saving technology as it saves not just petrol and gasoline , but also time and effort .
+
+S Besides that , many victims owe their life to GPS when rescued from disasters and accidents .
+
+S It has been published that the GPS will fail in the year 2010 , however , with its wide range of purposes and benefits , efforts are being put in place by various governments around the world to not just keep it functional , but also to improve its capabilities .
+
+S Therefore , we can expect to see more GPS-related technology in future .
+
+S References :
+
+S Wikipedia ( http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_System )
+
+S Official GPS website ( http : //www.gps.gov/ )
+
+S Rogers , E. M. ( 2003 ) .
+
+S The generation of innovations .
+
+S In Diffusion of innovations ( pp.136-157 ) .
+
+S New York : Free Press .
+
+S Hopes from Toshiba Laptops
+
+S The development of technology has benefited human beings in both scientific researches and daily life of human beings .
+A 11 12|||R:MORPH|||research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the invention of microscope , scientists are able to observe molecules which form all matters .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:MORPH|||matter|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides scientific researches , inventions and new technologies have indeed brought convenience to human beings .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With mobile phones and Internet around , individuals are connected to the whole world with a simple click .
+
+S As Rogers stated in his book , development of technologies is stimulated either by scientific research or by social reasons .
+
+S ( Rogers , 2003 ) One important technology which was socially determined is the invention of laptop in Toshiba , a Japanese electronics company .
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The invention of laptop was originally designed to fit crowded offices and small homes which were typical in Japan .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S At that time , dozens of workers shares one desk and desktop computers were too large in size .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||shared|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Rogers , 2003 ) Laptop was then invented by an engineer in Toshiba Company called Mizoguchi , whose braveness and wisdom has been recognized in the process of inventing laptop .
+A 5 6|||M:DET|||The laptop|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 30|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , because of lacking resources and unpromising market , the innovation of laptop in Toshiba was nearly aborted .
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Fortunately , the designers of laptop were strong-minded so people nowadays are able to access internet anywhere with laptops that were first invented by them .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||determined|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||M:DET|||the Internet|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the process of inventing a laptop , the design team was lack of human resource and money .
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||lacking in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S At first , the idea of designing laptop was disapproved by the Toshiba Company , which at that time has just suffered from huge loss in the business of personal computers .
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:TENSE|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Rogers , 2003 ) Corporate leaders of the company then were no longer interested in computer-related businesses and thus refused to provide fund and experts to the designing team .
+
+S Although the team survived due to the insistence of Mizogushi and finally came up with the first laptop in the world , lack of resources has had an impact on the design team , which made the team 'stressful ' ( Rogers , 2003 ) in the designing process .
+A 25 26|||R:VERB:TENSE|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After the laptop was invented , it was forbidden to be sold in Japan since the company was not optimistic about the market of its new product .
+
+S ( Rogers , 2003 ) Thus , the designers decided to present their production in Europe first , where they had a great success .
+
+S After that , laptops were introduced to all parts of the world and had brought convenience to people .
+
+S To wrap up , the invention of laptop was affected by the lack of resources and unpromising market which ultimately came from opinion of the authority in Toshiba Company which turned out to be incorrect .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the result is that laptops were eventually invented and brought convenience to human beings .
+
+S It is true that sometimes technology innovation may be affected by some factors , but hopes are that determined engineers such as Mizogushi will eventually come up with inventions that can improve our quality of life .
+
+S References :
+
+S Rogers , E.M. ( 2003 ) .
+
+S The Birth of the Laptop Computer at Toshiba .
+
+S In Diffusion of innovations ( pp.144-146 ) .
+
+S New York : Free Press .
+
+S The Serendipitous Discovery of Penicillin
+
+S Serendipitous scientific discoveries often refer to those unexpected surprises scientists came across fully by chance in the area of science and technology .
+
+S These unplanned serendipitous " accidents " often turned out to be good results .
+
+S Actually a lot of major discoveries made by excellent scientists are unexpected gifts from good luck .
+A 1 4|||R:OTHER|||many|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some of them did change the course of history and still have a significant influence on the entire human race today , even the whole environment where we settled in .
+
+S For instance , the discovery of cosmic background radiation , the invention of the first microwave oven and the discovery of electromagnetism are all serendipitous .
+
+S In particular , pharmacology perhaps the most common fields where serendipity occurs .
+A 4 4|||M:VERB|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||field|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The discovery of penicillin--a fairly common antibiotic in drug stores--is one of the most famous .
+
+S Alexander Fleming was a British bacteriologist ( also a pharmacologist ) who served as a captain in an army medical corps during World War I .
+
+S He had been searching for antibiotic substances that can attack a variety of bacteria since his graduation .
+
+S When he served in the army , he noticed that a lot of soldiers died from simple infections caused by small wounds .
+A 10 13|||R:OTHER|||many|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , at that time doctors had no cure for infections .
+
+S Every day hospitals were filled with patients who only got infections from a small cut or a scratch and more seriously those who were contracted with pneumonia or tuberculosis .
+A 23 24|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , doctors and nurses could do little to save their life .
+
+S Fleming spared no effort to carry on his experiments and research in this area , hoping that he could find a cure for such simple but lethal infections .
+
+S In September 1928 , having returned from his vacation , Fleming continued with the work in his lab immediately .
+
+S Before leaving for the holiday , he stacked a pile of staphylococcus cultures in the lab .
+
+S After he came back , he began to sort through the dishes containing those cultures in the sink .
+
+S To his surprise he suddenly found that there was a dot on one culture around which the colonies of the bacteria were damaged , while those colonies further away were normal .
+
+S It was a mould growing there , which was supposed to happen because Fleming 's lab was often untidy .
+
+S However , the major difference was that the bacteria he had been growing on those dishes were staphylococci , which can cause infections in human body .
+
+S With a sharp scientifically trained mind , Fleming realized that there must be something inside the fungus or released by it killing the bacteria around it .
+
+S He examined the mould and identified that it belongs to the penicillium family .
+
+S The mould released some kind of " mould juice " that can stop the bacteria 's growth .
+
+S After several months he named the substance Penicillin .
+
+S Following some subsequent investigations , he published his findings in a medical journal , with prediction of this new substance 's potential use in medication .
+
+S After the discovery of the new substance , he came to the problem of how to cultivating the mould and how to isolate and purify the antibiotic agent .
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:FORM|||cultivate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Both of them seemed to be quite difficult .
+
+S Fleming continued his research and trial for a long period of time with his assistant , but to no avail .
+
+S During World War II , the work was taken over by two other scientists and they soon found a technique to purify penicillin and started the mass production .
+
+S It saved a lot of soldiers ' life in the war .
+A 2 5|||R:OTHER|||many|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||lives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Of course Fleming 's contribution was never forgotten .
+
+S He shared the Nobel Prize for physiology/medicine with the two scientists .
+
+S It is quite interesting that penicillin was once discovered by a scientist serendipitously .
+
+S However , what would have happened if Fleming had never been concerned about the search for the cure or he had had no interest in this area at all ?
+A 0 3|||U:OTHER|||What|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S What would have happened if Fleming had ignored the contamination and just dropped it into the cleaning mixture ?
+
+S The whole world would have waited for more decades to see the discovery of penicillin .
+
+S It is just because Fleming was intrigued by his research that he could notice the mould contamination on the bacteria culture and stretch out further reflection on it , while others could n't .
+A 32 33|||R:CONTR|||not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hard work finally pays off .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||paid|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Serendipity only favours those with high aspirations and determination who whole-heartedly dedicated themselves to their beloved career .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||dedicate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S What hampers engineering design processes for innovation in China ?
+
+S Century after century the engineering design processes for innovations speed up all-round social progress and create the civilisation we have today .
+
+S As far as I am concerned , the so-called engineering design processes for innovations actually means that the whole industry depends on the creative and passionate engineers to design new products or systems which can perfectly meet the society 's demand .
+
+S In this way , the society is pushed forward .
+
+S That is why we say that scientific and technological process and innovation is the basic motive to promote productivity development .
+
+S However nowadays , we may find that these processes seem not so significant .
+
+S Perhaps some people will say that it is reasonable that the society is now in a relatively stationary stage since the modern scene was marked by tremendously and ever-accelerating change in the past few years .
+A 17 18|||R:ADJ|||stable|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But it is not the main reason in my opinion .
+
+S Just take my home country for an example .
+
+S The most serious problem which hampers the innovation process is that the technological base is relatively lower than the developed world .
+
+S Since industry innovation is a process with very high risk .
+
+S In other words , it runs a high risk of failure .
+
+S From the research report given by the government we can see that more than eighty percent of the companies involved in the research have some experience of breaking off or failure .
+
+S Because of the low technological base , the possibility of coming across with some bottlenecks in the innovation process is higher .
+
+S In this way , companies may dare not to pump money into the development of new products .
+A 6 8|||R:WO|||not dare|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As we all know , enough funds are the basic guarantee for innovation .
+
+S Once the process is lack of funds , there is little hope for the process to continue .
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||lacking in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , the money we have already pumped in just becomes sunk cost , which means the company losses .
+
+S Then , this becomes a vicious circle .
+
+S High risk means less money pumped in .
+
+S Less money leads to higher risk of failure .
+
+S Finally , fewer and fewer companies will be willing to go for the innovation process .
+
+S Another very important factor in my opinion is about the lack of researchers .
+
+S As is known to all , the key to technological innovation is talents , especially those high-quality compound talents .
+
+S But the fact is that the lack of researchers has become the 'bottleneck ' restrictions for most of the companies in China .
+
+S Statistics suggest that the R&D teams in companies tend to reduce .
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||decrease in number|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S What is worse , there are many companies which even do not get a R&D team yet .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||Worse still|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , the not so high salary can hardly attract high-quality talents to join the research team , which is also due to the lack of funds which I have mentioned before .
+A 3 6|||R:OTHER|||not-so-high|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All these make it even more difficult for the innovation to born the fruit .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:FORM|||bear|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Anyway , we are living in such a world where everyone is down-to-earth .
+
+S People are always tending to do things that will benefit .
+A 1 4|||R:OTHER|||always tend|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:PRON|||themselves|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a consequence , R&D may become the last choice for some talents .
+
+S All in all , it is the low level of technological base and the lack of excellent researchers that significantly hamper the whole process for innovation .
+
+S To improve the present situation , it is better for the companies to pump in more money to the process and attract more talents to contribute to the technology progress .
+
+S Additionally , companies should import the advanced ideas and skills from the developed world to improve the technological skill of themselves .
+
+S Only in this way can we expect a better environment for innovation and more significant scientific and technological progress .
+
+S Two obstacles on the path of technology development in China
+
+S Recently , along with the rapid and sound development of China 's economy , China has made world-acknowledged achievements in technological area .
+
+S However , some obstacles still hamper the process of technological innovation of China , as the technological development is in its infancy .
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In my opinion , there are mainly two big problems for us to overcome in the next few years , which are the decentralization and shortage of sources and the lagging of technology transfer .
+A 27 28|||R:NOUN|||resources|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Source refers to human capital and financial support .
+A 0 1|||R:NOUN|||Resource|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Actually , decentralization of human capital and delayed financial support hamper the stage of research and development to a quite large extent .
+A 18 20|||R:WO|||quite a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Compared to other developing countries , China does not have a standard innovation centre where a lot of talented scientists and engineers can discuss and develop a creative project .
+A 15 18|||R:OTHER|||many|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Take Silicon Valley as an example , a lot of new technological products are developed and promising companies are founded there every year , which is a result of the cooperation of many talents .
+A 6 7|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 10|||R:OTHER|||Many|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But China does not have such a base for technology development .
+
+S Chinese talents are spreading all over the world .
+
+S How to call up them and work out some big projects is a tough task for our government .
+A 3 5|||R:OTHER|||them back|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lack of financial support is another problem faced by some existing research departments .
+
+S Every year , China raises a large quantity of money to support technology development .
+
+S However , if the financial support is divided into small parts , these departments will not get enough money to do a large scale research .
+A 16 17|||R:VERB|||receive|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S What 's more , some research projects must wait several months for financial support , during which time scientists may lose heart and give up .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||Furthermore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , research and development , which are the first steps of innovation , becomes more and more difficult .
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:SVA|||become|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S China should try hard to solve the problem of source .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN|||resource|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another problem is the lagging of technology transfer , which is a headache for a lot of research departments .
+
+S As we all know , technology was born to meet human 's needs .
+
+S Therefore , transforming technology into human lives is significant for an innovation .
+
+S Some new technologies may be born as well as die in laboratories as a result of lagging of technology transfer .
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||lag|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Take computer as an example : it is said that the development speed of the computer is quite fast .
+
+S Maybe it takes about a few years to generate a new generation .
+A 0 1|||R:ADV|||Perhaps|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But can most of us change our computers every few years ?
+
+S Impossible !
+
+S What 's more , as China does not have a system to link these new techniques with manufacturing departments , I think most manufacturing factories can not make full use of these innovations .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||Besides|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , we 'd better to build a sound system to do the technology transfer .
+A 3 4|||R:CONTR|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:VERB:FORM||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As far as I am concerned , the two problems are crucial as one refers to the beginning of innovation and the other determines the destiny of this innovation .
+
+S I think there are some ways to solve these problems .
+
+S Firstly , we 'd better develop some technical centre to bring talents together and do research .
+A 3 4|||R:CONTR|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , we must develop a complete system for technology transformation .
+
+S If we can overcome these problem , I believe the design process of innovation in China will develop farther more .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Two Problems hampering China 's engineering design processes for innovation
+
+S Nowadays , innovative engineering design plays a significant role in technology development .
+
+S A smart design , sometimes only involving a little change , can improve the work efficiency by several times , which can produce a much more attractive profit .
+
+S Obviously , cultivating engineers ' innovative abilities is very important .
+
+S However , in my home country , many problems exist as huge barriers for engineers to apply their innovative ideas into practice .
+A 20 21|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The improper education model and the unsatisfying experimental conditions stand out among many reasons .
+
+S First comes the improper education model in China .
+
+S Chinese students are very diligent , but sometimes they focus too much on theory knowledge and the exams , while overlook the importance of cultivating their own innovative ability .
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||theoretical|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:FORM|||overlooking|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many engineering students only care about passing exams , believing passing exam is everything .
+
+S So when they become engineers , what they can do is only follow others ' steps and can not put forward new ideas .
+A 17 17|||M:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides the cognition problem , some universities do not pay much attention on students ' hands-on abilities .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB|||give|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Experiment classes , which aim to help students develop their applying and innovative ability , are often deleted from the schedule or are conducted without experimental materials .
+A 10 11|||R:MORPH|||application|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For technologies , experiencing personally is the best way to learn .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||technology|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 5|||R:OTHER|||personal experience|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Being taught in this way , many students can analyze theoretical questions deeply but can do nothing about practical problems .
+
+S What 's more , we know it is hard for a person to come up with new ideas continuously but this process becomes much easier when several people exchange their thoughts about this issue .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||Furthermore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is the function of communication .
+
+S But teamwork sometimes is also overlooked .
+
+S There is no project , no lab report , no design assignments , how can students learn to work with others ?
+A 0 1|||M:PREP|||If there|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , some engineers can not communicate , do not know how to allocate workload ; do not know how to deal with difficulties and conflicts .
+A 7 8|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||, and they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This greatly increases the difficulties to be innovative .
+
+S Another hamper is the unsatisfying society conditions for engineers to carry out their knowledge and thoughts .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN|||obstacle|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:ADJ|||unsatisfactory|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||social|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||R:VERB|||develop|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When I compare my hometown university engineering graduates with their peers in NUS , I find those from NUS have more opportunities to have internships in institutes , to do experiments in team , to communicate with researchers and professors .
+A 32 33|||R:NOUN:NUM|||teams|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is the problem of experimental condition .
+
+S Apart from this , China does not attach as much attention on technology innovations as many other countries .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB|||give|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , in Singapore , there are many awards for engineers in various engineering fields while there are only a few which are quite hard to achieve .
+
+S Some engineers can not do experiments only because they can not get enough money .
+
+S This is the problem of financial condition .
+
+S Besides the above two problems , lack of communication in engineering society also discourage the innovative ideas to come out .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:SVA|||discourages|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 20|||R:OTHER|||generation of innovative ideas|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are not many conferences on engineering topics which can let engineers and scientists to exchange ideas and learn from each other .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB|||allow|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is the problem of communication condition .
+
+S After all the above , we can see the improper model and the unsatisfying social conditions really act as obstacles to innovative engineering designs .
+A 13 14|||R:ADJ|||unsatisfactory|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This may be a reason that China 's technology is still behind many countries in certain fields .
+
+S However , we must also see things are changing .
+
+S As China is carrying out education reform in a large scale and putting more emphasis on technology innovations , we can predict China 's technology has a good perspective .
+A 28 29|||R:NOUN|||prospect|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S DC Technology and the effect of consumers ' demand
+
+S In the old days , taking photos was a complicated process which was almost performed solely by professional technicians .
+A 2 3|||R:MORPH|||olden|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A photographer had to not only adjust all the settings manually , but also print the films with chemicals called film developer in a darkroom .
+A 4 6|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 14|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB|||develop|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the recent two decades witnessed astonishing innovation in photographythe development of digital cameras ( DC ) which has made taking photos accessible to non-specialists .
+A 6 6|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||photography . The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This development came as a result of people 's demand for more convenient photo-taking techniques .
+
+S Consumers ' desire for more convenient usage and better photo quality shapes the development of DC technology .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||usagof the camera|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Consumers ' desire for convenient usage mainly consists of two partsthe simplicity of camera functions and the accessibility of photo sharing .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:OTHER|||of the camera|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 11|||R:OTHER|||includethe|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Both of these requests stimulate the DC technology development in respective ways .
+A 9 12|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since most non-specialists do n't possess sufficient photography knowledge , developing user-friendly functions is essential to enable these people to take good photos .
+
+S Relevant innovations include the face detection technology by Sony Company , which was developed in response to the increasing popularity of portrait taking ( Cheung , K. M. , 2007 ) .
+A 0 1|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||Innovations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||like|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Other technologies like the anti-blink function and the Smile Shutter function which automatically capture the best facial expressions are also developed in the need for simpler photo taking ( Sony Unveils World 's First Wi-Fi Digital Camera with Web Browser , 2009 ) .
+A 11 11|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Photo sharing ability is another feature consumers value .
+
+S In the past , photos could only be printed on paper , which confined the sharing of photos .
+
+S However , modern DC technology effectively solves this problem by involving web access .
+
+S Users can upload photos to the Internet and share the photos with more people .
+A 4 5|||R:PREP|||onto|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A case in point is the development of Wi-Fi cameras .
+A 6 8|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With a web browser installed , this camera can get access to any hotspot , allowing users to upload their photos immediately after shooting ( Sony Unveils World 's First Wi-Fi Digital Camera with Web Browser , 2009 ) .
+A 5 5|||M:OTHER|||within it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another development that improves the convenience of taking photos is the portability .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||improved|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is achieved by reducing the size of a DC .
+
+S The technology of compact DC has made this development particularly prominent .
+
+S These DCs are generally less than 20mm thick , with a weight of approximately 150 grams .
+
+S Thus , they can be put in pockets and easily carried .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||inside|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:ADV|||around|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The improvement in portability also results from people 's increasing demand for easy casual shootings .
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||has also resulted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Consumers ' pursuit of better photo quality also drives the innovation of advanced DC technology .
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||has also driven|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The quality of a photo is mainly determined by the resolution of a camera .
+
+S To improve resolution , a company needs to conduct a considerable amount of research , including generation of new ideas , technology breakthroughs and repetitive experiments .
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||which included|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The process is hard , but companies are still willing to sacrifice their time and labor for the development , since the better the resolution , the more customers will be attracted , and the more profit the companies will make .
+A 8 9|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:OTHER|||. This is because|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Original digital cameras had a very low resolution .
+
+S For example , the first commercial DC , Dycam Model 1 , provided only 90,000 pixels ( Kamps , 2008 ) .
+
+S After half a decade , the number changed to 1,000,000 .
+
+S The most advanced DCs today support more than 12 million pixels , which is over 100 times that of the original ones .
+
+S Such remarkable improvement shows the strong impact of consumers ' requirement on pushing forward the DC technology .
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The innovation and development of DC technology are shaped by the need of the market .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Consumers ' desire for better photo-taking experience stimulates companies to develop their technology and provide better products to compete for customers .
+
+S On the other hand , the technological developments have greatly changed our lives at the same time , making our lives more convenient and colourful .
+A 0 4|||R:OTHER|||At the same time|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References Kamps , H. J .
+
+S ( 2008 , November 20 ) .
+
+S Photography History III --- The Digital Era .
+
+S Retrieved on 15/09/2009 from http : //photocritic.org/digital-photography-history/ Cheung , K. M. ( 2007 , February 27 ) .
+
+S Sony Launches New W-series Model with Face Detection .
+
+S Retrieved September 28 , 2009 , from http : //www.digitalcamerainfo.com/ content/Sony-Launches-Face-Detection-Included-on-W-Series.htm Sony Unveils World 's First Wi-Fi Digital Camera with Web Browser ( 2009 , January 8 ) .
+
+S Retrieved September 28 , 2009 , from http : //www.dlna.org/news/pr/ view ? item_key = c1bd93b16628b0c7ac358f41b63339664a67bbad
+
+S Mobile Telecommunication : A Socially Determined Technology
+
+S After telephone was invented in the late 1800s , people were thinking about ways to improve such communication technology to extend the range of social network .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The original idea of mobile phone came from combining telecommunication with radio technology which was considerably improved during the World War 2 period CITATION Spe90 \ l 2052 ( Special History Issue , 1990 ) .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 28|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , since radio telephone at that time was too heavy and expensive , the number of mobile phone users was limited .
+
+S Until the 1980s , due to the cellular idea , the portability and the quality of communication of mobile phone were improved and mobile telephony started to play a part in mass market CITATION Tom07 \ l 2052 ( Farley , 2007 ) .
+A 31 31|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 38|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And with the advance in internet technology , the third generation mobiles phones are digitized nowadays CITATION Wei05 \ l 2052 ( Wei , 2005 ) .
+A 3 4|||R:MORPH|||advancement|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 21|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This essay will examine three major factors in the development of mobile telecommunication in different stages .
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First of all , the post-war economic recovery demanded a better way of communication in order to expand the network of free trade between different countries .
+A 23 24|||R:PREP|||among|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The need of communication is always vital , especially for business .
+
+S In 1946 soviet engineers Shapiro and Zaharchenko CITATION Spe90 \ l 2052 ( Special History Issue , 1990 ) launched the first radio telephone which was equipped inside a car and could connect to local telephone network within the range of 20 kilometers .
+A 7 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , as water transportation was developed rapidly during that period , radiotelephony service was introduced to harbor and coastal vessels CITATION Spe90 \ l 2052 ( Special History Issue , 1990 ) .
+A 21 26|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the past , radio telephony was the only way to connect to telephone service when people were mobile .
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , the demands to achieve economic growth pushed mobile technology forward in the early days .
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , the development of mobile telecommunication was inspired by achievements in other fields .
+
+S Donald H. Ring came up with the idea of cellular network in 1947 CITATION Tom07 \ l 2052 ( Farley , 2007 ) .
+A 13 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the idea was not applied to mobile phones because of the lack of computing power at that time .
+
+S With the advance in computing technology in 1980s , a cellular network on mobile phones called Groupe Special Mobile was developed and this made mobile communication start to boom CITATION Tom07 \ l 2052 ( Farley , 2007 ) .
+A 29 34|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Similarly , the development of necessary technologies such as semi-conductors , transistors and microelectronic chips also contributed to the development of mobile telecommunications .
+A 15 15|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , progress in other fields can promote the innovations of mobile technology .
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Last but not the least , the increasing number of mobile users requires digitized mobile phones with special features .
+
+S After the born of GSM , mobile phones started to more attract private users .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||birth|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Unlike the business usage , private users demand a user-friendly environment to communicate with friends and family as well as some additional entertainment features .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Such demands by the public encouraged mobile developers to create new functions for cell phones such as delivering ring tones , SMS and voice mail CITATION Wei05 \ l 2052 ( Wei , 2005 ) .
+A 25 30|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , mobile phones became digitized at the beginning of this century , which brought a revolution of mobile telecommunication .
+A 15 15|||M:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Mobile phone today is no longer a phone that was mobile ; it can be a MP3 player , a game player and even a personal computer .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , consumers ' demands motivate the development of mobile telecommunication in the digital age .
+
+S Within the context of a society , mobile telecommunicate was shaped by economic factors , other inventions and consumers ' demands .
+A 8 9|||R:SPELL|||telecommunication|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And as a leading technology , mobile telecommunication will continue to benefit both individuals and organizations in the future .
+
+S References :
+
+S BIBLIOGRAPHY Farley , T. ( 2007 ) .
+
+S The Cell-Phone Revolution .
+
+S Retrieved September 11 , 2009 , from American Heritage : http : //www.americanheritage.com/events/articles/web/20070110-cell-phone-att-mobile-phone-motorola-federal-communications-commission-cdma-tdma-gsm.shtml
+
+S Special History Issue .
+
+S ( 1990 , October ) .
+
+S Retrieved September 10 , 2009 , from http : //wgbush.com/splncs/splncs15.pdf Wei , C. ( 2005 ) .
+
+S Studying Mobile Phone Use in Context : Cultural , Political and Economic Dimension of Mobile Phone Use .
+
+S 2005 IEEE International Professional Communication Proceedings , ( pp .
+
+S 205-212 ) .
+
+S The technology of nanorobotics ( nanobots ) is a modern invention that deals with the making of robots at an atomic level .
+A 19 20|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The development of nanobots came from the advancement in nanotechnology , and the idea of nanotechnology was proposed by physicist Richard Feynman in a speech in 1959 .
+
+S Nanobots are programmed to do specific tasks , and they are small enough to enter a human body .
+
+S These tasks are increasingly needed to improve the level of technology in medical treatments today .
+
+S Research in nanobots is intensively carried out in this area .
+
+S Hence , development in the technology of nanobots today is largely shaped by the demands of patients with illnesses that require better treatments .
+
+S The development of nanobots today is largely affected by the increasing medical needs in cancer treatment .
+
+S There are many injuries and illnesses that originate from nano-scale processes .
+
+S For instance , cancer cells damage the cells within the human body , and they can not be treated effectively with the conventional treatment like chemotherapy .
+
+S Today , drugs for treating cancer are delivered to specific tissues by nano-particles within the body .
+
+S According to a journal by Amir Gur ( 2007 ) , " small-sized robots are already involved in spinal surgeries , and the use of nanobots allows minimising damage to the tissue in the procedure .
+
+S " The introduction of nanobots in medicine and biomedical research creates possible solutions to treat illnesses that macro-scale techniques would be impossible to achieve .
+
+S Furthermore , the early boom of nanobots was largely dependent on the policies of the government .
+
+S Research on nanobots requires huge funding .
+
+S Without the help from the government , the advancement would be slow .
+
+S According to a journal article by Vincent Dusastre ( 2008 ) , " the lobbies convinced the Clinton administration to launch the National Nanotechnology Initiative in 1999 .
+
+S " This was the catalyst that accelerated the development in nanotechnology .
+
+S For fear of losing to other nations , the government increases the funding to private and public sectors in the R&D of nanotechnology , and this in turn brings to the global development and innovation of nanobots .
+
+S Another important factor that is changing the landscape of nanobots is economy .
+
+S Our economy is greatly dependent on energy and raw materials .
+
+S Nanobots would be helpful in making materials that is efficient in storing energy and converting energy sources .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are many benefits in developing nanobots .
+
+S They can be used to create a system that is affordable , fast , and compacted .
+A 15 16|||R:MORPH|||compact|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nanotechnology has ventured even further recently .
+
+S It is described as a new and important way of solving the problem of storage system and energy crisis .
+
+S According to an article , $ 20 million was granted to Stanford - one of 46 Energy Frontier Research Centres - to help the engineers to find energy down at the nano-scale .
+A 28 29|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In Conclusion , the technology of nanobots is a modern innovation that allows human to process task that is beyond our bear-eye can see .
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||tasks|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:PRON|||what|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN|||beareye|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This technology is largely applied in the field of medical treatment today .
+
+S With the continuous development , nanobots would improve the lives of millions in the near future .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference,
+
+S Amir , G. ( 2007 ) .
+
+S The Nanonots are Coming .
+
+S Retrieved September 17 , 2009 , from { http : //thefutureofthings.com/news/13/the-nanobots-are-coming.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //thefutureofthings.com/news/13/the-nanobots-are-coming.html ]
+
+S Nanobot.info .
+
+S ( 2004-2008 ) .
+
+S Report on Nanobots ( Nanotechnology Robots ) .
+
+S Minnetonka , MN .
+
+S Retrieved September 17 , 2009 , from { http : //www.nanobot.info/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.nanobot.info/ ]
+
+S Stanford University .
+
+S ( 2009 May ) .
+
+S $ 20 million grant helps engineers find energy down at the nanoscale .
+
+S U.S. Retrieved September 17 , 2009 , from { http : //www.nanotech-now.com/news.cgi ? story_id = 33221 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.nanotech-now.com/news.cgi ? story_id = 33221 ]
+
+S TIME Inc. ( 2000 ) .
+
+S What Is Nanotechnology .
+
+S U.S. Retrieved September 17 , 2009 , from { http : //www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,997270-1,00.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,997270-1,00.html ]
+
+S Vincent , D. ( 2008 ) .
+
+S The invisible revolution .
+
+S Nature , 451 , 770-771. doi : 10.1038/451770a .
+
+S In Singapore , there are many creative ideas to solve the problems that are encountered in daily lives .
+
+S However , only limited number of the creative ideas have successfully completed their engineering design processes and hence launched in the market .
+
+S A large number of the creative ideas have failed in their engineering design processes because there are some problems in Singapore which may significantly hamper engineering design processes for innovations .
+
+S The main problem , however , is time constraint and this problem can be seen to significantly hamper engineering design processes for innovations in companies such as Creative Technology .
+A 25 25|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In Creative Technology , time constraint has significantly hampered its engineering design processes for innovations .
+
+S This time constraint is caused by competition from other companies which sell similar products and they may also be in the middle of designing similar new products as Creative Technology .
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN|||midst|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , Creative Technology has to work against time to complete its engineering design processes for innovations so that it can launch its new products earlier than the other competitors and hence , earn the rights to claim that the innovations belong to it .
+
+S Mr Sim Wong Hoo , chairman and CEO of Creative Technology , commented that having awarded the ZEN Patent to Creative Technology , it had helped to protect its invention and recognized its innovation in portable media players .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 24|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 34|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S He then further commented that in order to be awarded the ZEN Patent , it had taken a major investment of time and effort by a group of its research and development engineers .
+A 33 34|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Creative Technology , 2005 ) It can be seen that because of time constraint , the research and development engineers from Creative Technology had to sacrifice most of their time just to focus on the engineering design processes for their new product , ZEN , so that it can be completed as soon as possible .
+A 6 6|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , because of time constraints , certain processes in the engineering design processes may be compromised so that the ZEN can be completed earlier to beat the rest of the competitors .
+A 17 32|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , time constraint is the main problem that may significantly hamper engineering design processes for innovations .
+
+S Another problem is that the designing process must be able to keep up with the rapid developments in technology , otherwise by the time it is completed , it may already been rendered as obsolete .
+A 8 11|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Such case can be seen in St. James Press ( 2004 ) that Creative Technology began manufacturing its own CD-ROM drives when it could not keep up with the rapid developments in drive technology , however , it was forced to abandon the effort , dumping its inventory and taking a loss of more than $ 30 million in 1995 .
+A 0 6|||R:OTHER|||According to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From here , we can see that the Engineering design processes must be constantly be updated , otherwise more problems may occur and this has caused many engineering design process to be abandoned halfway and hence , it is a problem that may significantly hamper engineering design process for innovations .
+A 14 15|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 41|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the two problems discussed earlier are just the few of the many problems that may significantly hamper engineering design processes for innovations .
+A 7 8|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 17|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S That is the reason why it is never simple to have many innovations in Singapore .
+
+S However , still , there are many people who stood up to the difficulty and successfully completed the engineering design processes for innovations and I hope more people can learn from their experiences .
+A 2 4|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 12|||R:OTHER|||overcame|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||difficulties|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S Creative Technology ( 2005 , Aug 30 ) .
+
+S Press release : CREATIVE AWARDED U.S. PATENT ON ITS INVENTION OF USER INTERFACE FOR PORTABLE MEDIA PLAYERS .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //us.creative.com/corporate/pressroom/releases/welcome.asp ? pid = 12180
+
+S St. James Press ( 2004 ) .
+
+S International directory of company histories , Vol .
+
+S 57 .
+
+S Since the 1970 's , communication technology has made great advances , offering capabilities that were unthinkable a decade earlier .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:POSS|||s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The last decade of the 20th century saw a flood of new communication technologies entering the market , office and home according to the Central Statistical office .
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||for both the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This was the result of a better of a better understanding of people 's needs and what technology they really want to use .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One such technology was the mobile phone .
+A 1 1|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the past , communication was slow and unreliable as it was done over a distance by physical transportation such as the use of pigeons , boats and messengers .
+A 9 29|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the most unfortunate cases , the information would not even reach the desired destination .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , people wanted a form of communication which was fast and reliable .
+A 10 11|||R:DET|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This all changed dramatically with the introduction of the telephone .
+A 1 2|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , it took away the necessity of a transport medium which made it more reliable .
+A 8 8|||M:VERB|||having|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN|||communication|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , the telephone used electricity which was literally accessible to every household and this provided messages to be passed around more quickly .
+A 6 6|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB|||helped|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , this was still not enough .
+
+S People then saw the need to be able to communicate on the go .
+
+S The society wanted to be able to communicate anywhere and anytime and to anyone they wished .
+A 8 8|||M:PREP|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This resulted in the invention of wireless telephony , commonly referred to as the mobile phone .
+
+S The introduction of the mobile phone allowed people in the society to have the ability to pass messages to one another quickly and accurately whenever they wished .
+A 8 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This meant that office workers were able to speed up communication and circulate information faster to allow new ideas to be conceived quickly .
+A 21 22|||R:VERB|||spread|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Having to do this would result a great benefit to an individual 's company and finally , it would have a positive impact on the economy .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Being able|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 8|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 13|||R:OTHER|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 19|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , even the military benefited from this wireless telephony .
+A 5 5|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Through the use of wireless communication , soldiers were able to communicate with each other swiftly and with 100 % accuracy when information was passed around .
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||one another|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:VERB:TENSE|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Due to the convenience of having a mobile phone , the number of mobile phone users increased drastically over the years .
+A 16 16|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By 2002 , Japan had 55 million mobile phone users ( out of 122 million ) , China had over 200 million mobile phone users ( out of 1.3 billion ) and about 90 % of Finland 's population had a mobile phone according to BBC in 2003 .
+A 43 43|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 45 45|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The mobile underwent further developments to enhance its features to suit its consumers .
+A 2 2|||M:NOUN|||phone|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , by 2003 , the mobile phone was presented more than just a tool for calling someone .
+A 12 12|||M:PREP|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By integrating a variety of functions in a single handset , the mobile phone became a multimedia information processor fitted with an array of conveniences .
+
+S In 2003 , Nokia had a vision that the mobile phone will become a life management tool for business , work and leisure .
+
+S It will also take on roles and an anchor point , a digital navigator and a lifestyle accessory that will help individuals control and enrich their lives ( Nokia , 2002 ) .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 11|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Looking back at the evolution of communication , the mobile phone is one that was shaped by social factors .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Constant demands from the society caused mobile phone companies to continue developing newer phones that would satisfy their consumers and allow them to bridge space and time to such an extent that people can communicate more efficiently .
+
+S Recently , there was an outbreak of a pandemic flu which started in Mexico and was spreading rampantly around the world and instilled fear in people .
+A 10 11|||R:DET|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:FORM|||spread|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||R:OTHER|||, instilling|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This flu virus is known as H1N1 or the swine flu .
+
+S Experts had estimated that more than 2 billion worldwide will contact the flu ( Scheirer Micheal and Harrell Eben .
+A 1 2|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:FORM|||estimate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:NOUN|||people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S 2009 ) .
+
+S As such , the health ministers of various countries were very concerned .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus leading to the development of the vaccine for H1N1 Besides the governments , the H1N1 patient and the general public is also very concerned with the development of the vaccine of H1N1 .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||, this leads|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||patients|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The health ministers of various countries have shaped the development of the new vaccine .
+
+S The virus is very contagious thus leading to a rampant spread in the society .
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||, and thus this leads|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus there is a large demand for the vaccine by the various government bodies .
+A 0 1|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||There|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This could be seen in the following , whereby the governments of France , Belgium and Finland intended to purchase 50 million , 12.6 million and 5.3 million doses , respectively ( Cormac Sheridan , 2009 ) .
+A 4 8|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:ADV|||when|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another reason the government bodies is concerned about the development of the new vaccine is the fear for mutation .
+A 2 2|||M:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||to be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As experts have predicted that many more is going to contact the diseases , there is a higher the chance that the diseases will mutate into a stronger virus .
+A 1 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB|||contract|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN|||virus|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:NOUN|||strain|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The health ministers around the world are influencing the development of the vaccine so as to cure the diseases before it spreads too widely or mutates .
+A 7 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:MORPH|||developing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN|||virus|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The public and the H1N1 patients are the other group that shaped the development of the vaccine for H1N1 .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||groups|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||the H1N1 virus|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although figures of the WHO have shown that out of the 160,000 cases only 1.200 have died , this could not contain the fear in people .
+A 2 3|||R:PREP|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:OTHER|||( World Health Organisation )|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||cases are fatal|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 26|||R:OTHER|||people continued to be in fear|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is due t0 the previous outbreak of another flu virus which took many lives .
+A 3 4|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has taken|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Due to the fear there is a high demand for the vaccine , as such the pharmaceutical companies are trying to seize this rare business opportunity .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 4|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||and as a result|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 24|||R:OTHER|||given plenty of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:NOUN|||opportunitties|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus they became very concerned with the development of the vaccine .
+
+S Besides , the large demand , any new development would also bring about a rise in the respective pharmaceutical companies share price .
+A 1 2|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:NUM|||prices|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , in April 30 2009 when Lipoxen ( pharmaceutical companies ) announced positive preclinical results for the delivery of an enhanced influenza vaccine , adding that the technology should also work against the new swine flu strain , Lipoxen 's share price when up from £ 6.62 ( $ 10.11 ) to £ 21.75 ( $ 33.23 ) ( Brady Huggett , 2009 ) .
+A 3 4|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||company|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 21|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 27|||R:OTHER|||and added|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 44 45|||R:OTHER|||went|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Both the health ministries of the world and the patient as well as the public have shaped the development of the H1N1 vaccine in various ways .
+A 0 1|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:ORTH|||Health|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||patients|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For the government , they needed the vaccine to help control the spread of H1N1 and also hope to cure the disease before it mutates into a more deadly virus .
+A 0 1|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As for the patients and the public their concerned is that they need the vaccine to stay away form the disease .
+A 7 7|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:MORPH|||concern|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 21|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It indirectly affect the pharmaceutical companies .
+A 0 7|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference list
+
+S Brady Huggett ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Profiting from pandemics .
+
+S Nature Biotechnology 27 , 491 ( 2009 ) .
+
+S doi : 10.1038/nbt0609-491 .
+
+S Cormac Sheridan ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Flu vaccine makers upgrade technologyand pray for time .
+
+S Nature Biotechnology 27 , 489 - 491 ( 2009 ) .
+
+S doi : 10.1038/nbt0609-489 .
+
+S Scheirer Micheal and Harrell Eben .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Inside the Fight against a flu pandemic .
+
+S Time magazine Aug 24. pg 16 .
+
+S Camera Phone-A Social Determined Technology
+
+S Nowadays , most mobile phone can take pictures .
+
+S Many people have already got used to use cell phone to take pictures and transfer to their friends , so that they think that the camera phones are born like this .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:FORM|||using|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:OTHER|||the images|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 31|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , camera phone changed a lot after coming out at 2000 ( Daisuke , 2003 ) , compared with the first camera phone , camera phones nowadays are quite different .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||phones|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 4|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 11|||R:OTHER|||since|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:OTHER|||and when|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S During the nine-year development of camera phone technology , we can see that the great market demand , customer requirement , and government regulations of different countries have once affected this technology a lot .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 27|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The first factor which accelerated the development of the camera phone is the great market demand .
+A 3 4|||R:DET|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Before the camera phone came out , the digital camera and videophone have existed for many years .
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||appeared in the market|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Actually , a camera phone is a combination of the digital camera and the videophone which can take pictures and save the picture in digital form freely at anywhere and anytime as a digital camera and transfer the pictures or videos to others as a videophone .
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||, and it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||pictures|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 35|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:OTHER|||. It can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 45|||R:OTHER|||other|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 45 46|||R:NOUN:NUM|||videophones|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S At that time , digital camera and videophone have already become a part of everyday life , people might really want a tool which can let people take pictures freely and transfer them wirelessly .
+A 0 4|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:ORTH|||Digital|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This kind of need of the combination of two technologies eventually bring out the camera phone .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||R:OTHER|||lead to the development of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , at 2000 , Sharp launch the world first camera phone J-SH04 which has a 110,000-pixel CMOS image sensor for taking digital photos .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||launched|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( " Sharp history 2000 : mobile phone share increased " , 2003 ) .
+
+S This innovation make sharp achieve a great success .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB|||has helped|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:ORTH|||Sharp|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 4|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Just 2 years later , Sharp announced that they had sold more than 5 million camera phones , and they had 12.5 million subscribers ( Long , 2005 ) .
+
+S We can easily see that the great sales ensured the development of this technology .
+A 8 8|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S More and more companies began to realize this great market demand and start researching in camera phones .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have begun|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:TENSE|||started|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After integrating the image sensor into the mobile phone , the quality of the pictures taken by the camera phones which only have hundreds of thousands of pixel sensor can not satisfy the need of the consumers .
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||R:WO|||have only|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 29|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The pictures taken by the camera phone are very blurred at that time .
+A 9 10|||R:ADJ|||indistinct|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Those pictures can not be developed because of its low quality .
+A 8 9|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S What might people need is actually a substitute of the digital camera .
+A 0 1|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 3|||R:WO|||People might|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This need greatly boost the camera phone technology development .
+A 2 2|||M:VERB:TENSE|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 9|||R:OTHER|||development of the camera phone technology|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Most camera phone companies tried to produce the camera phone with better sensor .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||phones|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||sensors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Eventually in the year 2003 , Sharp launched the world first 1 megapixel camera phone ( Long , 2005 ) , which can provide much better quality pictures .
+A 0 1|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||In|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since then , camera phone became a really useful tool instead of the novel technology .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has become|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Different companies also applied the same strategy and released their 1 megapixel camera phone at the same year which made the sales surge 200 % compared with last year .
+A 2 3|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||, and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:TENSE|||surged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:OTHER|||, as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From this , we can draw the conclusion that the customer requirement greatly shaped the camera phones technology .
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||requirements|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||phone|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although the worries of sneak shot have existed since the camera phone came out , it has aroused wide concern during last few years as the increase number of such kind of incidents .
+A 0 1|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 17|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB|||caused|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:ADJ|||much|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:OTHER|||, with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 32|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , on December 30 , 2006 , a short film of the execution of former Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein leaked out on the internet which led to some serious detrimental effect .
+A 6 7|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 24|||R:OTHER|||into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The film was obvious taken by a camera phone .
+A 3 4|||R:MORPH|||obviously|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Different countries also promulgated different regulations to limit the use of the camera phone .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||have since|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , Saudi Arabia even once banned the import and sale of camera phone ( Mishkhas , 2004 ) .
+
+S In Japan and Korea , camera phone must make a sound when pictures are taken .
+
+S Different companies also try to find new methods to prevent the sneak shot .
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:MORPH|||shots|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Eventually , most camera phone nowadays will make a sound when taking pictures and we can not mute it .
+
+S To conclude , the different countries regulation also affected the development of the camera phone technology .
+
+S When we compare the camera phone nowadays with the first camera phone , we can find that there are lots of differences .
+
+S All these differences are created gradually during the nine years development of camera phone technology .
+
+S We can see that the market demand makes the camera phone come out , costumer requirement led to the improvement of the functions of a camera phone and government regulations also affected the usage of the camera phone .
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB|||has helped|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 13|||R:OTHER|||in the development of the camera phone .|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||and customer|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN|||needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 27|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 29|||R:OTHER|||. Government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 30|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All these factors make camera phone more and more adapt to our society and eventually bring a novel technology into our daily life .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:ADJ|||popular|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 21|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||lives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference
+
+S Gartner , Inc. ( 2005 , December 1 ) .
+
+S Gartner Says Worldwide Sales of Camera Phones Will Reach Nearly 300 Million in 2005 .
+
+S Retrieved September 14 , 2009 from http : //www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp ? id = 492226 Long G. ( 2005 , May 7 ) .
+
+S The Evolution of the Camera Phone .
+
+S Retrieved September 14 , 2009 from http : //searchwarp.com/swa7798.htm
+
+S Mishkhas A .
+
+S ( 2004 , December 17 ) Saudi Arabia to Overturn Ban on Camera Phones .
+
+S Retrieved September 16 , 2009 from http : //www.arabnews.com / ? page = 1&section = 0&article = 56187&d = 17&m = 12&y = 2004 Sharp history 2000 : mobile phone share increased .
+
+S ( n.d. ) Retrieved September 15 , 2009 from http : //sharp-world.com/corporate/info/his/h_company/ 2000/index.html
+
+S The limitations of the development of Hawk-eye system
+
+S Hawk-eye is a computer system used in cricket , tennis and other sports to visually track the path of the ball and display a record of its actual path as graphic image .
+A 0 0|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In tennis and cricket , Hawk-eye system has become an important reference for judgment and even the decision maker when dispute come on the scene .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 19|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 25|||R:OTHER|||there is dispute about the games|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When the Hawk-eye system was invented , it got prizes including Science and Technology Innovation Award presented by The Royal Television Society .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB|||won|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||some|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||, such as the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , even for now , the popularization has not become widespread .
+A 2 12|||R:OTHER|||it is not very popular|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hawk-eye 's development is limited due to its high cost , some errors it made and some opposing ideas from the public .
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN|||voices|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The first limit for the development of Hawk-eye is its high cost .
+A 2 3|||R:MORPH|||limitation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To perform well , Hawk-eye needs 8 to 10 high speed cameras , 4 high speed computers as well as a big screen .
+
+S The above-mentioned equipments need to operate very fast , which needs the facilities to be of high quality .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||equipment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 14|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Theses above reasons as well as the monopoly market of Hawk-eye together lead to the high cost to use Hawk-eye system .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||These|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 3|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||monopolised|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||R:OTHER|||have led|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||R:OTHER|||of using|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the 2009 snooker China open , the sponsor spent 400 thousands Yuan per week , which means almost 60 thousands US dollars per week .
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||thousand|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:ORTH|||yuan|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||is equivalent to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||thousand|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 25|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( 2009,http : //sports.sina.com.cn/o/2009-04-08/03264312295.shtml ) Not many contest holders can afford to spend so much money on such referencing aids .
+A 5 5|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 9|||R:NOUN|||organisers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If a technology can not apply well enough , it can not develop .
+A 0 14|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We can say that the high cost is a limit for the Hawk-eye to develop further .
+A 4 5|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 11|||R:OTHER|||has prevented|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The second limit is the shortcoming of Hawk-eye itself .
+A 2 3|||R:MORPH|||limitation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although the Hawk-eye company declared that Hawk-eye is precise and accurate , Hawk-eye made a mistake accidentally .
+A 4 4|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||makes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||mistakes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:ADV|||occasionally|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In 2009 Indian Wells Tennis Masters , Hawk-eye system made a mistake in the quarter-final .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When Andrew Murray knocked the ball out of the bound , Hawk-eye did not recognize it and finally Murray beat Ivan Ljubicic and got in the semifinal .
+A 9 10|||R:MORPH|||bounds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 23|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:PREP|||into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We use Hawk-eye to prevent errors in judgment ; however , if it does not offer us the accuracy , we may not choose to use it .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The errors caused by Hawk-eye itself are sure to prevent the potential users from using it and thus , makes the development of Hawk-eye limited .
+A 5 6|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||limited|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 24|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , not all the Sportsmen value Hawk-eye system very much .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even in tennis , one of the sports that Hawk-eye is the most widely used , some of the world 's most popular players still can not accept Hawk-eye system .
+A 4 4|||M:OTHER|||which is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 30|||R:OTHER|||the system is not well accepted by some of the world 's most popular players|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Roger Federer and Lindsay Davenport think that Hawk-eye system forgets the true meaning of tennis and makes tennis disinteresting .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:SPELL|||uninteresting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As is widely known , those world-famous players have a great influence on the development of the sport .
+A 1 1|||M:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:DET|||these|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If those players do not accept Hawk-eye system , it may be very difficult for Hawk-eye system to develop and spread out further .
+A 1 3|||R:OTHER|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 22|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the reasons why Hawk-eye system does not spread out and develop further are the high cost , the weakness of Hawk-eye system itself and the social opposing ideas from some influential world-famous players .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:OTHER|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:NOUN|||voices|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference : http : //sports.sina.com.cn http : //sports.sina.com.cn/o/2009-04-08/03264312295.shtml
+
+S Since Iphone 's first introduction on June 29 , 2007 , it has become the best- selling smart phone in the world1 .
+A 1 5|||R:OTHER|||the introduction of Iphone|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After a series of hardware and software development , we can now enjoy the latest 3GS Iphone with a lot of improvements , including Internet , 3G , music , video and photos .
+A 22 24|||R:OTHER|||that include|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the Iphone 's development process , we can not deny that the user 's demand for new functions and user 's financial problem in economic crisis have a great influence in changing the Iphone .
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||demands|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 27|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First of all , users ' demand for the Iphone that has more features and utilities to combine everything in a phone forces Apple to continue developing Iphone .
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||, which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Comparing to the 1st generation of Iphone , the latest one ( 3GS ) is very different .
+A 0 1|||R:VERB:FORM|||Compared|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S At first , Iphone just only support EDGE network , 802.11b wireless standard , and 4GB internal storage .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||Initially|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||supported|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Now the Iphone 3GS has supported 3G network , video call , 802.11n wireless standard , and up to 32GB internal storage .
+A 4 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||supports|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , in order to fully control the Iphone , users want to have more applications to fulfill their needs .
+
+S To satisfy users ' demand for new applications , themes , software and utilities , on March 6 , 2008 , Apple finally released the Iphone SDK ( Apple , 2008 ) , the platform in which programmer can build and develop software from simple to very complicated .
+A 15 21|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:OTHER|||on March 6 2008|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 34|||R:OTHER|||. The Iphone SDK provides a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 37|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 43|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 44 44|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 46 46|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In other words , Apple had given away their private tools to build an application in order to develop their products .
+
+S The second factor that affects the Iphone is the user 's budget during economic crisis .
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S During the crisis , the sale of smart phone in general decreases because people do not want to spend money on unnecessary thing .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||things|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Worldwide sales of hi-tech " smartphones " grew at their slowest pace yet in the fourth quarter of 2008 as the financial crisis hit demand , a research firm said Thursday2 .
+A 12 13|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 31|||R:OTHER|||according to a research firm2|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There is no way for Apple to encourage people buying their products except making them more valuable .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:FORM|||to buy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:FORM|||to make|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In 2009 summer , Apple introduces the new version of Iphone , the 3GS , with the same price as the older version .
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The new one has higher speed core and bigger RAM , which lets Iphone runs faster and can even display High definition movie .
+A 5 7|||R:WO|||core speed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB|||allows|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:FORM|||to run|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||, and it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||M:DET|||a high|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Apple also reduces the price of 3G version to make it reasonable and affordable to more users .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The result is " California-based Apple was the third-biggest player with iPhone sales of 11.42 million units , more than triple the 3.3 million sold when it launched the device in 2007 " .
+A 33 33|||M:OTHER|||( citation )|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After all , user 's financial problem in economic crisis and user 's demand for advanced technology have contributed to the development of Iphone through several years .
+A 0 2|||R:ADV|||Therefore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 10|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Iphone now can serve many purposes of users like entertainment , video conference .
+A 0 0|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 9|||R:OTHER|||functions , such as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although Iphone is the best smart phone in the market at the moment , but it will have to be developed more and be offered at a lower price to satisfy the customers .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:ADV|||further|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S 1Krazit , T. ( 2008 ) Apple in third place as smartphone shipments soar .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //news.cnet.com/8301-13579_3-9865273-37.html
+
+S 2SINGAPORE ( AFP ) ( 2009 ) Global crisis hits smartphone sales .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //www.physorg.com/news156063818.html
+
+S Both the military and civil demand for precise navigation promote the development of Global Positioning System
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nowadays , almost everybody knows GPS ( Global Positioning System ) which has made a significant difference in our daily life in ways ranging from guiding family hiking to airline navigation .
+A 5 5|||M:PREP|||about|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||, and it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||lives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 24|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , a lot of people may do not know that it is such a seemingly very new advanced technology that actually already have existed for more than forty years .
+A 7 8|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 24|||R:OTHER|||has already|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Lowry , 2006 ) It is the military and civil demand for precise navigation stimulates the GPS technology advancing to what we know it as today .
+A 5 5|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:OTHER|||development of the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 24|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:OTHER|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Military demand for precise navigation is the original cause for the invitation of GPS .
+A 0 15|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After the WW , the US military realized the weakness of navigating by the stars and the radio signals and started to seek for a more precise positioning system to guide their fighters and warships globally .
+A 3 3|||M:OTHER|||( full name )|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Lowry , 2006 ) In late nineteen fifties , the scientists in USA realized the possibility of accurate positioning by satellites and finally in 1960 , a satellite navigation system called Transit is tested in USA navy to meet their intense requirement for precise navigation to avoid unnecessary shipwreck .
+A 5 5|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:OTHER|||" Transit "|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 36|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 38|||M:OTHER|||. This is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 41|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since then , in order to grasp the precise position information of its army all over the world , United States Department of Defense allotted millions of dollars in the GPS R&D which eventually resulted in a complete Global Positioning System with the operation of two dozen of polar orbiting satellites .
+A 8 11|||R:OTHER|||information of the precise positions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||armed forces|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 32|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 51 52|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Yogendra , 2002 )
+A 5 5|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides the military demand , the public appeal for a safe civil navigation also promotes the development of GPS .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||has also promoted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In 1983 , a US civilian airliner KAL 007 was shot down by the Soviet Union air force by mistake when it lost its way and flied into the airspace of the Soviet Union without authorization , thus making the US civilians intensely blame the government for the ignorance of the safety of civil navigation .
+A 16 18|||R:ORTH|||Air Force|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:VERB|||flew|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 39|||R:OTHER|||. Thus ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 43|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 44|||R:VERB:TENSE|||blamed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 47 48|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 49 50|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order to calm the mass and avoid such disasters in future , the then president Ronald Regan promised to apply GPS to civilian users as well as military once it was completed .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||masses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Lawry , 2006 ) And due to the immense pressure of the public , the US government turned off the SA ( Selective Available ) in May 2000 , which maked GPS develop from a critically military supplied technology to a real dual-use system for both civilian and military use .
+A 5 5|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 32|||R:OTHER|||. This leads the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 32|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 33|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 44|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 51 52|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Gibbon Media& Research LLC , 2007 )
+A 8 8|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The idea of GPS is firstly put forward in the nineteen forties .
+A 5 6|||R:MORPH|||first|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Afterwards , both the military and public demand for precise navigation promote the further development of GPS and make it like what we see today -a precise dual-use global positioning system for both civilian and military .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Since then|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||have demanded|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||, which promoted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:OTHER|||the civilians|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:OTHER|||the military forces|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference :
+
+S Lowry , G. ( 2006 , November 9 ) .The Development of GPS .
+
+S Retrieved September 17 , 2009 , from { http : //ezinearticles.com/ ? The-Development-of-GPS&id = 352650 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //ezinearticles.com/ ? The-Development-of-GPS&id = 352650 ]
+
+S Gibbon Media& Research LLC .
+
+S ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Enhancing the Future of Civil GPS : Overview of the L1C Signal .
+
+S Retrieved September17 , 2009 , from HYPERLINK " http : //www.insideness.com/node/485 " http : //www.insideness.com/node/485
+
+S Yogendran , S. ( 2002 ) GPS-The different arguments.. ?
+
+S GIS Development .
+
+S Retrieved September 17 , 2009 , from http : //www.gisdevelopment.net/technology/gps/techgp0017.htm
+
+S Similarities and differences between technologies developed via research and via serendipitous discovery
+
+S Technology is the practical application of knowledge especially in a specific area .
+A 7 7|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many technologies were developed via research or the interplay between scientific investigations and practical problems while some were serendipitously invented ( Rogers,2003 ) .
+
+S This essay will compare and contrast the discovery of penicillin and the development of embryonic stem cells these two technologies , in terms of impetus to the invention , researchers involved in the innovation development and the effects on society .
+A 17 20|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 31|||R:OTHER|||involvement of the researchers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 38|||R:OTHER|||of the inventions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The impetus to these technologies both comes from the needs of society .
+A 2 3|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , differences still can be seen from the impetus .
+A 0 11|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For the development of embryonic stem cells , the main reason why it can develop rapidly during such a short period is that the society needs a new way to transplantation .
+A 0 4|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:NOUN|||technology|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has developed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||R:OTHER|||because|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is not applicable to transplant an organ from one person to another .
+A 0 14|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Similarly , because the society needed a new medicine to cure some diseases like pneumonia , penicillin was discovered .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB|||treat|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But there are significant differences between these two technologies .
+
+S The discovery of penicillin is by accident and after a long time it was being used as medicine .
+A 12 12|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Impetus to these technologies is society needs and differences can be seen from it .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The impetus|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 14|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides impetus , researchers involved also have a slightly difference .
+A 0 11|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Obviously , almost all researchers involved are scientists and engineers and that is the similarities between these two technologies .
+
+S However , there are slightly differences between these two technologies in terms of researchers involved .
+A 4 5|||R:MORPH|||slight|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For the technology that was developed via research , like the stem cells mentioned before , it has a tendency that it involved a large group of researchers and even researchers from different countries .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 23|||R:OTHER|||tends to involve|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , for the serendipitous discovery , it more seems involves a smaller group of people , sometimes even individual .
+A 8 11|||R:OTHER|||seems to involve|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:ADV|||only|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Researchers involved in these two kinds of technologies are almost the same with slightly differences between them .
+A 12 12|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:MORPH|||slight|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Last but not least , their effects on the society also have similarities and differences .
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Both are promoting social development and people received lot of benefits .
+A 1 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||promote|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 11|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If doctors use organs which are obtained by stem cells , many technical problems can be solved , like rejection reaction and the shortage problem .
+A 22 23|||R:OTHER|||organ|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Similarly , after penicillin was widely used by doctors , millions of people were saved by it .
+
+S The differences lie in the time of how long it will be widely used by the majority of people .
+A 5 11|||R:OTHER|||length of time taken for it to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The technology developed via research will use shorter time to be accepted by the majority of people while technology developed via serendipitous discovery may be rejected by people when it was first invited .
+A 0 1|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||Technology|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB|||take|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 33|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Their effects on society can bring us great benefits although they take different time to be accepted by the majority of people .
+A 0 23|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are similarities and differences between technologies developed via research and via serendipitous discovery in the aspect of impetus to the invention , researchers involved in the innovation development and the effects on society .
+A 11 12|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 34|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the future , more and more useful technologies will be developed and they can give us a lot of benefits .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S Rogers , E. M. ( 2003 ) .
+
+S The generation of innovations .
+
+S In Diffusion of innovations ( pp.136-157 ) .
+
+S New York : Free Press .
+
+S Michael , M. S. ( 2009 ) .
+
+S A luminal epithelial stem cell that is a cell of origin for prostate cancer , 2-6. doi : 10.1038/nature08361
+
+S Eric , D. B .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Drug discovery : Not as fab as we thought , 1-1. doi : 10.1038/458039a
+
+S Invention !
+
+S The mere word stirs the blood and quickens the pulse .
+
+S Inventions are exciting and very thrilling .
+
+S Invention is the process of creating something new which is useful to the society in one way or another .
+
+S The world has become much more richer and more complete with inventions or innovations .
+A 5 6|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Inventions occur by realizing and understanding the problems around us .
+A 0 11|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Comprehending the problems would encourage one to come up with new ideas to find a solution .
+
+S Putting these ideas into actions and facing obstacles that come along with way leads to technological innovation .
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S During this process , technological innovation was affected by economical and social factors which contributed in shaping the innovation .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:FORM|||shaped|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the many innovations that how made our lives convenient is " Refrigeration " .
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||help to make|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This was a technology that had been shaped by the society in the past who were desperate to preserve their food .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||which was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They used blocks of ice as cooling aids to preserve their food .
+
+S Ice from mountains or snowy areas were transported to warmer regions where it was wrapped in cloth and placed in cellas .
+A 12 13|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:SVA|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Soon ice box , which was made up of a metal linked box insulated with cork or snow dust with one compartment to put the ice and another to store the perishables .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , this system was not very efficient and was inadequate .
+
+S The civil ware in US interrupted the ice trade .
+A 2 3|||R:MORPH|||war|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Successive warm winter for a period of time created severe ice shortages leading to an unprecedented demand for new methods .
+
+S The desperate need for a way to preserve food as well as the idea of cooling to prevent the food from spoiling helped to shape the technological innovation of refrigeration .
+
+S The idea of refrigeration was built based on the principle that when a liquid changes to a gas , it absorbs heat as it expands in a self contained cycle , the air or other fluid surrounding the device can be reduced in temperature .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With this principle , soon the gas refrigerator and the electric refrigerator was built to carry out the ideas of regrigeration .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Using|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:SVA|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 21|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Gas refrigerators used ammonia or the compression refrigerant and a water jacket or the heart absorbed that could be circulated to the area to be cooled .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:FORM|||use|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 26|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The gas refrigerator did not compromise of any moving parts and therefore it would not spoil or beak down easily .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||comprise|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB|||break|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Electric refrigerators used an electric motor to pump the coolant or the refrigerant around the enclosed system .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||use|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Unlike the gas refrigerators , the electric refrigerators were noisy and a disruption in the supply of electricity would mean that the refrigerator would strop working .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:VERB|||stop|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However despite is flows , electric motors were a success as compared to gas refrigerators .
+A 0 16|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Social factor was one of the reasons that led gas refrigerator to failure and on the other hand brought electric refrigeration to success .
+A 0 24|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When the gas refrigerations developed a leak , the gas was irritating and slightly corrosive .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||develop|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:VERB|||released|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since the gases used in a gas refrigerators were usually poisonous and flammable , people were not very favourable of such gases running through their houses in large quantities .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||R:OTHER|||comfortable with having|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 24|||R:OTHER|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 29|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore social factors , interms of safety concern , over ruled the advantages of gas refrigerators and made the situation favourable for electric refrigators .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||concerns|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||outweigh|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:TENSE|||make|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Economic factor also contributed to the success of electric refrigerators .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||factors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 2|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since it was believed that greater economic profits could be gained from electric refrigerators as compared to gas refrigerators , large firms started investing huge amount of research ad development ( R&D ) funding into the electric refrigerators as well as promoted the product aggressively .
+A 1 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:VERB|||manufacturing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:FORM|||to invest|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 35|||M:VERB|||producing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 38|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 42|||R:VERB:FORM|||to promote|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 44|||R:OTHER|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore small firms producing gas refrigerators could not compete with the strong competition and with insufficient resources for R & D , further developments to the refrigerator was not possible and it was also difficult to keep the prices of gas refrigerators were forced to go out of sales and the sales of electric refrigerator continued booming .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:ORTH|||With|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:VERB:SVA|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 42|||M:ADJ|||competitive|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 42|||M:OTHER|||. The gas refrigerators|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 53 53|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 56 57|||R:OTHER|||to boom|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , economic profit grained from the product also affects the technological innovation .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB|||gained|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||would also affect|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the path of a technological inno0vation has been shaped by many factors .
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN|||innovation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the case of refrigeration , gas refrigeration was invented first but due to corporate profitably , R &D fundings were provided to the electric refrigerations and hen it was further developed to meet the various demands of the people and brought into use widely around the world .
+A 15 16|||R:MORPH|||profitability|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 30|||R:OTHER|||. It was then|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 32|||R:WO|||developed further|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The production of gas refrigerations on the other hand were forced to close down due to lack of R & D funding .
+A 9 9|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:SVA|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The safety was also a main concern in this technological innovation .
+A 0 1|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||Safety|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||has also been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the gases used in the gas refrigerator were not safe , it was not preferred by the consumers .
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||popular among|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , factors such as safety concern and corporate profitability have played a part in shaping the technological innovation , refrigeration .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||concerns|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Tank - the product of military industry
+
+S The length of tank 's history is almost one hundred year since 1916 when the first time tank was used as a secret weapon of British .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 19|||R:OTHER|||it was first|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If we trace back further , we can find that Leonardo de Vinci already drew a similar picture of tank in 15th century .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||its history|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB|||see|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||had drawn|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although we are not sure what kind of materials and technologies Vinci was trying to use when constructing his " tank " , we are still astonished by his ingenious imagination .
+A 12 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||had tried|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , tank is not a usual vehicle for the majority .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:ADJ|||common|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||many people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Most people never have a chance to drive a tank , but it seems that many people are very familiar with and interested in it .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||do not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB|||operate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 22|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Tank is tightly related to war since the first day it was born .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The tank|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Inevitably , government and military demand play vital important roles in its developing history .
+A 6 6|||M:OTHER|||for the tank|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||role|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||development|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In World War I ( WWI ) , when the Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance were fighting against each other bloodily , they both got into trouble with the trench warfare .
+A 0 32|||R:OTHER|||Both the Triple Entente and Triple Alliance encountered problems with the trench warfare while fighting each other during World War I ( WWI )|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Every trial of attack means losing hundreds of lives .
+
+S The British government was very worried about this condition .
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||the situation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They needed a weapon that can pass through the trench and wire entanglement , as well as protect the soldiers from bullets .
+
+S In 1915 , E.D. Swinton suggested the British government to integrate tractor and other ready-made weapons .
+
+S After a while , British government not only took his advice but also organized a professional group to design and produce the tank .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In 1916 , this secret weapon was first used in the Battle of Somme .
+
+S The story does not end so fast .
+A 0 8|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After tank was invented , since the technologies used in tank and common vehicle are quite same , the vehicle industry quickly became the pillar industry of many industrialized countries .
+A 0 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:ORTH|||Since|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||tanks|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||vehicles|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It provided tremendous job opportunities as well as markets .
+A 2 3|||R:ADJ|||many|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , after two more decades of peace since WWI , the leader of Nazi Party in German , Hitler , became very enthusiastic about mass production of automobile , because he wanted to use the technology to produce more tanks for World War II ( WWII ) .
+A 3 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN|||Germany|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Because of the Treaty of Versaillers , Germany was not allowed to have tanks .
+A 0 1|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 15|||R:OTHER|||Germany was not allowed to have tanks because of the Treaty of Versailles.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ) In 1933 , Hitler met Ferdinan Porsche , the founder of the Porsche , and talked about " Volkswagen " .
+A 0 1|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Because of the government investment into the research , in 1936 , this new kind of cheap automobile called " beetle " was born .
+A 0 2|||R:PREP|||With|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 16|||R:OTHER|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:OTHER|||in 1936|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Three years later , Hitler started his great ambition to conquer the world .
+
+S After the WWII , the development of tanks has never stopped .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Tanks are redesigned into various kinds to meet different needs .
+
+S The most common type is main battle tank ( MBT ) .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Compared with the original tank , modern tank has navigation system , infrared night-vision scope , composite armor , etc .
+A 1 2|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It seems that all the powerful countries are involved in this technology competition .
+A 11 12|||R:MORPH|||technological|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Russia has T-72 .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The U.S. has M1A1 .
+A 0 1|||R:ORTH|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even Israel has its Merkava .
+
+S However , no matter how well they develop their tank , casualty is evitable in the war .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have developed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||tanks|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||casualties|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:ADJ|||inevitable|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Maybe more people will die in the war after new tanks are introduced .
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||wars|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:VERB:TENSE|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S That 's the pity of all human beings .
+A 0 9|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , tank is a great engineering-design product which government , global politics and military industry shape it together .
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||engineering|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have shaped|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is a " weapon of mass destruction " but still ingenious .
+A 0 12|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Its quick development and adaptability in battle field is incomparable .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is the main role in land battle in modern war .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB|||plays|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN|||warfare|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The success of a technology not only depends on how well it resolves the targeted need but also the social considerations it incurs when introduced to the consumer market .
+A 24 24|||M:VERB:TENSE|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Based on " The network of power " , a book by Thomas Hughes , it addresses one pertinent problem on the way we view technology .
+A 0 2|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The associated issue is that we tend to be blinded by the benefits of a technology and oversee the importance of understanding it as an entire system .
+A 0 5|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:ORTH|||We|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB|||overlook|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By looking at the development of automobiles , from electric vehicles to gasoline-powered cars , we are able to understand how economic factors influence oil magnates , car manufacturers and the government who ultimately shaped this technological innovation .
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have influenced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:OTHER|||, which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Oil companies are one of the most lucrative business in today 's world and a key player in the automobile industry .
+
+S As the primary souce of fuel for almost all the cars , naturally , the profit made from the automobile world has sky rocketed since .
+A 0 26|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the rise of an alternate fuel source , not only would oil companies suffer a loss in profits , the possibility of getting put out of business increases significantly as well .
+A 9 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:VERB:TENSE|||may|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:TENSE|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 32|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order to guarantee their survival , they have to collaborate with the car companies .
+
+S They even resort to underhand means like spreading false information about the new technology .
+A 1 1|||M:VERB:TENSE|||may|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:MORPH|||underhanded|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , doubts were cast in the ability of batteries delivering 100km per charge .
+A 6 7|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , with the current lithium ion battery technology , an electric car can deliver a range of up to 300 miles per charge .
+
+S In other words , profitable organisations like the oil industry are always financially motivated .
+
+S Even if there is a more environmental friendly fuel , they would suppress it at all cost .
+A 6 7|||R:MORPH|||environmentally|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB|||resist to develop|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 17|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Car manufacturers are the next immediate culprit culpable for the continued devlopment of gasoline-powered vehicles rather than focusing on the environmental friendly electric car .
+A 15 15|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:MORPH|||environmentally|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They know that their core group of customers , us , are a bunch of non-risk takers who are still uncertain about the new technology .
+A 8 11|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN|||group|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , the electric cars are definitely more expensive than their gasoline counterparts despite the fact that they offer lesser range .
+
+S From a consumer point of view , it is not value for money .
+A 8 13|||R:OTHER|||does not offer good value for the money spent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The road users would not pay more for an underpowered vehicle let alone sacrifice more money to be environment friendly .
+A 11 16|||R:OTHER|||or|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||environmenenvironmentally|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , carmakers tried to promote cars using hydrogen technology which still requires years of development as claimed by experts .
+A 3 3|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||R:OTHER|||may still require|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 20|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This smokescreen failed to hide the truth that they just can not afford to lose the customers .
+A 9 10|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 13|||R:OTHER|||are afraid|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Already one of the biggest industry in the world , akin to the oil industry , it would not want to self-implode by making electric cars a success .
+A 0 29|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Government is another deciding factor in shaping the automobile technology .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , in 1998 the Carlifornia Air Resource Board mandated that any car companies capable of producing electric cars must ensure that 2 percent of their sales are emission-free cars .
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||company|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , despite 5000 electric cars were manufactured , 4000 were scraped after major car dealers pressured to cancel the mandate .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:FORM|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:OTHER|||the government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , the federal government ignored a global issue on air pollution in favour for better fuel economy .
+A 0 19|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In other words , the governemnt take into account of the collapse of the automobile and oil industry and the consequences that will ensue , such as loss of jobs , increase in unemployment .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||takes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||industries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:OTHER|||and the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , the country 's economy will eventually take the final blow .
+
+S To sum up , oil companies , car manufacturers and the government considered issues from the economic view and realised that the consequences of making electric car a success are too drastic .
+A 12 12|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:OTHER|||point of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:NOUN:NUM|||cars|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 29|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The oil and auto industry are too lucrative and at the same time crucial to the overall economy such that issues regarding pollution and environment are secondary to it .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN|||automobile|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||industries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||, so much so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , the automobile technology is ultimately shaped by oil magnates , car companies and the government who are largely influenced by economic factors .
+A 17 24|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In Singapore , there are problems which could hamper the local engineering design process for innovations .
+
+S The two problems are attitude and funding which have severe impact on the local engineering process for innovations .
+A 7 7|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The engineering design process for innovations can be broken down into 3 stages , firstly creativity , secondly process and lastly materialization .
+A 13 14|||R:PUNCT|||:|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The two problems will be elaborated on how it impacts the engineering process for innovations .
+A 8 9|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:SVA|||impact|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The first problem that will hamper the local engineering process is attitude .
+
+S According to " Singapore 's innovation journey " an article by Patrick Lambe , Singaporeans can not innovate because they are conditioned to be followers rather than creative idea generators .
+
+S This could be made due to personal and the society 's attitude .
+A 3 4|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||social|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:OTHER|||towards innovation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We shall begin with the individual attitude and how it hampers the local engineering process for innovations .
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||examine|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Singaporeans tends to have an asian mentality which is prudence and stability .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:SVA|||tend|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 12|||R:OTHER|||be prudent and stable|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Being prudent , Singaporeans tends to be less adventurous compared to their western counterparts .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||tend|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:ADV|||when|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One common scenario would be , parents who advice their children especially those with tertiary education to get a decent job and contribute to the family 's expenditure .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:MORPH|||advise|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If their children , wants to go into the research and development profession example being a researcher in a university or students joining their local science competition that will not add to distinctions in the exams they will be advice against .
+A 3 4|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||want|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||, such as to become|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 36|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 41|||R:OTHER|||discouraged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will cause children who later grow into adults not to utilize their creativity the first step to engineering design process .
+A 0 3|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:ORTH|||Children|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:PART|||up|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:VERB:TENSE|||do|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||do not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||, which may be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 18|||R:OTHER|||helpful in the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The second part would be the society 's attitude seeks to hamper the engineering process for innovations , an example would be Paddy Tan the creator who came up with a unique service can BAK2U a software that allows owners who lose their mobile phones to track down their lost mobile phone .
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||in seeking|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||R:PUNCT|||. An|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 37|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 42|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have lost|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 47 52|||R:OTHER|||them down|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When he initially launch his software the response was lukewarm .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||launched|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S He had to bring his product overseas and made a break through before his product became recognize .
+A 7 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||popular|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The local society does not have a positive attitude in accepting new engineering innovations this could affect the materialization stage of the engineering process for innovation .
+A 14 14|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If there is no one wants to accept a new creative product , it will be hard for it to exist in the market and will also deter people to participate in the engineering design process for innovations .
+A 1 3|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:DET|||this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 31|||R:OTHER|||from participating|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The second problem that could hamper the local engineering design process is funding .
+
+S Often , inventors who use their engineering talents to come up with innovative products fail to secure funding .
+
+S A good example is the formula racing car of National University Of Singapore ( NUS ) , the initial stages required the professors and his students to each come up with three hundred dollars to purchase the necessary parts .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 18|||R:PUNCT|||. The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||professor|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It was only with success did the formula racing car received funding from sponsors .
+A 0 15|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However not all inventors had the luck of achieving initial success and thus receive funding .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:FORM|||receiving|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Funding affects all the three stages of engineering process for innovations .
+
+S Failure to secure funding will turn away inventors with engineering flare from even brainstorming for ideas affect creativity , in the process of coming up with innovations no funding seeks to terminate the inventors progress and with no funding its not possible to publicize about an engineering innovation .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN|||flair|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 18|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 49|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the two problems that could hamper the local engineering process for innovations are attitude and funding .
+
+S They will have a severe impact on the three stages which make up the local engineering process for innovations .
+
+S Innovations can come about through serendipity or research .
+
+S , Serendipity is the accidental discovery of a new idea , and the 3M post-it pad is one example .
+A 0 1|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:OTHER|||of such|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On 4 July 2009 ; The Straits Times reported the development of a new product , the Haptic Chair , by researchers from the National University of Singapore ( NUS ) to help the deaf experience sound .
+A 4 5|||R:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:OTHER|||to help the deaf experience sound|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 37|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For serendipity and research , the resources invested and how they are considered to be successful are different , but technologies of both nature bring benefit to the lives of people .
+A 0 19|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 24|||R:OTHER|||Both innovations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A case of serendipity occurred a few decades back when researchers from 3M laboratories discovered a new bonding agent .
+A 8 9|||R:ADV|||ago|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The bonding agent did not stick paper very tightly to another surface , and the researchers decided that it was " worthless " .
+
+S This " worthless " substance was then used by a 3M researcher to create a temporary " post-it " stick-on note .
+
+S Soon he found the note useful as it was able to be attached to other documents without leaving any adhesive marks .
+
+S Next , he distributed pads of the post-it notes to 3M 's president executive secretary , who also found them useful .
+A 13 13|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Eventually , the post-it pads were further distributed to different companies , leading up to its big marketing success today .
+A 20 21|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Rogers , 2003 )
+A 5 5|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On 4 July 2009 , The Straits Times newspaper reported that researchers from the National University of Singapore ( NUS ) invented a chair that turns sounds into vibrations to help the deaf experience music .
+
+S This was done as a result of NUS PhD student Suranga Nanayakkara recognising the need for the deaf to experience sound .
+
+S The Haptic Chair , which comes with back cushions and a footrest , is embedded with speakers that amplify vibrations caused by sound waves .
+
+S The product is made with the understanding that sound waves , apart from travelling through air , can also travel through solid matter .
+A 23 24|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Grace , 2009 )
+A 5 5|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The difference between a serendipitous discovery and a researched technology are the resources invested in the development , and how the technology is gauged to be a success .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||discoveries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||technologies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:OTHER|||types of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 28|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A serendipitous discovery happens by chance , and has no pre-allocated funds or project timeframe to be adhered to .
+A 16 17|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:FORM|||adhere|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The post-it pads came about because the 3M researcher happened to have non-permanent adhesive , and he decided to come out with the new product on his own .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||some|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Before he gave the post-it pads to others , no funds or expertise were assigned to him for the post-its development .
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:POSS|||post-it 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the case of The Haptic Chair , a team of researchers worked together with Suranga Nanayakkara , who also had the support of several working staff from the University .
+A 12 12|||M:VERB:TENSE|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 30|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A lot of time and effort has been put in by the team before they could actually come out with the product .
+A 6 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S How we consider each of the mentioned technology to be successful is different .
+
+S The post-it pads were only found to be successful after it was given to the 3M president 's executive secretary who found them useful and mass-distributed it to various companies .
+A 10 11|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:SVA|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:PRON|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It required the general public to see the item as something useful before it was deemed to be successful .
+A 0 5|||R:OTHER|||The general public is required|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the case of the Haptic Chair , the invention was intended specifically for the deaf and the partially deaf .
+
+S Therefore , as long as the invention serves the needs of its targeted consumer , it will be considered a successful technology .
+
+S In The Straits Times article , it was reported that partially deaf musicians like teen piano prodigy Azariah Tan found various aspects of the invention intriguing .
+A 26 27|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Rogers , 2003 , Grace , 2009 )
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Research technology and serendipitous discoveries , despite being different , share certain similarities .
+
+S Both are by-products of people being able to recognize human needs .
+
+S For the 3M researcher , he identified the need to stick notes on paper without leaving adhesive stains to damage original documents ; for the NUS student , he identified the need to create a product to aid those with hearing problems .
+A 6 6|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 29|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Both technologies benefit the lives of people , and have potential for profit .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||potentials|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , we have come to learn that new technologies can come not just by research , but by serendipitous discoveries as well .
+A 13 13|||M:ADV|||about|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||via|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:PREP|||via|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 24|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S What we do need to bear in mind is this : technologies of both natures serve different groups of people in different scales , but they ultimately bring benefit to the lives of people .
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN|||ways|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:NOUN:NUM|||benefits|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Innovation starts when there is a need or when someone faces a problem and motivates people to find a way to solve it by generating new ideas .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB|||occurs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:OTHER|||for a new product or service|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||. When|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||ways|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 27|||R:OTHER|||, new ideas are generated|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Technology is very much related with innovation .
+
+S As we need an equipment to solve problems .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many technological innovations were formed by scientific research or by the interaction of scientific investigations and applied on practical needs and problems .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB|||made|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:PREP|||via|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||applying them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A new idea is created through results from rigorous process of research .
+A 5 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Others were serendipitously invented .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||may be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Serendipity means unexpected discovery of new ideas when finding something which is unrelated or in the process of researching in new inventions .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||discoveries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 20|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These findings are often unpredictable and uncertain .
+A 5 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Serendipitous discovery can happen to anyone as well as in many fields .
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||any|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||field|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Technology which started from research usually begins with identifying a problem or need .
+
+S This stimulates development and research to create something in order to solve the problem or need .
+A 15 15|||M:OTHER|||fulfill a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example General Motor 's electric car .
+A 2 2|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:OTHER|||was developed because of the need to meet the requirements of environmentally friendly cars .|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S General Motor started this project because they have a problem and a need .
+
+S The problem arises when the California and Arizona state government mandated at least 10 percent of the automobile sales must be non-polluting to cut down air pollution .
+
+S Besides that , GM wishes to reposition itself as an innovative company to the public .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN|||General Motor|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These are the two factors that drive them to initiate the research and develop the electric car .
+A 7 8|||R:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Next , an example of serendipitous discovery happens to a professor .
+A 0 12|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A farmer asked him to find out the cause of death of his cow which is caused by sweet clover disease .
+A 0 22|||R:OTHER|||When asked to investigate the death of a farmer 's cow , a professor|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S He found out that an anticoagulation agent called coumarin is the cause of death of his cow when the hay stem punctured the cow 's stomach .
+A 0 1|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 17|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Years later he experimented it as a rat killer , and found out it is a very effective rodenticide .
+A 12 13|||R:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The process of discovering the rat killer is very shocking and has never been predicted .
+
+S The professor began the research with sweet clover disease and ended up inventing a very effective rat killer .
+
+S The main contrast between technology created via research and technology created serendipitously is the former one has a clear direction of what they are inventing and the latter is created while in the process of researching or inventing something which is totally unrelated .
+A 13 13|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 25|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 38|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Before the former can start with their projects , they must have a specific objective .
+A 0 16|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the use of the findings through basic research and investigations , they are able to discover and create methods and develop a new tool to solve problems .
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 21|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN:NUM|||tools|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the latter does not have a specific objective , the discovery is purely unpredicted .
+A 15 16|||R:MORPH|||unpredictable|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , innovation occurs anywhere and anytime .
+A 5 5|||M:PREP|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The exchange of ideas and information plays a very crucial part in the process of generating new ideas .
+
+S Through constant exchange of information about the problems , human needs and wants , we can come up with better ideas to solve problems and make our world a better place to live in .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||exchanges|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Technology has made our life easier .
+
+S Rogers ( 2003 ) defines that technology as a design for instrumental action that reduces the uncertainty in the cause-effect relationships involved in achieving a desired outcome .
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Most of the inventions were developed by application of scientific research on practical problems or needs .
+
+S However , some unpredicted technologies were invented by accident or serendipity .
+A 9 11|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , the stove was invented via research and the microwave oven was serendipitously discovered .
+
+S The stove and microwave oven both are similarly used to cook our daily meal at home but they were discovered in two different ways .
+A 0 8|||R:OTHER|||Both the stove and the microwave oven are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Recognizing a problem or needs , basic and applied research and development are the 3 stages of the innovation-development processes , and we will use these stages to compare and contrast the two different technologies .
+A 0 21|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||U:CONJ|||We|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Recognizing a problem or need is the very first stage of the process .
+
+S In the past , people started to use fire , coal , or heat from the sun to cook .
+A 5 8|||R:VERB:FORM|||used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Stove was invented because people need to cook , which applied heat to prepare the food .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||the stove|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 11|||R:OTHER|||by applying|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In contrast , the microwave oven that we are using today was a side product of the microwave radio signal in radar for military purpose .
+
+S Dr. Percy Spencer discovered the microwave technology by serendipity when he found out that his candy bar in his pouch was melted when he was experimenting with his new magnetron .
+A 12 13|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The history of the stove and microwave shows that serendipity and researched technology came from a very different beginning .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have come|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||beginnings|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Serendipity came from a branch of a problem or need , while research technology came straight from the problem or needs .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||comes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||comes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Subsequently , the technology needs to be further research on the basic application .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:OTHER|||needs to be researched further|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Stove has undergone a very long history and it has been tested and improved over the centuries .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The stove|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Stove has been improved from the previous weakness .
+A 0 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Similarly , the microwave oven , although this technology is not needed or a purpose to begin with , but the research and basic application of the microwave oven is progressively improvise from the same technology as the microwave radio signal radar .
+A 3 5|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 19|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 23|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:OTHER|||being improvised|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus we can see that both the technologies refer back to the previous basic and applications for further research .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Next , when the basic and application research of the technology has established , the development of the product will begin .
+A 8 11|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The first known stove was built on the ground with sticks foaming a tripod to hold the cooking pot above the heat source .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB|||forming|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After years of innovations and experiments , the stove nowadays is safer to use and more convenient .
+
+S Likewise , the very first microwave oven was very big and bulky .
+
+S Today , it has become very compact and light , and features like the automatic functions to allow user to cook with just pressing a button .
+A 16 17|||U:VERB:FORM||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||users|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore we can see that both the technologies share the similar development path .
+
+S In conclusion , we had compare and contrast the serendipitous and research technology using these three different stages of innovation-development process .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:FORM|||compared|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||contrasted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The results shows that both technologies was invented in two very different way ; research technology is a product created via recognition of problems and need , while serendipitous technology is discovered by pure accident and has no purpose at the beginning .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||show|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB|||developed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||ways|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||---|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the two technologies are similar in these two stages after recognizing a problem or need : - further research on basic and application , and development stages .
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 20|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In these two stages , both the technologies evolved and improved from the previous version .
+A 0 16|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this modern era , technology has become part of our daily lives .
+
+S Technology is being defined as a plan for instrumental action that reduces the ambiguity in the cause-effect relationships involved in achieving a desired outcome .
+
+S It can be sub-divided into two categories : developed through research , the example being Bionic eyes or serendipitous discovery , the example being 3M 's Post-its .
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:VERB:TENSE|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 17|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 27|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Between the two categories , there are similarities such as achieving the aim of improving quality of life and numerous trials needed to be done before it is successful as well as differences like how this technology came about and the acceptance of the technology by other people .
+A 0 1|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:PREP|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||people 's lives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 29|||R:OTHER|||for its success .|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 34|||R:OTHER|||The technologies differ in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 37|||R:OTHER|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 45|||R:OTHER|||they are being accepted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One similarity between both categories is achieving the aim of improving quality of life for the people .
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For Bionic eyes , it is developed as engineers are thinking of ways to improve visual displays in various fields such as gaming and in the aviation industry .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:VERB:TENSE|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||thought|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They hope to develop lenses such that they will allow players to be entirely immersed in the game allowing them to move without any constraints .
+A 5 6|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||R:OTHER|||, and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For the aviation industry , it is hope that through the new technology , pilots are able to know the speed of the plane almost immediately .
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As for 3M 's Post-its , it comes in very handy when people want to remind themselves of events or when commenting on essays without having the need to write in the essay itself .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||come|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:ADJ|||various|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:OTHER|||people want to comment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 29|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:VERB:FORM|||writing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 34|||R:OTHER|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is convenient to use as it can stick to almost any surfaces and also easy to peel off without leaving any marks .
+A 14 19|||R:OTHER|||be peeled off easily|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , both technologies have gone through numerous trials before it becomes what it is now .
+A 11 12|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:SVA|||become|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the case of Bionic eyes , the challenge was to choose materials that are harmless when used safe in the body and how to put circuit boards in contact lenses which are so tiny in size .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||challenges|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:SVA|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 20|||R:OTHER|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They also had to consider how to create the slim layer of circuit boards so that it can be placed in the contact lenses .
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||layers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 18|||R:OTHER|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:PREP|||inside|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As for Post-its , it was initially to find a bonding agent that allows paper to bond but along the way , another type of bonding agent was discovered which was deemed as useless at first since it did not achieve its original aim .
+A 2 2|||M:OTHER|||the invention of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||the researchers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:SVA|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||looking for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||M:PUNCT|||. But|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:OTHER|||, and it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||R:PREP|||because|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , there are also differences between the two categories .
+
+S One of the differences was how this technology came about .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||technologies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For Bionic eyes , it was done via research after seeing it in a movie called 'Terminator ' , where a woman is able to zoom on places that are far away .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||it was seen|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:PREP|||into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This gave the engineers the idea of whether what they see in the movie is able to become a reality .
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||turning|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||movies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 18|||R:OTHER|||into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||realities|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So , they worked towards this goal and developed Bionic eyes .
+
+S As for Post-its , it was discovered accidentally by researches who were trying to find bonding agents that can be used to bind papers firmly to a surface .
+A 0 2|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It was a by-product of what they are trying to achieve .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||the researchers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It was once deemed as " worthless " until people found uses for it and it become one of the most commonly used product in our daily life and one of the products that makes the most revenue for 3M .
+A 4 5|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN:NUM|||products|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:VERB:SVA|||make|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another difference is that acceptance of the technology initially by the public .
+A 0 13|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For Bionic eyes , it is easier for the public to accept it as this was done with the aim of developing lenses that will help improve quality of life .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this sense , it will also be an easier task to find people to help market this product .
+A 0 4|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:ORTH|||It|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the case of Post-its , it was initially being seen as a 'failure product ' since it did not achieve the aim of developing a bonding agent that will allow papers to be tightly bonded to the surface .
+A 0 4|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 39|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is only accepted and marketed by the company after sending samples out to each Fortune 500 companies for them to test the product and received good feedbacks on the product .
+A 10 10|||M:OTHER|||someone started|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 31|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If not , it may have just been abandoned and 3M may not be making such huge revenue each year .
+A 0 3|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:ORTH|||It|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||so much|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:OTHER|||out of it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , both technologies , be it developed via research or resulted from a serendipitous discovery , it has achieved the aim of improving the lives of people .
+A 12 13|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Though initial acceptance to the two technologies was different and it all depends on the mindset of the public whether the technology being discovered is worth marketing or not as seen from the case of 3M Post-its .
+A 0 1|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||Initial|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||may be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 12|||R:OTHER|||which in turn|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 37|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference : { http : //uenews.org/uweek/uweekarticle.asp ? visitsource = uwkmail&articlelD = 39100 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //uenews.org/uweek/uweekarticle.asp ? visitsource = uwkmail&articlelD = 39100 ] Rogers ( 2003 ) , The generation of innovations
+
+S One of the earliest inventions brought about by mankind was the wheel , ever since then we have never looked-back .
+A 5 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 20|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We continued to push for technological advances in different aspects of our lives so as to enjoy a better standard of living .
+
+S Over the past half decade , a new term " skunkworks " has surfaced .
+A 3 4|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This term describes the environment where small groups of researchers are not bound by corporate rules and politics .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN|||existence|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:PRON|||who|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Whereas conventionally generated technologies tend to require ensuring the survivability of the head company .
+
+S There are several similarities and differences between the technologies generated by the " skunkworks " environment as compared to conventionally generated technologies .
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 19|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Products generated by each environment may appear similar but actually differ in many ways and the environment plays an important part in shaping its distinctive features .
+A 8 8|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||. The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The first similarity that conventionally generated technologies and " skunkworks " environment generated technologies share is the ability to produce cutting-edge technology .
+A 11 12|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These technologies are designed to have a huge impact on the world .
+
+S Take for example , the IMPACT car developed by General Motors ( GM ) and the Toshiba laptop .
+A 0 1|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||For|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The IMPACT car was conventionally generated by GM was set to change the fate of automobiles .
+A 8 10|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Just as the IMPACT car was the pioneer of electric cars , the Toshiba laptop was the first of its kind .
+
+S Thus it is clear that both environments are capable of producing cutting-edge technologies
+
+S The second similarity is that in both environments , generally large amount of money and support has to be put in by the head company .
+A 5 6|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is simply because in order to produce cutting-edge technology , large amount of research has to be done .
+
+S Hence long hours are required before any results are visible .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A few examples include , GM developing the first electric car named IMPACT , Apple developing their first Macintosh computer and Xerox 's attempt at developing the world 's first personal computer .
+A 4 5|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is thus evident that huge amount of financing and support is generally required in both environments .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||Thus , it is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , things do not always go as described in the above paragraph .
+A 1 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are instances where " skunkworks " environments have little financing and support from the head company .
+A 0 1|||R:ORTH|||there|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S An appropriate example would be the Toshiba laptop .
+
+S The development of the laptop was not well received by the company 's top-brass and hence very little financing , manpower and resources have been allocated for the project .
+
+S As a result , the Toshiba laptop has very little marketing as compared to the IMPACT car by GM .
+A 8 8|||M:VERB|||received|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The second difference between the two environments is the working environment presented to the engineers and researchers .
+
+S This has resulted in very different products developed by each environment .
+A 7 7|||M:VERB:TENSE|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The " skunkworks " environment has been able to provide the developers the flexibility and freedom required to break traditional barriers and develop cutting-edge technologies .
+A 12 12|||M:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , " skunkworks " environment is very stressful as compared to the traditional corporate environment due to the lack of financing and hence room for error becomes much smaller .
+A 24 24|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The last and perhaps the most significant difference in the environments have to be the difference in the features of technologies developed by each environment .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The " skunkworks " environment has generally been able to develop technologies which are well received by the public and continue to bring success to the head company .
+
+S An example of such a difference is again present between the IMPACT car and the Toshiba laptop .
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Under the stressful skunkworks environment , the researchers from Toshiba are able to think critically and design the product to fit the needs of the society .
+A 17 18|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB|||meet|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , the researchers from GM have failed to realize that the public and society was not ready for their invention .
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:SVA|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The limitation of their product also meant that it was only open to a small market .
+
+S In conclusion , it is clear that the technology churned out by a " skunkworks " environment differ greatly to that of a conventionally generated technology .
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:SVA|||differs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:PREP|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The features and characteristics of the " skunkworks " technology set them apart from conventionally generated technology .
+A 11 12|||R:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lab-generated Technology and Chance Discovery
+
+S An innovation may come from different ways .
+A 0 7|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The idea of such an innovation can emerge though some research or it may be from some serendipitous discovery .
+A 0 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Innovations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||discoveries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S That is to say , the common viewpoint is not totally true .
+
+S On one hand , one technology may be developed and polished through numerous research and experiment with a lot of effort .
+A 0 4|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||A certain type of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 21|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , some technology may be discovered purely by chance .
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||another|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Two typical representatives are the electric cars and the Warfarin .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN|||examples|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The electric car is invented by some hardworking engineers , while Warfarin is discovered serendipitously .
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:VERB:TENSE|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although they are initialized differently , there are several similar stages of developing process .
+A 9 10|||R:MORPH|||similarities|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||in the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Innovations developed via research and from serendipitous discovery are in no way similarly initialized .
+
+S Generally , one technology that is developed through research often begins with the need for practical uses or recognition of a social problem .
+A 2 3|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||technologies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:SVA|||begin|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The electrical car is not an exception .
+A 1 2|||R:MORPH|||electric|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the situation of the earth environment becomes worse , and the energy resources are exhausting , the need for inventing nonpolluting and energy- saving cars is urgent .
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||environment on earth|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||depleting quickly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:OTHER|||pollution-free|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some government encourages automobile companies to produce environmentally friendly cars .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||governments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||encourage|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Engineers ' motivation to design electric cars is obvious .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||The motivation of engineers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the discovery of Warfarin is totally different .
+
+S It is discovered by chance .
+
+S Nobody knew that the chemical in spoiled sweet clover key that led to cattle hemorrhage could actually be used as rat poison until the scientist Link accidentally found it .
+A 9 10|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||R:OTHER|||caused|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 26|||R:OTHER|||Link , the scientist ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S He did not do it on purpose at all .
+
+S Even he himself was surprised when he found this chemical was highly lethal to rats .
+A 2 3|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:FORM|||to be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , the general belief that all technologies are initialized with a lot of effort is not quite true .
+
+S The solution to a completely irrelevant problem may hide behind the undergoing research , and eventually some great discovery is accidentally made .
+
+S Despite the huge difference exists in identifying and initializing the innovations developed through research and via serendipitous discovery , there are similarities in some aspects throughout the process of development .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 28|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the first place , all technologies need to go through a series of precise experiments and research .
+
+S Serendipitous discoveries can not be put into use straight away .
+A 8 10|||R:ORTH|||straightaway|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Experiments and tests are not to be omitted in laboratories .
+
+S Before Warfarin was used as rat poisons widely , there were a lot of experiments on how the rats were killed and how they can be killed more effectively .
+
+S The electric car is not of many differences .
+A 0 9|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Numerous research and tests had been done to explore how to develop the engines , the battery powers and many other features .
+
+S Innovations and technologies are for the public use , and without the confirmation from lab work and data , they are not completed .
+A 10 23|||R:OTHER|||they are not completed without confirmations from lab work and data.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides the same basic applied research , technologies develop via research and from serendipitous discovery are similar in the way they benefit the society .
+A 0 7|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:ORTH|||Technologies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||that are developed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:DET|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Both electric car and Marfarin lead to patents , which is one significant way to measure how successful they are .
+
+S Both technologies are globally adopted by public , and bring benefit to the whole society .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||benefits|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To sum up , technologies developed via research and from serendipitous discovery are quite differently initialized .
+A 13 14|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , they are similar in the sense that they have to undergo the same process of experiments and research , and both can be very successful and bring benefit to the whole society .
+A 29 30|||R:NOUN:NUM|||benefits|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S During the process of developing innovations , regarding every little detail seriously and never letting go any chance discovery are most important .
+A 7 22|||R:OTHER|||it is important to consider every detail seriously and the possibility of making serendipitous discoveries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hopefully , successful technologies are produced by both means .
+
+S There are numerous problems faced by the world today .
+A 4 4|||M:OTHER|||that are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Governments of different countries may have different agenda list , however aging population is definitely an issue present in the list .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||lists|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||; however ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Singapore makes it her top priority to create a safer environment for the elderly to live in .
+
+S Engineers play a huge role in assisting the government in achieving the aim of creating a better and safer environment for the elderly to live in .
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||to achieve|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With a safer environment , the welfare of the elderly will be improved and less social problems will be resulted .
+A 18 20|||R:VERB|||occur|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Examples of such engineering design are the building of ramps at the main entrance of the flats , building handrails at the side of the stairs and also the wheelchair bound bus .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Some examplesxamples|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 32|||R:OTHER|||providing buses for the wheelchair bound|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The pressing issue is to build a conducive environment for the old .
+
+S For example , the Housing Development Board ( HDB ) had implemented several designs to improve the convenience of the elderly , such as installing lifts on every storey and build wider internal corridors and hallways .
+A 30 31|||R:MORPH|||building|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The designs had been proven useful by the flat holders who lived in the flat with all these facilities when the HDB first implemented them .
+A 3 4|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:VERB|||to be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 19|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , the government had implemented the Lift Upgrading Programme in 2001 , so that the owners have direct access to the lift at every floor .
+
+S According to Khandani ( 2005 ) , after each solution is generated , it must be tested and implement to see the effects brought by the solution .
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:FORM|||implemented|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this case , there is positive effects associated to the engineering designs made to the HDB flats , thus the government had implemented the solution throughout Singapore .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many different countries had come out with many different innovative designs to facilitate the objective .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:PART|||up|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One such design is the wheelchair bound bus , whereby Singapore SMRT Corporation Ltd ( SMRT ) had provides bus with such service on the road .
+A 1 3|||R:OTHER|||of such designs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||provided by the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 27|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This wheelchair bound bus is first implemented in the European countries , and people from other countries find that the design is not only innovative , it is also a very thoughtful design , in the sense that it benefits the elderly and also the handicap .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 17|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have found|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 24|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 33|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 38|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 44|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There is a engineering design process that is mentioned by Khandani ( 2005 ) that when engineers are thinking of the solution to the problem , they should actually research on more information on the relevant issue and observe how the others approach the problem .
+A 2 3|||R:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 8|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:OTHER|||which states|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From all the relevant information found , many observations and evaluations can be made .
+
+S Hence , in this case , SMRT observed the good response from the other countries that implemented this form of transport , and decided to try out the transport in Singapore .
+A 7 7|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:VERB:TENSE|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Generally , the engineering design process consists mainly of the five procedures mentioned by Khandani ( 2005 ) which includes defining the problem , gathering the relevant information , think of solutions to the problem , analyze and select one solution , and test it out by implementing it .
+A 29 30|||R:MORPH|||thinking|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||R:VERB:INFL|||analyzing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||R:VERB:FORM|||selecting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 44|||R:MORPH|||testing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although all the steps mentioned by Khandani ( 2005 ) is crucial for designing a good engineering product , the most important step is to test out the solution and see how is the public response to it .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 33|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 35|||M:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is because every engineering product is designed to serve the people so as to bring a greater convenience to their life .
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:NUM|||lives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a conclusion , engineering design is a never ending process , and it is the duty of the engineers to keep on coming up with solution to solve the pressing issue of creating better product for the aging population .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||In|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:NOUN:NUM|||solutions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:NOUN:NUM|||products|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference : { http : //www.hdb.gov.sg/fi10/fi10208p.nsf/WPDis/Lift % 20Upgrading % 20ProgrammePolicies ? OpenDocument } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.hdb.gov.sg/fi10/fi10208p.nsf/WPDis/Lift % 20Upgrading % 20ProgrammePolicies ? OpenDocument ] { http : //www.mnd.gov.sg/handbook/PDF/Building % 20Homes % 20- % 20Shaping % 20Communities.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.mnd.gov.sg/handbook/PDF/Building % 20Homes % 20- % 20Shaping % 20Communities.pdf ] { http : //www.asiaone.com/Motoring/News/Story/A1Story20090530-144978.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.asiaone.com/Motoring/News/Story/A1Story20090530-144978.html ]
+
+S Increasing number of death rate due to traffic accidents have become a major problem in many countries .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||An increasing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 3|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The World Health Organisation ( WHO ) states that traffic accidents are in the ninth position among the reasons which leads to death .
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:SVA|||lead|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When considering European Union , 1.3 million road traffic accidents occur each year , resulting in 1.7 million injuries and over 40000 death annually ( Ref : International Journal of Health Geographic ) .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 27|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another alarming fact is that , even Singapore which implements strong traffic laws and regulations is also affected by this traffic accident problem .
+A 0 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:ORTH|||Even|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||has also been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The accident rate per 10,000 vehicles has increased from 2.34 in 2006 to 2.60 in 2007 in Singapore ( Ref : Singapore Police Force : { http : //www.spf.gov.sg } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.spf.gov.sg ] ) .
+A 19 21|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 37|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So , to reduce and solve the problem of traffic accidents , a new traffic system should be formed and it should be the current human need that should be given priority .
+
+S The engineering design process will be able to meet the need to form a new traffic system .
+
+S The most important three features in the engineering design process will cater to the need to form a new traffic system .
+A 1 2|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 4|||R:WO|||three important|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , the first feature in the design process is the identification of the problem and to gather pertinent information .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This step will allow us to identify the reasons for the traffic accidents problem in different angles .
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:PREP|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It will help us to pick the problems found in the current system by doing various studies of the current traffic system .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB|||identify|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The studies of the current system include the gathering of relevant information which will be useful for us to analyse the situation .
+A 2 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , doing traffic counts , area-wide surveys , parking surveys , identify speeding rates of vehicles , analysing the queue length and the junction delays could be part of the studies to get a better understanding of the problem .
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||as well as identifying|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||the speed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:VERB|||moving|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 27|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 33|||R:OTHER|||help|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:VERB|||gain|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , the times of India states that there was a survey taken in India regarding the percentage of vehicles in the road and the percentage of people taking public transports ( Ref : { http : //timesofindia.indiatimes.com } [ HYPERLINK : http : //timesofindia.indiatimes.com ] ) and this survey has really helped them understand which cities have high rate traffic jams and the reason for them .
+A 4 5|||R:ORTH|||Times|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB|||to measure|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 47|||R:OTHER|||citation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 48 50|||R:OTHER|||. This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 54 55|||R:OTHER|||people to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 60 61|||R:NOUN:NUM|||rates|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 61 61|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 65 66|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reasons|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So , identifying the problem is a very important process in creating a new traffic system .
+
+S Secondly , the second important feature is the idea generation process .
+A 0 2|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||Another|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is a very important process as it is the point where we will be able to come out with solutions to the problems .
+A 18 19|||R:PART|||up|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the process , we will be able to analyse the statistics/surveys we have obtained and generate new ideas to solve the problem .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These solutions may include device to identify those speeding at turns and install sensors to make sure that there is sufficient spacing between vehicles .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||devices|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 11|||R:OTHER|||speeding vehicles|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Netherland was the first country to implement such road safety devices and it proves that these solutions really help as their road accident rates dropped by 25 % in 2000 when compared with accident rates in 1985 ( Ref : { www.ictct.org/dlObject.php ? document_nr = 217&/Kraay.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.ictct.org/dlObject.php ? document_nr = 217&/Kraay.pdf ] ) .
+A 0 0|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 0 1|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Netherlands|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:SVA|||prove|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 19|||R:OTHER|||to be helpful|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:OTHER|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 58|||R:OTHER|||citation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Gordon Walls states that the purpose of traffic planning is to provide a safe , convenient and economic movement of vehicles .
+
+S From this we can understand that it is essential to come out with a system which is useful in various ways .
+A 11 12|||R:PART|||up|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So it is important to come out with ideas which will be a useful and economic solution to the problem .
+A 6 7|||R:PART|||up|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:MORPH|||economical|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 20|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thirdly , analysing and selecting the solutions will be the next step .
+
+S It is the point where we will be selecting the solution which best suits the current situation and perfectly fits to the road of the country .
+A 7 8|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:FORM|||select|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 26|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The solution is then implemented and continuously reviewed .
+
+S To conclude , it is very clear that engineering design process will be a useful method in solving the current human problem which is the traffic problem .
+A 20 25|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The three important features mentioned , problem identification part , analysing part and selecting the best solution , are the key features of the design process which will be really useful in solving the problem .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 17|||R:OTHER|||solution analysis and selection|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||. They|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the world currently , there are many pressing issues that need to be addressed by human beings .
+A 0 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:ORTH|||There|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:OTHER|||in the current world|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They consist of problems like global warming and an aging population .
+A 1 3|||R:OTHER|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Solving these problems are human needs that we need to do as soon as possible .
+A 0 11|||R:OTHER|||We need to solve these problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The human need for better health care that should be the given the priority above the rest since it will affect us directly and its effects are much more immediate .
+A 1 2|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 17|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:SVA|||affects|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 30|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , many health care products have been created and modelled by engineers to meet this need .
+A 6 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They have been made more efficiently and better to human with a design process .
+A 0 15|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The thermometer and the wheelchair are examples of these products .
+
+S First and foremost , in recent years , we had two virus attacks that affected us badly , namely the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ( SARS ) and the Influenza A ( H1N1 ) virus .
+A 0 4|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:ORTH|||In|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||there were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:MORPH|||viral|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN|||outbreaks|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||R:OTHER|||and they are caused by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since these viruses are very contagious and their victims have a common symptom , fever .
+A 0 1|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||These|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB|||show|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:PUNCT|||---|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The engineers had to come out with new thermometers that can help to contain the spread .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||U:VERB:FORM||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:PART|||up|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the process of developing them , engineers can follow the engineering design processes described in Khandani ( 2005 ) .
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , by understanding what they need , described as " designing the problem " , engineers will know that the new thermometer has to minimise contact between users to prevent spreading of the virus .
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||, or|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 31|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Other than that , engineers will also need to go through the process of " analysing and selecting a solution " to make sure that the new product is fairly accurate and it will not cause any health problem to the user before releasing it to the market .
+A 30 31|||R:ADJ|||safe|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 31|||M:OTHER|||before releasing it into the market|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 48|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , the ear thermometer was introduced which is safe and fast .
+A 9 9|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:VERB|||to use|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It also minimises contact by using a plastic cover on the detector that will be disposed after use .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||with the ear|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since then , this thermometer has replaced the conventional oral thermometer .
+
+S Besides the thermometer , another example is the wheelchair .
+
+S The wheelchair has been serving those who have mobility problems for quite some time now .
+
+S From the original design that requires manual operation by turning the wheels with hands to the wheelchair that can be moved with a single button , the wheelchair has undergone many changes .
+A 8 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 20|||R:OTHER|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:OTHER|||the touch of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Every change is made possible not by chance , but by following a set of engineering design process like the set mentioned in Khandani ( 2005 ) .
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||processes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After the first wheelchair is made , it has benefitted many people .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Ever since|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:VERB:TENSE|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , engineers are not satisfied because they felt that it can be still improved after looking at how the users used it .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||improved further|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They started the process of creating an automated wheelchair by starting with " defining the problem " , that some users do not have enough strength to push the wheelchair .
+A 10 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After that , engineers have to " gather pertinent information " to make sure that this problem is real by doing a survey on the users so that they will not waste time designing something that the market does not need .
+A 26 26|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And when they have ideas how to solve this problem , they need to ensure they select the idea that is achievable with the current technology by " analysing the solutions " .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Finally , when the new product is out , they must " test and implement the solution " by conducting a trial on the new wheelchair .
+
+S Some wheelchair users will try it out and give comments on it to find out if it has met criteria like user-friendliness before it is released into the market .
+A 6 7|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the two examples we mentioned have shown that engineering processes can play a big part in the designing phrase of a product , like how they make the thermometers safer and the wheelchair better for us .
+A 25 39|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , we can see that engineering design processes can help to meet the health care need since they allow engineers to work faster and better with a proper set of steps to follow .
+
+S And most importantly , they help the engineers to take note of important points in the process of designing a product , which may be forgotten if a set of engineering processes is not used .
+
+S In the field of information technology , there is a clear boundary between conventionally generated and skunkwork developed technologies .
+
+S Specifically , in the operating system ( OS ) market , there are two well-known examples , the Mac OS developed by Apple and the free open-source Linux OS .
+A 16 17|||R:PUNCT|||---|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These two OS reflect the obvious difference between the two ways of developing technology in their hardware platform , interface and price .
+A 18 19|||R:PUNCT|||:|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The first main difference is their hardware platform .
+
+S While the Linux OS is simply no more than a software and runs on PC platform machines , the Mac OS is exclusively designed for the Mac platform manufactured by Apple .
+
+S Since Apple designs the hardware for Mac , it makes the operating system perfectly compatible with the machine .
+
+S That is one of the reasons why Mac OS has always been praised by art designers for its smooth performance and high definition graphics .
+
+S Meanwhile , Linux , coded in the skunkwork environment , does not have that much funds and ability to compare with Mac at that perspective .
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN|||level|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , Linux has its own advantage .
+
+S The second difference between Mac and Linux lies in their structure .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||structures|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As an open source operating system , Linux ' users are free to explore and modify the systems .
+
+S Mac users , on the other hand , are restricted from the entering system files .
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This makes the Linux OS more preferable among computer programmers and others who work in the field of information technology .
+A 6 7|||R:ADJ|||popular|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to Forbes , Linux is currently the most popular operating system for supercomputers .
+
+S It is agreed by programmers from largest IT corporations such as IBM and Sun Microsystems that Linux is so far the most suitable environment for high-performance computing .
+A 17 18|||R:VERB|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Finally , there is the problem of security .
+
+S This is what Mac and Linux have in common .
+
+S Despite their different structures and platform , the two operating systems are quite secured .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||platforms|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By not allowing modification of system files , a third party can not hack into a Mac .
+
+S As for Linux , open-source only means users can read its source file .
+
+S With its secured configuration , it is still extremely hard to penetrate a Linux server .
+
+S On the other hand , the sociology aspect has to be considered as well .
+
+S Being a skunkwork project , Linux sure has the advantage of price .
+A 6 7|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is actually the only free operating system available .
+
+S However , this does not guarantee its popularity .
+
+S Its high requirement of computing knowledge makes Linux not popular among average computer users .
+A 0 1|||R:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 3|||R:OTHER|||requirement of a high level|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Mac , on the opposite , was designed for an entertainment and easy-to-use purpose .
+A 2 5|||R:OTHER|||in contrast|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||it is easy to use|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Apple is also very efficient at advertising their product worldwide , so even when Mac and its software are much more expensive than for a normal OS , it is still one of the most wanted .
+A 11 11|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , with the forth coming price drop , Mac is expected to be the operating system of choice for education and business .
+A 4 5|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is not possible to define whether the conventionally generated OS or the skunkwork developed one is better .
+
+S However , each technology has its own pros and cons .
+
+S Therefore , the choice should be made based on the user 's needs .
+
+S If it is a computer for an IT engineer , the choice would be Linux .
+
+S Oppositely , if the purpose is mainly for entertainment or paperwork , Mac would be the option .
+
+S Switching to Hybrid Cars
+
+S Berman ( 2006 ) defines a hybrid car as one that encompasses an electric motor together with a conventional gasoline engine , with a computer controlling the interaction between the two .
+
+S They use fuel cells that convert hydrogen to electricity , which is then stored in batteries and is used to assist in the power surge required when climbing a slope or overtaking .
+
+S But why do we need hybrid cars when we have cars that run just as well on gasoline ?
+
+S Gasoline cars are already an integral part of our economy and lifestyle , providing us with mobility and personal freedom .
+
+S However , research shows that the world is fast approaches two billion cars ( Sperling & Gordon , 2009 ) , and this poses a problem in the form of environmental pollution as well as causing adverse effects of our economy .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:FORM|||approaching|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:VERB:FORM|||causes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Environmental problems surrounding car production and usage are becoming an increasing threat to our world today .
+
+S According to Nieuwenhuis and Wells ( 1994 ) , " In the early 1900s , when gasoline cars starting gaining popularity , resources like gasoline and steel could still be found in abundance " ( p.53 ) .
+A 10 11|||R:ORTH|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S An increase in the number of cars on the road will mean an increase in the amount of oil burned , which in turn contributes to more air pollution .
+
+S Globally , transportation produces a quarter of all emissions of carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) , the primary green house gas , with some 10000 billion cubic metres of exhaust fumes being released annually ( Nieuwenhuis & Wells , 1994 ) .
+
+S Every time a car is driven on the road , it is actually draining the world 's conventional petroleum resources , and contributes more to global warming .
+A 5 5|||M:VERB:TENSE|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 14|||R:OTHER|||drains|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Materials like iron , steel , plastic , and glass , are mined from the Earth and are used in the construction of cars ( Nieuwenhuis & Wells , 1994 ) .
+
+S At the end of the car 's lifespan , those materials that can not be reused are then thrown in a scrap pile , contributing to land pollution .
+
+S Hybrid cars solve part of these problems by using more reusable material like plastic , as well as making them lighter and rely more on electricity to reduce fuel consumption and carbon emissions ( Berman , 2006 ) .
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:FORM|||relying|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides the environmental factors , cars can affect our economy negatively .
+
+S With the depletion of natural resources , funds have to be diverted into researching a cheaper alternative to gasoline as a fuel .
+A 19 22|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Cars drain our Earth 's natural resources , thus inciting political skirmishes over oil , and overwhelming the roads of today 's cities ( Sperling & Gordon , 2009 ) .
+
+S Countries with few natural resources have to spend increasing amounts of money to import gasoline and other crude oils for these cars .
+
+S According to research on gasoline prices ( Energy Information Administration , 2009 ) , the price of a gallon of gasoline was about US $ 150 in 2000 .
+
+S By the end of 2009 , the price for a gallon is expected to increase to about US $ 250 .
+
+S Once again the solution presents itself in the form of hybrid cars that run more on electricity that can be harnessed from the sun or produced in man-made power stations and cost less than gasoline .
+
+S While the damage done by our continued reliance on cars and gasoline is severe , it is still not too late to do anything about it .
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN|||something|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order to prevent more serious economic and environmental damage , dramatic reductions in oil use and carbon emissions have to be made within the next decade .
+
+S Policy makers and carmakers need to change the vehicles they design and the energy and transport systems they are embedded in .
+
+S Relying on hybrid cars might just be one of the most feasible solutions we can look at to save our planet .
+
+S References
+
+S Berman , B .
+
+S ( 2006 ) .
+
+S How Hybrids Work .
+
+S Retrieved September 29 , 2009 from { http : //www.hybridcars.com/types-systems/how-hybrids-work.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.hybridcars.com/types-systems/how-hybrids-work.html ] Energy Information Administration .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Short Term Energy Outlook .
+
+S Retrieved September 29 , 2009 from the Energy Information Administration at http : // { www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/steo/pub/contents.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/steo/pub/contents.html ]
+
+S Nieuwenhuis , P. , & Wells , P. ( 1994 ) .
+
+S Motor vehicles in the environment .
+
+S West Sussex , England : John Willey Sperling , D. , & Gordan , D. ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Two Billion Cars .
+
+S New York : Oxford
+
+S When a new virus or bacteria is introduced and the human population has no immunity , a pandemic will occur , causing widespread mortality .
+
+S In each century , influenza pandemics have occurred around 3 times , when a new strain of the influenza virus caused simultaneous deaths worldwide ( Roche , 2006 ) .
+
+S Therefore , it is crucial to come up with solutions to prevent the spread of diseases .
+
+S For example , Penicillin , which was discovered serendipitously , helps to prevent one from getting bacterial diseases .
+
+S Furthermore , during the recent outbreak of the Swine flu , Tamiflu has been developed to treat it .
+
+S Comparing Tamiflu with Penicillin , although they work differently on different micro-organisms , both of them do benefit to the human population .
+A 0 22|||R:OTHER|||Both Tamiflu and Penicillin benefit the human population though they work on different micro-organisms|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Most species of bacteria have a rigid cell wall , which prevents them from bursting when they are placed in solutions of low salt concentration as compared to the cell .
+A 1 3|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||walls|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:SVA|||prevent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:ADJ:FORM|||lower|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 30|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Penicillin inhibits the formation of cell wall , which is essential for the survival of bacteria , and thus kills them off .
+
+S However , the viruses do not have cell walls and thus Penicillin has no effect on them .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In contrast , Tamiflu works well on the influenza viruses .
+
+S An influenza virus is able to infect a host cell due to the presence of neuraminidase .
+
+S With Tamiflu , which is also known as neuraminidase inhibitors , neuraminidase is inhibited and thus the virus is unable to exit the host cell and dies ( Roche , 2006 ) .
+A 0 1|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 4|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 8|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||inhibitor|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , the virus is also unable to spread and infect other cells in the body .
+
+S Due to the distinct difference in the structures of virus and bacteria , Tamiflu and Penicillin perform differently on them .
+A 18 19|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Ever since the introduction of Penicillin , deaths from infectious diseases are very rare .
+
+S Nowadays , majority of the people die from circulatory diseases and respiratory diseases ( World Health Organization , 2003 ) .
+
+S Penicillin benefits greatly as it has the ability to cure people suffering from once-fatal bacterial diseases .
+A 1 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||who are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Similarly , Tamiflu is also proven to be effective in the treatment and for the prevention of influenza in adults and in children .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Roche announced that two new observational studies had shown that influenza patients treated with Tamiflu had significantly higher survival rates than untreated patients and the analyzed outcomes targeted on two different groups -adults and children diagnosed with the highly pathogenic A ( H5N1 ) avian influenza and adults hospitalized with seasonal influenza ( " Two New Studies , " 2009 ) .
+
+S The human population has indeed benefited from both Penicillin and Tamiflu as the survival rates from bacterial diseases and influenza viruses have increased ever since they are introduced .
+
+S Regardless of whether the technology is developed via research or discovered serendipitously , they have significant contributions to mankind .
+A 13 14|||R:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||contributed significantly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S New discoveries and creations are essential for the progress of mankind .
+
+S For instance , there is always a need for new and better anti-flu drugs as virus gets mutated very easily and will soon acquire resistance to Tamiflu .
+A 16 17|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:FORM|||mutate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Resistance to Tamiflu has been detected in a patient in Singapore who was down with the pandemic Influenza A ( H1N1 ) bug and similar cases have also emerged in Hong Kong , China , Japan , Canada , the United States and Denmark ( Andy , 2009 ) .
+
+S Who knows , may be in a few years time , the real cure for influenza virus will be discovered serendipitously and till that day , influenza virus will no longer be a threat to us .
+A 0 3|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 5|||R:OTHER|||Perhaps|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 31|||R:OTHER|||continue to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S Andy , H. ( 2009 , August 22 ) .
+
+S Tamiflu-resistant H1N1 may have spread .
+
+S The Straits Times ( Singapore ) , review-others .
+
+S Two new studies report increased survival rates in Tamiflu-treated patients with Avian flu ( H5N1 ) and severe seasonal flu .
+
+S ( 2009 , September 28 ) .
+
+S Biotech Business Week , pp.1469 .
+
+S World Health Organization .
+
+S ( 2003 ) .
+
+S Neglected global epidemics : three growing threats research of the World Health Organization .
+
+S Retrieved October 03 , 2009 , from World Wide Web : { http : //www.who.int/whr/2003/en/Chapter6.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.who.int/whr/2003/en/Chapter6.pdf ]
+
+S Roche .
+
+S ( 2006 , November 17 ) .
+
+S Factsheet Tamiflu .
+
+S Retrieved October 03 , 2009 , from World Wide Web : http : //www.roche.com/med_mbTAMIFLU05e.pdf
+
+S A skunkworks is an especially enriched environment that is intended to help a small group of individuals design a new idea by escaping routine organizational procedures ( Rogers , 2003 ) .
+
+S The 5th most influential man of this century and president of Apple Computer , Steve Jobs , created one of the most famous and successful skunkworks .
+
+S The fruit of this skunkworks is the popular Macintosh computer , which is in great demand worldwide till date .
+
+S According to Macworld , the iMac , i.e .
+
+S desktop version of the Macintosh computer , has become the biggest-selling personal computer of all time within three years of its launch ( MacWorld , 8/15/01 ) .
+
+S In fact , Apple is the number one computer company in both Australia and Japan .
+
+S Obviously , there must be a reason behind the popularity of the Macintosh computer as compared to a conventionally generated innovation such as the Sony personal computer .
+
+S It would be most appropriate to explain this phenomenon from comparing the key features of the two different types .
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The first key feature is the vision of a skunkworks as compared to the conventional way .
+
+S In order to appeal to the consumers , the idea or innovation created must be modern , creative , and refreshing as customers are always on a look out for new and up-to-date technology products .
+
+S Therefore , it is important for engineers to think ahead , speculate the upcoming problems and expectations of the consumers , and provide practical solutions .
+
+S For instant , the engineers of the Macbook Pro , i.e .
+
+S laptop version of the Macintosh computer , knew that the consumers were looking for a laptop that has a longer battery life .
+
+S As a result , they came up with a built-in battery life of 7 hours and did so without increasing the size of the laptop ( Apple , 2009 ) .
+
+S Furthermore , the sleek design of the Macbook Pro satisfies the need for a trendy laptop .
+
+S Although the Macbook Pro is not created in a skunkworks , the engineers responsible for the Macbook Pro have similar vision of a skunkworks , that is to look ahead , and provide feasible solutions and ideas in advance .
+
+S In contrast , the Sony VAIO AR , a laptop for Sony that is created in a conventional environment , has a battery life of 2.5 hours only hence it is not as popular as the Macbook Pro .
+A 27 28|||R:OTHER|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:ORTH|||Hence|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , it is safe to say that the vision of a skunkworks ensures that the products have the ability to satisfy the needs of the consumers for the time being and also in the near future .
+
+S Also , the next key feature would be the working conditions of a skunkworks as compared to a conventional environment .
+
+S About fifty highly dedicated young computer designers worked day and night at a secret lab that was located behind the Good Earth Restaurant in Cupertino ( Rogers , 2003 ) .
+
+S The young computer designers did not require any permission or papers to go ahead with the procedures .
+
+S All of them were committed and goal-orientated .
+
+S With the leadership skills from Steve Jobs and resources provided to the skunkworks , the Macintosh computer was introduced in 1984 .
+
+S It only took 4 years for the skunkworks project to be completed .
+
+S Therefore , the skunkworks was hugely credited for its success .
+
+S However , in a conventional environment , there were restrictions and standard procedures to follow closely .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will cause distractions and time wastage during the course of production .
+
+S On the whole , a skunkworks generated product would have a higher chance for consumers to adopt and accept as compared to a conventionally generated product due to the unique features of a skunkworks .
+
+S In addition , there could be an increase in the number of companies that opt for a skunkworks .
+
+S Reference :
+
+S Apple .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Macbook Pro Features .
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2009 from http : //www.apple.com/macbookpro/features.html
+
+S MacWorld .
+
+S ( 2001 , August 15 ) .
+
+S Macintosh Facts and Statistics .
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2009 from http : //www.13idol.com/mac/macfacts.html
+
+S Rogers , E.M. ( 2003 ) .
+
+S The generation of innovations .
+
+S In Diffusion of innovations ( pp.136-158 ) .
+
+S New York : Free Press .
+
+S The serendipitously discovered technology is the smog-eating cement while the technology found via research is the carbon-dioxide eating cement .
+
+S The two technologies vary in many aspects .
+
+S One such aspect is the support that these technologies receive among people .
+
+S In the case of the smog eating cement , the technology received some negative feedback due to its serendipitous background .
+
+S Thomas Cahill who is an atmospheric scientist at the University Of California , Davis , criticized that the final outcome of this discovery is uncertain .
+
+S He also said that the advantages of this technology are only applicable in some situations ( Miller , 2007 ) .
+
+S This shows that people question the validity of the serendipitously discovered technologies .
+
+S This is because these technologies are invented accidentally , in other words , by luck .
+
+S Majority of people look at serendipitous discovery with distrust as the technology was not invented via research .
+
+S Technology discovered through research is the norm and serendipitous discovery deviate from the norm .
+
+S Most people think that serendipitous discovery was not well analyzed and hence the inventors might not know the side effects that the technology might cause in future .
+
+S However , the case is different for the carbon-dioxide eating cement .
+
+S It was positively accepted by most people .
+
+S In fact , this technology was accepted by cement industries and environmentalists CITATION Alo09 \ l 1033 ( Jha , ECO Worldly , 2009 ) .This clearly illustrates that a well researched technology gathers more support as it is perceived that a technology that has solid proof ( via experimentations and research ) have lesser unexpected outcomes in future , compared to a serendipitously discovered invention .
+A 12 26|||R:OTHER|||incorrect in-text citation.This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 53 54|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The two technologies also differ from the support they receive from private and government sectors .
+
+S The industry which produced the carbon-dioxide eating cement , Novacem , has Carbon Trust investing on them .
+
+S Furthermore , the company plans on building a pilot plant .
+
+S The interesting fact is that this project is funded by the government-backed Technology Strategy Board .
+A 15 16|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Jha , ECO worldly , 2009 ) .
+
+S Moreover the company 's chairman , Stuart Evans , mentioned that the pilot plant would also receive funding from Imperial Innovations ( IVO.l ) , the Royal Society enterprise fund and the London technology fund ( Hirschler , 2009 ) .
+
+S Also , currently Rio Tinto ( RIO.L ) has been providing raw materials for Novacem ( Hirschler , 2009 ) .
+
+S From these examples , it can be seen that the well researched technology is backed up by both private and government sectors .
+
+S This is because the research done by the company boosts the confidence of investors to invest in their technology .
+
+S The extensive research done by the company also showcases the invention as a promising one .
+
+S Hence , both government and private organizations are willing to fund this project as it seems worthwhile .
+
+S However , the smog-eating cement , did not receive as much aid from the government or any other private sector as the carbon-dioxide eating cement .
+
+S In fact , the only help that Italcementi received was from PICADA ( photo catalytic innovative coverings application for depollution assessments ) .
+
+S PICADA is a European Union study .
+
+S PICADA aided Italcementi to verify the fact ( which was discovered serendipitously ) that the titanium dioxide in cement helps to reduce smog in the atmosphere ( Povoledo , 2006 ) .
+
+S Hence , a well researched technology receives a wider range of funding than a serendipitously discovered technology .
+
+S However , there are similarities between the two technologies .
+
+S Both the technology aims to improve the quality of air .
+
+S Basically , both try to reduce air pollution .
+
+S Furthermore , Howard Liljestrand ( an expert in environmental chemistry at the University Of Texas in Austin ) mentioned that the " cost-efficiency " of both the technologies lies on how the technologies work in the future ( Povoledo , 2006 ) .
+
+S Hence , both technologies aim to improve air quality and have their own limitations on their performance in future .
+
+S To sum it all , a well researched technology receives a lot more support among people than a serendipitously discovered technology .
+
+S Furthermore , it also has a wider range of funding partners than the serendipitous discovery .
+
+S Although they differ in some aspects , they are similar in their goal : To improve the air quality .
+
+S In my opinion , serendipitously discovered technology faces problem when it comes to gathering support and marketing while a well researched technology faces problem during the research and development stage .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN:NUM|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , technologies discovered in both ways face problems in different areas .
+
+S There is no advantage whatsoever for either technologies .
+
+S Bibliography
+
+S BIBLIOGRAPHY Hirschler , B .
+
+S ( 2009 , august 6 ) .carbon-eating " green " cement wins funds for UK firm .
+
+S Retrieved august 6 , 2009 , from REUTERS : http : //www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSL6198943 Jha , A .
+
+S ( 2009 , january 2 ) .
+
+S { Cement that Eats Carbon Dioxide Invented by British Scientists } [ HYPERLINK : http : //ecoworldly.com/2009/01/02/cement-that-eats-carbon-dioxide-invented-by-british-scientists/ ] .ECO worldly .
+
+S Retrieved january 2 , 2009 , from http : //ecoworldly.com/2009/01/02/cement-that-eats-carbon-dioxide-invented-by-british-scientists/
+
+S Miller , L. ( 2007 , december 9 ) .
+
+S Smog eating cement.The New York Times .
+
+S Retrieved december 9 , 2007 , from http : //www.nytimes.com/2007/12/09/magazine/09smogeatingcement.html Povoledo , E. ( 2006 ) .
+
+S Italians discover a smog-eating cement .
+
+S venice : Herald international Tribune .
+
+S Societal structure plays an important role in determining the evolution of a new innovation .
+
+S Norms and values from a social system will often heavily influence the technological design process .
+
+S This part of the development process is crucial to ensure that the innovation will be readily accepted by society .
+
+S The online video sharing website , Youtube , for example managed to grasp this concept and gained immense popularity within six months , hitting a peak 4000 from 200 daily page views per million in May ( Anderson , 2006 ) .
+A 26 26|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Youtube founders targeted the problems that most people faced ; difficulty in sharing videos online and came out with many innovative solutions .
+
+S This resulted in a platform that enables web surfers to upload and play their videos online easily .
+
+S Being community-oriented , quickly catapults it to become the most popular video sharing site on the net .
+
+S In this present age , prevalent use of internet in many societies gave rise to a new " N-generation " .
+
+S Society 's fast paced environmental and working conditions constantly mould the N-generation .
+
+S As such its behavioural pattern is one that expects fast efficiency and convenience as a norm .
+
+S One important feature of Youtube pertains to this idea and also contributes greatly to jumpstart its success .
+
+S The website is developed to integrate Macromedia flash player software tool that enable internet users to view youtube videos from their web browsers directly , without having to download it to their computers and view it with secondary video playing programs such as window media player ( Sandra , n.d. ) .
+A 47 50|||R:OTHER|||incorrect in-text citation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , the time and computer hardware space needed to view a video is effectively being shortened to provide greater convenience .
+A 15 16|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This convenience and ease of use , appeals to many internet users whom do not have very fast and stable internet connections by allowing them to watch their videos online as it downloads .
+A 12 13|||R:PRON|||who|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also to incorporate efficiency into their design further , Youtube uses a standard video format that delivers reasonable video quality while minimizing download data size so that users will not experience choppy video pauses during video streaming .
+
+S Many N-generation web users also regard entertainment quality and media accessibility highly .
+
+S They access many other internet websites and are adept at using a wide variety of internet media devices .
+
+S This prompts Youtube to improve their content accessibility by designing its website to synchronise and be able to be viewed on other web surfing platforms such as the iphone , Apple TV ( Apple , 2007 ) , PS3 and , Nintendo Wii game consoles ( { Los Angeles Times } [ HYPERLINK : http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times ] [ LAT ] , 2009 ) .
+
+S Besides that , Youtube also implemented a function to embed their video in social networking websites such as facebook and blogs to allow for better accessibility to their media ( Youtube , 2009 ) .
+
+S Furthermore , Youtube offers " high definition " video playback in which videos are shown at a higher resolution and superior sound to cater to high entertainment quality demands where enjoyment takes priority .
+
+S ( Youtube , 2009 ) .
+
+S Greater accessibility unfortunately , also has a downside to it .
+
+S Since anyone can upload any video on to Youtube and allow anyone on Youtube to view it , many uploaded videos containing inappropriate content were easily accessible to minors .
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For many societies , this is especially intolerable since it will violate their moral standing , conservative culture , religion and law .
+
+S Consequently , Youtube was faced with much criticism from the web community but it dealt with this problem promptly via introducing its content censorship policy .
+
+S Firstly , its terms of service forbid the uploading of offensive materials .
+
+S Secondly , adult web users are required to log in to verify their identity to view content classified as inappropriate for minors .
+
+S Lastly , it also relies on users to flag videos containing inappropriate content online which will activate a 24 hour review team to deal with it ( James & Nicole , 2008 ) .
+
+S The three prong approach effectively clams down any users that try to violate the rules .
+
+S There is also another problem which stems from importance of copyright in society .
+
+S The exclusive right granted to its original author to be credited for his work is valued to the extend it became a law in many society .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||the orginal|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||extent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||that it ...|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:NOUN:NUM|||societies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , A huge amount of videos posted online consisting of television shows , music videos , movies and animes that were without the permission of their creators .
+A 2 3|||R:ORTH|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:MORPH|||consist|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This entangled Youtube in a series of pressing legal lawsuits from major media companies such as Viacom , Mediaset and EPL in an effort to protect their copyright material ( BBC , 2008 ) .
+
+S Subsequently , this forced Youtube to introduce its " Video ID " system which will check uploaded videos with a database of copyrighted material and denial any uploading if it finds a match ( Youtube , 2009 ) .
+A 25 26|||R:OTHER|||deny|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In summary , Youtube has managed to attain its dominant position on the net due to its ability to conform to the taste of its mainstream community web users while at the same time adhering to legal regulations .
+
+S It is also intensively consumer focused and very flexible , able to adapting to the needs and demands of internet users quickly .
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||and is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:FORM|||adapt|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , regular novel upgrades to its website continue to entice more webs surfers as well as generating more internet traffic to their website .
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:FORM|||generate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S More advertising sponsors will be attracted to employ their services , and hence , sustain YouTube 's continual success .
+
+S Youtube has grown so much that it became part of many people 's media entertainment and web surfing experience .
+
+S With its huge influence on the cyber community , it might even become a platform which in turn will help shape our society in the future .
+
+S References :
+
+S Sandra , R. ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Why is YouTube so popular ?
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2009 , from { http : //www.answerblip.com/why-is-youtube-so-popular } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.answerblip.com/why-is-youtube-so-popular ] Heather , G. ( 2006 , April 10 ) .
+
+S YouTube : Way Beyond Home Videos .
+
+S Retrieved September 14 , 2009 , form { http : //www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/06_15/b3979093.htm ?
+
+S campaign_id = rss_daily } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/06_15/b3979093.htm ? % 20campaign_id = rss_daily ]
+
+S Joe , A .
+
+S ( 2006 , June 22 ) .
+
+S The Success of Youtube .
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2009 , from { http : //joeanderson.co.uk/blog/2006/06/22/the-success-of-youtube/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //joeanderson.co.uk/blog/2006/06/22/the-success-of-youtube/ ] BBC News ( 2008 , May 27 ) .
+
+S YouTube law fight 'threatens net' .
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2009 , from { http : //news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/7420955.stm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/7420955.stm ]
+
+S Youtube ( Updated 2009 , August 27 ) .
+
+S YouTube Copyright Policy : Video Identification tool .
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2009 , from Youtube official Website at { http : //www.google.com/support/youtube/bin/answer.py ? answer = 83766&hl = en-uk } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.google.com/support/youtube/bin/answer.py ? answer = 83766&hl = en-uk ] { Sharing YouTube Videos } [ HYPERLINK : http : //youtube.com/sharing ] .
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2009 , from Youtube official Website at { http : //www.google.com/support/youtube/bin/answer.py ? answer = 57788 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.google.com/support/youtube/bin/answer.py ? answer = 57788 ] { YouTube Videos in High Quality } [ HYPERLINK : http : //youtubeukblog.blogspot.com/2008/03/youtube-videos-in-high-quality.html ] .
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2009 , from Youtube Website at http : //youtubeukblog.blogspot.com/2008/03/youtube-videos-in-high-quality.html
+
+S Apple ( 2007 , June 20 ) .
+
+S YouTube Live on Apple TV Today ; Coming to iPhone on June 29 .
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2009 , from Apple official website at { http : //www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/06/20youtube.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/06/20youtube.html ] { Los Angeles Times } [ HYPERLINK : http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times ] ( 2009 , January 15 ) .
+
+S YouTube video comes to Wii and PlayStation 3 game consoles .
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2009 , from LAT news website at { http : //latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2009/01/youtube-wii-ps3.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2009/01/youtube-wii-ps3.html ] .
+
+S James , K. & Nicole , M. ( 2008 , July 31 ) .
+
+S YouTube attacked by MPs over sex and violence footage .
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2009 , from Telegraph News website at http : //www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/3358061/YouTube-attacked-by-MPs-over-sex-and-violence-footage.html
+
+S In reality , there are many problems faced by researchers when they are developing innovations .
+
+S These problems may occur at various stages of the innovation process ( Rogers , 2003 ) .
+
+S In this essay , we will discuss an innovation of a Bluetooth communication system for cyclists and one of the problems that the Bluetooth innovation faces and the impacts the problem has on certain stages of the process .
+A 16 16|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This Bluetooth communication system ( bike bug ) encounters the challenge of a lack of market demand which affects its likelihood of the commercialization process occurring which is being launch into the market .
+A 19 22|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 28|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:OTHER|||of it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:VERB:TENSE|||launched|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are many sub-factors that cause the shortage of market demand .
+
+S First , it is the usefulness of bike bug to cyclists .
+
+S Although , the number of cyclists who ride in large groups has risen over the years , number of official members of " joyriders " stand at 120 in May 2007 ( JoyRiders , 2006 ) , compared to Singapore population of 4.84 million people in June 2008 ( Singapore Government , 1871 ) , the number of cyclists that cycle in groups are insignificant .
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:VERB:TENSE|||stood|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 38|||R:ORTH|||Compared|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 40|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , this indicates that the demand is low as cyclists who travel alone , in pairs , or in small groups and those people who do not cycle do not require and have the need for bike bug .
+A 32 33|||R:CONJ|||nor|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 37|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||R:NOUN|||plural|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Second , it is the design of the bike bug .
+
+S The structure of the bike bug 's earpiece does not look capable of fitting snuggly to the cyclist 's ear .
+A 10 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:MORPH|||fit|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , there is the possibility of the cyclist incurring extra cost to replace the lost earpiece , especially after the earpiece is drenched by the cyclist 's perspiration .
+
+S The extra replacement cost is incurred because if the cyclist speeds , the moist earpiece with minimal grip is likely to drop off .
+
+S Third , it is the bike bug level of acceptance to consumers .
+A 5 7|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 10|||R:OTHER|||acceptance level|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although , hands-free and Bluetooth devices for headsets are in abundance in the current market , its sales record is not so promising as compared to other Bluetooth gadgets for mobile phone , cars , and computers .
+
+S Even though 33 million of Bluetooth headsets were shipped in 2005 and the figure is expected to increase to over 55 million in 2006 ( Bluetooth special interest group , 2006 ) , compared to the world population of 6,808,515,373 people ( Geohive , 2009 ) , people who use Bluetooth headsets are considered the minority .
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:ORTH|||Compared|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 47 48|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 51 52|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 52 53|||R:OTHER|||this is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This denotes that Bluetooth headsets are still not used by the majority .
+
+S Hence , as bike bug is a Bluetooth headset gadget , I predict a not so bright future for its sales record .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 17|||R:OTHER|||dim|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With this two sub-factors plus the slow acceptance of Bluetooth headset compared to other Bluetooth devices , potential manufacturers of bike bug is deterred as it is not economic practical to mass produce bike bug .
+A 20 20|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:MORPH|||economically|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 33|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:NOUN|||bikebugs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is therefore shown that for bike bug to be successfully launch into society , much is needed to raise bike bug popularity among the public .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||bugs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:FORM|||launched|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference :
+
+S Bluetooth special interest group .
+
+S 2006 .
+
+S Mobile phones and headsets .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //www.bluetooth.com/NR/rdonlyres/4E28B1F0-C1E3-419D-98EF-1DAC4C7A912D/0/IndustryStatSheet12.pdf GeoHive .
+
+S 2009 .
+
+S Population 2009.09.24 .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //www.geohive.com/default1.aspx
+
+S JoyRiders .
+
+S 2006 .
+
+S History of Joyriders .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //www.joyriders.sg/index.php/history-of-joyriders
+
+S Rogers , E.M. 2003 .
+
+S The generation of innovations .
+
+S In Diffusion of innovations ( pp .
+
+S 136-158 ) .
+
+S New York : Free Press Singapore Government .
+
+S 1871 .
+
+S The gateway to Singapore official statistics .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //www.singstat.gov.sg/
+
+S Conventionally generated technology and technology created in a skunkworks environment are methods of technology development which lead to the invention of innovations .
+
+S However , the processes that are taken through for developing an invention are different .
+
+S There will be two illustrations provided to compare on their development differences .
+
+S One would be on Compaq laptop computer ; another would be on Toshiba laptop computer .
+
+S One difference is on the problems the invention was being considered the past .
+A 0 13|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In 1982 , Compaq was trying to model the IBM 's BIOS System as it was the most popular system in the past ( Sysops , 2003 ) .
+
+S Being one of the manufacturers who wanted to outwit IBM , the inventors of Compaq pondered how to develop laptops computers that were faster , being superior in qualities , and offered additional features to please consumers .
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||laptop|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For this case , Compaq was in the mainstream of developing portable computers , but exceeding what IBM had for offering to consumers with just an awesome BIOS System .
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:FORM|||exceeded|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:PART|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:FORM|||offer|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In contrast , the problems of inventing the Toshiba laptop computer were not just about excelling in the laptop computer market .
+
+S When Tetsuya Mizoguchi , the inventor of Toshiba laptop computer envisioned developing a product which was compatible to an IBM system , he was obstructed by the fact that corporate leaders at Toshiba deemed the development of such a product were difficult ( Rogers , 2003 ) .
+A 40 41|||R:OTHER|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , the company back then suffered huge losses in marketing their personal computers .
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||at that time|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With strong disagreement from the company , Mizoguchi could not realize his dreams of making laptop computers .
+
+S Another difference is how Compaq and Mizoguchi solved their problems .
+
+S Compaq thought of an ingenious way to develop its very own BIOS System ( Sysops , 2003 ) .
+
+S 18 engineers examined IBM 's BIOS system and figured the development their own by reverse engineering .
+A 11 11|||M:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The engineers were divided into 2 groups one group on analyzing the original codes , another on making notes on how it exactly functioned .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:ORTH|||One|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The latter group then wrote their own BIOS which functioned similarly to IBM without risking themselves from a lawsuit with IBM .
+
+S On the contrary , Mizoguchi had a different set of problems .
+
+S He had to develop his laptop computer by going 'underground ' in the Toshiba 's Ome factory ( Rogers , 2003 ) .
+
+S He channelled funds secretly and shifted 10 engineers from a military project to work on the laptop computer .
+
+S The development process was so stressful that the engineers had to make a prototype whereby the components were tightly packed in it .
+
+S Eventually , both Compaq and Mizoguchi had successfully built up the laptop computer and generated good sales results .
+
+S In spite of these differences , both Compaq and Toshiba flourished in the laptop computer market with innovations that were laboriously created .
+
+S In 1983 , more than 53,000 units of Compaq laptop computers were sold ( Sysops , 2003 ) .
+
+S In 1986 , Toshiba made tremendous sales of ten thousand units within fourteen months ( Rogers , 2003 ) . .
+
+S Though Compaq and Toshiba took different approaches in developing laptop computers , they had the same motive of creating great laptop computers and took part of the big pie in the market .
+A 25 26|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References : 1 .
+
+S Rogers , E. M. ( 2003 ) .
+
+S The birth of the laptop computer in Toshiba .
+
+S In Diffusion of Innovations ( pp 144-146 ) .
+
+S New York : Free Press
+
+S 2 .
+
+S Sysops ( 2003 ) .
+
+S Compaq Portable .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //www.alistapart.com/articles/writeliving
+
+S 3. International Directory of Company Histories , Vol .
+
+S 50 .
+
+S St. James Press , 2003 Retrieved from http : //www.fundinguniverse.com/company- histories/HewlettPackard-Company- Company-History.html
+
+S We are living in the flourishing era of telecommunication with hundreds of mobile phone brands all over the world .
+
+S However , Research In Motion Limited , or RIM - a Canadian wireless device company founded in 1984 - , with its smartphones BlackBerry , is still one of the most successful brands in the market with the revenue of US $ 11.065 billion in Fiscal 2009 ( RIM , 2009 ) .
+
+S The achievement of BlackBerry is an example of how social construction has led to the triumph of a technology .
+
+S Initially , BlackBerry smartphones were introduced for occupied executive , politicians and lawyers ( McKenna , Waldie , & Avery , 2009 ) .
+A 7 8|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||plural|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the emphasized function of the smartphones at that time was to receive and send emails .
+
+S Consequently , BlackBerry Enterprise Server ( BES ) was also released to help the businessmen keep track of their works and keep in touch with their employees .
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the demand of so-called normal users increased , RIM had to evolve .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||the 'so'called|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , according to Dabrowski , the majority of subscribers in the three months ended February 29th was " non-enterprise " users ( Dabrowski , 2009 ) .
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||which 'ended ' on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S BlackBerry smartphones were made to become more accessible to the users by increasing the memory and embedding entertaining features such as music player , integrated camera , and 65,000-color display instead of monochrome display .
+
+S The remarkable launch of Apple 's iPhone in 2007 was predicted to outdo the success of BlackBerry smartphones in the market .
+
+S Nevertheless , " despite the popularity of Apple 's best-selling device , RIM still tops the league of smart phone sales " ( Peel , 2009 ) .
+
+S Each group of users had different purposes of using the mobile phones .
+
+S The majority of iPhone users were young adults who were fascinated by the appealing appearance and entertaining features of iPhone .
+
+S On the contrary , BlackBerry users were into the phone for its outstanding support for working environment together with acceptable features for relaxation .
+
+S However , the launch of iPhone " was a boon for RIM as the touchscreen handset raised the public 's awareness " ( Peel , 2009 ) .
+
+S In 2008 , RIM introduced Storm , its first touchscreen device instead of a physical keyboard .
+
+S The release of Storm marked a milestone of RIM when it gave up its well-known QWERTY keyboard to give way for a new trend .
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Sarcastically , BlackBerry Storm did not yield the expected outcome .
+
+S Its SurePress touchscreen was a hindrance to fast typing .
+
+S It seemed that RIM realized its failure in providing the users with a convenient experience using the touchscreen device .
+
+S The latter BlackBerry smartphones were equipped with fully-support QWERTY keyboard , a preferable feature by BlackBerry users .
+
+S " Perhaps RIM 's success continues to be a surprise because it appears to defy the prevailing model for which companies thrive and which companies fail in personal technology " , " but RIM is an example of how smart engineering and a keen understanding of customers can allow a small company to survive in the shadow of better-financed giants " ( Austen , 2004 ) .
+
+S In other words , RIM has defied all odds and survived due to its understanding of the needs of its users , the risks from its enemies , and other social factors that could shape the success of an innovation .
+
+S Reference :
+
+S Austen , I .
+
+S ( 2004 , October 4th ) .
+
+S BlackBerry , Beloved Gadget , Continues to Thrive .
+
+S The New York Times .
+
+S Retrieved from { http : //nytimes.com/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //nytimes.com/ ]
+
+S Dabrowski , W. ( 2009 , April 6th ) .
+
+S Blackberry Success with Consumers Defies Recession .
+
+S REUTERS UK .
+
+S Retrieved from { http : //uk.reuters.com/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //uk.reuters.com/ ]
+
+S McKenna , B. , Waldie , P. , & Avery , S. ( 2009 , April 5th ) .
+
+S Patently Absurd .
+
+S The Globe and Mail .
+
+S Retrieved from { http : //www.theglobeandmail.com/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.theglobeandmail.com/ ]
+
+S Peel , L. ( 2009 , April 6th ) .
+
+S BlackBerry Profits Double on iPhone Success .
+
+S Times Online .
+
+S Retrieved from { http : //www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/ ] RIM ( 2009 , April 2nd ) .
+
+S Research In Motion Reports Fourth Quarter and Year-End Results for Fiscal 2009 .
+
+S Retrieved from { http : //www.rim.com/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.rim.com/ ]
+
+S In recent years , many new technologies which make use of high temperature to produce moderately hard outer coatings for materials have been developed .
+
+S It 's part of the effort to reduce production cost , improve the durability and increase the forms of applications .
+
+S Most of these developments have to go through intensive research with technologies while a minor portion resulted due to serendipitous discovery .
+
+S In August 2009 , United States most renowned non-profit organization on applied research and development , Southwest Research Institute ( SwRI ) is awarded the 2009 R&D 100 Award for developing a Plasma Enhanced Magnetron Sputter ( PEMS ) technology that is particularly meant for coating , ( Southwest Research Institute [ SwRI ] , 2009a , 2009b ) .
+A 4 15|||R:OTHER|||a most renowned non-profit organisation on applied research in United States known as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 46 59|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , largest independent research university in the state of Ohio , Case Western Reserve University ( CWRU ) developed a technology for new applications in packaging via accidental discovery , ( Case Western Reserve University [ CWRU ] , n.d. ) .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 46|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although both technologies are based on the coating of material , the purpose , the methodologies and the final applications for the both developments are different .
+
+S Firstly in the case of SwRI , the main objective ( SwRI , 2009b ) of the development is to produce enhanced exterior coating for electronic components that has to withstand high level of wear and tear .
+
+S Some examples on the form of deterioration can be caused by ( SwRI , 2009b ) over exposure to strong sunlight , corrosion by polluted vapour and severe collision with firm particles .
+
+S Therefore SwRI wants to develop a technology that can fabricate extremely robust , impermeable and durable coatings .
+
+S On the other hand , CWRU wants to develop ( ScienceDaily [ SD ] , 2009 ) a packaging technology to maintain the freshness of consumable product .
+
+S In order to do so , there is a need to boost the exterior packaging of a material so that the material is able to prevent destructive gases from passing through it and at the same time minimize the use of the material during production .
+
+S Next on methodology , SwRI adapts their ( SwRI , 2009b ) PEMS technology to produce an exceptionally strong and solid nanocomposite covering for the components .
+
+S This technology uses global plasma to eliminate unwanted deposits before performing the coating process .
+
+S In addition the use of high ion flux allows the layer of covering to be held onto the material more firmly .
+
+S Combining this technology ( SwRI , 2009b ) with nitride-based nanocomposite coating , SwRI is able to produce an even tougher coating than by a single-phase coating .
+
+S In contrast , CWRU discovered its technology by means of serendipitous finding , the group realized that ( SD , 2009 ) polyethylene oxide ( PEO ) crystallizes as a single layer is able to produce extraordinarily gigantic and impermeable single crystals .
+
+S This discovery allows the group to minimize the amount of raw material used tremendously and at the same time reduce the passing of particles by more than 100 times , ( SD , 2009 ) .
+
+S Lastly , the application for SwRI technology includes ( SwRI , 2009b ) aero-engine components , land-based turbine blades , helicopter rotor blades , military weaponry components , oil and gas productions .
+A 27 28|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Having a wide range of applications , namely apply outer coating for different kinds of engines from all fields which includes food industry whereas for CWRU 's technology , the applications are still quite limited to the packaging of items like ( SD , 2009 ) food , medicine and electronic parts .
+A 0 53|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the whole , it is not important whether a technology is discovered via research or by serendipity discovery and given a similar technology it is not necessary for them to have similar objectives , applications and methodologies .
+
+S This is because the most important issue is that both the technologies are able to improvise the outer layer of materials , making them more durable and long lasting .
+
+S For example like the wings of the airplane , with the help of the new discovery they are now more resistible to the air pressure and strong air resistances .
+
+S Hence both the developments can be considered big contributions to the world technology .
+
+S Reference
+
+S Southwest Research Institute .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Facts About SwRI .
+
+S Retrieved September 28 , 2009 from http : //www.swri.org/6swsa/work/facts.HTM
+
+S Southwest Research Institute .
+
+S ( 2009 , August 5 ) .
+
+S SwRI-developed coatings technology earns 2009 R&D 100 Award .
+
+S Southwest Research Institute .
+
+S Retrieved September 11 , 2009 from http : //www.swri.org/9what/releases/2009/RD100win.htm
+
+S Case Western Reserve University .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Visiting Case .
+
+S Retrieved September 28 , 2009 from Case Western Reserve University Web site : http : //www.case.edu/visit/about.html
+
+S Case Western Reserve University ( 2009 , February 9 ) .
+
+S Accidental Discovery Has Potential To Keep Food And Drugs Safer And Fresher Longer .
+
+S ScienceDaily .
+
+S Retrieved September 11 , 2009 , from http : //www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2009/02/090206120547.htm
+
+S Robotics technology plays a significant role in the military forces of modern era .
+
+S Many nations , especially the United States , are increasingly focusing their research on the field of robotics today for military purposes during war time .
+
+S Their research focus is attributable to the change in today 's war strategy and tactics where the enemy is no longer easily noticeable in the open as easy targets , as Randall Steeb , senior scientist at Rand Corporation , points out ( Voth , 2004 ) .
+
+S As a result , an important technology called the Battlefield Extraction-Assist Robot ( BEAR ) was invented in 2006 and the invention was caused by a growing demand for robots to perform more perilous tasks in place of the soldiers , particularly in the areas of search-and-rescue and hazardous materials handling ( Antal , 2009 ) .
+
+S First , search-and-rescue is a crucial mission that is better performed by robots than the combat medics during times of war .
+A 0 1|||R:MORPH|||Firstly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the reasons is the way military robots are built and configured .
+
+S For example , robots such as BEAR are built to be more robust than a human being to carry wounded soldiers over long distances and are configured to be capable of overcoming obstacles such as stairs or rough bumpy grounds during the rescue ( Atwood & Klein , 2007 ) .
+
+S Another reason is that it reduces the risk of losing a human 's life .
+
+S For instance , in situations where robots are not used , wounded soldiers will have to depend on their medics to search for them .
+
+S During the search , the movement of the medics might draw the enemy 's attention and trigger them to attack .
+
+S On the other hand , if the robots are used and they are attacked by the enemy , the military team can just simply deploy new robots at strategic locations where the robots can avoid any chance of encountering the enemy .
+A 22 23|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another impetus for the innovation is the ability of the robots to handle hazardous materials .
+
+S Due to the unpredictable environment of the battlefield , dangerous materials such as hidden explosives can be planted at any point by the enemy .
+
+S As such , the robots are needed by the military to help detect and locate the positions of the hidden explosive devices and then defuse them before they explode .
+
+S Robots of such configuration like BEAR have also become a part of the U.S. military operations .
+
+S Over the recent years , for example , robots with such capabilities have been greatly used by the United States to disable numerous bombs in the battlefield in Iraq and Afghanistan ( Minkel , 2008 ) .
+
+S And as a result of their successes , there is an increase in the demand of bomb-defusing robots .
+
+S On the whole , changing demands of war strategy today has led to the increase in the research and development of more advanced and sophisticated technological innovations such as BEAR to perform search-and-rescue in place of the combat medics and to handle and remove dangerous explosives and other hazardous materials hidden on the battlefield .
+
+S In the years to come , the world can expect to see the use of the advanced military robots to be an integral part of every nation 's military force .
+
+S References
+
+S Antal , J .
+
+S ( 2009 , August 17 ) .
+
+S Robots !
+
+S - The weapon of choice on the future battlefield .
+
+S Real Military Network .
+
+S Retrieved September 10 , 2009 , from http : //www.realmilitarynetwork.com/department/hotspots/robots-weapon- choice-future-battlefield.html
+
+S Atwood , T. , & Klein , J .
+
+S ( 2007 ) .
+
+S A life-size humanoid robot that searches for and rescues people .
+
+S Retrieved September 12 , 2009 , from http : //www.botmag.com/articles/04-25-07_vecna_bear.shtml
+
+S Minkel , J.R. ( 2008 , February 28 ) .
+
+S Robotics Prof sees threat in military robots .
+
+S Scientific American .
+
+S Retrieved September 12 , 2009 , from http : //www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm ? id = robotics-prof-sees- threat-in-robots
+
+S Voth , D. ( 2004 ) .
+
+S A new generation of military robots .
+
+S Intelligent Systems , IEEE , 19 .
+
+S Retrieved September 10 , 2009 , from http : //ieeexplore.ieee.org.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/stamp/stamp.jsp ? tp = &arn umber = 1333028&isnumber = 29431
+
+S The usage of miniature UAVs in the military are common today with the Lockheed Martin and Aerovironment being the two main competitors .
+
+S The Lockheed Martin ( Lockheed Martin , 2009 ) has been proactive with skunkwork invention ever since WWII pioneered by L.Kelly Johnson .
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , the Aerovironment adopt conventional process for invention .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||adopts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||processes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Recent years have shown that the Desert Hawk created under the skunkwork environment has not been performing as well as the Raven made by the Aerovironment .
+
+S Lockheed Martin and Aerovironment both built the UAV based on the similar roles and functions for military use .
+
+S The primary role is to provide day and night low altitude reconnaissance to provide early warning for any potential threat ( Lockheed Martin , 2006 & Aerovironment , 2009 ) .
+
+S The secondary role of the UAV is to provide target acquisition for the manned aircraft to minimise the chance of any danger to the pilot .
+
+S The UAV are designed to be easily operated and lightweight for the ease of operating it from almost all terrains and conditions .
+
+S Apart from the similar roles , the Aerovironment is able to stand out with their functions .
+
+S As the UAV are to operate on all terrain , conventional landing method was not used .
+A 3 5|||R:VERB|||o|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:OTHER|||types of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , both UAV has adopted two different ways to land .
+A 2 4|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Desert Hawk was design for crush landing ( Staff Sgt .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:FORM|||designed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S C. Todd Lopez , 2004 ) .
+
+S This was not very popular among the user as it will affect the durability of the machines .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||users|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On contrast , the Raven make use of the advance programming to aid landing by making the UAV to experience deep stalling mode ( Army Technology , 2009 ) to greatly reduce speed and impact for landing .
+A 0 1|||R:PREP|||In|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This function helps the user to reduce cost on maintenance .
+
+S Both UAVs are able to operate where the user will plot the route prior to the flight via GPS system installed in it .
+
+S The Desert Hawk is only able to operate in this mode ( Defense Update , 2006 ) .
+
+S Whenever a change the route during flight , it require some amount of time before the pre-allocated waypoint can be reset .
+A 1 5|||R:OTHER|||the route is changed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:SVA|||requires|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Raven was able to switch between two modes of operation such that the second mode allows user to operate the UAV manually ( Army Technology , 2009 ) .
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||users|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Raven is able to provide the flexibility in the mode of operation .
+
+S The price of the Raven system was also lower than the Desert Hawk system by $ 50,000 even though both UAVs share the same roles and similar function .
+
+S The Raven is now operated by eight military forces around world and still increasing .
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||the number|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S While the Desert Hawk is the only user still operating the UAV .
+A 0 1|||R:ORTH|||while|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the rich history of the Lockheed Martin 's skunkwork environment , everyone would expect them to be above or at least on par with their competitors .
+
+S In this example , it was proved that the conventional process of innovation won the competition .
+
+S With all the improvement and continuous development , it make the future generation of UAV to be better than what we have today .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:SVA|||makes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference * Aerovironment ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Raven RQ-11B .
+
+S Retrieved September 2009 , from http : //www.avinc.com/downloads/AV_RAVEN-INT_V10109.pdf
+
+S * Army Technology ( 2009 ) .
+
+S RQ-11 Raven Unmanned Aircraft System , USA .
+
+S Retrieved September 2009 , from http : //www.army-technology.com/projects/rq11-raven/
+
+S * Defense Update , International online defense magazine ( 2006 ) .
+
+S Desert Hawk Miniature UAV .
+
+S Retrieved September 2009 , from http : //www.defense-update.com/products/d/deserthawk.htm
+
+S * Lockheed Martin Corporation ( 2006 ) .
+
+S Desert Hawk III , Putting Capability in the Hands of the Warfighter .
+
+S Retrieved September 2009 , from http : //www.lockheedmartin.com/data/assets/14502.pdf
+
+S * Lockheed Martin Corporation ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Skunk Works .
+
+S Retrieved September 2009 , from http : //www.lockheedmartin.com/aeronautics/skunkworks/
+
+S * Staff Sgt .
+
+S C. Todd Lopez ( 2004 ) .
+
+S Desert Hawk gives security forces an eye in sky .
+
+S Retrieved September 2009 , from http : //www.af.mil/news/story_print.asp ? storyID = 123008201
+
+S Technology has been evolving fast throughout last 50 years .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||in the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S New products are invented every day .
+
+S In fact , these technologies may be categorized into two typesconventional and skunkworks .
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||types : conventional|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One example would be Mac laptop and Toshiba laptop .
+
+S Mac laptop was created by Apple in a conventional way whereas Toshiba laptop , the first laptop in the world , was produced in a skunkworks environment .
+
+S We may evaluate both of them by investigating their designs , durability , and portability .
+
+S As laptop is created for the convenience of the customers , both Mac laptop and Toshiba laptop are similar in their portability .
+
+S Being the first laptop producer , Toshiba was successful in turning the idea of portable computer into reality .
+
+S The smallest laptop it produced , Toshiba 's Libretto U100-S213 , has only the size of 21.0 x 3.33 x16.51 cm and weight of 2.2 pounds .
+A 22 23|||R:OTHER|||weighs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Obviously , it is much more portable than many of the other laptops .
+
+S On the other hand , Apple has also release its highly portable laptop called Macbook Pro which is the thinnest 17-inch laptop in the world .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:FORM|||released|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since it has the smallest thickness , its weight is also very small .
+
+S Hence , we can see that both Mac laptop and Toshiba laptop are similar in their portability .
+
+S However , in spite of being highly portable , Mac laptop and Toshiba laptop have significant differences in their designs and durability .
+
+S Apple aimed to make Mac its own unique laptop .
+
+S As a result , the corporation spent a lot of time in designing Mac laptop .
+
+S Mac laptop is designed to be beautiful in its appearance and advanced in its operating system and software .
+
+S Its fashioned design has brought it many customers , especially the young people .
+A 1 2|||R:MORPH|||fashionable|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to a Student Monitor survey conducted in US in 2009 , 43 percent of the university undergraduates in US preferred to buy Mac laptops .
+
+S While Apple works hard to ensure that Mac laptop has the most gorgeous design , Toshiba focuses more on the performance instead of the design of the laptop .
+
+S Despite the change in size , Toshiba put little effort in changing the appearance of the laptop .
+
+S There is no dramatic change in the design of Toshiba laptop over the last 20 years .
+A 1 3|||R:OTHER|||has not been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||changes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , the two brands of laptop also differ in their durability .
+
+S Since the lifespan of the laptop might be difficult to measure , we investigate the durability of their batteries .
+A 13 13|||M:VERB:TENSE|||can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The battery is the most significant device of a laptop .
+
+S Computer engineers always endeavor to enhance the quality of the laptop batteries in order to enable the laptop to work longer without plugging in A/C supplier .
+
+S The latest Macbook Pro has achieved the maximum working time of 8 hours on a single charge .
+
+S In order to achieve this , Mac has adopted two innovations , which are bigger battery pack of lithium-ion cells as well as adaptive charging .
+
+S The battery pack in Macbook Pro occupies the space of the removable battery and obtains a 40 percent more capacitance .
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , adaptive charging reduces the wear and tear on the battery and gives it a much longer lifespan .
+
+S In contrast , although Toshiba also adopted lithium-ion cell battery pack in its laptop , the longest battery life was measured to be 5.1 hours , which is much shorter than Macbook Pro .
+A 5 5|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , in terms of design and battery durability , Mac laptop has a better performance than Toshiba laptop .
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the whole , there are quite a number of similarities and differences between a conventional technology and a skunkworks technology , just like Mac laptop and Toshiba laptop .
+
+S Although Mac laptop seems to have a bigger market , Toshiba never stops innovating new type of laptop .
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||types|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||laptops|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , without Toshiba , we may not see Mac laptop today .
+
+S It is hard to conclude which technology is betterconventional or skunkworks .
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||better : conventional|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They both have their advantages and disadvantages .
+
+S As long as the importance of the innovation is highlighted , the development of the technology would be bright .
+
+S References :
+
+S Rogers , E. M. ( 2003 ) .
+
+S The generation of innovations .
+
+S In Diffusion of innovations ( pp.136- 158 ) .
+
+S New York : Free Press .
+
+S Apple-Macbook Pro .
+
+S A giant leap for batteries .
+
+S Retrieved September 25 , 2009 , from { http : //www.apple.com/sg/macbookpro/17inch-battery/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.apple.com/sg/macbookpro/17inch-battery/ ]
+
+S Toshiba , leading innovation , Toshibadirect .
+
+S Toshiba Primary 9-Cell Li-Ion Battery Pack for Tecra M1 and Satellite Pro M10 , M15 Series .
+
+S Retrieved September 25 , 2009 , from { http : //www.toshibadirect.com/td/b2c/adet.to ? poid = 250590 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.toshibadirect.com/td/b2c/adet.to ? poid = 250590 ] Tom 's guide , News and Reviews .
+
+S Is Toshiba 's U100-S213 The Ultra Lightweight Laptop Champ ?
+
+S : You Say You Want Small .
+
+S Retrieved September 25 , 2009 , from http : //www.tomsguide.com/us/is-toshiba-u100-s213-the-ultra-lightweight-laptop-champ,review-630.html
+
+S Before the first laptop was developed , Japanese computer users find it hard to work .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||When|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||found|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is mainly due to the lack of space for a desktop computer .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , most of the Japanese do not have a computer at home .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||did|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These factors clearly show that there are favorable market conditions for the development of a portable computer in Japan .
+
+S Hence , this has driven Tetsuya Mizoguchi to develop a portable computer , despite being rejected by his company , Toshiba ( Rogers , 2003 ) .
+A 2 3|||R:DET|||these|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||drove|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||although the idea was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S He recognized the market potential of the portable computer and continued to develop a portable computer without his company 's knowledge .
+
+S The laptop could have being developed much earlier , if Toshiba took the risk to develop the portable computer .
+A 4 5|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||had taken|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S During that time , Toshiba has just suffered huge losses with the failure of their latest personal computer ( Rogers , 2003 ) .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , they are unwilling to take risks , and stick to known methods that work .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||stuck|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||worked|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If the leaders in Toshiba are willing to take the risk to believe in Mizoguchi 's idea , the laptop would have been developed much earlier and will not take 2 years to be developed .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||had been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have taken|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The quality of the laptop would also be much better , as they will have more funds and more talented people to develop the laptop .
+A 6 6|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:FORM|||been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After the first laptop was successfully developed , Toshiba still refuses to market the laptop .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||refused|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Fortunately , the idea of the laptop was not discarded , as it was later marketed aggressively by Toshiba Europe , who felt that the portable computer has great market value ( Rogers , 2003 ) .
+A 21 22|||R:PRON|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It proved the Toshiba Company wrong , as the laptop proved to be a great marketing success , with 10000 units sold in just slightly over one year .
+
+S This has resulted in the birth of the laptop , as it started gaining popularity .
+A 1 2|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The laptop 's rising popularity led to the continuation of the laptop , as it was a great marketing success .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN|||innovation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This has also led other companies to develop their own laptop ; so as to gain a portion of the market share .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||laptops|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With more competition , each company is constantly trying to outdo each other by constantly developing and promoting their latest product .
+A 6 7|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:FORM|||tried|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||plural|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This trend has stayed on even till today , where we can see many different brands of laptops competing with each other .
+
+S The case of the birth of the laptop shows us that a good and feasible idea could be discarded and not be used , if they were not given the opportunity to be developed .
+
+S In the case of the laptop , we may not be able to see a laptop today if Mizoguchi did not aggressively pushed on his idea .
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:FORM|||push|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This shows that an idea , even if it is workable and has obvious benefits , will not be developed properly without the support required .
+
+S Therefore , an innovation will only become a product , if factors such as economic , government support and usability of the product supports the development of the innovation .
+
+S In Singapore , there are two problems that many Singapore engineers may face when designing and innovating .
+
+S The first problem might be the lack of key qualities like creativity and an open mindset caused by the kind of education system we have and the environment we grew up in , while the second problem might be the aging population in our country , Singapore .
+A 45 47|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These might well be the two factors hindering local engineers from potentially producing creative innovations .
+A 2 3|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||R:WO|||producing potentially|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , Singapore engineers lack the creativity and it might be due to the kind of education system in Singapore .
+
+S The lack of creativity will definitely lead to problems faced by engineers when it comes to innovating new products .
+
+S Singapore 's education system is more curriculum-based or in other words more book-based .
+
+S Even though there are " Art " lessons and " Design & Technical " subjects in secondary schools , it is still not enough to allow students to explore and nurture their creativity and designing abilities .
+
+S Modules and Subjects that explore a student 's designing talent and abilities are only made available during the later years of their studies .
+
+S For example , students can only study these modules during their Polytechnic or University years .
+
+S Therefore we can see those students are only encouraged to greater explore and express their creativity during their tertiary years of studies .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I feel that a short 3 to 4 years of tertiary studies is not enough to properly allow students to fully develop their creativity .
+
+S This will therefore affect them when they enter the working society as professional engineers .
+
+S Without enough creativity , local engineers are bound to face problems in their course of work , which is mainly innovating .
+
+S In addition , local engineers are also more " traditional " in terms of their mindset , in other words " kiasi " and kiasu " .
+
+S Many local engineers possess this kind of mindset and it is probably because of the environment they grew up in and accustomed to .
+
+S We Singaporeans are very well protected and taken care off in our country thus it is only natural that the " kiasi " and " kiasu " characteristics manifest in us .
+
+S Due to this mindset problem , local engineers are often not willing to take risks as they are afraid of failures .
+
+S Local engineers might be able to think out of the box but they usually dare not venture out of it and apply their ideas to their innovations .
+
+S Thus this might affect them in a way that by not trying out new and refreshing ideas , the end product of their innovations would definitely be lackluster and unappealing .
+A 26 27|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:OTHER|||lack lustre|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:OTHER|||appeal|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , with this problem local engineers are bound to face problem while innovating .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , the aging population in Singapore might have contributed to the problems faced by Singapore engineers .
+
+S As we know that the aged in Singapore might not be as tech savvy as the youngsters .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With an aging population , it means that older citizens form a relatively huge percentage of the total population in Singapore thus it also applies to the consumer market .
+
+S Many older citizens are unable to keep up with the pace of changes taking place in the current society and are usually slower when it comes to learning and adapting to new technologies and innovations .
+
+S Therefore , with this problem in mind , local engineers often face challenges that require them to come up with innovations and create products that not only appeal to the younger generation of Singaporeans but also to cater to the aging population .
+
+S In all , the problems mentioned above may potentially hamper local engineers from coming up with good ideas and innovations .
+
+S Therefore we might need to first look into the causes of the problems such as the Singaporean 's " Kiasi " and " Kiasu " mindset caused by the kind of environment we live in and probably the education system for the younger generations in Singapore .
+A 16 18|||R:NOUN:POSS|||Singaporeans '|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:NOUN:NUM|||mindsets|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Factors hampering design process
+
+S As is known to all , nowadays ,science and technology are playing a more and more important part in social society .
+
+S We can even say that science and technology have been treasured so much that they are almost treated as a symbol of a country ' strength .
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Design , therefore , as an important source of more advanced science and technology , is being valued more and more by people and even countries .
+
+S As the saying goes , knowledge is wealth , knowledge is power .
+
+S In spite of such facts , however , there are still some problems appearing in our country which hamper engineering design processes for innovation .
+
+S As a result , in the long run , the problems will make a bad effect on the development of science and technology .
+
+S The first problem that hampers engineering design is the old education style .
+
+S In China , we attend classes just to remember useful knowledge which can be applied in the exam .
+
+S We are always adapting such a teaching pattern that teachers teach and students memorize .
+
+S That is to say , teachers never value the importance of training students ' thinking ability .
+
+S Besides , in the examination , we only solve problems with methods that teachers taught us and almost never think about other methods .
+
+S In other words , faced with a problem , we can not solve it using our own methods .
+
+S What is more , teachers also do not pay much attention to practical activities , such as social research and experiment class .
+
+S In fact , they just think It a waste of time .
+A 4 5|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB|||consider|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:ORTH|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To be a designer or inventor , the most important and also the basic quality is creativity .
+
+S Only when scientists have rich experience and various methods can they succeed in their work .
+
+S Also , before they can begin to design , they must know about their objectives first .
+
+S That is to say , before they design and innovate , they must know what to create first .
+
+S During the process , they must know how to design .
+
+S But due to the current teaching style , students do not have any aim and ability to create and invent .
+
+S The second problem is rules in the protection of inventions .
+
+S Since China has been built for less than one decade , it is certain that there are some problems in the laws and rules .
+
+S As a matter of fact , China does not realize the importance of laws in protection of invention in stimulating development of science and technology .
+
+S As a result of the defect in invention law , the production invented by scientists can not be protected very well .
+
+S Therefore , many scientists may make an invention , only to find that it was stolen by others and their works made no effect .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 24|||R:OTHER|||do not have any effect.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In such conditions , scientists will be discouraged from inventing to some extend .
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||extent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Due to the above two problems , Chinese Engineering design was harmed seriously .
+A 8 9|||R:ORTH|||engineering|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To help China make great improvement in science and technology , we must pay attention to design .
+
+S In other words , we should create a good environment for design and solve problems that hamper the design process .
+
+S It is time for governments to take measures to make improvement in education and laws .
+
+S In Singapore there are many constraints which hamper the engineering process for innovations .
+
+S As of such , engineers have to resort to new means and ideas when they design a system .
+
+S The two main problems are the ageing population and the mindset of Singaporeans .
+
+S In the National Day Rally Speech 09 , Prime Minister Lee Hsein Loog mentioned about the rapidly increasing ageing population .
+A 1 7|||R:OTHER|||this year 's National Day Rally Speech|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This fact is very true and real .
+
+S The birth rate in Singapore is not able to support the uprising ageing population .
+
+S The impact of it can be very problematic if not dealt with prudently .
+
+S Firstly , the majority of the elderly population are often outdated with the newer technologies , most of them are unable to handle modern gadgets .
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||not in touch|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As of such , they often resort to using more simplified means such as the telephone .
+
+S Secondly , they are resistant to change .
+
+S If given the choice to send a letter , they would rather manually write the letter and send it via mail then to send an email .
+
+S Because they are technologically impaired , they would prefer to use more traditional methods .
+
+S Lastly , an ageing population would mean the special care needs to be directed in order to cater to the needs of them .
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Devices must be easy to operate and their welfare must be taken into account .
+
+S Following that , the mindset of Singaporeans also plays a big role .
+
+S Singaporeans are very money minded .
+
+S This is due the kind of society we are brought up in .
+A 3 3|||M:OTHER|||'to '|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Electric Road Pricing , Certificate of Entitlement and housing cost all cultivates us to be money conscious .
+
+S In fact Singapore is one of the most expensive place to live in .
+
+S Hence Singaporeans are more unwilling to take risks as the cost of failure would be very tough to recover from .
+
+S We are reluctant to invest in research and explore new frontiers .
+
+S In addition , there is a lack of creativity nowadays .
+
+S New products in the market are similar to already existing products .
+
+S Take Apple 's iTouch for example .
+
+S Ever since its release , all the major phone companies such as Nokia , Samung and Sony Ericsson have released their own versions of a touch screen device .
+
+S This lack of creativity does not only relates to Singaporeans but it is a global phenomenon .
+
+S As of such , these two problems can really hinder the growth of engineers in Singapore .
+
+S Engineers have to take into account the feebleness of the elderly and their technological constraints .
+
+S Extra care and efforts must be provided to consider the safety and wellbeing of the elderly .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||effort|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover due to the trend , products must be centered on them rather then youths .
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||than|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Engineers would also need to open up to more ideas and research .
+
+S Although getting their financial support might be a challenge , it is something they have to overcome in order to progress .
+
+S Our government does in fact provides some kind of incentives to researchers .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:SVA|||provide|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In short , although the ageing population and the mindset of Singaporeans may prove to be a challenge to engineers , it is possible to overcome them .
+
+S Engineers must be open to new ideas , adept to their target consumers and be willing to take risks .
+
+S The movie star , Paul Newman said , " I never learnt as much in the classroom as I did staring out a window and imagining things .
+
+S " ( Yue Sun , p.184 ) Generally , design is a process of an imagination being produced by a human .
+A 2 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S How creative or attractive the product is which will depend on the imagination of a designer , regardless of which area a designer focuses on .
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , by producing an innovative product on the market , it is not an easy task to achieve .
+
+S Most of the time , it is often hindered by multiple realistic problems .
+
+S There are two major problems which hamper engineering design processes for innovation .
+
+S The first problem is due to government related issues while the second is related to the environmental issues .
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First of all , the government related issues will affect the engineering design process .
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is because an engineering design involves a series of complicated steps such as drafting outline , analysis and problem-solving as well as product implementation and the final testing of the product before being shipped to the market .
+
+S Furthermore , the designing process is a long term investment as it may require engineers to spend a lot of time and money in order to come out with an innovative product .
+
+S Therefore , the support of the government will lead to a different outcome .
+
+S A good government will come out with a clear policy to help its people along the way such that financially support the engineers and to provide sponsor for other organizations to assist in the work of an engineer .
+A 19 19|||M:OTHER|||'it '|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:SVA|||supports|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:VERB:FORM||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:VERB:SVA|||provides|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:NOUN:NUM|||sponsors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , a bad government such as a corrupted government will make the design process come to a standstill .
+
+S As a result , it may end up in failure eventually .
+
+S However , even if the engineers have received a financial support from the government or other organization , the funding may be limited sometimes due to long term processes which involve problem solving methodology and testing for the innovative design to be carried out .
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:MORPH|||organisations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S At the same time , the government and the companies will doubt this engineering design is workable or not if it takes too long to progress .
+A 12 12|||M:OTHER|||'whether '|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the engineers will come across problems due to insufficient funding and eventually it leads to a standstill .
+
+S The second problem that hinders the engineering design is the environmental issues .
+
+S Frankly speaking , there are engineers who only care about the profit they are going to make regardless about the effects bring to our environment .
+A 17 25|||R:OTHER|||and do not 'regard ' the effects 'that these designs ' bring to our environment.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , they may come out with ideas for their own interest and benefit .
+
+S For instance , in Taiwan , the most popular transport is motorbike .
+
+S Everyone owns one , especially in Taipei .
+
+S In order to meet the demand in the market and to attract more people to buy , different designs for the motorbike are also invented .
+
+S However , due to the increase in demand for motorbike , the use of motorbike results in environmental problems such as air pollution and resource depletion of fossil fuel .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||motorbikes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||motorbikes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the fossil-fueled motorbikes are forbidden in some countries .
+
+S In conclusion , I do think that a government policy and environmental issues will hinder the engineering design for innovation .
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||policies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A good government has to come out with a clear policy to benefit for its people together with the concern towards the environment .
+A 13 14|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 22|||R:OTHER|||'as well ' as be concerned about the environment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Otherwise , most of the engineering design for innovation could be a failure without any success .
+A 13 17|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Yue Sun,Yang .
+
+S Moderm English Quotations : Work and Family .
+
+S Taipei : DiMao , 2003 .
+
+S There are many different types of engineering discipline in Singapore .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||disciplines|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Basically , according to Jonathan Dunder ( p.2 - 9 ) , there are eight different types of engineering .
+
+S There are the architectural , biomedical , civil , computer , electrical , industrial , mechanical and software engineering .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||These|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Each serves different engineering industries .
+
+S For architectural , it is more related to designing of buildings for commercial , residential and industrial purpose .
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||purposes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As for biomedical , it is the design of devices intended to be used in medicine .
+
+S Civil engineering is the focus of structuring design for infrastructure such as bridges and roads .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||designs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Electrical engineering is the designing of electronics , software engineering is the designing of software applications that relates to operating system whereas computer engineering is the combination of software and electronic engineering which focuses on both the engineering design .
+
+S Industrial engineering is the designing of multiple manufacturing products while lastly is mechanical engineering , which is the oldest of the engineering field , is the designing of the mechanical systems .
+A 11 12|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are so many engineering fields .
+
+S So what is engineering actually ?
+
+S According to Jonathan Dunder ( p.1 ) , engineering is the designing , troubleshooting and testing of products that science , mathematics , physics and the technology .
+A 18 28|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Designing of engineering innovation may takes up to several years of process to see the ideal final output product coming to reality .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:FORM|||take|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||processes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Innovation involves three different stages of journey .
+
+S There is the creativity , when idea comes to mind , follow by the process where idea is slowly turning to reality by the organization .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||several ideas|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||come|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:FORM|||followed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||these ideas|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:FORM|||turn|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 25|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Finally is the entrepreneurship process where innovations are punch into the new market .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB|||introduced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S During these stages of innovation , different problems are faced by the engineers , some problems are significant enough that may lead to the closing of innovation .
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:ORTH|||Some|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:OTHER|||of these|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB|||affect|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:OTHER|||progress \ development|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 28|||R:OTHER|||the innovation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Problems do occur in Singapore during each and every innovating design by the engineers .
+
+S Here , two of the major problems faced shall be discussed .
+A 7 8|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Engineers are needed in the entire process of every innovation to plan , troubleshoot , build and install the equipments in order to make the innovation a successful one .
+
+S Experienced engineers are needed in the organization to speed up with the innovation process .
+A 10 11|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So here , in Singapore , the first major problem faced in the innovation designing process is the high salaries by the senior , experienced engineers and the freshly graduate engineers from the ITEs , Polytechnics as well as the Universities .
+A 28 29|||R:MORPH|||fresh|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to jobstreet.com , a statistics report done by 3.5 million members in terms of the numbers of years working experiences in the engineering world shows that the longer the experiences , the higher the qualification , the higher will be the monthly wages .
+A 0 3|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||R:WO|||working years|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||singular|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:OTHER|||singular|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 45|||R:OTHER|||the monthly wages will be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the ageing-population in Singapore over the couples of decades will increase tremendously , as well as only 40-45 % of graduates in ITEs , Polytechnics and Universities are trained in some form of engineering ( said by Patrick ( p.8 ) ) , organizations in Singapore , in order to proceed with their innovations , they have no choice but to turn their way to the more senior and experienced engineers .
+A 0 1|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 17|||R:OTHER|||delete this phrase and insert 'and '|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:OTHER|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 44|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 44 45|||R:ORTH|||Organizations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 56 57|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 63 65|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will in fact slow down the process of innovation as the organizations in Singapore have to think of ways to increase their innovation budgets to pay the engineers .
+
+S Next , is the lack of land resources in Singapore .
+
+S Singapore is a small country and it has limited area of land .
+
+S The population of Singapore predicted will increase from the current 4.8 million people to 6.5 million people in the coming years according to the speech by Lim ( 2009 ) .
+A 4 5|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 31|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore there will be not enough land area to build industries for the organizations as most part of the land will be used to build flats for the increasing population .
+
+S It will cost more and it will be hard for the organization in order to be in Singapore to proceed on with the engineering innovation process .
+A 20 21|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Infrastructure will also be a problem as well for the organization due to lack of land area .
+A 6 8|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , it is not an easy process for an innovation to be out in the market .
+
+S Not only is Singapore , organizations in other countries too met with many significant difficulties during their innovation designing process .
+A 0 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:ORTH|||Organizations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:FORM|||meet|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But there too are a couple of successful innovations being done by organizations in Singapore such as Creative Technology .
+A 2 3|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||few|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Jonathan Dunder ( n.d ) .
+
+S Types of Engineering .
+
+S Retrieved September 2 , 2009 , from { http : //www.freeinfosociety.com/article.php ? id = 121 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.freeinfosociety.com/article.php ? id = 121 ]
+
+S Jobstreet Salary Report ( n.d ) .
+
+S Monthy Salary Report of Engineers .
+
+S Retrieved September 2 , 2009 , from { http : //myjobstreet.jobstreet.com/premium/basicSalaryReport.asp ? param = Engineer % 7C000 % 7Csg % 7C % 7Csg } [ HYPERLINK : http : //myjobstreet.jobstreet.com/premium/basicSalaryReport.asp ? param = Engineer % 7C000 % 7Csg % 7C % 7Csg ]
+
+S Patrick , L ( 2002 , n.d ) .
+
+S The Engineer 's Dilemma : Innovation in Singapore .
+
+S Straits Knowledge 2002 , Retreived September 2 , 2009 , from { http : //www.greenchameleon.com/thoughtpieces/engineer.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.greenchameleon.com/thoughtpieces/engineer.pdf ]
+
+S Lim , C. P. ( 2009 , August 31 ) .
+
+S Engineering a Sustainable Future .
+
+S Retrieved September 2 , 2009 , from { http : //www.a-star.edu.sg/a_star/255-Speech ? iid = 228 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.a-star.edu.sg/a_star/255-Speech ? iid = 228 ]
+
+S The production of credit card
+
+S Now the credit cards are very popular in the world .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example the circulation of credit cards in China jumps from 3 million in 2003 through 50 million in 2006 to 122 million in 2008 ( " What is credit card " , n.d. ) .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||jumped|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 36|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We can see the increasing speed is very fast .
+A 0 10|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , before 1920s none knew what the credit card was .
+
+S How is the magical card created ?
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Which factors lead to its production ?
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||led|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I think there are three factors which contribute to the production of credit card .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||contributed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , from the technical perspective , the invention of magnetic stripe card technology makes it possible that credit card itself can record data of receipts and disbursements .
+
+S Moreover , computer technology and network technology broaden the range of credit card 's service and make a strong link between the card and our daily life .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||broadened|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:NOUN:POSS||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN|||plural|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:TENSE|||made|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:NOUN:NUM|||lives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , from an economical perspective , it can be summarized in two points : one is the consumption concept implied in the credit card that consumption before payment .
+A 24 25|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:OTHER|||'is '|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The most important character of credit card is overdraft .
+
+S It means even though one does not have money at hand , he still possesses the ability of payment .
+
+S So the credit card can solve the instant shortage of money .
+
+S Also it to some extent increases the value of goods .
+A 1 2|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:OTHER|||'it '|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , one has to spend twenty days on saving money and then before he affords to buy a nice coat .
+A 9 10|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But if one has a credit card , everything remains same except that he gets the nice coat twenty days earlier .
+
+S So one earns the extra twenty-day usage of the coat thanks to the credit card .
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This function of the credit card stimulates people 's consumption desire .
+
+S So many countries encourage releasing credit cards to stimulate domestic demand and promote economic development .
+
+S The other point is that the credit card saves a lot of manpower and material resources .
+
+S With globalization going on , more people travel around the world and money circulates more quickly .
+
+S The credit card adopts the electronic fund transfer , which reduces banks transferring a large amount of cash from one place to another .
+
+S It does save a lot of work .
+
+S Thirdly , from a social perspective , credit card brings a lot of convenience to our life .
+
+S There are several simple methods of payment by using credit card such as punching the card on POS machine and RFID machine , network payment and telephone payment .
+A 18 22|||R:OTHER|||and RFID machines .|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S No matter when and where it is , one can get money by credit card instead of carrying a lot of cash .
+
+S This character of credit card makes it adapt to the pace of modern life .
+A 7 8|||R:MORPH|||adaptable|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In summary , the consumption concept that consumption before payment is the main reason of credit cards ' production .
+A 4 5|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||should be made|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The relevant technology plays an important role in creating a small and portable electronic card which has the memory function and can be linked to the network .
+
+S The convenience that credit card brings leads to its wide usage in the world and makes it fashionable till now .
+
+S References
+
+S What is Credit card .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Credit card .
+
+S retrieved September 8 , 2009 , from { http : //baike.baidu.com/view/8153.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //baike.baidu.com/view/8153.htm ]
+
+S China is a developing country .
+
+S On her way to be more modern , one of the key points is to improve engineering design ability .
+
+S However , in china , there are still some problems humping the developing of engineering designs .
+A 3 4|||R:ORTH|||China|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From my point of view , two of the main problems are on the government system and people 's minds .
+A 12 13|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We need a more complete governmental and legal system .
+
+S Some government officials do not do well in their on their positions and sometimes there are official corruptions in government .
+A 9 11|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , when somebody or some companies want to apply new techniques into practice , in some certain situations , they had to ask the government for permissions .
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:OTHER|||singular - permission|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Because of the officials , this process can cost a long time so that the company lose precious time .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||these types of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||Hence|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||companies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , if the techniques can bring generous benefit to the company , some officials may use all kinds of excuse to delay or even refuse to give permission until they get bribes from the company .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||benefits|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||excuses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In some other cases , in order to protect big companies , officials may prevent new techniques and engineering designs from coming into certain area .
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN:NUM|||areas|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In modern society , 3G technique brings a new revolution in cell phone and information industry .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||techniques|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But 3G hand phones did not appear in China until very late .
+
+S The reason was that at that time some giant communication company did not have that technique and their profitable old businesses may be replaced by 3G business .
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||they were afraid that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So they collaborated with some officials to protect their own benefits .
+
+S China also needs new policies and laws .
+
+S For instance , because the patent law is not strict enough , there many pirated copies of software , books , and techniques .
+
+S The result is people who invent the new techniques can not benefit from them and then nobody is willing to do new engineering designs .
+A 15 16|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides the problems in governmental system , some social conventional concepts can also obstruct the improving of engineering designs .
+A 15 16|||R:MORPH|||improvement|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many have got used to the old things .
+
+S They just want to do the same things every day .
+
+S They are afraid that they can not control changes in their daily life .
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||lives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These people may never think about inventing new techniques .
+
+S Moreover , they may also block other persons ' way to innovate , because they think the men are showing off or have bad effects on their lives .
+
+S This concept have negative influences , on one hand people do not want to do new engineering designs and discourage others to do so .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:ORTH|||On|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , even though there are new techniques which can make a difference , people do not want to use it .
+
+S As a result seldom designs can be applied into practice .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 6|||R:WO|||can designs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Inventors become less and less .
+
+S The two problems mentioned above are serious in China .
+
+S They have bad effects on the developing of engineering techniques in China .
+A 6 7|||R:MORPH|||development|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , as the world becomes more competitive and " smaller " , government and public have realized the importance of sane policy and innovation .
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I believe in the near future we can do much better .
+
+S Correct defects in vision
+
+S From the research , the World Health Organization assumes that about 80 % of all disabled people worldwide live in developing countries .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||Research shows that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is also estimated that there are 600 million disabled people in the worldwide , which is about 10 % of the world population .
+A 11 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Among these disabled people , 1987 data from the World Health Organization estimate that 27-35 million people are blind in the world , of which about 20 % in Africa and 65 % live in Asia .
+A 5 8|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:SVA|||estimates|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:OTHER|||live|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , 14-17 million people have serious visual damage .
+
+S The amount of blind is rising , first because of rapid increase in population size in developing countries ; and second despite of increased longevity , as ageing is concerned with visual loss from cataract , glaucoma and macular degeneration .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN|||number|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:MORPH|||Firstly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:VERB|||related|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S That is why it is hard to make prediction in future numbers of blind because of unknown quantity in population growth .
+
+S Hence , the first solution is to invent and innovate equipments that help combat with blindness .
+A 14 15|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Building eyes treatment center is another way to reduce blindness .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||eye|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:SPELL|||centres|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The last thing that can not be left out is giving proper jobs and appropriate training for blind people .
+
+S First of all , we , engineers have to fabricate products which combat with blindness , also user-friendly and low cost .
+A 4 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||that are user- friendly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , a device which creates an image of the visual world on the retina is part of the central nervous system of the brain .
+
+S We will introduce not only new paradigm of instructions but also new approach to delivering this up to date equipments .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||paradigms|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||approaches|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:FORM|||deliver|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , we will help to assemble resources , alleviate coactions and provide specialized expertise in non-visual human perception to assist and invent new effective and courteous technologies to increase non-visual capabilities .
+
+S Secondly , building eyes treatment center where patients can get treatment and buy the optical equipment .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||it is important to build|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||eye|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:INFL|||centers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Additionally , an attempt will be made to work with private initiators in order to build treatment center which is run only by people who are blind and have visually damage .
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:INFL|||centers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 31|||R:OTHER|||visually damaged.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since , having the special treatment for blind and visually damage people is a once- only expense , but it is very expensive .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||Though|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:MORPH|||damaged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So to finance these expenses , we have to set up community services activities such as fund raising .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||service|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The final solution is offering proper jobs and giving appropriate training for blind people .
+
+S According to the research the amount of blind people in work is decreasing .
+
+S It is getting even lower : from 33 % working blind people in 1995 to 29 % in 1998 ( Harris , 1998 ) .Therefore , in order them to make progress , new possibilities and new occupational areas are needed .
+A 9 11|||R:WO|||blind working|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , blind people should also have same opportunities as everyone else which means to get a freedom from extreme limitation , to accomplish and to be able to having confidence .
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:VERB:FORM|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So that other people must give respect to them .
+A 0 1|||R:ORTH|||so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , their passions are same as others .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They too have same dreams and assurance that they can reach their target .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||targets|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If blind people get the same chance as sighted people , they surely can achieve the same quality of life .
+
+S Resources :
+
+S " Harris , L. ( 1998 ) .
+
+S The NOD/Harris survey of Americans with disabilities .
+
+S New York : National Organization on Disability .
+
+S "
+
+S " International Day of Disabled People ( 3rd December 2007 ) .
+
+S Retrieved September 5 , 2009 from http : //www.handicap- international.org.uk/page_384.php "
+
+S " Allen Foster and Gordon J. Johnson , Institute of Ophthalmology , 27 Clayton Street , London EC1V 9E J , UK ( 5th January 1990 ) .
+
+S The impact of International Ophthalmology 14 : 135-140 , 1990 .
+
+S "
+
+S According to AutoCar Magazine ( 2008 ) in China , there are about 2600 new gasoline cars on the road everyday in Beijing , Shanghai , Tianjin and Guangzhou .
+
+S The rapid increase of number of cars exhausts more carbon dioxide which is actually worsening the Green House effect .
+A 4 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S People really need some innovation to solve this problem and save our earth .
+
+S Although countries like the US have already spent more than 10 years to do research and development on electric cars ( e-car conversions ) , however , there are still two main problems that significantly affect its growth in the market of china .
+A 25 27|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 43|||R:ORTH|||China|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government support is one of the main difficulty that prohibiting the development of electric cars .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||difficulties|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:FORM|||prohibit|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First of all , the running duration of the electric cars is what the government concerns .
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||is concerned about|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By using the most advanced batteries , a fully charged electric car can run about 160km ( First Business Daily ) .
+A 17 20|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , comparing to the gasoline cars which can last for 500 to 600 km , the distance travelled by the electric cars is still considered as too limited .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:FORM|||compared|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government worries that the electric cars will restrict the development and expansion of those big cities due to its short running duration .
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||the big|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Second , the cost for building the infrastructure of the electric cars is really a big amount of money .
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are about 600 cities in China , imaging how much it costs if the battery charging facilities are built in every car park .
+A 7 8|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB|||Imagine|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides that , the development of the electric car industry will definitely affect traditional gasoline car industry .
+A 16 18|||R:OTHER|||industries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Thousands of petrol stations will have to close for no business ; petrol related service industries will also be severely affected .
+A 0 1|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , many people work in these areas will lose their jobs .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:FORM|||working|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government is reluctant to see such kind of bad influence to the economy .
+A 7 8|||R:MORPH|||kinds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the government will not support the development of the electric car .
+
+S Another main problem is that building of electric cars may affect our environment .
+
+S Many people suggest building electric cars as those are eco friendly .
+A 6 8|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the major source of electricity comes from coal power generation in China .
+
+S Although there are wasted gas treatment process in those factories , carbon dioxide emission is still unavoidable .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||processes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The only advantage is that the factories have high efficiency of resources using with less pollution .
+A 10 11|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||resulting in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides that , making use of batteries will also have negative influence to the earth .
+A 12 13|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Normally , batteries are not biodegradable and there are toxic substances , such as mercury , inside the batteries ( cleantech ) .
+A 19 21|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If people do not treat them properly , the toxic substances may flow into soil and rivers and affect our environment .
+
+S In conclusion , government support and bad influence of the environment are two main reasons that restrict the development of electric cars .
+
+S For making use of the electric cars in our daily life , the engineers still have a long way to go .
+
+S References 1 .
+
+S AutoCar , zcom.com , 2008 { http : //all.zcom.com/mag2/gongyejishu/jiaotongyunshu/25905/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //all.zcom.com/mag2/gongyejishu/jiaotongyunshu/25905/ ]
+
+S 2. electric-car-conversions.com , 2009 { http : //www.electric-car-conversions.com/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.electric-car-conversions.com/ ]
+
+S 3 .
+
+S First Business Daily , 2009 { http : //auto.163.com/09/0810/08/5GBF4U2N000816HJ.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //auto.163.com/09/0810/08/5GBF4U2N000816HJ.html ]
+
+S 4 .
+
+S Azocleantech , Nov 6 , 2008 { http : //www.azocleantech.com/details.asp ? ArticleID = 132 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.azocleantech.com/details.asp ? ArticleID = 132 ]
+
+S According to a new report from the Economist Intelligence Unit , Japan is the most innovative nation in the world , followed by Switzerland , the US and Sweden .
+
+S ( Economist Intelligence Unit , 2007 , para 1 ) Over the last decade , Japan has created many new technologies and creative innovation in different fields such electronic industry , transportation and nanotechnology .
+A 1 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN:NUM|||innovations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , there is not much innovation and invention in my home country , Malaysia .
+
+S The proudest innovation might be the creation of our own car , PROTON , which was created quite a long time ago .
+
+S In my opinion , I think there are two main problems that hamper innovation process in Malaysia .
+
+S The first problem is lack of appropriate source of finance and the second problem would be the mindset of Malaysian .
+A 19 20|||R:MORPH|||Malaysians|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In year 2003 , Malaysian Science and Technology Information Centre ( MASTIC ) has conducted national surveys of innovation and discovered that , in Malaysia , there are about 800 innovating companies .
+A 1 2|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , 90 % of them are self-funding companies .
+
+S ( CACCI Journal , 2007 , pg.3 ) Hence , lack of financing resources has became the major problem for them .
+A 1 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Obviously , they need help from the government .
+
+S Unfortunately , Malaysia is claimed to be a developing country .
+
+S Therefore , Malaysia government would concentrate more on agriculture and put most of their budget into it .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||the Malaysian|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB|||allocate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This apparently would affect the operation of innovation as financing resources is the biggest concern in an innovation process .
+
+S Furthermore , to develop innovation across a nation , mindset of citizen would be a vital part .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||citizens|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Malaysia intermediate past prime minister , Datuk Seri Abdullah Badawi ( 2003 ) once stated , " The way I see it , the malaise affecting Malaysia that may well jeopardize our way forward is a case of having first world infrastructure and third world mentality .
+A 1 1|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " ( pg.4 ) This has somehow proven that most of the Malaysians are not improving by all means .
+A 1 4|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In my opinion , Malaysians prefer to live a relaxing environment instead of an environment that full of challenges .
+A 8 8|||M:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:VERB|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides that , they are not competitive and creative .
+
+S This is because they are not taught to think critically since they were young .
+
+S Hence , designing and innovation would be a difficult task for them in this moment .
+
+S Due to these two problems , some impacts have appeared in the very beginning stage .
+
+S Firstly , insufficient funding will lead to a slower pace in the innovating progress .
+
+S Innovating companies in Malaysia can hardly create a new technology due to the financing problem .
+
+S They do not have the modal to do research even they have a great idea .
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||although|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , Malaysians with these kinds of qualities and attitudes also act as an obstacle in the innovation process .
+
+S They will just blindly follow the trend .
+
+S It is hard to have a new idea pops out from their minds as they will not think out of the box .
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||ideas|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the engineering design processes for innovations in Malaysia is still in the very first phase .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||innovation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Malaysia government should be more concern about these two major problems and solve them adequately .
+A 0 1|||R:MORPH|||Malaysian|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:MORPH|||concerned|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In my opinion , the problems can be solved if the government thinks of changing the education system .
+
+S Besides that , Malaysian should also start to work hard in order to make Malaysia a developed country instead of developing country .
+A 9 10|||R:MORPH|||harder|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , creating a new gadget in Malaysia would not be a dream ; it is just a matter of time and effort .
+
+S Over the years , the proportion of elderly ( Residents aged 65 Years & Over ) with respect to the whole population in Singapore has increased drastically .
+A 9 10|||R:ORTH|||residents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:ORTH|||over|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Statistics have shown that over the past decade , the percentage of elderly has risen from 7.0 % in 1999 to 7.8 % in 2004 .
+
+S Till last year in 2008 , it has hit the highest proportion of elderly ever seen - A shocking proportion of 8.7 % ( Singapore Government Statistics , 2009 ) .
+A 16 17|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As seen from these statistics , the needs of the elderly have to be looked into .
+
+S To narrow this down , I would like to discuss about the needs of elderly in public transport and some solutions which might help to solve the problem .
+
+S As we can see very commonly in MRTs and buses , the needs of elderly in public transport are not taken care of .
+
+S A few years back , the Land Transport Authority ( LTA ) introduced the 'Priority Seating ' scheme which is meant to help the elderly , parents with kids , pregnant ladies or handicaps .
+
+S However , the scheme did not achieve its aim as people continue to occupy the 'Priority Seats ' and did not give them up to those who needs it more .
+A 27 28|||R:VERB:SVA|||need|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Just a few months back , the LTA decided to make some changes to it .
+
+S " The LTA , SBS Transit and SMRT , have standardised the signs for priority seating in MRT trains .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||open inverted coma not required|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The new signs are in blue and white , aligned with the colour code for the International Symbol of Access , and state 'Reserved Seating ' instead of 'Priority Seating ' to make the call-for-action to give up the seats more authoritative and forceful " ( LTA , 2009 ) .
+A 40 45|||R:OTHER|||in a more authoritative and forceful manner|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 45 51|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition to the 'Reserved Seating ' scheme , the Public Transport Council ( PTC ) launched " a public education program titled 'A Happy Journey Starts Like That !
+
+S ' to promote graciousness on public transport " ( LTA , 2009 ) in the recent months .
+A 8 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the aims of this program is to promote the idea of giving up the reserved seats to those who needs it more .
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:SVA|||need|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As we can see from the above examples , the LTA has been putting in a lot of effort in trying to make the 'Reserved Seating ' scheme more effective .
+
+S The scheme might have improved the situation to a certain extent ; however , it is evident that the problem has not been solved .
+
+S There have been a lot of topics on forums on the internet regarding the issue of 'Reserved Seating' .
+
+S " Sad to say , no impact and people are still sitting at these seats and worst still , even when there was older folks standing around " ( David , 2009 ) .
+A 1 27|||R:OTHER|||It is sad to say that there has been no impact . People are still seating on thee seats even when old folks are standing near them.d|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 32|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This was a comment by someone after what he saw in the MRT .
+
+S Here , we can clearly see that the problem has not been solved .
+
+S To tackle the problem , I have generated three solutions .
+
+S Firstly , instead of having a 'Reserved Seat ' , changed it to 'Reserved Carriage ' - A whole carriage specially for the elderly and others who are entitled to it .
+A 10 16|||R:OTHER|||a " Reserved Carriage ' is a better idea .|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After giving it some thought , I believe the 'Reserved Carriage ' should be the center carriage of the train .
+
+S This will not only provide convenience for the elderly ( and others entitled to the 'Reserved Carriage ' ) , it will also be good to standardise this throughout all the MRT stations .
+
+S The 'Reserved Carriage ' will be blocked off and to gain access to the 'Reserved Carriage ' , one must tap his/her EZ-Link card .
+
+S This concept is similar to the method of entering the MRT station but of course , no money will be deducted .
+A 16 19|||R:OTHER|||money will not be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As senior citizens already have special EZ-Link cards , this can be used to gain access to the 'Reserved Carriage' .
+
+S As for the others who are also entitled to the 'Reserve Carriage ' , they can apply for a special EZ-Link card which will allow access to the carriage too .
+
+S ( Option 1 ) .
+A 0 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , we will use back the idea of the 'Reserved Seat' .
+A 5 6|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , each seat is 'locked ' by a bar across the seat .
+
+S Similarly , to gain access to the seat , one must tap his/her EZ-Link card .
+
+S Upon tapping of the EZ-Link card , the seat will be 'unlocked ' and people who are entitled to the 'Reserved Seat ' are now able to sit .
+A 2 3|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The same idea can be used towards the wheelchair bound area .
+
+S ( Option 2 ) .
+
+S Lastly , I have read a couple of comments online , saying that those who are not entitled to the 'Reserved Seat ' but are actually sitting on it are to be fined .
+
+S This is indeed a very good idea as the best method to deter Singaporeans from doing something is to implement a fine .
+
+S However , much has been said about Singapore being a 'Fine ' city .
+
+S By doing so , it might be cost efficient but we are acknowledging to the world that we are indeed a 'Fine ' city , to the extent of fining people for not giving up 'Reserved Seats' .
+
+S ( Option 3 ) .
+
+S Therefore , I would not agree with this method .
+
+S As the third option of implementing a fine has already been taken out of my choice , I would like to compare between the first option and the second option .
+
+S There are four points of comparisons I would like to discuss .
+
+S Option 1 is definitely less costly than option 2 .
+
+S In the first option , it requires only 2 - 4 systems in each train station while in the second option , it requires a system in every train carriages for each 'Reserved Seat' .
+
+S However , option 1 is less flexible as compared to option 2 .
+
+S In the first option , those travelling together with the elderly are not able to enter the same carriage while in the second option , the elderly can be accompanied by their children or grandchildren .
+
+S This lack of flexibility leads to the third comparison of safety issues .
+
+S As other people are not able to accompany the elderly or those entitled to the 'Reserved Carriage ' , they are not taken care of in the carriage .
+
+S In case of emergency , there will be a lot of safety issues arising from it .
+
+S In the second option , however , the elderly are taken care of by the other commuters even in case of emergency .
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The last comparison is the usage of the space .
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In option 1 , there will be a lot of standing space wasted in the 'Reserved Carriage ' , while in option 2 , it makes full use of the space and no space will be wasted .
+
+S As we can see from the above comparisons , option 2 is much better than option 1 except for the costs .
+
+S It is more flexible , makes full use of the space around and most importantly , it is safe .
+
+S I believe that if the LTA really hope to solve this problem , the cost would not be an issue .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||hopes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , option 2 will be a more feasible solution .
+
+S In conclusion , whatever schemes or ideas that might be implemented in the future , there will definitely be a lot of discussions and debates regarding it going on .
+
+S Forums on the internet will continue talking about it and so will the media .
+
+S This issue will never be solved completely unless Singaporeans learn from the culture of Taiwan or Korea for example .
+
+S " I saw documentary on CNA and they were showing that the reserved seats in their train remains empty despite the fact that the train was crowded yet no one occupy these seats .
+A 0 1|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:VERB:TENSE|||occupied|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It was mentioned that the Koreans has much respect for the old and also they are more gracious " ( David , 2009 ) .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Singaporeans need to learn how to be more courteous and gracious and care more for the elderly and needy .
+
+S The bottom-line is that no matter how many new innovations engineers can invent , they can only reduce such problems but not eliminate them completely .
+
+S If you ask me , the one and only way to eliminate this problem depends on us !
+
+S References
+
+S David , P. ( 2009 , May 31 ) .
+
+S Reserved Seats In MRT .
+
+S Retrieved September 08 , 2009 , from http : //pcwthoughts.blogspot.com/2009/05/reserved-seats-in-mrt.html
+
+S Land Transport Authority .
+
+S ( 2009 , May 05 ) .
+
+S New " Reserved Seating " Signs and Floor Queue Line Design .
+
+S Retrieved September 08 , 2009 , from http : //app.lta.gov.sg/corp_press_content.asp ? start = 2135
+
+S Singapore Government Statistics .
+
+S ( 2009 , Jul 23 ) .
+
+S Key indicators on the elderly population .
+
+S Retrieved September 08 , 2009 , from http : //www.singstat.gov.sg/stats/themes/people/elderly.pdf
+
+S India - A Land of Endless Innovations
+
+S In the eastern part of the globe there exists a place called India , renowned for its wide heritage and tourist spots ; the country is also famous for one other thing - corruption .
+
+S In a country where most of the rural population is below the poverty line , it 's not a surprise that corruption exists , however its mere existence has hampered the design process of innovation .
+
+S Corruption is everywhere and its not limited to the government alone , but has spread to the greedy private sector as well .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||it is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Corruption in India is on a totally different scale , people here do n't take money just to do things out of their way but to do their jobs as well !
+A 9 10|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:ORTH|||People|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , let us consider a government officer in the housing board development sector , his job is to attest any stamp paper that may come his way for approval , if it were an ideal country he would do his job but this being India , you would probably pay him a handsome amount to just do his job !
+A 15 16|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:ORTH|||His|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:ORTH|||If|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As shocking as this might sound , this is nothing but the truth .
+
+S Since corruption spreads like wildfire , this practice has ended up in almost every other sector of the government thereby affecting the overall development of the country and its resources .
+
+S When a new technology emerges , it first has to go through the government 's " tests " .
+
+S Basically , it means you have to " satisfy " the higher government officials before your technology can be made available to the public .
+
+S Not all can " satisfy " the government , thus some technologies are never made available to the general public , which essentially means it has no chance of becoming an innovation !
+
+S These malpractices are one of the reasons for the greedy nature of the private sector as well .
+
+S For example , the government demanded a lot of money from the private mobile phone service providers for spectrum allocation during the auction for 3G frequencies .
+
+S This hefty price tag has delayed the rolling out of the 3G service in India whilst other countries are moving on to 4G .
+A 4 5|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Just when you thought corruption is not enough to bring India down , there is another big problem yet to be eradicated - poverty .
+
+S About 42 % of the population lives below the International poverty line !
+
+S This indirectly affects the design process because most new technologies require a lot of takers in the initial stages for it to become a success .
+
+S For example , broadband costs in India are still one of the highest in the world , simply because not a lot of people are aware about it and thus not a lot of them want to take it , this forces the ISP ( Internet Service Provider ) to raise increase the profit margin per person .
+A 39 40|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 41|||R:ORTH|||This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 50 51|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Is this because of the lack of IT literacy in India ?
+
+S Well , first , the literacy rate needs to improve before we can even start thinking about IT literacy .
+
+S The government education system at the primary and secondary level is a total flop , the syllabus is outdated and the curriculum is something of a joke .
+
+S India has a long way to go in terms of primary and secondary education although university level education is on par with the international standards .
+
+S All in all , poverty and corruption are the weeds in the endless fields of possibilities called India .
+
+S Search Engines
+
+S Only about five years ago , when people acquired information , they went to libraries or read newspapers .
+
+S However , within this short five-year period , there is an utter change in people 's response .
+
+S The instinct of most people now , when they encountered any problems , is to seek help on Internet .
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The first step is always going to any search engine such as " Google " to type in what they want .
+
+S According to the survey conducted by Nielsen ( 2009 ) : 256 million people visited a search engine in December 2006 81 % of the global Internet population .
+A 10 11|||R:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:OTHER|||This is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The use of search engines is so ubiquitous today that people often forget the fact that it was commercialized only in recent few years .
+
+S This is certainly attributed to the fast advancement of Information Technologies .
+
+S Nevertheless , there are some socially determining factors that should not be neglected .
+
+S First of all , internet search engine is the kind of tool which requires least cost , to both viewers and advertisers .
+
+S With the wide scope of internet coverage and common usage of laptops , it is economically advisable to use search engines for information gathering .
+
+S Comparing with going to bookstores or libraries and watching TV , which cost people time and money , it is cost effective to search information through search engines .
+A 0 1|||R:VERB:FORM|||Compared|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For advertisers , the cost of search marketing is much lower than that of the advertisements in other forms like on TV programs .
+
+S In this world where profit means so much , more and more advertisers are exploring the new field of search engine advertising .
+
+S The economic factor really contributes to the growth and development of search engines .
+
+S Secondly , search engine is a relatively easier tool that everyone can accept .
+
+S For example , the homepage of Google is very clean and simple .
+
+S Without much distractions from fancy designs and display of every piece of information , users can access to what they want to find directly .
+
+S Moreover , the sophistication of the search engines enables users to accurately describe the information they want and view them in an assorted manner .
+
+S In addition , search engines are mostly globalized .
+
+S For example , " Google " has many versions in different languages .
+
+S Singapore also has its own " Yahoo !
+
+S " search engines .
+
+S This helps to expose their people to the outside world by browsing other countries ' WebPages through search engines .
+
+S Thus the above mentioned features have encouraged more people to use search engines .
+
+S The last but not the least , search engines lead people into a realm of information .
+A 0 1|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is so resourceful that people basically can find anything they want by typing some words in it .
+
+S It really links up the real and the virtual world as people gain knowledge from internet and apply it to the everyday life .
+
+S It does no only have a vast database , but also possess advanced functions which classify and sort these information into different categories .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:SVA|||possesses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , the " Google " scholar function allows users to search specifically scholastic articles .
+
+S Furthermore , as most search engines use " spider " protocol , the information presented is least biased because they are listed out based on their relevance to the user 's input .
+
+S Without many advertisements to disguise the truth , users can process the information more conveniently .
+
+S As a result , the problem of too much irrelevant information present in books and TV can be alleviated .
+
+S The development of search engines is thus undeniable and spontaneous .
+
+S In conclusion , the emergence of search engines in our daily life is due to the economical , practical and information coverage factors .
+
+S It definitely started a new age of information gathering .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Through making the gathering process easier and more reliable , it saves the time , effort and resources of people .
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , it is no wonder that it has remained popular in these years and still dominates the international search landscape .
+
+S According to recent statistics , every 1 in 8 people in Singapore aged between 15 to 64 is an elderly citizen .
+A 21 22|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( http : //www.singstat.gov.sg/stats/charts/popn-area.html ) , this is an astonishing figure .
+A 5 6|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:ORTH|||This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Singapore has already been facing this imminent problem for decades , and many policies have already been put in place to control these statistics but to no avail .
+
+S With the advent of modern technology and sciences , living to a ripe old age was nothing too spectacular .
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With an aging population , the ratio of people to proportion being able to work gradually reduces .
+
+S This reduction will no doubt cripple on the country 's economy , as funds will have to be used to cater to the needs of the older majority .
+A 6 7|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is therefore , required of the community to be able to design products to convenient them .
+A 15 16|||R:VERB|||help|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , it is one need of Singapore as a whole country that should be given priority as it is an impending crisis and must not be neglected .
+
+S However , if these needs and concerns of the elderly are not taken care of , it may result in dire consequences .
+
+S In some areas of expertise , these " veterans " are still an indispensable source of knowledge .
+
+S Their guidance can have a great impact upon decisions made , even politically .
+
+S Our Minister Mentor , Mr. Lee Kwan Yew , is one such example of a person who provides valued experiences and guidance to the ministers .
+
+S Hence , we can not simply turn a blind eye to the needs of the elderly .
+
+S We should do what is within our means so that they will be able to enjoy the rest of their lives .
+
+S As there is a significant majority of elderly people in Singapore to date , catering to their needs should also be part of our consideration , as a community .
+
+S Through our engineering processes , we can ensure that we can provide tools and devices for the elderly .
+
+S Firstly , our engineering processes are structured in such a way that all factors are taken into consideration .
+
+S The rigorous nature of the various steps will guarantee that a solution that is most favorable .
+
+S Cost effectiveness , efficiency and safety are held in high regard in most cases , making certain that the products designed will not take a toll on the pockets and be a hazard when they use it .
+
+S Secondly , even before a certain product design is selected , there will be multiple blueprints that are presented to the 'panel ' of engineers and designers .
+
+S This is crucial because the design of the product will be diversified , less the innovations and possibilities be constrained and disregarding other important aspects such as safety .
+A 12 28|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly , the survey that will be included will make sure that the product that is about to be designed will be suitable to the majority .
+
+S The information gathered from such surveys will be used in the processing and the decision of the final product out of the many initial designs will be largely based on these statistics .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||process|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These are just some examples of how the engineering process can be substantial in meeting the needs of a targeted group , which in this case , is the elderly in Singapore .
+
+S All in all , we should not only design products that will cater to the majority of the population and be nonchalant about the needs of the elderly .
+
+S A healthy balance of the two should be maintained .
+
+S Everyone ages eventually , would n't you want the community spare a thought for your convenience when you age ?
+
+S References
+
+S Statistics Singapore ( updated on 26th September 2008 ) , statistics population in Singapore , retrieved 4th September 2009 , from http : //www.singstat.gov.sg/stats/charts/popn-area.html
+
+S Up till 2007 , there are 2.4 Billion people or 36 % of the planet 's population actually carry at least one phone ( Tomi,2007 ) , which means there are around 4 out of 10 people carrying a phone !
+A 4 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:ORTH|||billion|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:TENSE|||carried|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The number of people using a phone is increasing every year .
+
+S How did this happen ?
+
+S We should thank the people who thought of the innovation of making this innovative product .
+
+S The mobile phone has been a technology which was socially determined .
+
+S There are many factors that affect the shaping of this technological innovation .
+
+S Such factors are due to economic factors , military demands or government priorities and the private sectors .
+
+S Firstly , one of the main factors that affect this technological innovation is the economic factors .
+
+S One of the few economic factors that affect is the price drop in mobile phones .
+
+S Around 10 to 20 years back , the mobile phone costs at least thousands to get a phone with basic functions equal to a basic land line phone .
+A 5 6|||R:ADV|||ago|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 29|||R:OTHER|||with basic functions that is similar to a basic land line cost thousands|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In contrast , mobile phones nowadays cost as low as 50 dollars or even to be given as free !
+A 14 16|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another reason that caused this to happen is due to higher demand toward the mobile phone .
+A 12 13|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The physical properties of the phone have been improved over the years.20 years ago , the size of phones were much larger than that of today 's phone .
+
+S In short , economical factors such as physical properties and price of phones are some of the examples that lead the mobile phone to be socially determined .
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:TENSE|||led|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , military demand is also another factor that shaped this innovative product .
+
+S Originally , the origin of the mobile phone was the radio phone which was used around the 1940s and during the World War 2 .
+
+S During the World War 2,Handie -Talkie and the backpack walkie-talkie were what soldiers used during the war ( Tom,2007 ) .During the end of the war , equipments used during the war , mainly the radio phones ( the mobile phone 's predecessor ) were then brought to everyday usage .
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||.Towards|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The development of the mobile phone was in process over the 60 years and now we have such innovative product , the best example would currently be the IPhone .
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||products|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:ORTH|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a minor conclusion , we can see that from the military demands 60 years ago plays an important role in today 's development of the mobile phone .
+A 0 3|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||In|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:SVA|||play|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly , the third factor that affected this innovative product is government priorities and the private sectors .
+
+S Most countries encourage people with the usage of computers , the internet service and the mobile phone .
+A 4 8|||R:OTHER|||to use the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reports also show that the increased connectivity through mobile phones and the internet may lead to improved economic growth and job governance ( James,2009 ) .
+
+S The government encourages the wide usage of mobile broadband service such as 3G and 3.5G broadband services .
+
+S Furthermore , with the private sectors cooperating with the government to offer more different kinds of mobile services , this helps in the usage of mobile phones .
+
+S As a result , the number of people using mobile phones is increased .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a conclusion , the economic factors , military demands and the government priorities are the main factors that lead to the innovation of the mobile phone .
+
+S References
+
+S Tomi T Ahonen ( January 08 , 2007 ) .Putting 2.7 billion in context : Mobile phone users { http : //communities-dominate.blogs.com/brands/2007/01/putting_27_bill.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //communities-dominate.blogs.com/brands/2007/01/putting_27_bill.html ]
+
+S Farley , Tom ( 2007 ) .
+
+S " The Cell-Phone Revolution " .
+
+S American heritage of invention & technology ( { New York } [ HYPERLINK : http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City ] : American Heritage ) { http : //eapblog.worldbank.org/category/usertags/mobile-phones } [ HYPERLINK : http : //eapblog.worldbank.org/category/usertags/mobile-phones ]
+
+S { James I Davison } [ HYPERLINK : http : //eapblog.worldbank.org/team/james-i-davison ] ( July,22,2009 ) { Internet usage in China jumps to 338 million people , latest data show } [ HYPERLINK : http : //eapblog.worldbank.org/content/internet-usage-in-china-jumps-to-338-million-people-latest-data-show ] { http : //communities-dominate.blogs.com/brands/2007/01/putting_27_bill.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //communities-dominate.blogs.com/brands/2007/01/putting_27_bill.html ]
+
+S Engineering design process is usually a cyclic process where decisions making are required .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||decision|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Often , engineering sciences , basic sciences and mathematics are applied to convert the information available optimally to achieve the desired deeds .
+A 14 16|||R:WO|||available information|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Basically , this process can be divided into a various steps including identifying objective , defining problems , conducting researches , analyzing solutions , making decisions , presenting the products and finally , selling the products .
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||objectives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These are the universal steps in the process which followed by most of the engineers .
+A 9 9|||M:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nonetheless , there are problems that significantly hamper the engineering design process for innovation .
+
+S In Malaysia , the corruption in the politic system has leads to slow development in design process .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:PREP|||within|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:MORPH|||political|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:FORM|||led|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||processes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , the education system introduced leads to lack of creativity and innovation on engineers .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:PREP|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Undeniable , politic system in a country plays an essential role in development of the country .
+A 0 1|||R:MORPH|||Undeniably|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||political systems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the corruption in politic system in Malaysia is so staid that it even impedes engineering design process .
+A 0 20|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Statistically has shown that Malaysia ranked 47th out of 180 nations on Transparency International 's 2008 Corruption Perception Index .
+A 0 1|||R:MORPH|||statistics|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Under most circumstances , one needs to bride in order to accomplish his or her objective .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB|||bribe|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , bribing is necessary and people usually got to pay under-table money to establish an engineering company , or to conduct a project .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB|||need|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||money under the table|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the crying shames is the defects in Middle Ring Road 2 ( MRR2 ) fiasco , which happened on October 2004 .
+A 3 5|||R:OTHER|||examples|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The British engineering consultancy firm , Halcrow Concultant Ltd , had found that there were structural defects of piers on the MRR2 highway due to design flaw .
+A 7 8|||R:SPELL|||Consultancy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S At first , it was announced that the British consultant would do the remedial work for RM14 million .
+
+S Then , the Work Ministry and the Cabinet had decided to replace the British with a German consultant , which costs RM40 million and at last , the Work ministry admitted that the repair cost was RM70 million .
+A 8 9|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the details of the remedial cost were not reported in a proper procedure by the Work Ministry .
+
+S Therefore , it was not shocking to say that the money had been bribed by the higher authority .
+A 2 18|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is painful to hear that the repair works have to be deferred as the Anti-corruption Agency ( ACA ) stepped into the investigation of the fiasco .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 27|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Indirectly , these corruptions had hampered the engineering design process in the stage of analyzing solutions to get the repair work done as fast as possible .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , lack of creativity and innovations have been identified to be the main problems in hampering engineering design process , which might due to the current education system in Malaysia .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||innovation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:VERB|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Most of the students now were so used to be spoon fed .
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:FORM|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They were usually spoon fed with dictated notes , and they expect that every solution will be provided .
+A 0 8|||R:OTHER|||s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They were overindulged by teachers as knowledge or information was provided to them in an oversimplified way , causing students to be too relying on teachers .
+A 23 24|||R:MORPH|||reliant|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Students were treated in a way that discouraging independent thought and learning process , thus indirectly hindered their abilities to analyze and interpret problems due to lack of creativity .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:FORM|||discouraged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||processes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:FORM|||hindering|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||ability|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Consequently , the two reasons have caused lack of development in engineering design process .
+A 2 3|||R:DET|||these|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The corruption in politic system and abuse of power by the higher authorities hinders one 's motive to design a product as the steps to run a project is so cumbersome .
+A 3 5|||R:OTHER|||the politicalystem|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 32|||R:OTHER|||tedious|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , there will be less and less engineering products being develop , causing people might not have opportunities to enjoy the conveniences and leisure that bring by the products .
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||developed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||as a result|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:VERB|||is brought about|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , inadequate of creativity and innovations on engineers has leads to lack of knowledgeable engineers to design a product .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||a lack|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||innovation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S An engineer might have difficulties in interpreting solutions and making decisions during design process if he or she is lack of creativity .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:OTHER|||lacks|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Indirectly , insufficient of human resources in engineering field might leads to poor economy , due to lack of progression in engineering field .
+A 3 4|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB|||llead|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , corruption in politic system and lack of creativity on engineers , indisputable , significantly hampers engineering design process .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||the political|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As said by the ex Prime Minister of Malaysia , Dato ' Seri Doctor Mahathir Muhammad , " the use of money in politics gain could destroy a country " .
+
+S Therefore , action should be taken to prevent further corruption in politic system so that engineering design process would not be hinder .
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||the political|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:FORM|||hindered|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Give a man a fish and he will eat for a day , teach a man to fish and he will eat for the rest of his life .
+
+S Hence , government should encourage independent learning so that students will be more creative and innovative to facilitate engineering design process .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||governments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Before 1870 , people could communicate with one another in a distance away only by the mean of writing .
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It was very inconvenient as urgent information could not be delivered immediately .
+
+S But on 1876 , Alexander Graham Bell invented a device that changed the world .
+A 1 2|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S He invented telephone - a device that allows two remotely located users to communicate by voice between each other ( Mary Bellis , n.d ) .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Today , his invention has become a necessity in our life to fulfill our need to communicate without meeting up .
+
+S Similarly , Konrad Zuse has invented the first computer , which satisfies our need for a systematic and efficient method of data management ( Mary Bellis , n.d ) .
+A 4 5|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Who are these brilliant people who invented these incredible devices which we can not live without in this modern world ?
+
+S Engineers !
+
+S From the past till present , engineers have designed products or systems that meet human needs ( Seyyed , 2005 ) .
+
+S Therefore , they play a crucial role in the society that never fails to improve our standard of living .
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:FORM|||failing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Today , one of the main concerns about human need is the innovation of a more environmental-friendly vehicle .
+A 16 17|||R:ADJ|||environmentally-friendly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Current vehicles are producing too much carbon dioxide - the main substance that causes global warming .
+
+S About 33 % of U.S carbon dioxide emission comes from the burning of gasoline in internal-combustion engines of cars and light trucks ( Causes of Global Warming , n.d ) .
+
+S Many signs of worldwide climate change have been identified .
+
+S If we do not react quickly , the increase in temperature could lead to large-scale food and water shortage and have disastrous effects on wildlife .
+
+S Moreover , the rise in sea level could flood many islands ( Global Warming Fast Facts , 2007 ) .
+
+S With the Earth at its critical state , a " greener " car is of the essence , and engineering design processes can guide us to our goal .
+
+S Engineering design processes consist of five steps .
+
+S Firstly , we have to define the design problem .
+
+S In the process of defining the problem , we have to identify and establish the need .
+
+S Then , a problem statement is developed , which in this case is innovation of an eco-friendly car .
+
+S After that , we have to establish the criteria for success ; for instance , a car that minimizes the emission of carbon dioxide to the environment .
+
+S With the problem defined clearly , we carry on to the second step , gathering pertinent information .
+
+S The third step in engineering design processes is generating multiple solutions .
+
+S We can start by examining the weaknesses of the existing solution and try to improve them , while combining new ideas to create a unique solution to the problem ( Seyyed , 2005 ) .
+
+S Once alternative solutions to the design problem have been conceived , we proceed to analyze those solutions and select the best solution for implementation , the fourth step in the engineering design processes .
+A 32 33|||R:NOUN:NUM|||process|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the process of analyzing the solutions , product safety and liability will also be considered .
+
+S Finally , the last step will be testing and implementing the solution to the design problem .
+
+S We must also consider the means of implementation such as prototyping and concurrent engineering , nevertheless the distinct activities during implementation , like documentation of design solution and application for patents ( Seyyed , 2005 ) .
+A 11 15|||R:OTHER|||or concurrent engineering|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 31|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the human need for the innovation of an environmental-friendly car must be given priority to reduce the effect of worldwide climate change ; and the engineering design processes is a systematic method to accomplish this objective systematically .
+
+S Immediate action is necessary as the Earth is getting weaker and weaker .
+
+S Never let our children suffer for our mistake !
+
+S References
+
+S Causes of Global Warming .
+
+S ( n.d ) .
+
+S Retrieved September 9 , 2009 , from http : //ecobridge.org/content/g_cse.htm .
+
+S Global Warming Fast Facts .
+
+S ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Retrieved September 6 , 2009 , from { http : //news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/12/1206_041206_global_warming.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/12/1206_041206_global_warming.html ] .
+
+S Mary Bellis .
+
+S ( n.d ) .
+
+S The History of the Telephone - Alexander Graham Bell .
+
+S Retrieved September 9 , 2009 , from { http : //inventors.about.com/od/bstartinventors/a/telephone.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //inventors.about.com/od/bstartinventors/a/telephone.htm ] .
+
+S Mary Bellis .
+
+S ( n.d ) .
+
+S The History of Computers .
+
+S Retrieved September 6 , 2009 , from http : //inventors.about.com/library/blcoindex.htm .
+
+S Seyyed Khandani Ph.D. ( 2005 ) .
+
+S Engineering Design Processes .
+
+S Singapore .
+
+S In the contemporary world , preventing heart diseases is inarguably one of the most pressing needs of mankind , which is rated as the top priority for engineering design and innovation .
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As years of researches conducted by the WHO ( world health organization ) have repeatedly shown , heart malfunctioning is the most killing threat among all health-related problems to our lives .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:ADJ|||common|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 31|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Given such a life and death situation , engineers have responded and there have been many great inventions , of which the implanted pacemaker might be one of the most significant engineering products in preventing heart diseases .
+
+S This essay will explain in detail the working of modern implanted pacemakers and therefore how they have met the need in maintaining a smoothly beating heart .
+A 23 26|||R:OTHER|||smooth heart beat|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S An implanted pacemaker , in a nutshell , is a tiny computerized medical machine inserted in human bodies , which monitors the rhythms of human heart beats , analyze and rectify them if abnormalities occur .
+
+S A pacemaker consists of a battery , a program-based generator and electrical wires attached to the atriums and ventricles , the chambers in our hearts .
+
+S The battery , which is a mercury cell , supplies the power needed for the pacemaker to function .
+
+S The generator , which works as a computer , has programs written in it and is responsible in sending out electrical pulses in crucial moments .
+
+S The first step is to have a pacemaker implanted into the human body .
+
+S After having numbed the patient 's collarbone area and a small incision made , electrical leads are inserted into the heart chamber with the guidance of x-ray .
+
+S The other end of the leads is connected to the generator and a battery that lasts for a few years .
+
+S Next , the doctor will transmit a program tailored to the needs of the patient 's heart into the pacemaker across the patient 's skin .
+
+S Now the pacemaker is ready to work .
+
+S Under normal circumstances , it keeps the heart beating in a normal rhythm according to the program .
+
+S When an abnormality happens , such as a block in the coronary artery or a sudden stop of heart beat , the pacemaker detects it and sends out electrical pulses to the affected location .
+
+S The pulses will then stimulate contractions in the heart muscles , which will allow the blood to flow smoothly again or to start beating again , preventing a possible sudden death of the patient .
+
+S Besides the serious occasions of heart malfunctioning , pacemaker can also help regulate the heart beat when the patient is performing certain activities , such as exercising and sleeping .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||preventing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||the pacemakerr|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , the pacemaker records the rhythms of the patient 's heart beat in different situations and hence helps the doctor to write programs that suit the patient better .
+A 25 26|||R:OTHER|||best suits|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The reasons why implanted pacemakers have gone through generations of development and enlisted as one of the top 50 inventions in the past 50 years are that they are portable , which means they can effectively prevent sudden heart attacks , and dependable as they run on computer programs which are constantly renewed by having more suitable ones stored in the patients ' bodies .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB|||has been listed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This invention is certainly a masterpiece of engineering design due to its contribution in the enhancement of health through maintaining a functional heart , without which the whole foundation of mankind shall collapse .
+A 23 24|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 34|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S * How does a pacemaker work .
+
+S Retrieved Sept 10 , 2009 from { http : //www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/pace/pace_howdoes.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/pace/pace_howdoes.html ]
+
+S * Pacemakers--- what you should know .
+
+S Retrieved Sept 10 , 2009 , from { http : //heartdisease.about.com/cs/arrhythmias/a/pacemakers_2.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //heartdisease.about.com/cs/arrhythmias/a/pacemakers_2.html ]
+
+S Innovation around the corner
+
+S In the 21st century , human beings face a lot of serious problems , such as global warming , environment pollution , weather change , and frequent natural disasters .
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||are faced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:MORPH|||environmental|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Among them , the shortage of energy resources is the most urgent one to be resolved .
+
+S Our prosperous society is built on automatic mass production which requires a large amount of energy .
+
+S As a result , starting a war , destroying natural balance and polluting the environment , they are just the side effects of disputing energy resources .
+
+S Since energy resource shortage is the root of so many problems , finding its solution is the priority for engineers .
+
+S In general , three aspects can be innovated : they are improving the effectiveness of energy use and production , designing methods to store and accumulate small portions of energy , and finding cleaner and renewable energy resources .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN|||areas|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 8|||R:OTHER|||of innovation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First of all , the most practical part of solution is to make full use of energy .
+
+S The phenomena of energy wasting can be found everywhere in daily life .
+
+S Even the industrial design can not avoid it .
+
+S For instance , most vehicles ' engines can only transfer about 30 % of fuel 's chemical energy into mechanical energy , while the other 70 % becoming heat and polluters .
+
+S Another example comes from the solar panel .
+
+S Although solar energy has been regarded as the most promising energy form , solar panel is also well known for its low energy exchange rate-less than 16 % .
+
+S However , if the effectiveness of both energy use and production can be improved , enormous amount of energy could be saved .
+
+S The following efforts should be put into storing and accumulating small portions of energy .
+
+S As the major energy resources are running out , more and more energy comes from those resources which can only generate a little energy at a time .
+A 0 28|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although their power is small , the sum is considerable if they can be accumulated properly .
+
+S The best example is the wind power generator .
+
+S A single generator produces the power of several hundred watts , even less than a family 's need .
+
+S But once all energy generated by thousands of generators can be stored and transmitted with little loss , the huge industrial energy need is also able to be satisfied .
+
+S Last but not the least , it is still very important to find other cleaner and renewable energy resources .
+
+S The current energy pattern contains many dangerous disadvantages .
+
+S The tradition energy resources like oil and coal are going to their end in less than 100 years according to scientists ' estimation .
+A 1 2|||R:MORPH|||traditional|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , the modern energy resources like nuclear power still can not be widely applied since no good solution has been found for its deadly radioactive nuclear wastes .
+
+S Many engineers turn to ocean motion , geothermal power and other areas to find a good replacement .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are turning|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the shortage of energy resources is threatening the development of the world .
+
+S To ensure an enough energy supply has become an urgent current human need than ever before .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||a sufficient|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 16|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If engineers can improve effectiveness of energy use , make full use of small portions of energy and successfully find some other clean renewable energy resources , the society will be able to develop sustainably .
+
+S No one think and No one to share
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||thinks|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From 1840 to 1949 , Chinese people were suffering from World War II and Chinese civil war .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After these battles and wars , Chinese people finally stepped in to a new era , a peaceful but impoverished era .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Chinese people did not have time to develop their economy and technology .
+A 0 0|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , Chinese economy and technology was far behind those developed country .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||that of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||countries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , Chinese people did not give up ; Chinese leaders put forward a series of policies .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , every Chinese people want to contribute to establishing a new China .
+A 2 3|||R:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||wanted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||towards|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S That is why Chinese economic situation was much better than before .
+A 0 1|||R:DET|||This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For technology aspect , a group of Chinese scientists and engineers scarified their holiday and worked every day and night in order to improve the technology of China .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||With regard to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB|||sacrificed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , many excellent and designed technological outcomes appeared in that period of time .
+A 5 5|||M:ADV|||well|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||during|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But now , there are two factors hamper the design process for innovation .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:FORM|||hampering|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 13|||R:OTHER|||innovative design process|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One is the students are lack of the innovative thinking system .
+A 2 11|||R:OTHER|||that students lack innovative thinking|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Other one there is no co-operation between scientists and engineers .
+
+S Currently , the students in China are used to learning but not thinking .
+
+S Learning means to learn and use the knowledge which is taught by teachers .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They also do not care whether this knowledge is right or wrong .
+
+S However , thinking is a totally different thing .
+
+S Thinking means students consider how these theorems derived and how to find the simplest way to solve the problem .
+A 7 7|||M:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , when students are asking teachers questions , they usually would ask I can not solve this problem , why this formula does not work .
+A 5 9|||R:OTHER|||ask their teachers a question ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||say they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||a particular|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:OTHER|||and question|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:PUNCT|||?|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , we want to hear students ask that I have tried a new method to solve this question .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB|||need|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB|||say|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||R:OTHER|||a problem|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Can you help me check whether is method can use or not .
+A 0 10|||R:OTHER|||their query is to ask if the teacher can help to check if their method could be used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The main reason for this problem is the Chinese situation .
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||the present lack|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S China has the largest population , and they use the college examination to select the talent people .
+A 15 16|||R:MORPH|||talented|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , the way of testing is give you a lot of question and solve them quickly but not give you one question and solve it in many ways .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN|||method|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 13|||R:OTHER|||to provide many questions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:OTHER|||to have students|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 29|||R:OTHER|||rather than give students a single question and have them solve it in many different ways.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There is also limited time for teacher to grade the exam paper .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So if the solution is not the standard solution which is given by ministry of education , the solution is incorrect .
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , students are satisfied in using one way to solve problem .
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Chinese scientists and engineers do not know what is called co-operation .
+
+S For instance , there is a finding which is interesting and can contribute to society .
+A 3 3|||M:ADV|||when|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Scientists and engineers will do the research individually and if someone invented a machine by this finding first .
+A 0 1|||R:ORTH|||scientists|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:FORM|||were to invent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S He will publish his achievements as fast as possible .
+
+S He wants to make money by this invention .
+
+S However , one person takes a whole year make one invention .
+A 8 8|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S What if a group of engineers invent this machine ?
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||invents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The time should be much shorter than one year and the quality of this invention should be much better .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , if Chinese scientists and engineers work like a team , the efficiency of work will be improved and the period of work time will be less .
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , if Chinese scientists and engineers overcome these two problems .
+
+S There will be more innovative outcomes appears in Chinese market and the technology of China will be raised into a new level .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:FORM|||appearing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From a technological point of view , the way to the future from where we are today is either by creating something new or modifying current technology so that it performs better than the way it previously did .
+
+S This is where engineering design process comes into play .
+
+S In order to come up with groundbreaking innovations to improve the way we live , engineers need to have a design-oriented mind .
+
+S However , coming up with a new ideas and innovations are more often than not , easier said than done .
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a matter in fact , statistically speaking , the number of failed attempts at innovation far exceed the ones which made it into the books .
+A 3 4|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nevertheless , the process of learning through failures have significant importance in the engineering design process .
+
+S One of the main obstacles in the engineering design process has to be financial constraints .
+
+S Many great engineering design ideas were halted cold in their tracks just because the cost to realize them outweighs the benefits that they carry .
+
+S For instance , the proposed plan to use nuclear energy in Malaysia never came to be due to the enormous funds that is required to carry out research in the technology and even if the necessary funds are secured , there is always the uncertainty if the research will yield any significant results .
+A 15 16|||R:VERB|||pass|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On top of that , researchers and investors have all come to terms with the fact that running and maintaining a practical nuclear reactor in Malaysia will take too long for the technology to break even financially .
+
+S It is just not worth the effort .
+
+S Apart from that , new engineering design innovations need to be benchmarked against their environmental effects .
+
+S Engineers need to be sensitive towards this issue and thus , ensure that the impact of their ideas are minimal towards mother nature .
+
+S In the case of a nuclear power plant in Malaysia , the idea is not viable as the country has an abundance of forest reserves which needs to be kept untarnished and preserved the way they are .
+A 33 37|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Constant exposure to radioactive substances may alter the natural ecosystem of these reserves , causing irreversible damage .
+
+S Even in Singapore , all engineering projects have to abide by the Environmental Pollution Control Act before being carried out .
+
+S Besides that , in the innovations that engineers have come up with has to be safe for the public to use .
+A 3 4|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this case , safety measures need to be put in place before an innovation is unveiled to the public .
+
+S This can not be compromised .
+
+S As for the Malaysian power plant , The plant , due to the inadequacy of safe uranium containment as well as the skilled labour to handle them , the project is unable to be carried out .
+
+S The incident at Chernobyl , Ukraine serves as a good reminder as to why safety is of utmost importance .
+
+S In order to cut production cost , several safety precautions have been removed from the initial blueprint .
+
+S On the fateful day of April 26 , 1986 , one of the reactors exploded , consequently causing the area to be inhabitable till this day and instantly claiming 4 lives in the process .
+
+S In a nutshell , engineers may have great ideas and innovations .
+
+S Unfortunately , not all of them can be realized .
+
+S In fact , many of them will not .
+
+S However , all is not lost .
+
+S With small but useful engineering design ideas being introduced daily , serving as a basis for many bigger innovations , it 's only a matter of time before the many obstacles which are holding engineers back collapse .
+A 36 37|||R:VERB|||are removed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Annex
+
+S References : www.buowl.bour.edu.tr
+
+S www.google.com.sg
+
+S www.wikipedia.com
+
+S Long time ago , the engineers ' products as well as their achievements played an vital role in human life .
+A 14 15|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Along to the community development , the basic human needs continue to rise and to branch into many fields such as : living condition , effective supply chain system,.. .
+A 1 5|||R:OTHER|||with the development of communities|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:NOUN|||systemetc|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The great knowledge of many talented engineers has fulfilled many human requirements , which results directly to an ordinary life .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB|||helped to fulfill|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||impacts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Taking a look around and anyone must immerse in how many magical changes were brought by engineers .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||looking|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 10|||R:OTHER|||can recognize|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||that have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:ADV|||about|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From a small household thing for normal using to a complex machine system that provides all electric energy to a huge city , all was designed by own engineers .
+A 7 8|||R:MORPH|||use|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Now the human needs are still carefully observed to make any necessary adjustment , then many specialists have evaluated the need about medical things and curing diseases is now in the top priority .
+A 0 34|||R:OTHER|||as human needs are carefully observed to make necessary adjustments , the need for medical things and the curing of diseases is presently the top priority|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Disease has been a great concern of human from very long time ago , but medical system seems not to be enough in the fight with countless threats that steals many human lives .There are many limitations that only can be surpassed by the magic of engineers ' technology .
+A 6 7|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||humans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 40|||R:WO|||can only|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , many doctors are having trouble in predict the human symptoms that beyond the limit of normal machine on hospital .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:FORM|||predicting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 22|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are many diseases like cancer,... now can not be cured using only normal medicine .
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||cancerwhich|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is the moment engineers start their professionals .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN|||innovations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They realize the first problem comes up now is we need a revolution in medical procedures .
+A 5 8|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The normal methods like injecting medicine , predicting a threat origin using common equipment do not bring optimized results or worse , it is useless especially with the dangerous diseases .
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||threatening|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN|||symptom|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:SVA|||does|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:MORPH|||optimal|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We need a great change and the most possible plan now is applying the nanotechnology .
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||to apply|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Using the latest knowledge , engineers can design various type of micro-robot which have the size just like a bacterium .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||types|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||micro-robots|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 18|||R:OTHER|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With this size , the normal physical limitation is now removed and we can easily discover every corner of human body .
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It not only reduce the material cost , make more accurate diagnosis , but also make patient less painful and bring scientists a great chance to study about human deeper .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||reduces|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:SVA|||makes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 19|||R:OTHER|||is less painful for the patient|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB|||gives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 30|||R:OTHER|||deeper about the human body|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These micro-robot can have many useful functions .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||micro-robots|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It can bring a camera and help doctors observer the inner world of human body with their own eyes .
+A 8 9|||R:MORPH|||observe|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It can be attached with a tiny medicine package and put it directly into the damaged spot .
+A 11 12|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It can be programmed to kill any cell that causes the disease .
+
+S This micro-robot is very promising and now is developed by many professional engineers all over the word and will soon be released , making one of the greatest achievement of engineers as well as humanity .
+A 24 24|||M:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 36|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The long and tedious journey in finding the key to save mankind now lies in a tiny microscopic life , that are extracted from mammal 's embryos , called stem cells .
+A 21 22|||R:MORPH|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 26|||R:OTHER|||a mammals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They are believed to have the ability to create brand new organs , curing an array of serious diseases and even perhaps solve human ageing problems , simply by replacing .
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:FORM|||solving|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 30|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although after 30 years of research , scientists are still unable to solve the mystery of these cells , but there has been fruitful development where this stems are now being used to repair important tissues in the human body , etc. bone narrow .
+A 26 27|||R:DET|||these|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 45|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But due to the nature of these cells , as a result scientist now faces both technology and scientific problems which hindered them from unleashing the full potential of these cells .
+A 9 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||scientists|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:SVA|||face|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:MORPH|||technological|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:TENSE|||hinders|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Technology played an important role , to aid researcher on their work .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||researchers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We need the right tools for the right kind of job , we ca n't possibly use a screwdriver to do a hammer 's work , and right now this problem is being faced .
+A 26 35|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We need better technology to increase scientist 's capability to understand this cell better , like how it differentiate ( Transform ) into specialized cells which will later transform into an organ .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||wee|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB|||changes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Scientist believes that the answer lies within the cell itself , the DNA of the cell that causes them to differentiate .
+
+S With current DNA technology , it has proven insufficient to precede any faster .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB|||proceed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is serious factor that scientist are now looking into , and once succeeded , imagine the amount of life would be saved .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||scientists|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||they succeed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:DET|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Meeting the demand in the organ 's market and reducing the cost of medical treatments bringing an infinite possibility to the medical-industry .
+A 5 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The impact this technology will bring to the world .
+
+S One of the fascinating problem faced , is the human body itself .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly human body has an extraordinary capability to identify foreign objects and purging them out from the system ( Rejection ) .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:FORM|||purge|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This has lead to serious complication to patient who is receiving this life-save treatment .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:FORM|||led|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||complications|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||patients|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||life-saving|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , these cells injected into the body have to be closely monitored .
+
+S Without , this would result in an uncontrollable and misdirected growth of unwanted cells , etc tumor , or even cancerous cells .
+A 1 3|||R:WO|||this ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 3|||M:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is a major obstacle that scientists are facing now .
+A 8 10|||R:WO|||now facing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Recently , the only way around this is to reduce the body 's immune system to zero , so the body will not reject the treatment but it 's a very dangerous step .
+
+S If the body always rejects such treatment , then all the research and funds spent on the project would be wasted .
+
+S There is an unlimited possibility to what these cells are able to achieve , but with current technology,
+
+S there is only so much scientist can do , a lot more research will be required in order to bring this ideology to realism and put this cell into good use .
+
+S I believe this would be most valuable scientific breakthrough .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Perhaps someday , the human ageing problems will be solved just purely by replacing old organs and injecting new cells to repair old and damaged tissues ?
+
+S The world food crisis would be solved by merging these cells with the current cloning technology to create fast and vast range of food supplies .
+A 20 21|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference :
+
+S http : //stemcells.nih.gov/info/basics/
+
+S http : //www.religioustolerance.org/res_stem1.htm
+
+S http : //www.exper
+
+S http : //www.explorestemcells.co.uk/ImmunologicalChallengesStemCells.htmlime
+
+S Similarity and difference between technologies discovered via research and serendipitously
+
+S The world 's technology is developing at a fast pace .
+
+S Among these new technologies , some of them are developed by research while others are discovered serendipitously , which means they are found by chance instead of studying on purpose .
+
+S Take the aspect of electric devices as an example , refrigerator was studied for a long time in the laboratory after people had the desire of reserving things in a cold temperature longer .
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:VERB|||preserving|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , the theory of microwave oven was discovered by Percy Spencer by chance .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S He noticed that candy in his pocket melted while he was doing another experiment and by using this technology microwave oven was invented .
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Comparing these two ways of finding new technology , they have similarities as well as differences .
+
+S As technologies of modern society , both refrigerator and microwave oven have practical meaning .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Refrigerator helps to keep food fresh and microwave oven helps to heat food quickly .
+A 0 1|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Refrigerators|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||ovens|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They are used in the way to make our life better and more convenient .
+A 4 5|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||lives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Actually , they both become essentials of daily life .
+A 4 4|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this way , standard and quality of life are improved by a large degree .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , with these technologies , man-power is saved and efficiency of work is increased .
+
+S Thus , technologies discovered in these two ways have the same goal , which is to improve the quality of our life .
+
+S However , despite of the similarities , they also have differences , which mainly fall in two aspects .
+
+S Firstly , refrigerator has a strong purpose in real life before it is invented .
+A 2 3|||R:MORPH|||refrigeration|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 10|||R:OTHER|||was a concept|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The idea of keeping things frozen to keep them fresh has existed for a long time , so people worked towards this purpose and after trying many times , the technology of refrigerator came out .
+
+S As a result , the product will sell well because the aim of the technology is a common desire and meet the demand of the public .
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Microwave oven , on the contrary , its function is not known before the theory is discovered and the equipment invented .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The microwave|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 10|||R:OTHER|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , sometimes there will be a risk to produce a large amount of equipment applying the serendipitously discovered technology because the market of this field might not be large since before it is invented , other ways of the similar aim may have already existed .
+A 8 9|||R:PART|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:FORM|||producing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 26|||R:OTHER|||for this product|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:OTHER|||.Since|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 42|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , developing the technology of refrigerator in the laboratory needs a long time of work .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||for the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since the idea is brought up , generations of people used various methods to improve the machine and make the technology perfect .
+A 3 6|||R:VERB|||was introduced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the process of finding the technology of microwave oven was by chance and took a very short time , and it might even be ignored if people did not pay attention to the phenomena .
+
+S Therefore , developing a technology by research may require more work and developing a technology serendipitously will need more attention to details in daily life .
+
+S In conclusion , though differences exist during the processes they are developed , in the aspects of their use and in the marketing potential when the equipment comes out , both kinds of technologies contribute to the development of the society .
+
+S In fact , no matter in which way the technology is discovered , as long as it is beneficial to the society , we should appreciate it and enjoy the convenience it brings us .
+
+S Reference
+
+S Rogers , E.M. ( 2003 ) .
+
+S The generation of innovations .
+
+S Diffusion of innovations ( pp.136-158 ) .
+
+S New York Free Press .
+
+S Retrieved on September 7 2009 , from IVLE : http : //ivle.nus.edu.sg .
+
+S Do you know that the global worldwide energy consumption was 500 exajoules which is an astounding 5 × 1020 J ?
+A 14 15|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Do you also know that 80 to 90 percent of that is obtained from the combustion of fossil fuels ?
+
+S ( U.S. Department Of Energy ) As globalization takes place , coupled with an increasing world population , more electrical energy has to be supplied to homes and factories so as to meet the increasing demand .
+
+S However , fossil fuels such as coal and crude oil , which is used to produce electricity , will eventually be depleted as they are non-renewable resources .
+
+S According to Wikipedia , " Assuming that our rate of usage in 2005 remains constant , we will run out of conventional oil in 40 years ( 2045 ) and coal in 154 yrs ( 2159 ) .
+
+S " Hence , the current human need for energy is one need that we must prioritize .
+
+S Engineers have therefore started to work on new technologies , such as photovoltaic systems that can convert solar power to electrical energy so as to ease the need .
+
+S By definition , solar energy refers to the radiant light and heat from the Sun .
+
+S ( " Solar energy " ) Every year , the Earth absorbs approximately 3,850,000 exajoules of solar energy .
+
+S ( Smil 12 ) This amount of energy is almost twice the total amount of energy that can ever be obtained from non-renewable sources .
+
+S ( Exergy Flowcharts ) As a result , many countries in the world are now tapping into this new source of energy .
+
+S The process of converting the solar energy to electrical energy is also known as the photovoltaic effect .
+
+S ( " Solar cells " ) First , when sunlight is shone onto the surface of the photovoltaic panels , sunlight in the form of photons will be absorbed by the silicon .
+
+S Next , the electrons with higher energy level in the panels will be separated from their atoms and allowed to flow in a single direction due to the special composition of the cells .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||levels|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Complimentary positive charges that are produced will flow in the opposite direction of the electrons .
+
+S Finally , when both positive charges and electrons flow through the silicon photovoltaic cells , electricity is produced .
+
+S ( " Solar cells " )
+
+S However , even though solar energy has proven to be a very good and efficient way to generate electricity , the electricity produced may not be available to everyone who needs them due to the cost of production .
+
+S Many modern countries have been setting up more photovoltaic plants to generate electricity .
+
+S ( " Photovoltaics " ) However , in most third world countries , the government or private industries may not have the funds to set up photovoltaic plants due to the high initial capital cost .
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||governments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 36|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , despite many people in the country needing electrical energy , the country can not supply enough to meet the needs of everyone .
+
+S Therefore , this shows that the technology of solar energy has its own limitations too , which hopefully would be resolved soon so that it can become an accessible source of energy for everyone in the near future .
+
+S To sum up , the most current human need that has to be prioritized is the need for energy .
+
+S In the next few decades , the demand for energy will definitely increase exponentially as the world population continues to grow .
+
+S Therefore , solar energy being a clean and renewable source of energy will definitely build up its popularity as an uprising source that can be used to produce electricity .
+A 19 21|||R:OTHER|||a popular|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence in order to ease current as well as future needs for energy , solar power is one viable source to consider .
+
+S Works Cited
+
+S " Exergy ( available energy ) Flow Charts " 10 Sep 2009
+
+S " Photovoltaics " .
+
+S 9 Sep 2009
+
+S Smil ( 2006 ) , p. 12
+
+S " Solar energy " .7 Sep 2009 .
+
+S " Solar cell " .9 Sep 2009 .
+
+S " World energy resources and consumption " .3 Sep 2009
+
+S .
+
+S " World Consumption of Primary Energy by Energy Type and Selected Country Groups , 1980-2004 " ( XLS ) .
+
+S Energy Information Administration , U.S. Department of Energy .
+
+S July 31 2006 .
+
+S Hydrogen energy
+
+S Since there are life on the earth,all the things living depend on the sun.Photosynthesis is the process that green plant turn carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrate.The energy we human need is directly or indirectly come from the photosynthesis .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 10|||R:OTHER|||living things|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||whereby|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||plants|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:NOUN:NUM|||humans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 38|||R:OTHER|||received through|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The petroleum,coal and gas are the outcome of photosynthesis that the nature gives to us .
+A 0 1|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Because of the rapid develop of the world,the energy that nature leave over to us are less and less.This even makes countries begin an energy war.Energy plays a more and more important role.what we desperately need is a kind of resource that can give out high energy and does not do harm to the nature .
+A 4 5|||R:MORPH|||development|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB|||passes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB|||causes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hydrogen energy is this kind of energy.There is only water after it burns and hydrogen contains a lot of heat.So we try hard to invent a machine to make hydrogen energy .
+A 21 21|||M:VERB|||need to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As we know that hydrogen can be made by electrolysing water,so we need electrical energy.We first convert solar energy into electrical energy .
+
+S To achieve this we use plates that are made of semiconductor which can absorb the sun lights.The semiconductor can emit electron after the sun light 's stimulate.The whole plates form a battery.So the solar energy have been successfully converted into electrical energy .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||semiconductors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 27|||R:OTHER|||light . Simulated by the sun 's light , the semiconductor can emit electrons . The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:NOUN:NUM|||plate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:VERB:SVA|||forms|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After doing this , we will artificial simulate the process of photosynthesis.In this step,we need to find a highly efficient catalyst to speed up the electrolyzation and make the process to be complete.we let the water into a container and add the catalyst into it,then take two metal plates into the water and transmit electricity we get before into the water.Finally , we can get the hydrogen gas .
+A 6 7|||R:MORPH|||artificially|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 61|||UNK|||complete.Finally|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hydrogen gas has been produced,but the transmission is still a hard work.We need a high-pressure and low-temperature surroundings to let the hydrogen be liquid.But it is very hard to make that kind of surroundings in normal life.We need a kind of catalyst to make the hydrogen be liquid at normal temperature and pressure .
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:VERB|||remain|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:OTHER|||in liquid form.But|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After the two steps,the hydrogen will replace oil,coal and gas,to be the most useful and important energy in our life .
+
+S We will no longer afraid of atmospheric pollution and greenhouse effect.What 's more,the energy we use is renewable.We will not be short of energy resource .
+A 4 4|||M:VERB|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With this kind of hydrogen energy,a lot of problems that obese us today will be solved.No wars for energy will break .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB|||obsess|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I believe this will come true soon .
+
+S Innovation still has a long way to go
+
+S In the process of developing a new idea into a product , all kinds of expected or unforeseeable troubles will occur , making the path fill with struggles and disappointments .
+A 25 26|||R:VERB:FORM|||to be filled|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although the knowledge and technological breakthroughs we accumulated through ages have premised human a solid foundation for putting our ideas into practice , there still existing many inevitable factors due to the advancing capitalization which deter the process of innovation .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB|||provided|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||humans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||with aolid|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:VERB:FORM|||exists|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:MORPH|||capitalism|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Among all those socially determined resistance on the way of innovation , one fatally significant phenomenon is the unfair competition between monopolies and other less competent companies .
+A 2 3|||R:DET|||these|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On one hand , monopolies that have sufficient capital to back them up can easily invest large sum of money in fields of designing and testing to increase the capacity and ensure the reliability of their products for more demanding tasks .
+
+S Meanwhile the dominancy in market share also allows them to popularize and convert their products to revenue in a short time .
+
+S It can be perceived as good in the sense of market selection , but on the other hand , such type of rivalship can easily be abused and transformed into one-sided violation if monopolies use these advantages as weapons against their opponents instead of rising the standard of living for mankind .
+A 44 45|||R:VERB|||raising|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One vivid example is Microsoft forced Netscape going into bankruptcy by packing its inferior web browser IE with its dominant windows system for free .
+A 4 4|||M:ADV|||when|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:FORM|||to go|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is also common for monopolies to lower the price in a large scale to annihilate their opponents and rise it up latter .
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN|||extent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 23|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Ironically , being the ultimate form in organizing capital , monopolies seem to be the major obstruction on the road of innovation , and hundreds of 'Netscapes ' have been sacrificed over the years because of their pursuit of greater profit .
+
+S Innovation still has a long way to go before it can stand up to these giants .
+
+S Another frustrating factor that hampers the designing process of innovation comes from decision makers ' worries about being unable to take up the market in time .
+
+S Due to the advancing technology , the lifecycle for a new product has been sharply shortened .
+
+S Comparing with this , however , the time for design and development seem too long to wait .
+A 0 1|||R:VERB:FORM|||compared|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This can be extremely significant in industries like pharmacy .
+A 5 6|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN|||pharmaceutical industry|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Before a new drug reaching to its commercialization stage , it must undergo a long period of time for testing to prove its effectiveness and safety .
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||reaches|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even after going through all these procedures , the lack of proper advertisement can also ruin its sales .
+
+S Meanwhile , people 's intention to buy brand goods helps deteriorating this problem .
+A 7 8|||R:MORPH|||branded|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB|||exacerbate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In short , companies may have enough funds for innovation , but that do not mean they can survive the loss of market share just because they are one step behind and let others climb on the top .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:SVA|||does|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 38|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With so many things to consider about , those managers do have reasons to hesitate before they risk the future of a company for the unguaranteed profit .
+A 6 7|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They will not start simply because they can not afford to lose the race .
+
+S To sum it up , the rules of this society determine that the process of innovation will depend much more on engineers ' creativity .
+
+S But as the society changes with time , hopefully we can create a harmonic atmosphere for innovation and provide mankind a higher living standard .
+
+S The first seven-star hotel
+
+S In an age of accelerated obsolescence of information and technology , lots of new inventions and design concepts come out from human 's mind every second .
+A 18 26|||R:OTHER|||are generated from the human mind every second.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Meantime , the demands rising from the endless pursuing for high-standard breakthroughs have boosted and inspired the human 's brain to deepen their potential .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||In the meantime|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||pursuit|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||higherstandard|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:NOUN:POSS||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||R:OTHER|||increase its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S During this new innovation-development revolution in science and technology , engineers no doubt play a vital role to beautify and simplify the whole world .
+A 17 25|||R:OTHER|||in beautifying and simplifying the whole world|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Just like Roger said : in the context of the innovation-development process , the development of technologies may be viewed from either a technologically determinist perspective or a socially determinist view , also referred to as the social construction of technology .
+
+S In addition , numerous breakthroughs are deriving from the audacious imagination .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:FORM|||derived|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Several decades ago , Dubai was still a poor and backward country .
+
+S However , with the discovering of the oil , Dubai has undergone a sequence of earth-shaking changes overnight .
+A 4 7|||R:OTHER|||discovery of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S While the happy days do not last long , the exhaustion of oil has already around the corner .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order to find a way out , Dubai has made a crucial decision which shifts its economic center from oil to tourism .
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Subsequently , a series of unbelievable plan have emerged .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||plans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thereinto , Burj Al-Arab hotel , the most grand and luxury hotel worldwide once accomplished in Dec 1999 , was certainly becoming one of the most dazzling architecture at that time .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||For example|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 13|||R:OTHER|||is one of the most luxurious hotels in the world|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 18|||R:OTHER|||since its completion in December 1999 ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 22|||R:OTHER|||it has become|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 32|||R:OTHER|||architectural buildings of our time|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S During the entire design and construction , not only some latest technologies have been applied into this magnificent project , more impressive is that most of designs are never used before and every engineer can freely come up with all kinds of brand new ideas .
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||were some of the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:VERB:TENSE|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 29|||M:VERB:TENSE|||been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:VERB:TENSE|||could|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of its innovation technologies is the first use of hollow concrete blocks , which can decrease the attack of the sea wave .
+A 3 4|||R:MORPH|||innovative|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN|||effect|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The first stage of the whole project is to construct an artificial island which about 300m away from the shoreline , while the most challenge problem is the bad weather , engineer have to take all potential risks into account before figure out a perfect plan .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:VERB|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:MORPH|||challenging|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 33|||R:OTHER|||engineers need|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 42|||R:VERB:FORM|||figuring|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , after a set of trial and error , the hollow concrete block stands out .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN|||series|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||stood|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Those hollow concrete blocks are just like the sponge which can absorb the energy of the sea wave , the principle is that when the seawater flowed into the block , the water would rotate automatically and finally most of its kinetic energy have been dissolved .
+A 0 1|||R:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||waves|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 45|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , another amazing innovation design is the Al Muntaha located more than 200m above the sea level .
+
+S What is more , in order to achieve the goal making the guest feel like floating in the sky , the designer decide to make this structure break away its gravity center , which means the gravity center of the Al Muntaha is also suspending in the air .
+
+S Faced with this tough problem , the engineer tried to find a solution to balance the gravity .
+
+S Eventually , the engineer cast a series of steel brackets and ten steel girders radiated out with 1.6m high .
+
+S The success of this design has pushed the engineering to a new height .
+
+S Reflecting this two innovation technologies , both of it are shaped by a set of factors including the audacious idea and the climate influence etc .
+
+S In fact , as a whole , the key factor is still the government policy .
+
+S Without Dubai 's specific economy transition , there will not be such a mount of fund input .
+
+S In conclusion , a new innovation technology is always combined with numerous factors .
+
+S Reference :
+
+S Rogers,E,M ( 2003 ) , The generation of innovations , In Diffusion of innovations .
+
+S Convention and skunkworks
+
+S In order to make a better life in the future , innovation-development is playing a very important role in our highly developing society .
+
+S With the promotion of lives ' quality , people require higher and higher criterions .
+A 0 7|||R:OTHER|||For the quality of life ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S How to build more convenient and safer facilities ?
+
+S How to make less pollution and friendlier environment ?
+
+S How to offer better medical treatment and prolong people 's lives ?
+
+S All these problems are waiting for engineers to solve .
+
+S However , due to many factors , there are two types , convention and skunkworks , existing in the process of innovation-development .
+
+S The reason why this situation is can be seen from the need of market , the process of research & development , and the product features .
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the first step of innovation-development , the need of market is significantly considered in both two types .
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 18|||R:OTHER|||two ways|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Usually , the determinists of the need of market are defined as technologically determinist and socially determinist .
+A 2 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:MORPH|||determined|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:MORPH|||determined|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although both of them exist in convention and skunkworks , socially determinist takes more than technologically determinist in skunkworks .
+
+S This is because that skunkworks is born to solve those very real and urgent problems nevertheless in scarcity of capital .
+
+S In contrast , enough capital and technology support are the factors which lead the process of convention .
+
+S So convention is more technologically determinist and skunkworks is more socially determinist .
+
+S Furthermore , convention and development also show some similarities and many differences in the process of research & development .
+
+S Both of them need capital , time and technology to be successful .
+
+S However , as its name infers , skunkworks is being progressed in shabby environment due to the scarcity of capital .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB|||developed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , the scale of research is often much smaller than that of convention .
+
+S Sometimes only six to ten people are involved .
+
+S On the other hand , convention gets enough things to support , which cause it much easier and more stabile to finish innovation .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB|||makes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:MORPH|||stable|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But because of large scale and many other factors involved , it will take more time and more cost to finish the whole innovation .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||However ;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This point quite differs from very efficient skunkswork .
+
+S For instance , how the refrigerator got its hum .
+
+S Actually , there was another superior alternative , gas refrigerator , would not hum .
+
+S However , many related big corporations decided that larger profits could be made from the electric refrigerator , so they poured huge amounts of funding into the electric refrigerator , and also aggressively promoted this product ( E.M. Rogers , 2003 , the generation of innovation ) .
+
+S At last , the products of the two , convention and skunkworks , will face to different kinds of consumers .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB|||appeal|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The products of skunkworks are more practical , and people are in need of those product .
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||products|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , the invention of laptop helped Japanese employee had more space to work .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||employees|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But for convention , its products are often regarded as the milestone of technology or other purposes .
+
+S Like General Motors ( GM ) dedicated $ 2 billion to designing , manufacturing , and marketing electric vehicles to reposition GM as an innovative company in people 's minds , but the ability of those vehicles were much poor ( E.M. Rogers , 2003 , opinion leaders and mavens in the diffusion of electric cars , para.1 ) .
+
+S In summary , Convention usually has enough capital and technology , large scale and good environment .
+
+S These make it operate stably .
+A 4 5|||R:ADV|||smoothly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By contrast , skunkworks is more efficient and its products are more practical than that of convention .
+
+S But it shares higher risk of no outcome due to the shortage of capital and shabby environment .
+
+S However , by taking every point into consideration , both of them can work well in innovation-development , depending on different situation .
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:NUM|||situations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Engineers are trained to solve problem and design products to fulfill human needs .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Overcoming a problem requires time and repeating trial to make sure that the product is safe to use and works efficiently .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:FORM|||repeated|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN|||trialsl|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Products that are designed should be able to suit daily usage .
+
+S As turning ideas into virtual products takes an engineer a lot of effort , an engineer should carefully define the problem that occurs in human life and thereafter starts to generate the problem and solve it .
+
+S One of the current human needs is to find an environmental friendly vehicle as a substitute for the gasoline vehicle .
+A 10 11|||R:MORPH|||environmentally|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Air pollution nowadays has become a serious issue all around the world .
+
+S Some countries which are severely affected by air pollution could not even have a clear vision during day time .
+
+S According to Gulfnews.com eq \ o \ ac ( ,1 ) ( March 2008 ) , more than 75 per cent of air pollution is emitted from vehicles .
+
+S Exhaust fumes are bad for human health and will contribute to air pollution .
+
+S Thus , an environmental friendly vehicle needs to be created and should be given priority for this creation to save our earth from pollution and to lessen the impact of the air pollution .
+A 3 4|||R:ADJ|||environmentallyl|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Electric generated vehicle can be designed to overcome the air pollution problem .
+A 0 1|||R:MORPH|||Electrically|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||vehicles|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Electric generated vehicle will not exhaust gases when it is being driven .
+A 0 1|||R:MORPH|||electrically|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , it also does not need gasoline as generating material .
+
+S This means that mining process for gasoline might also be lesser and therefore the air pollution problem will be less serious .
+
+S It is because mining and refining processes of the petroleum will emit fumes that will pollute the air .
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To build an electric generated vehicle that can have longer lasting battery power and powerful pickup , it should have a special battery , light weight material and well designed shape .
+A 3 4|||R:MORPH|||electrically|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The battery of the vehicle must be able to recharge within short hours .
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||a few|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It should also be able to store higher amount of energy in order to last for longer period of time .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||amounts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||periods|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , building the vehicle with light weight material , such as aluminium can conserve energy .
+
+S Furthermore , having an aerodynamically styled shape , the vehicle can move faster and has a powerful pickup .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The electric generated vehicle should be fully tested and examined .
+A 1 2|||R:MORPH|||electrically|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is an important process to make sure that the product is safe to be used .
+
+S Test drive for the successful electric generated vehicle can open to public and ask for feedback from them and make improvements for it .
+A 2 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||the electrically generated vehicle to the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After that the electric generated vehicle can be introduced to the market throughout the world .
+A 3 4|||R:MORPH|||electrically|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the creation of electric generated vehicle can reduce air pollution problem that is becoming more and more serious nowadays .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||an electrically|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It has to be created to fulfil the world 's need nowadays so that our future generation has a healthier earth to live in .
+
+S Engineers can make world different by their expertise and knowledge .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference :
+
+S * http : //www.gulfnews.com/nation/Environment/10195312.html
+
+S Ecommerce : the Socially Determined Technology
+A 0 1|||R:SPELL|||E-commerce|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Picture a scenario in mind : a man sitting in front of a computer is busy using email , eBay , online banking , and teleconferencing .
+A 3 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is ecommerce , which consists of the buying and selling of products or services over electronic systems such as the Internet and other computer networks .
+A 2 3|||R:SPELL|||e-commerce|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S CITATION wik09 \ l 2052 ( wikipedia , 2009 ) Thanks to this burgeoning technology , people can almost fulfil all their needs without moving a step .
+A 0 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:MORPH|||fulfill|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the initial to achieve a more convenient human life , ecommerce is considered to be socially determined rather than technologically determined .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||goal|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To specify , the formation and development of this technology is mainly contributed by three factors : public 's needs , economic consideration , and government regulation .
+
+S Basically , the origin of ecommerce is due to public 's desire to facilitate their life and work .
+A 5 6|||R:SPELL|||e-commerce|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Tracing back to the late 1970s , Electronic Data Interchange and Electronic Funds Transfer first emerged in the US to satisfy people 's needs for simple business communication .
+
+S CITATION Ken08 \ l 2052 ( Kenneth , 2008 ) These were the very first types of ecommerce .
+A 0 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Later on , as the rapid spread of internet , the utility of this technology quickly varied and extended to global scope .
+A 3 4|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The most popular usage is online shopping .
+
+S Because of the increasingly heavy workload , people are sick of stepping out of home and shopping .
+
+S This concern soon results in the appearance of online store .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||resulted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||stores|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In 1995 , both eBay and Amazon launched and quickly grew to become the biggest online retailers .
+
+S CITATION Jul08 \ l 2052 ( Julie , 2008 ) Till now , people can nearly do whatever they want simply by clicking the web browser .
+A 0 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S During the speedy development of ecommerce , corporations realize the potential to gain huge interest and participate to shape the direction of ecommerce 's growth .
+A 5 6|||R:SPELL|||e-commerce|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||realized|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:MORPH|||participation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:SPELL|||e-commerce|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Comparing with the traditional selling styles , ecommerce manages to broaden the market as well as obtain a cheaper but more efficient publicity .
+A 7 8|||R:SPELL|||e-commerce|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:OTHER|||forms of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , originally the retail stores most probably sell products only within the city since they can hardly afford to publicize in a larger area .
+
+S Thanks to the technology of ecommerce , these shops can now do publicity to a much larger target group .
+A 5 6|||R:SPELL|||e-commerce|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||R:OTHER|||advertise|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By the same time , the online banking system also facilitates the procedure to make deals .
+A 0 1|||R:PREP|||At|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides these two factors , government regulation also contributes to shaping this technology .
+
+S In the 1990s , as a result of the rising development of ecommerce , the usage of this technology gradually became out of control .
+A 12 13|||R:SPELL|||e-commerce|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB|||went|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The public 's privacy and security was seriously threatened .
+
+S In order to solve these problems , Federal Trade Commission ( FTC ) established FTC Act in the US .
+
+S Similarly , the related governmental agency in other countries also established such rules to maintain the situation .
+
+S Directed by public 's requirement , enterprises ' intention , and government regulation , ecommerce is now still developing .
+A 3 4|||U:NOUN:POSS||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Undoubtedly , this is not the end of its growth .
+
+S If continuing the efforts of these three aspects , we have confidence this technology will sooner or later develop to a certain stage which satisfies the whole society .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||with continued|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference :
+
+S BIBLIOGRAPHY Julie , K. ( 2008 ) .
+
+S History of Online Shopping .
+
+S Retrieved September , 2009 , from life123 : http : //www.life123.com/beauty/style/online-shopping/history-of-online-shopping.shtml
+
+S Kenneth , C. L. ( 2008 ) .
+
+S History of Ecommerce .
+
+S Retrieved September , 2009 , from ecommerce-land : http : //www.ecommerce-land.com/history_ecommerce.html
+
+S wikipedia .
+
+S ( 9 September , 2009 ) .
+
+S Electronic commerce .
+
+S Retrieved September , 2009 , from wikipedia : http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecommerce
+
+S Engineering design , also known as innovations , are created by people to make the world a better place to live in .
+
+S However , innovations do not come easy .
+
+S It has to go through a five step process before coming out with the final product .
+
+S The steps named in order are identifying the problem , gathering of information pertaining to the problem , generating of solutions , analyzing and testing the solutions and implementing of the solution .
+
+S In Singapore , there are some problems which hamper certain stages of the design process .
+
+S First , the attitude of Singaporeans makes them reluctant to change .
+
+S Singaporeans live in the comfort of their own homes believing that all the things that can be invented are already made .
+A 18 20|||R:OTHER|||have already been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Everyone is just waiting for someone to discover new things .
+
+S With attitudes like that , it is not possible for Singaporeans to innovate .
+
+S Moreover , Singaporeans accept things too easily .
+
+S They lack the motivation to create new things .
+
+S Such frame of mind hinders the progression of innovation .
+
+S Singaporeans are afraid to try out new things and they are also afraid of failure .
+
+S Innovation requires perseverance , the ability to accept failure and motivation .
+
+S These are a few traits that are hardly seen in the Singaporeans .
+A 7 8|||R:ADV|||often|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||amongst|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On top of this , the education system in Singapore does not emphasise on creativity .
+
+S Students are always 'spoon-fed ' by the teachers .
+
+S As a consequence , they are instilled with a 'sit back and wait ' state of mind from young .
+
+S Clearly , the lack of creativity and the passive attitude of Singaporeans have hindered the first stage of the engineering design process .
+
+S Second , the social systems in Singapore are also affecting the generation of solutions in the design process .
+
+S As Singapore is a country based on meritocracy , companies are more concerned about their profits , and hence are reluctant to risk on innovation .
+
+S In addition , the society is unable to accept new things which are out of the norm ; consequently , inventions which are different will not be accepted by the public .
+
+S Besides , there are so many areas to consider during the design process .
+
+S For example , a new product not only has to be aesthetically pleasing to the public , it also has to be safe for usage and most importantly being able to make profits for the company .
+
+S Thus , issues will arise at the stage of generating solutions .
+
+S Doing one thing may improve on an aspect but at the same time , it may also compromise the quality of another area .
+
+S As a result , it is very difficult to attain a balance among all the areas .
+
+S Unless a balance among the areas could be achieved , the design process will not be able to continue , as possible solutions could not be created .
+
+S Indeed , the social systems in Singapore have significantly affected the third stage of the design process .
+
+S In conclusion , the design process is demanding and tedious .
+
+S There are certain stages of the process to complete before being able to come up with a feasible solution .
+
+S However , there are problems faced during the process .
+
+S The two major problems in Singapore are the attitude and the social systems .
+
+S The passive attitude results in people being unable to identify existing problems , which is the very first phase of the design process .
+
+S Furthermore , the social systems set strict standards for new products .
+
+S This significantly affects the third stage of design process which is the generation of solutions .
+
+S Therefore , only by overcoming the two major problems , Singaporeans will then be able to create and innovate .
+A 10 12|||R:WO|||will Singaporeans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Khandani , S. ( 2005 ) .
+
+S Engineering design process .
+
+S Retrieved June 29 , 2009 , from http : //www.iisme.org/etp/HS % 20Engineering- % 20Engineering.pdf
+
+S The year is 1969 .
+
+S Man has finally conquered the Moon .
+
+S Television screens all over the world showed replays after replays of this history making moment .
+
+S No longer was planned space exploration an unreachable frontier ; possible only in the restricted realms of science fiction .
+
+S Fast-forward forty years after Neil Armstrong has become the first man to land on the Moon , the question remains : Can a nation like Singapore pursue a grand dream such as space exploration ?
+
+S There lie two major hurdles , the small population size and the lack of natural resources , to engineering design process in Singapore .
+
+S Singapore is a minute city-state situated in the tropics of South East Asia .
+
+S The republic today is a thriving metropolis where slightly less than five million people call home .
+
+S This estimate , taken from Singapore 's government population survey reports in 2008 , placed the republic modestly as the one hundred and fifteenth most populous nation globally .
+
+S Besides small population size , Singapore also does not have any natural resources to boast about .
+
+S The republic 's physical landmass of approximated seven hundred and five kilometres squared is ranked one hundred and eighty- seventh internationally .
+A 11 13|||R:OTHER|||square kilometers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Unsurprisingly , the scarce land does not yield precious metals nor is it a treasure trove containing prized fossil fuel .
+
+S The above-mentioned problems will have severe ramifications on the engineering design process .
+
+S Singapore 's small population size affects the initial two stages as well as the final testing stage of the engineering design process .
+
+S Firstly , a small population would mean that most problems encountered by small groups in Singapore would often be overlooked .
+
+S For a similar situation overseas , the problems are likely to draw more attention .
+
+S This is due to the fact that for a seemingly insignificant proportion of people who require specifically designed solutions , it is quite a sizeable amount in absolute terms in countries with larger human concentration .
+
+S This situation would be problematic during the definition of problem stage of engineering design process .
+
+S In addition , even if there were potential solutions , it would be a tough task to carry out experimentation or trials , either as a mean to gather data or to implement a solution , simply because a local test group might not exists .
+A 26 27|||R:NOUN:NUM|||means|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 44 45|||R:MORPH|||exist|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This was illustrated in the report " A chair that 's music to deaf ears " where a research team was unable to find a test group for a chair for the deaf they designed and had to look overseas .
+
+S The non-existence of natural resources is another concern .
+
+S Specifically , resources can be divided into raw materials , land , wealth and labour of which the first two , a nation like Singapore clearly lacks .
+
+S This deficient in raw materials and useable land as well as to a lesser extent , wealth and labour , limits the magnitude on the engineering solutions to be pursued .
+A 1 2|||R:MORPH|||deficiency|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The space race cost the United States an estimated twenty-five billion dollars in ninety-sixties terms .
+
+S Such an enormous amount would be several annum of Singapore 's gross domestic product in the current economic climate .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN|||years|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The scarce land space further adds to the problem .
+
+S In conclusion , Singapore 's unique size and state of available resource are obstacles in the engineering design process .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||resources|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The ability to work with such constraints will greatly influence the outcome of future engineering endeavours .
+
+S References :
+
+S Chua , G. ( 2009 , July 4 ) .
+
+S A chair that 's music to deaf ears .
+
+S The Straits Times , p. D8 .
+
+S Retrieved September 1 , 2009 , from http : //newshub.nus.edu.sg/news/0907/PDF/ CHAIR-st-4Jul-pD8.pdf
+
+S Title : Two Problems that Significantly Hamper Engineering Design Processes For Innovations and Their Effects .
+
+S Who are the designers of all the inventions in this world ?
+
+S Well , obviously they are engineers .
+
+S " Scientists dream about doing great things .
+
+S Engineers do them .
+
+S " This is a famous quote by James A. Michener .
+
+S Engineers are people who investigate problems and try to solve them .
+
+S Gadgets and machines were invented to solve our daily problems .
+
+S However , some obstacles may obstruct the innovative engineering design processes .
+
+S Identifying these obstacles and their effects may help to prevent rejection of inventions in the future .
+
+S The educational system in Malaysia is exam orientated .
+
+S The educational system is based more towards theory and not practical .
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||practicel|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Students spend most of their time in the classroom learning theory .
+
+S The amount of time spent in lab for practical is minimal .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||labs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||practicals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The system is giving emphasis on memory skills , not analytical skills .
+
+S Furthermore , school teachers merely teach students to pass their exams , but not for the students to learn .
+
+S Primary and secondary school students are spoon fed with information rather than letting them learning independently .
+
+S Students are taught and train to score in public examinations such as Penilaian Menengah Rendah ( PMR ) and Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia ( SPM ) .
+
+S Eventually , students with good memory will be able to pass with flying colours as they are able to memorise all the facts and spit them all out during the exams .
+
+S These excellent students will face problems as they further their studies to be engineers .
+
+S They lack of analytical skills , creativity and innovation .
+
+S These are the two factors that will cease engineers from being able to solve real life problems .
+
+S It is human 's nature to response to incentives .
+
+S Incentives could be in the form of money or moral support .
+
+S Society does not show an encouraging attitude towards innovation .
+
+S Society is afraid to accept new invention .
+
+S This causes engineers to be demotivated .
+
+S In conjunction to this , companies are not willing to take risks to fund the research and development of engineers .
+
+S For example , Tetsuya Mizoguchi , a brilliant engineer who envisioned and invented the laptop .
+
+S He idea was rejected by Toshiba fearing that it will not be successful [ 1 ] .
+
+S This scenario is common and it is preventing engineers from doing research and development for a given problem .
+
+S Research and development is almost impossible without funding .
+
+S Thus , engineers are not capable to come up with solution to problems although they have brilliant ideas .
+
+S In conclusion , our current educational system is too rigid .
+
+S It should focus more on practical applications rather than theory .
+
+S Students must be exposed to new problems related to current issues and be able to propose solutions to the problem .
+
+S In addition , the solutions must be practical and appropriate to be accepted by society .
+
+S Nevertheless , society should be open to fresh ideas .
+
+S Positive feedback from society will stimulate passion and desire for engineers to contribute with what they do best , inventing .
+
+S [ 1 ] Rogers , E.M. ( 2003 ) .
+
+S The birth of the laptop computer at Toshiba .
+
+S In Diffusion of innovations ( pp.144- 146 ) .
+
+S New York : Free Press .
+
+S Factors Influence the Adoption of Car
+
+S Since the birth of car at the end of last century , its development has gone through ups and downs over the last one hundred years .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||cars|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The first car invented by Carl .
+
+S Zaochu Benz at that time only had a speed of 18Km per hour , but now , a sport car can accelerate from zero speed to 100Km per hour within 3 seconds .
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||sports|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We can see that the speed of development of cars is very amazing .
+
+S But what actually made the car industry develop so fast ?
+
+S The car industry ' development can not be separated from the adoption of car by the people .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||cars|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Only the customers ' demand can stimulate the enhancement of the car industry .
+
+S So again , what is the factors influence the adoption of car ?
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:FORM|||influencing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||cars|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Actually , after Henry Ford 's Model T automobile was invented , cars just gradually become a vehicle that can be adopted by people .
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:FORM|||became|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The { Model T } [ HYPERLINK : http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_T ] was introduced on October 1 , 1908 .
+A 5 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The car was very simple to drive , and easy and cheap to repair .
+
+S Economically , because the Model T was so cheap that by the 1920s a majority of American drivers learned to drive on the Model T. Apart from this , in order to make the Model T more universal , Henry Ford also created a massive publicity machine in Detroit to ensure every newspaper carried stories and ads about the new product .
+A 0 2|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:ORTH|||Because|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S He also created a network of local dealers , which provided a good marketing channel to his company .
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These are all the things that the Ford Company did in order to sell more Model Ts .
+
+S If we analysis from a bigger view , then we can see that there were also other economical factors influence the cars ' adoption .
+A 2 3|||R:MORPH|||analyse|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:ADJ|||broader|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the most important factors was that declining cost of oil at that time .
+A 7 8|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Several years before Ford produced the Model T , in 1901 , the discovery of Spindletop really means a new age of oil mass production .
+
+S The daily output of this site was more than 1 million barrels o oil , which was even more than the sum of output of other sites in the United States .
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This made the price of oil in United States decrease very fast at that time .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So the lower price of oil provided a good background for the adoption of Ford 's Model T .
+
+S But the Model T was just a beginning of the adoption of cars , another factor which made the technology of producing cars became more mature was that the military demand .
+A 6 7|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In 1941 , the World War 1 broke out ; in 1939 , the World War 2 broke out .
+
+S Many countries were involved in these wars .
+
+S During the wars , vehicle and armored transporter became essential for every country .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||vehicles|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:MORPH|||transportation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This caused a big demand for the engineers , designers and machinists .
+
+S Many new technologies were invented during the wars .
+
+S For example , a very popular hydraulic actuator which is still used today was developed in the early World War 2 .
+A 18 18|||M:OTHER|||part of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All this inventions not only increased the useful time of engine , but also improved the overall situation of car industry .
+A 1 2|||R:DET|||these|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:MORPH|||usefulness|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Government policies and priorities also play an important role to the development of car industry .
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After World War 2 , the United States became the most developed country in the world .
+
+S After the United States won the war , many ordnance factories became civil factories ; this made the expansion of car industry faster .
+A 20 20|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the developing of the word 's economics , the car industry had already become a very important standard to measure a country 's development level .
+
+S So the government provided the priority to the car industry .
+
+S Especially during the Cold War , in order to demonstrate America 's superiority and wealth , the government became more encourage the car industry .
+A 18 20|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:TENSE|||encouraged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the adoption of car and this technological innovation was not only technological determined , but also shaped by economic factors , military demands , and government policies and priorities .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||cars|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Two problems hamper engineering design processes for innovations in China and their effects .
+
+S An engineering design process , which includes mainly five stages-defining the problem , gathering pertinent information , generating multiple solutions , analyzing and selecting a solution and testing and implementing the solution , plays a very important role in improving the quality of people 's life .
+A 45 46|||R:NOUN:NUM|||lives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In our daily life , we can easily identify automobiles , laptops , handphones and microwaves as engineering innovations around us .
+
+S Take China for instance , the culture for innovation in engineering design is severely lacked .
+A 14 15|||R:MORPH|||lacking|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One factor would be China 's rigid education system that produces only a small number of innovative engineers .
+
+S It does not help either that the Chinese government is giving very little incentives for innovations in engineering .
+
+S As a result , engineers have little motivation to innovate .
+
+S Even they have the motivation , their ideas are unlike to come true due to lack of funding from the government .
+A 1 1|||M:PREP|||if|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||unlikely|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the problems that hampers innovations in engineering may be China 's rigid education system which discourages students from being creative .
+
+S In China , most teachers spoon-feed their students , and students are instructed to follow standard answers given by the teachers .
+
+S When a student finds out an alternative method of solving a problem , there is usually no reward for him and he still has to answer the question in the standard way to avoid losing marks in examinations .
+A 36 37|||R:PREP|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus innovation among students is discouraged .
+
+S Moreover , students have very little hands-on practice of what they have learnt in class .
+
+S Instead , most of their time is spent on solving sample examination problems .
+
+S As a result , China 's education system produces engineers that are generally weak in doing research and development , which will adversely affect the stage of generating multiple solutions in the engineering design process .
+
+S Another problem that poses obstacles to innovation in engineering in China may be the lack of funds from the government for research and development ( R&D ) , thus engineers are hardly attracted to R&D industry and they lack of funds to implement their new ideas .
+A 34 34|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 38|||R:OTHER|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , the government gives very little reward to engineers who have done innovative work .
+
+S Mr. Yuan Long Ping , who is known as the " Father of Hybrid Rice " , had contributed to tremendous increase in the level of world 's rice output through cultivating species of hybrid rice during 1970s .
+A 37 38|||R:OTHER|||the 1970 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S His innovation has saved millions of people from hunger all over the world .
+
+S However , the Chinese government only awarded him the State Preeminent Science and Technology Award of China in 2000 which valued merely 5 million yuan .
+A 20 20|||M:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:PREP|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This was very little if it was meant to reward him for his more than twenty years ' hard work .
+A 18 18|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This lack of government support means , engineers will not able to get resources , raw materials , precise equipment for research during engineering design process .
+A 10 10|||M:VERB|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus the stage of testing and implementing solutions during engineering design is greatly hampered
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:NOUN|||process|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , rigid education system and government 's very little incentives to innovations limit the number of innovative engineers and hinder the realization of innovative ideas if any .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||the governments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||limited|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They are hence the two prominent obstacles that hamper the engineering design processes for innovations in China .
+A 0 1|||R:PRON|||These|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Source :
+
+S 1.Khandani , S. 2005 .
+
+S Engineering design process Education transfer plan , Thesis ( Ph.D. )
+
+S 2.Wikipedia .
+
+S ( 8 September , 2009 ) .
+
+S Yuan Longping .
+
+S Retrieved September , 2009 , from Wikipedia : http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Longping # Awards
+
+S The World Food Prize .
+
+S ( 8 September , 2009 ) .
+
+S 2004 World Food Prize Laureates .
+
+S Retrieved September , 2009 , from The World Food Prize : http : //www.worldfoodprize.org/laureates/Past/2004.htm
+
+S In many companies , brilliant and capable engineers were often denied the opportunity to express their ideas through innovation .
+
+S Engineers in the past were innovative and a vast amount of creative ideas were generated to improve the technology .
+
+S However , many of these ideas were rejected by the corporate leaders of various companies .
+
+S The leaders were not risk-takers and reflected the ideas to be non-profitable to the company .
+
+S Passionate engineers ventured 'in the dark ' and started a skunk works project as they were unable to gain their superiors supports .
+
+S There are many defining features of a conventionally generated technology with those of a comparable innovation that was created in a skunk works environment .
+
+S Skunk works projects do not have access to the full resources of the company , have their own rules and have to maintain confidential about their projects .
+A 23 24|||R:MORPH|||confidentiality|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Skunk works projects have their limitations in terms of resources .
+
+S The project is helmed by the project managers and all problems , including technical and administrative , will be handled by them .
+
+S The research funds and human resources were not made available to them .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore the project managers will have to find their own financial support to fund their projects .
+
+S The construction of the team will not be easy as the choices are limited .
+
+S The more capable engineers were already involved with other projects and there can be no way to transfer out without the knowledge of the superiors .
+
+S On the other hand , conventional projects have a huge backing from the corporate level .
+
+S All administrative issues will be settled in a much shorter time to allow the project to begin earlier .
+
+S Also , capable engineers will be assigned to the new project , depending on its priority .
+
+S Skunk works projects aim is to develop the innovation .
+
+S Hence the rules of the company need not to be enforced in their secret working environment .
+A 8 9|||U:VERB:FORM||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Project managers will set the rules for those personnel involved .
+
+S There had been extreme examples of rules set by project managers where both emerged successful in their innovations .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In contrast , conventional project personnel have to follow the strict rules of the company .
+
+S An image has to be maintained .
+
+S Smart dress codes are to be adhered to at all times and working hours should be fully utilized in the company 's interest .
+
+S The engineers often follow a monotonous lifestyle .
+
+S Skunk works projects are secret projects not to be revealed to anyone .
+
+S Personnel will have to maintain double life for this project .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S No discussions on the project are to be made .
+
+S Personnel often have to stay back late after office hours to work on their secret projects and no claim of overtime are allowed .
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since they are involved in a secret project , no rewards will be guaranteed .
+
+S On the contrary , conventional projects engineers take pride in their work .
+
+S Special privileges were often granted to those involved in high-profiled projects .
+
+S There will also be media coverage and time to time update on their projects .
+A 10 11|||R:MORPH|||updates|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Engineers working for conventional projects are more at ease with their jobs .
+
+S However they faced equal stress on their projects .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||face|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They will have to follow their company rules while their leaders support them financially .
+
+S Skunk work projects do not have the backing of their leaders , resulting in secrecy and extra work .
+
+S Engineers must be highly motivated and passionate to achieve results .
+
+S Therefore conventional projects and skunk works projects are different in nature .
+
+S However an engineer can be successful as long as he is highly motivated , passionate and diligent .
+
+S Two problems that may hamper engineering design processes for innovations in my home country .
+
+S In the real world , there are countless problems waiting and engineers are often the ones to take up this challenge as they strive towards finding the best solution through innovating new products .
+
+S An engineer tackles problems by first detecting the problem before carrying out the necessary research .
+
+S After which , engineers would then start developing their products and subsequently proceed to commercialize it .
+
+S It is necessary to recognize that the entire process is fraught with numerous difficulties which could impede an engineer 's creativity .
+
+S These problems should be identified and rectified in order to prevent the emergence of additional problems .
+
+S As mentioned , the development of an intended product is part of the engineering design processes .
+
+S For these two processes , an engineer needs to be able to think out of the box .
+
+S One possible factor that might hamper such creativity is our educational system .
+
+S Singapore 's education system has been structured in such a way that it is rigid and text based and does not teach students to apply what is taught .
+A 27 27|||M:VERB:TENSE|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There is so much to learn in the syllabus and yet so little time .
+
+S Hence , we see chunks of lessons squeezed into packed timetables .
+
+S The time needed to fully understand the concepts are usually not enough .
+
+S Therefore , many students eventually end up merely memorizing and going through the motion instead of thinking of different ways to apply the knowledge learnt to the real world .
+
+S Furthermore , the choice of subjects is very limited and the subjects are mostly of the same nature .
+
+S For creativity to be induced , it is important to be exposed to knowledge from various different aspects .
+
+S Another portion of the design processes involve commercialization .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||process|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||involves|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For a new product or technology to be successful , it is required to be accepted by the public .
+
+S Therefore , the society is a big deciding factor for the success or failure of the product launched .
+
+S Sadly , society as a whole are generally not that receptive of new ideas and innovative products .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||tof|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is a potential problem which would hamper engineering design processes .
+
+S Humans in general , like to stay within their comfort zone and is often unwilling to accept new ideas or changes in their lifestyle .
+
+S The new product needs to be widely accepted so that it will be profitable .
+
+S Hence , an unreceptive society is not going to generate enough profits to enable the product to be sustainable .
+
+S Without profits , engineers will not be able or motivated to continue research and development necessary to improve the products as it is simply not worth it to do so anymore .
+
+S An example would be the case of the refrigerator .
+
+S Refrigerators currently common in the market are electric refrigerators , which generally produce a " humming " sound .
+
+S A soundless refrigerator was in fact produced in 1930 .
+
+S However , during that time , large investments went channeled into the research and development of electric refrigerators .
+
+S Furthermore , electric refrigerators were more aggressively advertised for .
+
+S All these factors led to the downfall of the soundless refrigerator .
+
+S In sum , a society which is less receptive of new ideas and innovative products could lead to the hampering of engineering processes for innovation .
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , there are several factors that play a part in the success of innovative engineering processes .
+
+S It is necessary for engineers to exhibit a high level of creativeness .
+
+S Moreover , for a new product to succeed in the market , it has to be accepted by the society as they are the ones purchasing the products and making them profitable .
+
+S Two problems are identified which might hamper creativeness in engineers .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although measures that tackle these problems might have already been introduced , we have yet to witness the effectiveness of these measures .
+
+S Source :
+
+S Rogers , E. M. ( 2003 ) .
+
+S The generation of innovations .
+
+S In Diffusion of innovations ( pp.136-158 ) .
+
+S New York : Free Press .
+
+S Thanks to the technology development , our life is much easier now .
+
+S Watching movie , sending SMS , and surfing Internet have almost been taken for granted in our daily school life .
+
+S However , several decades earlier , few people dared to declare that they were sure these innovations would surely be popular around the world in one day .
+A 24 28|||R:OTHER|||someday|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Similarly , few people risk to make a change , most of them focus on the development of existing productions .
+
+S The major job to make innovation has been given to skunkworks .
+
+S Despite of the poor environment , tough stress , and high risk , skunkworks indeed value more than conventional technology .
+A 1 2|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To some extent , conventionally generated technology usually improves our life , but innovation in skunkworks often changes our life .
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||lives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Skunkworks , defined to pioneer the development of a technological innovation , normally has a tougher working conditions .
+A 1 2|||R:PUNCT|||-|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Usually skunkworks can not get enough support to create a satisfied working environment .
+A 10 11|||R:ADJ:FORM|||satisfying|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Due to the uncertainty , R&D group in skunkworks often can not find enough people to conduct the innovation .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||groups|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Without initial capital and sufficient crew , the developing process has no way to start .
+
+S In addition , it is a fairly stressful job because of the limitation of time and the finance .
+
+S Just like the team of design Macintosh , they were working day and night under the aggressive leadership of Steven Jobs .
+A 3 6|||R:OTHER|||design team at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:FORM|||worked|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By contrast , conventional technologies have well organized systems that can ensure the progress of work .
+
+S Seldom do they have a stressful workload .
+
+S The starting points of innovation in skunkworks and conventional technology are different .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||point|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Innovation in skunkworks is made for solving the potential problems or needs of life .
+
+S However , Conventional is made for solving the existed problems or needs .
+A 3 3|||M:NOUN|||technologies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:FORM|||existing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When NOKIA upgraded its N series hand phone annually , iPhone of the Apple company surprise the world , because it give a different definition of touching the phone .
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||surprised|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 28|||R:OTHER|||the touch|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The success of innovation is generally much more considerable than conventional technology .
+
+S Skunkworks takes a high risk in innovation process , but it is rewarding .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For skunkworks , the entire work can be in vain if the products turn out to be a failure in the market , but still it is rewarding because of the generous profits in case of success .
+
+S Moreover , in many cases , the failure in the research can turn out to be a great success in other fields .
+
+S Just like " Post-its " of 3M was initially considered as a failure , which was finally proved to be a great success in other fields .
+A 7 7|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||but|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the contrary , it is more stable and reliable for conventional technology .
+A 0 1|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the low risk means a low rewarding .
+
+S It can not make a substantial benefit for human life .
+
+S To sum up , skunkworks usually has a tough environment and a stressful workload .
+
+S Furthermore , it is often at a high risk for investing in skunkworks .
+A 9 10|||R:PART|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:FORM|||invest|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , for the desire of changing the way of how people live , and also for the considerable benefits for companies and human life , innovation in skunkworks plays a more vital role than the conventionally generated technology .
+
+S Reference :
+
+S Rogers , E. M. ( 2003 ) .
+
+S The generation of innovations .
+
+S In Diffusion of innovations ( pp.136-157 ) .
+
+S New York : Free Press .
+
+S Social Construction of Compressed Natural Gas Vehicle
+
+S Compressed Natural Gas ( CNG ) vehicle is an alternative fuel vehicle .
+A 0 0|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Instead of using fossil fuels such as gasoline or diesel , it uses compressed natural gas which consists of mainly methane ( CH4 ) as the fuel of a vehicle .
+
+S By 2008 , there are roughly 7 millions of CNG vehicles on the roads worldwide .
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||million|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The development of CNG vehicle can be viewed as a socially determined technology , because of the influences of environmental , economic factors and government regulations on its development .
+
+S Firstly , the development of CNG vehicle is determined by the environmental factor .
+
+S Unlike the normal gasoline vehicle which emits greenhouse and harmful gases , the power of CNG vehicle can emit 70 % lesser CO2 and little harmful gas .
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore CNG vehicle is more environmental friendly than gasoline vehicle .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||vehicles|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:MORPH|||environmentally|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||vehicles|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the context of global warming becoming more and more serious , the development of such environmental friendly vehicles becomes a must .
+A 7 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:NOUN|||problem|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:MORPH|||environmentally|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many automobile manufacturers ( Fiat , Volkswagen , Toyota and others ) conducted a lot of research , development and innovations for a number of years using CNG as a fuel source for vehicles .
+
+S CNG equipment manufacturers have invested in research and development to improve this technology and make it convenient and available for consumers globally ( wikipedia,2009 ) .
+
+S Apart from reducing the air pollution , Natural gas vehicle also produces lower noise levels than gasoline vehicle .
+A 7 8|||M:DET|||The natural|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||vehicles|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is another positive feature of CNG vehicle .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||vehicles|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The greater use of CNG vehicles for public transportation will result in a quieter urban environment , which will be a plus for our living environment .
+
+S ( Lim , 2001 ) Thus , it is the environmental factor that spurred the development of CNG vehicle .
+
+S Moreover , the intention of reducing the fuel cost also shaped the development of CNG vehicle .
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The oil embargo resulted energy crisis in the U.S. during the 1980 's .
+A 4 4|||M:OTHER|||in an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Such situation motivated the discovery of alternative fuels that could reduce our dependence on foreign imports .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||situations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The scientists found a new method that could compress natural gas in a small container which can be put inside a car .
+
+S With this development , the modern CNG vehicle became possible .
+
+S From 2000 's , the oil price grew tremendously , but the price of natural gas was much less .
+A 2 3|||U:NOUN:POSS||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order to reduce the fuel cost , many people preferred CNG cars in that period .
+
+S More owners of private cars country wanted to convert their petrol-driven vehicles to also run on CNG .
+A 5 6|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This actually spurred the manufacturers to improve the technology of conversion from gasoline vehicle to dual-fuel vehicle so that the cost can be reduced and more car owners could benefit from the CNG technology .
+
+S Lastly , the development of CNG vehicle is also influenced by the government policies .
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Due to the increase of the oil price and the necessity of improvement of the urban environment , many countries ' governments support the development of CNG vehicle .
+A 27 28|||R:NOUN:NUM|||vehicles|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many countries which are abundant of natural gas introduce CNG cars and buses to their public transportations .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||have an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:MORPH|||abundance|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , in countries of South American , such as Argentina and Brazil , there are about 3 million CNG vehicles which are mainly used as taxicabs .
+
+S Some other governments provide tax rebate for the owners of CNG vehicles , so that to incentivize the using of eco-friendly vehicles .
+A 14 15|||R:PREP|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB|||encourage|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instants , the Singapore government provided 40 % discount on the Open Market Value ( OMV ) cost of newly-registered green passenger vehicles from 2001 in order to build up the intensity of CNG vehicles ( wikipedia,2009 ) .
+A 1 2|||R:MORPH|||instance|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the help of the favorable policies and sponsorship from the government , more talented people are attracted to the CNG vehicle industry research .
+A 19 19|||M:VERB|||researching|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result the CNG vehicle technology is shaped by the government policies .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , CNG vehicle technology is a socially determined technology .
+
+S Without the requirements of cheaper and cleaner vehicle and the governmental support , it might not as well-developed as now .
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:VERB|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference :
+
+S Lim,S .
+
+S S. ( 2001 ) .
+
+S Speech By Mr Lim Swee Say Minister for the Environment At the Launch of the CNG Bus and Taxis Pilot Project.September , 2009 , from national climate change committee : http : //www.nccc.gov.sg/Newsroom/speeches_4.shtm
+
+S wikipedia .
+
+S ( 9 September , 2009 ) .
+
+S Compressed natural gas.Retrieved September , 2009 , from wikipedia : http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_natural_gas
+
+S In recent years , with its growing prosper and affluence , China is investing more on science and technology development .
+A 7 8|||R:MORPH|||prosperity|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the lack of research funding and an inflexible education system , in my opinion , has significantly hampered engineering design process in China .
+
+S First of all , lack of research funding has significantly hindered the development of many engineering design projects in China .
+
+S In China , innovation in science and technology is mostly driven by the state , rather than by the grass roots .
+
+S In contrast with some developed countries , the spending in R&D in China is obviously not as abundant .
+
+S Statistics shows that R&D spending takes up 3.2 percent of GDP in US and 2.9 percent in Singapore .
+
+S However , it is only 1.4 percent in China .
+
+S Also , a large proportion of the R&D funding goes to the state-owned military and defense technology cooperation , leaving even less for the rest of the R&D programmes .
+
+S The lack of funding gives rise to dissatisfactory research conditions and also implies that many of the engineering design projects may meet either construction or operating budget crunches long before any productive work can be done .
+
+S Thus insufficient funding is a prominent factor that hampers engineering design process in China .
+
+S On top of that , an inflexible education system in China has also hampered its engineering design process .
+
+S In order to come out with a new product , the engineers must be able to think out of the box and possess practical skills .
+
+S However , the education system in China does not train the student to think creatively and provide few chances for the students to put what they learn into practice .
+
+S The education in China is very much exam-oriented .
+
+S The students study hard in order to excel in exams .
+
+S The only aim of the students seems to be doing well in the university entrance examination and being enrolled into renowned universities .
+
+S In the so-called cramming method of teaching , teachers paid particular attention to memorization , even at the cost of comprehension .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||pay|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S During the examination , the students were not evaluated by how much they memorize , but not on how they think .
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Such a rigid education system has significantly hindered students ' creativity and poorly equipped them to apply knowledge in the real world .
+
+S In conclusion , the lack of research funding and exam-oriented education system is the two most significant factors which have hampered engineering design process in China .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , in its eleventh Five-Year Plan , the Chinese government has promised to increase the R&D spending to 2.5 percent of GDP by the end of 2010 .
+
+S Also , the education system in well developed cities such as Beijing and Shanghai is under restructure to better prepare the younger generation to compete in the globalized world .
+
+S Thus , the condition of engineering design in China may have a more positive outlook in the future .
+
+S Hard tomato program and the discovery of Warfarin
+
+S Nowadays , we have entered an age of technology .
+
+S It seems that technology is everywhere around us , and it has a great impact on our lives .
+
+S Therefore , it is beneficial for us to learn more about innovation and technology .
+
+S In general , technology can be divided into two types .
+
+S One kind of technology is conducted via research .
+
+S For example , in 1970s , a new tomato variety was launched by a research team in California .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||the 1970 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This tomato variety could be harvested by machine , which was a big success .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||machines|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The other one is discovered by serenity , and an example of it is the discovery of Warfarin , the effective rat killer .
+
+S These two examples both have their own features , since they belong to either type of technology respectively .
+
+S In my opinion , the innovation of mechanized tomato and Warfarin technology differ in their start , process and key to success .
+
+S The hard tomato program and the discovery of Warfarin started differently .
+
+S The program of hard tomato varieties began with an idea .
+
+S A California agriculture professor foresaw a future labor shortage in California and came up with a rough idea of tomatoes that could be picked by machine .
+
+S Then , he proposed this idea to his institution and got the research started .
+
+S However , the discovery of Warfarin happened during another research .
+
+S Prof Link , the discoverer of Warfarin , was involved in a research of sweet clove disease at that time .
+
+S After about ten years ' research , he discovered Warfarin one day in an unrelated experiment , which turned out to be the most impressive progress in the whole research .
+A 5 5|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The big profit made by the patent was used to support other research projects of Madison professors , provide financial aid to doctoral students and cover other research expenses .
+
+S Moreover , the progresses of the two technologies are not alike .
+
+S The hard tomato program followed a whole procedure of research works .
+
+S A group of scientists were gathered together in an institution .
+
+S They were supposed to use the scientific approach to solve various unexpected problems occurring in the research .
+
+S In the process , development was extremely important .
+
+S Not only should the scientists figure out how to breed the variety , but also they needed to do other non-research works in order to successfully put the variety into practice .
+A 14 16|||R:WO|||they also|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They also cared about the commercialization part .
+
+S All of these included building a prototype of the machine used to pick the tomatoes , contacting producers who were willing to sell their products , making their research results known to the local farmers and collecting their feedbacks to improve .
+
+S Finally , they came up with their research results after many years ' research , in due time according to their plan .
+A 11 12|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||years of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In contrast , in the case of Warfarin , the process was a reversed one .
+
+S The product came out first accidentally , followed up with some research to get a better understanding of the discovery .
+
+S Warfarin was put into practice directly after it , because its use was totally known when discovering it .
+
+S The whole process was highly effective and by chance .
+
+S No one expected it before head .
+
+S Besides , although both these two technology were successful , the keys to their success are different .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||technologies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the hard tomato program was a research project conducted by a group of people , I think the success was mainly due to teamwork and cooperation of the whole group .
+
+S On the contrary , the key to success in Warfarin lies on Prof Link , who discovered the chemical .
+
+S In conclusion , the mechanized tomato program has different start , process and key to success from the discovery of Warfarin .
+A 7 22|||R:OTHER|||and the discovery of Warfarin had a different start , process and reasons for success|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference :
+
+S Rogers , E. M. ( 2003 ) .
+
+S The generation of innovations .
+
+S In Diffusion of innovations ( pp.136- 158 ) .
+
+S New York : Free Press .
+
+S Profit Go First or Innovation
+
+S Technology is progressing every day , and different products are created following these new technologies .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB|||using|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Our life become more convenient with these technological products and companies can benefit from producing these products .
+A 0 1|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||Life|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 2|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , not all the technological products can bring profit to their companies .
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Before manufacturing a product , companies have to evaluate its profitability and denied those products with an uncertain future .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB|||reject|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Engineers who are enthusiastic with these " no future " products form a group to work out the products , and this kind of groups are called " Skunk works " .
+A 4 5|||R:PREP|||about|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 19|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:DET|||these|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 24|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Conventionally generated technologies and technologies in " Skunk works " are of great difference while they still have features in common .
+A 11 14|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Technology in " Skunk works " is like a double-side sword , which not only can become a great success but also can be a super failure in future .
+A 28 28|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Working in a " Skunk works " environment is much tougher than in a conventional way , engineers working in " Skunk works " would not be rewarded unless their work turn out to be a success .
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN|||environment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:PREP|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 27|||R:OTHER|||are not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:VERB:SVA|||turns|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nevertheless , both of " Skunk works " technology and conventional technology make contribution to technology development .
+A 3 4|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Comparing to conventional generated technology , " Skunk works " has a great possibility to become a big failure , while it also has a potential to be successful .
+A 0 1|||R:VERB:FORM|||Compared|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:MORPH|||conventionally|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 14|||R:OTHER|||great potential|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is comfortable for engineers to make technology work and to optimize a design under given condition .
+A 0 9|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||conditions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Whereas , a well optimized design is worthless if it can not meet the desires , or at least needs , of the customers .
+A 19 21|||R:OTHER|||the needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , on one hand , without sufficient market research , " Skunk works " is faced with a high potential to be a failure .
+
+S On the other hand , a talent " Skunk works " can also be a success in market .
+A 0 1|||M:PREP|||Whereas on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 11|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Like E.M. Rogers mentioned in his article - " the Birth of the Laptop Computer at Toshiba " , laptop is a good example of successful " Skunk works " .
+A 0 1|||R:PREP|||As|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the contrary , conventional generated technology is much safer than " Skunk works " , it can bring steady profit to its company , but , to most companies , playing safe is not enough to compete with their competitors .
+
+S The environment of " Skunk works " and the conventional one are of great difference .
+A 12 15|||R:OTHER|||very different|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The working conditions of " Skunk works " are tougher than those organized by companies .
+
+S Though engineers in " Skunk works " are enthusiastic about their project , it is very hard for them to find financial support , and other experts may criticize their works .
+A 30 31|||R:NOUN:NUM|||work|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore engineers in " Skunk works " are more pressured than those who work in a traditional way .
+
+S Engineers working in a project organized by a company do not have to worry about money , but their level of innovation is also limited by the company .
+
+S " Skunk works " and conventional projects are different , but both of them are making contribution to the development of technology .
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Conventional generated technologies are closely connected to our life .
+A 0 1|||R:MORPH|||Conventionally|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By doing sufficient market research , technologies are controlled to provide things that can fulfill our desires , and these technologies make our life become more and more convenient .
+A 7 10|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " Skunk works " care more about technology itself , and its aim is to produce the most advanced and optimized designs .
+
+S Therefore , " Skunk works " can promote the innovation of technology , and it also provides a big platform for creative engineers .
+A 8 12|||R:OTHER|||technological innovation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 15|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:SVA|||provide|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In sum , " Skunk works " environment is much tougher than conventional environment , and " Skunk works " is more like a gamble for a company for it may either be a big success or be an absolute failure .
+A 1 2|||R:MORPH|||summary|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 3|||M:NOUN|||A|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The conventional generated technology plays an important role in fulfilling people 's need and bringing profit to companies , so it is a surety of technology 's steady and continuous development .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||Conventionally|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN|||generating|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 31|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , " Skunk works " provide a platform for engineers with great creativity , and it is a necessity in technology 's evolution .
+
+S Therefore , both of them are indispensable for technology development .
+A 8 9|||R:MORPH|||technological|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference : Rogers , E.M. ( 2003 ) .
+
+S The birth of the laptop computer at Toshiba .
+
+S In Diffusion of innovations ( pp.144 - 146 ) .
+
+S New York : Free Press .
+
+S Jonathon Cagan ( nov 30,2005 ) .
+
+S Engineering the Products People Need .
+
+S From http : //www.businessweek.com/innovate/content/nov2005/id20051128_963473.htm
+
+S Two problems of the innovation in my country
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||China|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the largest population and adequate natural resources , China has developed quite well .
+A 0 15|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , nowadays new technology is playing a more and more important role in the whole society and replacing the importance of resources .
+A 14 16|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , there are two significant problems in China restricting the development of the technology .
+
+S One of them is that the intellectual property rights in China are not protected well ; there are many illegal copy phenomena in China .
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||R:NOUN|||copiesa|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The other problem is that the normal employees in many companies are not valued much by the employers .
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Illegal copy phenomena block the innovation of technology in China .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||The phenomena of illegal copies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Here is an example .
+
+S As we all know , pirated software is very popular in China .
+
+S One of the reasons is that the rate of the popularity of computer is much faster than the rate of the increase of consumption level in China , which means that the price of the software is relatively higher than that normal people can accept .
+A 7 13|||R:OTHER|||popularity rate of computers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB|||has increased|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 22|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN:NUM|||levels|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 41|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , pirated software comes in .
+
+S However , pirated software severely limits the development of software in China .
+
+S Because of the low price of pirated software , normal people usually prefer the cheaper one , pirated software .
+
+S Subsequently , the inventor of the very software can only get a little profit , which will not impel him or her to continue paying much attention to the innovation .
+A 6 7|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some other people who want to make profit by inventing new software will also be affected by the phenomena .
+
+S As a result , fewer and fewer people will try to invent software in China .
+
+S Without innovation , software in China developed very slowly .
+
+S When we compare the software area and the space flight area , we can easily find that space flight area of China develops extremely fast because of innovation while software develops slowly with little innovation .
+A 19 21|||R:OTHER|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , illegal copy phenomena restrict the development of the technology in China .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:SVA|||restricts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Normal employees are not inspirited also limits the innovation in technology .
+A 0 12|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There is no doubt that China has developed fast and well since the foundation of the country .
+A 9 11|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , when we change our focus on the enterprises in China , we will find that most of the huge enterprises are public and relied on resources and monopoly .
+A 3 6|||R:OTHER|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 16|||R:OTHER|||is changed , it can be found|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:VERB:FORM|||rely|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Huge enterprises which relied on high technology are very few .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||rely|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the reasons is that normal employees are not inspirited to take part in the innovation .
+A 10 11|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In many companies , only some certain research staffs take part in the innovation of technology while normal employees just do their routine work .
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||staff|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Compared to professional research staffs , normal employees have more experience about certain productions .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||staff|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the employers do not show much respect to normal employees , few employees will try their best to provide their experience to research staffs .
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN:NUM|||staff|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Without practical experience , research and innovation are difficult to achieve .
+
+S We probably know that IBM employers value every employee in the company .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||It is well known|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many employees have a chance to put up a suggestion to the company .
+A 6 8|||R:VERB|||make|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the large amounts of outcomes of experience and observation , research staffs can achieve new production relatively more easily .
+A 3 10|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||staff|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , that normal employees are not inspirited restricts the innovation of technology in China .
+A 7 8|||UNK|||inspired|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Incentives and profits are essential to inspire people to invent new things .
+
+S Therefore , China should pay more attention on intellectual property rights to encourage people to innovate .
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Unity is very important because different people have different opinions .
+
+S Unite everyone can maximize the ability of the whole unity .
+A 0 1|||R:VERB:FORM|||Uniting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One way to unite everyone is to show respect to everyone .
+
+S China needs to solve these two problems to clear the way to innovation .
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the pace of society quickens , people around the world are faced with an increasing number of problems .
+
+S These problems could be man-made or naturally occurring .
+
+S Regardless of the cause , people have realized there is a need to find a way to solve these problems and improve their way of life .
+
+S This is where engineering design process plays an important role .
+
+S This process involves the identifying of the problem , gathering relevant information , generating multiple solutions , analyzing and selecting the most appropriate and feasible solution and finally , testing and implementing the solution in the real world .
+
+S ( Khandani , S. 2005 ) However , not everything is smooth sailing , and there are problems that may hamper the engineering design process .
+
+S In Singapore , one of the problems that engineers might face during the engineering design process is that Singapore 's education system is rigid .
+
+S Due to the inflexibility of the education system , Singaporeans have grown up getting used to rote learning .
+
+S This means they memorise formulae and information from the texts without really understanding , questioning and analyzing what they are studying .
+
+S This leads them to not being able to think out of the box and thinking of creative or alternative solutions other than those provided by the teaching system in Singapore .
+
+S Firstly , they would have trouble identifying problems in the real world .
+
+S The education system in Singapore works in such a way that the boundaries of problems are defined clearly .
+
+S There is usually a fixed method as to how a question is answered .
+
+S However , in reality , problems are not clearly seen and observation skills are needed to identify causes and sources of problems .
+
+S Engineers might also find it difficult to think of various approaches to tackle the problem , and also to use analytical skills to decide on the best method to solve the problem .
+
+S Secondly , as the information needed to solve questions and problems in school is already provided in textbooks and notes , engineers have not honed their skills of doing research for relevant information .
+
+S Thus , they might encounter trouble in gathering relevant information needed to solve the problem they may face .
+
+S Another major problem that engineers might face in Singapore is that people are less receptive to innovations and ideas as compared to the Western countries .
+A 22 23|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The older generation is especially resistant to change , and would rather use products that they are used to .
+
+S Thus , despite the presence of new innovations that would greatly improve their way of life , they might not be so accepting of these new products .
+
+S This would affect the testing and implementation of the solution during the process .
+
+S When surveying the feasibility of the solution , results would not be accurate as the target group of an older age would generally be less supportive towards the new idea .
+
+S If the customer base for the new innovation is too small , investors will be less willing to provide funds to fund research and development of new innovations and products , therefore affecting the whole design process .
+
+S In conclusion , it is inevitable that there will be problems that might affect the various stages of the design process .
+
+S However , measures have definitely been taken to tackle these problems .
+
+S For example , the education system now has definitely improved in terms of its rigidity .
+A 6 8|||R:WO|||has now|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since 2005 , Ministry of Education ( MOE ) has introduced Project Work ( PW ) to junior colleges in order to improve communicative skills of students , as well as to encourage building of teamwork among students .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hopefully in the near future , more effort will be put in to encourage society to be more accepting of new innovations that would greatly change their way of life for the better , and also to implement in not just aspiring engineers but students in general , skills that they are able to use and apply in handling problems in the real world .
+A 37 38|||UNK|||encourage|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 44 44|||M:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Sources :
+
+S * Khandani , S. 2005 .
+
+S Engineering design process - Education transfer plan , Thesis ( Ph.D. )
+
+S Rapid industrialization is one of the main economic boosters that characterize today 's society .
+
+S Singapore is a good example of such a society .
+
+S Since the 1960s , there was a paradigm shift from the low end industrialization to a high end industrialization thus resulting in a rapid depletion of the already scarce resources .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Land scarcity is one of the pressing human needs that may require immediate attention .
+
+S Engineering design processes are therefore created to meet the above mentioned human need .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of such engineering design processes is gathering pertinent information .
+A 1 2|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is essential in minimizing the problems that arise due to land scarcity in Singapore .
+
+S According to Khandani , " efforts spent searching for information about your problem...reveal facts about the problem...discover mistakes and false starts " , researching on the land scarcity problems can help one to prioritize by deciding on the more important infrastructure to build and strike a balance between social and economic needs .
+A 5 6|||R:ORTH|||Efforts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 24|||R:PUNCT|||. " Researching|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 26|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 44|||R:OTHER|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , high rise flats are built to help prevent overcrowding and sustaining the population while mega infrastructures like the Integrated Resort are for economic purposes .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:FORM|||to sustain|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By prioritizing , one can efficiently make use of scarce land material for maximal benefits .
+
+S The other process is the generation of multiple solutions .
+
+S According to Khandani , " creative abilities can be developed if one is willing to take risks and not afraid to tackle problems " , the lack of land is a challenging problem to the leaders of Singapore thus engineers have to come up with innovative solutions to tackle land scarcity .
+A 5 6|||R:ORTH|||Creative|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:VERB|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 25|||R:PUNCT|||. "|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:ORTH|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In Singapore , a few solutions have been carried out to help solve land scarcity issues .
+
+S Some of these solutions are Land reclamation , condensed structural landscapes and the construction of sky scrapers .
+A 5 6|||R:ORTH|||land|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the final processes is to analyse and select a solution .
+
+S According to Khandani , Ergonomics is crucial in the designing process because production of final products must not result in disaster .
+
+S For example , the construction of Nicole Highway initially resulted in injuries but after detailed analysis made by relevant experts , the final product is on its way to completion without casualty .
+
+S Construction of sky scrapers is relatively safe despite its height due to deep analytical insights in the construction of these buildings .
+A 8 9|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , the final products serve its purpose without imposing damage to the surroundings .
+
+S In conclusion , engineering design processes are generic as they can cater to all possible problems and help to benefit mankind greatly .
+
+S Land scarcity is a good example of the applications of all these processes .
+
+S Design or Accident
+
+S The naissance of all the greatest technologies and discoveries always have two different scenarios .
+
+S One is via research and the other is the result from some serendipitous discovery .
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But history shows us sometimes the fates of the two kinds of technologies birthed in different ways are also not the same .
+A 3 3|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||fate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 17|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The " designs " are thought highly by people at the beginning , though the importance of the " accidents " is realized much later .
+A 7 7|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Actually the major cases of engineering inventions coincide with the " design " way .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||majority|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many great technologies can be successfully designed should owning to people persistent effect , countless experiment plenty of precise analysis and a mass of sources .
+A 0 26|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Though it 's may just a matter of few second 's time for the final success of a new technology development , the process from its infancy to maturity can be very long and tough .
+A 2 3|||U:CONTR||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:VERB|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||seconds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the coming out of a technology people will , of course , show their high concern on it , because it already cost a lot .
+A 13 19|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Take the atomic weapon test as an example , decades years ago the military of USA intent to make use of the power of atomic , they employed a lot human and non-human sources to complete numerous experiment and test , plenty of money was spent to invite talented scientists and engineers to come to help them make the most powerful weapon all through the human 's history .
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||tried|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 25|||R:OTHER|||atomic power|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 27|||R:PUNCT|||. They|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 30|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 40|||R:OTHER|||experiments and tests|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 41|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 46 48|||R:OTHER|||on inviting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 62 65|||R:OTHER|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 66 69|||R:OTHER|||history|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to the information from Wikipedia " The Manhattan Project cost 2 billion dollar , this includes the cost of the two bombs used as well as the test bomb .
+A 2 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||dollars|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:TENSE|||included|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This would be about 23 billion US dollars today .
+
+S The development and production of the delivery device ( the B-29 ) cost more than the Manhattan Project .
+
+S " Then US treated this new technology as their most precious weapon , of course it was deserved .
+A 0 1|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||Therefore ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In many cases , the technology which was created via research will be thought much at the beginning .
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||highly of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Because of the completed and formal research process , like the atomic bomb , many others technology which was developed via research will draw people 's attention .
+A 3 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||other technologies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:SVA|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As we can see that during the process , people know its property , figure out its purpose , understand its advantage and disadvantage , at last master the way to make full use of it , we 'd feel more confident to take some more steps .
+A 4 5|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 24|||R:OTHER|||advantages and disadvantages|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 37|||R:OTHER|||and at last master the way to make full use of it .|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 47|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another reason is that some human and non-human sources have already been expended , and we do n't want to see these sources turn into nothing .
+A 0 2|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||governments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So the technology which is designed purposively will draw more attention .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:ADV|||purposefully|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In contrast , the second way to make things successful is totally different .
+
+S Sometimes people will get unexpectable outcomes from their experiment or research .
+A 4 5|||R:SPELL|||unexpected|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even some greatest discoveries come from accidents without any indication , for instance , the discovery of penicillin and the invention of gunpowder .
+A 2 2|||M:OTHER|||of the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN|||example|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Gunpowder is invented by an ancient Chinese alchemist accidently .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One day the guy wanted to find some medicine called elixir of immortality aiming to give people a permanent live .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN|||alchemist|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 20|||R:OTHER|||aimed at giving people immortality.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Dramatically , what he encountered was not the success of the magic drug , but an explosion and the birth of gunpowder .
+A 0 2|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:ORTH|||What|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the a bit foolish guy did n't set enough value on this great power as it should , so did n't the other Chinese people .
+A 3 7|||R:OTHER|||alchemist|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 19|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 24|||R:OTHER|||nor did|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Gunpowder did n't have a chance to step onto the stage of the history until the famous adventurer and merchant Marco Polo introduce it to Europe from China .
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:TENSE|||introduced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Only after that the world began to pay enough attention to this powerful chemical medicine gradually .
+A 3 3|||M:VERB|||did|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:ADV|||gradually|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Compared to the development of atomic bomb , the discovery of gunpowder is just an accident or something unexpectable that no one plans to make it realize before it really happen .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:SPELL|||unexpected|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:FORM|||planned|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 31|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In my opinion , this must be very crucial to explain why nobody attaches importance to this new technology at first .
+A 0 4|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 11|||R:OTHER|||This is very crucial in explaining|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S That 's to say , though , technologies like that may somehow change the world , it is not in people 's contemplation , time is needed for people to realize the existence of them and learn more about them .
+A 6 7|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 24|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 36|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Our world always improves along with the progress of technology step by step .
+A 0 1|||R:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S No matter whether their existence is a design or an accident , as long as it benefits us , that 's what we 'd like to see .
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 25|||R:OTHER|||society wants|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Gold will shine everywhere !
+A 0 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Embedding High Energy Efficiency into Engineering Design Products
+
+S In 2005 , one of the most dreadful news revealed that { Kuwait } [ HYPERLINK : http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait ] 's { Al Burqan Oil Field } [ HYPERLINK : http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Burqan_Oil_Field ] , which is the second largest oil field in the world will be depleted before the middle of this century ( AME Info , Inc. 2005 ) .
+A 3 8|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 35|||R:OTHER|||the Al Burquan Oil Field in Kuwait|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Meanwhile , the up-going oil price also indicates an undoubting truth that we are facing a tough challenge , energy crisis .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB|||increasing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 11|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||society is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to oxford English dictionary ( 2006 ) , engineering is defined as the " science , discipline , art and profession of acquiring and applying technical , scientific and mathematical knowledge to design and implement materials , structures , machines , devices , systems , and { processes } [ HYPERLINK : http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_ ( engineering ) ] that safely realize a desired objective or inventions .
+A 2 5|||M:DET|||the Oxford English Dictionary|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 50 60|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " Overwhelmed by the demand of energy , to increase the energy efficiency should be viewed as the priority of the desired objective or inventions of engineering design .
+A 5 6|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 11|||R:OTHER|||increasing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:OTHER|||or|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:OTHER|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:OTHER|||or|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Primarily , energy is the fundamental base for all human activities which exploit the nature to meet our needs .
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Without energy , the advantages of technology that we are enjoying now would vanish .
+
+S For example , if there was not sufficient fuel for automobile , then we would go back to the era of antiquity when walking and riding were the only means for transportation .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||automobiles|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Having a glimpse of our life now , we could not live without energy .
+
+S On the other hand , it is very irresponsible to squander the energy otherwise our posterity would face the consequences of our behaviours .
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , to maximize the energy efficiency should be taken into the priority of all the technology development so that human beings and the whole society will develop and move forward sustainably .
+A 2 5|||R:OTHER|||maximising|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||given|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 16|||R:OTHER|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , to take the energy efficiency in priority will prosper the engineering design process resulting from the multiple and more prudent choices of solutions .
+A 3 8|||R:OTHER|||give energy efficiency|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||UNK|||enrich|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 25|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is defined that there are five stages to solve an engineering design problem , " to define the problem , to gather pertinent information , to generate multiple solutions , to analyze and select a solution and to test and implement the solution " ( Khandani , 2005 ) .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:FORM|||solving|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If all the engineers are trying to design the technology with higher energy efficiency then they probably will gather more information , generate more efficient solutions as well as to select the solution which is more efficient .
+A 26 29|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||U:VERB:FORM||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S At the time when engineers take the energy usage into consideration , the design process is upgraded to higher standard , which meets our needs and fulfill the vital objective of engineering design for technology .
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 21|||R:OTHER|||a higher standard|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:VERB:INFL|||fulfills|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Specifically , when the engineers analyze the solutions after testing , they will compare the feasibility of all the solutions as well as the efficiency .
+
+S If all the solutions are capable solving the problem , then the one which is the most efficient should be chosen .
+A 6 6|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The real example is that people now are pro to hybrid gas-and-electric-powered automobile instead of the conventional ones .
+A 9 10|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||automobiles|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In one word , energy efficiency should be the prior concern for all the engineers due to its positive impacts on the design process .
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||a priority|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||impact|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Equipped with the high efficiency , all the innovations of engineering technology will be more dynamic and practical to meet our ever-increasing needs .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||the country 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S AME Info , Inc. ( 2005 , November 15 ) .
+
+S Kuwait 's biggest field starts to run out of oil .
+
+S Retrieved September 12 , 2009 , from { http : //www.ameinfo.com/pdfdocs/71519.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.ameinfo.com/pdfdocs/71519.pdf ]
+
+S Khandani , S. ( 2005 ) .
+
+S Engineering Design Process Education Transfer Plan .
+
+S Retrieved June 29 , 2009 , from { http : //www.iisme.org/etp/HS % 20Engineering- % 20Engineering.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.iisme.org/etp/HS % 20Engineering- % 20Engineering.pdf ]
+
+S Toshiba 's laptop and Microsoft 's operating systems are two technologies that are created under different conditions and environment .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||environments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Toshiba 's laptop is often known as a skunk work innovation whereas Microsoft 's , as a conventionally created product .
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||is known|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The key difference in these two products is the support they received during the creation process .
+
+S However , both are known to be successful creations .
+
+S The first difference is the lack of support for the creation of Toshiba 's laptop as compared to Microsoft 's operating system .
+
+S According to Rogers , due to the fact that Toshiba 's laptop creator Tetsuya Mizoguchi failed to convince his superiors in Toshiba to support his laptop project , he was not able to receive any research and development funds .
+A 38 39|||R:NOUN:NUM|||funding|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The funds would have been useful to help him cover the cost of production .
+
+S Furthermore , his superiors refused to assign experienced engineers to aid him .
+
+S ( 1 )
+
+S In comparison , although Bill Gates himself is the boss of Microsoft , he received much external support .
+
+S In January 1975 , the president of Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems ( MITS ) agreed to let Gates and his partner to develop a program for MITS new microcomputer .
+
+S It would be useless if there is no hardware for Gates ' program to work on .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With this , he went on to create new programs with the support of his entire team at Microsoft .
+
+S ( 2 )
+
+S The vision of these two innovators also differs .
+
+S Bill Gates ' way of running the business is largely monopolistic .
+
+S According the article ( 2 ) , Gates actually wrote to computer hobbyist demanding that they pay for the usage of his program so as to allow him to continue to write quality programs .
+A 1 1|||M:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||hobbyists|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In May 1998 , Microsoft is accused of abusing its monopoly power to keep rivals out of the market .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Its operating system is believed to favour Microsoft 's web browser and not other competing browsers like the Netscape Navigator and Opera .
+
+S ( 3 )
+
+S On the other hand , Mizoguchi idea was to create a laptop that is compatible with IBM 's platform despite the fact that they were competing for the same market share .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||Mizuguchi 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S He recognised that IBM is dominant at the time and it would be fair to the consumers to allow them to use IBM compatible peripheral Toshiba 's laptop .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||U:NOUN:POSS||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( 1 ) If Mizoguchi had done otherwise , we would probably have to buy only Toshiba 's laptop for its convenience .
+A 0 3|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 16|||R:OTHER|||only buy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Despite the difference in both technologies , there is actually one similarity between them .
+
+S That is , both are largely successful .
+
+S Mizoguchi , with his perseverance and determination , finally sold the highly demanded laptops in Europe .
+
+S By 1988 , Toshiba commanded almost half the market share in Japan , despite the fact that there were many competitors .
+
+S ( 1 )
+A 0 3|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Similarly for Microsoft , Gates rode on the success of IBM 's personal computer by becoming the full owner for a program that was written especially for IBM 's personal computer .
+A 19 20|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The program was then sold to IBM , without the copyright .
+
+S This had allowed them to be a monopoly in the industry .
+A 1 2|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , despite the fact that both skunk work and conventionally created technologies differ in environment where they are being produced , they will still be successful if their creators have the determination and are full of ideas .
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S * The Birth of the Laptop Computer at Toshiba by E.M. Rogers
+
+S * { http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates } [ HYPERLINK : http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates ]
+
+S * { http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Microsoft_antitrust_case } [ HYPERLINK : http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Microsoft_antitrust_case ]
+
+S The birth of new technologies and inventions came about in different forms and through different processes .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||come|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although the innovations maybe comparably similar , the conditions where they were created maybe totally different .
+A 3 4|||R:ORTH|||may be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:ORTH|||may be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S An example would be in the case of conventionally invented electric cars by General Motors and the first laptop that was invented in a skunk works environment by an engineer from Toshiba .
+A 4 5|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are certain differences and similarities between these two .
+
+S Differences like , risks involved , working environments , marketing strategies while similarities like the visions and goals of both innovations .
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The first difference between the two types of innovations is risks involvement and work stress .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||innovation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For conventionally generated technology , companies would select a team or department and assign tasks to them .
+
+S Then , they would set out to complete their tasks , without having to calculate the risks involved because these are what they are supposed to do .
+
+S For skunk works environment 's created technology , the person who suggested the innovation has to take very big risks because it is a project of his own , he was not supported by companies , only his own team .
+A 3 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 28|||R:OTHER|||their own project|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 38|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As said in Rogers ' article on the 'Birth of laptops ' , Tetstiya Mizoguchi , a Japanese technologist , disobeyed orders and risked his career for the sake of innovation-development which in the end , he succeed .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB|||mentioned|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 38|||R:OTHER|||was successful|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , risk taking is unavoidable in skunk works .
+
+S Secondly , the processes in which the new technology are designed and carried out between the two types of innovations are totally different .
+A 14 23|||R:WO|||are totally different between the two types of innovations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The electric car was researched and built by the R&D department from General Motors .
+
+S The team had full funding from the company to support their costs in researching and designing electric motor cars .
+
+S On the other hand , Tetstiya Mizoguchi who led the invention of the first laptop , had no team initially and was not funded by his company because his proposal of creating a laptop , was rejected by his company .
+
+S Therefore , people who are working under skunk works environment have to gather their own team and a substantial amount of money before they can actually start on their project .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||in a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As such , because of limited funds the team or individual have in skunk works , they possessed larger stress because they could not afford to fail .
+A 17 19|||R:OTHER|||have more|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:TENSE|||can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Because of disapprovals from companies , the working space for skunk works innovation is usually smaller and limited as compared to those who worked under companies to create new technology .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:INFL|||disapproval|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:TENSE|||work|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As said in Rogers ' article , Tetstiya Mizoguchi and his team went 'underground ' and work at a factory which was far away from the headquarters of Toshiba .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB|||mentioned|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:TENSE|||worked|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 29|||R:OTHER|||Toshiba 's headquarters|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , for skunk works innovations , people have to find their own team , funding , and workspace to carry out their project .
+
+S The third difference is the limitations of marketing .
+
+S For conventional innovations headed by big companies , they have their own marketing department to advertise and test their products .
+
+S They have the ability to make their products appealing to the public and attract them to test their prototypes .
+
+S In the case of the creation of electric motor cars by General Motors written by Rogers , General Motors had gone to the extent of putting advertisements on the newspaper and came out with marketing campaigns to publicise their new product .
+A 3 3|||M:NOUN|||study|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:VERB:TENSE|||went|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 30|||R:OTHER|||in newspapers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the contrary , products or technology created from skunk works environment do have the capabilities to roll out massive campaigns to advertise due to the lack of funds .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:ADV|||not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They had to depend on their own network to publicise their product and introduce their prototypes to the public .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Comparing the two articles written by Rogers , the target group for skunk works prototypes testing usually started small , and then eventually became bigger as more people accept the product ; whereas in the case of conventionally created products , the target group is very large in the beginning due to large scale marketing campaigns .
+A 28 29|||R:VERB:TENSE|||accepted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The similarity between the innovations created under different environments is that both had wanted to come out with solutions to solve problems that were present .
+A 12 13|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the case of Toshiba first laptop invention , Tetstiya Mizoguchi wanted to solve the problem which most Japanese companies faced , the crowded offices which prevented the usage of more desktops due to the lack of space ; while , electric motor cars were created to lessen pollution .
+A 5 5|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , for innovations by conventions or skunk works environment , there are various differences and similarities between them , but at the end of the day , both produced products that helped to solve problems and bring benefits to the people in the world .
+A 3 20|||UNK|||there are various differences and similarities between conventional or skunk works innovations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 30|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 33|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 44|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In 1943 , Abraham Maslow published a theory on what he believes is the hierarchy of needs of people .
+A 9 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In his study , he defined five stages of needs ; they are , in descending order of importance , physiological , safety , love and belonging , esteem and finally self-actualization.1 In view of the world today , we engineers should tackle the most important human need that needs the most urgent attention .
+A 31 32|||R:OTHER|||self-actualization .|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 40|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 48 54|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is of course one of our basic physiological needs , water , which is imperative in sustaining lives , especially in harsh environments .
+A 18 20|||R:OTHER|||life .|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 24|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The five stage engineering design process , as proposed by Khandani , will guide us in making solutions that solve this problem .
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||engineers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S 2
+A 0 1|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Potable water , the source of life , has become the largest demand in third world countries .
+A 10 13|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Drinking water that has not been treated clean can lead to life threatening diseases .
+A 7 8|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to the World Health Organization report in the year 2000 , Africa , home to a population of 784 million people , faces dire shortages of clean and disease free , drinking water .
+A 31 32|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S 3 Furthermore , it is the continent with the least supply of potable water .
+A 0 1|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nearly 48 % of its human population has no immediate access to water supplies .
+
+S This is clearly a problem that needs to be addressed as soon as possible .
+
+S According to Khandani , the first step is to define the problem of the water shortage in Africa .
+
+S It is important that engineer realize the true need of the problem , so as to waste resources on a solution that does not work .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||engineers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||UNK|||root|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:ADV|||not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , one may think of solving the water shortage by building desalination plants throughout the coast of Africa , but only to realize that he or she did not address the problem it at all .
+A 21 22|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Because the water shortage may not lie in the quantity of water , but rather , lies in the ease of access to potable water in Africa .
+A 15 17|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , the first stage of the engineering design process has to be thought out carefully .
+
+S The second step is to research on the shortage of potable water .
+A 6 7|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Engineers have to understand why current technology has failed to solve the water shortage , and the oversights engineers of the previous technology .
+A 18 18|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , a company has produced " LifeStraw " , a portable device that processes safe drinkable water to by removing microscopic bacteria through its filters .
+A 19 20|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S 4 Something like this may seem like a godsend to the people of Africa , but quickly follows its downfall is its cost and the problem of transportation of filtered water .
+A 0 1|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S 5 Therefore , a thorough understanding of the limitations of technology can guide engineers to invent a product that fulfills all criteria of the need .
+A 0 1|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 25|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The third step is to brainstorm various solutions to water shortage in Africa .
+
+S Khandani believes that engineers must be creative in this thought process .
+
+S Engineers have to develop solutions that fit the bill , adhering to the requirements of the water shortage .
+
+S Subsequently , in the forth step , they would have to rate and outweigh all of their ideas and determine the best one to implement .
+A 4 5|||R:ADJ|||fourth|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This ensures that the human need is given the best solution based on their environment .
+A 0 16|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly , the fifth step is to make and test the developed technology .
+
+S This allows engineers to troubleshoot problems in the device and make changes prior to production .
+
+S This ensures the product meets expectations of the problem .
+A 6 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In a nutshell , we can see how the five stages of engineering design introduced by Khandani can help engineers plan and develop solutions to solving the water shortage in Africa , thereby saving countless lives in dire need of safe drinking water .
+A 4 8|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Bibliography
+
+S 1Janet A. Simons , Donald B. Irwin and Beverly A. Drinnien , " Abraham Maslow 's Hierarchy of needs " , West Publishing Company ( 1987 ) , New York .
+
+S { http : //honolulu.hawaii.edu/intranet/committees/FacDevCom/guidebk/teachtip/maslow.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //honolulu.hawaii.edu/intranet/committees/FacDevCom/guidebk/teachtip/maslow.htm ]
+
+S 2 Khandani Seyyed , " Engineering design process " ( 2005 ) .
+
+S Retrieved June 29 , 2009 , { http : //www.iisme.org/etp/HS % 20Engineering- % 20Engineering.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.iisme.org/etp/HS % 20Engineering- % 20Engineering.pdf ]
+
+S 3 Len Abrams , " Water for basic needs " , Commissioned by the World Health Organisation as input to 1st World Water Development Report , { http : //www.africanwater.org/basic_needs.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.africanwater.org/basic_needs.htm ]
+
+S 4 Lifestraw by Torben Vestergaard-Frandsen .
+
+S { http : //www.vestergaard-frandsen.com/lifestraw.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.vestergaard-frandsen.com/lifestraw.htm ]
+
+S 5BBC News , " New straw to kill disease as you drink " , May 2006 , { http : //news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4967452.stm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4967452.stm ]
+
+S Date back to 1943 , one of the team engineers in Lockheed Martin Corporation , Irv Curler answered a call by saying " Skonk Works , inside man Culver speaking " when the secret project of P-80 Shooting Star jet fighter was being carried out .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||Back in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:OTHER|||while working on the secret project P-80 Shooting Star jet fighter ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 46|||R:OTHER|||. "|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The name was soon adopted for usage in engineering , business and technical field to describe small group of people with working on secret projects .
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( How Skunkworks Got Its Name , par.2 ) Skunkworks have been a huge contributor for our invention for many decades .
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , skunkworks drive comparable innovation to conventionally generated technology .
+A 4 5|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In comparison with conventionally generated technology , skunkworks have minimal management constraints .
+
+S Therefore they are often used to roll out a product research before it is developed according to usual business processes .
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With minimal management constraints , inventors are given freedom to research on the area they want .
+A 11 12|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S While everyone takes Macintosh as a classic example of skunkworks , Facebook was created under the same circumstances .
+
+S Facebook was started off as a small networking site for college students , which slowly extend to be the most popular networking site globally .
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||extended|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 25|||R:OTHER|||global networking site|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the help of his few roommates , Mark created Facebook with limited resources .
+A 4 5|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , Mark was given the freedom to develop the program .
+
+S With no management pressure , Mark can add on any application on Facebook , which soon turn out to be the main ingredient in fueling up its success .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||could|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:TENSE|||turned|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As mentioned , skunkworks are always lack of resources , which funding ranked first out of others .
+A 4 5|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 17|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a start-up , Facebook did n't have the funding which its competitor , Myspace has .
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the history suggests , Myspace has everything in control when they first launched , including funding .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 10|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The site was designed by the experienced eUniverse engineers .
+
+S ( Myspace , History ; par.2 ) Unlike Facebook , Myspace used its resources to push its program to the masses .
+
+S Thus , they get instant popularity in the beginning .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||got|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , Facebook trounced Myspace recently , setting its user number to a record high .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||numbers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Clearly can be seen , skunkworks are no loser to conventional technology despite funding problems .
+A 0 4|||R:OTHER|||It can clearly be seen that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S While conventionally generated technology are opened to public , skunkworks undertake secret project .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||projects|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Before Facebook was created , Mark hacked into Harvard School system to get the information of all the students while others are sleeping soundly .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 24|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S He posted the information up on a site called Facemash which paired photos of undergraduates with the visitors .
+
+S ( Facebook , History ; par .
+
+S 1 ) Soon Harvard yanked Mark 's connection .
+
+S Nevertheless , Mark did n't stop right there .
+
+S Instead , he scarified his sleeping time to program another program to replace Facemash , which is Facebook we all are using today .
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S He started off the program alone without opening it to public before it was launced .
+
+S While Myspace took a different approach to show the public what they were doing .
+A 0 1|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The reason lies beneath could be the confidence Myspace had over their program because of the size of their resources which Facebook did n't have .
+A 1 4|||R:OTHER|||underlying reason|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although there are many differences between skunkworks and conventional technology , both of them drive innovation in the same way as the other .
+
+S Despite the fact that the approaches they take are obviously different , they share the same goal , which is to innovate the future products .
+A 22 23|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Either Facebook or Myspace , we can use them to share information without borders .
+A 4 10|||R:OTHER|||can be used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They are competing between each other by introducing new features .
+A 3 4|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thereby , the healthy competition between both parties should improve one another .
+
+S In conclusion , innovation that was created in a skunkworks environment is comparable to conventionally generated technology .
+
+S Sources :
+
+S 1 .
+
+S How Skunkworks Got Its Name ;
+
+S http : //www.lockheedmartin.com/aeronautics/skunkworks/name.html
+
+S 2 .
+
+S Myspace , History ; http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace
+
+S 3 .
+
+S Facebook , History ; http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook
+
+S Energy problems --- urgent for engineers to solve
+
+S One of the few positive impacts arose by Iraq war is that governments as well as individuals came into awareness of how our dependence on oil , gas and other petrol products can trap us into serious situation once the supply of petrol is limited .
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||that arose from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 10|||M:DET|||the Iraq War|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 20|||R:OTHER|||became aware|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:OTHER|||people 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:OTHER|||people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 36|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , the importance of finding new , sustainable and eco-friendly energy sources is now aware by people .
+A 2 18|||R:OTHER|||people are now aware of the importance of finding new , sustainable and eco-friendly energy sources .|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For solving this problem , no one else is more suitable than engineers .
+
+S Indeed , the utmost purpose for the existence of engineers is to improve the living standard and satisfy the higher requirements of human beings by creating or improving the products used in daily life .
+A 13 16|||R:OTHER|||living standards|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In daily life , energy supply is so important because almost all the human activities , like cooking , working , heating and even water supply can not work normally without electricity , and the emerging energy shortage is impossible to solve without the development of new energy source .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 48 50|||R:OTHER|||sources|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , government should give priority to the research of economy , environmental-friendly and sustainable energy .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:MORPH|||economics|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The basic steps for engineers to find new energy is shown as below .
+A 11 12|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For engineers to discover the suitable sort of energy , firstly , it is essential to have a clear definition and criteria of the problem and to gather enough relevant information .
+A 4 8|||UNK|||f|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A clear definition instructs engineers the direction in which their research is going on ( Khandani , p6 , 2005 ) .
+A 5 5|||M:PREP|||as to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Explicit criteria are vital in making and selecting solutions ( Khandani , p9 , 2005 ) .
+
+S And knowing more of the information makes our design process more effectively ( Khandani , p10 , 2005 ) .
+A 3 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:MORPH|||effective|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this case , the definition statement is : New energy sources : energy sources except the fossil fuel have a reasonable price , are sustainable and belong to green energy .
+A 4 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||can be defined as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||excluding|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 19|||R:OTHER|||fossil fuels|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The criteria are : the new energy should be safe ; the energy should be sustainable ; the energy should not create pollution ; the price of the energy should be acceptable .
+A 24 24|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Then , engineers have to list down all the solutions and select the ones that satisfy the criteria .
+A 6 7|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When judge a new energy , the engineers have to think about the questions , such as " Is the energy able to replace petrol ?
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:FORM|||judging|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " , " What are the advantages of this kind of energy in the market ?
+
+S " , " Is the energy easy to explore ?
+
+S " , " Is it safe to use ?
+
+S " and " Does it have any potential problems ? " .. .
+A 11 13|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Next , after deciding the best solution , engineers have to test it to make sure that the solution can give the expected results .
+
+S They have to compare the new energy with the new energy that is discovered at the same period to see which is better ( Khandani , p21 , 2005 ) .
+
+S The energy crisis appears to be increasingly serious as human beings ' consumption keep increasing while the increase in energy supply is slow .
+A 10 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:SVA|||keeps|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since engineers are the most important in discovering new energy sources and the aim of their work is to meet people 's needs , they should give priority to the development of new energy .
+A 3 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference :
+
+S Khandani , S. Ph.D. 2005 .
+
+S Engineering Design Process .
+
+S Since 2000 , our government has been driving Singapore towards a Knowledge-based Economy .
+
+S On one hand , much effort and fund has been put into our education system to prepare our people for the Knowledge-based Economy .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||funding|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , Singapore has always been encouraging companies , regardless of their size , to do more in Research and Development ( R&D ) .
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||encouraged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The reason for doing these is our government has realised the importance of R&D in our progress as a nation .
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||Singapore 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although much effort and fund has been spent on R&D , some problems still exist to significantly hinder engineering design processes for innovations .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||funding|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The first problem that hinders engineering design processes for innovations is the great influence of monetary profit .
+A 12 13|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The technology , which is selected to be commercialised by corporate manufacturers , must offer the greatest profits to the corporate manufacturers .
+
+S Therefore , in most cases , the technology that is selected is usually not the technology with the most advantages to the consumers .
+
+S For example , it is the commercialisation of the humming electric refrigerator .
+
+S In the past , around 1930 , there were two prototype refrigerators .
+A 0 5|||U:OTHER|||Around|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One was the electric refrigerator .
+
+S The other one was gas refrigerator .
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||the gas refrigeratorr|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Gas refrigerator did not produce the humming sound and had overwhelming advantages over the electric refrigerator .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||refrigerators|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||refrigerators|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But , electric refrigerator was selected over gas refrigerator because General Electric believed that larger profit can be made from the electric refrigerator .
+A 1 2|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:TENSE|||could|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is understandable because the main purpose of corporate manufacturers in their investment in R&D is for profit .
+
+S Because of such influence , it affects the commercial , diffusion and adoption stages of the engineering design process .
+A 1 2|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is because the corporate companies will chose to promote the innovation , which will bring the most profit to them , to the public .
+
+S Thus , many great innovations have been destroyed prematurely because of its lack of promotion to the public .
+A 11 12|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The second problem that hinders engineering design processes for innovations is that we , Singaporeans , are not as creative as our counterparts , such Americans , Japanese and Taiwanese .
+A 12 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:OTHER|||for example the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is because , in the past , our education system was more exam-oriented and theory-based learning .
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||theoretical.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , we only applied our knowledge in examination , without applying it in real-life situations .
+A 2 7|||R:OTHER|||knowledge was only applied|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||examinations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There was not much need and opportunity to think and act creatively .
+
+S However , in recent years , our government has been actively promoting creative thinking in us .
+A 6 7|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , it is the project work in junior college .
+
+S In project work , it will post real life problems to the students .
+
+S Thus , students are supposed to think of creative solutions to solve these problems .
+
+S Although the plans that promote creative thinking in us have been started years ago , it is still in its initial stage .
+A 7 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , it will take time for the plan to take its full effect .
+
+S In conclusion , some problems may significantly hinder engineering design processes for innovations , but Singapore is trying its best to solve these problems .
+
+S In addition , in this imperfect world , engineers are always solving the arising problems to make a better world .
+A 12 15|||R:OTHER|||problems that arise|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A problem will not last infinitely , it will be solved eventually .
+
+S Problems hamper innovations in engineering design in China
+
+S Over the last couples of years , with the developing of China , all industries , especially manufacturing industry , are developing into a large scale .
+A 9 10|||R:MORPH|||development|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , it is strange that not so much big companies like Lenovo and Haier exist with such a large-scale industry and such a large home market .
+A 8 9|||R:ADJ|||many|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Instead , millions of small companies are operating their small business everywhere , and large transnational corporations are enjoying their profit in Chinese market .
+A 22 22|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S How come ?
+
+S I think it is because of lacking innovations in engineering designs .
+
+S Many companies , especially the small ones , are following others ' steps to design and manufacture their products , expecting some profits in the market are still there , left for them .
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||each other 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 30|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Then , another question rise : what hamper innovations in engineering design ?
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||arises ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||hampers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I think there are two primary reasons , high costs in engineering design with relatively low rewards and unsatisfying engineering education system .
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , many companies lack money to support innovations in their product design .
+
+S As I mentioned , many manufacturing companies in China are running their business in a small-scale .
+A 13 14|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S What they manage to do is making their designs slight different from other similar ones , which make their products quite elastic in the market .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:FORM|||to make|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:MORPH|||slightly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:SVA|||makes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These companies have to take the price from the market , which indicates a meagre profit .
+
+S And that is why they do not have enough money .
+
+S For most case , the circle continues until they shut down .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||In most cases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , even if companies have enough money to support innovative design , they may not do so .
+
+S In Chinese emerging market , not all invests in innovation are rewarding .
+A 1 3|||R:OTHER|||the emerging Chinese|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:MORPH|||investments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Instead , just following others is proved to be more profitable sometimes .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another group of companies are manufacturing products for large transnational corporations , which do not care about design .
+
+S Secondly , the engineering education is not focusing so much on innovation but memorizing .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This limits engineers ' ideas when they are designing products .
+
+S Thus , engineers are more likely to use the similar module that they learn in school or university instead of bothering to consider another , perhaps a better , way .
+
+S According to Dr. Seyyed Khandani , five steps for solving engineering problems are :
+
+S * Define the problem
+
+S 2 .
+
+S Gather pertinent information
+
+S 3 .
+
+S Generate multiple solutions
+
+S 4 .
+
+S Analyze and select a solution
+
+S 5 .
+
+S Test and implement the solution
+
+S However , many engineers educated in universities usually focus more on how to get a solution using formulas and laws .
+
+S Other steps are neglected unfortunately .
+A 3 5|||R:OTHER|||unfortunately neglected.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Behind prosperity of the products " made in China " during the last few years , it is lack of innovations in products of Chinese local manufacture companies .
+A 16 17|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 21|||R:OTHER|||the lack of innovation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:VERB:FORM|||manufacturing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And the main reasons why we lack innovation are high costs and low rewards of innovation in China and unsatisfying engineering education system .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||The mains|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I hope things are starting to change now .
+A 0 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The common challenges faced by every developed and developing countries are the daily demands for improvement in various areas , be it economy , infrastructure or even society .
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nation building is never easy ; hence governments worldwide engage specialists , engineers in particular , for assistance .
+
+S Engineers plying their trades in Singapore , however , will face two major problems amidst the common obstacles , in which they are potentially critical in the future development of the city-state .
+A 14 20|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Singapore , besides being famous for its airport and topping many surveys for the best , most recently named as the best place for business by the World Bank , it is also famous because of its size despite being termed as a " developed country " .
+A 9 47|||R:OTHER|||most recently named as the best place for business by the World Bank , is also famous because of its size|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , local engineers encounter their first major test in their quest : limited land spaces .
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||space|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With just 647 square kilometres of land area , it has always been an essential as well as historical issue for the country 's development .
+
+S Land limitation greatly reduces the range of technological advances local engineers can create in our country .
+
+S For example , lack of wide drainage areas force us to adapt building waste water reclamation plants instead , which admittedly drew ridicule from our neighbouring countries .
+
+S Despite plans ongoing to build a third plant , we are still rather reliant on Malaysia for the sale of water .
+A 1 3|||R:WO|||ongoing plans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||Singapore is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reclamation of land from the ocean was also limited due to sensitivity border issues , thus hindering any designs that require huge spaces .
+A 12 12|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Burning of waste materials hence provide our major source of energy instead of bulky power plants .
+
+S Past engineering miracles in housing now require an upgrade in innovation and design due to the cultural shift in our society , as the younger generation now demands quality unlike the past , when the more crucial task is providing a roof for every citizen .
+A 38 39|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There is another common global issue , especially worst in Japan , and that is the ageing population crisis in Singapore .
+A 7 8|||R:ADV|||much|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:ADJ:FORM|||worse|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The entry into the 21st century provides the world with a whole new set of problems : pandemic flu , terrorism and the emergence of a group of senior citizens .
+A 0 2|||U:DET|||Entry|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Singapore has no chance of avoiding it as it also experienced a post war 'baby boom ' period during the 1960s .
+
+S A new research report revealed that Singapore is set to be the world 's third- fastest ageing nation , as the proportion of those aged 65 and above will double to 20 per cent in 2020 .
+
+S ( The Straits Times , June 28 , 2008 ) Adding on to this problem Singapore , being a small country , has always faced a talent crisis .
+A 11 12|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Low birth rates coupled with the outflow of local talents force the government to resort to adopting a foreign talent scheme in order to increase the talent pool in the city .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||talent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:MORPH|||forces|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S An ageing population creates a new dilemma to engineers working on their designs , because they have to rebuild or edit all their past creations so as to be 'elderly-friendly ' , a phenomenon unheard of during the early days of nation building .
+
+S This will be a somewhat testing task as they can not rely on any past references in Singapore , so any designs will be a risk taken by them .
+
+S These two new obstacles in the 21st century will prove to be a huge challenge to the new generation of engineers in Singapore .
+
+S However , as what our short Singapore history has shown , we have faced countless daunting tasks and have proven to be up to the mark ; therefore it will be no doubt our engineers will strive and succeed in their tasks ahead .
+A 2 3|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 7|||R:OTHER|||Singapore 's short|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||R:OTHER|||is that it has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 28|||R:OTHER|||. Therefore ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 31|||R:OTHER|||there is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The problems that affect the engineering design
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nowadays we are living in a fast developing world which provides not only abundant goods but also convenient and functional productions .
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||production|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S People 's increasing desire for higher living qualities push our engineers to work on designing new things .
+
+S While , things does not get on as it seems to be .
+
+S Many negative factors exert on the processes for innovations that significantly hamper the design .
+A 0 15|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Now focus on the things in my home country , China , there are two main factors : the overflow of copying and lack of money .
+A 6 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The overflow of copying is a serious phenomenon especially in China .
+
+S When a famous company releases a new product , some small companies or just workshops will soon copy the design of the product and sell " their products " at a much lower price .
+A 13 14|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , the customers may take both product as the same and the " fake " ones are more attractive with incredible price .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB|||view|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||products|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To design and produce a new product , the company will spend a lot of money and a lot of time .
+A 0 21|||R:OTHER|||A company will spend a lot of money and a lot of time designing and producing a new product.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The engineers keep working and working , trial and error , wishing to invent a best seller and have a good benefit .
+A 18 22|||R:OTHER|||to generate a lot of profit|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S While , the workshops who simply copy the design just do the procedure directly with low prime cost .
+A 0 4|||U:OTHER|||Workshops|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:PRON|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||costs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Usually customers will not discriminate the products and they consider the price as the main point .
+A 5 5|||M:PREP|||between|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After the great effort , the company will not receive the benefit as they wish , which will definitely cool down their desire to innovate .
+A 1 3|||R:OTHER|||all their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN|||profit|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , the overflow of copying really hamper the processes for innovation .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||hampers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The second factor is lack of money .
+
+S For most companies in China , they are still on the pace of development .
+A 11 12|||UNK|||path|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They badly need to focus on the mature products to accumulate the property .
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||UNK|||wealth|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It seems too extravagant to pay for the designing .
+A 9 9|||M:OTHER|||of the product.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Yet the innovation is full of risk which may push the company to the edge of cliff .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When the company makes the decision to design new products , nobody is sure whether they can really make it come true in a relatively short period .
+
+S Just like gambling , company bet all what they have on the future .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this way , the lack of money actually affect the stage of process for innovation .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:SVA|||affects|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Everyone is afraid of losing money on innovation , then , no new designs will come out and our world will not develop .
+A 0 1|||M:PREP|||If everyone|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The condition is still stern for most of China .
+
+S The government can do little on the copying incidents .
+A 5 6|||R:PREP|||about|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These small workshops usually hide in remote areas and produce their products secretly .
+
+S The poor quality of products hamper the interests of customers and yet affect the fame of the famous company .
+A 11 12|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN|||reputation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is hopeful that government will invest money in the projects with good prospect .
+A 0 4|||R:OTHER|||Hopefully|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||prospects|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Development of Nuclear Technology
+
+S Since USSR 's Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant was established on June 27th 1954 , nuclear power has becoming one of the most important energy resources in the world .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:FORM|||become|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By 2007 , an estimated of 14 % of the global electricity come from nuclear reactions according to the International Atomic Energy Agency .
+A 5 6|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:FORM|||came|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And due to the ever increasing consumption of oil and its limited reserves , it is predicted that there would be a further surge for nuclear energy .
+A 0 1|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||Due|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nuclear power was first discovered scientist in 19th century .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||by scientists|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 9|||M:DET|||the 19th Century|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They realized that heavy nuclei , which were unstable , would undergo fission if collided with highly energetic particles to gain stability .
+
+S In this process , a certain amount of energy would be released because of the decrease in the total mass of the products and reactants .
+
+S Since the equation governing this change is E = mc ^ 2 , an enormous amount of energy could be released even if there is an only a tiny amount of change in the mass .
+
+S In addition , no byproducts will be produced .
+
+S As a result , it is perceived as an alternative of liable energy resources .
+A 8 8|||M:VERB|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the development of nuclear power is greatly affected by non-technical issues , namely military , political and economical factors .
+
+S Recently , Iran and North Korea are facing sanctions from various countries and continent because of their nuclear development .
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||have been facinghave faced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Both countries are accused of possessing nuclear weapons which would present a great threat to the world .
+
+S In this case , it clearly presented how political factors structured the advancement of important technology like nuclear power .
+A 0 7|||R:OTHER|||This case clearly presents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In North Korea 's case , they started the development of nuclear technology because of the raise of tension with South Korea .
+A 16 18|||R:OTHER|||increased|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , they regarded nuclear development as a way to sort out the disputes over policies .
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S At the same time , Iran makes use of nuclear power to resist American policies and its influence in the region as well .
+A 21 23|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For nations like Iran and North Korea , the development of nuclear power is mainly determined by the political forces .
+A 17 18|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is employed as a means to achieve certain political goals whereas the technical aspects are inferior .
+
+S Despite the political impact on the nuclear technologies in the less developed world , military forces are likely to exert a similar impact on development of nuclear power in those more developed countries .
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , the US military force considers nuclear power as viable source to provide energy for the military uses .
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:MORPH|||use|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Due to logistic reason combined with the unstoppable depletion rate , scientists in the United State is diverting most of their funding into research of how to make nuclear power as a readily mobile and less dangerous energy source for military uses .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reasons|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 42|||R:NOUN:NUM|||use|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the recent innovation and development have showed the impact of political , military and other social factors .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , they are likely to exert a greater influence in the future .
+
+S As the development of technology , the abilities of innovation have becoming more and more important all over the world .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Similar to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 9|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has become|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order to survive and develop in the competitive world , it is crucial for not only many countries but also the individuals to fully develop the process for innovations .
+A 19 19|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to Rogers ( 2003 , the generation of innovation ) , there are six main stages of this process , namely the needs and problems , research , development , commercialization , diffusion and adoption and the stage of consequences .
+A 5 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , in some countries there are still many problems which restrict the development of these stages .
+
+S Take China as example ; there are two main problems in hampering the development of innovation .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First of all , the education system has great effects on the process of recognizing the problems or needs which is the fundamental stage of innovation-development process .
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||a big effect|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is true that the Chinese special education system has excellent achievements in laying the solid foundations of knowledge and skills which are also very important in doing the deeper researches and studies , but the lack of flexibility and creativeness of Chinese education-system is still a big problem .
+A 6 7|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 12|||R:OTHER|||excels|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 30|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:MORPH|||research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 42|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 44|||R:NOUN|||education system|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , many students get used to accepting the information in the references without thinking and investigating by themselves .
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 15|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Consequently , it becomes quite difficult for them to discover the potential problems even when they try to to do it .
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:VERB:FORM||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , Innovation requires students to develop the ability of discovering problems instead of easily satisfying with the current situations or just following the rules .
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||being easily satisfied|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||situation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , most of the famous inventions or significant scientific discoveries are based on the ability of questioning .
+A 4 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If Watt did not realize the shortcomings of the traditional streamer , the age of stream may be can not come so fast .
+A 16 18|||R:ORTH|||maybe|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 21|||R:OTHER|||would not have been invented|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If Galileo did not challenge and simply accepted the statements presented by Aristotle thousands years ago , people may still not realize the nature of free fall motion for a long time .
+A 6 6|||M:VERB:TENSE|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 22|||R:OTHER|||not have realized|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Without the awareness of recognizing or discovering the problems , the innovation process can not proceed smoothly .
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition to the education problems , the economic development is also one of the important limitations for China .
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S General speaking , the success of innovation needs a lot of premises .
+A 11 12|||UNK|||prerequisites|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Not only the human resources , but also the financial resources have impacts on the development of innovation .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||an impact|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The implementation of many big projects or innovations requires large amounts of economic foundation .
+A 13 14|||UNK|||support|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Indeed , the economy of China is accelerating at high speed recently .
+A 11 12|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , it is really hard to meet all the needs of the rapid innovation-development in the past .
+A 15 18|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Comparing with some developed countries , China still can not provide large amounts of financial aids in encouraging and supporting scientists and engineers in doing the process of research and putting these innovations into practice .
+A 0 1|||R:VERB:FORM|||Compared|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 20|||R:OTHER|||aid to encourage and support|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 30|||M:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In a nutshell , for the importance of developing the processes for innovation , it is quite necessary to solve these existing problems nowadays .
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Only if China try to minimize these potential limitations , will the innovation-development processes success and flourish .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||tries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:MORPH|||succeed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Comparison between Penicillin technology and In-vitro fertilization technology
+
+S Penicillin is a type of antibiotic that is used against bacterial infections .
+
+S It is a serendipitous discovery made by Alexander Fleming from a petri-dish with bacteria left behind from his experiments when he went for a holiday .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In-vitro fertilization is the process of making fertilization of eggs with sperms outside the womb of the mother and the technique is invented through researches .
+A 6 9|||R:OTHER|||fertilizing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||sperm|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||R:OTHER|||. The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:MORPH|||research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many may think that serendipitous discoveries are just by luck , but through the comparison of penicillin and in-vitro fertilization , we will realize that serendipitous discoveries are just as complex and impactful as technologies created through research .
+A 21 24|||R:OTHER|||it can be seen|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There is a distinctive difference in the aims and the expected results achieved for the experiments that resulted in penicillin and in-vitro fertilization due to the element of luck .
+
+S Rogers ( 2003 ) suggested that researches with the objective of providing solutions for one problem might result in solutions that are useful for another problem .
+A 6 7|||R:MORPH|||research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Indeed , for the case of penicillin , Fleming did not anticipate the discovery of penicillin , a type of antibiotics , when he was making researches on the characteristics of bacteria .
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||antibiotic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 27|||R:OTHER|||doing research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , In-vitro fertilization is researched upon and invented with the primarily objective of conceiving babies outside the wombs of mothers .
+A 5 6|||R:ORTH|||in-vitro|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , there is a difference in the objectives of the two experiments in the setup - one set and achieved its goals and the other , set goals but achieved other results .
+
+S However , despite the difference in the expected results of the experiments leading to the discovery of penicillin and in-vitro fertilization , the environments in which both technologies were developed and the processes taken are similar .
+
+S Fleming did his experiments in his laboratory as he was a professor in a hospital .
+
+S Likewise , Carl Wood ( founder of in-vitro fertilization ) and various other scientists did their experiments on the in-vitro fertilization techniques on egg cells in laboratories too .
+
+S After the discovery of anti-bacteria substance , Fleming did his researches to improve on the results just like what the researchers for In-vitro fertilization did .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||an anti-bacterial|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:MORPH|||research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:ORTH|||in-vitro|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Both the technologies have to go through laboratory testing and many other processes before the final formula is derived .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , both the technologies are developed in a laboratory environment with sufficient equipments for their testing and both requires extra steps even after discovering the correct method of making the technology .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||equipment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:TENSE|||required|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , both the technologies are developed not only by the person who founded the technology .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:ADV|||just|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Penicillin was actually extracted successfully from the fungus by Ernst Chain .
+
+S ( " Alexander Fleming " , Wikipedia ) Also , in-vitro fertilization would not be successful if not for other researchers such as John Rock , Patrick Steptoe and Robert Edwards besides Carl Wood .
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||In addition|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:OTHER|||it were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( " In vitro fertilization " , Wikipedia )
+
+S Furthermore , both penicillin and in-vitro fertilization have similar impacts on mankind .
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||a similar impact|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They both brought benefits to people in the medical field .
+A 1 1|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Penicillin can cure bacterial infections while in-vitro fertilization can increase the chance of pregnancy .
+
+S Penicillin reduces death , while in-vitro fertilization helps to increase the possibility of creating a new life .
+
+S Thus , in terms of the effects they brought for the people , they are similar in enhancing the life of mankind .
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , even though penicillin 's discovery was accidental , we can see from the comparison of the two technologies that the invention is actually comparable to those developed by researches .
+A 11 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:OTHER|||it can be seen|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:NOUN:NUM|||research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The developments of both technologies are similar in terms of the complexity of the processes and the impacts of the technologies are equivalent .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||development|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||impact|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many countries are stepping into the Greying Societies .
+A 3 8|||R:OTHER|||faced with the problem of an aging population|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the elder population grows larger and larger , the burden on the younger generation and government becomes greater and greater .
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some people say that public spending on the aged should be limited so that money can be diverted to other areas of the country 's development .
+
+S I think the government can carry out positive policies to limit the money spent on the elderly indirectly .
+A 5 7|||R:VERB|||implement|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Encouraging the later retirement and giving out subsidies based on the financial need are efficient ways to lessen the amount of money spent on the growing population of the aged .
+A 17 18|||R:VERB|||reduce|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Government has to limit the money given to the elderly for the reason that the expanded population of the elderly can lead to serious problems in economy , society and productivity .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 14|||R:OTHER|||because|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Spending increase for the aged will surely reduce the country 's total deposits and thus reduce the general social investment , imposing a negative impact on the sustainable , coordinated , steady and fast development of the nation 's economy .
+
+S ( { http : //bbs.chinadaily.com.cn/redirect.php ? gid = 2&fid = 6&tid = 58116 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //bbs.chinadaily.com.cn/redirect.php ? gid = 2&fid = 6&tid = 58116 ] &goto = nextoldset ) Encouraging the later retirement is a effective method to solve this problem .
+A 34 35|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First of all , it is good for employers .
+
+S As the aging population becomes larger , more people retire than the usual .
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It can be predicted that more people will leave their work and fewer people can enter .
+A 16 16|||M:OTHER|||the work force|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If people can retire at a later time , the company can keep a balance of the work force .
+
+S Furthermore , longer work lives can certainly increase the productivity of the nation .
+
+S On one hand , the elderly can feed themselves without the pension from the government .
+
+S On the other hand , the amount of the tax will go up as the productivity increases .
+A 14 15|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the government can give out more benefits .
+
+S This method is used by the countries which are confronted with the aging problem , for example , China , Canada .
+
+S Now it is accepted and used by more countries .
+
+S Giving out subsidies based on the financial need is another policy that government can make to reduce the pressure and burden .
+
+S Not all the elderly people need the help from the government .
+
+S For some people , they save enough money when they are young or they can still make their livings as they are old or they are supported by their children .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||had saved|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||living|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||when|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They are able to ensure their quality of life for the rest of their lives .
+
+S These people do not need the pension from the government .
+
+S However , some people can not live without the pension from the government .
+
+S Usually these people do not have a good education or they have some disabilities .
+
+S The government has the duty to take care of them .
+
+S If the government can give out the pensions according to the financial need , the amount of money spent on the elderly will not climb rapidly even if the aging population increases at an incredible speed .
+
+S Australia has already taken this policy and more countries are taking this policy into consideration .
+
+S Some people may say that the government should treat every citizen equally .
+
+S Hence , it is unreasonable to choose people to give out the subsidies .
+
+S Although every citizen has the same right , the government must ensure the living condition of its people first .
+
+S Giving everyone pension means that some people 's living standard will be influenced but giving out money based on the fanatical need means everyone can live in a good condition .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB|||affected|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The pension is not important to the people who are able to live a good life in their late life .
+A 18 20|||R:OTHER|||twilight years|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the subsidy is essential to the people who are not capable of feeding themselves .
+
+S Thus , the government should choose people to give out pension .
+
+S Although more and more countries are faced with the aging problem , the government can make some policies like encouraging later retirement and giving out money based on the fiscal need .
+A 28 31|||R:OTHER|||financial needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These policies can both limit the money spent on the elderly and ensure the living standard of its people .
+
+S References :
+
+S http : //bbs.chinadaily.com.cn/redirect.php ? gid = 2&fid = 6&tid = 581165&goto = nextoldset
+
+S Everyone will grow old one day ; it is just another phase in life .
+
+S With every phase in life , comes its own set of problems .
+
+S Throughout the process of aging , people will face certain problems relating to health , finance , and social and so on ; and many of these problems are usually interrelated .
+A 18 22|||R:OTHER|||socialization|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Just like every set of lock comes with a set of keys , every set of problems comes with their own set of solutions .
+
+S Now , with the help of technological advancements and the reforms of government policies , the aging process has certainly been made easier to a large extent .
+
+S Extensive research and development has been done in the medical field to make our lives easier .
+
+S Through research and development , new technologies are being created .
+
+S With the help of these technologies , many possibilities are formed .
+A 9 11|||R:VERB|||have emerged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Diseases that were thought to be incurable in the past are now curable .
+
+S Many diseases can be detected earlier and thus prevented .
+
+S Also , many age-related problems can be cured , either fully or to a large extent , using these new technologies .
+
+S All these have helped to make the process of aging easier ; whereby the aged can lead better lives with fewer health problems .
+A 11 13|||R:OTHER|||, as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also through research and development , many lifestyle guides that help create healthy lifestyle , becomes available .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB|||promote|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:FORM|||become|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is known that by having a healthy lifestyle , one will have fewer health problems ; and thus , spending less on healthcare .
+A 16 21|||R:OTHER|||and thus will need to spend|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By saving more on healthcare , the financial stress on the aged will be relieved .
+
+S Therefore , through the help of research and development , the aged live better lives , and have fewer health problems .
+
+S However , as healthcare technologies improve , the costs of healthcare also increase .
+
+S As these new technologies involve the usage of newer , and more advanced equipments , the costs of using such technologies tend to be higher than the past .
+A 26 26|||M:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There is a small percentage of the elderly who are not financially secure .
+
+S For them , using such new technologies is either impossible , or it will create further financial problems .
+
+S Also , another side effect of improved healthcare technologies is that people tend to have a longer lifespan .
+
+S With prolonged life , the aged might face certain issues .
+
+S There are diseases which are incurable , but the life of the victim can be prolonged using these new technologies .
+
+S However , these technologies are expensive .
+
+S By prolonging the life of the victim , it can be financially draining on the family , and cause financial and social tension within the family .
+A 0 9|||R:OTHER|||Prolonging the life of the victim|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This becomes the case where solving one problem creates another .
+
+S However , with the help of government policies , this problem can be solved .
+
+S Financial aids can be made available to these families ; and help relieve the financial stress .
+A 9 10|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Recently , government policies have also undergone several reforms to better cater to the aged in the society .
+
+S These reforms in policies are aimed to help the aged cope better with aging .
+
+S These policies encourage the elderly to retire later .
+
+S Also , they lower barriers to elder employment .
+
+S With these , the aged can have longer working life , and thus accumulating more wealth to support themselves through their old age .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:FORM|||accumulate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , the government helps relieved financial stress by subsidizing healthcare costs , and providing financial aids to the elderly needy .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:FORM|||relieve|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These healthcare costs include hospital and caretaker fees .
+
+S Healthcare system is also restructured to cater to the aged .
+
+S An example is by building more community hospitals , nursing homes , and home care .
+
+S These will provide competent and appropriate care for the elderly patients .
+
+S Through the reforms of the government policies , the aged has been well taken care of .
+
+S In conclusion , current research and development , and policies have certainly helped to ease the aging process to a large extent .
+
+S New technologies have been created to help eliminate many of the age-related health problems .
+A 9 11|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Government policies and the restructuring of the healthcare system have helped the aged cope better with life .
+
+S However , not every elderly in the society can get to enjoy these perks , especially those who are bounded by financial problems .
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:FORM|||bound|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore through current research and development and policies , the aging process has been made easier , but it is only to a large extent .
+A 18 20|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Until recently , the problems of aging population have become a major concern among all the nations throughout the world .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Governments of many countries have come up with policies and solutions to decrease elder dependency and slowing down the process of a fast aging population .
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:FORM|||slow|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Aging statistics taken from the United States of America administration of aging shows people above the age of 65 represented 12.4 % of the population in the year 2000 but are expected to grow to be 20 % of the population by 2030 .
+A 12 13|||R:MORPH|||show|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The statistics have shown that in time to come , the problems of a fast aging population will be too overwhelming for the society to handle , therefore we have to slow down the aging process .
+A 26 28|||R:OTHER|||; therefore ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A fast aging population will have serious detrimental effects in developed countries .
+
+S Caring for health of the aging population will pose a problem for the government .
+
+S The country 's economy will also suffer as a small amount of young working population will have to support a bigger umbrella of elder generation .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN|||number|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will tax and stress heavily on the small working population .
+
+S A lot of resources will also have to be spend on the elderly people .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:FORM|||spent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , policies have helped to reduce the effects of an aging population .
+
+S I have to agree that current developments and policies have helped to ease the aging process .
+
+S Singapore has encouraged people to retire at an older age and companies to keep their employees for a longer time .
+
+S Legislative changes were made in Singapore in 1993 to put the retirement age at 60 , and then to move it up again from 60 to 62 years in 1999 .
+
+S This will help the working people to save more money and be more financially independent when they are old and have no income .
+
+S In this way , the working population will not be stressed on too much by the elderly population .
+A 11 12|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government also has encouraged and provided incentives for companies to employ elderly workers .
+
+S This will help the elderly to be more in touch with the society and keep their physical health in good shape which will in turn reduce diseases .
+A 21 21|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Singapore has also help working adults to save money when they are working so that when they retire , they will still have money for living expenses .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:FORM|||helped|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Singapore introduced the Central Provident Fund ( CPF ) in 1995 as a compulsory saving scheme to help workers to benefit in their retirement .
+
+S Employees will contribute twenty percent of their salary while employers will contribute thirteen percent towards this saving scheme for workers .
+
+S The purpose of this saving scheme is to emphasize on self reliance .
+
+S To meet healthcare needs , Medisave was introduced to allow CPF members to use their CPF savings for hospitalization .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this way , most problems of the aging population is taken care of .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Singapore has also emphasize and instill filial piety to the children of the aging population and to support their parents through meeting their financial needs and emotional needs .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:FORM|||emphasized|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:FORM|||instilled|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The children of the future should provide for their parents as much they can even though their financial status looks bleak so that the aging population will not have to rely too much on government help .
+A 12 12|||M:PREP|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Children also should arrange for their parents to live under the same roof so as not to only provide for them financially but also to show care and concern to their aging parents .
+
+S For example , children of the aging parents are able to bring their parents to consult a doctor if any minor medical conditions arise , thus preventing serious illnesses from developing .
+
+S Singapore has encouraged people to buy a HDB flat near their parent by subsidizing a substantial amount of money .
+A 6 7|||R:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||parents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By living together , the children can also provide a listening ear to their parents and even warn them against making wrong decisions .
+
+S This will definitely reduced the fiscal cost of elder dependency .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:FORM|||reduce|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , some critics might disagree with this strategy .
+
+S No matter how much we encourage young people to care for their parents , it 's still their personal choice , the society or the government can not force them to do their part .
+A 20 21|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , if the government does a good job in educating the young people and introducing policies to encourage young people to be more caring towards their aging parents , this would be a very effective strategy .
+
+S This is because what the aging population needs are their children providence and their care and concern .
+A 11 11|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:MORPH|||provisions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , I think that many developments and policies have helped to reduce the aging process and also solving the problem of a fast aging population .
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:FORM|||solve|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although this problem can not be solved in a short period of time , theses policies and development will help to curb the problems of an aging population .
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||developments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nowadays , against a changing technology background , many of the social problems that have troubled people for centuries are being eased .
+
+S Among them is the aging problem , which leads to a restructuring of the social composition .
+
+S Many pessimistic predicts were made by people about this problem .
+A 2 3|||R:MORPH|||predictions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , with the assist of Information and Communication technology ( ICT ) , the situation could be fundamentally shifted through mainly three ways .
+A 4 5|||R:MORPH|||assistance|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , the development of ICT can reduce the aged people 's difficulties by changing the workspace .
+
+S Instead of being forced to travel from and to the office every day , now they can simply stay at home and finish their work through the internet .
+
+S This change effectively eliminates their disadvantages in lack of mobility compared to the young people .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN|||terms|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Coming along with the workspace shift , the job itself will also change .
+
+S Nowadays , fewer and fewer jobs are requiring certain level of performance .
+A 6 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||require|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Those repetitive and tedious jobs are now performed by machine and jobs become more of management people and resources , especially with Information Technology as the medium .
+A 15 16|||R:MORPH|||managing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This change of job nature makes a huge difference to the aged people 's captivity for their body conditions are no longer their employer 's top concern .
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN|||constraints|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 18|||R:OTHER|||physical|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 25|||R:OTHER|||employers '|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides by changing the workspace , ICT also brings good news to the aged by changing employment relationships .
+A 1 2|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is well known that for the aged people , jobs are really hard to find .
+
+S 9 out of 10 employers would be reluctant to hire an old people because they are in fear that they can not work as efficiently ( which is always not the case ) .
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 18|||R:OTHER|||afraid|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , with the introduction of ICT , many more new jobs are created , large percentage of which are self-employed jobs .
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So for the elderly , a new choice is offered to them : after their retirement , instead of heading into the job market and compete with people probably half their age for a post , they can start up their own business .
+A 25 26|||R:VERB:FORM|||competing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are plenty of opportunities out there on the internet .
+
+S What matters is their smell , not their age .
+A 4 5|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The previous two points are mainly about ICT 's impact on the elderly jobs .
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||jobs for the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The third area that ICT helps is the access to education .
+
+S During the information age , the knowledge people acquire from school will be outdated within a very short time .
+
+S It is especially true for the aged people who received their education around the middle of last century .
+
+S Thus , being re- educated becomes a prior task for them .
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||priority|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Importantly as it is , very few old people managed to get back to school and receive education again .
+A 0 1|||R:MORPH|||Important|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||R:VERB|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The main reason for that is firstly they may feel embarrassed studying together with young students who are at their early twenties .
+A 0 7|||R:OTHER|||There are two main reasons for that . Firstly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly they may not have sufficient money or large piece of time for their re-education .
+A 8 11|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All these concerns can be solved by Information Technology .
+
+S With many educational institutes setting up noncommercial web pages , the elderly can have access to the knowledge they need with just a single click .
+
+S The process of re- education becomes so simple and enjoyable .
+
+S This drastic change enables the aged people to keep up with the development of the society .
+
+S The opponent may probably argue that ICT is a privilege that only benefits the young people .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||Opponents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the truth can not be farther than that .
+
+S Although young people have an advantage for they are exposed to the technology from early ages , the aged people still stand a high chance to succeed , as long as they can adapt to new features quickly .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After all , the internet is a common property which every one can enjoy a share .
+A 9 9|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Current research and development in the field of ICT has largely shapes the society .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:FORM|||shaped|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It makes aged people remain productive by changing the workspace , reforming the employment relationship and offering easy access to re- education .
+
+S Technologies like this promise to offer us even more new dimensions to deal with existing social problems in the years to come .
+
+S Nowadays , the life expectancy of people has increased thanks to the healthcare technology which keeps getting better .
+
+S This should be a very good thing to hear .
+
+S But , there are consequences to this .
+
+S Since people have longer life expectancy , the number of elders increased .
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||elderly people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:MORPH|||increases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This caused the event that we called the aging population .
+A 1 7|||R:OTHER|||leads to the issue of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The aging population caused a lot of disadvantages , since a lot of money will be used to support the elderly .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||causes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Wikipedia stated that " As of July 2007 , medical costs for a typical inmate in the USA might run an agency around US $ 33 per day , while costs for an ageing inmate could run upwards of US $ 100 .
+
+S Most State DOCs report spending more than 10 percent of the annual budget on elderly care .
+
+S That is expected to rise over the next 10-20 years " .
+
+S This money could be used for the development of other areas .
+
+S So , we have a question here .
+
+S Should public spending on the aged be limited so that money can be diverted to other areas of the country 's development ?
+
+S In this essay , I will tell you why public spending on the aged should not be limited .
+
+S Firstly , limiting the public spending is not efficient .
+
+S We have to calculate the limit carefully so that it will be enough for the elderly .
+
+S Even if it has been done correctly , since the public spending of each person is different , a trouble will still be there .
+
+S Consider if there is an elderly has been sick for a long time and his/her spending has already reached the limit ; are we going to tell him to die because we will not provide him with anymore money ?
+A 2 4|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:NOUN|||person|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are a lot of alternative methods that we can use to cope with the aging population .
+
+S Peterson ( 2001 ) in his review " A Graying World " suggests six ways to cope with the aging population .
+
+S We could use any of these six ways to cope with the aging population , without having to limit the public spending on the elderly .
+
+S It should also be noted that , limiting aging spending in healthcare will not bring much impact since " the annual growth in national health spending is not mainly due to increasing demand from ageing populations , but rather has been driven by rising incomes , costly new medical technology , a shortage of health care workers and informational asymmetries between providers and patients " ( Rheinhardt , 2003 ) .
+
+S Secondly , the elderly has the right to be protected because they have worked for the country before .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We should not forget that the younger generations are raised by the previous generation .
+
+S So , the younger generations should repay them by providing their needs during the old age .
+
+S We , younger generations , must realize that someday we will grow old as well .
+
+S When we grow old , how would we like to be treated ?
+
+S Would we like to be treated as a burden and given a lot of limitations ?
+A 9 15|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is really selfish if we treated the elderly badly but still want to be treated nicely when we grow old .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||treat|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It may be objected that elderly might misuse this service and fully rely on the public funding rather than trying to cope on their own .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB|||argued|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , we must not forget that a lot of people have no choice but to rely on the government .
+
+S " The most significant aspect of the growing percentage of elderly people in the population is the marked increase in those aged 85 and over .
+
+S Among this group is a large number of elderly people who are severely impaired physically and/or mentally " ( Henwood , 1990 ) .
+
+S These people have no other choice but to rely on others for their funding .
+
+S Would we forget them because of the small group of people that use this service to become lazy ?
+
+S Therefore , we can conclude that we should not limit the public spending on the elderly .
+
+S There are a lot of people that could only rely on this service to survive .
+A 6 7|||R:PRON|||who|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We should remember their deeds and we should also remember that we will be an elderly one day .
+A 13 16|||R:OTHER|||become old|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Limiting the public spending on the elderly is also not an efficient way to cope with an aging population .
+
+S So , the government should use a more efficient method to cope with the aging population instead of limiting the public spending on the elderly .
+
+S References
+
+S Peterson , Peter G. ( 2001 ) .
+
+S A graying World .
+
+S Harvard international Review .
+
+S 23.3 Wikipedia .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Ageing .
+
+S Retrieved September 13 , 2009 , from { http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ageing } [ HYPERLINK : http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ageing ] Henwood , M. ( 1990 ) .
+
+S Community Care and Elderly People .
+
+S London : Family Policy Studies Centre
+
+S " The critical challenge of an aging society is not so much how to accommodate the older population , but how to ensure the productivity of future workers , regardless of age " ( Friedland and Summer , 2005 , p.1 ) .
+
+S Major increases in public spending for pension fund and health care costs for the elderly will slow economic growth in most countries , even in developed countries .
+
+S Therefore , the government should focus more on how they can reduce this spending , so that the economy will not be damaged .
+
+S This can be done by improving workers productivity and increasing labor force participation .
+
+S In other words , the government will spend more on creating jobs and educating the population .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||should|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S People with higher education are expected to get more salaries and accumulate wealth when they are still young , so that they will not be too dependent in their old age .
+
+S Thus , public spending on the aged should be diverted to other more important aspects .
+
+S Some people may argue that there will be insufficient protection for the elderly if the government shifts this fund to some other areas of the country 's development .
+
+S For example , people say that old single women , whose incomes are mainly not high , are vulnerable and need special care .
+
+S It might be true to some extent , but we should also consider that the government will only limit the public spending on the elderly , and they will not eliminate it .
+A 26 27|||R:CONJ|||but|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This means special policies will be made for those with special needs .
+
+S Government will still take care of those who can not take care of themselves .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , we should also realize that today 's group of older people is different from the past 's .
+
+S Friedland and Summer ( 2005 ) stated that the meaning of " retirement " and " old age " nowadays is different from what it is in the past , as future groups of older people are likely to be even better off .
+A 25 26|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They are wealthier , healthier , and they have better education .
+
+S In addition to implementing special policies , the government could allocate more funds for educating young people .
+
+S Education is very important because employers tend to hire workers or employees with high education and experience in their fields .
+
+S Low education in a country may result in increases in the number of the unemployed , which eventually hamper the economic growth because people who are jobless are very dependent as they do not earn money for living .
+
+S Furthermore , the country will also lack of trained labor force .
+A 7 8|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , Indonesia , the world 's 4th most populous country , has 109,900,900 labor force , but the rate of the unemployed is very high ( 9.10 % ) in 2008 ( CIA , 2008 ) , due to low education participation rates .
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 44|||R:NOUN|||literacy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The lack of education is the priority problem in Indonesia , mainly caused by the great number of people who still live in poverty .
+
+S The current situation is concerning as when this generation ages , the government will need to provide a certain care for them .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB|||worrying|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In other words , the new policy to cut off public expenditure on the aged can not be implemented in this condition .
+
+S Hence , it is again the government 's role to subsidy the education so that everybody at least could get the standard level of education .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB|||subsidize|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:TENSE|||can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Education alone is not enough because even if the society is better-educated but there are not adequate jobs available , it will give the same problem of unemployment .
+A 12 13|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||may not be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 28|||R:OTHER|||and the unemployment problem still exists|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government plays the role to create and maintain new jobs .
+A 2 6|||R:OTHER|||should|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , they will need to create a supplementary budget for job creation .
+
+S In fact , some countries , such as Korea , have begun to implement this policy .
+
+S Korea has planned to spend 3,500 billion won in 2009 to help maintain and create jobs , and through this , 552,000 new jobs are expected to be created ( Ministry of Strategic and Finance , 2009 ) .
+
+S This policy aims to boost the economic growth potential as there will be less tough competition to get a job .
+
+S Besides increasing the number of new jobs , the government can try to invent a new type of job , which can be done by people regardless their age , including the elderly .
+A 27 27|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , telecommuting part-time jobs , which do not require the workers to be in the workplace , is good to be implemented nowadays , by means of our advanced technology .
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Clearly , there are many ways to limit and to divert the public spending for the elderly people without slowing the economic growth .
+
+S By providing good education and good jobs , our life will be guaranteed until our old age .
+
+S Governments and policy makers will take the main role to invent the best policies to deal with the long-term economic and social challenge of global aging , so that we are fully prepared to face this concerning issue .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB|||formulate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S * Central Intelligence Agency .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S The world factbook .
+
+S Retrieved from { https : //www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/id.html } [ HYPERLINK : https : //www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/id.html ]
+
+S * Friedland , Robert B. , & Summer , Laura .
+
+S ( 2005 ) .
+
+S Doomsday predictions about population aging are exaggerated .
+
+S Washington , D.C. : Center on Aging Society .
+
+S * Ministry of Strategy and Finance .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Supplementary budget for job creation .
+
+S Gwacheon City : Ministry of Strategy and Finance .
+
+S Retrieved from { http : //english.mofe.go.kr/news/policyissues/economic_view.php ? sect = laws_policies&sn = 6460&pmode = &page = 1&SK = ALL&SW } [ HYPERLINK : http : //english.mofe.go.kr/news/policyissues/economic_view.php ? sect = laws_policies&sn = 6460&pmode = &page = 1&SK = ALL&SW ] =
+
+S Aging is becoming a hotter problem when the percentage of the elderly in the society is continuously increasing .
+A 4 5|||R:ADJ:FORM|||hot|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN|||issue|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Certainly , when the number of aged people raises , public spending on this group will have to be raised as well to take care of this group .
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||rises|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , I think there should be a limit on how much shall be spent for the elderly , because government needs to emphasize the money more on country development .
+A 20 20|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 27|||R:OTHER|||use more money|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First of all , spending money on development is the most effective way to address the aging population issue .
+
+S Actually , the problem of more population getting aged does not lie in the demographic change , but in the fact that the productivity of the nation will get declined .
+A 28 30|||R:VERB:TENSE|||decline|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When the government try to spend more and more for the aged , it will leads to a lack in money for development , then a slower economic growth , which finally leave the government with less choice to spend for the elderly people .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||tries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:FORM|||lead|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 31|||M:VERB:TENSE|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In contrast , when focusing on country development , particularly economic growth , the country can earn more money .
+
+S With this extra money , the government can have more to spend for the whole society , and the money for the aged will be increased as well .
+
+S In fact , " if real economic growth averages about 2 percent per year between now and 2050 " , Robert B. Friedland and Laura Summer claim , " government expenditures as a proportion of the economy in 2050 might not be substantially larger than what it is today " ( Demography Is Not Destiny , Revisited .
+
+S Center on Aging Society , Georgetown University , March 2005 ) .
+
+S Secondly , imposing a limit on public spending for the aged can make people spending money more responsibly .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:FORM|||spend|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For most people , bearing in mind that they will have to take care more for themselves when they are old will force them to save money for the future .
+A 4 8|||R:OTHER|||if they know|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 17|||R:OTHER|||of themselves more|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 24|||R:OTHER|||, they will be forced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They therefore will have to think more when spending money , and reducing wasting extra money on unimportant things .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:FORM|||will try to reduce|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , nowadays , with better living condition for the whole life of a person , attributing old people with bad health seems to be not so true for many cases .
+A 16 31|||R:OTHER|||many old people may not be in poor health.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , extra care such as extra health diagnostic may not be necessary for many elderly people .
+A 4 9|||R:OTHER|||for additional health care|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With less money received , social organizations which host these activities will have to choose people to serve more carefully and this can also save much money .
+A 0 27|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From the opposing view , many people argue that the aged are the most vulnerable group in the society and thus needing more and more attention .
+A 0 7|||R:OTHER|||Many opponents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:VERB:TENSE|||may|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:FORM|||need|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , to help these people become less vulnerable , it is not so good to do so when they are already aged .
+A 15 18|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " Prevention is better than cure " .
+
+S Thus , focusing on social development as a whole , and improving living condition throughout the life of people is actually better way to help people gain a better health and become less vulnerable when they are aged .
+A 21 21|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , when more money is spent for people when they are younger , it could raise a better workforce for the nation .
+
+S The productivity of the country will therefore be increased , and again , with more wealth earned , public spending in general , and on the aged , in particulars , will be increased as a certain result .
+A 29 30|||R:MORPH|||particular|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , although the population of the earth in general is getting aged , which could lead to certain consequence , the government should not be panic to address that problem in a short term way by increase public spending for the aged as high as possible .
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||consequences|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:VERB:FORM|||panicked|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 36|||R:OTHER|||temporary|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||R:VERB:FORM|||increasing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 45 46|||R:OTHER|||much|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Rather , the government should focusing on develop the nation as a whole , especially maintaining the economic growth , because this is the long term and most effective way to solve aging problem .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:FORM|||focus|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:FORM|||developing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 32|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Have present studies , development and policies helped to relieve the aging process ?
+
+S This is the question many people grapple with and the core of the debate lies in the impact they bring on the aging process .
+
+S In my opinion , I agree to a large extent that current research , development and policies have helped eased the aging process .
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:TENSE|||ease|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the course of my essay , I will first show how economics , medicine , architectural , technological inventions and social policies have helped eased the aging process while financial constraint can limit the effectiveness of easing the aging process .
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:VERB:TENSE|||ease|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , economics have helped eased the aging process .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||ease|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Due to the growth in the awareness of the different financial needs over an individual 's life cycle , financial institutions have designed and introduced a wide range of products to meet these needs .
+
+S For example , a person will need health insurance to protect oneself from the high cost of medical treatment .
+
+S Also , with the insurance coverage , an individual can seek adequate medical treatment to recover from any sickness .
+
+S The various products available helped to minimize the impact of unforeseen events so that an individual can save resources to meet aging needs .
+A 4 4|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , as education opportunities increase , economies around the world has transformed from labour intensive to knowledge-based .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This has extended the working life of the labour force .
+
+S With longer working life , people will be able to accumulate more wealth which they can use to support themselves in their old age .
+
+S Therefore , people will have saved enough money by the time when they are old to maintain a certain standard of living .
+
+S Secondly , architecture has also helped eased the aging process .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||ease|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the growing advocate for obstruction free building design , the mobility of the senior population is significantly increased .
+A 2 5|||R:OTHER|||increasing prevalence of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||buildings|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , buildings are fitted with lifts , ramps and more railings to allow people who are physically challenged to access .
+
+S With mobility , the elder generation can have the same mobility options as they were young and continue to live their lives on their own .
+
+S The reduced dependency on others will ease the pain of aging .
+
+S Thirdly , the modern state of technology has significantly eased the process of aging .
+
+S Many tasks in life are made easy with technology .
+
+S For example , robotic vacuum cleaners have made housekeeping very much effortless .
+
+S The safety features in household appliances has enabled the elderly to take care of their own needs safely .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Overall , technology allowed the elderly to reduce their dependency on others , and improves the quality of their lives .
+A 3 3|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has improved|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Fourthly , advancements in medicine have significantly increased the life expectancy of mankind .
+
+S Many diseases that have plagued mankind in the past are now curable or can be vaccinated .
+
+S Long term illness such as diabetes is more effectively controlled , and the treatment process has become less painful .
+
+S As one ages , they need not suffer the torment of illness as the previous generations did , and are able to spend more time on other meaningful activities .
+
+S Fifthly , various social policies have been introduced to ease the aging process .
+
+S For example , filial obligation is stressed through informal and formal channels to increase the willingness of the next generation to support their own elderly parents .
+
+S With their children supporting them , the elderly will no doubt be happier and enjoy their golden age .
+
+S Furthermore , in some countries such as Britain and Singapore , people are required to provide for their own old age dependency .
+
+S They are compelled by law to save and invest more of their income earned while they are active in the work force .
+
+S In this way , the elderly will have a sum of money available to support themselves in their golden age when they retired .
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:TENSE|||retire|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , many of these advances discussed require financial resources to achieve .
+
+S For example , the wide range of financial and technological products comes at a cost .
+
+S For those who are not able to afford them , they will not be able to enjoy the benefits .
+
+S Social policies also require funding in order to put the plan into action .
+
+S Therefore , the ability of recent advancements to ease the aging process can be greatly limited by financial constraints .
+
+S In conclusion , economics , medicine , architecture , technological inventions and social policies have helped to ease the aging process but they required financial resources to achieve .
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:TENSE|||require|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the elderly and their children supporting them must have sufficient financial resources in order to take advantage of the benefits of modern day advancements to ease the aging process .
+
+S In recent years , there is an increasing number of countries faced with an ageing population .
+
+S The problems of an ageing population have led to these countries coming up with measures to counter effect the problems .
+A 16 18|||R:OTHER|||counteract|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of which is to increase public spending so as to ensure that the aged are taken care .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||these measures|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Yet , at the same time , this money could be spent on other areas of the country 's development .
+
+S Therefore , some may argue that public spending on the aged should be limited so that money can be diverted to other areas of the country 's development .
+
+S However , I do not support this argument as increasing public spending on the aged is a necessary step for the government to take in order to prepare the country to face an ageing population .
+
+S Firstly , improving on current facilities to better suit the aged is compulsory .
+
+S We have to prepare more healthcare teams to specialize in treating illness related to the old as it is commonly known that the old are more prone to illness .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||illnesses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , by increasing the amount of healthcare workers focusing on treating elderly illness prevent the situation of the lack of healthcare workers for the elderly in the near future .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||illnesses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , we have to create an environment which is elderly-friendly so that the elders are able to take care of themselves without the help of others .
+
+S Being able to take care of themselves is very important as this greatly decreases their dependence on others and hence reduces their burden on their children and the elderly will not feel that they are useless by not being independent .
+
+S Therefore , this public spending on improving facilities should not be comprised for the welfare of the elderly .
+
+S Similarly , the government has to provide elderly benefits as most of the elderly are no longer in the workforce and thus have no regular income .
+
+S The elderly depend on their savings or their children to support themselves through the old age .
+
+S Even though so , some of the elderly may not have saved enough to last them till death or their children are not willing to take care of them .
+A 0 5|||UNK|||Some|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They are faced with the problems of living a proper life .
+
+S A proper life refers to having home , three meals and adequate healthcare .
+
+S Therefore , it is important for the government to step in to provide help for these poor elderly so that they could have a proper life .
+
+S If not , these elderly may die because of hunger or the lack of proper healthcare due to poverty .
+
+S However , an argument against this is that most people feel that old age is not the responsibility of the government and the government is not obliged to take care of the elderly .
+
+S The elderly ought to be independent .
+
+S Nevertheless , if the government leaves elderly who are fighting old age alone without care , it would be too cruel of the government .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In other words , the government should not leave those elderly in lurch to struggle on their own for survival .
+
+S In addition , the elderly may encounter biasness against them .
+
+S This is a social problem where the government has to step in to solve it .
+
+S Ageism may be present in the working or social life of an elderly .
+
+S These unfair treatments that the elderly faced may be pose a psychological problem to them .
+A 6 7|||R:MORPH|||face|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , the old aged face discrimination when finding jobs as compared to the young and also , the old age may receive less all-rounded treatment in healthcare sector based on the stereotype that they are in the natural process of aging and that they are less likely to recover .
+A 4 5|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:VERB:TENSE|||may|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||looking for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government then has to interfere to educate the public to be less prejudiced against the old aged .
+A 16 17|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will take up part of the public spending which should not be limited .
+
+S On the other hand , public spending on the aged should be limited so that money could be diverted to other areas of the country 's development such as the economic sector .
+
+S If the economic improves , people would earn more money and thus the burden on the children taking care of their old-aged parents would be relatively less as they could better afford the costs of taking care of elderly .
+A 2 3|||R:MORPH|||economy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 38|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the contrary , this is only applicable to filial children who are willing to take care of their parents .
+
+S Those elderly who are unfortunate or those without kids may face problems as they would have no one to take care of them and would be worse off without any help from the government .
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||who have no children|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , public spending on the aged should not be limited as it is needed to help these elderly .
+A 21 21|||M:NOUN|||people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To sum up , the government has to assume responsibilities in taking care of the elderly and to ensure that the country is adequately prepared to accept an ageing population , public spending on the aged should not be limited and money should not be diverted into other areas of the country 's development .
+A 30 32|||R:OTHER|||; thus ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Statistics from the World Health Organization ( WHO , 2006 , What are the public health implications of global ageing ?
+
+S ) stated that :
+
+S From 2000 until 2050 , the world 's population aged 60 and over will more than triple from 600 million to 2 billion .
+
+S Most of this increase is occurring in developing countries - where the number of older people will rise from 400 million in 2000 to 1.7 billion by 2050 .
+
+S The baby-boom generation has created a need to improve and provide care and services to the aging population .
+
+S I agree to a large extend that current research and development/policies have helped to ease the aging process .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN|||extent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Technology plays a significant role in providing aid and improving the lives of the elderly .
+A 8 8|||M:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Current technologies have provided aids and support to the elderly in the fields of personal health technologies by reducing the cost and time of medical appointments and increasing the effectiveness of health record tracking .
+
+S It is also important that ageing related problems are highlighted into the national development and policies for example introduction of the pension system and encouragement of late retirement to reduce elder dependency .
+A 10 16|||R:OTHER|||so that corresponding policies can be implemented ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 26|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , the goal of personal health technologies will be to change from a centralized model where the elderly would go to the hospital where healthcare is provided , to a distributed model where by healthcare involves the places where the elderly lives .
+A 33 34|||R:ADV|||whereby|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 37|||R:OTHER|||healthcare services are delivered to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 39|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 43|||R:MORPH|||live|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Information technology applications have enabled elderly to initiate communication , keep track of their personal health record and also make follow-up appointments which can be conducted through Telemedicine .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Telemedicine was introduced to provide care for the patient from any location with the help of transferring electronic information through various technology applications and equipments ; such as the web camera .
+A 25 26|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This technology delivered care directly to the homes of the elderly at an affordable rate and provide right information at the right time which benefits decision making of the medical officers involved .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||delivers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It involves elderly to be more active in taking care of themselves at the comfort of their own home .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB|||allows|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It may be objected that telemedicine might not be as effective as contact monitoring and hands on attention .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB|||argued|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nevertheless , such applications have helped to reduce the time spent in hospitals and cost of medical , improve record tracking practices and speed of communication .
+A 14 17|||R:OTHER|||medical costs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Next , national developments and policies such as pension systems are arranged to provide the retired elders income .
+A 3 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The fund may be set up by a corporation , the government , or any other organization to pay the benefits of retired workers .
+A 20 22|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the context of Singapore , the Central Provident Fund ( CPF ) is set up to provide Singaporeans with a retirement plan .
+
+S The benefits of the CPF scheme are classified into , retirement , healthcare , home ownership , family protection and asset enhancement .
+
+S Critics of this position pointed out that the cost of providing pensions leads the increased taxes on the workforce .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||point|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However with the help of pension system , it has provided the elderly with a retired fund , thus reducing the elder dependency on the children of the elderly .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:MORPH|||retirement|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Last but not least , in light of the challenges of ageing population , many countries have changed their policies with respect to early retirement .
+
+S By encouraging later retirement it will help to reduce elder dependency .
+
+S Opponents of this position argue that there would be an increase in the wage base with a lower retirement age , because people will save less as they need less wealth and lower savings , thus by increasing the retirement age .
+A 34 41|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However working longer also means providing sufficient savings for old age ; it will also help increase the economic growth and instill a sense of belonging and self value to the elderly .
+
+S Moreover , lifelong learning empowers elderly to lead a better lifestyle through social interaction and contribution to the community .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , technology and the national development and policies have helped ease the aging process .
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Technology applications such as Telemedicine which aids the tracking and handling of medical reports and appointments which in return , encourages elderly to keep track of their personal health through a cost and time effective system .
+A 16 20|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:SVA|||encourage|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , pension schemes and later retirement help to reduce elder dependency through providing a retirement plan and increasing the economic growth .
+
+S World Health Organsation. ( 2006 ) .
+
+S What are the public health implications of global ageing ?
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2009 , from http : //www.who.int/features/qa/42/en/index.html
+
+S In recent years , aging population has become a serious demographic challenge to many countries around the world .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Population aging happens when there is a shift in the distribution of a country 's population towards an older age .
+
+S Many governments are concerned about an aging population as it leads to problems such as shrinking workforce , decrease in economic growth due to a drop in productivity , increase in societal costs and many more .
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With an increase in the number of elderly , it can potentially lead to increase in healthcare costs .
+A 0 1|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:NOUN|||persons|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Together with advances in medical technology , there will be an upward pressure on healthcare spending .
+
+S With higher demands and costs for healthcare spending , it will pose as a great challenge for both family and public resources .
+A 0 1|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||the distribution of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Government spending on healthcare amongst countries around the world has always taken up one of the biggest fraction for the budget to be spent by the government .
+A 4 5|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||fractions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 27|||R:OTHER|||government budget|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , have you ever thought that , if there was a decrease in the amount of government spending on healthcare costs , where will the money be better used to ?
+A 2 8|||R:OTHER|||what|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:TENSE|||could|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The second largest expenditure of most governments is education and these expenses will tend to fall with an ageing population , especially as fewer young people would probably continue into tertiary education as they would be in demand as part of the work force .
+
+S Hence , I agree to a large extent that public spending on the aged should be limited .
+
+S Money can then be diverted to other areas of the country 's development which maybe of better use for the future generations , it will also make society more independent when looking after their own health and lastly instil stronger filial piety and willingness in today 's youth .
+A 14 15|||R:ORTH|||may be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:ADJ|||greater|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:PRON|||This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:OTHER|||members of the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 32|||R:OTHER|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 38|||R:OTHER|||. In addition ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 49|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , with a higher budget to be spent in other areas such as education and defense , a country may develop even more rapidly .
+A 7 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||spend|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With little economic growth , society may be faced with fewer options on how to take care of people who are least able to take care of themselves .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , with sufficient economic growth , this would not be the case as there will be more options and lesser persons in need of the help .
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:ADJ|||fewer|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With more educated youth , the size of the economy and tax base will be higher and the cost burden of an aging population may be spread over a larger and more productive future generation .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||youths|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:ADJ|||bigger|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Such as the case in Scandinavian countries where generous public funding for prenatal incentives and investments in children for example in education as helped curb the problem a population 's aging and declining .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:OTHER|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 33|||R:OTHER|||of an aging and declining population|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , with a more educated society , more people are acquired with the knowledge to better take care of themselves and hence help lessen the amount of healthcare spending .
+A 2 3|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB|||equipped|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , by setting boundaries on public spending , people will be less reliant on the government to take care of their every need such as in healthcare .
+
+S Elderly dependency can be reduced when it is enforced or encourage upon them to plan and provide in advance for their own old-age dependency .
+A 6 13|||R:OTHER|||they are forced or encouraged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN|||livelihood|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When enforced by law or encouraged to save and invest more of their income while still in the work force , people will then of sufficient amount of money to take care of their health issues when necessary rather than depend on the government spending to support their health spending .
+A 24 25|||R:OTHER|||save a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 43|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 49 50|||R:OTHER|||in their old age|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Dependence on the government can also be reduced by encouraging later retirement dates , longer working lives and lower requirements to elder employment which can be achieved alone with an increase on the eligibility of age for pensions and government incentives for the elderly .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN|||ages|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , when people work longer , they will be able to accumulate more money to be used to support themselves in their old age .
+
+S In Singapore , the government has tried using schemes such as CPF ( Central Provident Fund ) , Medisave , Medishield and even scrapped away the pension scheme in order to encourage more Singaporeans to take better control of their own health issues .
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 38|||R:OTHER|||greater responsibility|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 43|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly , with limited public spending on healthcare , it will encourage more working adults to take better care of their elderly parents .
+A 2 3|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With elderly to look after for , there will be more stresses on filial obligation and also increases the willingness of adults in the future to take care of their elderly parents by all methods .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||stress|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||obligations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||thereby|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:FORM|||increasing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:NOUN|||means|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In an increasingly paper-chase society , working adults often have no time , attention , care and even financial aid to take care of their elderly parents and eventually abandon them in homes .
+A 3 4|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||R:OTHER|||finance|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:ADV|||thus|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , with the support and care from the proper channel from the family , it may be a better and cheaper alternative to take care of the elderly by yourself then depend on the nursing home 's nurse to take care of your parents .
+A 2 3|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 3|||M:OTHER|||depending on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 31|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:OTHER|||than|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:VERB:FORM|||depending|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 44|||R:OTHER|||one 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , detractors may disagree that money public spending should be limited on healthcare and diverted to other areas of the country 's development .
+A 5 5|||M:OTHER|||with the stand|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 14|||R:WO|||on healthcare should be limited|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:OTHER|||the money should be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Limiting public spending on healthcare may not solve the social issues that have surfaced due to the problem of population aging .
+
+S It merely leaves the individual and his/her family more responsible for their healthcare issues .
+
+S Some of these costs may eventually end up going back into the public sector through other means .
+
+S The society may face with a wide range of social issues on education , housing and many more which may not be solved by setting limits on healthcare expenditure on the government 's part but instead create even more problems .
+A 4 5|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:OTHER|||as this may|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Yet , in the first place , spending on healthcare may not be a good way to solve societal issues such as the lack of filial piety amongst youth and over dependence on the government to solve every problem one might face with .
+A 28 28|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:NOUN:NUM|||youths|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 43|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In a nut shell , government spending on the aged in the healthcare should be capped at a certain limit to take care of people who may really be in need while the rest of the budget are to be shifted to other areas of the country 's growth .
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 39|||R:VERB|||should|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With a limit on healthcare expenditure in the government 's budget , there maybe a better investment in the area where the government 's budget goes to , people would be more self reliant and lastly it will instill a stronger sense of filial obligation in youth .
+A 13 14|||R:ORTH|||may be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 46 46|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 46 47|||R:NOUN:NUM|||youths|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " Public spending on the aged should be limited so that money can be diverted to other areas of the country 's development .
+
+S " Clearly , this suggestion considers the interest of the country but not the aged .
+
+S Although the country 's development is essential , it can not neglect the frailer aging group of the population .
+
+S Regardless of the problems an aging population may bring along , it can not diminish the fact that the elderly is still part of a country 's assets .
+
+S If the government decides to cut its expenditure on aging population , the elderly will be struggling for their survival as many welfare benefits will be limited .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:MORPH|||aged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Instead , the government should continue to promote welfare programs that aid the elderly in terms of housing and healthcare .
+
+S Indeed , there are many problems associated with an aging population .
+
+S For example , the elderly people are in need of social and healthcare attention because of their feeble physical condition .
+
+S This increase burdens on the younger workforce as they have to bear the cost of healthcare services required by the elderly .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:SVA|||increases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Other than that , an aging population will hinder the economic growth due to its lower productivity .
+
+S However , it is a fact that citizens are part of a country 's assets regardless of their age .
+
+S We can not abandon them just because they bring along several problems .
+
+S It is the responsibility of the younger population and the government to support the aged .
+
+S This is because the older generation has contributed to the workforce during their younger days .
+A 6 7|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is their hard labour that had paved the road for us today .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , the younger people and the government should return favour by helping the elderly .
+A 11 13|||R:OTHER|||reciprocate the hard work|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even if the elderly is able to support their own , the government should continue in assisting through other policies .
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||themselves|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||to assist|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , priority should be given to the needy elderly ; especially for older people with less education background and savings .
+A 10 11|||R:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||a lower|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:ADJ|||less|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the welfare packages that the government can provide is " housing " .
+
+S A handful of old people are left stranded on the streets without shelters .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||shelter|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some are abandoned by their families while others can not afford a house because of their financial difficulties .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These people definitely require attention from the government .
+
+S Therefore , the government should not limit public spending on aging population .
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:MORPH|||aged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Instead , they should invest on introducing new policies that can help these homeless elderly .
+
+S Another welfare package the government can offer is " healthcare " .
+
+S Health is the most common problem faced by the elderly .
+
+S As they aged , their body constitution becomes weaker .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||age|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , they are more vulnerable to sickness and disease .
+
+S They have to make occasional visit to the doctor for diagnostics and remedy .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||visits|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN|||diagnosis|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The cost is heavy , especially nowadays when new technologies and treatments are expensive .
+A 3 4|||R:ADJ|||high|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is where the government can provide financial aid for the healthcare services required by the aged .
+
+S The government can subsidize part of the healthcare expenses borne by the elderly .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB|||incurred|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will lighten the burden of the aging population as well as the younger workforce .
+A 7 8|||R:ADJ:FORM|||aged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , public spending for the aged should not be reduced for the country 's development .
+
+S Instead , the government should increase their spending on the aged so that they can reach out to more needy senior citizens .
+
+S Certainly , if the government diverts its spending to other areas of the country 's development , they would enjoy a growing economic growth .
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||the country|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||R:OTHER|||greater|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Because of that , they will be able to collect more taxes , which can be used to aid the aging population .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||the government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , with little economic growth , the government has no choice but to cut down on benefit programs for the aged .
+
+S However , it takes time to realize a noticeable increase in economic growth .
+
+S It may be many decades from now .
+
+S By that time , an unfortunate group of the aged will have been deprived of welfare programs previously planned for them .
+
+S These people will suffer as the country works toward other areas of its development .
+
+S This is because the country has to limit its spending on the aged while expanding other areas of development .
+
+S This is where the government has to make a tough choice between the aged and the country 's advancement .
+
+S Clearly , the consequences of cutting expenditure on the aged outweigh the other in many aspects .
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||alternative|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A sizeable segment of the aged will be suffering through the process of achieving an economic growth .
+A 6 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would suffer|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Consequently , they will be struggling for survival with the limited welfare policies available to them .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In other words , if welfare programs for the aged are reduced due to limited spending , many problems will arise .
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Subsequently , the government have to spend more resources to solve the arising problems .
+A 4 4|||M:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||problems that arise|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , it is better to give equal if not more spending to the aged , keeping existing welfare benefits in place .
+A 16 16|||M:PREP|||while|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Current psychological researchers claimed that there are several pillars of being a healthy individual .
+A 1 2|||R:MORPH|||psychology|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||claim|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , to have pillars such as having sufficient social support and having an active engagement in life helps people to cope with the inevitable stressful elderly life .
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:OTHER|||stress|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Current technological developments have been developed to help the elderly ease the process of aging .
+
+S For example , the latest developments of assistive technology can make important contributions to the care of elderly people in elderly institutions and at home .
+
+S Care at home is often the preferred choice of the elderly and is generally more affordable for care providers than sending them into an elderly institution .
+A 20 21|||R:VERB|||putting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 26|||R:OTHER|||institution for the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The elderly needed some form of monitoring technology to help improve their safety where no one is able to be around to look after them all the time .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:FORM|||need|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:ADV|||when|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Remote health monitoring solutions such as to keep tabs on their blood pressure , body temperature and their heart-rate can alert for medical attention as fast as possible .
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||raise alerts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 28|||R:OTHER|||quickly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Inventions such as fall detectors , pressure mats and bed alerts can improve the elderly home owners ' safety and their personal abilities to cope better at home alone .
+
+S Technologies had also been designed to help the elderly maintain their own independence .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One invented device uses optical sensors to supervise how these elderly pick things up and how they use them .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB|||monitor|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It can tell if a person does something wrong such as mistaking a bottle of vinegar as drinking water ; or if they are doing certain things in the wrong order .
+A 11 12|||R:MORPH|||mistake|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This technological invention can also be extended to monitor how the elderly interacts with other devices such as a television , DVD player or a washing machine .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||interact|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A screen called the " technology coach " will then reveal the problem and show them the correct way of interacting with these devices .
+
+S Another invention uses Radio Frequency Identification ( RFID ) technology to track which medications were taken and when .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This can prevent the elderly from taking the wrong medication or overdosing themselves and thus jeopardizing their own lives .
+
+S In addition , adding a motion sensor system to provide a daily update of the elderly can help bring peace of mind to distant relatives who are concerned about the safety of their elderly family members who might be injured or ill and worse of all ; unable to call for help .
+A 43 43|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 46 47|||R:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We have seen how technologies were able to replace human supervision and to monitor elderly condition round the clock which was less possible with human care providers .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||the condition of an elderly person|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One may argue that these technologies could potentially isolate the elderly further from their families and keeping them indoors even more .
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:FORM|||keep|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is no longer true because advanced technologies had managed to put a face to high tech devices .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A technology called the Digital Family Portrait enables the elderly and their relatives to hang up a special digital frame on their walls to receive updates of what 's going on in the faraway houses .
+A 32 35|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This technology can also be used to receive video phone calls from neighbors within the elderly community .
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||neighbourhood an elderly person lives in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , elderly who have difficulties getting out of their homes can tap on various video technologies to draw themselves closer to their neighbors and faraway relatives by playing chess with them or engaging in a simple conversation .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:OTHER|||through activities such as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We can see how technology was never meant to isolate people .
+
+S Instead , it was meant to be a life enabler to increase the quality of life ; like helping the elderly stay indoors safely providing maximum possible social interaction and social support from their neighbors and relatives .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , current research on technology targeted towards the elderly will not only help ease the aging process ; it also increases the quality of life significantly for these elderly folks .
+A 10 11|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:SVA|||helps|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||, but|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " Today , slightly less than 1 in 10 of our residents are 65 years of age or older .
+
+S This proportion of the elderly in our population is expected to rise significantly , doubling to 1 in 5 by 2030 " ( speech by Mr Mah Bow Tan , 2006 ) .
+
+S As Singapore 's population ages , there are many issues arising on how to help the elderly cope with the aging process .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN|||questions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , with the government 's emphasis on tackling the uprising problems of an ageing population , current research and development have helped to ease the aging process through introducing policies , upgrading of facilities and providing quality healthcare services .
+A 0 2|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||rising|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These improvements can be seen in various context and we will be looking at the benefits it has provided to the elderly .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||contexts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S 822 words
+
+S Firstly , we will be looking at the social policies that the government has introduced in order to encourage people to save for their old-age dependency .
+
+S They introduced laws and encourage people to save and invest more of their income earned while they are active in the work force .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||encouraged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government created public awareness on early planning and proper saving strategies which are necessary to ensure that we have enough money to last us through our old-age after retirement .
+A 5 6|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Early planning means that we have to start saving once we step into the workforce .
+
+S This ensures that by the time we retire , there will be sufficient savings left to spend for our old age .
+
+S The government has also setup a mandatory saving scheme for all working Singaporeans .
+A 4 5|||R:ORTH|||set up|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is called the Central Provident Fund ( CPF ) .
+
+S However , to some people , especially the younger minds , they disagree with such scheme .
+A 2 3|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN|||ones|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They believe that they should have control over their money earned instead of being 'forced ' to contribute a portion of their income to such a scheme .
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||earned income|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They feel that the responsibility of saving should not be controlled by the government but by themselves .
+
+S In my opinion , younger people tend to spend what they earn and neglect planning for the future .
+
+S They are not aware of the problems they may face after retirement .
+
+S Thus , with the public awareness on saving for old age and the CPF , one will have sufficient savings for their old-age dependency .
+A 6 7|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , as we grow older , we tend to experience more health problems such as walking difficulties and deteriorating physical strength .
+
+S Therefore , with the development of an elderly-friendly environment , it has helped to ease the aging process .
+A 2 3|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||R:VERB:TENSE|||helps|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S An elderly is not afraid to walk around the housing estates or travel in public transports as these facilities have become more accessible to them .
+A 2 2|||M:NOUN|||person|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||transport|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the architectural developments that we can see is the building of lifts to serve all levels of new and existing HDB flats .
+A 3 4|||R:ADJ|||infrastructural|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This eliminates the need for an elderly to climb the stairs in order to get to the level that the lift has no access to .
+A 7 7|||M:NOUN|||person|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 25|||R:OTHER|||does not stop at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another development is the building of more slopes instead of steps .
+
+S The elderly will have an easier time walking up and down to get to their destination .
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||slopes than stairs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These are some of the benefits that can be seen around our housing estates .
+
+S Public transportations such as the MRT and buses have similar concept implemented to their facilities .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:INFL|||transportation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:VERB|||implemented|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||in the building of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S MRT stations have built lifts to allow the elderly to travel up to the platform and down with ease .
+A 13 17|||R:OTHER|||and down from the platform|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Public buses have steps-free entrance and exit for easier mobility of the elderly .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||entrances|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||exits|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , some people are concern if the spending on all these upgrades to increase accessibility for the elderly is necessary .
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||question|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They feel that the money spent should be used on strengthening the economy instead .
+
+S But if we do not maintain a good infrastructure that caters to the elderly , no matter how good the economy is , the elderly will not be able to enjoy accessible and user-friendly facilities that ease their life .
+A 36 39|||R:OTHER|||make their life more convenient.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly , better healthcare services that are readily available to the elderly ensure that they are well taken care of .
+
+S One may be afraid of growing old as more health problems will arise and it may be difficult getting the necessary healthcare .
+
+S However , now we will be able to get the proper care and rehabilitation from improvements to healthcare facilities such as public hospitals , nursing homes and polyclinics .
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||due to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We have a team of well-trained doctors and nurses who are committed to take care of the elderly who needs special attention .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:FORM|||taking|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:SVA|||need|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We also have groups of medical specialist who are always finding ways to improve the healthcare of the elderly through better medication and rehabilitation .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||specialists|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , more day rehabilitation centres and nursing homes are built to handle the demands for increasing healthcare .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In my opinion , the elderly does not need to worry about getting good healthcare services as it is easily found anywhere in Singapore .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||do|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , we can see that research and development has brought about improvements that have played a part in easing the aging process .
+
+S The government policies are involved to ensure that proper saving for the future is in place , the upgrading of public facilities have helped create an elderly-friendly environment and the better healthcare services readily available .
+A 0 1|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:OTHER|||have been made|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I concur with the writer 's view on reducing elder dependency by encouraging later retirement , longer working lives , and lower barriers to elder employment .
+
+S Firstly , encouraging later retirement for elderly can drastically change their attitude towards work .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||individuals '|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This in turn will provide a positive mentality to better prepare them in their older age .
+A 12 13|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:ADJ:FORM|||old|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , when the government announced measures to encourage later retirements , the citizens will be prepared for what is to come and will be more readily to accept it and thus reducing elder dependency in the long term .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||announces|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:MORPH|||ready|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , by extending working lives , it will often results in the accumulation of more wealth which can be used to support themselves in the old age .
+A 2 3|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 4|||M:OTHER|||individuals '|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||life|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 8|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:FORM|||result|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:PRON|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , it acts as a safety net to dramatically reduce the need for elder dependency .
+A 0 3|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:PRON|||This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , an elderly who worked for 50 years compared to one that worked for 40 years has considerably more savings .
+A 5 5|||M:NOUN|||person|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:TENSE|||should have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly , lowering barriers to elder employment can also reduce the need for elder dependency .
+
+S With the ability to work and also a sustainable income , elderly will find themselves less dependent on others .
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , their experience gained can prove valuable to the economy .
+A 3 5|||R:WO|||gained experience|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , with increased measures from government for putting elderly into the workforce , the elderly will be able to depend on themselves .
+A 6 7|||R:PREP|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||fto put|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All in all , the strategy on reducing elder dependency through the 3 methods can prove to be valuable for an aging society .
+A 6 7|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " Old age is like a plane flying through a storm .
+
+S Once you are abroad , there is nothing you can do " , said Golda Meir .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||on board|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Indeed , perhaps everyone is afraid of aging because it not only marks deterioration in physical health and significant psychological changes , but also places more financial burdens on the government and the society , because obviously , the elderly need fiscal support , better health care and facilities specialized for their elder problems .
+A 52 53|||R:ADJ|||age-related|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , it is suggested that " public spending on the aged should be limited so that money can be diverted to other areas of the country 's development " .
+
+S From my point of view , this recommendation is completely reasonable and convincing for several reasons .
+
+S First of all , investment should be focused more on education as it takes a higher priority than other fields of development because education plays a very important role in the society , determining the wealth and success of the entire nation .
+
+S More specifically , a good education system will produce a more talented and creative generation who can replace the current old generation and continue to devote their best to develop the country ' economy in the future .
+
+S One example of necessary financial support is the investment on developing and upgrading the current facilities used in education , including information technology equipment , laboratory and library system .
+A 25 26|||R:NOUN:NUM|||laboratories|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:NOUN:NUM|||systems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is particularly important to developing and less-developed nations ' education , like Vietnam , China , Philippine and Malaysia , where teaching and learning are still following the traditional method with less support by IT and using old textbooks , as well as laboratories with obsolete devices .
+A 5 11|||R:OTHER|||the education in developing and less developed countries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||the Philippines|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 28|||R:OTHER|||still utilise|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 31|||R:OTHER|||traditional methods|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:ADJ|||little|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 36|||R:OTHER|||IT support|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 38|||R:OTHER|||the use of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 44 44|||M:VERB|||using|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , students will be able to approach updated knowledge more easily , experiment and apply what they have learned in reality .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||With improvements in educational facilities|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB|||access|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:ADJ|||up-to-date|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||as well as experiment with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another way to carry out this strategy is that the budget can be used to promote and export the country 's education .
+
+S This is exactly what the Singapore government is doing to attract excellent students from other nations .
+
+S By providing tuition grants ( of 80 % ) and financial aid for living costs for foreign students along with a career bond , Singapore will have a greater workforce serving them for at least 3 years after graduation .
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another area that the government needs to concern is the environment as hundreds of environmental projects ( such as reducing the level of green house gases and noxious fumes in the atmosphere or promoting the use of non-plastic carrying bag ) are waiting for capital and fiscal support .
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||be concerned|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:PREP|||about|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 40|||R:NOUN:NUM|||bags|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In such small nations ( in terms of geographical area ) like Singapore , this issue is particularly important because every climatic change or pollution problem is likely to negatively affect the whole country , especially physical health of people , including the aged .
+A 36 36|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 39|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , solving this problem means the elderly will be taken care of by the government , even though it is an indirect way .
+
+S Moreover , environment is a global concern ; it influences everybody in the world .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , protecting it means we are protecting not only the young but also the elderly , not only the current generation , but also the future ones .
+A 16 17|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , there should be more policies on supporting environmental protection projects as well as monitoring and penalizing violation of environment laws .
+
+S Besides the concerns about environmental protection and education , public spending on the aged should be partly transferred to public infrastructure development projects such as public transportation , schools , hospitals because such developments are directly related to the improvement in living standards of senior citizens .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||surrounding|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 41|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , a modern infrastructure will bring about higher capabilities , effectiveness and efficiency .
+A 8 10|||UNK|||s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One example of this could be the extension of access to most public places and even on public transport vehicles for people with physical disabilities , such as designing paths or elevators specialized for wheel chairs , or placing special directions for the elderly with sight or hearing problems .
+A 4 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 28|||R:OTHER|||through|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 41|||R:OTHER|||directional signs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , due to higher efficiency , such system will help reduce the operating expense and subsequently decrease the living expenditure for citizens .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN|||facilities|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 15|||R:OTHER|||operational costs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:OTHER|||cost of living|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , a well organized public transportation system will help minimize the use of private vehicles which is costly , and reduce traffic congestion and accidents .
+A 17 17|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And therefore , to some extents , the elderly will indirectly benefit from this policy .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||extent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , people may be upset with this idea because they may think that the aged increasingly lack of care from the society .
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||the idea of limiting public spending on the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , if considering the positive impacts it brings about the entire society , obviously the advantages will outweigh the disadvantages .
+A 2 3|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , this idea should be carried out soon for the sake of everybody and the government needs to promote and analyze the pros of this policy in order to avoid misunderstandings .
+
+S " Old age is still young , its potential is not fully realised , and institutions , norms and resources advantageous for old age still need to be developed .
+
+S " -Baltes and Mayer , 1999
+
+S Population ageing is an international phenomenon .
+
+S In Singapore , it 's no different .
+A 0 5|||R:OTHER|||Singapore is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to SingStats , 8.5 % of Singapore 's population is above the age of 65 .
+
+S This figure was 7.2 % in the year 2000 .
+
+S As the population continue to age , government spending on the aged would increase as more and more people would rely on the government for their needs .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||continues|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:ADV|||probably|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many arguments have been raised on whether the government should limit this spending as the money could be used for other areas of the country 's development .
+
+S I do not agree with them .
+A 5 6|||R:PRON|||this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government should not limit the spending on the aged .
+
+S In fact , they should make sure the needs of the aged are attended to .
+
+S In the past , literacy rate of the people is low .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many elders of the current generation have little to no education thus in the economical active years , they were n't able to save a lot .
+A 11 12|||R:ADV|||so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:MORPH|||economically|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , most of the money they earned was spent on their children to make sure that they receive proper education .
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:TENSE|||received|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This action of placing the younger generation 's interest before theirs and making sure that they get proper education increases the literacy rate of the country and contributed to the country 's development .
+A 1 2|||R:MORPH|||act|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:TENSE|||got|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:TENSE|||increased|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In other words , the old have contributed a lot into shaping our country to what she is today .
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:PREP|||into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore now that the country has prospered , the government should look after the people who helped made it possible .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , some may argue that since the elder spent their money on their children , it 's now the responsibility of the children to look after their needs , and not the government 's .
+A 0 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If that were to happen , it would impact the society as social cost would increase and the younger generation may find it harder to start a family .
+A 0 1|||M:OTHER|||However , if|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Throughout the years , Singapore has concentrated on the country 's development .
+
+S According to Singapore Ministry of Finance , in FY2009 , 41.5 % of government expenditure would be placed on the economical and social development of the country .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:MORPH|||economic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Looking at the numbers , we could tell that sufficient funds have already been placed for the country 's development thus no additional funds are required .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB|||allocated|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even if there is a need for additional funds for economical and social development , instead of limiting or cutting cost on the aged , the government should look at other areas to cut .
+A 10 11|||R:MORPH|||economic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN|||expenditure|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , expenditure on security and defence is 34.3 % of government expenditure in FY2009 .
+
+S This is certainly too much an amount to be spent on security and defence .
+
+S A reason for the stand that government should limit spending on the aged is that the aged is not of much use to the society thus the government should not concentrate so much on them .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:OTHER|||so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , Singapore 's policy of re- employing the old has proven that to be not true .
+
+S Most of the aged proved that they can continue to work and contribute to the society in one way or another thus their welfare should be looked at as well .
+A 4 4|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , spending on the aged should not be limited or diverted as for a developed country like Singapore , many successes are brought about by them and they helped shaped the country to what it is today .
+A 14 14|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 30|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:PREP|||into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If there was ever a need for more funds to be injected to the development of the country , other areas and not the spending on the aged should be looked at .
+A 12 13|||R:PREP|||into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Key Demographic Indicators 1970-2007 Statistic Singapore Retrieve on 16 Sep 2009 from http : //www.singstat.gov.sg/stats/themes/people/popnindicators.pdf
+
+S Government Development Expenditure [ Table A15.3 ] Statistic Singapore Retrieve on 16 Sep 2009 from http : //www.singstat.gov.sg/stats/themes/economy/ess/essa153.pdf
+
+S Budget Overview : Expenditure 2009 Singapore Ministry of Finance Retrieve on 16 Sep 2009 from http : //www.singaporebudget.gov.sg/expenditure_overview/
+
+S S'pore to boost expenditure , raise defence spending wire agencies Fri , Feb 15 , 2008 Retrieve on 16 Sep 2009 from http : //www.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne + News/Singapore/Story/A1Story20080215- 49929.html
+
+S I agree that the implemented polices eases the aging process .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN|||policies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have eased|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After Singapore gained independence in 1965 , Singapore saw a boom in the population .
+
+S To control the population , they introduce the 'stop at two ' policy that was so successful , which resulted in a decline of the overall population even till today .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||the government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||R:OTHER|||that it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The drop of population give rises to the aging population .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has given|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||rise|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To tackle the issue on aging population , The Government has implemented some measures that help the elderly to age comfortably .
+A 4 5|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:ORTH|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:ORTH|||government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are helping|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some of the measures are Medisave , Lift Improvement and Facilities Enhancement for the elderly ( LIFE ) and Eldershield scheme .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||the Medisave scheme|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , Medisave was introduced in 1984 to help Singaporeans to set aside an amount of money from their incomes for future medical expenses .
+
+S The Medisave covers a range of health expenses which includes Surgical Operations , Psychiatric treatment and many more .
+A 2 2|||M:NOUN|||scheme|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 14|||R:ORTH|||surgical operations,psychiatric|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Such measures of saving for the raining days will help Singaporeans to cover part of their medical expenses as they retire into old age .
+A 6 7|||R:ADJ|||rainy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although this scheme does not provide 100 % coverage on their medical bills , patients will have a lesser burden when majority of the medical bills are heavily subsided by The Government and supported by Medisave .
+A 18 19|||R:ADJ|||smaller|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:MORPH|||subsidised|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 32|||R:ORTH|||the government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , LIFE was implemented in 1993 to provide better accessibility for the elderly in 1 room Housing & Development Board ( HDB ) flats .
+
+S The services include upgrading of lifts to access every floor , installation of support handbars in washroom and setting up Senior Activity Centre in the neighbourhood .
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||washrooms|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to General Housing Survey 2005 , there is around 22,000 elderly living alone .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:NOUN|||people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S More attentions should be given to this group of elderly as they have no one to turn to if they require help in their household .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||attention|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN|||home|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By installing handbars and improving the accessibility of lifts , elderly are now able to move around safely and in better comfort .
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:ADJ|||greater|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Senior Activity Centre also provides a place for the lonely old folks to mingle around and to participate in recreational activity .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN|||individuals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:NUM|||activities|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The upgrading process might cause inconveniences to the residents but is a pay off that they have to bear with for a better tomorrow .
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN|||trade|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thirdly , the Eldershield scheme is introduced since 2007 .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The scheme automatically covers Singaporean that are aged 40 and above with an insurance plan .
+A 4 5|||R:MORPH|||Singaporeans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The payout is $ 400 per month and up to a period of 6 years if one is to become severely disabled .
+
+S According to Census of Population 2000 , about 3 % of elderly was non-ambulant .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The scheme will reduce their financial burden that arises from medical bills .
+
+S However , one will have to pay a minimum of $ 176.96 annual premium in order enjoy the benefits of the scheme .
+A 16 16|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To make the plan affordable , the government provides premium subsidy and constantly review the plan .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||subsidies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:SVA|||reviews|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the elderly are now more protected and ages more comfortable with the implementation of the policies .
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||are aging|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:MORPH|||comfortably|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are two sides to a coin , although the measures do not solve the problem entirely and may cause inconvenience in some case , the benefits will eventually outweigh the cons .
+A 7 8|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN:NUM|||cases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Government will have to constantly review and improve the measures to be prepared for the aging population .
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References - Internet sources
+
+S Statistics Singapore .
+
+S Census of Population 2000 .
+
+S Retrieved September 16 , 2009 from { http : //www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/popn/c2000sr1/t32-37.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/popn/c2000sr1/t32-37.pdf ] Statistics Singapore .
+
+S General Housing Survey 2005 .
+
+S Retrieved September 16 , 2009 from { http : //www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/popn/ghsr2/t93-95.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/popn/ghsr2/t93-95.pdf ]
+
+S Ministry of Health .
+
+S Public Consultation on ElderShield Reform .
+
+S Retrieved September 16 , 2009 from { http : //www.moh.gov.sg/mohcorp/econsultationpast.aspx ? ecid = 733 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.moh.gov.sg/mohcorp/econsultationpast.aspx ? ecid = 733 ]
+
+S Ministry of Health .
+
+S Introduction to Medisave .
+
+S Retrieved September 16 , 2009 from { http : //www.moh.gov.sg/mohcorp/hcfinancing.aspx ? id = 304 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.moh.gov.sg/mohcorp/hcfinancing.aspx ? id = 304 ]
+
+S NTUC Income .
+
+S ElderShield Premium .
+
+S Retrieved September 16 , 2009 from { http : //income.com.sg/insurance/eldershield/index.asp } [ HYPERLINK : http : //income.com.sg/insurance/eldershield/index.asp ]
+
+S Housing & Development Board .
+
+S Renewal of Estates .
+
+S Retrieved September 16 , 2009 from { http : //www.hdb.gov.sg/fi10/fi10221p.nsf/Attachment/AR0506/ $ file/13-renewal-of-estates.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.hdb.gov.sg/fi10/fi10221p.nsf/Attachment/AR0506/ $ file/13-renewal-of-estates.html ]
+
+S Housing & Development Board .
+
+S Project LIFE ( Lift Improvement and Facilities Enhancement for the elderly ) .
+
+S Retrieved September 16 , 2009 from { http : //www.hdb.gov.sg/fi10/fi10202p.nsf/WPDis/Renting % 20A % 20Flat % 20Directly % 20From % 20HDBRelated % 20Info % 20- % 20Project % 20LIFE % 20 % 28Lift % 20Improvement % 20and % 20Facilities % 20Enhancement % 20for % 20the % 20elderly % 29 ? OpenDocument&SubMenu = Related_Info } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.hdb.gov.sg/fi10/fi10202p.nsf/WPDis/Renting % 20A % 20Flat % 20Directly % 20From % 20HDBRelated % 20Info % 20- % 20Project % 20LIFE % 20 % 28Lift % 20Improvement % 20and % 20Facilities % 20Enhancement % 20for % 20the % 20elderly % 29 ? OpenDocument&SubMenu = Related_Info ]
+
+S Agency for Integrated Care .
+
+S Seniors Activity Centres .
+
+S Retrieved September 16 , 2009 from { http : //www.aic.sg/AIC/Content/Content.aspx ? id = 8f209d7e-c926-4867-92c8-768dca0458fa } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.aic.sg/AIC/Content/Content.aspx ? id = 8f209d7e-c926-4867-92c8-768dca0458fa ]
+
+S There have been many controversial debates on whether the government should limit public spending on the elderly group so that money can be diverted to other areas of the country 's development .
+A 17 18|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S While this is important and inevitable , our government is being challenged to cope with the need to increase allocation of public funds for this area with a graying population .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||the latter|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 26|||R:OTHER|||the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Rising living expenses and healthcare costs is also another factor which highlights the importance of limiting public spending on the elderly .
+
+S If a limit is not in place , the government might soon face difficulties with funding other key sectors of the country 's development such as education and defense .
+A 14 15|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Smaller side effects include , the over reliance on the government to support the aged .
+A 4 5|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will turn the regime of supporting the elderly a nightmare and burden to the society .
+A 9 9|||M:PREP|||into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , with a graying population , the government is expected to spend more public funds each year on areas like healthcare for the elderly , elderly friendly public facilities such as slopes in housing estates .
+A 25 26|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This section of public expenditure soaks up a large portion in the government 's annual allocated budget each year .
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In Singapore 2009 's budget allocation , a total of $ 66 million ( up from a total of $ 55.6 million in year 2008 ) was allocated from the pool of $ 18.1 billion allocated for social development .
+A 2 2|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||U:NOUN:POSS||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This spending allocation only covers enhancements for the elderly in the society and excludes healthcare benefits coverage .
+
+S This expenditure is expected to rise further with the increase of life expectancy and the increase in the proportion of elderly ( from 8.6 % in 2008 to 18.7 % in year 2030 ) .
+A 20 20|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Quoting a statistic from Singapore 's 2008 budget day report , in 2007 , 21 % of the Government Healthcare Expenditure ( GHE ) , or 0.2 % of the country 's GDP was dedicated to elderly care .
+A 0 1|||R:VERB:FORM|||To quote|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This proportion of spending is expected to double in the next three decades .
+
+S Secondly , the rise of living expenses and healthcare costs continuously is another reason why should government limit public spending for this sector .
+
+S With this , more public funds will have to be allocated to fund this sector .
+
+S This scenario would only be ideal should our economy achieve constant growth in economy in the upcoming years and the spending on other sectors remain unchanged .
+
+S However , it is increasingly difficult to forecast such growth with the current volatile and gloomy economy worldwide .
+
+S With this situation , other key sectors such as education and defense might be implicated when the targeted Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) to sustain the increased expense on the aged is not met , should a spending limit on the aged not be imposed .
+
+S This might in turn lead to a series of negative chain effects such as making education less affordable .
+
+S Thirdly , the constant aid from the government might lead to unsightly social problem .
+
+S Unfilial children might abuse the system by pushing their responsibilities of supporting their parents to the government .
+
+S Also , young adults might not also see the importance of savings during their financially active years since the government will do their part in providing subsidy for the needy .
+
+S Mnay people might however , disagree that government should limit the public spending on aged .
+A 0 1|||R:SPELL|||Many|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This view is valid as well .
+
+S If the government is to limit public spending on this sector and instead channel it to other sectors , this might deprive the needy elderly from obtaining assistance and might lead to adverse effects .
+
+S Some of the adverse effects includes , elderly people especially those who are childless , spouseless and elderly people who does not have huge amount of savings to face difficulties to fund their own healthcare or living expenses .
+
+S This might in turn result in a social problem where an elderly might be utilized by crime syndicates to commit crimes to fund those expenses .
+
+S To deal with these challenges , the government has limited options , and one of which is to limit the spending on this sector to reduce the burden on the society .
+
+S One such way is to look into a tiered system when providing healthcare subsidies for the elderly .
+
+S Alternatively , government can also look at ways to further enhance the current Central Provident Fund ( CPF ) , MediSave and MediSheild schemes to enforce compulsory savings during one 's financial active years to prepare them for old age .
+
+S Filial piety should also be enforced .
+
+S There should be a limit to how much the government should spent on the elderly group .
+
+S The issue if not dealt with properly , might place government into a challenging position , lack of funds on important sectors such as education and defence and also causing the citizens to be over reliant on the society .
+
+S These will all turn the regime into a nightmare .
+
+S References :
+
+S Ministry of Health Govt spending must not be a future burden .
+
+S Retrieved September 11 , 2009 , from { http : //www.moh.gov.sg/mohcorp/mediaforums.aspx ? id = 19406 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.moh.gov.sg/mohcorp/mediaforums.aspx ? id = 19406 ]
+
+S Budget 2009 Expenditure Overview .
+
+S Retrieved September 11 , 2009 , from { http : //www.mof.gov.sg/budget_2009/expenditure_overview/mcys.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.mof.gov.sg/budget_2009/expenditure_overview/mcys.html ]
+
+S Ministry of Community Development , Youth and Sports , Retrieved September 11 , 2009 from { http : //app.mcys.gov.sg/web/indv_researchstd.asp } [ HYPERLINK : http : //app.mcys.gov.sg/web/indv_researchstd.asp ]
+
+S Ministry of Finance ( Singapore ) ( n.d ) , Budget Highlights Financial Year 2008 - Creating a top quality Economy Building a Resilient Community .
+
+S Retrieved September 11 , 2009 , from { http : //www.mof.gov.sg/budget_2008/speech_toc/downloads/FY2008_Budget_Highlights.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.mof.gov.sg/budget_2008/speech_toc/downloads/FY2008_Budget_Highlights.pdf ]
+
+S I strongly agree that public spending on the aged should be limited .
+
+S Economic growth of a country relies on many areas such as education , welfare of the public , defense system , transportation , and many more .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The economic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All these aspects work together to contribute great impact to the country and make the country grow .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB|||make|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the government should not direct their money specifically into certain areas and while neglecting the rest .
+A 13 14|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Education is one of the very important areas .
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||a country should develop|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Government should invest enough amount of afford to this area .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||a substantial|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN|||effort|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S School is a place where every single young receive education .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The school|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:NOUN|||person|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:SVA|||receives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Government should also focus on developing this area to make the learning process more interactive and exciting .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Education and knowledge are important tools that help them to survive at outside working world .
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||int|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lacking of education leads to lack of knowledge .
+A 0 1|||R:MORPH|||Lack|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If a country does develop well on the education area , the economics of the country definitely will not grow well .
+A 4 4|||M:ADV|||not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||area of education|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:MORPH|||economy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 18|||R:WO|||will definitely|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides that , even though the world is advancing rapidly and there are a lot of jobs out there , there are a lot of fresh graduates who are still unemployed .
+
+S This is because most graduate do not meet the industrial requirement .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||graduates|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 11|||R:OTHER|||prerequisites required by the industy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , government should also focus and put in more afford to help these people .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN|||effort|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Government should create more job opportunity for them .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||opportunities|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , government can run some job training programs to help the graduates exploit their talent and make them industrial compatible .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 22|||R:OTHER|||better equip them for the industry|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Investing into the young is more worthy than to the aged because they are well-educated and have potential to bring more contributing to the country .
+A 1 2|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:ADJ|||worthwhile|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB|||make|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:MORPH|||contributions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Over the time , the population of old people is gradually growing .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If expenditure on the aged is never controlled , it means that government is putting more and more money on something which never really has impact on country economic growth .
+A 6 7|||R:ADV|||not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:PREP|||into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:OTHER|||would not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:DET|||any|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:OTHER|||the country 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Government can limit the expenditure because the burden of health cost can be borne by their family members through scheme like MediSave .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||R:NOUN|||healthcare|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:OTHER|||of the aged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||schemes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , today , the cost of living is high .
+
+S Working adults have to pay for high living expenses and support their children on tuition and enrichment classes .
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||such as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To those with low income , it has already been a burden for them .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||incomes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:PRON|||these|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 10|||R:OTHER|||are already|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Most elderly have a lot of health problems and they also need medical care , which majority of them involves high cost .
+A 15 19|||R:OTHER|||the majority of which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , cutting down on the welfare program will put the working adult in financial crisis .
+A 5 8|||R:OTHER|||welfare programs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB|||burden|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||greater financial problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They will have to compensate more to work extra hard to earn a living .
+A 2 2|||M:ADV|||then|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 10|||R:ADV|||even harder|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , they might compensate their time and health to take up 2 or more jobs working day and night .
+A 5 11|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , it will cause the adult to have poor health condition and reduce productivity in work .
+A 4 11|||R:OTHER|||they end up with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||reduced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , limiting the public spending on the aged does not mean the cease the expenditure for them .
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||ceasing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is to achieve the balance between each area , where government can set a limit and provide adequate amount spending on them while focusing on other more important aspect like education and so on .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||Instead , it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 4|||R:VERB:FORM|||achieves|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:OTHER|||funding|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:NOUN:NUM|||aspects|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 35|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Public spending refers to money expended by a government to pay for areas such as defense , development projects , education , health , infrastructure , law & order maintenance and such spending is supported by taxation .
+A 26 26|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 30|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With an increasing number of elderly in the society , it is rather strenuous for the non-elderly to contribute to the tax base .
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And it is in no doubt that the aged requires additional spending on public pensions and health care .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:SVA|||require|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , this does not mean that public spending on the aged should be limited so that money can be diverted to other areas of the country 's development .
+
+S One argument that suggests money should be diverted to the education area is that higher education would help to cut down the sizeable segment of the population who need government aid during old age in the future .
+A 28 29|||R:VERB:SVA|||needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is because according to Robert B. Friedland and Laura Summer , people with better education is more likely to have higher incomes and better health .
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This educational disparity virtually guarantees a diverse group of older people in the future .
+
+S However , they should take in consideration that there are elderly from the past generations without good education who have not been able to save in their younger days .
+A 5 6|||R:PREP|||into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:OTHER|||the fact|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since they are old , retired and do not have much savings , large health and long-term care expenses will significantly deplete the resources of many elderly .
+A 22 23|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 27|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , it is necessary for them to receive sufficient aid from the government .
+
+S Some thinks that spending money on the aged is like throwing money down the drain since it is part and parcel of life for them to grow old , age and die .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:SVA|||think|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If public spending on the aged is limited , it would help to reduce the amount of tax people have to pay to support these elderly in the society .
+
+S But we must not forget that these elderly who require aid from the government now are people who once contributed to the country 's development .
+
+S The contribution they once made , be it little or a lot , helped to build up the country .
+
+S Thus , making it possible for people to live comfortably now .
+A 1 2|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , it is reasonable for the government to spend on the aged as an act of repaying the elderly .
+
+S Certain children who are capable of providing for their elderly parents refuse to do so because they do not want to waste money and assume that it is the government 's responsibility to provide for the elderly .
+
+S However , it should be made clear to them that public spending on the aged should not be misused .
+
+S In order to prevent public spending from being misused , government should provide aid to the aged after assessing their living condition and how much their children can provide for them .
+
+S For example , an elderly who lives all alone by himself , without any children , will receive more help from the government if he is unable to provide for himself .
+
+S Whereas , an elderly who have children whose income is relatively stable , will receive lesser help .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:ADJ:FORM|||less|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After all , it is the children 's responsibility to provide for their parents before the government steps in to help .
+
+S In this way , public spending will not be misused , children are forced to be filial and therefore , do not have to set a limitation on public spending since the amount spent on the aged will be lesser .
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:OTHER|||the government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:SVA|||does|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 40|||R:ADJ:FORM|||less|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , public spending on the aged should not be limited because they deserve to receive help from the government when they need it as they once helped to contribute to the country 's development .
+
+S In order for those elderly from the past generations to live reasonably well , but not to the extent of " luxury well " , government should assess the living condition of these elderly and provide them with the necessary aid instead of limiting public spending on the aged .
+A 5 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:MORPH|||luxuriously|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 49|||R:OTHER|||they need|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S BusinessDictionary.com .
+
+S Electronic References .
+
+S Retrieved September 14 , 2009 , from http : //www.businessdictionary.com/definition/public-spending.html Economist.com .
+
+S Electronic References .
+
+S Retrieved September 14 , 2009 from http : //www.economist.com/printedition/displayStory.cfm ? Story_ID = 657443
+
+S In recent years , public spending on the aged has gradually increased , sparking countless discussions about whether public spending on the aged should bre limited , so that the money can be diverted to other areas of the country 's development .
+A 24 25|||R:SPELL|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Personally , I agree with such a view .
+
+S In countries where the population is not aging , public spending on the aged should be lowered and the funds should be channelled into other more important policies and schemes .
+A 16 17|||R:VERB|||decreased|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This would benefit the country , both economically and socially .
+
+S One of the reasons , why the government should not be the one that is supporting the elderly , is the simple concept of filial piety .
+A 4 5|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||supports|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Filial piety is one of the virtues that have been around society for ages , it emphasises the respect for parents .
+A 14 16|||R:PUNCT|||. It|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the costs of aged should be borne by their respective offspring .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||spending for the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Their children should be the one to support them through their old age , and it can be seen as " repayment " for all that their parents have done .
+A 13 19|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is n't easy to bring children up and parents have to scrimp and save just to give their children the best .
+A 2 3|||R:CONTR|||not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 8|||R:WO|||up children|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In general , for the first twenty years of anyone 's life , they are fed , clothed and brought from adolescence to adulthood , all for free .
+
+S Parents also try to give their children the best education they can afford to .
+A 13 14|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So , should n't it be only fair that their children support them through their old age , especially when they have no one else to rely on ?
+A 3 5|||R:OTHER|||it not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore the public spending on the aged should be cut down , because the younger generation should be the one supporting their parents , it is their own duty and should not be left to the government .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But , there will be special cases , where such aged folk do not have children to rely on , either because they did not have kids , or due to some misfortune resulting in the loss of their children .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Nevertheless|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:ADV|||when|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:TENSE|||do|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 37|||R:OTHER|||have lost|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 38|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In these cases , it would only be right for the government to help out .
+A 14 14|||M:PRON|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence the public spending on the aged should be limited , but not completely ignored .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , in every society where such schemes exist , there will be a group of people who tend to " abuse " the system .
+A 6 7|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In reality , there are a number of those who try leech off as much government funding as they can , despite their ability to support themselves .
+A 11 11|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After the aged retire , there are a large group of them who actually are still fit to work , they are able to do minor jobs to support themselves .
+A 19 21|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , this is rarely seen due to the fact that most of them do not wish to continue working into old age , they believe that they deserve to rest .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB|||brought up|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although I believe that people who retire definitely deserve their old age freedom , I completely disagree that most of them are doing it at the expense of the government .
+A 10 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:TENSE|||should be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If your children are unable to support you through your old age for whatever reason , you should be trying to find minor jobs to support yourself , especially if you are still physically fit .
+A 1 2|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:PRON|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||R:VERB:TENSE|||try|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:PRON|||themselves|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore the spending on the aged should be lowered , and the smaller amount of funds that are dedicated to it should be given out more wisely and strictly .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB|||minimized|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||allocated|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some people disagree that the public spending on aged should be cut down , and they may say that the cost of supporting an old person may be too much of a burden for the young adult of our world .
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 18|||R:OTHER|||arguing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||R:NOUN:NUM|||adults|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 40|||R:OTHER|||nowadays|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The children of these aged folk do not earn enough to support their parents .
+
+S However , I feel that if there are increased funds in the other sectors of country 's development , the burden would actually be lesser than it already is .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN|||areas|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If , the public spending on the aged is lowered and the funds are diverted to other channels to boost the economic growth , the country would enjoy a richer society .
+A 1 2|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||decreased or minimized|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:VERB|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There will be a rise in wealth and the working population would actually have more monetary assets to support the aged .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , the funds can be diverted into other sources which will result in an increase of cleanliness in a country .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||could|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN|||improvement|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 21|||R:OTHER|||a country 's cleanliness|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This can be through the form of increased technology , or investment into machinery that clean up the polluted air .
+A 3 3|||M:VERB|||accomplished|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:SVA|||cleans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The cost of supporting and old person is by no doubt majorly due to the increased medical costs that come with old age .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:ADV|||largely|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However if the country is able to find a way to improve cleanliness in the country , this will no doubt lead to a healthier population , which in turn means lower medical costs .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 16|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore it is the wiser choice to lower the public spending on elderly , because the net benefit from such an action would be much greater than if we were to leave the spending untouched .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , such a policy would only be beneficial in countries that do not face an ageing population .
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||work|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Countries that face the problem of an ageing population are unable to carry out such a plan .
+A 5 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is due to the fact that it is almost impossible for the younger generation to support the aged , considering the number of aged in society greatly outweigh the generation that are supporting them .
+A 21 22|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:OTHER|||outweighs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 34|||R:VERB:TENSE|||supports|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore it would be wiser for the governments of such countries to find other policies that would suit their own needs .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB|||craft|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , in countries where the population is not aging , public spending on the aged should be diverted to other more important sectors , such as research and development sectors .
+
+S This would in turn benefit the country more than if they were to leave the policies untouched .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||countries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This essay agrees to a large extent that current research and development/policies have helped to ease the aging process because of the innovative solutions that Singapore 's government and other organizations have come up with to further delay the aging process .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB|||argues|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN|||developmentpolicies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 35|||R:OTHER|||provided|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 41|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These solutions are mostly focused in the area of medicine , technology and society in which they are essential in slowing the process and eradicating this issue in the future .
+A 4 5|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:NOUN|||problem|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First , many people commonly associate health issues with the elderly .
+
+S For instance , in United Kingdom , a research done by Deloitte and summarized by Dr Michael Harris ( Nesta , April 2009 ) , reflected that more than a quarter of fifty to sixty year old elderly people are diagnosed with medical conditions and the numbers are expected to increase in the future .
+A 24 25|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:VERB|||showed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:OTHER|||fifty-|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 37|||R:OTHER|||sixty-year-old|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 40|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the many medical solutions that helps to slow down aging and is available in the market is called the " Human Growth Hormone " drug ( Somatropin , 2006 ) .
+
+S This prescription provides alternatives to improve old age health issues such as memory loss and weaker bones .
+
+S However , not many individuals are willing to adopt this medical option as they would want to age naturally and are afraid that this treatment will cause side effects as it is not commonly used .
+
+S It is possible for people to have this judgement because this medicine is not widely used in the market as further research is still ongoing to further improve its effectiveness .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN|||view|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Second , technology is advancing rapidly and users are expected to constantly upgrade themselves to keep up with the pace .
+
+S But the elderly may face problems in the process of keeping up .
+
+S Most of them will have trouble adjusting to new technology when they are already comfortable with the level of technological background that they are equipped in .
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||if|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , the health conditions such as deteriorating eye sight or poorer hearing can be a problem as well .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , Microsoft has come up with technological advancement that helps the elderly deal with these situations due to their health concerns .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN|||innovation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To illustrate , a Magnifier ( Microsoft , March 2009 ) is made available in Windows so that the user can magnify part of their computer 's screen in order to view it clearer .
+
+S Despite this solution , the elderly are still struggling to cope with the latest technology .
+A 0 1|||M:OTHER|||Nevertheless , despite|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the contrary , they should be willing to adapt to technological changes as they are there to help humans cope with their daily activities and there are alternatives provided to these changes so that society would not to neglect the elderly .
+A 0 4|||R:OTHER|||But|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:PRON|||these|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:OTHER|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:ADV|||also|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Finally , society plays a major role in coping with the problem of an aging population with the country 's government as a support .
+
+S In Singapore , the government has provided many measures to protect the elderly .
+
+S In fact , one of the measures includes the " Maintenance of Parents Act " ( Statutes , " Maintenance of Parents Act " , Chapter 167B , June 1996 ) in which parents can claim their rights from their children who had neglected them .
+A 35 36|||R:VERB|||demand|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 43|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This way , it helps to prevent grown children from running away from their responsibilities towards their parents .
+A 1 4|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:PREP|||up|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Other than that , companies are encouraged to employ older workers even after these workers have past their retirement age ( Channel NewsAsia , September 2009 ) .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||Moreover|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:ADV|||also|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To further attract the interest of companies to do so , recognition such as the " AARP International Innovative Employer Awards " is given out to companies who showed innovation on how to include elderly in their companies ( AARP International , January 2008 ) .
+A 27 28|||R:PRON|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:VERB|||demonstrate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 33|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:MORPH|||inclusion|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 34|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Yet , despite such incentives being given out , many companies still chose to retrench those who fall under the older age group during the retrenchment period claiming that the elderly are less productive and effective .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:TENSE|||choose|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S While this may be true , it is possible to keep the elderly away from retrenching them as the elderly can take up upgrading course to improve their skills .
+A 13 14|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:VERB|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:FORM|||retrenched|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||R:OTHER|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN:NUM|||courses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , although these researches and policies have yet to fully solve the problem of an aging population , they still provide alternatives for the aged and society to cope with the problem .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||such|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , it is up to the individuals themselves to determine whether they would want to oblige to the policies implemented and try out those new alternatives .
+A 13 14|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:CONJ|||or|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S AARP International .
+
+S Electronic References .
+
+S Retrieved September 17 , 2009 , from http : //www.aarpinternational.org/conference/conference_show.htm ? doc_id = 70399 5
+
+S Council For Third Age .
+
+S Electronic References .
+
+S Retrieved September 17 , 2009 , from http : //www.c3a.org.sg/index.html
+
+S Dr Harris , Michael .
+
+S ( 2009 , April ) .
+
+S Research Summary : Preparing for Ageing .
+
+S Retrieved September 17 , 2009 , from http : //www.nesta.org.uk/assets/Uploads/pdf/Research- Report/preparing_for_ageing_summary_report.pdf
+
+S Lim , Cheryl .
+
+S ( 2009 , September 10 ) .
+
+S Firms urged to adopt age-friendly work policies before legislation in 2012 .
+
+S Channel NewsAsia .
+
+S Retrieved September 17 , 2009 , from http : //www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/1004137/1/.ht ml
+
+S Microsoft Corporation .
+
+S Electronic References .
+
+S Retrieved September 17 , 2009 , from http : //www.microsoft.com/enable/aging/default.aspx
+
+S Singapore Statutes Online .
+
+S June 01 , 1996 Maintenance of Parents Act Chapter 167B .
+
+S Retrieved September 17 , 2009 , from http : //statutes.agc.gov.sg/non_version/cgi-bin/cgi_retrieve.pl ? &actno = Reved- 167B&date = latest&method = part
+
+S Somatropin .
+
+S Electronic References .
+
+S Retrieved September 17 , 2009 , from http : //www.somatropin.net/anti-aging.htm
+
+S Aging population is becoming more and more serious problem , consuming a great amount of money from public programs .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are several solutions proposed to ease this problem .
+
+S One solution is limiting the money spending on programs for the aged and diverting that money to other areas of country developments .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:FORM|||spent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:NUM|||development|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some critics say implementing this solution might be implied that the government does not want to support the elderly ; however it is a practical solution for the current aging population problem .
+A 7 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||imply|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some people say this solution might cause financial difficulty to many elderly and their family , especially some delicate segments of the elderly population , such as those who have particularly low income like older single women , or those who attained little education ( Robert B. Friedland and Laura Summer , 2005 ) .
+A 18 19|||R:ADJ|||critical|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 41|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 45 47|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 49 50|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , this policy will only cut off a part of the money used for the aged .
+A 6 8|||R:VERB|||use up|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The remaining money will be used to serve the ones who really need the support from the government .
+
+S For those who can support themselves , either by their own saving money or by support of family , should take the responsible to reduce the financial stress put on programs for the elderly .
+A 0 1|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||Those|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||savings|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 24|||R:OTHER|||help|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:VERB|||exerted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , there are more and more people who do not have to rely on the government help .
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Robert B. Friedland and Laura Summer ( 2005 ) also agree that " the population aged 65 to 75 is healthier , wealthier and better educated than persons in this age group in past generations " .
+A 0 2|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , several countries have already implemented means testing systems that reflects the above idea .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:SVA|||reflect|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In Australia there is a means testing for age pensions , which is based on the income test and assets test to assess compensation payments ( http : //www.fahcsia.gov.au ) .
+A 2 2|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||pension|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Starting from 1 January 2009 , Singapore has run a mean testing system in its public hospital : a certain group of citizen with certain range of income will have different subsidy scheme .
+A 10 11|||R:MORPH|||means|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||hospitals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||citizens|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 30|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , citizens who have average income lower than 3200 $ per month will have their hospital fee subsidized by 80 % while those who earn more than 5200 $ monthly will only have their hospital fee subsidized by 50 % ( source : http : //www.hospitals.sg ) .
+A 10 12|||R:WO|||$ 3200|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||fees|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 31|||R:WO|||$ 5200|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 38|||R:NOUN:NUM|||fees|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Most importantly , limiting public money spending on the aged will save a great amount of money for the Government .
+A 19 20|||R:ORTH|||government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This money can be diverted to other needier and more important programs , such as education , environment programs and other economic development related programs .
+A 15 16|||R:MORPH|||educational|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:MORPH|||environmental|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These programs are essential to ensure the development of a country in the near future ( economic development programs ) and in the long run ( education programs ) .
+
+S Friedland and Laura Summer ( 2005 ) state that the key word in fighting against aging population is economic growth .
+A 2 3|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the economic develops , the country will generate more money and thus be able to spend a greater amount of money on programs such as health care support for elderly .
+A 2 3|||R:MORPH|||economy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 30|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , country which faces the aging population problem should consider limiting public money spend on the aged and instead using that money on country developments .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:FORM|||spent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:FORM|||use|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 24|||R:OTHER|||more of it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:OTHER|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:NOUN:NUM|||development|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S That cut-off money can be considered as an investment on the country economic .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||Such|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:MORPH|||economy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , a country could also run supporting programs to make the policy run more effectively , such as promoting children 's willingness to support the elderly parents and implementing means testing programs .
+A 6 7|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:FORM|||support|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:DET|||this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Yes , I agree .
+
+S Information Technology ( IT ) has come a long way .
+
+S Firstly , it is user friendly .
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||user-friendly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With IT , the old can age with dignity .
+
+S Also , IT is indispensible for learning .
+
+S It is said that one is never too old to learn .
+
+S With IT , this saying can never be truer .
+
+S Moreover , IT makes it easier to grow old nowadays with more available help .
+
+S IT is user friendly .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||user-friendly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It over comes the two main problems that the elderly have when using IT .
+A 1 3|||R:ORTH|||overcomes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , the elderly may have a difficult time figuring out the user interface .
+
+S Also , old people tend to forget .
+
+S Because of the above , the elderly may find using IT a challenge .
+
+S However , IT can actually be made simple to use .
+
+S One way is to provide a simple user interface .
+
+S With this , the elderly will never go wrong as there are only a few buttons to choose from .
+
+S Another way is to provide a functionality to the interface to " remember " inputs .
+
+S This way , the elderly would not have to worry about having forgotten what they have done before to the interface .
+
+S IT is indispensible for learning .
+
+S Some people may think that many people nowadays do not have much patience with the elderly .
+
+S Teaching the elderly would therefore be a chore for them .
+
+S IT , on the other hand , will never grow impatient on the old .
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It acts as an alternative and gives older people chances to learn or try to do something .
+
+S Some people may argue that although IT would not grow impatient on the old , the old may , in contrast , grow impatient on IT .
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , I believe that IT is user friendly , and therefore easy to pick up .
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||user-friendly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The elderly , it given a chance at IT , will never tire of it .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||if|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S IT makes it easier to grow old nowadays with more available help .
+
+S IT ( as cited in Helsinki , 8 April , 2003 ) could improve the operative ability of the elderly and may even enhance their wellbeing .
+A 25 26|||R:SPELL|||well-being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The aged could even prevent being sent to an old folk 's home , be able to live alone at home , and have increased individual management of their personal issues .
+A 23 25|||R:VERB:TENSE|||increase|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One big hurdle is to get the elderly to accept the new products and to learn how to use them .
+
+S However , with the considerable degree of benefit that they will have , I think this hurdle would not be a problem .
+
+S The elderly would just have to see and understand the advantages IT would bring to their lives .
+
+S From the above , we can see that to a large extent , current research and development in IT have helped to ease the aging process .
+
+S IT not only brings great convenience to the livelihood of the aged , but is also user friendly .
+A 16 18|||R:OTHER|||user-friendly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This makes it easy for the elderly , who would be slow at learning , to pick up IT and get familiarized with it , at their own time .
+A 24 25|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is also clear that with all the above reasons , the elderly would most definitely find it rather undemanding for them to embrace it in their lives .
+A 24 25|||R:ORTH|||IT|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference :
+
+S Helsinki , ( 8 April , 2003 ) .
+
+S Technology Serving the Elderly .
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2009 , from http : //www.e.finland.fi/netcomm/news/showarticle.asp ? intNWSAID = 13619
+
+S Aging is a process of life that one would eventually go through .
+
+S Many problems usually start to arise when one reached their old age .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||reaches|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , one will have lower productivity in work as well as one will need to face the issue of rising social and healthcare cost .
+A 13 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Peter G. Peterson , 2001 ) Also , the effects of having little education , not being able to save during one 's economically active years as well as deteriorating health continue into old age suggest that government should not limit public spending on elderly ( Robert B. Friedland and Laura Summer , 2005 ) Although , there are many benefits for money to be diverted to other areas of the country 's development , such as , education and generating a more productive workforce , public spending on the aged should not be limited to allow elderly people to age with dignity .
+A 1 3|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 36|||R:OTHER|||among the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 45 46|||R:OTHER|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 47 49|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 51 52|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 56 56|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 57 58|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 62 63|||R:PREP|||if|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 64 66|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 71 72|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 78 79|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 81 82|||R:MORPH|||generation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 82 82|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First of all , public spending on the aged can be diverted to help those people who have lower income but have the potential of pursuing a higher education to get a higher qualification .
+A 31 33|||R:OTHER|||better|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government could offer scholarships or offer subsidize school fees based on their income level in order to help to generate more higher educated people so that the effects of having little education and not being able to save during one 's economically active years could be minimized .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:FORM|||subsidized|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:MORPH|||highly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although there are benefits , it will result in a large number of people having high qualification and it will end up becoming something that is common among everybody .
+A 5 6|||R:PRON|||this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||qualifications|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , diverting money to education would not help to minimized the effect of having little education and not being able to save during one 's economically active years .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:FORM|||minimize|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So , this suggests that public spending on the aged should not be limited .
+A 0 1|||R:ADV|||Thus|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , public spending on the aged can be diverted to increase salary and bonus for those people that are more hardworking and productive so that it will help to generate a more productive workforce .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||salaries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||bonuses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:PRON|||who|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With an increased in salary and bonus , it will allow one to save during one 's economically active years and also help one to minimize deteriorating health that will continue into old age because one will have the ability to pay for their healthcare cost in order to cure any illnesses before it continue into old age .
+A 2 3|||R:MORPH|||increase|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:OTHER|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:VERB|||slow down|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 34|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 54 55|||R:VERB:SVA|||continues|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , with the increase salary and bonus for those people that are more hardworking and productive , it will result in everybody fighting for the increase salary and bonus and therefore , one will become enemy of the other person .
+A 6 7|||R:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||salaries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||bonuses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:PRON|||who|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:OTHER|||such|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:NOUN:NUM|||increases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 33|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 39|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This also suggests that public spending should not be limited for the aged .
+A 6 6|||M:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||on the aged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , public spending should not be diverted to other areas such as , education and generating a more productive workforce .
+A 14 15|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:MORPH|||generation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Instead , the government should support the aged by providing work that are suitable for the elderly as well as providing support for their medical and social spending in order to help elderly to cope with the rising issue of social and healthcare cost .
+A 15 16|||R:PRON|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:OTHER|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||U:VERB:FORM||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , by providing work for the elderly , they can earn enough money for themselves to spend even though they were unable to save during their economically active years .
+
+S Moreover , when the government provide support for medical and social spending , it will allow elderly to have enough money to spend for their other leisure activities .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:SVA|||provides|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , public spending on the aged should not be limited in order to allow elderly to aged with dignity .
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:MORPH|||age|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference
+
+S Robert B. Friedland and Laura Summer ( March 2005 ) .
+
+S Demography Is Not Destiny , Revisited .
+
+S Center on Aging Society , Georgetown University .
+
+S Peter G. Peterson ( 2001 ) .
+
+S A Graying World .
+
+S Harvard International Reviews .
+
+S Yes , I agree that public spending on the aged should be limited so that money can be used for other developments .
+A 21 22|||R:OTHER|||areas of development|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are several reasons on why public spending should be limited .
+A 4 5|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One reason is that the government can still provide benefits to elderly by developing areas that will benefit all age groups .
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN|||programmes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By limiting public spending on the aged , the government can focus on other developments such as economy .
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||areas of development|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Government could use public funds to invest in job markets to increase the economical growth of the country .
+A 13 14|||R:MORPH|||economic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This does bring some benefits to elderly .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With an increase economy growth , the number of working population will rise as more people will be able to find jobs .
+A 3 3|||M:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:MORPH|||economic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , working adults would be able to earn more income in a stable economy .
+
+S Therefore , the working population will have more capability to support their elderly parents .
+
+S This will encourage working adults to take responsibility to look after their elderly parents and thus , promoting filial obligation .
+A 8 8|||M:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 10|||R:VERB:FORM|||looking|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On top of that , with a better economy , the elderly will be able earn more income if they decide to continue to work till retirement age .
+A 25 26|||R:PREP|||until|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Transportation is another vital area of development .
+
+S Firstly , business depends on a reliable network of transportation , as timed saved will be money saved .
+A 12 13|||R:MORPH|||time|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , the transportation network is a key determinant on how businesses are located which in term will affect the flow of investments and the country 's economy .
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN|||turn|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , people of all age groups need to travel .
+
+S With a better transportation infrastructure , travelling time will be reduced and accessibility will be increase .
+
+S .
+
+S For example , with more MRT stations and buses , the working population will find travelling to their workspaces will become more convenient .
+A 19 20|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As for the elderly , they will be able to save time travelling to places such as hospitals , community centers and etc .
+A 21 22|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides that , elderly would also be able to travel in a more comfortable way .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the government should used public funds to improve transportation .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:FORM|||use|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Funds could be used to set up more MRT stations , increase the frequency and quality of buses , which in turn will benefit everyone .
+A 5 7|||R:VERB|||build|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are other reasons on why public spending on the aged should be limited .
+A 4 5|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One reason is the rising cost of caring for aged .
+A 7 8|||R:MORPH|||care|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is because the numbers of people aged 60 and above are expected to be triple by year 2050 .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||number|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , with the rising cost of living , amount of funds needed to care for the elderly will rise tremendously .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will mean a higher tax is required .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , if the government does not limit the spending , more taxpayer 's money will be needed to be spend to care for the elderly .
+A 19 22|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When this trend continues , the country 's financial reserves will be depleted .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||If|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , there is a need to balance the public spending .
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , public spending should be limited so that funds could be used in other developments .
+A 5 5|||M:OTHER|||on the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||areas of development|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government must be able to balance the funds so that it will benefit all age groups without compromising anyone .
+
+S Public spending on the aged should be limited so that money can be diverted to other areas of the country 's development .
+A 0 22|||R:OTHER|||" Public spending on the aged should be limited so that money can be diverted to other areas of the country 's development "|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I disagree to this statement .
+A 2 3|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The idea of reducing public spending for the aged would eventually generate more problems in the country and thus slowing down the country 's development instead .
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:FORM|||slow|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The scope of this essay will be focused on the area of public spending in healthcare of the elderly .
+A 5 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||focuses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The country could consider adjusting the budget into improving the economy .
+A 7 8|||R:PART|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:FORM|||improve|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Indeed it may seem to be a wise move as the country will be richer in their next budget planning .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:PRON|||this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , as the economy grows , wages increases and cost of life increases , it would be inevitable that prices of products , medication , and services , hospitalization bills , would also be on the rise .
+A 8 9|||R:MORPH|||increase|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN|||living|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:ADV|||also|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 29|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the subsidy is reduced , the family will have to pay more .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the effect of the positive increased wages could be well offset or even insufficient to keep up with the cost of living for the middle and lower income groups .
+A 3 7|||R:OTHER|||positive effect of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||an increase|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:PREP|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:VERB|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , would lead to the rich getting richer , and the poor getting poorer .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Do you consider a country with high GDP , tall and flashy buildings , together with an increasing number of its citizen living condition regressing into living in slum condition a country with good economy ?
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||Can we|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:CONJ|||but|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:NUM|||citizens|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 24|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 26|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:NOUN:NUM|||conditions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 30|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The answer is no .
+
+S Policy-makers claim for children to take responsibilities of their elderly parents ' medical expenses is a form of filial piety , in order to reduce its public spending on the aged .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||In order to reduce public spending on the aged , policy makers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:VERB|||argue|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||who|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||responsibility|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:OTHER|||because it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 31|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Despite of that wonderfully painted deception , reality proves otherwise , as people tries to work around the system .
+A 1 2|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:DET|||this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example the existence of schemes such as Do-Not-Resuscitate ( DNR ) and Euthanasia , though only in certain countries , could tells a different story as these voluntary schemes may possibly not be so voluntary after all , as children could stress their parents to die earlier in excuse to relieve their pains so as to lighten their financial burden .
+A 2 2|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:FORM|||tell|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 40|||R:OTHER|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 41|||R:ORTH|||Children|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 43|||R:VERB|||force|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 48 50|||R:OTHER|||allegedly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 53 54|||R:NOUN:NUM|||pain|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 58 59|||R:OTHER|||the children 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Taken from a scene from the movie " Money No Enough 2 " , directed by Jack Neo , was a scene in the hospital where the mother 's three children were burning a talisman to hope for their mother 's death during the economic downturn .
+A 0 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:ORTH|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB|||shows|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 33|||R:VERB:TENSE|||burn|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 37|||R:VERB|||hoping|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , according to { http : //www.euthanasia.com/deaths2003.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.euthanasia.com/deaths2003.html ] , there were an increased in number of people in Oregon died on euthanasia , of which 37 % of the patients had indicated of being concerned on the financial burden on their family , { http : //www.euthanasia.com/reasons2003.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.euthanasia.com/reasons2003.html ] .
+A 18 20|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:PREP|||through|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:PRON|||whom|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 42|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 44 45|||R:PREP|||about|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 48 49|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 50 51|||R:NOUN:NUM|||families|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 51 52|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although these statistics were not specifically targeted on the aged , it indicated that being a financial burden played a part in their decision to terminate their life earlier , be it instigated or not .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||did|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:FORM|||target|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:TENSE|||indicate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:NOUN:NUM|||lives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , the well-planned move for moral education may not be imparting the correct moral value in the end .
+
+S The money could also be invested into many other areas of the country 's development for further growths or better benefits to the country , rather than wasting on healthcare benefits for the elderly .
+A 0 1|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||Money|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||growth|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:VERB:FORM|||waste|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , it is these aged population that had brought the country to what it is right now with their sweat and blood .
+A 7 8|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Their ailments and conditions could be resulted from their work , be it directly or indirectly caused , while contributing to the nation progress , thus it should not be ignored .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Because of that , therefore it is only reasonable that the country should look after these past contributors and not to overlook their achievements just because they are no longer as capable of contributing to the nation .
+A 2 3|||R:DET|||this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As this move will reflect badly on how the country regards its citizen , it may even discourage its citizen from performing their best , or even migrate and work in other country , as they are aware that state will not take care of them in their later life .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||This latter|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||citizens|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||citizens|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:NOUN:NUM|||countries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 38|||R:OTHER|||know|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 39|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To sum up , without a doubt diverting public spending from supporting the aged population to the other development in the country may at first seem to be the best option , but eventually , it could in turn result in more harm than good , be it by upsetting the balance of wealth in the country , educating of wrong moral value and conveying the wrong message to its citizen workforce .
+A 18 18|||M:OTHER|||areas of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 39|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 46 48|||R:OTHER|||either|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 58 60|||R:OTHER|||imparting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 62 63|||R:NOUN:NUM|||values|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 63 64|||R:CONJ|||or|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 70 71|||R:NOUN:NUM|||citizens|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 71 72|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S International Euthanasia .
+
+S Deaths under Oregon 's Physician Assisted Suicide Act , Retrieved September 12 , 2009 , from { http : //www.euthanasia.com/deaths2003.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.euthanasia.com/deaths2003.html ]
+
+S International Euthanasia .
+
+S Why People Killed Themselves in 2002 under Oregon 's Physician Assisted Suicide Act , Retrieved September 12 , 2009 , from { http : //www.euthanasia.com/deaths2003.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.euthanasia.com/deaths2003.html ]
+
+S International Euthanasia .
+
+S Oregon People Who Died By Assisted Suicide , Retrieved September 12 , 2009 , from { http : //www.euthanasia.com/oregonstudy.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.euthanasia.com/oregonstudy.html ]
+
+S Peter G. Peterson .
+
+S A Graying World .
+
+S With the development of society , governments and policy makers pay more attention to the phenomenon of aging populations , especially in developed countries .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||societies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to incomplete figures , in the European countries , spending on pensions , health , and related issues is 15 % of GDP ( gross domestic product ) currently .
+A 20 20|||M:ADV|||currently|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , although the spending on the aged is high , it should not be limited .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some consider that public spending on the aged should be limited so that money can be diverted to other areas of the country 's development .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB|||argue|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , government should cut down the spending on aged , and use more money to attract talented immigrants .
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This can not only stimulate economic growth , but also buffer the rate of aging population .
+
+S To a large extent , it seems quite reasonable .
+
+S However , the result what we will do that is that many immigrants who have different cultural backgrounds will pour into the country .
+A 4 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||may be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:OTHER|||enter|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One country with the great influx of immigrants will become unstable , since cultures are different and cultural fusion need a long period of time .
+A 3 4|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||may|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:SVA|||needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , it is not necessary to limit the public spending on the aged for attracting talented immigrants .
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:PART|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:FORM|||attract|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On one hand , limiting the public spending on the aged does not mean that we can spend less money on the aged .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some of the reasons mentioned are " reducing the share of public support does not eliminate societal costs " ( Robert B. Friedland and Laura Summer ) .
+A 20 22|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 28|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If public spending on the aged is limited , there will be social costs and repercussions on families and local communities .
+
+S Such costs may even be higher than the original cost of public spending on the aged .
+
+S At the same time , cutting down public spending on aged will shift the financial pressure to the families with old people .
+A 10 11|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , we should not limit the public spending on the aged .
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , it should promote a sense of humanity and come up with more ways to help the vulnerable group and it is the duty of government that pays more attention to the vulnerable group in the society .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||such spending|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 16|||R:OTHER|||result in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||groups|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:OTHER|||; after all ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:OTHER|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:VERB:SVA|||pay|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:DET|||these|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 38|||R:NOUN:NUM|||groups|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 40|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The aged belongs to the vulnerable group , as the productivity of the elderly is relatively low , but their medical expenses and social costs are higher than other age groups .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||belong|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:DET|||these|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , public support on the finance for the aged is extremely important .
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In contrast , some may say that it is obligation for children to show filial obedience to the older generation , so young family members need to take care of the older generation and government can bear less responsibility for older people .
+A 9 10|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 27|||R:VERB|||must|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:OTHER|||so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||R:VERB|||take|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Due to this , the public spending on the aged should be limited .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||Thus|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the aim of government is to enable people in its country to live better and happier .
+
+S If we just cut down the public spending on the aged and divert the money to other areas of the country 's development , this is contrary to the purpose of the government .
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In other words , why do we divert the money to other areas of the country 's development ?
+A 18 18|||M:OTHER|||in the first place|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Because we want to make our country stronger and the lives of citizens better .
+
+S In consequence of the same aims , diverting the money to other areas of the country 's development is an extra and needless job .
+A 0 6|||R:OTHER|||Consequently|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , public spending on the aged should not be limited so that money can be diverted to other areas of the country 's development .
+A 12 12|||M:ADV|||just|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , it does not mean that the aged can totally dependent on government 's support .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||should|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:MORPH|||depend|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The aged are advised to solve their problems as possible as they can and put the public support as their second choice .
+A 9 10|||R:MORPH|||possibly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I agree with the statement that " public spending on the aged should be limited so that money can be diverted to other areas of the country 's development .
+
+S " Although we are moving towards a a fast aging population , public spending should be limited and diverted to area like monetary reward to encourage parents to have more babies .
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||areas|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The country 's development should not be hindered just because there is a need for public spending on the aged .
+
+S Besides , if we were to slow down the country 's development , this might hinder our economic growth which in turn , will affect the public spending on the aged indirectly .
+A 20 20|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As we are now facing the problem of a fast aging population , healthcare expenses incurred by the elderly needs funding .
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||need|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To fund these expenses , a large sum of money is needed .
+
+S Therefore , if public spending on the aged were to be limited , less budgets would be set aside for the elderly , which would affect them as healthcare is very important to them as they will face many health issues .
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||budget|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the limitation of public spending on the aged , the elderly might not receive essential healthcare due to insufficient funding , which may leads to undesired outcome .
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:FORM|||lead|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If public spending on the aged were to be limited and diverted to funds to encourage couples to have more babies , many people will plan to have more babies since their worries of not having enough money to bring up or to support so many babies have been partially subsidies by the fund .
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 44 45|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 47 47|||M:VERB:TENSE|||might|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 50 51|||R:OTHER|||subsidized|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the increase in the fund for baby bonus leads to more people planning to have more babies , this would eventually reduce the problem of having too many elderly which make us move towards an aging society .
+A 31 35|||R:OTHER|||result in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , when these babies grow up , they will be able to work and earn money to support their parents .
+
+S In this way , it indirectly reduces the problem of having to set aside a big amount of money to aid healthcare services for the elders .
+A 25 26|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another reason to limit public spending on the aged is that the children of the elderly should pay for their parent 's healthcare expenses .
+A 2 3|||R:PART|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:FORM|||limiting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||R:NOUN:POSS|||parents '|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If the funding for the aged are limited , this will result in children bearing the responsibilities to look after their own parents .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As people can no longer depend on the society to look after their parents , they will have to take up the responsibilities of looking after their own parents .
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this way , people will be setting a good example to their children by looking after their own parents which would in turn indicate to their children that they should look after their parents in the future .
+A 14 38|||R:OTHER|||on how to look after parents when they grow old|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although funding of healthcare services for the elderly is essential , it should be limited and diverted to other areas , especially baby bonus .
+A 2 3|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With more babies born , it would mean more people to look after their parents in the future , which would in turn cut down funds needed for the elderly .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||could|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||R:VERB:FORM|||looking|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , having more babies will reduce our median age and also solve our problem of moving towards an aging population .
+A 16 19|||R:OTHER|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S Robert B. Friedland and Laura Summer , Demography Is Not Destiny , Revisited .
+
+S Center on Aging Society , Georgetown University , March 2005 .
+
+S A Graying World , Peter G. Peterson .
+
+S Harvard International Review .
+
+S 23.3 ( Fall 2001 ) : 66
+
+S I do not agree with the statement that public spending on the aged should be limited so that money can be divided to other areas of the country 's development .
+A 21 22|||R:VERB|||diverted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As Singapore 's population is aging , it is the best time to provide for them to provide for the aged .
+A 12 14|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The elderly have contributed their years of youth to the society .
+
+S Critics might think that as someone is aging , the person is can no longer provide for the society anymore .
+A 9 10|||R:DET|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Money should not be spent on them as they will leave sooner or later .
+
+S However , the elderly can still provide for the society even if they are old as they are the wisest group of people .
+
+S Firstly , the elderly can provide for the society by imparting values to the younger generation .
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The elderly has spent many years of their youth on this earth .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus they have the most life experiences .
+
+S They have gone through many good and difficult times .
+
+S Therefore they are in the best position to impart values to their children as they are the wisest person each family .
+A 19 19|||M:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this way , the younger generation will be able to gain more wisdom from them .
+
+S Hence , crime rates will be greatly reduced as the younger generation will be wise enough to do only the right things .
+
+S This will help to make Singapore the safest country in the world .
+
+S Therefore the public should continue to provide for them .
+
+S Furthermore , even if someone is old , they can still provide for the society in terms of decision making .
+A 8 9|||R:PRON|||he/she|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the amount of life experiences , they will know the consequences of implementing different kinds of solution .
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||solutions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A very good example is our former prime minister , Mr Lee Kuan Yew .
+A 7 9|||R:ORTH|||Prime Minister|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Despite of his old age , he still contributes to the society by making major decisions for the country .
+A 1 2|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This shows that an elderly is never a useless person in the society .
+A 5 5|||M:NOUN|||person|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , they are the ones who can make the wisest decisions .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||contrary|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These decision making skills can also be imparted to the younger generation .
+
+S Hence , the public should continue to provide for the aged .
+
+S In addition to the above mentioned factors , the elderly has already contributed many years of their youth to the society .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Now that they are old , they have problems working for their own allowance .
+
+S It is the social responsibility of the public to provide for them in order to express their gratitude for the years that they have contributed to the society .
+
+S If not for them , Singapore will never become a developed country .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , there is no way that the other areas can be developed .
+
+S Therefore , the public should continue to provide for the aged .
+
+S However , the amount spent should not exceed a certain limit .
+
+S As children , it is their responsibility to take care of their parents and elders in the family .
+
+S By allowing the public to provide for the aged , the children tend to push their responsibility to the public .
+
+S They will have a mindset that the elderly can go to the different societies in the community to ask for financial aid .
+
+S Thus there should be a limit to the public spending for the aged .
+
+S In conclusion , I do not agree that public spending on the aged should be limited so that money can be divided to other areas of the country 's development .
+A 21 22|||R:VERB|||diverted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The elderly can contribute to the society by using their life experiences to make important decision for the country .
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||decisions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They will also be able to impart life values and skills to the younger generation .
+
+S This may seem impossible but it can be made possible if each elderly begins imparting these values to their own children .
+A 13 13|||M:NOUN|||person|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:DET|||his|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In due time , Singapore will become the safest county that can make the best decision .
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||decisions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Until recently , there is always much concern about the consequences of over spending on the welfare of the aging population .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is said that , if a huge portion of the public 's money goes to the aging population , it will cause undesirable effects to the country in many ways .
+
+S The median age in Singapore is anticipated to be doubled by 2050 .
+
+S Which means that the amount spent on the welfare of the senior citizens is also expected to be doubled .
+
+S Elder people tend to be the primary beneficiaries from the public spending .
+
+S Although , the welfare of the senior citizen may be important but it should not be in an extent where the other areas of the country 's development are being hindered .
+A 11 12|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S What is therefore needed is to take a close look at the current situation and evenly distribute the public spending into different areas to ensure that the country is being able to prosper .
+A 29 30|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Public spending must be limited so that it can be diverted into other major areas where it forms the pillars of the economy , like Education , Defense , Technology , and Research & Development .
+
+S If the government does not invest enough on these areas , the country will lose its competitiveness , productive capacity in the economy and decrease in public services which will greatly harm the economy .
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The importance of a quality educational system is not less than the importance of the aging population .
+
+S Education is a need to educate the future workforce of the economy , and also to create a workforce which is truly competitive and productive .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||There|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Japan is a country with little natural resources and yet with a very highly educated population , which resulted them in being one of the most foremost and advanced country in the world .
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:WO|||in them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:NOUN:NUM|||countries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A population with poor education background will find it hard to compete with other foreign talents with quality education background , thus losing out when it comes to employment and resulting in a huge percentage of the population being unemployed .
+A 4 5|||R:MORPH|||educational|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , foreign investors will not set up factories in countries that are equipped with poorly educated workforce .
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus the importance of education is equally important .
+A 1 4|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The amount spent on the defense should not be neglected as well .
+
+S Singapore is a country who is constantly being the target of the terrorist .
+A 4 5|||R:PRON|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||terrorists|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There were several terror attempts on Singapore , but it was foiled mainly due to the contribution from an effective and strong defense system .
+A 15 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A weak defense system can cripple a country 's economy .
+
+S For example , New York City was once a major financial center in the world , but after since the September 11th incident , majority of the investors left New York seeking safer alternatives .
+A 18 19|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This particular incident costs New York billions of dollars and also millions of job lost overnight .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:FORM|||cost|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , defense is also used to safeguard the economic interest of Singapore .
+
+S Singapore being a small country and yet having one of the strongest economies in Asia has always been the target its neighboring countries .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Without a strong and effective defense , Singapore would have been an easy target .
+
+S Therefore , defense is one of the most important areas which safeguards interest of a country and the allocation of budget on this area should never be overlooked .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||interests|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Critics often said that the senior citizens were the country 's pioneer and they had been through the process of nation building and it is our responsibility to ensure that the welfare of the aged should never be overlooked .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||pioneers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 35|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the allocation of the public spending on the aged should be based on wants and the needs of the elderly .
+
+S For the financially strapped elderly , they will receive the necessary subsidies for medical cost , transportation cost from the government .
+A 0 1|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||costs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , for those who are financially capable will have to rely only on their retirement savings .
+A 2 3|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:ADV|||solely|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Otherwise , it would be a huge drain on the tax payer 's money which will not be utilized to its maximum potential .
+A 14 14|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Clearly , public spending on the aged is required , but other areas which will affect the development of the country are also equally important , if not to say more important .
+A 28 30|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With this ever changing and competitive society , Singapore needs to make the necessary investments on other areas to ensure that it remains its foothold in the global economy .
+A 0 1|||R:PREP|||In|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:VERB|||retains|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore there is a need to analyze the importance of each area and cleverly distribute the spending .
+
+S If we do not limit the spending on the aged , Singapore may risk the possibility of losing its current global recognition status that it has always had .
+A 14 17|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 29|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Aging is an inevitable process which is often a slow and painful process for the society in general .
+
+S With the current research and development and policies , I agree this has helped to ease the aging process to a large extend .
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN|||extent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Due to the globally aging population , many countries have since started their research and development on the aging process .
+
+S The government has also stepped in by introducing various policies to suit the needs of the aging population .
+
+S This has indeed become a global problem with the extensive number of medical research going on and the various policies that are being developed .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN|||amount|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus in the next few paragraphs , I will explain in depth on the various research and government policies being developed has help to ease the aging process .
+A 12 13|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:OTHER|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:VERB:FORM||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , the advancement in science in the 2lst century has brought numerous astounding discoveries to prolong good health in times of old age .
+
+S An example is that there has been quite a number research on the kind of food which one consumes will help to slow the aging process .
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||lot of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:VERB|||retard|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S An example of the previous sentence is a research done by Pusan National University in Korea stating that eating kimchi could reduce the risk of heart disease and slows the aging process by reducing the amount of oxygen the body burns ( Hankook Ilbo , 2000 ) .
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||above|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:VERB|||retard|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 44|||R:OTHER|||( Ilbo , 2000 )|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another discovery in a research was found in the last few years that drinking red wine in moderation helps to preserve good health and slows the aging process .
+A 2 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:VERB|||retard|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is because of red wine contains a substance known as " resveratol " .
+A 3 4|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:SPELL|||resveratrol|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " Resveratrol " is considered to be so effective when it comes to slowing the aging process is due to the amount of [ pic ] antioxidants that are present within it .
+A 17 20|||R:OTHER|||because|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The [ pic ] antioxidants that are present within this substance prevents and repairs cell damage that is caused by free radicals in the body .
+
+S It is these free radicals that wreak havoc within our bodies due to the fact they damage cells , which not only causes disease but also aging .
+A 11 15|||R:OTHER|||because|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:SVA|||cause|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , one can see how extensive these research are being carried out to ease the aging process of mankind .
+A 7 8|||R:DET|||this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:NOUN|||is.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , the government has come out with various policies to ease the aging process .
+A 6 7|||R:PART|||up|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this case , we will take Singapore as an example because of the policies being implemented for the aging .
+
+S As a Singaporean , we all know of a term called " CPF " .
+A 0 5|||R:OTHER|||Singaporeans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " CPF " stands for Central Provident Fund which is a scheme that helps the citizens to save up an amount of money for their retirements needs .
+
+S With Singapore 's aging population , the government has stepped in by increasing the interest rate of CPF .
+
+S The government also implemented the " Minimum Sum Policy " to ensure that one have a specific amount in his or her CPF before allowing them to withdraw at the age of 55 .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Minimum Sum was set at $ 80,000 in 2003 and will be raised gradually until it reaches $ 120,000 in 2013 .
+
+S This helps one to save up more for retirement in the later years .
+
+S Another policy implemented by the Singapore Government is the " ADVANTAGE !
+
+S " scheme .
+
+S It was introduced in October 2005 to support companies to recruit and retain mature workers as well as to re- employ them beyond the retirement age of 62 ( Berita Harian , 2007 ) .
+
+S The scheme has helped the elderly by introducing age-friendly initiatives such as job re-design , automation , wage restructuring , training and introduction of re-employment policies in the workplace ( Berita Harian , 2007 ) .
+
+S At the end of April 2007 , 411 companies have already adopted the scheme .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This shows how effective the government pushes the policy .
+A 3 4|||R:MORPH|||effectively|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , one could hardly see how the policies do not help to ease the aging process .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Controversially , citizens have argued that these policies do not help them in the aging process because it has taken a toll in their gross salary after having money deducted to their " CPF " contributions which makes monthly living allowances even lesser for them .
+A 22 23|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:ADJ|||nett|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 38|||R:VERB:SVA|||make|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 43|||R:ADJ:FORM|||less|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S An example is the raise of the " Minimum Sum " scheme .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN|||rise|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This has been proven to be untrue as majority of Singaporeans supports the " CPF " schemes which encourages safer retirement and there are many citizen who even went to sign up more policies from the government on their own accord .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 32|||M:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Finally to conclude , due to the fact of a globally aging population , various research and development carried out to slow down the aging process and the policies implemented by the government for late retirement .
+A 0 1|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||To|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is hard to see how these research and policies does not help to ease the aging process in the modern day context .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||such|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:SVA|||do|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 24|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Internet sources : Ministry of Manpower ( 20 June 2007 ) : MOM : Efforts Carried Out to Increase Employment Opportunities for the Elderly from http : //www.mom.gov.sg/publish/momportal/en/press_room/press_replies/2007/200 70618-mom_s_reply.html
+
+S Anti Ageing Breakthrough - How Resveratrol Antioxidants slow the Aging Process
+
+S From
+
+S http : //www.articlesbase.com/supplements-and-vitamins-articles/anti-ageing- breakthrough-how-resveratrol-antioxidants-slow-the-aging-process- 954477.html
+
+S Online newspaper article :
+
+S Hankook Ilbo .
+
+S ( March 2 , 2000 ) Research Shows Kimchi Slows Aging Process .
+
+S Korea Times ( Seoul , Korea ) from http : //www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1- 65518712.html
+
+S In present day Singapore , the number of ageing people continues to rise at an alarming rate due to the high fertility rate in the past .
+A 1 3|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the sharp decline of birth rates that we are facing now , majority of Singaporeans will be faced with harder task- in taking care of elderly family members .
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , I disagree to a large extent that " public spending on the aged should be limited so that money can be diverted to other areas of the country 's development .
+
+S " There are three areas that we will discuss that are contributions that elderly have made the different needs and problems of the aged and the responsibility within the children .
+A 6 7|||R:PRON|||I|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||. These|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , contributions to society made by the elderly can not be ignored .
+
+S In the past , Singapore was an under developed country with swamps and kampongs around the island .
+A 14 17|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The living conditions were poor too .
+
+S If not for the elderly members of Singapore who contributed in helping to mould Singapore into a highly developed country , today many will not be enjoying the fruits of the labor .
+A 20 22|||R:WO|||today ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They have laid a sturdy foundation only for most of us to benefit from it ; the infrastructure , the technology , and the standard of living have made us what we are today .
+
+S As such , with all the hardships that the aged people have gotten through in helping to develop our country , it will be ruthless for us to leave them unattended or even setting limitations .
+
+S Secondly , with the attractive monetary incentive packages which the Singapore Government hands out to its citizens , it is not a foolproof method that works the solution .
+
+S The amount of money probably can tie most people over a few months but there are many unforeseen circumstances that might occur .
+
+S We know that elderly are prone to medical hiccups .
+
+S I would say that it can be from top to bottom .
+
+S They are not just common flu or illness that will wade off easily but long term illnesses .
+
+S If limitations are set , they will not be able to afford huge sum of money that they have to pay .
+
+S Furthermore , we still have to consider those who have been deserted by their own children or those who have no next of kin to depend on .
+
+S Thus , they will be alone and unable to take care of themselves .
+
+S Ultimately , they will be living in the old folks home and eventually use up their savings .
+
+S Without any family support , the only support they get will only come from the public 's generous donations .
+
+S Having state the above , the main emphasis is that each and every elderly has their own respective needs and problems , thus there is no absolute solution to solve the problems of the aged people much less speaking of limiting the amount of money spent on them .
+
+S If we do not address this issue and even set curfew to it , there might be more worrying problems arising which eventually leading to bigger problems and more difficult to solve .
+
+S Thirdly , it is our responsibility to take care of our parents whom grew us up since young .
+
+S Without their care and concern , we will not be who we are now .
+
+S Morally , I feel that there is no way to set limits .
+
+S In fact , it is our obligation to take care of them right until their twilight years .
+
+S On the other hand , I mentioned in paragraph two that Singapore is a highly developed country now .
+
+S Despite so , we can not take things for granted as we are still mainly dependent on external economies of other countries especially the Europe and United States of America .
+
+S Unlike other countries , Singapore has limited land and has no natural resources .
+
+S Thus the solution is to pump in money to further educate younger Singaporeans , invest in other countries and constantly carrying out Research and Development .
+
+S All this will be possible only when Singapore continues to invest more money in that respective area .
+
+S As the amount of money needed to invest in the respective area is huge , the government may need to consider using money from other aspects such as setting a limit to the amount of money spent on the aged if there is a situation whereby Singapore is financially strapped .
+
+S To conclude , these are the probable factors that may arise if public spending on the aged is implemented .
+
+S Not only that , if the government is scrapped financially , the government may consider setting the limit and help Singapore in its development .
+
+S Ageing is viewed as an inevitable phase of life that we are compelled to live .
+A 15 15|||M:PREP|||through|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Despite the challenges surrounding the ageing society , it is still depicted as the best part of our lives - 'the golden years' .
+A 4 5|||R:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This description of old age is true as most countries have now increased efforts to address the challenges surrounding the graying population .
+
+S Therefore , I agree that current research and development/policies have helped to ease the ageing process .
+
+S One of the major problems faced by the aged is financial security .
+
+S Most elderly are worried about retirement costs .
+
+S One policy mentioned to deal with the financial challenges of an ageing population is to enforce a compulsory saving scheme for citizen old age .
+A 1 3|||R:OTHER|||way|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:OTHER|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Alike with many countries around the world , the Singapore government has implemented the Central Provident Fund ( CPF ) whereby a fixed percentage of its citizens ' salaries is set aside to the fund .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Like|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN|||governments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Recently , there have also been top-ups provided to their CPF accounts to further help them meet their retirement needs .
+
+S However , some may argue that no matter how large the nest-egg one has carefully managed to put by , the sum is not sufficient to cover the rising cost of everyday life and healthcare services .
+A 18 19|||R:PART|||aside|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a solution , government also invests a considerable amount of resources in health promotion and disease prevention .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Not only are the healthcare services subsidized , a community health screening programme is also inaugurated for seniors .
+
+S These enable the aged to lead a better quality life without being anxious over financial difficulties .
+
+S It is regrettable that when we think of old age , what automatically come to mind are visions of loneliness and neglect .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:SVA|||comes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Over the years , efforts have been made to develop elder-friendly public infrastructure and housing as well as community based support services .
+
+S In Singapore , HDB flats are now designed with the ageing population in mind .
+
+S One example is the Studio Apartment Scheme .
+
+S These studios are built in such a way that it allows for elderly to be independent .
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some facilities include the construction of lifts at every floor instead of alternate floors and the installment of elder-friendly features such as non-slip tiles and grab bars .
+A 3 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Railing , ramps and passage way access to building are also made available .
+A 11 12|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With this , elder who have difficulty walking can get help by holding on to railing and at the same time exercise their leg muscles .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||elderly people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Ramps are also built for those wheelchair bound so that they can go in and out of the building without any help .
+A 5 6|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , located within the perimeters are senior citizens ' corners which allow them to mingle with one another .
+
+S However , one setback is the breakdown of family ties .
+
+S Children may not find the need to visit as they assume that the elderly have already had proper care .
+A 14 16|||R:WO|||already have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although some people claim that old people enjoy each other 's company more than that of the young people , I find it hard to imagine an old person feeling very happy with only rare visits from his or her family .
+
+S Friendships may be important , but surely kinship is equally , if not , more important .
+
+S The government promotes close family bonding through education and celebrations such as 'Grandparents ' Day .
+
+S ' This way , the elderly can age happily in the comfort of their homes , surrounded by family and friends .
+
+S Another problem faced is the lack of public recognition of life-long and continuing contributions of older people to the human .
+A 18 21|||R:OTHER|||society|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Earlier , those who have reached a ripe old age held an enviable place in society , but now they are only seen as senile , frail and useless old people .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This may lead to low self-esteem and eventually depression .
+
+S Hence , it is important to educate people to appreciate the elderly .
+
+S They constitute an important component of a society 's human resources .
+
+S Opportunities should be created to tap on their wisdom , talent and energy .
+
+S Some governments and businesses already try to adapt to a labour market in which many new jobs will have to be filled with retrained older workers instead of newly trained young ones .
+
+S They are considering introducing " lifelong learning " policies to help older workers keep up with the increasing demands of the economy .
+
+S The United Kingdom has raised the maximum age of access to its " Training for Work " programme from 59 to 63 years .
+
+S In Japan , different subsidies have been introduced to employers who extend the employment of workers until the age of 65 , or who maintain a specified minimum proportion of older workers .
+
+S This will not only make them feel worthy , the continued employment also enhances their financial security .
+A 9 9|||M:CONJ|||but|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:VERB:TENSE|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:SVA|||enhance|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , I agree that to a large extent , current research and development/policies have helped to ease the ageing process .
+
+S The elderly would feel more at east knowing that there are helps provided for them in their twilight years .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN|||ease|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 13|||R:OTHER|||help is forthcoming|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I agree that public spending on the aged should be limited so that money can be diverted to other areas of the country 's development .
+
+S It is well-known that our society is aging and there are strategies currently in place to aid the aged that would lessen their financial burden or other needs .
+
+S Singapore may suffer from long term economic loss while possible government support for the elderly could cost a portion of its Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) to decline .
+A 16 17|||R:VERB|||cause|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To deal with the limitation of public spending for the aged , a budget amount should be set aside to allow enough funds to be used for building and developing infrastructures , creating employment opportunities and improving standard of living to benefit the nation , as well as to increase its economy and its GDP .
+A 30 31|||R:NOUN:NUM|||infrastructure|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 37|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 53 54|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , by having more funds , Singapore can build and develop new infrastructures .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||infrastructure|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Public transportation systems including light rail system , mass rapid transit system , as well as the current new railway network , Circle line , are well advanced to make the public accessible to any locations in Singapore .
+A 35 36|||R:NOUN:NUM|||location|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Constructing of overhead bridges and expressways has made the citizens benefit too .
+A 7 11|||R:OTHER|||benefited the citizens|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Developing housing facilities in new towns or designated places enable people to have water and power supply , modern sanitation and communication systems .
+
+S Currently , the government has set aside an amount to build integrated resorts , the casino , and tourism attractions to attract tourists to come to Singapore .
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||casinos|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:MORPH|||tourist|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 26|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This would enable foreign money to come in and improve the economy .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN|||currency/ exchange|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Next , having more funds can create employment opportunities for the people .
+
+S Having hotels , shopping centers , transportations or other amenities would generate improve economy .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:INFL|||transportation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Tourists got to spend their money on accommodation in hotels , shopping and entertainment , food and beverages in restaurants , cultural shows and souvenirs and transportation would generate foreign money .
+A 1 3|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:DET|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:NOUN|||exchange|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Employment opportunities would then be created to the local people such as hotel attendants , tour guides are needed .
+A 6 7|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , these people need to be hired and they can contribute to the society and sustain the economy .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||As|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly , the government can use funds to improve standard of living for the citizens such as to build more schools to provide better education , have advanced healthcare technology so that citizens can enjoy the excellent healthcare services , etc. With such rising affluences , people would expect a better quality of life .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:VERB:FORM||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:FORM|||building|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 41|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 44 45|||R:NOUN:INFL|||affluence|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Given the current situation , most of the people in Singapore would able to go beyond meeting their basic needs such as food , shelter , water , electric power supply sanitation health care and education .
+A 12 12|||M:VERB|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 31|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 32|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If there 's an improvement in Singapore 's economy , Citizens would receive high income to have good food , modern housing .
+A 10 11|||R:ORTH|||citizens|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When people have an improved standard of living they will be able to contribute and sustain the economy .
+A 8 8|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:OTHER|||to ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the rising standard of living can cause some factors that will contribute to the aging population such as high-quality health care , which helps people live longer .
+
+S Even though with the help from the government and fund raising campaigns set up by charity organizations , there will be still a sizeable segment of the population the government has to consider to continue to aid the aged .
+A 37 39|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the rising cost of basic necessities and medical costs due to inflation in the future , those with no or low income aged group will suffer as these factors will cause the elderly not having enough savings or income to overcome the current economic climate .
+A 23 25|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:OTHER|||result in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , social problems like quarrelling over money issues , or even stealing of money would happen in future .
+
+S Another point is that the elderly in their younger age may have contributed for the society and the economy .
+A 6 6|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the government has to play a part to help the aged if they have any difficulties financially or in any other ways .
+A 17 19|||R:OTHER|||financial difficulties|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , an aging population may decline Singapore 's economy .
+A 7 11|||R:OTHER|||cause Singapore 's economy to decline|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , since the elderly in their younger age may have contributed for the society and the economy , we should spend a certain amount of money for their needs if they have problems dealing with money issues .
+A 12 13|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But , the amount must be balanced and have to take into consideration for other needs such as improving and developing infrastructures , creating employment opportunities and the rising standard of living of the nation .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The extent to which limitations of public spending on the aged has always been a complicated issue in many developed countries .
+A 2 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Over spending may result in a shortage of resources in the development of the nation while under spending may imply a negligence of government towards the aged .
+A 15 15|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We will discuss on the differences on whether to limit the public spending of the aged .
+A 3 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , with appropriate limitations , more money can be diverted to other areas of the country 's development .
+
+S Upon having better technology and infrastructure developments , the country will be able to attract more Multinational Corporations ( MNCs ) to invest , and thus increasing job opportunities .
+A 24 25|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , Singapore had attracted MNCs such as Las Vegas Sands Corp. and Genting International & Star Cruises to invest in the tourism sector .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Integrated Resorts ( IR ) that are built will generate an approximate of 50,000 to 60,000 additional jobs .
+A 5 8|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 13|||R:OTHER|||approximately|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is also estimated that there will be a boost in the tourism receipts by 2015 and this will improve the economy of Singapore .
+
+S Hence , it can be clearly seen that with limitations to public spending on the aged , the money diverse to other areas can help in boosting the economy condition of the country .
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||diverted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , there is no transparency in regards to the distribution of public spending .
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||with regard|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since no publications are made known , tax payers may be doubtful about the usage of their payable taxes .
+A 17 18|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There had been cases of misuse of public spending within countries .
+
+S People may make use of charity opportunities to obtain money from public and use for their own personal benefits .
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||R:OTHER|||benefit|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example in recent news , Ren Ci ex-director had been embroiled in a complicated money scandal .
+A 8 8|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It was reported that the ex-director was supposed to loan an amount to Mandala Buddhist Cultural Centre but it ended up with his former personal aide .
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||he|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This incident led to the distrust of public towards charity organizations .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a consequence , there was a dramatic drop in the Ren Ci donations from 9.3 million to 1.1 million .
+A 10 17|||R:OTHER|||Ren Ci 's donations from 9.3|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Limitations and transparency can be made to gain back the confidence level towards public spending .
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thirdly , another reason to limit the public spending on the aged will be that the aged population today is different from the past .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||A third|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:OTHER|||that of the past|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They are healthier , wealthier and more educated than that of the past .
+
+S Many of them are within the top management in the corporate ladders .
+A 8 8|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They hold high post such as Chief Executive Officer ( CEO ) , Chief Operating Officer etc .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||posts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They are capable of taking care of their lives and do not need the government aids .
+A 15 15|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||aid|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Other than this group of aged , there is also another group of aged who refuses to obtain help from others .
+
+S Due to their strong integrity , they believe that as long as they are physically fit , they will want to continue to work and support for themselves .
+
+S To facilitate this , McDonald 's adopted a policy to recruit the aged population as their staff members .
+
+S For this reason that the aged population are able to take care of themselves , public spending can be limited so that it can be invested to other areas for enhanced development .
+A 0 4|||R:OTHER|||As|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Finally , without limitations on public spending on the aged , it will lead to an increase in dependency on the public spending by the aged .
+A 2 12|||R:OTHER|||having no limitation on public spending on the aged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Apparently , some aged will try to abuse the public spending policy .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||persons|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They will have this mindset that since government will be taking care of their lives , why would they need to work .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 22|||R:OTHER|||they need not work.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , they will rely heavily on the government subsidies .
+
+S However , they may be a small minority of aged who are physically unfit to work .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||there|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They will need subsidies from government in order to maintain their lives .
+
+S Hence limitations on public spending should be implemented so that only this needy group of the aged will be the only recipients .
+A 18 22|||R:OTHER|||benefit.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , with proper limitations on public spending on the aged , the excess money can be made to the development of country thus improving its economy conditions .
+A 18 19|||R:VERB|||channelled|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S More trust can be gained from the public with transparency .
+
+S Aged population will also be encouraged to take care of themselves instead of over-relying on public spending .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The aged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , public spending on the aged should be limited .
+
+S Resources
+
+S Integrated Resort .
+
+S ( no date ) .
+
+S Retrieved September 12 , 2009 , from Wikipedia :
+
+S http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Resort
+
+S Hng Kiang , Lim .
+
+S ( 2007 , April 16 ) .
+
+S Impact of the Two IRs in 2010 .
+
+S Speech presented at The Resorts World at Sentosa Groundbreaking Ceremony .
+
+S http : //www.getforme.com/previous2007/160407_impactofthetwointegratedresortsi n2010.htm
+
+S Carolyn , Quek .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Director also took loans .
+
+S Retrieved September 12 , 2009 , from Straits Time Web site : http : //www.straitstimes.com/Breaking % 2BNews/Singapore/Story/STIStory_364985 .
+
+S html
+
+S Scandal Causes Sharp Drop in Ren Ci Donations : http : //singaporenews.wordpress.com/2008/07/18/scandal-causes-sharp-drop-in- ren-ci-donations/
+
+S In the modern societies , the aging population is increasing as a truth which can not be denied .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The reason is that the more the living standard is developed , the more the life is lengthened .
+
+S Therefore , the government should consider carefully about the way to treat this special kind of citizens .
+A 7 11|||R:OTHER|||how it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:SVA|||treats|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN|||group|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , there are some people who state that the public spending on the aged should be limited , so that the money can be spent on other areas .
+
+S From where I stand , I totally agree with this idea .
+A 0 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This essay will give some reasons that support that idea .
+A 8 9|||R:DET|||thist|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To begin with , it can not be denied that the youth is the most important part of the citizens in every country , not the elderly .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The young people are the workers who can develop directly to the country .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB|||contribute|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The research has shown that before 30 is the best time to learn and work in our lives the young citizens can work better than the elder ones .
+A 18 19|||M:PUNCT|||. The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , the increasing of the public spending on the youth is not unfair .
+
+S Moreover , in my opinion , if a country has few old people , it will not be a matter ; but a country which has few youths it may cause a lot of problems about manpower resources .
+A 28 29|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the opponents of this position argue that the elderly may has a lot of experience , and then they are very important .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:FORM|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:ADV|||so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To me , that is not true .
+
+S Although the aged has experience , that is in the past .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The world is changing every time , so everybody must learn day by day .
+A 3 3|||M:ADV|||constantly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Internet today is the most powerful tool that can bring a lot of information and the youth can use it easily .
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN|||iinformation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , I hold the view that if all the other areas of the country are developed adequately , the living standard of the aging population will increase then .
+
+S It is easily to be seen that if all the other parts of the public facilities are improved strongly , the living standard will increase for all the people in the country , including the elderly .
+A 3 5|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As far as I concerned , when the living standard is developed , the incomes of the young people will go up so that they can pay more money to help their parents , who are the aged also .
+A 4 4|||M:VERB:TENSE|||am|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||R:VERB|||rise|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another argument against X is when the government pays so much on the other areas , there will not any money to help the elderly .
+A 2 4|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:VERB|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This counter argument is good but it may be not correct because the government pays for the other areas ; they are also the public facilities , so that the elderly can receive those facilities also .
+A 19 20|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:PRON|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:VERB|||utilise|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In my mind , the youth has a duty to care for their old parents as well as their parents took care of them when they were young .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 18|||R:OTHER|||in the way that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Last but not least , when public spending is limited on the aged , the youth must work harder ; therefore the economy will increase .
+A 19 21|||R:PUNCT|||. Therefore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 26|||R:OTHER|||improve|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The reason why I could say that is because the public spending on the aged is limited ; the young people must work harder in order to save more money for the future life in the worst case that no one will pay for them .
+A 4 5|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:DET|||this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||R:PUNCT|||. The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This idea can force the youth to try to work in their bests and make many achievements in the younger ages .
+A 10 13|||R:OTHER|||hard|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 17|||R:OTHER|||achieve much|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , a good question comes to mind : if someone can not work in his young age , so that he can not live when he is old if he has no one who care for him personally ?
+A 0 4|||R:OTHER|||However|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 42|||R:OTHER|||what happens to someone who can not work hard when young and therefore has no one to care for him when he is old|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is such unclear whether this argument is true or not but I hold the belief that the governments should try their bests to help these kind of people to earn money in priority .
+A 21 22|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 34|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , the disable people can receive a special help all their lives , including the old periods as well .
+
+S All in all , there are many reasons which support the idea that the spending fee on the aged should be limited .
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are also many benefits that may bring the advantages back to the aged citizens .
+A 5 12|||R:OTHER|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All things considered , I totally agree with this idea .
+
+S Aging , a biological process which every single normal human in this world must experience every day , has become a quite serious problem for some countries in the recent decades .
+A 20 22|||R:WO|||quite a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Japan for instance , with its average age of population at 42 in the year 2009 , is having a quite serious problem with aging population .
+A 24 24|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S What is actually the problem that the aging population brings ?
+A 2 10|||R:OTHER|||the actual problem with the aging problem|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Basically , with the number of the working population dwindling down and the number of the so called " old aged " rising up , the expense for taking care of the " old " is increasing and the economy is facing a huge threat of collapsing .
+A 10 11|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This over , however , has been taken too seriously by some countries .
+A 1 2|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although this problem is quite serious , over-emphasizing and spending too much in this problem is not a good idea .
+A 12 13|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I agree that spending for the old age should be limited for the " old " is not the only important part of a country .
+A 20 22|||R:OTHER|||concern|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There exist many other aspects of a country that needs more funding and , in some cases , spending more in these other aspects can actually help a country 's aging population problem .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:SVA|||exists|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The aspect of education in a country is one of those that can indirectly help in easing the aging population problem .
+A 0 3|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:ORTH|||Education|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||area|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S How can the education sector help ?
+
+S Firstly we have to take a look at the cause of the decrease in the number of working population .
+A 15 17|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The decrease itself can be caused by 2 different things : low birth rate which means the problem arises because the shortage of youth and low education which means that the problem arises because the shortage of well-educated youths for the workforce .
+A 14 14|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 34|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the latter case , reallocating the funds for taking care of the " old " to the education sector can help in both easing the aging population and developing the country .
+
+S One example of this case is Singapore .
+
+S With the education sector well funded , not only that Singapore can increase the number of workforce by increasing the number of educated youths , Singapore also manage to attract a lot of immigrants from the neighboring countries such as Malaysia , China , India , Vietnam , and Indonesia .
+A 9 10|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||R:WO|||can Singapore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:OTHER|||she/ it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These immigrants and well-educated youth , in the long run , can ease the aging problem by becoming the workforce , increasing the size and moving the wheels of the economy and decreasing the elder dependency to the government .
+A 36 37|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another aspect that can help in easing the problem is the industrial development aspect in a country .
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On contrast with the earlier education sector which helps in easing the problem by eliminating the cause , an increase in spending in this sector helps by reducing the effects of the old aging population : the collapse of the economy .
+A 0 1|||R:PREP|||In|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The aging population problem can practically stop the turning wheels of economy as the ones who turn the wheel are the industrial and commercial sector of a country which needed youths as workforce .
+A 28 28|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 32|||M:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By spending more in this sector , one can hope that the economy will not collapse and immigrants are more attracted to come .
+
+S Japan , in this case , is one good example .
+
+S Japan , as one of the developed countries , has put great emphasize in its industries .
+
+S Their industries , starting from the modern gaming industries such as koei and konami to the more luxurious and " heavy " industries of sport cars such as Mitsubishi are well-known have a wide range of customers around the world .
+A 29 29|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 31|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the industrial sector well-developed , Japan can still maintain its economy from falling despite of its average population age of 42 and proved that funding the industrial development sector can really help in easing the aging problem by reducing the impact .
+A 15 16|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 41|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although one can already see from the examples above that spending for the old age should be limited and the fund should be reallocated to other sectors , one might still think that we are in debt to the old age population because of their previous effort and work in the past and that we have to show our gratitude to them by allocating some fund for them , spending too much is still not wise idea .
+A 65 66|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Taking care of the old age population and spending some for them is indeed the government 's obligation and responsibility but one can already see that there are some alternative and better ways to solve and to take care of this population problem just as shown above .
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||aging|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 43|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 44|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Spending too much on the old age population will not benefit the country at all as spending too much will only waste the funds and will not bring any development or solution for the problem .
+A 5 6|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:FORM|||aging|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the contrary , spending in other areas might bring benefits as well as solutions for the problem .
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The examples stated above have already shown the facts that reallocating the funds will greatly benefit a country .
+
+S Spending in education will help in developing the country and eliminating one of the causes of the aging population problem while spending in industrial development will help in attracting immigrants and keeping the economy running .
+A 1 2|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These examples with the fact that spending for the old age population will not bring any benefit have proven that it is better to limit and reallocate the spending for old age .
+A 2 2|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:MORPH|||aged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Just as the aging population is a serious problem , spending for the old age population is also a problem if it is not done properly .
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:MORPH|||aged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Spending on the old age must be limited and not too many as there are other aspects as shown above that also need to be funded .
+A 3 5|||R:OTHER|||aged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:ADJ|||much|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , spending on the old age should not be too little either as spending too little will cause the population to be upset and therefore decreases the government stability .
+A 29 30|||R:VERB:SVA|||decrease|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is a challenge for the government to find the right portion of the spending that has to be allocated for the old age population in the country as it is one of the obligations and responsibilities a government has .
+
+S The better , however , is spending more on the other aspects rather than spending on the old population .
+A 2 2|||M:NOUN|||alternative|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:ADJ|||aging|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If one can solve the aging problem and develop the country at the same time by spending more on other sectors in the country just as mentioned above , why would one choose not to and spend more on the old age population ?
+A 24 25|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 42|||R:OTHER|||aged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The aging problem is gradually growing into a larger concern for many developed and developing countries in recent years .
+
+S Furthermore , this problem is likely to become more serious in the near future as the lifespan of mankind keeps increasing .
+
+S This is when technology comes into play .
+
+S Technology acts as an essential role in helping ease the aging process for the elders in mainly three ways .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB|||plays|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First of all , technology makes it possible to slow aging speed to some extent .
+A 9 12|||R:OTHER|||retard aging|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Newest advanced technology offers new therapies , anti-aging products , and etc. For instance , the Laser ablation of Lipofuscin , a new anti-aging project , aims to tune the use of laser pulses in order to remove lipofuscin from aged cells , to hopefully cure or reduce aging .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The newest|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||others|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( ImmInst.org ) The accumulation of Lipofuscin is implicated in a variety of diseases such as Alzheimer 's disease and Parkinson 's disease .
+
+S ( Muscle & Nerve ) If this research concludes in a major success , it may completely redefine the meaning of being old .
+
+S Other anti-aging products such as a skin-care cream can contribute in making a part of the consumer 's body stay young .
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Now that human can age at a slower speed with the help of technology , people no longer wake up to the horror that the reflection in the mirror looks so old that it does not correspond with the memory .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||humans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , technology increases elder 's capabilities tremendously .
+A 4 6|||R:NOUN:POSS|||elders '|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S People 's abilities in seeing , hearing , memorizing , etc. decrease drastically when they reach a certain age .
+A 10 11|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the tools that enhance these sensitivities have been proven useful to the elders .
+
+S While such inventions allow the elders to live independently , they also lower the chance of feeling old , weak , and incapable of doing things for the elders .
+A 26 29|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , Microsoft introduced new functions in its OS , which can magnify characters , read the screen , voice control , and etc .
+A 23 25|||R:OTHER|||( delete )|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The new touchless keyboard from Actbrise even let users to input without the trouble of moving their hands .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||lets|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Engadget ) These new tools or functions made it possible for many elders to enjoy the excitement of experiencing advanced technology .
+A 8 8|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Because elders can " catch up " with many latest inventions , they are less likely to feel abandoned by the progressing society comparing to the older generations .
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:FORM|||compared|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Last but certainly not least , technology promises a brighter future for all men , including the elders .
+
+S In fact , the future is not far away from the present .
+
+S Take a look at organs , for instance .
+
+S " Several different technologies for harnessing regeneration are now in clinical trials around the world .
+
+S One machine , being tested in Germany , sprays a burn patient 's own cells onto a burn , signaling the skin to re-grow " .
+
+S ( Andrews ) Similarly , the quality of artificial organs is improving at an amazing speed , while the need of organ replacement is growing at an even faster rate .
+A 20 21|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Cascalho and Platt ) It can be seen that future technology may lead to longer lifespan and better healthcare , as well as possible ways to make an elder 's body literately young and energetic once again .
+A 32 33|||R:MORPH|||literally|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Technology has been playing a major part in helping ease the aging process .
+
+S It slows human 's aging speed , makes up human 's deficiencies when they grow old , and promises a brighter future that human can look forward to .
+
+S It is most likely that technology will continue to play an essential role in almost all men 's lives .
+A 16 18|||R:OTHER|||our|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S Andrews , Medicine 's Cutting Edge : Re-Growing Organs , CBS News , { http : //www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/03/22/sunday/main3960219.shtml } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/03/22/sunday/main3960219.shtml ]
+
+S Cascalho and Platt , THE FUTURE OF ORGAN REPLACEMENTNEEDS , POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS AND OBSTACLES TO APPLICATION , PubMed Central ( PMC ) , { http : //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi ? artid = 1475508 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi ? artid = 1475508 ]
+
+S Engadget , { http : //www.engadget.com/2007/10/19/actbrises-touchless-keyboard-for-your-laziness-handicap/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.engadget.com/2007/10/19/actbrises-touchless-keyboard-for-your-laziness-handicap/ ]
+
+S ImmInst.org , Immortality Institute , { http : //www.imminst.org/archive/articles/laser-research-grant } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.imminst.org/archive/articles/laser-research-grant ]
+
+S Muscle & Nerve ( 2002 ) , vol 25 pp.383-389
+
+S From a handsome young lad to a grouchy old man and from a pretty young babe to a naggish old woman , " Aging is a continuous process from birth to death , which encompasses physical , social , psychological , and spiritual changes .
+A 18 19|||R:SPELL|||nagging|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " ( 1 ) During this process , an elderly will experience deteriorate in memory , slower reflexes and mobility and strong desire to have familial supports .
+A 12 13|||R:MORPH|||deterioration|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:NOUN:NUM|||support|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To a great extend medical and technological developments help tackle such changes hence help ease the process of aging .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN|||extent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , the most common psychological change that elderly will experience is deteriorating memory .
+
+S This change can leads to a lot of complications such as forgetting to take medicine for other illnesses , wandering around the streets because they forget how to get home and unable to remember things they had just did .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:FORM|||lead|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Personal digital assistant ( PDA ) can be used to help the elderly remember things .
+
+S With this device , one can set time-based reminder to remind them to perform periodic chores for instance to take their medicine .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reminders|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the medical field , there are many ongoing researches to find medical cure to slow down or stop the process of deteriorating memory .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||a lot of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:MORPH|||research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||cures|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are various non-profitable organizations all over the world seeking cure for common illness among elderly an example will be for Parkinson Disease there is the Parkinson 's Institute and Clinical Center in America .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||cures|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( 2 )
+
+S Secondly , biological change is another change that aging brings about .
+
+S There are the obvious changes such as physical appearance and the not so obvious change in term muscular build and structure .
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||terms of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As one advances in age , their movement and reflex become tardier .
+
+S Radio Frequency Identification ( RFID ) technology is a new technology which is in use to help the elderly .
+
+S For example in Singapore , the Land Transport Authority ( LTA ) is looking into using RFID to help the elderly .
+
+S The traffic light will be modified to be able to extend the time for slow-walking elderly to cross the road when it detects an elder is going to cross the road .
+
+S ( 3 ) Muscular related problems are common among the elderly .
+
+S Various types of pain-killer are introduced to help ease the pain of the elderly .
+
+S Lastly , the sociological change that elderly experienced is the desire to be closer to their family members .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Familial relationship is more important to them and they are more dependent on their children to look after them .
+
+S Work commitment makes it impossible for their children to be with them twenty-four seven .
+
+S Web-camera is a technology that can help bring members of the family closer .
+
+S They might not be able to meet physical daily but at least it is an alternative for the elderly to have their empty heart filled and know that they are care for .
+
+S Working children can also use web camera to keep a lookout for their elderly parents at home and should any mishaps happen they can go to their aid immediately .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||cameras|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , technology helps an elder to adapt to changes in aging process easier .
+
+S It can help fulfill their psychological , biological and sociological needs .
+
+S References :
+
+S * Curriculum Resource Material for Local Long-term Care Ombudsmen , Adapted from the Long-Term Care Ombudsman Program Resource Manuals of Alaska and Louisiana , Developed and Revised By Sara S. Hunt , Consultant { http : //www.ltcombudsman.org/uploads/TheAgingProcess1.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.ltcombudsman.org/uploads/TheAgingProcess1.pdf ]
+
+S * The Parkinson 's Institute and Clinical Center Website { http : //www.thepi.org/index.php } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.thepi.org/index.php ]
+
+S * Onemotoring Website { http : //www.onemotoring.com.sg/publish/onemotoring/en/on_the_roads/traffic_management/new_elderly_friendly_traffic_system.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.onemotoring.com.sg/publish/onemotoring/en/on_the_roads/traffic_management/new_elderly_friendly_traffic_system.html ]
+
+S Based on the aging statistic conducted by the Administration of Aging , " the older population who aged 65 years old and above in America is numbered to be 37.3 million in 2006 " and it is expected to be rising where there will be " more than twice the number by 2030 .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||statistics|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " As the population aged , there will be a higher probability for elderly to suffer from certain illnesses and disorders that will affect both their physical and mental health .
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some of the illnesses and disorders include Alzheimer 's disease , chronic disease such as hypertension and diabetes and cataract .
+
+S However , as the technology become more and more advanced , countries will be able to tap into the newer technologies and develop more elderly friendly inventions that eventually ease and slower the aging process .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:SVA|||becomes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 26|||R:ADJ|||elder-friendly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:MORPH|||slow|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , Alzheimer 's disease is " the loss of intellectual and social abilities that is severe enough to interfere with daily functioning .
+
+S " Based on research , the number of people suffering from Alzheimer 's disease rise " from around 2.8 million people to 5.1 million today " and the probability of people " developing Alzheimer 's disease doubles every five years after the age of 65 " .
+
+S Thus to aid those elderly who are suffering from Alzheimer 's disease , many researchers have used the current or newer technology to come out with different innovative solutions .
+
+S One of the examples will be a " reminder robot which is developed by the University of Tokyo " .
+
+S This reminder robot which is named as " Mamoru monitor every move its owner makes and verbally alert them when they are trying to do the same activity twice a day " .
+
+S This help to prevent the elderly from forgetting and doing the same thing/action repetitively in a day .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:SVA|||helps|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , the University of Tokyo has also developed another reminder robot where " it monitors a room with camera and senor to keep track of where pre-registered objects have been placed in the room .
+
+S " This helps elderly to locate their items and ensure that they will not misplace their valuable items .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , chronic diseases such as hypertension and diabetes are very common illness among the aging population .
+
+S These illnesses required constant and regular medication and treatment from the doctor to keep it under control .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||require|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From research , " death rate from high blood pressureincreased25.2 percent,and the actual number of deaths rose56.4 percent .
+
+S " To ensure that the elderly go for their treatment and take their medication constantly , researchers have come out with practical solutions that eventually alert/ remind the elderly to take their medications on time .
+
+S The first example will be the automatic pill dispenser called the Medtime XL .
+
+S " Medtime XL is a device for dispensing medicine where it reminds the user when the medicine shall be taken and making the correct dose available .
+
+S " Besides that , " alarm will also sound and pills rotate into position " based on the individual medication time and the " alarm will only go away after the users have turned the device upside down " to retrieve their pills .
+
+S The second example will be the " Ageing Lab 's Robot Pet called the Pill Pets " .
+
+S Pill Pets is created by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) where " it reminds owner to take their pill or go to the doctor for regular treatment or checkup .
+
+S " If the elderly fails to perform the task required by the pill pets , the " pill pet will try a more visceral reminder which include simulating sickness or death .
+
+S " By having those inventions , children of elderly suffering from chronic disease will not have to manually remind their parent on their medication dosage and time through phone and thus train the elderly to be more independent .
+
+S Thirdly , as we aged , the chance of getting a vision disorder such as cataract will be higher .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||age|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Based on research , " by age 80 , more than half of all Americans are suffering from cataracts .
+
+S " " A cataract is a clouding of the lens in the eye that affects vision .
+
+S " To help those elderly who are suffering from cataract , researchers have come out with various creative solutions that are closely related to their daily lifestyle .
+
+S The first example will be the Tek Partner TV remote .
+
+S " Tek Partner TV remote is a special TV remote that consists of large , illuminated buttons " .
+
+S The second example will be the " Accenda Voice-Adicted TV remote where " elderly is able to change the TV channel and play video through voice command " .
+
+S By having these elderly friendly inventions , it increases convenience and elderly would be able to better operate their television with their blur vision and there will not be too much strain on their eyes when they look and use the remote control .
+
+S However , the critics of this argument feel that the current technology does not help to ease the aging process , but instead , it infringes the privacy of the elderly .
+A 26 26|||M:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is true that technological invention tend to infringe the privacy of the elderly , but it still help to ease the aging process as the monitoring of elderly through various electronic ways are done at a good cause .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||inventions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Due to the increasing aging population , there will be an increasing number of elderly that are likely to suffer from disease such as dementia .
+
+S By monitoring the elderly actions through web camera and reminder robot , children of the elderly can be better informed of the well-being of their parents and thus able to work at ease .
+
+S Other than that , monitoring can also give the elderly more sense of security as everything will be recorded down and they can easily refer to the recorded video without straining their brain cells to recall and find those items that they have misplaced it .
+
+S In conclusion , increasing aging population has posed huge challenges to the whole world .
+
+S With advanced technology , elderly friendly inventions can be easily developed to train the elderly to be more independent and thus help in easing the aging population .
+
+S Besides that , through advanced technology , it can further help to lighten the workload and burden of the government .
+
+S Do you know that by 2030 , Singapore 's aging population would increase from 8.4 % in 2005 to 18.7 % in 2030 thereby making it as one of the fastest aging population in Asia .
+
+S This can be translated into an increase of about 296,000 in June 2005 to 873,300 in 2030 .
+
+S [ 1 ] As elderly aged , they are bound to suffer from illnesses such as visual and mobility impairment and stroke .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:MORPH|||age|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although no treatment has been discovered to cure such illnesses , the only way is to improve and come up with new innovative technology to help ease the current aging process .
+
+S Although critics argue that technological inventions have helped to ease the aging process , this however , may not be the case .
+
+S In overall , technological inventions may be a great help to the elderly .
+
+S However once the elderly becomes over dependent on technology , they will be at a loss once the device is unable to respond to its correct state .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:FORM|||become|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 27|||UNK|||expectations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will result in the elderly being unable to continue with their daily lives .
+
+S For example , there is no absolute assurance that device that will never breakdown .
+
+S What if an elderly who is operating an electric wheelchair suddenly breaks down in the middle of the road and the elderly got stranded in the middle of the road ; this will definitely cause disastrous effects to the elderly and to the traffic .
+
+S Therefore this is the main reason why technological inventions may have not ease the aging process in Singapore .
+
+S However with the increase of elderly in Singapore , the number of elderly suffering from all kinds of illness also increases .
+
+S Without the use of technology , there will not be enough care givers in Singapore to provide support and help to the sick elderly .
+
+S Therefore , the need for technologies will be the only solution to help ease the aging process .
+
+S With technologies getting more and more advanced each day , elderly who suffers from illnesses requires technology to reduce their burden and ease their daily lives .
+
+S With " age-related macular degeneration being the major cause of visual impairment in elderly , " [ 2 ] " it has been proven that patients who suffer from visual impairment have difficulty recognizing faces or identifying objects .
+
+S " Not only will elderly have difficulty recognizing different faces , they will also lose their ability to perform simple task such as pouring a cup of water .
+
+S However as technology advances , new and improve innovations are created to help elderly solve such awkward problems .
+
+S For example a new technology called " Braun Bell Mug " [ 3 ] is designed to assist elderly who suffers from visual impairment .
+
+S This technology allows elderly to pour water into the mug without fearing that water will overflow .
+
+S As this cup is installed with water surface sensors in the mug with 3 indication levels ( low , medium and high ) on the handle along with a bell integrated in the cup , elderly would just need to select the level of the water they desire .
+
+S After selecting the level , elderly would then pour the water until it reaches the desired level and a bell will immediately sound off to alert the elderly to stop pouring .
+
+S [ 4 ] This ensures that elderly would not get scalded when handling with hot water .
+
+S Therefore , with this innovative technology , it would definitely ease the elderly aging process .
+
+S Another illness that brings forth attention is mobility impairment .
+
+S As elderly aged , they will gradually lose neuro-muscular coordination which in terms means losing of muscle power or balance .
+
+S This will result in elderly suffering from falls and which in turn risks osteoporosis-related fractures .
+
+S [ 5 ] Technology is also able to relieve the elderly in this situation , for example the " HipSaver Hip Protector " is designed to help prevent elderly from sustaining fractures and minimize the forces of impact if they really fall .
+
+S This invention is an all-soft one piece brief with thin tapered elastic foam pads encased in a waterproof and airtight pouch .
+
+S It effectively protects the elderly by absorbing the impact from a severe fall .
+
+S According to this source , a controlled study is conducted on elderly over the age of 79 , and the percentage of elderly who uses the HipSaver Hip Protector had 199 falls over 26 months with no hip fractures while the group of elderly who did not use suffers 369 falls over 26 months with 16 sustained hip fractures .
+
+S At the same time , an air pad will inflate like a miniature air bag diverting the force away the hipbone .
+
+S Elderly can wear this comfortable Hip Protector for the whole day in comfort .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S [ 6 ] Lastly with this device , it provides confidence and independent living for the elderly .
+A 4 5|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||no need for a comma here|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " In Singapore , the 3rd leading cause of death is stroke .
+
+S " [ 7 ] " Stroke is a disease that affects arteries supplying blood to the brain and causes sudden non-convulsive malfunction to the brain .
+
+S Unless the blood supply restores , part of the brain cells will die and this will cause irreversible permanent brain damage .
+
+S " [ 8 ] There is an increasing number of elderly who suffers from stroke and many of which became disabled .
+
+S Thus , as technology advances day by day , there are many various innovative solutions that help the elderly to solve the problems faced in their daily lives .
+
+S For example , a new invention called " My Spoon " has been invented to help disabled elderly .
+
+S " My Spoon " is a robotic arm which operates by controlling the joystick where elderly can be able to move it in 4 directions ( up , down left , right ) to maneuver the arm which can wield a spoon or a fork to bring the food to their mouth .
+
+S Elderly would use the joystick to select their desired food on the food tray .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||could|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the users , Takashi Fuzawa who had tried out this device , commented that this device has helped him to eat by himself without much help .
+
+S [ 9 ] This technology benefits the elderly by obtaining minimal help from the care givers to feed them and allowing them to gain confidence in living an independent life .
+
+S According to a report concerning the aging population in Singapore , " there is an increase of elderly living alone from 10,400 in 1990 to 25,700 in 2000 .
+
+S " [ 10 ] With more elderly living alone , the need for more care givers also increases .
+
+S Moreover , as elderly are prone to illnesses and accidents , they might suffer from severe falls and strokes .
+
+S However with technology improving drastically , many new innovative technologies have surfaced to assist the elderly .
+
+S With these elderly care devices and gadgets , elderly can lead a safe and independent life with minimal help from care givers .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the importance of technology has created an impact in elderly daily lives and has helped to ease the aging process .
+
+S -----------------------
+
+S [ 1 ] Ministry of Community Development , Youth and Sports .
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2009 , from .
+
+S [ 2 ] Wikipedia , the free encyclopedia .
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2009 , from .
+
+S [ 3 ] Yanko Design .
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2009 , from .
+
+S [ 4 ] ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Singapore Medical Journal Editorial .
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2009 , from .
+
+S [ 5 ] ( 2008 , November 06 ) .
+
+S " Taking a fall .
+
+S " asiaonehealth .
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2009 , from .
+
+S [ 6 ] " HipSaver .
+
+S " Win Health .
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2009 , from .
+
+S [ 7 ] ( 1999 ) .
+
+S Singapore Medical Journal .
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2009 , from .
+
+S [ 8 ] Singapore National Stroke Association .
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2009 , from .
+
+S [ 9 ] Secom .
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2009 , from .
+
+S [ 10 ] Ministry of Community Development , Youth and Sports .
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2009 , from .
+
+S Based on a recent survey conducted on the impact of technology on the elderly , majority of the elderly surveyed believe that advancement in technology " will produce better quality of life for themselves " ( 1 ) .
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Indeed , advancement in technology has helped to ease the aging process in terms of health , lifestyle and safety .
+
+S Firstly , technological inventions in the field of science have made health care more efficient .
+
+S Majority of the elderly suffer from memory loss .
+
+S In fact , up to " 5 percent " of the elderly in a population suffer from it ( 2 ) .
+
+S This can cause health deterioration , as these elderly may not be able to remember to take their medications .
+
+S However , recent technology such as the " Med-eMonitor from InforMedix " can help to ease this burden ( 3 ) .
+
+S The Med- eMonitor is a pill organizer that has different compartments to separate medications , a built-in reminder system , an on-screen instruction panel and a communication line ( 3 ) .
+
+S When it is time to take the medication , a musical chime will be played to alert the elderly .
+
+S If the elderly does not respond to this chime , " the machine can place a phone call to a family member or care provider " ( 3 ) .
+
+S Another example would be online health services .
+
+S Today , health care has gone digital .
+
+S There are many websites available , which provide online health checkups .
+
+S One example would be Hear-it.org .
+
+S It provides an online hearing test that determines whether an elderly would " benefit from wearing hearing devices " ( 4 ) .
+
+S This makes it much easier for the elderly , especially for those who have trouble walking , as they do not have to visit a test centre in order to get their hearing tested .
+
+S Such technologies make health care much simpler , which in turn , makes it much more efficient .
+
+S Secondly , technological inventions can help improve the lifestyle of the elderly by making them more independent and bringing them closer to their relatives .
+
+S Take Japan for example .
+
+S Nearly " 22 percent " of its population consists of the elderly ( 5 ) .
+
+S Thus , Japan resorted to technological inventions " to care for [ its ] rapidly graying population " ( 5 ) .
+
+S An example would be " Secom Co. 's My Spoon feeding robot " that helps the elderly eat with a " spoon and fork-fitted swiveling arm " ( 5 ) .
+
+S Another example would be the " rubber and nylon muscle suit developed by the Tokyo University of Science " ( 5 ) .
+
+S This suit " helps to keep the elderly active by providing upper body support " and allows them to " lift heavy objects " with ease ( 5 ) .
+
+S With inventions like these , the elderly will no longer need to rely on relatives and care providers for support .
+
+S Today , there has been an increase in the number of breakdown in family ties .
+
+S One of the reasons for this may be that many elderly suffer from hearing loss .
+
+S Conversation between family members and relatives becomes frustrating , as they have to constantly repeat themselves .
+
+S This causes tension between relatives and family members .
+
+S Thus , many elderly tend to seclude themselves from the society ( 6 ) .
+
+S With hearing aids , this problem will no longer be present .
+
+S " More than 30 percent [ of the elderly ] experience improvements in six months " ( 7 ) .
+
+S With these improvements , elderly will no longer have to worry about troubled family relationship , thus bringing them closer to their family .
+
+S Lastly , technological inventions can help keep the elderly safe in their homes .
+
+S Today , many companies provide home monitoring systems .
+
+S An example would be QuietCare .
+
+S QuietCare uses an " average of five to seven " sensors to monitor movement within the elderly home ( 8 ) .
+
+S It can detect , using infrared sensors , if there is " a lack of movement " within the home and notify the relative or a care person ( 8 ) .
+
+S Another example would be the intercom doorbell , which can help the elderly " respond to visitors without having to rush " ( 9 ) .
+
+S This , in turn , can help prevent injury caused by falls .
+
+S The most common invention would be the webcam .
+
+S An example would be Willing Webcam that has a built-in " motion capture detection sensor " ( 10 ) .
+
+S This sensor can activate actions such as " sending emails " , " SMS text message " or " sounding an alarm " ( 10 ) .
+
+S It can detect " the slightest movement in the home " and notify the user if there is an intruder ( 10 ) .
+
+S With such technologies at hand , elderly will be confident to live alone knowing that their safety is well taken care of .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With such advancement in technology , aging would be a worry of the past .
+
+S As we head towards the future , more technological inventions would rise , easing the aging process even further .
+
+S Who knows , in the future we might even have a fully automated house with a built-in conveyer belt to guide the elderly from one point to another .
+
+S References
+
+S ( 1 ) ( Boni ) Li , Y & Perkins , A .
+
+S ( 2007 , July 1 ) .
+
+S Science Direct Technology in Society .
+
+S The impact of technological developments on the daily life of the elderly .
+
+S Retrieved September 6 , 2009 from http : //www.sciencedirect.com/science ? _ob = ArticleURL&_udi = B6V80-4NW1H9D- 1&_user = 10&_rdoc = 1&_fmt = &_orig = search&_sort = d&_docanchor = &view = c&_searchStrI d = 1003132404&_rerunOrigin = google&_acct = C000050221&_version = 1&_urlVersion = 0&_ userid = 10&md5 = 151c6863706cf9bb44fd528f1b9eb862
+
+S ( 2 ) Fox , M. ( 2008 , July 28 ) .
+
+S Up to 5 pct of elderly lose memory each year : study .
+
+S Reuters .
+
+S Retrieved September 6 , 2009 from http : //www.reuters.com/article/healthNews/idUSN2843845920080728
+
+S ( 3 ) Jackson , B .
+
+S ( 2008 , November 27 ) .
+
+S Gadgets for Granpa .
+
+S Tech tools to ease the aging process .
+
+S Retrieved September 6 , 2009 from http : //www.itbusiness.ca/it/client/en/home/News.asp ? id = 50941&PageMem = 2
+
+S ( 4 ) ( n.d ) .
+
+S Hear-it : The ultimate source on hearing , hearing loss and hearing aids .
+
+S Hearing Test .
+
+S Retrieved September 11 , 2009 from http : //www.hear-it.org/page.dsp ? area = 1185
+
+S ( 5 ) ( 2007 , October 8 ) .
+
+S Japanese Building Robots to Help Elderly .
+
+S FOXNews .
+
+S Retrieved September 12 , 2009 from http : //www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,299677,00.html
+
+S ( 6 ) ( n.d ) .
+
+S Hearing loss and how to meet it head on .
+
+S Hear-it .
+
+S Retrieved September 11 , 2009 from http : //www.hear-it.org/page.dsp ? page = 2985
+
+S ( 7 ) ( n.d ) .
+
+S Quality of Life , Hearing Loss , Hearing Aids .
+
+S Hear-it .
+
+S Retrieved September 11 , 2009 from http : //www.hear-it.org/page.dsp ? page = 5292
+
+S ( 8 ) ( 2008 , July 08 ) .
+
+S More on Home Monitoring Systems .
+
+S Consumer reports money & shopping blog .
+
+S Retrieved September 12 , 2009 from http : //blogs.consumerreports.org/money/2008/07/home_monitoring.html
+
+S ( 9 ) ( 2007 , May 17 ) .
+
+S Using Technology To Help Elderly Parents Remain Independent .
+
+S Caring for Elderly Parents .
+
+S Retrieved September 11 , 2009 from http : //www.caringforelderlyparents.com/independence
+
+S ( 10 ) ( n.d ) .
+
+S Webcam Software Solutions .
+
+S Willing Webcam .
+
+S Retrieved September 12 , 2009 from http : //www.willingsoftware.com/
+
+S Governments often put their focus on the country 's development such as economic growth and do not see the importance of taking care of the aged .
+
+S As the problem of an aging population arises , governments turn their attention to this group of people and provide some assistance for them .
+
+S However , the main priority is still on the country 's development and the spending on the aged is not sufficient to curb the aging population 's needs .
+
+S Therefore , public spending on the aged should not be limited just to contribute more towards the country 's development .
+
+S The aging population problem should be viewed at the same importance as the country 's development .
+
+S If governments were to provide little or no help to the aged , the citizens would be worried about their future in the country and result in a threat to social stability .
+
+S On the other hand , if public spending on the aged is not limited , this would cause an adverse effect on the younger workforce .
+
+S For example , more tax would be imposed on them in order to have more funds for the aged .
+
+S However , Australia 's pension scheme has proven to be effective in higher taxes to provide pension for the aged .
+
+S The factors leading to an aging population are low birth rate and advanced health care .
+
+S Governments are constantly trying to produce effective solutions to deal with the factors which are part of the development plan .
+
+S However , governments should not limit the spending on the aged as those solutions will not solve the current situation of the aging population that countries are facing .
+
+S For example , if money is diverted to the child benefits scheme , this will improve the situation of low birth rates but does not relieve the need for elderly assistance .
+
+S This will result in old age dependency on the younger generation and could affect the productivity of the workforce .
+
+S Although some countries implement a retirement savings policy which is compelled by law , this is only a preventive measure to reduce the old age dependency .
+
+S Therefore , there is still a need to set aside some funds for the elderly .
+
+S Governments should prioritise on problems which require more attention .
+
+S They can cut down spending on other areas rather than the funds for the aged .
+
+S For example , military spending should be reduced if the country is already enjoying peace and defense stability .
+
+S However , military is deemed so essential that it is the " prerequisite " to all areas of development in the country .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although the country 's defense can not allow for any complacency , the benefits of investing in a military can only be projected as a contributing factor to the economic growth .
+
+S Nevertheless , the aging population problem must not be overlooked by focusing on only the important factors contributing to the country 's development .
+
+S The aging population can be viewed as part of the country 's development and should not be taken lightly .
+
+S If governments do not provide enough aid and thus lead to an increase of the severity of the situation , it can indirectly affect the country 's development .
+
+S Therefore , public spending on the aged should not be compromised for the country 's development .
+
+S In the contemporary society , the elder are well taken care of in many countries .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some governments even do it " too " well that a large amount of money , which should be spent on other social issues , is wasted .
+
+S There should be changes in the policies about this problem .
+
+S First of all , there should be a careful consideration about what are the things that governments should pay for .
+A 12 16|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As for healthcare service , it is not reasonable that the elder can have free or low-priced treatment for all kinds of sickness .
+A 11 12|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Instead , it should be limited that everyone must n't have any priorities when they get treatment for any kinds of illness that are resulted from unhealthy lifestyles .
+
+S For instance , the obese patients must pay full-price for their treatment since obesity is the consequence of the lack of exercising in their everyday-lives .
+
+S Moreover , governments should only pay for each individual a certain amount of money based on his or her financial position .
+
+S That everyone gets the same amount of money is neither fair nor efficacious .
+
+S There should be a prudent consideration so that it 's worth every penny .
+
+S By making more efficient policies , governments will be able to save a lot of money to spend on other aspects of society that are also very important .
+
+S For example , more money should be invested in education so that children are better educated and later become a profitable workforce for society .
+
+S As a result , they can support themselves more effectively not only when they are young , but also during their old ages .
+A 22 24|||R:OTHER|||age|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , governments can spend more on developing technologies .
+
+S By doing this , more and more useful and efficient tools and machines can be invented which will improve the productivity of every economic activities .
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN:NUM|||activity|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So it will enable the economy to expand which means more jobs will be created for everyone .
+
+S Not stopping at this point , governments can also use money to encourage more researching in many fields such as healthcare , etc... That will definitely better the living standard of citizens and improve the economy as well as ease the aging issue .
+
+S In conclusion , governments should cut off the inefficient amount of money spending on the aged and use it to invest in other aspects of society so that the result is better off not just for the aging problem .
+
+S Many developed countries such as Singapore are faced with severe ageing population .
+
+S As the number of elderly increases , countries are forced to allocate a larger amount of public spending to take care of their ageing population .
+
+S However , this spending should be restricted so that it would not become a restraining factor for the growth of nation .
+
+S Thus , I agree that public spending on the age should be limited so that money can be diverted to other areas of the country 's development such as economic growth , education and general health of the public .
+
+S By limiting public spending on the aged , more money can be devoted to the progress of the economy .
+
+S Larger scales of technological investment can take place thus gaining better profit .
+
+S This economic growth is important because it allows the country to have the power to improve its citizen 's quality of life .
+A 17 19|||R:NOUN:POSS|||citizens '|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Safe drinking water and proper shelters can be better provided for the population as a result of this additional growth .
+
+S Citizens enjoying this better quality of life are less prone to diseases promoting a healthier life .
+
+S To add on , the nation will also be able to build more hospitals and enhanced medical services to provide the population including the elderly with better health care .
+
+S The elderly of the nation will also be benefiting from this economic growth indirectly .Caregivers , consisting largely of working adults , will be earning more income in parallel to the nation prosperity .
+
+S Furthermore , non-profit organizations dedicated to take care of the elderly are able to obtain donations easier as the members of the public are more able to contribute .
+
+S Clearly , economic growth not only affects the population positively but the elderly are also benefiting from it .
+
+S With larger financial support given , the education sector can be improved further .
+
+S More teachers can be trained to facilitate the learning environment of students .
+
+S Additional Universities and specialized schools can be built to enroll more students therefore allowing more citizens to get an education .
+
+S Through education , working adults are able to deal with highly complicated equipments that enable them to bring revenue back to the country .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||equipment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Educating the population not only improve the economy by allowing them to become more efficient , but also allow them to plan for their retirement .
+
+S This would reduce their dependency on the government when they are old thus cutting public spending on the age .
+
+S Elderly who wished to continue working are able to do so by attend upgrading courses to facilitate them in finding jobs .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||wish|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another major area that helps with the country 's development is health care .
+
+S Taking care of the population health is important as they contribute directly to the country 's economic growth .
+
+S Workers who are sick would not be able to work .
+
+S Increased spending on research and development on the issue of health will allow the country to better take care of its citizens .
+
+S Moreover , the country would also be more prepared in case of a pandemic such as the H1N1 virus .
+
+S Elderly who are more prone to sickness will benefit from this increase in knowledge of health treatment .
+
+S Being advance in health issues , will also contribute to economic growth .
+
+S Patients from other countries will come here for these special treatments to cure their illnesses .
+
+S The country 's expertise can also be sold to other countries too .
+
+S However , the mentioned advantages to the elderly are only applicable to the aged who have caregivers and are able to afford health services and education .
+
+S Single and poor elderly would not be able to reap the benefits but suffered because of limited public spending by the government on them .
+
+S Effective measures to identify these needy elderly are needed to separate them from the wealthier cohort .
+
+S Following which , appropriate amount of help is given equally to them so as to fully utilize the limited resources .
+A 1 2|||R:DET|||this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the country 's development is more important than the aging population as it helps the entire population including the elderly .
+
+S The public spending on the aged should be limited as the other domains that would assist the country 's developments are beneficial both to the population and the elderly .
+
+S The statement puts forward the proposition that the issue of ageing population is not as important compared to other sectors such as social , economical and political progress in a country .
+
+S Based on this idea , the government of a country should focus on improving these areas with the limited funds and not on its aged citizens .
+
+S In other words , sufficient funding of its aged citizens is not necessary .
+
+S This is a dangerous proposition .
+
+S I disagree with the notion of cutting public spending on aged to fuel other aspects of a country 's development .
+
+S Such an act equates to deserting the aged , leaving them to support themselves .
+
+S In most cases , they are unable to .
+
+S Limiting spending on the aged population could bring about social instability , affecting society infrastructure which greatly affects a country 's image in the international community .
+
+S We can not abandon them as ultimately they are still an integral part of our society .
+
+S Government should spend much effort to take care of them by providing financial support .
+A 5 6|||R:PART|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:FORM|||taking|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It would be the most direct means of showing concern for them .
+
+S Not doing so would lead to many social problems such as climbing crime rates , street begging and so on .
+
+S In October 2003 , a ninety-one year old US citizen J.L Hunter Rountree was convicted of bank robbery in Texas , USA .
+
+S In his declaration statement he complained that he had no job , no children to support him and a petty monthly sum from the government simply could not support him .
+
+S He had no choice but to resort to bank robbery for survival .
+
+S He further confessed that even if he gets jailed , at least then he would not have to worry about meals .
+
+S He is just one of the extreme cases driven to desperation from government 's inability to take care of the aged , many more suffer the same fate .
+
+S Do we really want such case to happen in our country ?
+
+S These social problems greatly affects a country 's image .
+
+S When a country can not even handle its own problem , there is no way it could be given chance to hold world class events such as Olympics which boosts its international reputation and many other areas .
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The rippling effect that arises from the small social issue greatly affects a country 's developments on many fronts .
+
+S Secondly , cutting funding with particular reference to the aged is undoubtedly seen as out casting the society group .
+
+S It portrays a government as practicing discrimination , which is a violation of human rights .
+
+S In modern world democracy , infringing on human rights is a grave matter .
+
+S Any government would be unwise to openly advocate for policies which discriminates against a particular society group .
+
+S Denying responsibility to take care of its less privileged elderly would draw criticisms from both international bodies and its citizens .
+
+S It would be deemed political suicide .
+
+S Ousting of the political party in ruling is only a matter of time .
+
+S What more of other areas of development can the political party talk about when its not the ruling party ?
+
+S Lastly , shrinking responsibility to take care of aged citizens will lead to drastic loss of talents in the country .
+
+S Citizens would consider migration and foreign talents would be less attracted to migrate into the country .
+
+S Knowing the government would not take proper care of them after they retire .
+
+S Perhaps on the short term pumping financial resources to areas such as technology and economy may produce expected results .
+A 1 2|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the long term , the country will suffer from irreversible losses as progress is made by its people and remaining talents are insufficient to substantiate the growth .
+A 0 1|||R:PREP|||In|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S While a country has to focus on many sectors of development and most likely funding for the aged is not a prime concern , its funding should never be limited .
+
+S In the coming years , as people live longer with each passing generation , our ageing population will climb steadily .
+
+S Eventually becoming a group that 's too significant in numbers to ignore .
+
+S If a country fails to take care of this significant portion of society , its people would lose confidence in government 's ability to handle other topics as well .
+
+S Then , all other developments are futile as no amount of progress can replace a government 's credibility in its people 's heart .
+
+S References :
+
+S { http : //usgovinfo.about.com/b/a/33717.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //usgovinfo.about.com/b/a/33717.htm ] 91 Year-old Man Pleads Guilty to Bank Robbery { http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher } [ HYPERLINK : http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher ] Margaret Thatcher
+
+S Singapore has severe population aging .
+
+S This issue will increase the health care spending and national budgets .
+
+S To deal with this problem , there are several policies or development implemented by Singapore 's government to help to ease the aging process .
+
+S The first measure is MediSave .
+
+S Under this scheme , every workers needs to contribute 6.5 - 9 % ( depending on age group ) of his monthly salary to his personal MediSave account .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||worker|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As people grow old , they tend to use more health care products and services .
+
+S With this savings , the elderly people can be protected as they can use this fund to pay for hospitalization , surgery , and other medical expenses .
+
+S However , some people might think that if they suffer from those prolonged diseases , it can quickly drain out their MediSave balance .
+A 19 20|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this case , they will not be able to pay for their huge medical fees .
+
+S To counter this issue , Singapore has come out MediShield .
+A 9 9|||M:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This scheme is aiming to help the people who suffer from major or prolonged diseases .
+
+S It subsidies the large medical bill needed up to 80 % .
+
+S Therefore , with these medical schemes , the elderly people healthcare can be secured .
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The second measure is the Maintenance of Parent Act .
+
+S This is an act to handle the cases relating to children abandoning their parents in nursing homes .
+
+S According to the article from Sunday Times , it is said that more than 400 elderly people have been beneficial from the Maintenance of Parent Act .
+
+S Of the 424 applicants , 328 or almost four in five were successfully compelling their children to take care of them .
+
+S This statistics show that the elderly people can be protected by the law .
+
+S However , some children might think that living with their parents is very nuisance because they need a lot of care and attention .
+A 12 13|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The health care spending is also another burden .
+
+S If you think in another way round , the parent 's contribution to children may not be lesser than children 's contribution to parent .
+A 17 18|||R:ADJ:FORM|||less|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , one must admit that the hardship of bringing out a child .
+
+S The parents need to teach them how to walk , pay for their medical and education fee , and etc .
+
+S Anyway , this is about the issue of filial piety .
+
+S Therefore , to protect the elderly people , the filial obligation must be stressed .
+
+S The last policy is the age-friendly policies which increase the employment of the older worker .
+
+S This policy aims to help the older worker to stay employed longer .
+
+S According to Xinhua News , Singapore 's employment rate for workers aged to 55 to 64 is 57 percent today .
+
+S It is believed that it will increase until 65 percent in the next three years .
+
+S To deal with such challenge , Singapore 's government has implemented many schemes to help the people work longer .
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the examples is " ADVANTAGE !
+
+S Scheme " which has made more than 1,200 companies to employ 8,800 mature workers , to keep 19,300 existing older workers , and recruit more than 5,300 older workers .
+
+S However , some people might think that elderly people should stop working and enjoy themselves in their old age .
+
+S If they do not have sufficient retirement savings , it is very hard to enjoy themselves in their old age .
+
+S So , if people can work longer , they will be able to accumulate more savings that they could use to support themselves in their old age .
+
+S In addition , they could lessen the burden of their children .
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , there are three policies or schemes implemented by Singapore 's government which are very useful to the elderly people .
+
+S They are MediSave , Parent Maintenance Act , and Age-friendly policy .
+
+S Overall , to a large extent , current policies or schemes adopted by Singapore 's government has eased the aging process in the area of society , medicine , and workforce .
+
+S References
+
+S HealthCare Financing .
+
+S Electronic References .
+
+S Retrieved September 17 , 2009 , from { http : //www.moh.gov.sg/mohcorp/hcfinancing.aspx ? id = 300 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.moh.gov.sg/mohcorp/hcfinancing.aspx ? id = 300 ]
+
+S Mathi , B .
+
+S ( 1999 , April 4 ) .
+
+S Over 400 parents compel their children to support them .
+
+S Sunday Times .
+
+S Retrieved September 17 , 2009 , from Factiva .
+
+S Zhi , L. ( 2009 , Septembet 10 ) .
+
+S Singapore employers urged to help mature workers stay employed .
+
+S Xinhua News .
+
+S Retrieved September 17 , 2009 , from { http : //news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-09/10/content_12028739.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-09/10/content_12028739.htm ] .
+
+S Public spending on the aged should not be limited in order to divert this money to other areas of the country 's development .
+
+S The reduction of the funds allocated for the elderly might lead to many social issues .
+
+S Apart from that , it is morally wrong for the nation not to support their citizens when they are aged .
+
+S Last of all , some families may not be able to support their elderly parents due to their low income .
+
+S Thus , public funds are essential for the aged to uphold their standard of living .
+
+S Certain social issues such as poor quality of life and insufficient funds for basic healthcare may arise from limited funding .
+
+S In general , most of the aged in Singapore are economically inactive and have a lot of free time on their hands .
+
+S In order to prevent them from turning to vices such as gambling and drinking , organizing more activities at various community centres are required for them to lead healthy social lives .
+
+S As these activities require government funding , limiting spending on the aged will make organizing these activities impossible .
+
+S Aside from social life , having basic healthcare is vital for the aged .
+
+S When people get older , it is only natural that they are more prone to illness be it mentally or physically .
+A 18 19|||R:MORPH|||mental|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:MORPH|||physical|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S At present , healthcare is dreadfully expensive and the aged may not be able to afford proper treatment should they fall ill .
+
+S Thus , if the government limits spending and does not subsidize the costs of these treatments , the financial burden on the elderly will be even greater .
+
+S Some may argue that it will be more beneficial to the country 's economic growth , if the funds are diverted be used on economic development such as better infrastructure .
+
+S Nevertheless , limitation of public spending on the elderly might lead to many unhappy voices from the citizens as they might think that the government is not taking care of the aged population 's welfare when they are unable to contribute to the economy .
+
+S It might then adversely affect the economy of the country as the citizens may not be willing to work for the country for fear of being abandoned by the nation once they are economically inactive .
+
+S So even if the funds are allocated to other areas of economic development , with the low morale and faith of the citizens , the fund may not be well utilized .
+
+S As we belong to a country influenced by strong Asian culture and beliefs , the country should uphold the moral value of filial piety .
+
+S The elderly have been working hard as nation builders for the country throughout their lives and it is only right for us to repay them for their effort .
+
+S Although it might seem like they are reaping the rewards of the current workforce , the workforce should never forget who brought them so far .
+
+S It is true that some of the families are able to afford to support their elderly parents and it should be their responsibility to bear the expenses of their aged family members instead of the government .
+
+S Nevertheless , there are some low income families who face high costs of living and can not support both their children and elderly parents .
+
+S Hence , there should be distribution of public funds to the elderly parents of these families .
+
+S On top of that , there are elderly who have no children , so if their financial conditions are unstable , they should able to given the necessary funds to make ends meet .
+A 23 25|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:VERB:TENSE|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In retrospect , in order to maintain a healthy social life for the elderly and lessen the burden of their families , sufficient funding should be allocated .
+
+S Therefore , considering all the various negative impacts in terms of social , economic and cultural factors on the society , I feel that public spending on the aged should not be limited and diverted to use in other areas of the country 's development .
+
+S Referencing
+
+S Peter G. Peterson .
+
+S ( 2001 ) .
+
+S A Graying World .
+
+S Harvard International Review , 23 .
+
+S 3 ( Fall 2001 ) : 66 .
+
+S Robert B. Friedland and Laura Summer .
+
+S ( March 2005 ) .
+
+S Demography Is Not Destiny , Revisited .
+
+S Center on Aging Society , Georgetown University
+
+S I agree that public spending on the aged should be limited so that money can be diverted to other areas of the country 's development .
+
+S This is because excessive public spending on the aged can hamper the country 's development in other areas such as education , research and investments .
+
+S If the aged have children , the children should also be responsible for their parents ' well-being in the first place .
+
+S Firstly , as a country usually allocates its budget to various areas , any increase in spending on a particular area will mean lesser spending on other areas .
+A 23 24|||R:ADJ|||reduced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , if a country decides to increase spending on the aged , lesser budget may be allocated for education , research and investment purposes .
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||a smaller|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reduced spending on education can mean lesser educators and lowered standards of teaching , reduced spending on research can mean lesser incentives for researchers and for their research works and reduced spending on investments may mean lesser cooperation with international bodies .
+A 6 7|||R:ADJ|||fewer|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:ADJ|||fewer|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:NOUN:NUM|||work|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||R:ADJ:FORM|||less|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , a country 's budget can not be adjusted without much consideration and thought or else it can cause instabilities to the supporting pillars of a country .
+A 16 17|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , public policies can be put in place to help the citizens to save up for their golden years .
+
+S For example , Singapore has a Central Provident Fund ( CPF ) scheme that helps its people to save up from the time they start working .
+
+S Monthly , a percentage of their salary will be deducted and credited into their CPF accounts , employers are also required to credit an additional amount on top of the employee 's contribution .
+A 16 18|||R:PUNCT|||. Employers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The debiting and crediting process is automated , thus the citizen need not do anything but he will still be notified regularly with his CPF account statement .
+
+S With proper policies to help citizens save up , countries can not only find no need to increase their budget on the aged , they may also find themselves spending lesser which can also mean that more funds can be allocated to other areas of the country 's development .
+A 30 31|||R:ADJ:FORM|||less|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , having a compulsory saving policy can be a double edged sword from the citizens ' point of view .
+
+S For example the CPF scheme in Singapore states that the account holder must have a certain amount of money , which was saved up automatically since the start of his working years , before he can withdraw the entire amount during the maturity age .
+A 40 41|||R:PREP|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If the account holder does not have a stable job , he will find that he has a hard time trying to reach the minimum amount thus also finding him unable to use or even see his own savings physically .
+A 29 30|||R:PRON|||himself|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thirdly , if the aged have children , the children should also be responsible for their parents ' well-being .
+
+S Having the children support their own parents will mean lesser dependency on the government .
+A 9 10|||R:ADJ:FORM|||less|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some children choose not to support their parents even though they can afford to do so , usually claiming that they need the money on other necessities and luxuries .
+
+S The government can start policies to make it compulsory for children to provide for their parents with the basic necessities such as housing and allowance .
+
+S Although such policies can reduce the people 's dependency on the government , it may not be practical for some .
+
+S This is because some children may already have problems supporting themselves or even a new family which they started , so they may want to support their parents but are practically unable to do so .
+
+S Nevertheless , the government can be flexible with the policy such that if the children have financial difficulties they can then seek aid from them .
+
+S Clearly , as a country 's aging population grows larger , the need for more spending on the aged will also grow .
+
+S But the increasing spending should be limited such that it does not hamper the country 's development and stability .
+
+S Policies can be put in place to help the people themselves save up for their later years .
+
+S The dependency on the government can also be reduced by requiring the children to support their own parents when possible .
+
+S In recent years , many developed countries have been facing problems related to aging population , especially pressures on social support systems .
+
+S In view of the fact of dramatic increase in national budget spent on the aged , some people suppose that government should limit its expenditure on the aged so that money can be diverted to other areas of the country 's development .
+A 4 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , from my perspective , I unhesitantly take issue with the above idea and believe that elderly people deserve public support policies , instead of boundaries on healthcare and welfare schemes .
+
+S One of the primary reasons why government should not set limits on public spending on older people is the aim to create a higher quality of live for almost everyone .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A society is developed or well being only if its citizens satisfy the minimum requirements of health , happiness , safety , prosperity , and fortunes .
+A 4 7|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And obviously , those of old age should also be provided services such as healthcare , insurance , housing...Thus , there is no reason for government to eliminate its expenditure on this area while many people 's lives can be improved thanks to the support .
+A 25 25|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another factor that policy makers should consider before deciding to set boundaries on public spending on the aged is issues related to moral standards that recent years have witnessed their decline in many countries .
+A 24 31|||R:OTHER|||whose decline has been witnessed in recent years|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From this angle , public support policies for elderly people will make young generations change their attitude toward older people .
+
+S Improved healthcare services , subsidies... not only aid the aged in poor financial situations or make their health better but also are the ways people express their respects to the older , which has positive impact on enhancing younger people 's treatment .
+A 27 28|||R:NOUN:NUM|||respect|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Last but not least , most elderly people after all have contributed to the development of country during their young ages through productive services as well as taxes .
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||age|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , limiting public spending on them is irrational .
+
+S They deserve more support policies .
+
+S Government should not consider the rising expenditure related to programs to support a growing elderly population without mentioning their contribution in the past .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When taking account of all the above factors , I can safely conclude that public spending on the aged should not limited even though the amount of money can be used to invest on some areas like education , infrastructure , development projects .
+A 2 2|||M:PREP|||into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:VERB:TENSE|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 41|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Policy makers should find another solution to reduce the rising cost of healthcare or welfare schemes to maximize the benefits of both citizens and the nation .
+
+S Have current research and development helped to ease the aging process ?
+
+S As a man ages , his efficiency in both physical and mental capabilities decreases , causing many difficulties he would not have faced during his younger years .
+
+S Through current research and development , some of those problems had been eased significantly , providing a better aging experience .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this essay , we will discuss how current research and development helped to ease some of the issues raised by immobility , health conditions and resource management that the aged faces .
+A 12 12|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:NOUN:NUM|||face|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Falls are one of the biggest issues caused by lowered mobility in the aged .
+
+S While individual efforts can be done to prevent falls , many of the aged are not aware of such prevention measures or they are unable to seek help if they fell despite of such efforts .An article published by the American Academy of Family Physicians in April 2000 reported that falls caused 70 percent of accidental deaths in people aged 75 years and above .
+A 30 31|||R:VERB:TENSE|||fall|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Falls had also caused more than 90 percent of hip fractures in people aged 70 and above .
+
+S In order to address this issue , research in the wireless technology had developed a reporting solution to facilitate fall management .
+
+S A motion sensor and pager is installed in a watch and data will be sent to the database periodically .
+
+S Information which is collected includes location and motion level of the users .
+
+S Alerts can then be sent to family members who are not at home if the user is not within a designated area or had experience a falling motion .
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:FORM|||experienced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Heart diseases are frequently accompanied with old age .
+
+S Acute Coronary Syndromes ( ACS ) or the commonly known " heart attacks " become frequent with advancing age .
+
+S A journal published by American Heart Association in year 2003 had cited 85 percent mortality rate by ACS is of patients aged 65 years old and above .
+
+S Heart attacks can be prevented if ACS is recognised but it is not the case unless the patient and the physician are both aware of the syndromes that surfaced .
+A 26 27|||R:NOUN|||symptoms|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In most situations a heart attack strikes at least expected times and in most occurrences , immediate medical attention is critical to the survivability of the patient .
+
+S Arrhythmia , which is the alterations in the heartbeat , has an increase chance to surface in an aged patient who survived a heart attack .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:FORM|||increased|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Medical advancements such as cardiac catheterization ( the opening of an occluded artery through a balloon technique ) , pacemaker ( a defibrillator implanted in the patient 's heart to allow the heart to beat at normal pace ) helps to ease some of the health conditions that are associated with old age .
+
+S A growing number of families had faced a common problem in elderly care and that is resource management .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Resource management may comprise of physical monitoring and medical records management .
+A 4 5|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Due to time constraints , some of the families employ services from nursing home or private nurses as they are unable to take care of their sick elderly .
+
+S However , not all services provided are trustworthy and satisfactory .
+
+S A news article by Telegram & Gazette ( Worcester , MA ) in 2007 had featured a lady who had not been properly taken care of , after the engagement of nursing services .
+A 14 15|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Research and development in Information Technology had allowed resource management to be simplified .
+A 6 7|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A good example is the conversion of current medical records to technological solutions .
+
+S The majority of the solutions are designed to send reminders , the medical conditions or medical schedules to its users .
+
+S These solutions greatly reduce the need for physical presences of family members because the manual tasks are now automated .
+
+S Research and development has created many convenient and simpler methodologies to help ease the aging process .
+
+S If research and development were ceased to exist , it would be much tougher to take care of the elderly as the world 's aging population is expected to increase from now till 2050 .
+A 4 5|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:ADJ|||harder|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S American Academy of Family Physicians ( April , 1 , 2000 ) .
+
+S Falls in the Elderly .
+
+S Retrieve 16 September , 2009 , from http : //www.aafp.org/afp/20000401/2159.html
+
+S Center for Aging Services Technologies , Clearing House , Retrieved Sep 16 , 2009 , from http : //www.agingtech.org/Browse.aspx ? CA = 2&cat = 6
+
+S JULIA , S. ( 2001 , December ) Medical Advances : That May Save Your Life , A new generation of treatments has joined the fight against stroke , cancer and heart disease .
+
+S Retrieved September 16 , 2009 , from http : //www.readersdigest.ca/mag/2001/12/medical.html
+
+S Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Department of Health and Human Services , October 23 , 2008 .
+
+S Health Information for Older Adults .
+
+S Retrieved September 16 , 2009 , from http : //www.cdc.gov/Aging/info.htm
+
+S UN , Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division .
+
+S Retrieved September 16 , 2009 , from http : //www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/
+
+S Shlomo , S. Solomon , B. and Shmuel G , Aging and Diseases of the Heart .
+
+S Retrieved September 17 , 2009 , from http : //circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/reprint/108/14/e99.pdf
+
+S Clive , M. ( Feb 19 , 2007 ) , Elder care ca n't afford break time ; Family faces struggle to find 24-hour help .
+
+S Retrieved 17 Sep , 2009 , from http : //www.thefreelibrary.com/Elder + care + can % 27t + afford + break + time % 3B + F amily + faces + struggle + to + find...-a0160495393
+
+S Most developed countries are now confronted with more rapid aging in its population than the past .
+A 11 12|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As such , many countries that have started research , new development and policies to help to ease the aging process .
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I agree to a great extent that these research , new development and policies will help to ease the aging process and also prepare the country with their aging population .
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||such|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Countries are able to use new policy of encouraging elder employment , increasing the awareness of filial obligation or creating new development of infrastructures caters to the elderly in their country .
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||employment of the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:DET|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:SVA|||cater|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , countries can help to ease the aging process by implementing new policy of encouraging elder employment .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 18|||R:OTHER|||employment of the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government can help to achieve this by increasing the retirement age , creating more benefits and lowering barriers to elder employment .
+A 20 22|||R:OTHER|||employment of the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This measure will help to ease the burden of the younger generation , allow the healthy elders to still contribute to the society and at the same time help to generate more wealth for the elder which they can use for themselves .
+A 16 17|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Japan is one good example that uses this measure successfully .
+
+S Although the retirement age is legislated at 60 , the government of Japan encourages the elder to continue to work up the age of 65 .
+A 15 16|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To help support the employers , the government provides grants and subsidies to the employers who employ the older workers .
+
+S Although some are prejudiced towards older worker due to their work efficiency and high salary cost , there are more benefits of employing them .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||workers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The older workers are more trustworthy , conscientious and dependable .
+
+S Other attributes include punctuality , lower absenteeism and less concern about monetary returns .
+
+S Therefore , implementing new policy of encouraging elder employment will help both economically and socially for countries with aging population .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||employment of the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , countries can increase the awareness of the filial obligation of its people .
+
+S It is the duty of the younger generations to display more filial piety towards their aged parents as they are the one who took care of us during our growing up days .
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:NUM|||ones|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They provided us with unconditional love and even paid for all our living expenses .
+
+S A society that the children will take care of their parents will help to ease the government spending on the aging and divert the spending on other areas of the country .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||in which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the Asian 's culture and belief , it is the responsibility of the children to take care of their parents when they are financially stable .
+A 3 4|||U:NOUN:POSS||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Asia countries such as Japan and South Korea , most of the elderly still live with their adult children and can even help to cook , do house work and take care of the grandchildren .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||In Asian|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , contrary to the beliefs in Asian society , it is view as " not cool " in the western society to be living with your elderly parents when they grow up .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:FORM|||viewed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:PRON|||you|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Living with their elder parents will not just limit they social life , but also causes their freedom to be taken away .
+A 3 4|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Personally , I feel that this is a very selfish act .
+
+S The adult children should take this as a responsibility of their life and do it with pride .
+
+S After all , it is their parents who took care of them when they were young .
+
+S So , increasing the awareness of filial obligation will result in more children taking care of their elder parents and help to ease the country aging process .
+A 17 18|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly , countries can ease the aging process by building new development of infrastructure in the country .
+
+S To prepare the growing demands of an aging population , countries can build special infrastructure , such as hospitals or apartments , cater to the elderly .
+A 2 2|||M:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:OTHER|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This way , specialize and better care can be provided for the elderly .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||specialized|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S An example will be Singapore , the government is building new infrastructure to prepare the growing demands of an aging population .
+A 6 6|||M:ADV|||where|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Singapore is building new community hospitals as well as linking up acute hospitals with community hospitals .
+
+S This way , patients can receive treatment at the acute hospital and then recuperate at the community ones .
+
+S Also , special apartments called studio apartments are being built for the elderly .
+
+S On the other hand , some may argue that the public spending on the aged should be diverted into other areas of the country 's development .
+
+S Diverting the public spending into other areas of the country 's development will cause the aging population problems to increase and hence also increases the burden of the younger generation .
+
+S As such , the public spending on building new infrastructure for the aging population should be encouraged so as to prepare countries for their aging population and ease their aging process .
+
+S In conclusion , current research , development and policy have help to ease the aging process and prepare a country in facing the demand of an aging population .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:FORM|||helped|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By creating policy of encouraging elder employment , the elders in the society will be more independent and able to support themselves .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||employment for the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Increasing the awareness of filial obligation will result in more adult children living and taking care of their elder parents .
+A 13 13|||M:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Finally , building new development of infrastructure caters to the elders will help a country prepare for the aging population .
+A 4 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In many countries , the proportion of older people is steadily increasing .
+
+S It has been shown that the world is facing the aging problem .
+
+S The growing number of older people has caused the attention of many people and countries , and it has caused many problems to the society .
+
+S So far there are many countries have come up with many strategies to deal with the problem .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although we can not solve the problem in the short run , we can ease the problem in many ways .
+
+S To a large extent , current research and development/policies have helped to ease the aging process .
+
+S However , we should still go on to ease the problem .
+
+S The growing aged people has bring with many problems including greater pension pressure , increasing medical expenses , and the heavy burden of nursing care for the elderly and so on .
+A 2 2|||M:OTHER|||number of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:FORM|||brought|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It can slow down the productivity of the society .
+
+S It also gives more burdens on young people .
+
+S It also discourages the young people to work hard because they think they can depend on the society when they are old .
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||from working|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It also has great impact on health-care .
+
+S For governments , there are generally two ways to deal with the problem .
+
+S One is to reduce the future old-age dependency burden by increasing available resources , which means to increase the size and productivity of tomorrow 's working-age population .
+
+S One is to rethink the private attitudes and public policies that now equate old age with a loss of health which somehow entitles the elderly to government spending .
+
+S We should do the both ways to make deal with aging problem by making aging both more secure for older generations and less burdensome for younger generations .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The policy makers have find out many ways to ease the problem .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:FORM|||found|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , government encourage old people continue to work , and government encourage people to save for their old-age , and encourage young people to product more and so on .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||encourages|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:SVA|||encourages|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:SVA|||encourages|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:MORPH|||produce|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These policies have indeed eased the aging problem .
+
+S Without these policies , the government may increase spending on the old people or the young people will be more burdened .
+
+S For the young people themselves , they should work hard for their old-age and save to prepare for the old-age .
+
+S In this way , it can reduce the burden of the next generation and reduce the spending of government .
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , it can encourage people to work hard and help to increase productivity .
+
+S For example , Singapore encourages people to save for their old-age .
+
+S In the past , the old people just depend on their next generations .
+
+S This can make the old people not secure if they have no children or their children are poor .
+
+S Thus , the people can secure themselves when they are old in this way .
+
+S For society , it can support the old people by building charity .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are many charity funds in the society to help old people .
+
+S It can ease the aging problem without giving burden on the government and poor people .
+
+S What 's more , it can help to distribute the property and decrease the gap between the rich and the poor .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||Furthermore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , some developed countries have high healthcare costs and thus aging may still impose an economic burden .
+
+S It is important to set appropriate limits on healthcare .
+
+S To do this , we should know what " health " means for an aging population .
+
+S Thus government should decide on what is essential and should therefore be supported by the public sector , and what should be left to individuals .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , different countries have different policies for their own .
+
+S Every country has own features .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus one should not copy the so called paradigm of developed countries .
+
+S The developing countries may not have enough capacity to deal with the problem because they have not enough money .
+
+S The developed countries can also help developing countries to ease aging problem as it is a global problem .
+
+S Some countries deal with the aging problem by encouraging young people to have more babies .
+
+S It is a good way to ease the problem for the countries having small population .
+
+S However , it does not always work in other countries having big population like China .
+
+S To a large extent , governments , society , and young people should do something for the aging problem .
+
+S We can ease the aging problem from different angles .
+
+S So far current research and development/policies have helped to ease the aging process .
+
+S However , we should keep calm and continue to deal with the problem .
+
+S It is a well known fact that the proportion of the elderly in every developed nation 's population is on a rapid rise , thanks to increased usage of birth controls and past government policies .
+
+S Along with this phenomenon comes a wide range of problems such as social problems and ethical issues .
+
+S Inevitably , governments must intervene in order to curb this ageing population problem .
+
+S However , governments ' intervention often meant huge spending on medical resources and infrastructure for the elderly , which created many other economic problems such as hindrance of the nation 's economic progress .
+A 27 28|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence I agree that public spending on the aged should be reduced so that the government can use the available funds on other sectors of the society .
+
+S Reducing funding on the elderly meant that the government have more capital to spend on improving their economy .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:FORM|||means|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The funds could go to many different types of industries for research and development purposes .
+
+S The money could also go into building cost-saving infrastructures , hence attracting more businesses to the country .
+
+S When the economy improves , almost everyone , from the individual consumer to large multi-national companies , in the society will be able to benefit , as opposed to spending on just the elderly where only one group of people will really benefit from the funding .
+
+S For example , Singapore government spent a lot of resources to build Jurong Industrial Park so as to enhance its competitiveness in the global market , resulting in rapid increase in economic growth .
+
+S Hence governments should focus more of their resources into improving their economy , rather than spending so much of their funds on the aged .
+
+S On the other hand , critics of this notion have argued that with reduced government spending , less educated old folks and those who did not saved enough would be at a severe disadvantage as compared to the rest of the population .
+A 26 27|||R:VERB:FORM|||save|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government funds would not reach them at all .
+
+S These less competitive elderly people would be cut off from any benefits of economic growth .
+
+S However , this situation might not be necessarily true because if governments focus more of their funds onto the economic sector , the increase in capital as a result of rapid economic growth allows governments to create social programs for these more disadvantaged elderly people .
+
+S In the end , the main idea is that with more funds from the economic growth , governments can do so much more to help these elderly folks .
+A 27 28|||R:NOUN|||people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Governments can also use their funds on the education sector .
+
+S Since large amount of money is needed to support an ageing population , governments have to increase their own existing pool of resources to order to generate such amount of capital .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:PART|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One such method is increased focus on education .
+
+S The governments could spend more on education , resulting in much better education institutions offering higher-quality education to the people .
+
+S The aged workers would benefit as well because governments could introduce educational campaigns that help subsidise skills upgrading for the elderly workers .
+
+S The population on the whole would become more skilled and hence increase their competitiveness in the global market .
+
+S The country would be able to compete more effectively on a global scale .
+
+S In contrast , aged workers , due to less governments ' funding , might become even more dependent on their children .
+
+S In the end , it is still very taxing on the working population , whom now not only have to support themselves and their children , but also their parents as well .
+A 14 15|||R:PRON|||who|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , it can be argued that after all it is the children 's responsibility to take care of their parents .
+
+S This belief is especially true in Asian countries .
+
+S Hence , governments should encourage their normal working population to take responsibility for taking care of their elder parents , through social awareness campaigns .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB|||bear|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this way , economic growth will not be hindered and at the same time , the issue of ageing population is handled in an appropriate and ethical manner .
+
+S In conclusion , government spending is important for all sectors of the country 's development .
+
+S However , there are limits on how much they can spend on each area .
+
+S Furthermore , new challenges and problems will arise in the future ; hence because of these two reasons , I feel that government should not be too focused on the ageing population issue as there might be other more urgent issues that require their immediate attention in the future .
+A 22 22|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Personally , I do agree that spending on the aged should be limited so that more money can be channelled to other areas of the country 's development .
+
+S Instead of priming the spending on the aged as one of the key focus on our annual budgeting regularly , I strongly feel that the Singapore government should remedy its focus and divert its focus to other key areas such as military , urban development and education spending .
+A 28 29|||R:VERB|||redefine|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , military spending is of paramount importance to all sovereign countries like Singapore .
+
+S The adequate spending on the military aspect not only conveys a strong deterrence message to our potential aggressors , it will also instill confidence into our business partners .
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||but|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The confidence that Singapore is well protected militarily ensures their continual long term presence and active involvements in shaping the country 's financial establishments .
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||involvement|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , plenty more foreign investors may be attracted to this safe haven with the aim of expanding their dynamic business empire .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||many|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Evidently , we can see how well it is to diversify our spending , rather than just allocating a lion share to cope with the aging problem solely .
+A 20 20|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Next , a substantial amount of the annual budget should also be set aside for urban development and education .
+
+S Urban development in the sense of creating a better living environment for our fellow country mates !
+A 16 17|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Throughout the past two years in the national day rallies , Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong had continually reiterated the need to create a " work-live-play Singapore " .
+A 17 18|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Basically , the essence of that is to conceptualize a Singapore in which we can work , live and have fun at !
+A 21 22|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since the Prime Minister had already envisaged a need to create a better living environment for Singaporeans , so why not we lessen the spending on the aged and invest it on realising this wonderful concept ?
+A 18 19|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:VERB|||reduce|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , Spending on education should be put on the top of the government 's priorities list !
+A 17 18|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is because unlike our neighbouring countries , which has aplenty of natural resources , we have only a form of natural resource , that is our people .
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||abundant|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Investments on our people will ensure the creation of competent personals .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN|||personnel|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These competent people will not only ensure that we have a competitive edge over our competitors , it will also gives our country a considerable leverage over our neighbouring countries .
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||but|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:FORM|||give|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Now , we can see in a better light how diverse spending can aide our country .
+A 13 14|||R:MORPH|||aid|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although spending on the aged should be limited so that more money can be channelled for the county 's development , we should also make sure that a reasonable portion of annual budget is set aside for them .
+A 31 31|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the saying goes , " One must never forget the hands that feed them " , it is indeed this group of people that had fought hard to bring Singapore to its current reputable standing in the world .
+A 15 18|||R:PUNCT|||. " It|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , needlessly to say , it is only conscionable to allocate a reasonable sum of money to ensure that their health and well beings are well taken care of .
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN:NUM|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All in all , as long as we have a definitive balance on the spending on the aged , we can achieve both taking care of them and national development !
+A 30 31|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , we can see vividly how important it is to diversify our spending into military , urban development and education purposes , instead of just placing our top most priority on spending on the aged at the centre of the radar .
+
+S As long as their health and well beings are taken care of , our priorities should be channelled to spendings on other more relevant and crucial areas like military , urban development and education purposes .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:INFL|||spending|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Resultantly , these does not only aid in the nation 's continual progress , it will also enable us to create a competitive edge over our neighbouring countries and also build a strong presence in the financial sector in this region !
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||As a result|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:DET|||this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||but|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 42|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Every country has its own strategies in development depending on its current situation .
+
+S Nowadays , as the world population is gradually aging , the governments start to adopt a new policy on the public spending .
+A 19 20|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some people believe that " Public spending on the aged should be limited so that money can be diverted to other areas of the country 's development .
+
+S " To some extent , I agree that we agree spend more money on education and environment since investing for country 's development is also a way to invest for the elderly .
+A 9 10|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First of all , education should take a higher priority than life of the elderly as investing on education is the inevitable preparation for the next generation .
+A 17 18|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , many European countries such as Denmark , Sweden and Cyprus allocate nearly 7 % of their GDP into public investment in education .
+A 20 21|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S That money goes to modernization of schools and universities , and helps to train students better , to make them talented scientists or skillful workers .
+
+S As a result , this public investment enhances the country 's intellectual standards of its people , and that leads to an increase in economics as people works more efficiently with knowledge .
+A 9 11|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:VERB:SVA|||work|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Consequently , the government will have more money to provide better services of the elderly care .
+A 12 13|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After all , not only the young but the old people will also benefit from the investment on education .
+A 17 18|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Second , government should also divert the money into the environment .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Recently there have been so many symposiums talking about the earth , the climate change , etc. Just those conferences can show us how important the environment is .
+
+S As a matter of fact , spending money for environmental improvement really brings global benefits .
+
+S For example , this could help us to preserve many beautiful natural scenes , which attract many people and thus impulse the country 's tourism .
+A 20 21|||R:VERB|||stimulate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , living in a clean and fresh environment is better for everyone 's health , including the elderly .
+
+S According to a recent study done by the U.S National Institutes of Health ( NIH ) , environmental factors , as well as the genetic , contribute to the longevity and ability of avoiding severe diseases that come along with aging , such as cancer , stroke or high - pressure .
+A 25 25|||M:NOUN|||factor|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , green funds can actually offer good returns for everybody .
+
+S However , although investing for development will bring good things for the country , we should not spend 100 % of the money for it .
+
+S In other words , this means we need a policy so that money can be dispersed appropriately .
+A 4 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB|||disbursed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , investment for the old is an issue of morality .
+A 5 6|||R:ADJ|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S People spend their whole life working and contributing to the future of their country , so after retirement , it is time for them to rest , and elderly care is somehow the requital for what they have done for the society .
+
+S Furthermore , as the young see that the government pays good attention to the elderly , which they will become , they will know that their future is well-secured .
+
+S Correspondingly , people will work harder , and there is no doubt that the country will thrive by leaps .
+
+S In conclusion , caring about the country 's future development is good , but we should never forget about the past , the people who are now not capable of supporting their own lives .
+
+S It is much better to have a suitable and balancing money distribution of public investment between elderly care and other aspects .
+A 9 10|||R:MORPH|||balanced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Population aging generally refers to the increase in the percentage of elderly people in a country .
+
+S According to the latest statistics reports , the current number of elderly people is increasing constantly at 8 million per year globally .
+
+S Due to this situation , many countries have spent huge amount of public spending on the aged in order to ease the various problems that came along with it .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB|||made|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , I believe that instead of focusing so much on the aging issue , it is sometimes wiser for the government to divert the money to other areas of country 's development which includes education and military .
+A 33 33|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:VERB:SVA|||include|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Adherents who starkly believe that public spending should be focused on the aged often claim that elderly people are not financially protected once they retired from their workplaces .
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , this would be tantamount to saying that government is responsible to " feed " the elderly people in the country once they are unable to get any income .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:PART|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:FORM|||feeding|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This could be a huge economic burden for countries like Japan which has one of the highest aged populations in the world .
+A 11 11|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S While in Italy , the government actually spent a staggering 14.2 percent of the whole nation 's GDP on pension system .
+A 7 7|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , I believe that the government should put in more resources in the realm of education .
+
+S Providing a better learning environment for the young generation will yield a better workforce in the future thus bringing more revenue for the government to spend on the elderly people .
+A 7 8|||R:ADJ:FORM|||younger|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides that , the burden to take care of the graying generation will also be shared by the children of the elderly people who will be highly educated to find jobs easily to support their families .
+A 23 23|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:TENSE|||may|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:OTHER|||and therefore are able|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Conversely , if the country is not knowledge based , it can hardly make any economic progress due to the lack of understanding of technology development thus leading to shortages in the government 's annual budget for the aged .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN|||knowledge-|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||could|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:OTHER|||. Thus , this may|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:VERB:FORM|||lead|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One typical example is in Singapore where the government spends 20 percent of the nation 's annual budget on educational system which is also one of the key factors that helps the country to progress swiftly throughout the years .
+A 4 10|||R:OTHER|||the Singapore government spending|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:MORPH|||education|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:VERB:SVA|||help|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another reason why people support the idea of public spending on elderly people is the fact that it 's a natural process for everyone to age .
+A 8 9|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , taking good care of the elderly people also means securing a better future for ourselves .
+
+S However , all of them have glossed over the fact that this can only be done when we have ensured security and safety of the whole nation in the first place .
+A 18 20|||R:OTHER|||are assured of the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Imaging living in a country like Sri Lanka where people live in fear everyday with its never ending wars between the local army and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Elam .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||One can imagine|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:PREP|||because of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S How is it possible to look after the aged when the whole nation 's security is at risk ?
+
+S It is apparent that we should not compromise on the part of military spending so as to obtain a harmonious and stable society within the country .
+A 10 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 18|||R:OTHER|||in our pursuit of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 26|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is also the reason why more and more countries are increasing their military spending .
+
+S In 2008 , the global military expenditure rose by 4 percent to a record of $ 1.4 trillion .
+
+S Therefore , it is clear that the military development should be ranked with a higher priority as compared to the spending on the aged .
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:PREP|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||when|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , this does not mean that we should forgo any spending on the elderly people in the country .
+A 16 19|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Being the ones who have served the community for so many years , there is definitively a moral obligation for us to provide to our seniors .
+A 13 26|||R:OTHER|||the elderly must be provided for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many countries like US have set aside a large sum of money to ensure the welfare of elderly people annually .
+
+S Different healthcare policies are also implemented in different countries to allow the old people to enjoy free medical services .
+
+S All of these are done as a recognition of what they have contributed to the society for so many years .
+A 16 17|||R:PREP|||over|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||R:OTHER|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , although it is indeed necessary for the government to take care of the elderly people in the country with its public spending , there are many other areas of development that should be looked into in the first place such as education and military .
+A 18 25|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 42|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 42|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Without making these developments , there 's no way we can ensure that the welfare of the graying generations is met .
+A 1 2|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References ;
+
+S Journal articles
+
+S Funding Cuts Hit Services for the Elderly By Christine Legere , The Boston Globe June 11 , 2009 { http : //www.globalaging.org/elderrights/us/2009/cuts.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.globalaging.org/elderrights/us/2009/cuts.htm ]
+
+S Education in Singapore From Wikipedia , the free encyclopedia { http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Singapore } [ HYPERLINK : http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Singapore ]
+
+S Based on the results of the 2006 Census of Population of Housing , on 30 June 2008 , the number of people aged 65 years and over in Australia increased by 67,600 people representing a 2.4 % increase .
+A 12 13|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:OTHER|||, which represents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The proportion of the population aged 65 years and over has increased from 10.8 % to 13.3 % between 30 June 1998 and 30 June 2008 [ 1 ] .
+
+S Because of this , there are many elderly left vulnerable .
+A 0 11|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To take care of this issue , public spending for the aged needs to be increased .
+
+S Critics say that the spending on the aged should be limited and used for other areas of development .
+
+S I feel that military and education should take priority over the needs of the elderly but measures should be put in place so that the elderly can take care of themselves .
+A 15 15|||M:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One reason that public spending on the aged should be limited is that some of it can be diverted to develop military .
+A 21 21|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nowadays , internal or external crimes such as bombing or terrorism can be happened at anytime and anywhere .
+A 2 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to the World Fact Book 2008 , published by the Central Intelligence Agency , military expenditure from all over the world has increased .
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||expenditures|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Singapore , for instance , is one of the 25th greatest expenditure on military .
+A 0 15|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Being a small country with a small population compared to other big countries , Singapore has less manpower .
+A 8 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||limited|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is the reason Singapore has great expenditure in military ; Singapore wants to improve its military defense .
+A 4 4|||M:ADV|||why|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||to spend a big amount|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||the military sector|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( repeated idea .
+
+S Use another country ) That 's why some of the public spending should be diverted to military .
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||the military sector|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , public spending on the aged should be limited and diverted to military development .
+
+S Other than that , some of public spending can be diverted to develop education .
+
+S Education itself is one thing that should be prioritized .
+A 1 2|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By developing the education , it can prepare the younger generation to be more skilled and productive when they 're at the working-age .
+A 0 3|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:ORTH|||Education|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:MORPH|||skilful|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Without any good qualified education , one can not work as good as the others who have more knowledge and education ( rephrase ) .
+A 1 2|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 21|||R:OTHER|||at work|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 24|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S [ 3 ] Manali Oak ( who is he ?
+A 5 5|||M:OTHER|||( citation year )|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ) in his article says " Education is important as it teaches us the right behavior , the good manners thus making us civilized .
+A 1 4|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:PUNCT|||:|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " He also says " Education is important because it equips us with all that is needed to make our dreams come true .
+A 0 1|||R:PUNCT|||) .|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 4|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:ORTH|||education|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Education opens doors of brilliant career opportunities .
+A 7 8|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " Hence , some of government public spending should be diverted for education to prepare the younger generation for their future life .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:NOUN|||purposes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||generations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:NUM|||lives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Critics of my position say that public spending on the aged should not be limited because we need to take into account what the aged has done .
+A 25 26|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , unlimited public spending on the aged could encourage the elderly to be less self-sufficient or more dependent .
+
+S If the government keeps giving the elderly money without any limitation , there 's a possibility that the elderly stop to work and just keep depending on the money for living ( evidence ? ) .
+A 10 11|||R:MORPH|||limit|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 25|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:VERB:FORM|||depend|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:NOUN|||government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 35|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , public spending on the aged should be maintained in a certain amount to prevent the elderly become less independent .
+A 10 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||from becoming|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To sum up , even though the aging issue is quite difficult to handle , but still , public spending for the elderly should have a certain limitation .
+A 15 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the elderly will be more encouraged to be independent and self sufficient .
+A 6 7|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Other than that , some of the public spending should be allocated for education as a purpose to prepare the younger generations and for military to improve the military defense .
+A 14 16|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||purposes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 22|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 29|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference :
+
+S [ 1 ] http : //www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs @ .nsf/mf/3201.0
+
+S [ 2 ] http : //www.asiafinest.com/forum/index.php ? showtopic = 186902
+
+S [ 2 ] http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_federations_by_military_expenditures
+
+S [ 3 ] http : //www.buzzle.com/articles/why-is-education-so-important.html
+
+S By the year 2050 , more than 1 in every 5 persons throughout the world is estimated to be aged 60 or over , while nearly 1 in every 6 is estimated to be at least 65 years old .
+
+S ( The statistics are provided by The United Nation .
+A 1 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||, year|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ) As a result , aging population has been one of the focuses in recent years .
+
+S The magnitude of the issue on aging population is comparable with issues such as global warming .
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S At the same time , problems related to aging population have arisen and more will start to surface as time passed and this has raised concerns of the world .
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:TENSE|||passes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:ADJ|||certain|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order to tackle with the issues that resulted from aging population , many researches and studies have been done and are still on going .
+A 4 5|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||populations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 25|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The developments of current researches , especially in the field of science and technology have benefitted the older population greatly as the problems faced by the aging population are alleviated by the research .
+A 20 33|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , I agree to a large extent that current research and development have helped to ease the aging process by improving the mobility and accessibility of the elderly , health conditions and provides an immediate response for the elderly in times of crisis .
+A 9 10|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 26|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:OTHER|||and their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 44|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , science and technology have helped to improve the mobility and accessibility of the elderly through the inventions of various equipments that aid in their movements .
+A 11 13|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:NUM|||equipment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As people aged , their health condition will not be as healthy as before .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||conditions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:ADJ|||good|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , their limbs will get weaker , as a result , this will impede their mobility as they are not as agile and strong as before .
+A 9 9|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , the development of science and technology has come up with improved version of equipment that aid the movements of the elderly .
+A 2 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , in the past , wheelchairs were bulky and heavy .
+
+S Also , for most of the time , the elderly need someone to push them around as their limbs are not strong enough to roll the wheels of the wheelchair .
+A 0 3|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:ORTH|||Most|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN|||arms|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:VERB|||push|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:NOUN:NUM|||wheelchairs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , there are improved versions of wheelchairs now , such as the electric wheelchairs .
+
+S The development of electric wheelchairs has brought great convenience to the lives of the elderly .
+
+S As electric wheelchairs operate using power , thus with a press of button , the elderly can move around on their own easily without relying on others .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are operated|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||electrical|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , now , there are more elegant designs of the wheelchairs .
+A 2 4|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:ADJ|||many|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , the wheelchairs are made of lighter yet durable material such as aluminum .
+A 9 10|||R:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||materials ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , nowadays , the elderly can have their wheelchairs custom-made .
+A 0 2|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:ORTH|||Nowadays|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For examples , choosing the kind of colours and designs of the wheelchairs .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||example|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||the elderly may choose|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Having able to add varieties to their wheelchairs , not only would appeal to the elderly but also might also change some of their negative conception towards wheelchairs as something that signal bad omen .
+A 0 35|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , having the elderly to gain greater acceptance in using the wheelchair when they do need one .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||this would enable|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 8|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||accept|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the development of science and technology has eased the aging process .
+A 2 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , the development in science and technology has helped to improve the health condition of the elderly .
+A 3 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As one aged , their immune and functionality systems will not be as strong as before .
+A 7 8|||R:MORPH|||functional|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , the elderly are prone to many illness and physical problems , such as hearing , visually impaired and Alzheimer disease .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||illnesses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN|||deafness|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:OTHER|||blindness|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Research has shown that in Singapore , there are 220,000 people who has cataract aged 65 years and above , making up about 7 % of the population .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:OTHER|||and they are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:OTHER|||. They make|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By 2030 , it will be about 18 % and this is a consequence of a rapidly ageing population .
+A 12 13|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , with the help of science and technology , operations on cataract are made more accessible for the elderly with manageable cost and lower risk involved .
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||treatments for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||and more|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:OTHER|||in terms of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , the use of ultrasound vibration to remove cataracts through a small incision results in less during surgery and faster visual recovery after surgery .
+A 17 21|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This would result in less toll on the elderly body as the wound is smaller and thus able to heal faster .
+A 9 10|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , advancement in technology has increased the efficiency of operation , thus , easing the aging process .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||operations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly , the advancement in science and technology has provided an immediate response for the elderly when they face any danger .
+A 0 22|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Among the different age groups , the elderly population is at the highest risk for adverse events such as falling down at home , due to poor health and chronic conditions .
+A 17 17|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 31|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even a slight fall might result in a dire consequence on the elderly if they are not treated immediately .
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||consequences|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , modern technology has come up with many innovations to meet the needs and to prevent some possible hazards faced by the elderly .
+A 11 16|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , modern technology has invented a alarm system at home which will send signal to the emergency department and their family members when the alarm is triggered by the elderly .
+A 3 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 17|||R:OTHER|||alert|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 30|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 32|||M:OTHER|||needs help|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This alarm system is useful and efficient when an elderly meets any mishap at home and no one is around to assist him or her .
+A 5 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||who has met with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:ADV|||when|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the alarm system is directly connected to the relevant contacts , thus a press of button by the elderly would immediately transmit signal for help .
+A 12 13|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , the elderly would be able to receive immediate help and treatment .
+
+S Therefore , advancement in technology has helped to ease the aging process .
+
+S However , some may argue that science and technology does not help to ease aging process .
+
+S Critics of opposition argue that what the elderly need most is the mental support provided by their families .
+A 1 3|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As during the aging process , the elderly are experiencing a transitional phase in their lives .
+A 0 17|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , they might feel depressed or lonely .
+
+S This is when family 's support plays a crucial role .
+
+S However , I beg to differ .
+
+S I believe that science and technology would be able to ease the aging process to a larger extent .
+
+S Firstly , with the help of modern technology , the elderly would still be able to be independent as before due to the inventions such as electric wheel which can be easily controlled by themselves .
+A 14 17|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:NOUN|||wheelchair|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 35|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This would reduce the reliance of the elderly on their families , thus help to relieve the burden on their family members as they do not have to constantly attend to the needs of the elderly .
+A 12 12|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although the elderly might be physically weak , he does not have to rely everything on others and still can be independent , continuing leading a normal life as before .
+A 8 9|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:SVA|||do|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||R:WO|||can still|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 24|||R:OTHER|||and continue|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:FORM|||to lead|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This would indirectly lead to a healthy mindset as the elderly do not feel themselves as a burden to their families .
+A 14 15|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||that they are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , with the help of modern technology , this would ease the workload of the families in taking care of the elderly .
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , having more time and energy in caring for the emotional needs of the elderly .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||they will have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||to care|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In a nutshell , science and technology has eased the aging process to a large extent by improving the mobility and accessibility of the elderly , access to better medical treatment and provides an immediate help for the elderly in times of crisis .
+A 20 22|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:OTHER|||such as providing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 36|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 43|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the help of science and technology the elderly will face fewer difficulties , reduce the reliance on their families or others and have a better time in coping the transitional phase of their lives .
+A 7 7|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||. They will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 29|||M:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , enjoying their golden age .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||they will enjoy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The global aging issue has aroused public attention around the world .
+
+S Research shows that " [ 1 ] The number of persons above 60 years or over is likely to triple , increasing from 673 million in 2005 to 2 billion by 2050 " .
+A 4 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 33|||M:OTHER|||( citation )|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Everybody will get old eventually and when we grow older , most likely we will suffer from some organ decline or mental decline .
+A 11 13|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||may|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some illnesses , such as vision loss , hearing loss and senile dementia , often make the elderly feel frustrated , isolated and lonely .
+
+S However , as technology advances day by day , it has helped us slow down these aging processes by applying technologies in more creative ways .
+A 2 3|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 8|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 21|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:ADJ|||many|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " [ 2 ] Visual disorders and diseases increase dramatically as we age " , research shows that " one in six adults age 45 reported some type of vision impairment " .
+A 1 4|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:OTHER|||( citation )|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:PUNCT|||. Research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:FORM|||aged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 32|||M:OTHER|||( citation )|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These vision impairments often cause troubles in people 's daily life .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||lives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , nowadays technology has implemented various innovative solutions that help people solve these problems and many users find them very useful in their lives .
+A 2 3|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , a device called " Pocket Viewer " is designed to help old people with long-sighted problem .
+
+S The device takes videos of the contents , enlarges and displays them on the screen in real time .
+
+S It is so light and handy that users can put it into their pockets and bring it along .
+A 15 16|||R:VERB|||take|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:OTHER|||with them wherever they go|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some other smart products I would like to mention here are the " Tek Partner TV Partner Remote " and " Accenda Voice Activated " .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Both devices are able to work with TVs and VCRs .
+
+S The former remote controller has larger buttons and the words on it are printed in greater font than usually ones .
+A 15 16|||R:ADJ|||bigger|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||fonts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||the usual|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The idea is to simplify the design as much as possible so that the elderly who have low vision problems will find it easy to use .
+
+S The later is more straight forward .
+A 1 2|||R:MORPH|||latter|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It does n't even require user to press any button .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To activate it , simply give it a voice command .
+A 4 4|||M:OTHER|||one|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:SVA|||gives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The commands are customizable and can be stored in the device .
+
+S One of the customers , Anita Clevenger in Sacramento , CA United states , bought this device for her mother who was 91-year-old and almost blind .
+
+S After using it for a few months , her mum gave really good feedback and found it very useful [ 7 ] .
+A 10 19|||R:OTHER|||found it very useful and gave a good feedback on it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 22|||R:OTHER|||( author , year )|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Technology can help the elderly with their hearing problem as well .
+
+S Hearing loss is probably another common disease which can be found among the elder .
+A 13 14|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reasons that lead to hearing loss vary ; it could be " birth-related " , or because of infections , injuries , and being exposed in loud and noisy environment for a long period frequently .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||led|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 34|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 35|||M:OTHER|||to loud noises for a long period of time|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Once an old person catches such diseases , his life would turn out to be very inconvenient .
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||or her|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , using technologies , engineers create diverse tools which can help the old in their daily life .
+A 2 11|||R:OTHER|||engineers can create diverse tools using technologies to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||lives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One significant problem occurs when they need to make a phone call using telephone .
+A 12 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , some research show that many old people with hearing difficulties do not use phone at all because they are not able to hear the person clearly .
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 28|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , companies such as " Clarity " implemented the " Ameriphone amplified cordless phone " .
+A 8 8|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The most importance feature of it is to make " [ 3 ] sounds much louder , clearer and easier to understand .
+A 0 6|||R:OTHER|||Its most important feature|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " These amplifier attachments in the telephones also allow users to adjust the volume according to their needs .
+
+S Other common techniques used to alert the users are vibration and flash-lights .
+
+S " Bed Shaker " and " Doorbell Signaler " are probably two of the most useful devices using the technique mentioned above .
+
+S A bed shaker can be designed to work with telephone , to provide alert when the person is away from it .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 21|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It can be placed not only under the pillow , but also under the cushion ; it can even be portable .
+A 16 16|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Elizabeth A.Smith who is 75-year-old and deaf in one ear said that the " Bed Shaker " had provided a lot convenience to her as she is also a deep sleeper .
+A 21 21|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A " Doorbell Signaler " uses sound and light system to alert user there is a visitor .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:ADV|||when|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It can be installed in any location in the house so that the old people can easily see .
+A 4 5|||R:PREP|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 18|||R:OTHER|||see it easily|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Other than those technologies used in developing devices to aid old people 's hearing and vision , they can also be applied to prevent senile dementia among the elderly .
+A 0 3|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:ORTH|||Technologies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the most innovative ideas is to create special video games suited for the old people .
+A 12 13|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As we all know , our brains needs constant trainings to remain active .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||need|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN|||stimulations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A study done by " psychologist and neuroscientist Helena Westerberg " shows that older adults with an average age of 65 are able to " reach the same level of working memory " with the younger adults with an average age of 25 , after they have been through a series of memory training on computer for 5 weeks [ 4 ] , which inspires game-develop companies to design videos games for the elderly .
+A 4 5|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||( citation )|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:PREP|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 59 62|||R:OTHER|||( citation )|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 62 64|||R:OTHER|||. This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 65 66|||R:VERB:FORM|||game-developing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Computer games such Wii game " BOOM BLOX " are relatively popular among the old people in some countries such as Japan and Britain .
+
+S Millions of people aged over 45 years old believe that taking up braining training through video games are the secret to a happy and healthy old age [ 5 ] .
+A 12 13|||R:MORPH|||brain|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 30|||R:OTHER|||( citation )|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And such training is " said to improve mental agility , slow the onset of dementia and Alzheimer 's disease [ 6 ] .
+
+S " In the other words , playing games like Wii regularly is likely to help the elderly retain their abilities to do multitask , exercise their brains and boost their thinking .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:OTHER|||multiple tasks|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Global aging has become a worldwide issue that many developing countries and developed countries are facing , or probably will face in the future .
+A 10 11|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , we should always believe that technology will help us in various ways to ease the aging process , just like some of the examples mentioned above and , eventually lighten the burden on the state .
+A 10 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 28|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference
+
+S 1. http : //www.spacedaily.com/reports/The_Global_Aging_Problem_999.html Paragraph 4 , " The number of persons 60 years or over 'is expected almost to triple , increasing from 673 million in 2005 to 2 billion by 2050, ' "
+
+S 2. http : //agingresearch.buffalo.edu/ceu/module_4/part_2a.htm " It is important to know there are changes that occur to the eye as we age , but vision loss is not a normal part of aging .
+
+S Visual disorders and diseases increase dramatically as we age .
+
+S "
+
+S 3. http : //agingresearch.buffalo.edu/ceu/module_5/part_1d.htm # 1
+
+S 4. http : //www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1909852,00.html
+
+S 5. http : //www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2006/mar/07/nintendods.games " it is the secret to a happy and healthy old age as millions of them take up brain training , the country 's latest computer game craze that is due to arrive in Britain by the summer .
+
+S "
+
+S 6. http : //www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2006/mar/07/nintendods.games " Designed by a prominent neuroscientist , Brain Training for Adults , a package of cerebral workouts aimed at the over-45s by the Japanese game console and software maker Nintendo , is said to improve mental agility and even slow the onset of dementia and Alzheimer 's disease .
+
+S "
+
+S 7. http : //www.amazon.com/Accenda-Surfboard-Interactive-Universal- Control/dp/B0002J1NX2
+
+S Many countries experience population aging .
+
+S It seems to be a natural consequence of economic development , which extends lifespan and lowers birth rates .
+
+S This is phenomenon is most obvious in Japan where 22 percent of its population aged 65 and older .
+A 1 2|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:VERB|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Aging , hence , has becoming a popular issue that everyone is concerned about today .
+A 0 3|||R:WO|||Hence , aging|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is conceived that aging process is a nightmare that no one dare to dream of .
+A 0 17|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some of the common aging effects include changes in sensory , perceptual , motor performance and in cognitive functioning .
+A 14 15|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||functions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Current state of science and technology are able to diminish aging effect of the aging population and enhance their living so that they can enjoy quality life of their twilight years .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The current|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 28|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is nearly undeniable that being healthier and look younger physically is the common shared dream of many elderly .
+A 2 3|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:MORPH|||healthy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:FORM|||looking|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:ADJ:FORM|||young|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||dreams|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the advancement of science and technology nowadays , this dream can be bring much closer to the realities .
+A 7 8|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:FORM|||brought|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reality|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , common aging effect such as wrinkles , hair loss and either overweight or underweight can be countered to a certain level with current state of technology .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||effects|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 16|||R:OTHER|||weight issues|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This can be done by either plastic surgery , application of biochemical substance , or attempts to manipulate hormone level because hormone level is scientifically tested to have influence towards metabolism level , which in turn influences the effects of aging .
+A 8 14|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||manipulation of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||hormones|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:OTHER|||. This is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||levels|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 27|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:PREP|||over|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:NOUN:NUM|||levels|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||R:MORPH|||influence|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , a new wrinkle reducer named Dysport has been introduced and it works in the same way as Botox to relax the facial muscles that causes wrinkles .
+A 9 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||R:OTHER|||in relaxing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:VERB:TENSE|||caused|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On top of that , to fight hair loss and thinning , a product called Revivogen , which is a dermatologist-formulated solution , was introduced to the market aiming at people aged 40 and above .
+
+S Secondly , advancement in science allows the elderly to enjoy a healthier life .
+
+S Scientific research can be made to deliver solution as well as discover alternatives to ease aging process .
+A 11 12|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , studies have shown that just as a child 's nutritional requirements differ in quantity and quality from an adult 's , the nutritional needs of the elderly also differ from those younger adults .
+A 33 34|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , Dr. Robert M. Russell , a professor of medicine and nutrition at Tufts University in Boston and his colleagues at the Department of Agriculture 's Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts , Dr. Alice Lichtenstein and Helen Rasmussen , a registered dietitian , have developed a revised food guide pyramid for Americans over 70 .
+A 42 46|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If the elderly follow the guide and rules of the new food pyramid , they can get healthier and fewer health problem .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||followed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||could|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 22|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To sum up,being healthier and look younger is important to the elderly because this is how they can live with confidence and satisfaction of life .
+A 3 4|||R:MORPH|||healthy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:FORM|||looking|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:ADJ:FORM|||young|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 25|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Technology can provide a mean for the elderly to have a more enjoyable life .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||means|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Their free time can be better spent in a quality and meaningful way .
+A 9 11|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , technology introduces a wider variety of entertainment for the elderly to choose from .
+
+S Due to the booming of the media and gaming industry , many sophisticated technological inventions are penetrating the market and becoming more affordable and ubiquitous .
+
+S This is unlike the 1970s when old people normally led a monotonous life like listening to the radio or reading newspaper to kill their free time .
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||, such as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||the newspapers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Today , with many technology inventions such as television , gaming consoles , and karaoke becoming widely available , the elderly have a wider range of option for entertainment .
+A 4 5|||R:MORPH|||technological|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:NOUN:NUM|||options|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , they are more willing to spend money on these technology inventions because it is one way to attract their grandson and relatives to visit them and enjoy the fun and entertainment offered by the technology .
+A 11 13|||R:NOUN|||devices|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 19|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 37|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , this makes the home livelier and merrier .
+
+S Secondly , the elderly can now expand their social networks beyond the neighborhood by means of internet , which is a fruit of technology itself .
+A 16 16|||M:OTHER|||using the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They are no more confined to the same area around their house but can actually look out the the outside world .
+A 7 8|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||houses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||are able to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 18|||R:OTHER|||venture into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In America , Statistics has indicated 45 % of the senior citizens age 70-75 are now online , meaning that internet has become a channel for the elderly to connect to the outside world .
+A 3 4|||R:ORTH|||statistics|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 4|||M:OTHER|||( citation )|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:FORM|||aged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , they enjoy mixing with other people especially youngster via virtual communities such as facebook , flikr , and Del.icio.us .
+A 9 9|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||with the youngsters|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , their life will not be boring for them because they can learn and know friends on the internet .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||lives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 16|||R:OTHER|||make|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The advancement of the technology also enable the elderly to be more independent and able to perform activities that they like .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||enables|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is unlike the past when they are consider a burden to the family because considerable amount of effort is need to look after them .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:FORM|||considered|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:FORM|||needed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , with the aid of technology , senior citizens can have more mobility to go wherever they like under a safer condition .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB|||enjoy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||, and they can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 23|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They are no longer confined in the house for their family to ensure their safety , since elder people tend to get more forgetful .
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:OTHER|||, who may want|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 24|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With a handheld device like mobile phone with integrated Global Positioning System ( GPS ) feature , they are less likely to get lost in the cities since they can either refer to the GPS map or simply call their family member for help .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 44|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are cars designed for easy entry for the wheelchair-bound or those with difficulty walking , like Toyota Motor Corp. 's Welcab series .
+A 5 8|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , the elderly can look after themselves or even take care of the household chorus .
+A 15 16|||R:MORPH|||chores|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is because they are aided by artificial intelligence or technological innovations .
+
+S In Japan , where 22 percent of its population aged 65 and older , businesses there have been rolling out everything from remote-controlled beds to feeding robots , fueling a care-technology market worth $ 1.08 billion in 2006 , according to industry figures .
+A 9 9|||M:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 29|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 32|||M:VERB|||has emerged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 32|||M:OTHER|||and it is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 43|||R:OTHER|||( citation )|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the examples is the " muscle suits " developed by the Tokyo University of Science that keeps the elderly active by providing support for the upper body , arms , and shoulders .
+A 1 3|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||example|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:DET|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This eliminates the needs for maids or family members to look after the elderly and monitor their every single movement , which in fact spare some dignity for the elderly .
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN|||turn|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Clearly , aging process can be eased by current research and development .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Aging effect that has been the nightmare to everyone can be diminished by a large margin and quality of the twilight years can be greatly improved in parallel to the level of science and technology .
+A 0 9|||R:OTHER|||Negative effects of aging|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN|||extent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 31|||R:OTHER|||with the help|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is possible that in the future , aging effects can be diminished to so low a level that the elderly enjoy healthy and fulfilling lives into their twilight years , without putting a heavy burden on their children and grandchildren .
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:VERB:TENSE|||could|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:VERB|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many countries nowadays are facing with the problem of fast aging population .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||Nowadays , many countries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result public spending on the aged will increase and eat into the spending on other areas of country 's development .
+A 3 3|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However this does not solve the aging issue in the long run , in fact it will hinder the progress of a country .
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore either a developed or developing country , public spending on the aged should be limited , and divert to other areas of development that could sustain even in the long run .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||, for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:FORM|||diverted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 32|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The most important area should be education , as education helps the people to get the necessary skills needed to work .
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB|||acquire|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With an educated workforce , the country will be able to ask for better wages for their citizens and hence increase their standards of living .
+
+S For the example of Singapore at the beginning of the nation building , education was one of the priorities to nation building as it not only increase the skill level of our workforce , it also bring woman into the workforce .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 3|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:VERB|||viewed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 24|||R:OTHER|||. This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:VERB:SVA|||increases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 30|||R:OTHER|||level of skills|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:OTHER|||but|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||R:VERB:SVA|||brings|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 38|||R:NOUN:NUM|||women|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 41|||R:OTHER|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , it creates a disciplined and cohesive society that benefits everyone .
+
+S Furthermore education also helps the aged to acquire new skills which enable them to work even at an old age .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another important area would be environment .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Earth 's average temperature has increase dramatically over the past few years and resulting to an increase in the awareness of global warning around the world .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:FORM|||increased|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||this results|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:OTHER|||public 's awareness|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 26|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Building a greener environment became the objective of many countries , so as to protect our mother planet .
+A 4 18|||R:OTHER|||to protect our planet becomes the objective of many countires|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the long run , it will not only benefit the current population but also the future generation .
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||one|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For the example of Iceland , they have replace its energy sources from coal and oil to geothermal and hydropower for decades .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 3|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:FORM|||replaced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This has helps to eliminate the amount of greenhouse gases emission and hence reduce air pollution to the environment .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:FORM|||helped|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||gas|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:FORM|||reduced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , now their citizens are able to enjoy fresher air which means that they will be healthier at an old age .
+A 4 5|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Last area that this essay is going to cover is the military development in a country .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The last|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With increasing terrorism activities around the globe , the ability to keep the country safe and stable become an important issue .
+A 2 3|||R:MORPH|||terrorist|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Without security there can be no economic development .
+
+S Conversely , stability & security are in serious jeopardy without economic development .
+A 3 4|||R:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 9|||R:OTHER|||jeopardised|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By achieving security and economic stability , then a country will be able to exist .
+A 7 8|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For the example of Singapore , we have always believed that National Service is important in keeping our country stability .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 3|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||safe|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As it not only protects our country from external threats , it also brings foreign investment into our country .
+A 0 1|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||It|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 4|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 13|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Only then will Singapore be the safest place for everyone to live in .
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||safe|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , public spending on the aged will only benefits a minor group of people and slows down the country 's progression .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:SVA|||benefit|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore in order to benefits everyone in the country which also includes the aged , there is a need to diverge the money into other areas of the country 's development .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:MORPH|||benefit|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 14|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB|||divert|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One report of the United Nation predicts that there will be an increase in the proportion of over 60 years old from 10 per cent in 2000 to 21 per cent in 2050 .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||A|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:PREP|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Nations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Accompanied by the declines in the proportion of the young , by 2050 , the number of older persons in the world will exceed the number of young for the first time in history [ 1 ] .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||decline|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 34|||M:OTHER|||by 2050|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 37|||R:OTHER|||( author , year )|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This trend towards older population is largely irreversible and is presenting both opportunities and challenges requiring every country to take measures in all facets of life : economic , healthcare and technology .
+A 2 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||countries with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 18|||R:OTHER|||. Every country needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 33|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Fortunately , many advanced policies and technologies are now helping the elderly to not only ease the aging process but also become a useful workforce for society .
+A 13 15|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:OTHER|||and to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many economic schemes are being implemented to help the elderly deal with financial problems .
+
+S The increasing number of older population is having a significant impact on economic growth , investment and consumption .
+A 2 4|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||population of the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , many countries are on the right track of dealing with the problem by some schemes like pension plan or extended retirement age policy .
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:VERB|||adopting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||plans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 25|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , almost all of old people in Canada are receiving income from Canada 's public pensions : the Canada Pension Plan ( CPP ) and Old Age Security ( OAS ) .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:PUNCT|||---|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Together , the CPP and OAS provide a modest base upon which Canadians can build their retirement income [ 2 ] .
+A 18 21|||R:OTHER|||( author , year )|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another example is the Great Britain 's new strategy , " Building A Society For All Ages " , to help prepare for Britain 's aging population , which will extend the retirement age beyond 65 .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 28|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:VERB:TENSE|||extended|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 34|||M:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Minister for Pensions and the Ageing Society Angela Eagle said that this new policy will help almost old people to save enough money for their retirement [ 3 ] .
+A 16 17|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 29|||R:OTHER|||( author , year )|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This policy will give the older people a chance to work longer and contribute to the society .
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The healthcare systems are now also improving to meet the need of the elderly .
+A 4 6|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Statistic from The Center for Disease Control ( USA ) shows that : " 88 % of those over 65 years of age have at least one chronic health condition ; nearly 40 % of deaths in America can be attributed to smoking , physical inactivity , poor diet , or alcohol misuse ; and almost 20 % of older Americans suffer from a mental disorder that is NOT part of normal aging .
+A 0 1|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Statistics|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 73 74|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " [ 4 ] Long-term healthcare has become a vital need for old people .
+A 1 4|||R:OTHER|||( author , year ) .|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many counties are paying more and more attention to the healthcare system as the proportion of the old population increasing .
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:FORM|||increases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , the United States is considered spending more money on heath care than any other nation in the world , approximately 15.3 % of GDP and expected to reach 19.5 % of GDP by 2017 [ 5 ] .
+A 6 8|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:FORM|||spends|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:OTHER|||. It spends|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:OTHER|||the spending is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 40|||R:OTHER|||( author , year )|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S More research show that about 97 % of older American are benefiting from healthcare system through health insurance like Medicare .
+A 0 4|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:ORTH|||About|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:OTHER|||( citation )|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Being covered by healthcare insurance has become critical for old people especially those with disabilities and chronic illness associated with aging .
+A 11 11|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides economics and healthcare , technology is achieving many advances to support the elderly and deal with their daily problems .
+A 0 21|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As becoming older , many people are likely to suffer from some kind of sensory impairment as statistic shown : 28 % of people aged 65 + have difficulties with their eyesight , 55 % of people aged 60 + are deaf or hard of hearing [ 6 ] .
+A 0 19|||R:OTHER|||Many People suffer from sensory impairment as they grow older .|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||For instance ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:OTHER|||and above|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 40|||R:OTHER|||and above|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 46 49|||R:OTHER|||( author , year )|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nowadays , all of these problems can be solved just with some small devices .
+A 2 4|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||R:WO|||with just|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , a small device called hearing aid is a solution for the hearing loss problem of the elderly .
+A 3 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||devices|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||like|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||aids|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 20|||R:OTHER|||elderly with hearing loss problem|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is now can be really small that others can hardly know .
+A 1 3|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 12|||R:OTHER|||to be noticed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another useful device for the old people suffering vision problem is PocketViewer .
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:PREP|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The PocketViewer is a portable solution for older people to read , write and see , it use a miniature video camera transfers and enlarges the text and images from a page to the screen [ 7 ] .
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||UNK|||uses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 25|||R:OTHER|||to transfer and enlarge|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 38|||R:OTHER|||( author , year )|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many others devices are now also helping the elderly to have better lifes .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB|||lead|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The unprecedented demographic changes are transforming the world .
+
+S The consequences of population aging are presenting both opportunities and challenges for all nations .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 5|||R:WO|||aging population|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||present|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Aware of this , many nations have taken actions to deal with the impact on many facets : economic , healthcare and technology .
+A 0 24|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many nations are achieving successes to help the elderly not become a burden for the society and moreover , a useful part of it .
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 19|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:OTHER|||society|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S [ 1 ] World Population Ageing : 1950-2050 { http : //www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ ]
+
+S [ 2 ] Canada Pension Plan and Old Age Security { http : //www.rhdcc-hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/oas-cpp/index.shtml } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.rhdcc-hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/oas-cpp/index.shtml ]
+
+S [ 3 ] Retirement age may soon be extended { http : //www.totallymoney.com/news/index.php/2009/07/retirement-age-may-soon-be-extended/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.totallymoney.com/news/index.php/2009/07/retirement-age-may-soon-be-extended/ ]
+
+S [ 4 ] [ 6 ] Ageing Population Statistics { http : //www.tiresias.org/accessible_ict/ageing_population/statistics.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.tiresias.org/accessible_ict/ageing_population/statistics.htm ]
+
+S [ 5 ] Health care in the United States { http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care_in_the_United_States } [ HYPERLINK : http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care_in_the_United_States ]
+
+S [ 7 ] Aging and Technology Research { http : //agingresearch.buffalo.edu/ceu/module_4/part_3b.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //agingresearch.buffalo.edu/ceu/module_4/part_3b.htm ]
+
+S There was a quote , " Age is a prison from which we can not escape " , by Morrow Bourne .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||an observation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||made by Morrow Bourne :|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 21|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Indeed , aging is a natural process that everyone will experience it .
+A 11 12|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Due to ageing , some of the people may suffer from physical and mental depreciation .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||the effects of aging|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 15|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As people are a country 's most precious resource , the governments should help its people when they are suffering from ageing problems .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In recent decades , many countries have invested a certain amount of money in areas such as science and technology in order to develop new products such as an intelligent system , iShoe and big button TV remote controller that would help the elderly .
+A 20 20|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 32|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||R:MORPH|||control|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I certainly agree that these developments have greatly helped to ease the aging process .
+
+S With the help of technology , scientists have created an intelligent system that helps the elderly to remember everyday tasks .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||helped|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( 1 ) CITATION AnI091 \ l 1033 ( An Intelligent System Helps Elderly Or Memory-impaired To Remember Everyday Tasks , 2009 ) " Research has shown that aging may affect memory changing the way the brain stores information and by making it harder to recall stored information .
+A 23 23|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 32|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 41|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 48 49|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " ( 2 ) CITATION Mem1 \ l 1033 ( Memory Loss With Aging ) Consequently , older people will forget things more easily .
+A 1 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , some of the elderly may be unable to recall some of the daily actions such as taking medicine , bringing cell phone or keys when they are leaving the house .
+A 13 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:MORPH|||activities|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:OTHER|||bringinalong with them their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN:NUM|||phones|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Due to these problems , a team of researchers have created a system that makes use of sensors to identify human actions and uses mobile devices to remind the elderly to perform daily activities .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||to solve|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||ususes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( 3 ) CITATION AnI091 \ l 1033 ( An Intelligent System Helps Elderly Or Memory-impaired To Remember Everyday Tasks , 2009 ) As a result , they are able to carry out their everyday tasks as per normal .
+A 23 23|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 39|||R:OTHER|||usual|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the graduated students from Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology has developed an iShoe that prevents the elderly from falling .
+A 3 4|||R:MORPH|||graduate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( 4 ) CITATION DAV08 \ l 1033 ( HO , 2008 ) The iShoe contains a device that measures and records human movements .
+A 13 13|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , it helps to stimulate the feet and alert elderly when they getting off balance .
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||lose their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Using these data , elderly can look for a doctor for early diagnosis .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , their balance can be improved and lead a better life .
+A 8 8|||M:OTHER|||they are able to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Tek Partner , who provides technology consultants to clients , has invented a big button TV remote controller to help elderly that have visual problems .
+A 2 9|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:MORPH|||control|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:PRON|||who|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( 5 ) CITATION Agi1 \ l 1033 ( Aging and Technology Research , 2005 ) Research has shown that the older people will experience some common visual problems such as tearing , floaters and glare .
+A 16 16|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( 6 ) CITATION Agi \ l 1033 ( Aging and Technology Research , 2005 ) Consequently , they are unable to focus and see objects clearly .
+A 16 16|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With a large size of buttons , older people are able to see and operate the controller without any help from other .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:MORPH|||control|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To conclude , science and technology have help in developing products in order to ease the aging process .
+A 11 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , the intelligent system is invented to help the elderly to remember their daily tasks .
+
+S This is because as people get older , they will forget things more frequently .
+
+S Therefore , they need a system to remind them to perform certain activities .
+
+S iShoe , is another product that is developed using science and technology to prevent elderly from falling .
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:PART|||down|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It helps to monitor human movements and provides a warning if balancing problem is found .
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||any|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , elderly can improve their balance by approaching the balancing specialist earlier .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly , a big button TV remote controller is created to help seniors that are unable to see certain image clearly .
+A 7 8|||R:MORPH|||control|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:PRON|||who|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||images|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the help from the controller , they are able to operate the television , VCD and DVD player independently .
+A 5 6|||R:MORPH|||control|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , elderly are able to lead a better life with the help form all these products .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Bbliography
+
+S BIBLIOGRAPHY Aging and Technology Research .
+
+S ( 2005 ) .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //agingresearch.buffalo.edu/ceu/module_4/part_3c.htm Aging and Technology Research .
+
+S ( 2005 ) .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //agingresearch.buffalo.edu/ceu/module_4/part_2a.htm
+
+S An Intelligent System Helps Elderly Or Memory-impaired To Remember Everyday Tasks .
+
+S ( 2009 , August 30 ) .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/08/090827101219.htm
+
+S HO , D. ( 2008 , August 31 ) .
+
+S NASA tech may help prevent elderly falls .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //www.palmbeachpost.com/business/content/business/epaper/2008/08/31/sunbiz_ishoe_0831.html
+
+S Memory Loss With Aging .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //familydoctor.org/online/famdocen/home/seniors/common-older/124.html
+
+S Singapore expresses vibrant and youthful lives through the numerous creative architecture designs of our buildings .
+A 0 16|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For over the past 44 years , Singapore has made drastic changes in the layout of our buildings and many of these commanding buildings symbolize our country 's success .
+A 1 2|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , the unique " durian " appearance of Esplanade gives our small city a distinct sky-line and becomes one of the main tourist attractions in Singapore .
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , Singapore is facing rapid ageing population with a raise in median age of 20 in 1970 to 37 in 2009 ; there is a need to improvise our buildings architecture with our current technology to ease aging process .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:MORPH|||rapidly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN|||rise|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:PREP|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 31|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 34|||R:OTHER|||using|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 38|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Government spending on investment in architectures for the aged has increased tremendously over the years to build a friendly environment for elderly to accommodate .
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||, so as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:VERB|||live|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A good example is LUP ( Lift Upgrading Program ) , a priority made for elderly ' convenience to ensure that all apartment blocks , which includes the older buildings built before 1990 , can have lift access to all storey by year 2014.In the past , this project is not feasible due to the high costs involved and technology is not realistic .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 19|||R:OTHER|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB|||ensurensures|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 27|||R:OTHER|||including|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 41|||R:NOUN:NUM|||storeys|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 58 63|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nonetheless , with our present advanced architecture technology and economic status , lifestyle for the olds can be improved to a relative large extent .
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To ease the aging process , it is of utmost importance to build safety hazards and accident prevention environment for elderly .
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 18|||R:OTHER|||safe|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the past , Singapore is young nation with weak economic status , many interior and exterior safety precautions of architectures are being neglected and which eventually resulted in elderly suffers from injuries at home and outdoor .
+A 4 13|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 29|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:NOUN:NUM|||suffering|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||R:OTHER|||in the outdoors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Falls are highly potential threats to all elderly in group 55-74 years and 58 % of deaths are caused by accidental falls .
+A 2 3|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||the age group of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||55to74|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Most common falling incidents are slipping on level-ground and falling over windows .
+A 0 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another potential danger is open drains in the walkway that elderly might fall into the drain in one wrong step and injured themselves .
+A 14 16|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 20|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:FORM|||injure|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The aged are weak physically and they usually have difficulties in maintaining their balance on both legs , needless to say , these poor architectures designs further escalate the danger .
+A 18 18|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:MORPH|||architectural|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In recent years , modifications in architectures have been made to ensure elders ' safety .
+A 12 15|||R:OTHER|||the safety of the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , government has come up with EUP ( Estate Upgrading Program ) , in conjunction with policy " ageing in place " to revamp the estates with cover drains , non-slip flooring finishing to prevent falls and slips , and corridor railings for aiding supports to elderly .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 26|||R:OTHER|||in revamping|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:OTHER|||, such as introducing the use of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 31|||R:OTHER|||drain covers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 40|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 44 49|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These enhancements in estate architectures are fully subsided by government to greatly improve the safety hazards for the olds .
+A 5 5|||M:OTHER|||to improve the safety of the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:MORPH|||subsidized|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 19|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is also an added significant to create a barrier-free environment for the increasing ageing population in Singapore .
+A 3 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With steps and stairs at pathway , elderly who are walking with clutches have difficulties climbing up and down ; therefore , it is even impossible for wheelchair bounded elderly to move out from their house .
+A 0 7|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 11|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN|||crutches|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||the stairs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:VERB:FORM|||bound|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:NOUN:NUM|||houses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To ease aging convenience , obstruction-free walkways are built to connect individual district within the neighborhood .
+A 0 5|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:ORTH|||Obstruction-free|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:ADJ|||various|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||districts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Accessibility to all facilities in neighborhoods is well taken care with distribution of ramps throughout the vicinity for elderly and wheelchair disabled to move around comfortably as the gradient of ramp is design in such a way that even without the help of second party elderly will also be able to move up and down freely .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 10|||R:OTHER|||enhanced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:TENSE|||could|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:PREP|||because|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:OTHER|||the ramps|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 43|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 45 45|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S At community level , drop off porches are built to seamlessly connect driveways to other surrounding buildings effortlessly , which benefits elderly in wheelchairs to move about remotely .
+A 0 29|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S At block level , as mention earlier , lifts are improvised to stop at every storey if feasible and additional features such as widening the lift door for wheelchairs and lowering handrail bars for elderly to grip for support are included for elders ' beneficial .
+A 4 8|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 30|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 31|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 34|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 37|||M:PART|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 45|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These architecture advancements are frameworks of the 5-years Barrier-Free Accessibility ( BFA ) Upgrading Program which BCA invested $ 40 million Accessibility Fund into this program in year 2007 .
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||. The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:OTHER|||( full name of BCA )|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It aimed to transform Singapore into an elderly friendly and barrier-free environment for the olds to live in safety now and in the near future .
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 21|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With our current developments , obstructions to elderly accessibility are thus reduced tremendously .
+A 0 14|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Improvements of architecture in external environments are essential to boost physical and mental stimulation in elderly .
+A 1 2|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||environment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||in boosting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN|||development|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Atrophy elders who are prone to illness , needs sensory stimulation and exercises to maximize their mobility .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||Elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||illnesses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:SVA|||need|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Study has shown that outdoor parks and regular exercises have therapeutic effects on elderly to improve their health and wellness , increasing their muscle strength and stimulate spiritual developments .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||A study|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:PART|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:FORM|||improving|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:OTHER|||as well as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:VERB:FORM|||stimulating|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Within housing vicinity , elderly wellness stations and community gardens are built under MUP ( Main Upgrading Program ) to promote healthy living among elderly residents .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN|||estates|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There is a wide variety of exercise equipment at the elderly wellness station and pebble walks are also built for the elders ' well-beings .
+A 18 24|||R:OTHER|||available|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In consideration that frail elders have brittle bones , more resting area with lower benches are also built to fulfill their needs .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||Since|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 5|||R:OTHER|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||areas|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||have also been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||cater to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These developments of recreational outdoor facilities are being carried out extensively to create a better living environment internally and externally for the ageing population .
+A 1 3|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 10|||R:VERB|||built|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 20|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " Old age is n't so bad when you consider the alternative " , said Maurice Chevalier .
+A 17 17|||M:OTHER|||( citation )|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Indeed , even though ageing population is critical in Singapore , we are actively implementing various architecture developments and policies in provision to meet the special needs of the aged .
+A 2 11|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:MORPH|||architectural|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To raise awareness of the importance in " shaping a safe , sustainable and friendly environment " for people of all ages , a BCA Universal Design Award was introduced in year 2007 to promote barrier-free accessibility in our environments .
+A 6 7|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:OTHER|||( citation )|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With these improvements , we are one step closer in building a totally barrier-free healthy environment where the elderly can travel around freely and safely in absolute comforts .
+A 27 28|||R:NOUN:NUM|||comfort|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S ( 1 ) " TOWARDS A BARRIER-FREE ENVIRONMENT IN PUBLIC HOUSING " http : //www.bca.gov.sg/BarrierFree/others/HDB.pdf
+
+S ( 2 ) BCA Annual Report 07/08 " It 's all in the details " http : //www.bca.gov.sg/AboutUs/others/ar08.pdf
+
+S ( 3 ) Linda Buettner , Judith Kennison " Outdoor programming for older adults who are frail " .
+
+S May-June , 1993 http : //findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1249/is_n5_v65/ai_13793493/
+
+S ( 4 ) BCA awards 2008 http : //www.bca.gov.sg/BarrierFree/others/2008_UD_Award_Winners.pdf
+
+S ( 5 ) http : //www.propertybygracewong.com/Default.aspx ? href = % 2flayout % 2fTemplate 2 % 2fproject_detail.aspx % 3fpid % 3d53
+
+S ( 6 ) http : //www.hdb.gov.sg/fi10/fi10208p.nsf/WPDis/Main % 20Upgrading % 20ProgrammePo licies % 20- % 20Improvements % 20Within % 20the % 20Precinct ? OpenDocument
+
+S ( 7 ) http : //www.hdb.gov.sg/fi10/fi10208p.nsf/WPDis/Lift % 20Upgrading % 20ProgrammeOv erview
+
+S ( 8 ) http : //www.sma.org.sg/sma_news/3111/news/3111n5.htm
+
+S ( 9 ) Mr. John Ting President , 22 Aug 2003 http : //app.mot.gov.sg/data/s_03_08_22.html
+
+S 10 ) http : //www.great-inspirational-quotes.com/aging-quotes.html
+
+S According to U.S. Census Bureau report , the average rate of people turning age 65 in 2000 was 795,000 each month1 .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||65 years old|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN|||month|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In 2008 , the figure increased to an average of 870,000 monthly2 .
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||monthly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This rate has increased by 9 % in just a short period of 8 years and is expected to rise at a higher rate as the first group of baby boomers who were born between 1946 to 19663 move into the category of elderly in two years ' time .
+A 37 38|||R:OTHER|||1966|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||R:VERB:TENSE|||moved|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As humans age , their five senses deteriorates gradually .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||deteriorate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Among the five senses , the most common deteriorations of senses are vision problems and hearing loss .
+A 6 7|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:INFL|||deterioration|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:OTHER|||those of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , recent technological inventions such as assistive technologies for sight or hearing can in fact ease the elderly in the aging process , making their aging symptoms more manageable .
+A 5 5|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Vision problems such as presbyopia ( a condition whereby the ability to focus and see objects that are near is impaired ) 4 , and cataracts ( a condition whereby the vision is affected by clouding of the lens in the eyes ) 5 are common in aging people .
+A 22 23|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 35|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 44|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 46 47|||R:PREP|||among|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Being unable to see well may be dangerous as the elderly would not know whether there are obstacles in front of them , which could lead to falls .
+
+S First , the development of lens optics improved greatly after the first wearable glasses were introduced by Salvino D'Armate in 12846 .
+A 0 1|||R:MORPH|||Firstly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||1284|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The improvement in lens development has allowed presbyopia , as well as myopia ( near-sightedness ) and hyperopia ( far- sightedness ) , to be corrected using spectacles equipped with convex lens which in turn assists the elderly to see better while reading or doing tasks which required close eye focus .
+A 32 33|||R:OTHER|||. This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 49 50|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For elderlies with both presbyopia and myopia or both presbyopia and hyperopia , recent improvements in lens optics has created bifocals lens ( convex and concave lens combined into a single lens ) to allow the elderly to have both their presbyopia and myopia or both their presbyopia and hyperopia to be corrected .
+A 1 2|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||resulted in the creation of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:OTHER|||, which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 50 52|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Second , with vision- assisting technology such as PocketViewer , the elderly can capture an image of any item or text they wish to magnify7 .
+A 0 1|||R:MORPH|||Secondly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:OTHER|||magnify|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly , for elderlies who have serious vision problems like near-blindness or blindness , there are softwares like Talking Cellphone Accessibility 2 to assist in the usage of mobile phones through voice-activated commands which would allow even people who are completely blind to use a mobile phone with ease8 .
+A 3 4|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 31|||R:OTHER|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 35|||R:OTHER|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 47 49|||R:OTHER|||8|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , the above-mentioned vision sight assistive or replacement technologies helps the elderly to be able to see better or do simple tasks without the need for sight .
+A 3 4|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:SVA|||help|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 16|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 28|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another condition that is common in aging people is presbycusis , which is more commonly known as hearing loss .
+
+S Hearing loss related to aging is nerve- related which causes damage to the inner ear .
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||, and it is caused by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Without being able to hear clearly , the elderly can not hear emergency horns when they are crossing the road or can not enjoy simple pleasures like watching the television .
+A 20 21|||R:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , it would become difficult , if not impossible , for them to communicate with loved ones .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 11|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , hearing loss of such can be treated using hearing aids which are readily available in the market .
+A 4 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB|||helped|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are many kinds of hearing aids such as behind-the-ear or the in-ear type or the bigger models such as walkman look-a-likes which are hung around the waist .
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:ADJ|||in-the-ear|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||, as well as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:OTHER|||look-alike type|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:DET|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As technologies advance , hearing aids nowadays are so small that it can be hidden in the ear canal , thus elderly people can choose to use an inside ear canal type if they feel awkward or want to receive less stares from other people .
+A 6 7|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||getting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:ADJ:FORM|||smaller|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:OTHER|||, to the extent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:OTHER|||. This allows the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 24|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 31|||R:OTHER|||the ear-canal-|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:VERB:TENSE|||felt|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:OTHER|||conscious of the hearing aids|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 45|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , Sonic Listener is a type of wired amplifier that is to be hung around the waist with the ear phone connected directly to the amplifier9 .
+A 27 28|||R:NOUN|||amplifier|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , if wireless is preferred , there is also the TV headset which can also be used as a hearing aid10 .
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN|||aid|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The wireless type would be less restrictive as there are no wires from the amplifier connected to the ear phones .
+
+S Moreover , there are also other devices that do not amplify sounds but rather they make use of other senses such as touch and sight .
+A 14 15|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One such example is the Bed Shaker , which vibrates when the phone rings or when the alarm sounds , that can be used under the pillow when sleeping to alert the elderly11 .
+A 20 21|||R:DET|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 33|||R:OTHER|||11|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another example is the Doorbell Signaler which flashes light from the device when the doorbell is pressed to alert elderly at home12 .
+A 16 16|||M:VERB:TENSE|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 22|||R:OTHER|||12|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , even with increasing hearing problems , the elderly can still make use of the available hearing assistive technology to help them in their daily tasks .
+A 4 5|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are also times when technologies cause more troubles for the elderly .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB|||create|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As we move into the technological age , where computers and other devices flourish in every home and office , the elderly would have problems trying to use such devices .
+
+S For example , in the National Library , books to be borrowed were to be scanned at the checkout counter .
+
+S However , self-service kiosks are set up at every floor to facilitate borrowing of books and to the elderly who were born during times without such devices , it would be very difficult for them to learn how to use the devices without help from others .
+A 2 28|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:OTHER|||the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 41|||R:OTHER|||new|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 44|||R:OTHER|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , working elderlies are also more susceptible to being dismissed , if they are still working , due to the reason that with the invention of many different types of machines that can do menial jobs like cleaning automatically , they are no longer required in the workforce .
+A 4 5|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 29|||R:OTHER|||being easily replaced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 32|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 41|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 50|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One such example is the Eurolab Auto Vacuum Intelligent Cleaner which has wall sensors and can be remote-controlled from a distance13 .
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||controlled|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN|||distance|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Employers may be tempted to replace the elderly floor cleaner who may have become slower in cleaning due to a weakened aging body .
+A 12 14|||R:VERB|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:ADJ:FORM|||slow|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 23|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S How would the employer not be tempted to dismiss the elderly floor cleaner when the price of owning the machine for one year is much cheaper than the annual wages of the elderly cleaner ?
+
+S Therefore , with the advancing technologies , it does not mean that every product that was invented would help the elderly to ease into the aging process .
+A 2 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 12|||R:OTHER|||not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In all , with the help of advancing technologies , the elderly can counter their shortfalls in sight and hearing loss and thus still live independently without much intervention from family members or others , especially when there is nobody at home .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||sum|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:MORPH|||advanced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 24|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 42|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This would thus make the elderly feel less depressed and frustrated due to the effects of aging like being unable to see or hear clearly .
+A 2 3|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:VERB|||help|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 25|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Bibliography
+
+S 1 Kinsella , K. , & Velkoff , V. A. U.S. Department of Commerce , U.S. Census Bureau .
+
+S ( 2001 ) .
+
+S An aging world : 2001 ( P95/01-1 ) .
+
+S Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office .
+
+S 2 Kinsella , K. , & He W. U.S. Department of Commerce , U.S. Census Bureau .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S An aging world : 2008 ( P95/09-1 ) .
+
+S Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office .
+
+S 3 Krotki K. J .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Baby Boom .
+
+S The Canadian encyclopedia .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm ? PgNm = TCE&Params = a1ARTA 0000437
+
+S 4 Tomita M. R. ( 2006 ) .
+
+S Module IV : Sensory : Vision and Taste/Smell .
+
+S Informally published manuscript , School of Public Health and Health Professions , The State University of New York , New York , United States of America .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //agingresearch.buffalo.edu/ceu/module_4/part_2a1.htm
+
+S 5 Tomita M. R. ( 2006 ) .
+
+S Module IV : Sensory : Vision and Taste/Smell .
+
+S Unpublished manuscript , School of Public Health and Health Professions , The State University of New York , New York , United States of America .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //agingresearch.buffalo.edu/ceu/module_4/part_2b.htm # 1
+
+S 6 Bellis M. ( 2009 ) .
+
+S History of optics .
+
+S Wikipedia .
+
+S Retrieved ( 2009 , September 14 ) from http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_optics # Lenses_and_lensmaking
+
+S 7 Tomita M. R. ( 2006 ) .
+
+S Module IV : Sensory : Vision and Taste/Smell .
+
+S Unpublished manuscript , School of Public Health and Health Professions , The State University of New York , New York , United States of America .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //agingresearch.buffalo.edu/ceu/module_4/part_3b.htm # 1
+
+S 8 Tomita M. R. ( 2006 ) .
+
+S Module IV : Sensory : Vision and Taste/Smell .
+
+S Unpublished manuscript , School of Public Health and Health Professions , The State University of New York , New York , United States of America .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //agingresearch.buffalo.edu/ceu/module_4/part_3h.htm # 2
+
+S 9 Tomita M. R. ( 2006 ) .
+
+S Module V : Sensory : Hearing and Touch/Dexterity .
+
+S Unpublished manuscript , School of Public Health and Health Professions , The State University of New York , New York , United States of America .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //agingresearch.buffalo.edu/ceu/module_5/part_1b.htm # a
+
+S 10 Tomita M. R. ( 2006 ) .
+
+S Module V : Sensory : Hearing and Touch/Dexterity .
+
+S Unpublished manuscript , School of Public Health and Health Professions , The State University of New York , New York , United States of America .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //agingresearch.buffalo.edu/ceu/module_5/part_1b.htm # b
+
+S 11 Tomita M. R. ( 2006 ) .
+
+S Module V : Sensory : Hearing and Touch/Dexterity .
+
+S Unpublished manuscript , School of Public Health and Health Professions , The State University of New York , New York , United States of America .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //agingresearch.buffalo.edu/ceu/module_5/part_1e.htm # 2
+
+S 12 Tomita M. R. ( 2006 ) .
+
+S Module V : Sensory : Hearing and Touch/Dexterity .
+
+S Unpublished manuscript , School of Public Health and Health Professions , The State University of New York , New York , United States of America .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //agingresearch.buffalo.edu/ceu/module_5/part_1e.htm # 4
+
+S 13 Cliff , L. ( 2008 , September 19 ) .
+
+S The top ten home appliances with the highest customer ratings .
+
+S Online Shopping Australia , Retrieved from http : //www.onlineshoppingaustralia.com.au/2008/09/the-top-ten-home- appliances-with-the-highest-customer-ratings.html
+
+S With the advancement of technology in Information Technology , many devices have been developed to help the aged , especially those with healthcare problems and are home-bound or have difficulties moving about , to cope with their lives .
+A 4 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 38|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These devices make an impact in their lives by providing them an alternative to ease their problems .
+
+S Hence , I agreed with the statement to a large extent .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||agree|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Developments in Information Technology help to monitor the health conditions of the aged without having the trouble to leave their homes .
+A 15 15|||M:PRON|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 18|||R:OTHER|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:FORM|||leaving|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , in Visiting Nurse Services of the Northwest , a homecare organization in Spain , there are home monitoring programs that allows patients to monitor their vital signs and these data are sent back to the nursing home over phone line or satellite for the nurse working in the homecare organization to review the information and to call the patient to tell them about their conditions .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 23|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:NOUN|||symptoms|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 35|||R:OTHER|||send these data|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 45 47|||R:OTHER|||. The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 53 54|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 58 59|||U:VERB:FORM||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Monitoring programs that make use of technology like the one used by Visiting Nurse Services of the Northwest ease the burden of having to go to a clinic and also saves the trouble for the aged to go through the procedure for medication examination .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:OTHER|||the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:VERB:SVA|||save|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 42|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 43|||R:MORPH|||medical|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , in the US , there is a computer program , The Technology Coach , that helps the aged to simplify on the complex procedure on how to take their vital signs such as taking measurement of the glucose level on a step-by-step basis .
+A 3 13|||R:OTHER|||there is a computer program in the US|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:VERB|||called|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 31|||R:OTHER|||checking|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:NOUN|||symptoms|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 34|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Technology Coach can even identify the error that they have done during the procedure and notify them on their mistake .
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||errors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||mistakes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These computer programs allow the aged to be independent as they do not need to rely on caregivers anymore .
+
+S Besides monitoring programs , there are also devices that helped the aged to remember things easily as memory deteriorates with old age .
+A 15 16|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:TENSE|||may deteriorate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the devices is the " memory mirror " developed in the US .
+
+S This is a computer program that reminds the elderly the time and also the type of medicine to take .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will remind|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:OTHER|||to take their medicine ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It also uses radio frequency identification technology to allow the aged to keep track of the number of times that they have taken their medication and also the type of medicine they have already taken .
+
+S If the aged has taken the medication , it will be shown visually on the computer screen that the medication the elderly had used and also the number of time it is used on the memory mirror , where the data will be recorded in the history logbook on the computer .
+A 17 39|||R:OTHER|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 40|||R:ORTH|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 48 49|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is a very useful tool for aged whose memory is confused because of old age .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||R:VERB|||have deteriorated|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nearer to home , Information Technology has revolutionized how the aged communicate with other people .
+
+S With computer and the Internet readily available anywhere , the elderly can communicate with their families at anytime and anywhere at the comforts of their homes .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:VERB|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||comfort|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The aged who have their family members worked overseas can communicate to them visually using web camera .
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There is also the Internet chatting system like Windows Live Messenger that allows them to communicate with their families and friends at anytime .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:TENSE|||allowed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There is also " video chats " , " forums " and " weblogs " to allow them to talk to make friends with other aging people and also able to express and voice their opinions anywhere anytime .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 30|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 38|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Internet also allows the aged to surf the Internet , obtain and learn the information available at their preferred pace .
+A 7 11|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||about|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , with Information Technology the aged no longer be lonely even when they are homebound .
+A 5 5|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:VERB|||would to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , recent developments in Information Technology have helped to ease the aging process to a large extent through interactive computer programs and the Internet .
+
+S Bibliography
+
+S Internet sources :
+
+S Science Daily .
+
+S Digital Grandparents .
+
+S Computer Scientists Create New Technology For Elderly Home Owners .
+
+S Electronic References .
+
+S Retrieved September 17 , 2009 , from { http : //www.sciencedaily.com/videos/2007/1102-digital_grandparents.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.sciencedaily.com/videos/2007/1102-digital_grandparents.htm ]
+
+S Hear the World .
+
+S Eldertronics - Using technology to help deal with old age .
+
+S Retrieved September 17 , 2009 , from { http : //www.hear-the-world.com/en/the-magazine/title-story/archive/eldertronics/part-1-using-technology-to-help-deal-with-old-age.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.hear-the-world.com/en/the-magazine/title-story/archive/eldertronics/part-1-using-technology-to-help-deal-with-old-age.html ]
+
+S Pam McGaffin .
+
+S Technology helps older adults stay in own homes .
+
+S Retrieved September 17 , 2009 , from { http : //www.4elders.org/tips/articles/home-care-technology.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.4elders.org/tips/articles/home-care-technology.htm ]
+
+S According to an interview with Leonid A. Gavrilov , Ph.D for the Journal of Anti-Aging Medicine ( 2002 , p257 ) , the aging process is defined as " any process , which contributes to age-related decline in performance , productivity and health " .
+A 17 20|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 45|||R:PUNCT|||. '|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Over the years , research and development specifically in the field of technology has made significant contribution to address this process of increased inconvenience .
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||contributions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although critics of this position point out that technology is still short of significantly slowing aging , current research and development has to a large extend ease this process and make life easier through the introduction of technological inventions .
+A 25 26|||R:NOUN|||extent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:VERB:TENSE|||eased|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:VERB:TENSE|||made|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This essay will discuss the impact of some of these technological inventions and how it helps the aging population cope with their decline performance , productivity and health .
+
+S Certain objections must , of course , be considered .
+
+S One may argue that older people are forgetful and are not able to learn new things .
+
+S Also , with the advances of technology , it is impossible for the older people to learn the complex nature of new technology such as using the text messaging function of a mobile phone .
+
+S However , this argument is flawed .
+
+S Aging does not affect our ability to learn .
+
+S Although it might take an older person a longer time to learn , the cognitive function does not decline with age .
+
+S While an older person might have " experience some difficulty with short-term ( working ) memory " as cited by James Pirkly , Trangenerational Design Matters ( 2004 ) , " long-term memory generally remains sound .
+A 7 8|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 30|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " Also , although technology itself is complex in nature , there are technological inventions tailored for the older people and we will take a look at two of these technology .
+A 29 30|||R:DET|||this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , the current technology of mobile phone and personal device assistance ( PDA ) has in a lot of aspect contribute in addressing issues arising from health and decrease performance in terms of mobility .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||phones|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||aspects|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:TENSE|||contributed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These devices ( mobile phones and PDAs ) have various functions and applications that assist the user to complete daily essential tasks that are made difficult due to aging .
+
+S The quick dial function allows the elderly to seek emergency or medical help promptly with just a press of a button .
+
+S This ensures that the elderly are attended to when they are alone at home and suffers a fall or have any other injuries that need attention .
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:SVA|||suffer|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The global positioning system ( GPS ) function that are found in certain devices allow loved ones to keep track of the elder 's movement and if the elderly gets lost , the loved ones are just a call away .
+
+S Applications such as the Baycreast 's Memory-Link Program that can be installed on a PDA have functions to set time-based alerts and snapped photos to aid the elderly in remembering important details .
+
+S These applications and functions amongst many are easily available on the market and are there to ultimately help the elderly age in the comfort of their own home .
+
+S Secondly , the technological invention of Med-eMonitor , a device that helps the old to differentiate the various prescription drugs and when exactly to take it .
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Managing the different drugs that often look similar in appearance is a challenge for the elderly .
+
+S With their ever-worsening eyesight and memory loss , this device seeks to help ease that burden .
+
+S This device has different compartments to store different medication and each compartment has its own unique time reminder system with instructions .
+
+S When it is time for the elderly to take a particular medicine , a musical chime will be played .
+
+S When an elder opens that compartment , text instructions are displayed clearly on an LCD screen .
+
+S If the musical chime is not attended to , the device can place a phone call to family members or care givers .
+
+S Current research and development particularly in the field of technology has in a huge way helped the elderly cope with the demands of aging .
+
+S The 2 technology that are mentioned in this essay are amongst many that facilitate the old in handling age-related decline in health , performance and productivity .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||types of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As technology continues to advance , more tasks can be done and aging will soon be considered a transition rather than a problem .
+
+S References :
+
+S " Pieces of the puzzle .
+
+S An Interview with Leonid A. Gavrilov , Ph.D. " Journal of Anti-Aging Medicine , 2002 , 5 ( 3 ) : 255-263 .
+
+S Trangenerational Design Matters .
+
+S Aging Process .
+
+S Retrieved September 17 , 2009 , from { http : //www.transgenerational.org/aging/aging-process.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.transgenerational.org/aging/aging-process.htm ]
+
+S ITBusiness.ca .
+
+S Gadgets for grandpa - tech tools to ease the ageing process .
+
+S Retrieved September 16 , 2009 from { http : //www.itbusiness.ca/it/client/en/home/News.asp ? id = 50941&PageMem = 2 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.itbusiness.ca/it/client/en/home/News.asp ? id = 50941&PageMem = 2 ]
+
+S I do not agree with the statement that suggests " public spending on the aged should be limited so that money can be diverted to other areas of the country 's development " .
+
+S Aging issue has been a very serious problem that most of the countries , especially developed countries , are facing now .
+A 19 21|||R:WO|||now facing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is expect that in future , this issue will be more severe .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:FORM|||expected|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To minimize the impact of it , a few suggestion has been proposed , which are increasing money spend on elderly ; cut benefits ; or cut other government spending .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||suggestions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:PRON|||They|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:FORM|||spent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From these solutions proposed , it is very obvious that money spend on elderly currently is predicted not sufficient to cover their need anymore .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:FORM|||spent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||to be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By limiting the money spend on this group of people , it means that lesser amount of money will be used to share among them , whom depends on the public spending to live .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:FORM|||spent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 28|||R:OTHER|||those who depend|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This shows that the suggestion is not going to work as it will cause living problem for the elderly that depends on public spending and at the same time does not help to solve aging issues .
+A 14 15|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:PRON|||who|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:SVA|||depend|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN|||s.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:ORTH|||At|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:OTHER|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , there is other option available other than cutting the spending on the elderly in order to have more money for other development .
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN:NUM|||developments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Cutting down spending on the elderly will only increase the seriousness of the aging issues .
+
+S Over the years , journalists and scholars have been publishing articles regarding how public spending on the elderly are rising and will be increasing in the future and the consequences of it .
+
+S They think that this will become a financial burden for the young generation and working adults , whom will be contributing to the public spending .
+A 17 18|||R:PRON|||who|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is normal that tax-payers are very concern on how policy makers make decision on how spend their hard-earn money , whether the policy maker are making full use of it or not .
+A 7 8|||R:ADJ:FORM|||concerned|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||decisions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 33|||R:OTHER|||their hard earned money is pent and whether the policy makers are making full use of the money|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , more and more people are suggesting diverting the money to other areas of development , which they think is beneficial to them as compare to spending on the aged .
+A 25 26|||R:VERB:FORM|||compared|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But , this is definitely not a good suggestion because I believe that government should always put their people as the first priority when making decision .
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:NOUN:NUM|||decisions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If they were to ignore the needs of the elderly and focus on the development , it will obviously bring more social problem to the society .
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , this aging population is very much dependent on the public spending to cover their daily needs , more importantly their medical expenses .
+
+S They are usually had low income level or below poverty level .
+A 1 2|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:FORM|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:VERB|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Daily expenses and medical needs might become a burden for them .
+
+S I believe this is one of the reason why most elderly refused to see a doctor and accept medical treatment when they are ill because they think that it is a waste of money .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reasons|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||of the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:MORPH|||refuse|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Without the help from public spending , they might face financial problem in order to maintain their living and health condition .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Illness and various diseases are always seems to attack the aging people as this group of people are weaker compares to other age group .
+A 0 1|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Illnesses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:ADJ|||old|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:FORM|||compared|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN:NUM|||groups|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It will be more worrying if they need special or long term medical treatment that might be too costly for them to handle .
+
+S Other than cutting the spending on elderly , there is other ways divert more money for other development plan .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||plans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As for United States government , they divide the spending to five sectors , which are pensions , health , education , welfare and defense .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||pension|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:SPELL|||defence|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Due to falling birthrate , I believe it is possible to reduce public spending on education .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||birthrates|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Low birthrate means that there are lesser students in future , and also , parents to kids ' ratio will higher , these two factors will be two very good reasons to cut down spending on the education sector .
+A 20 20|||M:VERB|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:ORTH|||These|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From the all the reasons mention above , it is very clear that cutting down public spending for the old age is not a good choice in order to divert the money for the areas of development .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:FORM|||mentioned|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The group of elderly people is getting bigger which tells us that the current policy is not applicable anymore in the future as there will be more demand from the elderly .
+
+S In order to have more money for other areas of development , one of the ways is to reduce other sectors of public spending , education , for example .
+A 24 25|||R:OTHER|||such as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So , the suggestion to cut down spending for the old age people is not a good solution to use the money for other areas development .
+A 25 25|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Global aging is also known as demographic aging and population aging , have become a typical issue in these days .
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:ORTH|||Population|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The statement by Japan stated that which the medium age of the country reached 54 years and Germany that projected to reach 53 years .
+A 0 24|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The economy growth of the country will be affected when there are less people who manage to contribute to the country .
+A 15 17|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The National budgets and economies will come under pressure as growing numbers of elderly persons are supported by relatively fewer younger persons .
+
+S The simulation effect indicates that the changes will have a major impact on rates of national saving and real wage rate .
+
+S To deal with such challenges , the government has created many policies to overcome this issue .
+
+S Firstly , elderly are encouraged to work for longer period .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||periods|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Social policies , practices and attitudes discourage working at an older age because the retirement for elderly will be costly for firms .
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By having less restriction from the company , the elder will also easily been suit to the job scope .
+A 9 10|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The " age-friendly " policy by setting wages and employment practice has adapted to ensure the employers have strong incentives to hire and retain old workers .
+A 2 3|||R:ORTH|||Age-friendly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||practices|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:FORM|||ensured|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , amount of government incentive , for example Central Providence Fund Board ( CPF ) in Singapore will be enough for them to live independently after the retirement if they longer their working life .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||incentives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 35|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By having the policy above , older workers have become people who contribute to the society besides a burden of country .
+A 2 3|||R:DET|||this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||and not a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Government raising more productive children so that the spread of burden over a larger scope of youngster .
+A 0 18|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , The Singapore government encourages the university educated or professionally qualified mother to have at least 3 or more children by giving tax rebates of $ 20,000 or more .
+
+S On the other hand , the government has begun to provide subsidy of $ 100 for employed mother when their 3th preschool children placed in approved full day child care centers .
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||mothers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are also unrecorded leave for mothers to take care of the sick children .
+
+S The " three , if you can afford it " policy above have increase the total population of Singapore citizen and let the population of the country become younger .
+A 11 12|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:FORM|||increased|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||citizens|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB|||has allowed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:OTHER|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly , filial obligation is also one of the methods to decrease the negative impact of fast-aging population .
+
+S Some moral western philosophers believe that adult children do not have any moral obligation to support their aged parents .
+
+S The sacrifice that the parent made for them in the past is compulsory for every human being in the West .
+
+S This is so because the children do not ask to be brought into this world .
+
+S Thus , the traditional filial obligation of taking care of the elderly is left as either the responsibility of the elderly themselves or as a societal burden of the public .
+
+S On the other hand , in eastern country the grown children , who started working in the society have to take care of their parents .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||countries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Most of them have a mindset that it is a must to give back the things that their parents sacrifice for them .
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:FORM|||sacrificed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The circumstances above cause the long-term care costs provided by the western government increase sharply , to overcome this situation the western country such as the United States have to learn from Asian countries like Japan and China where still carry on this 'moral responsibility ' and most of the elderly people still staying with their grown children .
+A 0 1|||R:DET|||These|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:ORTH|||To|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||countries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 42|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 46 58|||R:OTHER|||as well the fact that the elderly still stay with their grown are still being practised.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In long term stagnation , the increase of aging population had lower down the Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) of the country .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government has to take this issue seriously before it affects the economy growth of the country .
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||eeconomic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Before the leaders taking effective action , the ideology and engage of the practical realities have to be risen .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:FORM|||take|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 19|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They must realize by lessen the impoverishment future generation and limit future public spending from expansion of retirement benefits .
+A 3 19|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , The United State of America created a status of attitudes toward the elderly- Aging Population : Opposing Viewpoints to improve the treatment of demographic aging .
+A 8 29|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government has to concern about this issue , so the further impact would not happen in the future .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||be concerned|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 17|||R:OTHER|||that htis will not impact|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The aging population in Singapore is aging rapidly .
+A 1 2|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to a report on aging population by Committee on Ageing Issues said that the number of residents aged 65 years or older will increased from 300,000 to 900,000 by year 2030 .
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:FORM|||increase|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 30|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Balaji , 1999 ) It is expected for the aging population to continue increasing for the next few years .
+A 4 5|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since after the government introduced a campaign " Stop at 2 " to control the high birth rate , it was too successful that the population had been decreasing due to the overwhelming of positive responses by the citizens , thus causing more and more elderly living in this society .
+A 1 2|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 29|||R:VERB:TENSE|||decreased|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 40|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 41|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 42|||R:OTHER|||This has led to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the government has been promoting active aging to help the elderly to engage in a healthy and happy lifestyle .
+
+S Thus , I agree to a large extend that the " policies have helped to ease the aging process .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN|||extent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S "
+
+S Different types of policies had been introduced to improve the welfare of the elderly so that they are able to benefit from it .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the policies that had been introduced is the housing policy such as lift upgrading , elderly fitness corner and studio apartments .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||policies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , the government had implemented the lift upgrading program to build new lifts in the housing blocks which have direct access to every floor to cater to the elderly residents who have painful legs and wheelchair bound .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 36|||M:OTHER|||who are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong said that the old lifts had been replaced with the new lifts which initially only stops at every third or fourth floor .
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:ADV|||previously|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:TENSE|||stopped|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Lee , 2009 ) With the newly upgraded lifts , it provides more convenience to the elderly residents where they do not have to take the stairs .
+A 4 5|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||is provided|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 29|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , elderly fitness corner is build to cater to the elderly to exercise more in order to lead a healthy lifestyle .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||corners|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||are built|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They are strongly encouraged to use the facilities at the fitness corner to do a light workout to improve their health conditions .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||corners|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Having regular exercises helps to prevent any chronic diseases such as high blood pressure and heart disease from attacking the elderly .
+A 21 22|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion , 2009 ) Besides exercising , the elderly are also able to interact with their neighbors thus widening up their social network .
+A 1 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Through a healthy and active lifestyle that the elderly adopt , they are able to live longer and stay free from illness .
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Balaji , 1999 ) With that , they are able to return back to work and continue to contribute to the society .
+A 4 5|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , not only the elderly are benefited from it , the country 's economic growth may also benefit since they have valuable experiences in the industry .
+A 4 4|||M:VERB|||do|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:MORPH|||benefit|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thirdly , studio apartments are being built to meet the elderly resident needs .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||residents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Living in the studio apartment enables the elderly to be more independent .
+
+S These apartments are customized with safety features such as non-slip titles which prevent them from falling , level flooring which makes the floor even to accommodate elderly who are wheelchair bound and support hand bars for them to hold on to .
+A 41 42|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Housing & Development Board , 2007 ) Therefore , the elderly are able to enjoy the benefits that are given to them .
+A 1 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They do no not have to worry about their physical needs not being well-taken care of .
+
+S However , critics of this position argue that the government should not spend time and resources to ease the aging process .
+
+S Instead they should implement more policies on the younger generation to boost the economy growth so as to move towards a knowledge based economy and also to introduce more schemes to increase the birth rate so that the government is able to meet their goals .
+
+S Moreover , it is the children 's responsibility to take care of the parents instead of the government .
+
+S If the elderly well- being is not well taken care of , the younger generation may not want to reconsider giving birth since the society is unprepared for the aging population in the future and this will cause more elderly living in this society .
+
+S If the society is well-prepared , the younger generation does not have to worry about their own welfare when they turned old .
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:TENSE|||turn|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides that , not all children have the ability to support their parents as they might be facing financial problems and hence unable to take good care of them .
+A 22 22|||M:VERB|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , some elderly do not have any children .
+
+S Therefore the elderly need the government helps to meet their physical needs .
+A 6 6|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:MORPH|||help|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , it is important for the society to be well-prepared for the aging process so that they are able to tackle the issues of aging population that the country will encountered in the future .
+A 32 33|||R:VERB:FORM|||encounter|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Most importantly , by implementing the different types of policies , it had indeed helped the elderly to meet their needs and are able to engage them in a socially and active lifestyle .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:OTHER|||The elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S Balaji , September 16 , 2009 ( 1999 ) .
+
+S Committee on Ageing Issues Report on the Aging Population .
+
+S from CAI_report.pdf Web site : http : //www.mcys.gov.sg/successful_ageing/report/CAI_report.pdf
+
+S Lee , ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Preparing for an Aging Population - The Singapore Experience .
+
+S from AARPjournalwinter09_PMLee.pdf Web site : http : //www.nus.edu.sg/nec/InnoAge/documents/AARPjournalwinter09_PMLee.pdf
+
+S September 16 , 2009 ( 2009 , August 31 ) .
+
+S Chronic Disease - Home .
+
+S from Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Web site : http : //www.cdc.gov/aging/
+
+S September 16 , 2009 ( 2007 , August 1 ) .
+
+S Housing & Development Board .
+
+S from HDB InfoWEB : Buying A New HDB Flat ( e-Sales ) Web site : http : //www.hdb.gov.sg/fi10/fi10201p.nsf/WPDis/Buying % 20A % 20New % 20HDB % 20Flat % 20 ( e-Sales ) About % 20Studio % 20Apartments ? OpenDocument
+
+S In my opinion , public spending on the elders should be limited and the money can be diverted to other sectors of the progress of the country .
+
+S Indeed , the aged ones were once the main human resource that have done great contribution to the development of the country and , thus , deserve the welfare of getting public spending , as a token of gratitude .
+A 4 5|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||contributed greatly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Yet that token of gratitude should not be too much till it may drag down the development of the country .
+
+S Instead , reformed policies should be implemented to limit the public spending for the aged , and meanwhile , to make sure that their welfare is still taken care of .
+
+S To begin with , public spending on the aged population has become a burden to the tax payers .
+
+S It is known that the money proposed for the eldercare nowadays has comprised a large portion of the government spending .
+
+S For example , according to the Singapore budget report 2009 , the payout for the Senior Citizen Bonus is at least SD $ 73400000.00 for that year .
+A 9 9|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This figure has not yet included the other programme that is proposed for the senior citizens .
+A 4 5|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||programmes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the source of money for the government is mainly the tax payers , this figure infers a burden to these contributing citizens .
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||translates as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , in these few years , the amount of money that is allocated for the eldercare has been increasing .
+
+S If this trend does not change for the next few years , the average citizens would have to pay more , in order to enable the government to use the money for the aged ones .
+A 6 7|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In other words , the incomes that they earned would be constantly reduced , more or less .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||income|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 17|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This may grow the feeling of indignation in the tax-payers towards the ruling government - which is not an advantageous condition for the further growth of the country .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||result in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , the over-emphasis in aiding the elders for their sunset years may cause the insufficiency of financial resource in the other part of the country .
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||parts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As all areas in a country is equivalently important , no matter in terms of the development of the country or the happiness index of people , or even for a higher living standard of life .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||such as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If the part of the funding for the aged is overstressed , it is more likely that the spending in other sectors by the governments have to be reduced , so as to compensate the budget .
+
+S This is because the money resource of the government to invest in these parts is limited .
+
+S As a result , the progress of the other sectors may not be so ideal .
+
+S If the situation persists for a long term , it will do harm to the nation and may shaken the public trust in the government .
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:FORM|||shake|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A well-developed country may indirectly even lose competency with the other countries , especially in these few industries , for instance , agriculture , small middle enterprise and so on , that depend on the government funding in many portions .
+A 12 13|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:ORTH|||Especially|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 21|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:OTHER|||where|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:NOUN:NUM|||enterprises|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 32|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 40|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For those developing countries , this will render the effort of the government and the private sectors in the growth of the nation .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB|||affect|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another reason that makes me agree with decreasing the funding for the elders , and diverting it to the other areas instead , is the familial factor .
+
+S When the government take a great share of the duty to care for the elders , most of their adult children tend to shift their own filial piety .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||takes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These adults usually see their parents as a burden , feeling no gratitude to their foster , their teachings , their contribution and , last , but not least , their needs and feelings .
+A 14 17|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the government introduces programme for eldercare , they will happily leave the problem to the government .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||programmes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This has indirectly sparked their decision to just abandon their parents .
+
+S So what ?
+A 0 3|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government has proposed bonus and allowance for the parents annually - some of the programmes even distribute the aid monthly !
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||bonuses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||allowances|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:ORTH|||Some|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 18|||R:OTHER|||have even distributed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , the public funding may indirectly relate with the rising case of abandoned parents at the old folks ' home - for those parents , all the funding seems to have lost its values , if they have lost their connection with their beloved family for it .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:OTHER|||F|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:DET|||these|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 46 48|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , the public funding for the welfare of the aged ones is still needed in some way , but not so crucial until it should comprise such a huge section of the government spending .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||ways|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:OTHER|||it is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As an alternative , some of the policies should be reformed to shift a part of the government duty to the family of the elders , and even the elders themselves .
+
+S For example , people should be compelled by law to take care of their own parents .
+
+S The family should carry out the responsibility to look after the elders .
+
+S Besides that , most of the elders do have their own savings or investment that they accumulate since they were young .
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have accumulated|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Anyway , in the case of the three " -less " - homeless , childless and jobless , indeed they should savour the benefit from the eldercare programme by the government .
+A 6 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN:NUM|||benefits|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Or else , they may have to end up suffering without assistance or even notice of the others .
+
+S Thus , in conclusion , the public funding for the aged population should be limited , for the good of the tax payers , the overall development of the country and the familial happiness of the elders .
+
+S Then , the money that is cut off from that sector can be diverted to the other areas of the country .
+
+S Public spending on the aged should be limited
+
+S The problem of aging population has become worse and worse in many countries .
+
+S For instance , Singapore is said to be the third-fastest ageing nation with a doubled proportion of people aged above 65 in 2020 .
+A 23 24|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Lee , 2008 ) Aging often becomes terrible as the elderly are drained from high medical and healthcare fee .
+A 4 5|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||fees|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus governments ' pension , subsidy and medical insurance perform a main role to help such old people .
+
+S However , to solve the aging problem is not merely spending more money on the aged .
+
+S Certain fields ' pension could be limited , such as the ones ' who are financially independent after retirement .
+A 1 3|||R:OTHER|||types of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:NOUN:POSS||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , there are other crucial areas where governments need to give strong financial supports , such as education and economy .
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||support|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , investment in these areas will help to solve the aging problem as well .
+
+S Pension , subsidy and medical insurance is the main way through which the government can directly help the aged , however , this does not imply that more financial support would definitely lead to better situation .
+
+S Now fiscal policy to help the aged does not satisfy everybody 's needs .
+
+S Firstly , in terms of pension , the government 's regulations always determine the amount of pension given to a person by how much he or she has contributed to the society .
+
+S Mostly , these productive people are able to accumulate enough wealth to fight for their aged problems .
+
+S At the same time , research reveals that these people can often be productive and healthy even after retirement .
+
+S In contrast , those who are less successful in their life will get comparably less pension to support them .
+
+S Their low-skilled and physical jobs limit their possibility to continue working after certain age .
+
+S These men have to cope with their miserable sunset years with limited pension , and this is where the pension system 's imbalance lies .
+
+S Secondly , in terms of subsidy and medical insurance , the government often fails to differtiate the levels of need among different groups of people .
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , people who have chronic disease should receive more subsidy and better medical insurance .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||diseases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||subsidies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For those who work in high polluted industry , they should also be specially considered .
+A 0 1|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||Those|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the government 's financial support should depend on people 's financial state and healthy state .
+A 13 14|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S What is more urgent and practical comparing to purely spending more money on the aged is to restructure the pension , subsidy and medical insurance systems to ensure the limited government 's money can effectively help the aged .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:FORM|||compared|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:OTHER|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , the money we save could be diverted to develop education .
+
+S Education is the root of a country .
+
+S It is widely believed that the most important treasure of a country in 21st century is talents .
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The main way to produce competent people is to develop education .
+
+S Many countries have made different new policies to boost education development .
+
+S One of China 's well-known policies is popularizing compulsory education in urban and rural places .
+
+S The vision of this policy is to raise the civilization level of the country and give its citizens abilities to keep pace with the fast developing technologies .
+
+S Thus education deserves huge financial support from the government .
+
+S On the other hand , focusing on ethical educational topics either in school or social propaganda could teach children as well as adults to be willing to take the caregiving duties .
+
+S Hopefully , such broad education could evoke love in everyone 's heart , and let all people take initiative to care about the old people in our society .
+
+S This would probably have a better effect on solving the aging problem than just focusing on financial areas .
+
+S Besides education , spending money on economy development is also very important .
+
+S A country can step on its way to prosperity if it has good economic policy .
+
+S A good example is the reform and opening-up of China .
+
+S It is a time when Chinese government paid huge sum of money to create good investing environment and financially support local entrepreneurs .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||pays|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||sums|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Without this , China could not possible to achieve what it has today .
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||o|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have achieved|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , it could be concluded that spending money on economy would make people wealthy , which could greatly help to ease the aging problem .
+
+S The reason is that if people could afford the healthcare fee themselves , they already overcome the radical part of the aging problem .
+
+S Therefore , public spending on the aged should be limited ; the reasons are given in terms of pension , subsidy and medical insurance .
+
+S Furthermore , the money saved should be diverted into important areas relative to the country 's destiny , such as education and economy .
+
+S In return , developing these crucial areas would benefit the as well .
+A 10 10|||M:NOUN|||country|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference :
+
+S Lee , B .
+
+S ( 2008 , June,28th ) Ageing population may hurt Singapore most The Straits Times .
+
+S Retrieved September 17 , 2009
+
+S Recently , the aging population has caused lots of social and economic problems , which draws the attention of more and more governments .
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has drawn|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , what most governments do is just to increase public spending on aged people , which is not enough to tackle the issue and even decreases the country 's development .
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , it will be more efficient to limit spending on the old and use more money on economic development .
+
+S First of all , it can not be ignored that there will be more choices to care for those who are in need with sufficient economic growth .
+
+S For instance , Cambodia possessed a very slow development for a long time .
+
+S With a large population living in poverty , its government spent quite large amounts of money on the needy .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||amount|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The situation is similar for the problem of aging population .
+
+S If more efforts and money are spent on the development of economy , there will be much more benefits gained from it in turn .
+
+S Therefore , we are provided with more choices to care for the elder people .
+
+S Secondly , it is not necessary for governments to spend too much money on the elder to resolve the problem of aging population .
+A 15 16|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Alternatively , by requiring people to provide in advance for their own old-age dependency , governments can also solve this problem without slowing down economic growth .
+
+S In some countries , like Singapore and Britain , people are encouraged or compelled by law to save and invest a certain portion of their income when they are active in the work force .
+
+S And this method proves to be very effective .
+A 0 1|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With enough money saved or invested during the years of work , elder people become less dependent on financial aids from governments .
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , there will be more money diverted to other areas to promote the economic development .
+
+S Instead of increasing spending on the old , the problem can also be tackled by encouraging elder people to lead longer working lives .
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S That is an effective way to solve some economic and social problems caused by aging population .
+
+S A good example is that the UK 's government managed to solve pension drain by using this method .
+
+S Furthermore , longer working lives can definitely help lessen the pressure of younger generations , which protects them from being overwhelmed by overloaded work .
+
+S What is the most important is that longer working lives give elder people opportunities to accumulate wealth for later lives , making them less vulnerable to the changes of outer aids .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||R:OTHER|||the aged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will truly benefit the elder people who are completely dependent on pensions from governments .
+A 5 7|||R:NOUN|||aged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some people may have doubts about the productivity of elder people and argue that it is elder people 's right to lead later lives of ease .
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||the aged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 19|||R:OTHER|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 26|||R:OTHER|||a peaceful lives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , that is not true .
+A 2 3|||R:DET|||this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the one hand , life today is different from the past , in part because of demographic and economic changes .
+
+S The population aged 65 to 75 is healthier and better educated than those in this age group in past generations .
+
+S Most people retired from work today are still energetic and in quite good health .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||who retire|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So there is no doubt that elder people are able to lead longer working lives .
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||the aged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , since elder people are mostly more experienced and patient , there truly exist some certain jobs more suitable for them .
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||the aged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In that case , elder people are even more productive than younger workers .
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is shown that we are able to efficiently solve the problems caused by aging population with limited spending .
+
+S Through the methods of requiring people to provide in advance and encouraging longer working lives , more money can be diverted to other areas to promote the economic development .
+A 26 27|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And with sufficient economic development , there will be more choices for governments to care for the old .
+
+S Public spending on the aged should be limited
+
+S It is well-known that the world is facing a growing aging population and this trend is unlikely to be reserved in the short term .
+
+S In order to let the aged enjoy a relatively good life , the governments grant pension and other benefits for the old .
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In 2006 , the Chinese Government granted over 500 billion RMB of pension to 460 billion pensioners nationwide , and the medical expenses of these people were more than 3 times that of the young population .
+
+S Without a doubt , this will leave a heavy burden on the growth of the economics with the rapidly growing aging population .
+A 15 16|||R:MORPH|||economy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , public spending on the aged should be limited so that the money can be diverted to other areas of the country 's development .
+
+S Firstly , it is not worth spending a lot of money on the aged at the cost of the whole society 's development .
+
+S Money should be transferred to some more important areas .
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , if the economics of the whole society can ensure a steady growth , then it will be much easier for the country to undertake the pension .
+
+S Although the aging problem is worsening , it is not a wise choice to focus too much attention on the issue .
+
+S When the limited money is made the most of , the aged can benefit from the various prospering departments all over the country , even maintain a self-sufficient life without the financial aid from the government .
+A 24 25|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , governments can encourage every citizen to save for their old-age dependency .
+
+S If everyone starts to save when they begin to work , then most of them can be independent in finance after retirement .
+
+S Nowadays investment companies or insurance companies provide a variety of investment plans which can satisfy the needs for most people .
+A 17 18|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , in Singapore , people begin to save a certain percent of his salary into his bank account , in order to pay the housing loan , car loan or for advanced age .
+A 17 18|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||accounts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many developed countries such as Britain , Australian also carry out this policy .
+
+S If people are not willing to save in advance , then the government can compel people to save by law .
+
+S Thirdly , government can provide some work especially for the old unemployed people .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since most of the old people have a lot of leisure time , the government can promote some temporary or long-term programs for the old .
+
+S For example , some big supermarkets can employ the old to put the good messed up by the shoppers back to their place .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||goods|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some jobs like this are not very brain-consuming and do not need a lot of physical strength .
+
+S In addition , the old people can earn some money and get some exercises by contributing to the work .
+
+S This policy can also be applied to some low-salary jobs which are beneath the young 's notice .
+
+S Spending a lot of money is not the most effective way to solve the aging problem .
+
+S We can also achieve the goal of easing the aging process by encouraging advance savings and providing suitable jobs for the old .
+
+S Since the money should be reduced by promoting these two policies , more money can be transferred to other more urgent areas .
+
+S In a nutshell , money spending on the aged should be limited so that money can be diverted to other areas of the country 's development .
+
+S reference
+
+S http : //www.bjreview.com.cn/lianghui/txt/2007-03/14/content_59110.htmhe
+
+S I agree with the question that " Public spending on the aged should be limited so that money can be diverted to other areas of the country 's development " .
+A 29 31|||R:WO|||. "|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The greying population are expected to double by the year 2030 , " one in five Singaporeans will be over 65 , up from 1 in 12 today " ( Ministry of Community , Development , Youth and Sports ' latest report on the ageing population ) .Therefore the amount of public spending required are also expected to rise proportionately .
+A 30 46|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Government should limit public spending so as to prevent over reliance of the elderly on them which is in turn cause an even bigger strain on the shrinking work force .
+A 18 19|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:SVA|||causes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the Government should focus on increasing productivity of future workers and making the citizens more independent rather than how much we should expand the budget .
+A 20 24|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:FORM|||expanding|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some of the ways to do so is to make saving compelled by law , encourage elderly to come back to workforce , improvement in healthcare aspects .
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Law Compelled Saving
+
+S In order to cultivate the sense of self reliant , the Government should make a compulsory law for the working adults to save into a special account with their monthly pay .
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||reliance|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of such example is the Central Provident Fund ( CPF ) scheme used in Singapore over 5 decades .
+A 1 2|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This policy helps to prepare the citizens for their retirement while they still have the ability to earn an income .
+
+S This would ensure that each citizen would have some amount of money to fall back on when they retire and would in turn lessen the needs for subsidise or help from the government .
+A 27 28|||R:NOUN|||subsidies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Education should also pay a part in allowing the future citizens to know the importance of early retirement preparation and planning .
+
+S Increase Workforce
+
+S One of the major problems of an ageing population is the lack of workforce to drive the economy .
+
+S Since the human 's life expectancy has generally increased over the decades , it is essential that elderly could work and earn more income for their retirement while it is possible .
+A 18 19|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore the retirement age should be pushed back and elderly should be encouraged to upgrade their skills and continue working as they are a country 's invaluable resources with many experience .
+A 27 28|||R:NOUN:NUM|||resource|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:OTHER|||a lot of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By tapping on the large number of elderly , the country 's workforce will be increased and more people will be available to drive the country 's economy to encourage growth .
+
+S With sufficient economic growth , there will be lesser needy people as well .
+
+S Healthcare Service
+
+S The cost of healthcare is on the rise , one of the challenges of the Government is to try to make healthcare services more affordable .
+A 8 9|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:ORTH|||One|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Healthcare service is very essential to the elderly as they are more prone to illnesses therefore by lowering the cost of healthcare , elderly can have more money to use in other areas of retirement .
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:ORTH|||Therefore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the saying goes " prevention is better than cure " - free health screening and health campaigns should be implemented .
+
+S Getting more elderly to get free health screening can ensure health problems to be treated at an early stage thus reducing cost of expensive treatments when symptoms turn serious .
+A 21 21|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The citizens should also be encouraged to have a healthy lifestyle to prevent any possible illness to ensure a smooth retirement with more money spent on other areas other than healthcare .
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||illnesses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Vulnerable Group of Elderly
+
+S The human 's life expectancy has increased over the years with the advanced technology and different living environment ; more adults are better educated and well off than before , this have changed our perception towards what is healthy and what is ageing .
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||environments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:ORTH|||This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Despite all these improvement , it does not mean that every single one of the elderly in the country would be covered and well taken care of .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||improvements|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There will still be a group of vulnerable elderly like the older single elderly as mentioned by Robert B. Friedland and Laura Summer ( Doomsday predictions about Population Ageing Are Exaggerated ) .
+A 11 12|||R:ADJ:FORM|||old|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 31|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This means that lower educated people will be more likely to be needy of the public spending funds .
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||in need|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But all in all , the advantage of limiting of the public spending overall outweighs the disadvantage as the needy group of people would be minimised .
+A 9 10|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , I agreed that public spending should be limited as citizens should not be over reliant on their Government and the focus to solve such problems should be to increase workforce and also make use of more money on lowering healthcare costs or in other areas of the country 's development .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||agree|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 44 45|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S BIBLIOGRAPHY Bland , B .
+
+S ( 2009 , April 20 ) .
+
+S The Right to Die in Singapore .
+
+S p. http : //www.asiasentinel.com/index.php ? option = com_content&task = view&id = 1831&Itemid = 195 .
+
+S Peterson , P. G. ( n.d. ) .
+
+S A Graying World .
+
+S Singapoer Statics .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Key Demographic Indicator 1970 - 2007 .
+
+S Summer , R. B .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Doomsday Prediction about Population Aging Are Exaggerated .
+
+S Nations in Asia are suffering from the problem of an aging population , with the increasing problem , the government has no choice but to spend a large sum of money to help and allow the process of aging in the society to be easy and convenient .
+A 12 13|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:ORTH|||With|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With policies , resources and money set aside for elders , elders are prepared to retire and enjoy retirement in a more fulfilling manner .
+
+S Reasons for the government to increase their spending on the elders include , the importance of an elder in a family setting is important and we should all respect them in all aspect .
+A 17 18|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 34|||R:OTHER|||aspects|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Elders in countries have given most of their life in their homeland and as a result become a significant part of development of their nation .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||lives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN:NUM|||nations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In return , the government should take care of our elders as a means of gratification .
+
+S Lastly , the potential contributions of an elder would be valuable for the current generation .
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||the elders|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , we should all respect our elders at home and everywhere else .
+
+S Given the fact that they have been with us , living with us and their presence brought joy into the different household , the support they give us the advice they always share with us , lies far more than just a duty to them , rather it is love and appreciation for taking care of them .
+A 10 10|||M:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:NUM|||households|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 45 46|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 46 47|||R:ORTH|||Rather|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To be an example for the households to respect the elders in their family , the government first must show examples of it .
+
+S If the government are paying more attention to them , then the chances of the individual families to pay attention to their elders would them increase .
+A 3 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||pays|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , not forgetting that our elders have given most of their life in their homeland and contributed to the society as much as they could while they were younger .
+A 2 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||lives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Taking Singapore as an example , just after the World War II season , people have started to work hard for their future and us being as the following generations simply just enjoy the fruits of their labor .
+A 12 13|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 27|||R:OTHER|||we|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Remembering that our forefathers have done so much , we can not just simply abandon them when they are old and seemingly useless .
+
+S If we just neglect them , there are many other complications that might lead to facts that , seems that the aged are really of no use .
+A 17 18|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Japan has increasing crime rates and from what they see is that , a lot of them are the aged , and why is that so .
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:ORTH|||Why|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:PUNCT|||?|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " Shibata , whose task force has questioned 220 elderly people arrested mostly on charges of theft .
+A 0 1|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " Stated that " When people feel lonely , there is an impulse to commit a crime so they will somehow connect with someone " Blaine Harden , Washington Post Foreign Service , Sunday , November 30 , 2008 ; A15 .
+A 25 42|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It was also noticed that the crimes that they commit are non-violent , but small and minor theft .
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||t|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||R:OTHER|||thefts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With that to show that the elderly really need that attention and that help from the government , all the more we can not forget them and leave them aside but help them in the process of growing old .
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 21|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly , the potential contribution of an elder would definitely be valuable for the current generation because of the knowledge and experience that they have , that would bring many great lessons to the younger generation , making use of this important factor would allow the younger generation to appreciate them so much more .
+A 36 37|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 38|||R:ORTH|||Making|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S An elder is a valuable asset if we know how to make use of their strengths and not focus on their weakness .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||The aged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , when they are contributing to the society by giving valuable lessons to the younger generation , the best that we can repay them is in monetary value to allow them to get by in this expensive and fast-paced world that we live in .
+
+S As they grow older , we must not leave them alone instead help them get through with just a little guidance to bring them alongside the society to help , there is much that an elder would be able to give their advice on .
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:ORTH|||Instead|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||we must|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:OTHER|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 30|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:ORTH|||There|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , elders have so much that we can learn from and they are indeed a precious human resource in a country , instead of looking at them in a negative light and saying that they are of no use , instead let 's make use of their strength in terms of experience and knowledge to help the younger generation and advice them more .
+A 23 24|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 43|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore government should all the more try their best to support them not financially , that also includes , in all aspect of their life , emotionally , physically and mentally .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN:NUM|||lives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Aging is the accumulation of changes in an organism or object over time .
+
+S Aging process happens naturally and does not result from disease or accident .
+
+S The effects of this process differ from each person but most likely they will suffer from declining organ function .
+
+S Vision and hearing loss , smell problems , and memory loss are some examples of illnesses that often attack the elderly .
+
+S These illnesses will affect their daily lives in some ways such as cause inconvenience in social life and inhibit their activities .
+
+S Nevertheless , current development in technology has produced a variety of devices that help simplify the aging process .
+
+S Research shows that " Of people aged 70 years , 8.6 % report problems with both hearing and seeing " .
+A 3 5|||U:PUNCT|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This vision impairments and hearing loss can be a serious problem to the elderly as they may lead to misunderstanding in communication .
+
+S Elderly who suffer from vision and hearing loss will find difficulties in making a phone call , listening to voice mail , and using text messages with cell phone .
+A 28 29|||R:NOUN:NUM|||phones|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the development in technology has eventually overcome such problems .
+
+S In 2006 , an electronics brand , Samsung , launched its Jitterbug J , an excellent cell phone for the elderly .
+
+S This gadget provides the elderly a simple way in making phone calls and using text messages .
+
+S Jitterbug cell phone suits the elderly as it has loud and clear sound as well as large and brief on-screen text .
+
+S A satisfied customer , MakenzieB , purchased a Jitterbug for her 62-year-old mother .
+
+S Her mother absolutely loves it and could easily understand how to use it .
+
+S She can easily call her family and check voicemail by herself .
+
+S Technology development has also helped the elderly with smell problems .
+
+S A statistic from National Institutes of Health shows that " More than 2 million adults have disorders of smell " .
+
+S These problems are more common in elderly because the sense of smell changes as people age .
+
+S When sense of smell changes , elder people will lose the ability to detect smoke , leaking gas , or airborne pollutants and toxins .
+
+S Thus , they will need warning devices to detect smoke and carbon dioxide .
+
+S A device called The Shake-Up Alarm is a solution to this problem .
+
+S The Shake-Up Alarm contains of two parts : smoke detector and signaller .
+A 4 5|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When smoke is being detected , the smoke detector will transmit signals to two receivers which are a bed vibrator and a strobe light .
+A 3 4|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The bed vibrator can be placed under a pillow or mattress .
+
+S Thus , the vibrator will alert the owner even when he falls asleep .
+
+S The second receiver , which is a strobe light , will flashes 60 times per minute .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:FORM|||flash|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The other illness that usually attacks elderly is memory loss .
+
+S According to a mid-March story from HealthDay , " 5.4 million Americans over 70 have memory loss that affects their daily lives " .
+
+S One problem that occurs as an effect of memory loss is a difficulty to manage a strict schedule of numerous prescription drugs .
+
+S Many pills look similar and there are different instructions for taking each of them .
+
+S Thus , it will be a big problem for the elderly with memory loss to remember the instructions of each pill .
+
+S However , there is a device called Med-eMonitor which can help ease such burden .
+
+S Med-eMonitor is a pill organizer which functions as medication separator and system reminder .
+
+S This device also shows on-screen instructions which will help elderly take the drug with proper dosage and schedule .
+
+S Another device that can help elderly with memory loss is Mnemonic .
+
+S Mnemonic is a wrist-wrapped device that reminds the owner about important events or meetings .
+
+S It has a special feature which is built-in accelerometer which will keep the display on top no matter which direction it is rotated .
+
+S In conclusion , every people will face the aging process and as a result , various diseases such as vision and hearing loss , smell problems , and memory loss are likely to attack as they age .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN|||person|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After all , nowadays research and development in technology has eventually provided a variety of gadgets that suit the elderly and help them handle the aging process .
+
+S Thus , elderly will feel convenient to do their daily activities and live independently .
+
+S Science , Technology and Social Policies Ease the Aging Population
+
+S " Man is different from most other species of animals in that an abundance of resources tends to reduce rather than increase fertility .
+
+S " ( Andrew K. Rose , UC Berkeley and NBER ) As the productivity of the world has increased greatly compared to decades ago , an ageing society has come to being .
+A 2 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Problems led by decrease in manpower come along ; however , research was made and strategies were proposed meanwhile .
+A 0 20|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This essay is going to elaborate the effects that science discoveries , technological inventions and social policies have on easing the aging process .
+A 9 10|||R:MORPH|||scientific|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , new science researches and discoveries are regularly annouced and the eldly can follow the suggestions given by the researches .
+A 3 4|||R:MORPH|||scientific|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:MORPH|||research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:SPELL|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , it was found that muscle training can help ease senescence , especially to women .
+
+S ( Stein , 2008 ) " The lack of physical activity plays a big role in the aging process .
+
+S " Strength training stimulates the growth or muscles and people feel more energetic ; also , the eldly with strong muscles are less likely to fall and suffer bad consequences .
+A 17 18|||R:SPELL|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , we keep hearing health tips from the news broadcast or RSS feeds such as healthy recipes , aerobic exercise and Yoga .
+A 13 14|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These are the practical summaries of the science researches and discoveries .
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||scientific|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:MORPH|||research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||discovery|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , uesful technological inventions have also convenienced the eldly a lot .
+A 7 10|||R:OTHER|||been convenient to the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is not unsual that the eldly has problems with their body like loss of senses .
+A 6 7|||R:SPELL|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Technologies like Hearing Aid may be old news to us ; however , a new inventiotn enables the blind to see .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:SPELL|||invention|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S That is , the device converts what its footage captures to electronic signals , which are transmitted to the tongue .
+
+S ( 'Electric lollipop ' giving sight to blind , 2009 ) " They can not necessarily read a book but they can read a sign " , said by the development company .
+A 1 10|||R:OTHER|||'|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The blind are able to gain rough perception of their surroundings with the " eye " and get independent from their families ' care .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It helps the blind as well as their family attendants , who now have more time with their work , which is conducive to the society 's productivity .
+
+S Thirdly , social policies like CPF ( Central Provident Fund ) have helped alleviate the financial support of the eldly .
+A 19 20|||R:SPELL|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S CPF is a policy to make people save a portion of their salaries while they are economically active .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB|||help|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With CPF , the eldly have money for life after retirement without extra financial help from the government , thus the implementation of CPF alleviate the government 's financial problem , and it is also favored by the rest of the society since they do not have to pay for the expenditures of the eldly after retirement .
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:SVA|||alleviates|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Critics of science , technologies and social policies ' alleviation on aging population argue that the eldly could live a satisfatory life in terms of material ; however , it is hard for them to be happy since the society does not favor old people who do not fit its fast pace .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||technolological|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||for an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:SPELL|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is not necessarily true .
+
+S It is because there are communities which welcome the retirees who are healthy , independent and rich in time , and they are becoming more popular and " recruited " by the communities since traditionally , women have provided much of the voluntary work but now more of them have joined the work force .
+A 17 18|||M:PUNCT|||. In|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 24|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will become|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 30|||R:OTHER|||be 'recruited '|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( A. K .
+
+S Rose. , UC Berkeley and NBER ) Retirees in this way have much more chances to communicate and probably they would not feel lonely .
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||many|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , science discovries ease the aging process by educating the eldly what is healthy ; technological inventions do this in ways to heal the sick , injured and even disabled ; finally , social policies help the eldly in finance to secure their peaceful eldly life .
+A 3 4|||R:MORPH|||scientific|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:SPELL|||discoveries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:SPELL|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 31|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 40|||R:SPELL|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 44 45|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 46 47|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S A. K .
+
+S Rose. , UC Berkeley and NBER .
+
+S The benefits of an ageing population .
+
+S www.tai.org.au/documents/dp_fulltext/DP63.pdf
+
+S J. Stein .
+
+S ( Oct 27 , 2008 ) Strength training can ease aging 's effects on women .
+
+S Los Angeles Times .
+
+S Retrieved Sept 14 , 2009 from : http : //articles.latimes.com/2008/oct/27/health/he-weight27 'Electric lollipop ' giving sight to blind .
+
+S ( Sept 3 , 2009 ) Retrieved Sept 14 , 2009 from : http : //news.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx ? id = 857921
+
+S A research conducted by The Center for Disease Control and Prevention in the United States showed that " [ 1 ] about 80 % of the population aged 65 and above has at least one chronic health condition , and 50 % has at least two " .
+
+S Some of the most common chronic health problems which the elderly suffers from are arthritis , heart disease , and cancer .
+
+S These diseases often decrease the quality of life of the elderly because they cause the elderly to lose their ability to live the normal life they used to live .
+A 22 23|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:PREP|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , some recent medical inventions give us promising solutions to these health problems related to aging and hence ease the aging process .
+
+S [ 2 ] Almost 43 million adults in the United States suffer from arthritis .
+
+S One of the most common types of arthritis is rheumatoid arthritis .
+
+S Rheumatoid arthritis can affect many tissues and organ but mostly attacks the small joints .
+
+S The disease disables the elderly from doing their normal activities because it causes the joints to become swollen and limits their movements .
+
+S Moreover , arthritis and related conditions are the leading cause of disability in the United States .
+
+S [ 3 ] The most frequently affected joints in the hand are finger joints .
+
+S This fact is quite worrying since fingers are the most frequently used part of human 's hands .
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||a human|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||hand|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nevertheless , researchers at Royal Hampshire County Hospital have invented [ 4 ] " a particular type of silver ring splints worn on fingers which is effective in controlling hyperextension deformity of finger joints , which is common in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis " .
+
+S This new treatment method replaced the old massive plastic rings which were worn to stabilize the joints .
+
+S Many patients who have received the new silver ring treatment commented that [ 5 ] " the silver rings look better than the old bulky ones .
+
+S They are also more durable and stronger .
+
+S "
+
+S [ 6 ] Heart disease makes up more than 30 % of the death of American adults aged 65 and above caused by chronic disease , making it the disease which kills most elderly .
+A 12 15|||R:OTHER|||deaths in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The most fatal symptom of heart disease is heart attack .
+
+S When heart attack occurs , blood supply to part of the heart is interrupted , causing some heart muscle cells to die .
+
+S This often causes severe heart failure because the heart muscle cells can not regenerate themselves due to the absence of myoblasts , which are the cells forming muscle cells .
+
+S In the past , these dead cells caused by heart attack could not be replaced .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But today , thanks to a new heart attack treatment called " Heart Myoblast Cell Injection " , heart attack victims can get their healthy heart muscle cells back .
+A 8 9|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S [ 7 ] In this new treatment method , myoblast cells are extracted from the heart attack patient 's own thigh muscles .
+A 16 17|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After that , the cells are cultured in the lab then injected to the heart of the patient .
+
+S Research showed that new tissue formation and improvement in the heart function of the patients were found after this treatment .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||show|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The lead researcher of this treatment at the Arizona Heart Institute , Nabil Dib , says , " Through this heart attack treatment we can regenerate a scar tissue caused by a heart attack , which is the opposite of what we learnt in medical school .
+A 21 22|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S "
+
+S [ 8 ] While heart disease is still the leading cause of death in elderly , cancer comes in the second place .
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 22|||R:OTHER|||second|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S [ 9 ] In the United States , Lung cancer kills the most people among the other cancers .
+A 11 13|||R:OTHER|||more|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||than|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The traditional method to cure lung cancer on a patient is by surgery or radiotherapy which is given five days a week for six to seven weeks .
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Radiotherapy process can be burdensome because of its frequency , especially for those who do not live in cities with equipped hospitals .
+
+S However , cancer specialists from Temple University have found a new method called Stereotactic body radiotherapy ( SBRT ) .
+
+S [ 10 ] Unlike the ordinary radiotherapy , SBRT can be stopped after three to eight treatments .
+
+S Another advantage of SBRT is it can double the survival rates of early stages patients .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||stage|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The survival rates of SBRT are as high as surgery method , which some patients can not have because of their conditions or refuse to have .
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||surgical|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||methods|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S [ 11 ] Experts are very optimistic that this new treatment can replace the old radiotherapy and surgery .
+
+S Curtis Miyamoto , M.D. , chair and professor of the Department of Radiation Oncology at Temple University School of Medicine said that " With the success of this technique , we 're now questioning whether we 'll even be doing surgeries on these patients in the future .
+
+S "
+
+S [ 12 ] Colorectal cancer is the second in cancer-related killer in the United States after lung cancer .
+A 8 9|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Most of colorectal cancer patients are elderly because the possibility of having colorectal cancer increases with age .
+A 1 2|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Chemotherapy is often recommended to cure the disease depending on the patient 's condition .
+
+S The problem is , most elderly patients are not as fit enough as younger patients to stand chemotherapy .
+
+S Nevertheless , some scientists from United Kingdom have found a vaccine called TroVax which is able to cure kidney and bowel cancer .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This includes colorectal cancer .
+
+S The research on the vaccine showed that " [ 13 ] One patient who was given the vaccine has seen his tumour gone totally for more than six months .
+A 22 23|||R:VERB|||disappear|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 29|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another two have seen their tumours reduce in size , and in three people the cancer has been stopped in its tracks .
+
+S 50 patients have had the vaccine and 95 per cent of those that can be evaluated have had an 'anti-tumour response " .
+
+S Unlike chemotherapy which can cause depression of body immune system because it kills not only bad cancer cells but also good cells which contribute to body 's immunity , vaccine works in a totally different way .
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||the bodies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 29|||M:DET|||this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Vaccine improves the body 's immune system to fight a particular disease which is colorectal cancer in this case .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The vaccine|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 20|||R:OTHER|||in this case is colorectal cancer|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Recent inventions offer medical solutions to the elderly suffering from chronic medical conditions such as arthritis , heart disease , and lung cancer .
+
+S These inventions help the elderly to live healthier life .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By living a healthier life , the elderly people can live their days more normally and hence help them to ease the aging process .
+A 17 17|||M:OTHER|||this will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:OTHER|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S * Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and The Merck Company Foundation .
+
+S The State of Aging and Health in America 2007 .
+
+S 2.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2007 .
+
+S 3.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2007 .
+
+S 4 .
+
+S ScienceDaily .
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2009 , from { http : //www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/06/080603174302.htm/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/06/080603174302.htm/ ]
+
+S 5.ScienceDaily 2008 .
+
+S 6 .
+
+S Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2007 .
+
+S 7.Advanced Cell Technology .
+
+S Heart Myoblast Cell Injection 2007 .
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2009 , from { http : //www.advancedcell.com/recent-news-item/related-news-heart-myoblast-cell-injection } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.advancedcell.com/recent-news-item/related-news-heart-myoblast-cell-injection ]
+
+S 8 .
+
+S Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2007 .
+
+S 9 .
+
+S Centers for Disease Control and Prevention .
+
+S The Burden of Chronic Diseases and Their Risk Factors 2004 .
+
+S 10 .
+
+S New Lung Cancer Treatment Produces High Cure Rate ; Hope in Place of Surgery 2009. .
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2009 , from { http : //seniorjournal.com/NEWS/Health/2009/20090309-NewLungCancer.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //seniorjournal.com/NEWS/Health/2009/20090309-NewLungCancer.htm ]
+
+S 12 .
+
+S New Lung Cancer Treatment Produces High Cure Rate 2009 .
+
+S 13.Julie Wheldon .
+
+S Vaccine for kidney and bowel cancers 'within three years ' 2006 .
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2009 , from http : //www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-416006/Vaccine-kidney-bowel-cancers-years.html
+
+S Home design helps to ease the aging process
+
+S A survey done by Strait-times shows that old people spend nearly 90 % of the rest of their life at home , 53 % of them hire maids to assist their living and that they develop some diseases due to inappropriate home design .
+
+S An old woman in this survey said it is not very convenient for her to use the wheelchair at home and her eyes feel tired very often .
+
+S If old people have the layout of furniture in a more organized way they can live by themselves more comfortably .
+
+S Meanwhile the adjusted daylight can also benefit their health .
+
+S Thus , it is essential to redesign homes for old people to ease their aging process .
+
+S First of all , layout of the home is extremely important for old people to manage their living at home .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , by making sure that the house has single level living , no steps in main entries , no obstruction in the hall way and bedrooms open to the sitting room can reduce the accidents at home for the elderly .
+A 12 12|||M:NOUN|||space|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN|||entry points|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 29|||R:OTHER|||opening into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This can be further illustrated by a research conducted by Hunter Centre for Health Advancement in Whales .
+
+S It finds that 71 home accidents are reported by 607 elder people in four weeks and 70 % of the accidents are falls .
+A 22 23|||R:OTHER|||caused by falling|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , more flexibility can be gained if the door is constrained to 36' ' and the cabinets do not exceed 67' ' high and counters provide a space for your knees when sitting in .
+
+S So people with wheelchairs do not need to have someone to assist living , and in such a way they would have a positive attitude toward aging .
+
+S And psychologist from university of taxes indicates that being positive delays aging .
+A 0 1|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Psychologists|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN|||Texas|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Equally important , lighting is another concern about the elder 's health , especially the eyes .
+A 3 5|||R:WO|||is lighting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 13|||R:OTHER|||with regard to the health of the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , light should be used carefully for eye health .
+
+S Such as room lighting with controlling senses is also necessary to increase the illumination for eye protection , and glare should be avoided by choosing the material of the wall , ceiling and mirror to fight against cataracts .
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , getting enough exposure to daylight can fight against osteoporosis and insomnia .
+A 11 11|||M:VERB|||help|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The best solution is to gain daylight through the ceiling .
+
+S With the daylight sustained , skin would produce vitamin D more easily , which is critical for strong bones and teeth .
+
+S And a study by Gloth ( 1995 ) suggests that half of the elder people are under the vitamin D levels .
+A 13 14|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 18|||R:OTHER|||have deficient|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , since old people stay at home for the most of the time , adequate sunlight would help them to form the cycle of day and night and thus prevent them from sleep disorders .
+A 8 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 33|||M:VERB|||having|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although some people still insist that it is better to let someone take care of the old or provide asylums for them , and therefore there is no need to redesign their homes , they fail to consider the fees for the care and the feeling of the old .
+A 41 42|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 45 46|||R:NOUN:NUM|||feelings|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 48 50|||R:OTHER|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , since most of the old do save their pension for the health care and do not want give their children too much burden .
+A 0 2|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:ORTH|||Since|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 25|||R:OTHER|||to burden their children|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , since old people have already developed a strong sentiment for their house , they do not want to move .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , home care can also be done by providing welfare and consultation by government agencies at a lower cost to alleviate the solitude and physical burden of the dependent elderly , which is suggested by Claude ( 1993 ) in " Home based care " .
+A 5 6|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , redesigning homes such as ordering the layout and adjusting the light for the old can ease the aging process in terms of cutting the home accidents , facilitating those who have physical problems and protecting the eyes and bones .
+A 25 27|||R:OTHER|||reducing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And it is recommended to provide home hospitality and consultation in the mean time to guarantee their physical and mental health .
+
+S ( 622 )
+A 1 2|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference
+
+S * Eunice , N , center of design for the elder society , retrieved September 14th , 2009 , from { http : //www.centerofdesign.org/pages/homedesign.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.centerofdesign.org/pages/homedesign.htm ]
+
+S * Cater , S , etc ( 2000 ) , Accidents in older people living at home , Aust NZ public health , retrieved September 14th , 2009 , from { http : //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11215016 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11215016 ]
+
+S * Glenn , O ( 2004 ) Positive attitude delays aging , BBC News , retrieved September 14th , 2009 , from { http : //news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3642356.stm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3642356.stm ]
+
+S * Claud , M ( 1993 ) , Home-based care : the elderly , family and welfare , Alteliers Graphic .
+
+S As information and technology has been developing dramatically , the elderly nowadays are being helped with many modern facilities , helping them to ease the aging process .
+
+S The aging process usually comes with several phenomena such as bad vision , bad hearing , backache , hair loss , etc .
+
+S Many progresses have been made in science , especially medicine , to provide the elderly with convenient tools for their lives .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||much progress|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , dealing with bad vision , which is very popular among people above 60 , we now have special lens and eye drops , together with traditional magnifiers which are being improved more and more to help the elderly with their eyesight , or special hearing-aid can do a very good work in reinforcing the hearing ability .
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:NUM|||lenses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 45 46|||R:OTHER|||furthermore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 47 48|||R:NOUN:NUM|||hearing-aids|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In terms of medicine , we also have skin cream to prevent wrinkles , anti hair loss drugs , special medicine for osteoporosis , heart disease , etc. to provide different ways to ease the aging process .
+
+S In addition , technology has also brought to the elderly many convenient tools to help them to be independent in their lives .
+
+S Nowadays many houses are equipped with intercom doorbell to help " respond to visitors without having to rush or feel panicky " ( 1 ) , thus preventing them from falling .
+
+S Electric appliances are accompanied with remote controls which are easily to use and remember so that the elderly can flick through television channels or turn on and off lights and fans themselves .
+A 9 10|||R:MORPH|||easy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S What 's more , wheelchairs now do not need physical strength to move , but thanks to the controls with some different-color buttons , the elderly can use an electric wheelchair and skillfully direct them to wherever they want within the house and around the neighbourhood .
+
+S For children working at offices who can not keep their eyes out of their old parents , they can install the webcam system around the house to watch over the parents while still doing their job .
+A 11 13|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Perhaps the most modern tool for the elderly that has been invented is robots , which have been brought from factories to home to do house chores .
+
+S They can do various things with multi-tasks and thus help the elderly a lot in the house .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||multi-task|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , the robot named Domo is programmed to not only hold cans and tins but also identify other food with different shapes and quickly find an desired object to accompany the elderly whenever they need ( 2 ) .
+
+S Or in Japan , where nearly a quarter of the population is at age 65 and above , robots are being used very effectively to help lift the elderly or support them in moving .
+
+S Some of them can also respond to oral commands such as " forward " , " back " , " right " , " left " ( 3 ) , very convenient for the elderly because they often struggle to remember the buttons and the functions to run a machine .
+
+S Who say computers are just for teenagers and the youth ?
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:SVA|||says|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With significant advances in information and technology , today the elderly can also use the Internet to join some virtual communities especially designed for them to meet their peers and talk about many things with one another instead of staying alone all day in the house waiting for their children to come home after work .
+
+S Singapore recently has launched an Internet portal " I Not Old " ( { www.inotold.com } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.inotold.com ] ) especially for the elderly , " to provide them with social platforms , games andinformation " ( 4 ) .
+A 16 23|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||R:ORTH|||and information|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In America , a survey has been conducted by the Kaiser Family Foundation to find that one third of seniors above 60 and two-thirds of people between 50 and 64 get access to the Internet .
+
+S What do they looking for ?
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They search healthcare , such as how to consult a doctor online without having to leave home , or drug information , etc. ( 4 )
+
+S In conclusion , the elderly nowadays are being helped a lot with different advances in technology , become more and more independent to live on their own .
+A 17 17|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We now can feel safe to leave home on our business and leave them at home , knowing that they are supported and equipped all the things they need .
+A 24 24|||M:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And with the rapid development in technology , we know that in the near future , many more things will be invented for our parents .
+
+S * : " Using Technology to Help Elderly Parents Remain Independent " { http : //www.caringforelderlyparents.com/independence/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.caringforelderlyparents.com/independence/ ]
+
+S * " A Robust Robot for the Elderly " { http : //www.technologyreview.com/infotech/18537/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.technologyreview.com/infotech/18537/ ]
+
+S * " Japanese Building Robots to Help Elderly " { http : //www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,299677,00.html/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,299677,00.html/ ]
+
+S * " { Singapore launchesinternetportal forelderly } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.futuregov.net/articles/2009/may/14/singapore-launches-internet-portal-elderly/ ] " { http : //www.futuregov.net/articles/2009/may/14/singapore-launches-internet-portal-elderly/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.futuregov.net/articles/2009/may/14/singapore-launches-internet-portal-elderly/ ]
+
+S * " Older Americans Big On Internet , Elderly Not There , Yet " { http : //seniorjournal.com/NEWS/SeniorStats/5-01-19SeniorsInternet.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //seniorjournal.com/NEWS/SeniorStats/5-01-19SeniorsInternet.htm ]
+
+S People today have to face an extremely serious problem of an aging population .
+
+S According to a definition on the Wikipedia website , aging population , of which three causes are usually migration , longer life expectancy , and decreased birth rate , is the increase in the number and proportion of the older people in the society .
+A 9 9|||M:OTHER|||reasons for an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 16|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 31|||R:OTHER|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since happening , aging population has been dramatically influence various fields in people life such as economics , healthcare system , and social policy .
+A 1 2|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:FORM|||influencing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||lives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , many research , development and policies have been proposed to help to ease this process .
+
+S Firstly , for a graying population that occurs over the world , lots of policies have been applied to control the birth and death rate or to balance the age structure .
+A 6 9|||R:OTHER|||around|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the most possibly effective ways is " two child " population policy in Shanghai , a big city in China .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Shanghai Daily says about 22 % of the population is over 60 years old .
+
+S Additional , for a long time , Chinese main population-controlling has been " one child " policy .
+A 0 1|||R:MORPH|||additionally|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 12|||R:OTHER|||the Chinese population was controlled by a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , a bulge in graying population is developing .
+A 4 9|||R:OTHER|||an increased aging population has developed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Alternatively , " two child " policy can relax this problem and boost a higher birth rate , with a government campaign that encourages couples having a second child .
+A 0 1|||R:ADV|||Therefore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 3|||M:OTHER|||a "|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:VERB:FORM|||to have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , because of lacking of financial incentives , there is still no official announcement that allows this .
+A 2 5|||R:OTHER|||due to a lack|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||with regard to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , to cope with the aging process , an increase in healthcare demand can be organized for 4 main headings : improve system performance , redesign service delivery , support informal caregivers , and shift demographic parameters .
+A 17 21|||R:OTHER|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:FORM|||improving|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:VERB:FORM|||redesigning|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Obviously , the older people use more healthcare than young people .
+
+S Nevertheless , health costs are independent of the age structure , which defines the distribution of predetermined expenditures .
+
+S Particularly , in Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) , aging population does not have any connections to health expenditure as a part of GDP .
+
+S For example , the over-65-year-old Swedish made up 17.3 % in 2000 , but Sweden just spent 8.6 % GDP on health .
+
+S The former in Australia was 12.7 % , and the latter was 9.3 % , figured in 2001 and 2002 .
+
+S Thirdly , as a way mentioned in " A graying world " of Peter Peterson , later retirement not only solves the employment problem , but also lightens the financial burden on the younger .
+A 3 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:PREP|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:MORPH|||late|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:ADJ:FORM|||young|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In countries with limited labour force , taking advantage of experienced , stable employers is very important , which also contributes a part in family income and saving a huge amount of training cost .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||as it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 24|||R:OTHER|||to the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:VERB:FORM|||saves|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 32|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , providing work to the older people help getting rid of being bored , alone , and maybe health depression .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:SVA|||helps|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 12|||R:OTHER|||them from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:MORPH|||depressed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the younger people who are the breadwinners of the family are more relaxed and under less pressure , so their work will be more efficient but less stressful .
+
+S In conclusion , due to a development in various areas , world has to face a problem of aging population .
+
+S Awaring of this , lots of countries have applied a plenty of effective policies to adapt to a new changing world .
+
+S Although there are many developments and improvements for it , it seems that some governments still have not seriously concerned on it .
+
+S Reference :
+
+S http : //www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/blog/eyeonasia/archives/2009/07/shanghai_pushes.html http : //www.mja.com.au/public/issues/180_11_070604/coo10869_fm.html # elementId-1084475 http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ageing
+
+S Technological inventions in three fields ease the aging process
+
+S There is a robot project called Twendy-one under research at WASEDA University .
+
+S This project aims to develop a daily life support robot for the aged .
+
+S ( Sugano Laboratory , 2007 ) Currently , this 147cm tall human-symbiotic- robot can perform conversation with people ; provide motion support and perform sophisticated tasks such as fetching seasonings from the refrigerator and picking up a piece of bread from the toaster and put it to a plate using a food tong without spoiling it .
+A 44 47|||R:OTHER|||putting it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 47 47|||M:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With these functions , this robot may bring great convenience to the life of the elderly and ease the aging problem if it can be industrialized .
+
+S In fact , there are a number of researches like Twendy-one , which focuses on technological innovations helpful to the aged people , is being done currently .
+A 23 28|||R:OTHER|||which is being currently done|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Judging from the outcomes of these researches , the aging process has been eased to a large extent mainly in three fields : visual assistance , health monitoring and mobility support .
+
+S First , technological inventions provide solution to the vision problem that comes with aging , presbyopia .
+
+S The aged may choose to wear optical lenses for presbyopia , and current research has raised this lens technology to a new height .
+A 16 16|||M:OTHER|||the technology of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example Bifocal Contact Lens has been invented recently .
+
+S ( Pizzo & Segre , 2008 ) Each piece of this kind of lens is divided into two parts with different focus .
+
+S This enable the presbyopia patients , usually the aged , to see both far objects and near objects clearly without changing lens .
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:NUM|||lenses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , this kind of contact lens rides on the eyeball but does not roll together with the eyeball .
+
+S This means , when the patient look down , he or she can use the lower part of the lens to read and use the upper part of the lens with a different focus to look at distant objects .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||looks|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , the aged may also choose to carry a portable digital magnifier which takes picture behind the device , magnifies it to desired clearness and show it on the screen such as PocketViewer .
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:VERB:SVA|||shows|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( HumanWare Group , 2009 ) With these technological inventions , the aged may be able to read and write like young people .
+
+S Hence , the pressure of aging process is reduced .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Second , technological inventions provide health condition monitoring for the elderly in order that they may be able to arrange their activities accordingly and get treatment in time .
+
+S This is enabled by the invention of portable , user-friendly and accurate devices which works as sphygmomanometer , glucometer or electrocardiograph .
+
+S For example , one hospital in Qindao , China is providing a 24 hour heart electrocardiogram monitoring service to the aged .
+
+S ( Surprising !
+
+S Heart can be monitored 24 hours a day , 2008 ) People receiving this service will carry a newly invented device which captures a persons heart electrocardiogram and sends it to the hospital through a mobile phone network in real time .
+
+S These information is further recorded and processed by the server in the hospital .
+A 0 1|||R:DET|||This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The server can recognize abnormal patterns of the electrocardiogram and send warnings accordingly to the doctor .
+
+S Moreover , this service system allows patients to get consultation from doctor using the device whenever they fell unwell .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||doctors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB|||feel|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With technological invents like this , it is likely that the aged will enjoy a healthier and longer life which , eased the aging process .
+A 2 3|||R:MORPH|||inventions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:OTHER|||will ease ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Third , technological inventions provides help for the aged who is incapable or inconvenient to walk on himself or herself .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||of walking by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the decline of muscle and motor nerve , the aged tends to have difficulty in walking and doing physical activities .
+
+S To cope with this problem , technological inventions use two main method : either assist and enhance the ability of weak limbs or provide alternative transport .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||methods|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , Cyberdyne Inc. in Japan introduces a robotic suit called HAL to enhance the ability of limbs .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||introduced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Sankai , 2009 ) This robotic suit is driven by battery and can worn by a person .
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:VERB:TENSE|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It detects bio-signal on a person 's skin , analyzes the signal to figure out the person 's movement and gives support at proper place with proper power .
+A 3 4|||R:PREP|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 29|||R:OTHER|||provides the necessary support|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this way , a person 's weak limbs can be enhanced .
+
+S Another example is wheelchair , which gives the aged an alternative way to 'walk' .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S New technological inventions such as Topchair even allow wheelchair to climb stairs .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||wheelchairs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This wheelchair from France is able to climb up and go down stairs as well as moving in a speed greater then 35km/h while it only needs one or two finger to operate .
+A 17 18|||R:PREP|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:NOUN:NUM|||fingers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Stair climbing wheelchair , 2008 ) With the help of this kind of technological inventions , the mobility problem of the aged is eased .
+
+S In this way , the process of aging is eased by technological inventions .
+
+S In conclusion , current research in technological inventions mainly have accomplishments in three areas : vision assistance , health condition monitoring and mobility support .
+
+S In each areas , inventions are solving practical problems that may happen on aged people .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||area|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 13|||R:OTHER|||faced by the aged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By solving these problems , the life standard of the aged in enhanced while the stress of the aging process is reduced .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||lives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , current research in technological inventions have helped to ease the aging process to a large extent .
+
+S Reference
+
+S Sugano Laboratory .
+
+S ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Twendy-one .
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2009 , from Twendy-one : http : //twendyone.com/index_e.html
+
+S Pizzo , N. D. , & Segre , L. ( 2008 , 12 ) .
+
+S Bifocal Contact Lenses For Presbyopia : A complete Guide to Bifocals .
+
+S Retrieved 9 15 , 2009 , from AllAboutVision.com : http : //www.allaboutvision.com/contacts/bifocals.htm
+
+S HumanWare Group .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S PocketViewer .
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2009 , from Humanwar USA : http : //www.humanware.com/en- usa/products/low_vision/handheld_magnifiers/_details/id_142/pocketviewer.htm l
+
+S Surprising !
+
+S Heart can be monitored 24 hours a day .
+
+S ( 2008 , March 14 ) .
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2009 , from New Needs : http : //www.xinxuyao.com/elderly/focus/2008031413654.shtml
+
+S Sankai , D. ( 2009 ) .
+
+S What 's " HAL " ( Hybrid Assistive Limb ) ?
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2009 , from CYBERDYNE : http : //www.cyberdyne.jp/English/robotsuithal/index.html
+
+S Stair climbing wheelchair .
+
+S ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2009 , from topchair : http : //pagesperso-orange.fr/topchair/index_en.htm
+
+S Technology now a days have been improving our daily life a lot .
+A 1 6|||R:OTHER|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:FORM|||improved|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It impact on our work , leisure and home .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:SVA|||impacts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Compare with the past , now a days , everything can be done easily with the aid of technology .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||when compared|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 8|||R:OTHER|||today|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the speed of the technology grow , people in the society aged as well .
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||grows|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:MORPH|||age|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Recently , aging population have been a concern by the government and society .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||a cause of concern|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||for governments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By 2050 , many people in the first world countries will reach 51 .
+
+S ( 1 ) In order to ease the global aging process , people have begin using technology in hope to help the aging population .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:FORM|||begun|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 21|||R:OTHER|||with the hope of helping|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Internet and automated gadgets are a few technology that have began using a few years ago to help the elderly .
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||some of the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Now a days , internet have been so common in the society that it is now been use to help the aging population .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||Today|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 7|||R:VERB|||has become|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 16|||R:OTHER|||it has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:FORM|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:FORM|||used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S People have started to create a link from the elderly to the their family members .
+
+S For example , in the United State some family members actually give their elderly a GPS device which can helps to keep track of their location at anywhere and any time .
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:FORM|||help|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 29|||M:PREP|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As people gets old , the chances of them getting lost are much more higher and with the help of GPS device , their love ones can easier find out their current location when they get lost .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||get older|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:FORM|||loved|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:MORPH|||easily|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another way of helping the aging population was automated gadgets .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the automated gadgets , it can help to take care or monitor the elderly especially when they are alone .
+
+S An example would be the Med-eMonitor , invented by InforMedix , which seek as a medicine reminder for the elderly .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB|||acts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This gadget actually is just about the size of a VCR tape and operates on a rechargeable battery which can last for two weeks .
+
+S Inside this gadget , it have a lot of compartments that can help to separate the medication and also allowing user to set a date and time .
+A 4 9|||R:OTHER|||are many|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:OTHER|||allows users|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It also comes with a reminder system , on-screen instruction and a line of communication .
+
+S When the time has come for medication , the gadget will play a musical chime that will alert the elderly .
+
+S When the user press on the button a LCD screen will display the instruction for taking the drugs , for example , some drugs are to be taken before meal or with a empty stomach .
+
+S If the musical chime is not responded by the elderly and the medication is not taken , the gadget will place a phone call to the family members to inform them .
+A 7 7|||M:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( 2 )
+
+S Beside using internet and automated gadget individually , people have also combine them as one device .
+A 0 1|||R:PREP|||Besides|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||gadgets|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the United State there are device that can also help to connect the elderly to the doctor without having them to go to the hospital everyday .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||devices|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , elderly with Cardiovascular disease can be attach a intelligent small device which is called a Chronicle system in their body to monitor their " heart rate , physical activity , body temperature and right ventricular ( RV ) pressure in them .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||diseases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:FORM|||attached|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||with an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " ( 3 ) After that , those result gather by the device are transmitted to the doctors through a remote monitoring so that their health can be monitor even if they are at home or in the hospital .
+A 4 9|||R:OTHER|||the results|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:FORM|||gathered|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:VERB:FORM|||monitored|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Using internet and automated gadgets have help to ease the aging process a lot .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:FORM|||helped|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Both the elderly and their family members can receive many benefits from technology .
+
+S As time pass , our aging population grows and so do our technology .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||passes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:SVA|||does|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But as technology grow , it can provide us with more invention that can help to ease the aging population process .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||grows|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||inventions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S 1 ) A Graying world , Peter G Peterson , 2001 , United State of America
+
+S 2 ) Gadgets for grandpa tech tools to ease the aging process , www.Itbusiness.ca , 2008 , Canada
+
+S 3 ) COMPASS-HF : Management with remote system effective , www.cardiologytoday.com , 2005 , United State of America
+
+S " We have an ageing population and the demand for elective surgery continues to increase , which provides us with a real challenge " .
+
+S ( 1 ) That famous quote of Australian politician Michael Wright not only illustrates one of the problems the government has to deal with aging population but also points out the pressure the aging population put on the medical system .
+A 3 4|||R:DET|||This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:PREP|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:PART|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:OTHER|||place|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It appears that aging population has become the biggest and common concern of the countries all over the world , especially those in Europe and Japan .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many researchers have recently stated : " To a large extent , current research and development/policies have helped to ease the aging process " .
+
+S From my point of view , supported by many reliable online articles , I agree with the claim above .
+
+S The diverse obstacles associated with aging population creates lots of pressure , ranged not only from medical service but to education system too .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:FORM|||ranging|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||services|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||also to the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance : A survey conducted in British Columbia about the impact of aging population on social services shows that as the average age of citizens increases , so does the health care cost per capita .
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( 2 ) The government has to reserve more budgets for taking care of the aged because they are more likely to suffer from ailments that almost occur in the old age ( such as : diabetes , osteomalacia... ) while still have a chance to come up with other diseases like adults .
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||a greater portion of the budget|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 30|||R:OTHER|||always occur with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 53|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Or let 's take education as an example : when the majority of the population is old people , which means that the average age of a student in the university will increase .
+
+S Students tend to stay in the colleges longer and as a result , the cost on education will rise significantly .
+
+S It 's also predicted that the cost on education in British Columbia will rise 40 % between the period 1989/1990 and 2015/2016 .
+
+S ( 3 )
+
+S On the other hand , the scientists keep giving out newly technological inventions to help the elder people feel more comfortable and content with their ordinary life .
+A 10 11|||R:MORPH|||new|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 18|||R:OTHER|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They present wireless and mini deaf-aid to enhance the listening ability of elder people as well asartificial limbs for them or walking sticks to aid them standing and walking around.More specifically , designed elevators used for elder people in wheelchairs are everywhere , which plays an important role in helping them going to higher levels in tall buildings .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN|||hearing aids|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:ORTH|||as artificial|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||R:OTHER|||the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 38|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 51 53|||R:OTHER|||to access|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The older they get , the worse their body organs function , which leads to the situation that they really need some helps from inventors to retain their original life .
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||help|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Without these gadgets and assisting tools , now they would suffer numerous and tremendous difficulties in communicating with other people or going around as well .
+
+S The next question needs to be debated is : " How much money should the government spend on the medical care for elder people ? " .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 24|||R:OTHER|||the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In my opinions , the government should use much more money on taking care of elder people because the following reason : Firstly , the aged are citizens who contributed a lot of money to National Treasury through compulsory taxes like land-tax , income tax... Because in this way or another , that was their money , they are deserved to receive more care from the authority .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||opinion|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||towards|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 21|||R:OTHER|||due to the following|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 29|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 35|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 45 57|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 57 60|||R:OTHER|||therefore they deserve|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 60 62|||R:VERB:FORM|||receiving|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 66 67|||R:NOUN:NUM|||authorities|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , as long as you take care of the elder people well , the average longevity of the citizens will rise significantly .
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As far as we concern , many economists evaluate the wealth and development of a country not only on the money it keeps , but also on how the average longevity of its citizens is .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||are concerned|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 23|||R:OTHER|||by its wealth|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusions , it 's unassailable that : To some extent , current research have helped ease the aging process .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||conclusion|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This mission not only lies on the scientists ' hands but also require some supports from the society in general , and the government in particular .
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||support|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If the government reserve more money on the medical care for the elder people , absolutely they 'll be more satisfied with their life .
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S That 's the best solution in comparison with other inventions from the scientists .
+
+S References :
+
+S ( 1 ) { http : //www.quotesdaddy.com/quote/595154/Steve + Bloom/despite-the-proliferation-of-miracle-fixes-such-as } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.quotesdaddy.com/quote/595154/Steve + Bloom/despite-the-proliferation-of-miracle-fixes-such-as ]
+
+S ( 2 ) { http : //www.bcstats.gov.bc.ca/DATA/pop/pop/agingpop.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.bcstats.gov.bc.ca/DATA/pop/pop/agingpop.pdf ] , figure 6 , page 5
+
+S ( 3 ) { http : //www.bcstats.gov.bc.ca/DATA/pop/pop/agingpop.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.bcstats.gov.bc.ca/DATA/pop/pop/agingpop.pdf ] , lines 2 -15 , page 6
+
+S Disability affects some people .
+
+S Aging affects all people .
+
+S As we know , people are living longer today than they used to , and this is resulting in a much larger elderly population than formerly .
+A 25 26|||R:ADV|||before|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , as we grow in to adulthood , many things start to change in our life .
+
+S Aging is an unavoidable process , beginning at conception and ending with death .
+
+S The process does not proceed at a uniform rate all over the body .
+
+S As we age , the organ systems of individuals age at different rates .
+
+S Our body gradually slows down in early adult life .
+
+S So , current research and development or policies in particular field of science and medicine have helped to ease the aging process .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||fields|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Technology can help the elderly with their hearing problem and hearing impairment is one of the five most chronic conditions of aging .
+
+S According to research , it is estimated that one out of three people over age 64 has some hearing impairment ; this increases to almost one out of two persons over age 84 .
+A 31 31|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:OTHER|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But , nowadays , there are many assistive devices available for persons with hearing impairment .
+
+S That is what technology is !
+
+S For example , vibrating alarms allow older people with hearing impairment to wake from vibration than by auditory alarm .
+
+S Also , door knock alert allows older people with hearing impairment to see a blinking light rather than hearing an auditory " knock " sound .
+
+S As we know , the ability to have chronically ill patients need to check in with a health-care provider every day and answer questions about their current symptoms allows for immediate intervention .
+A 4 8|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:VERB:SVA|||allow|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So , numerous telehomecare devices have been developed to allow health-care providers the ability to manage follow-up care of the chronically ill .
+
+S This technology allows patients to sit in the comfort of their own homes while health-care providers conduct routine and comprehensive medical monitoring procedures in their offices .
+
+S One example of this type of technology is Aerotel 's Medical Parameters Monitoring ( MPM ) devices , which allow data to be stored for immediate consultation and treatment , as well as for future reference .
+
+S Other than those technologies used in developing devices to aid old people 's hearing and illness , home , as we know is a very " important " to the older people .
+
+S They need a comfortable home for their retire life .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:FORM|||retired|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So , there is a new technology in our modern world now , Well @ home Telemanagement System from Patient care Technologies,Inc .
+
+S This Well @ home devices has an interactive function similar to a bank ATM .
+
+S This technology reminds patients to take their medication ; instructs patients through text , illustrations , and the spoken word on what , when , and how to make their medication ; ask patients if they would like to learn more about their medication ; provide administration , purpose , side effect , and storage information to the patient and etc., .
+A 46 49|||R:OTHER|||administrative|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 59 60|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will helps the older people a lot so that they will not been " throw " into the old folks home because of their disability in home .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:FORM|||help|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 18|||R:OTHER|||would not to be " thrown " nto|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:PREP|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the world goes on , Technology has been applied to public transportation in the development of Intelligent Transportation System ( ITS ) that enhance older mobility by providing better information before and during a journey .
+A 26 26|||M:NOUN|||persons|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S [ 1 ] Many of the age-related declines in function that contribute to driving cessation can impede mobility independence when using public transportation systems , The application of technology within an ITS can support deficits in vision , hearing , cognition , and sensorinotor function .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN|||reduction|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Technology on itself is not only the panacea to solve the aging global population .
+A 1 2|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 7|||R:WO|||the only|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So , there should be improve in every field of study and research to ease the aging population and to enhance the quality of life for a global population that will double in size by 2050 .
+A 5 6|||R:MORPH|||improvement|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S [ 1 ] google research ( technology use with public transportation )
+
+S Since the birth of human beings , our ancestors have gone through the 4 stages of life , namely birth , old , ill and death .
+A 21 24|||R:OTHER|||aging , illness|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is a process that had started when we are first born .
+A 5 7|||R:VERB|||began|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is inevitable that we will eventually become old and vulnerable to problems and diseases that associate with old age .
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||are associatede|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , there is a need to improve the life of the elderly in order to ease the aging process .
+
+S It is not unknown that scientist have been researching while government are constantly improving development and policies for elderly .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Scientists|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||governments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The current research and development/policies have helped to ease the aging process .
+
+S Firstly , modern medical research are able treat and cure deadly diseases and we are incapable previously .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 16|||R:OTHER|||that we were incapable of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the currently advance medical technology , we are able to remedy and prevent diseases more effective .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||current advances in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:MORPH|||effectively|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Previous generation have no knowledge of illness like diabetes , hypertension and high cholesterol which leads to more sever problems like heart attack and stroke .
+A 1 3|||R:OTHER|||generations had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||illnesses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:MORPH|||severe|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With modern research , medicine are produced to assist in treating the problems .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The findings were used for prevention to these illness , thus elderly who are more prone to these diseases are able to take more precaution to their health .
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||the prevention of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||illnesses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , More health care centers are developed to cater for elderly .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||R:OTHER|||the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact we have access to medical , health care center within a kilometers in any housing estate .
+A 14 15|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instant , now every markets or shopping malls will at least have one clinic in service as compared to the past where patients have to travel long distance in order to get basic treatment .
+A 1 2|||R:MORPH|||instance|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:ADV|||presently|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||most|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 13|||R:WO|||have at least|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:TENSE|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:NOUN:NUM|||distances|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , more hospitals are being build .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:FORM|||built|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S examples like Jurong General Hospital and Khoo Teck Puat Hospital will be build to provide medical services in Jurong and Yishun respectively .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:FORM|||built|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These will provide more opportunities for treatment and shorten the traveling time in time of emergency .
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We can cure and treat everything easily and conveniently but it is always costly .
+
+S In fact not many people can afford long term medical treatment especially for elderly who have either retired or have savings that are not enough to cover the expenses .
+
+S But on the other hand , policies are made to engage the potential financial problems .
+
+S For example , Medisave are made compulsory for Singaporean to contribute part of their income into saving for medical usage .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:MORPH|||Singaporeans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:MORPH|||use|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A minimum balance of $ 15 000 are required in Medicsave for preventing premature depletion which will needed for future medical needs , more precisely during old age .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:PART|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:FORM|||prevent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:VERB:TENSE|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also benefits such as national medical subsidy scheme are introduced to subsidies the medical cost for the elderly .
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||schemes have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||subsidise|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Elder are given a subsidy of $ 360 annually for chronic diseases like diabetes , hypertension and high cholesterol .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||The Elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These policies made medical treatment more affordable and less taxing to the elderly .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:FORM|||make|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To summarize , with the current medical research , development and polices made by the scientists and government , it have definitely slowed and eased the aging process that everyone will experience .
+A 14 15|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although our lifespan have significantly lengthened from 60 to 65 year to 75 to 85 years in developed countries .
+
+S However ageing will remains the same for today and will not change at least in our time .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:FORM|||remain|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Regardless of country , race , language or generation , staying young , healthy and active is the dream of every person in this world .
+
+S From the birth of mankind , we have been searching and trying all means and ways to ease or stop aging .
+
+S This process or searching and examine was never ending , ever after decades .
+A 5 9|||R:OTHER|||examining has never ended|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This was even much more obvious shown in this century , where the standard of living of the generation X 's improved compare to the past .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:NOUN:POSS||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:FORM|||compared|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They have begun to realize that their life expectancy is now much longer than that of previous generations .
+
+S Therefore , the demand for anti aging products and treatments to restore health and beauty has grown significantly .
+
+S Men and woman past the age of 40 feel more empowered than ever to take control of their bodies and redefine the aging process .
+
+S To ease or slow down aging process is to have the ability to lengthen the lifespan of our youthful healthy days .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As such , life extension is the main concept that most company is engaging to target aging issues .
+A 11 13|||R:OTHER|||companies are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These anti-aging promoters from various nutrition companies are promoting their own brand of nutrition , in the form of diets or supplements , to extend lifespan .
+
+S These products use different raw materials and food processing methods , which they claim it is safe and effective to be consumption , after rounds of testing .
+A 14 15|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:OTHER|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , mostly they work and agree on the same common theory , which is the importance of keeping a stable blood sugar levels , achieved in part by managing the glycemic indices of food choices .
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN:NUM|||level|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S [ 1 ] An example of the 2 diets with different approaches and with some support from scientific research is the Palaeolithic diet and Caloric restriction .
+
+S An alternative to the use of nutrition products to ease aging process is the research and development of Cosmetic interventions such as skin treatments and plastic surgery .
+
+S They are widely used to mask the effects of aging , although they do not actually affect lifespan .
+
+S Some of these surgeries include skin resurfacing , eyelid surgery and Botox treatments , cosmetic dental procedures and many more .
+
+S In addition , Anti-aging creams such as " Olay " and " Loreal " is also getting more popular and commonly use in both woman and man .
+A 22 23|||R:PREP|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 27|||R:OTHER|||men and women|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These are mostly moisturiser based cosmeceutical skin care products marketed with the promise of making the consumer look younger by reducing visible wrinkles , expression lines , blemishes , pigmentation changes , discolouration and other environmentally ( especially from the sun ) related conditions of the skin .
+A 5 6|||R:SPELL|||cosmetic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S [ 2 ] Despite great demand , many such products and treatments have not been proven to give lasting or major positive effects .
+A 14 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||proved|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , it is on the rise at many age levels and has been embraced by many age groups including teenagers .
+
+S Another issues connected with aging process is the terror of memory loss .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||issue|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to one of the research conducted by the Natural Marketing Institute ( NMI ) [ 3 ] , memory loss and losing brain capacity is the biggest fear of the aging baby boomer population .
+A 3 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Their research had shown that 52 percent of females and 36 percent of the males in United States has memory loss and losing brain capacity as their biggest fear .
+
+S Hence , research on means to prevent memory loss and increase brain capacity is essential and important in helping to ease the aging setbacks .
+
+S Currently in the market , they is brain supplement such as " Prevagen " and " Essential Youth " [ 4 ] ; product which claims to have remarkable formula , which can help old people look younger , feel better , think faster , remember more clearly , thus enjoy their life again is out in display in all corners of the shopping and healthcare centre .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||there|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||supplements|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN:NUM|||products|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:NOUN:NUM|||formulas|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 54 54|||M:PRON|||.This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These products were advertised with the support from TV artist and prove documentation testing from scientist .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||artists|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB|||provide|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||scientists|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When comes to matters related to healthcare , research is never ending .
+A 1 1|||M:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Scientist has also carry other studies and proposed other strategies of life extension .
+A 0 4|||R:OTHER|||Scientists have also carried|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some examples will be the studies of Cloning and body part replacement technology .
+
+S They suggest that therapeutic cloning and stem cell research could one day provide a way to generate cells , body parts , or even entire bodies ( generally referred to as reproductive cloning ) that would be genetically identical to a prospective patient .
+
+S Others suggest Cryonics [ 5 ] , which is the low-temperature preservation of humans and animals that can no longer be sustained by contemporary medicine until resuscitation may be possible in the future .
+
+S However , these 2 researches involve debatable points in ethics and religion which need to be resolve .
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:FORM|||resolved|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Ethical and theological opinions of cloning and cryonics tend to pivot on the issue of whether this method is regarded as interment or medicine .
+
+S Aging is a process which can not be stop and it is going to be a much more critical emergency issue to the mankind in the next decades , while the ratio of working adult and to the old is further reduce to one-one .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:FORM|||stopped|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||R:OTHER|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:NOUN:NUM|||decade|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 42|||R:VERB:FORM|||reduced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is a problem that every country is facing , and if it is not properly deal with , it will held back the country 's development and be an economy hindrance .
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:FORM|||dealt|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:FORM|||hold|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:MORPH|||economic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As such , in conclusion , the researches in medicines and other field such as technology and social policy is one of the up most importance issues currently .
+A 23 24|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With education , detail and proper planning now will help to ease numerous problems that the country and family will face as the population agers .
+A 8 8|||M:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:SPELL|||ages|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S [ 1 ] { http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_extension } [ HYPERLINK : http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_extension ]
+
+S [ 2 ] { http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aging_cream } [ HYPERLINK : http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aging_cream ]
+
+S [ 3 ] { http : //www.prevagen.com } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.prevagen.com ]
+
+S [ 4 ] { http : //www.truehealth.com/itemdy00.asp ? t1 = TESYC } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.truehealth.com/itemdy00.asp ? t1 = TESYC ]
+
+S [ 5 ] { http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryonics } [ HYPERLINK : http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryonics ]
+
+S The following statements are from the report released by the Singapore Department of Statistics in 2008 : life expectancy in Singapore continues to increase , according to the latest figures released today in an Information Paper 'Complete Life Tables 2003-2006 for Singapore 's Resident population ' by the Singapore Department of Statistics ( DOC ) .
+A 0 55|||R:OTHER|||According to the Singapore Department of Statistics ( 2008 ) , life expectancy in Singapore continues to increase|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From the report , we can find that the life expectancy of people is increasing with time going by , which implies that the aging process is becoming slower than before .
+A 0 7|||R:OTHER|||The report shows|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We may wonder why this tendency happens these years .
+A 0 10|||R:OTHER|||why if this tendency happening now ?|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I think that there are various fields contribute to this tendency , from the science fields to the technology area , from the economics fields to the government policies , from the medicine fields to the psychology fields .
+A 0 38|||R:OTHER|||There are various fields contributing to this tendency , including science , technology , economics , government policies , medicine and psychology|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In my opinion , the development of technology plays an important role .
+A 0 12|||R:OTHER|||It can be argued that the development of technology plays an important role in this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I think there are two kinds of technology that contribute a lot to the increase of the life expectancy of people .
+A 0 2|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:ORTH|||There|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They are information technology and technological tools .
+
+S When it comes to the information technology , every young man should be familiar with it .
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN|||person|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , it seems that the information technology is not very popular among the old .
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , it seems that the information technology does not help the adults a lot .
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The main reason is that the tools are quite hard for the old to handle .
+
+S For example , the button of the mobile and the words on the screen too small or the old can not read or the tools are too complex .
+A 4 7|||R:OTHER|||buttons on a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||are too smalll|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 28|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the producers are trying to produce the products particularly for the old .
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The products is cheap and the word is big enough and the functions are just enough for the old .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 20|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These tools are suitable for the old and they are quite popular among the old .
+
+S With these tools , for example , mobile phone , the old can get in touch with their sons or daughters easily .
+A 6 7|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||phones|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this way , the old can chat with their children when they miss their children and ask for help when they are in danger .
+
+S Thus , these tools will both help them both physically and mentally .
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to the above analysis , there is no doubt that information technology helps a lot to ease the aging process .
+
+S Then I tell something about how the technological inventions help to ease the aging process .
+A 0 16|||R:OTHER|||How do technological inventions help to ease the aging process ?|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When I search online , I found some information about the aging symptoms .
+A 0 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There is some information on a website : " A loss of hearing ability.. .
+
+S There is a decline in the ability to taste salt and bitter ( sweet and sour are much less affected ) .
+
+S There is a reduction of the thymus gland to 5-10 % of its original mass by age 50 .
+A 2 2|||M:ADV|||also|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Levels of antibodies increase with aging... " From this , we can know that when people become old , the organs and tissues will not work as well as before .
+A 0 7|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 13|||R:OTHER|||it can bee seen|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , with the help of some technological inventions , the old can overcome these weaknesses .
+
+S There are a lot of quite useful inventions for the old .
+
+S Once I heard that there is a wonderful walking stick .
+
+S It can test the heart rate and blood pressure of the people who is using it .
+
+S If the walking stick finds anything wrong , it will send a message to a healthcare center and the center will get the information of where the people is and send a nurse to take of the people .
+A 27 28|||R:NOUN|||person|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 38|||R:OTHER|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Through this way , the health of the old are more guaranteed and this will absolutely ease the aging process .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||In this way ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 12|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There also have hearing aids to help old people listen clearly and electronic wheelchair to help old people go out conveniently .
+A 1 3|||R:OTHER|||are also|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||wheelchairs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From all above , we can include that the technological inventions help to ease the aging process .
+A 1 3|||R:OTHER|||the above ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 9|||R:OTHER|||it can be concluded that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I think that with the development of the technology , the aging process will become even slow .
+A 0 17|||R:OTHER|||In conclusion , with the development of technology , the aging process will become slower|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The technology really help the old a lot at easing the aging process .
+A 0 2|||U:DET|||Technology|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||helps|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hopefully , we will benefit more from the fast developing of the technology .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Technology has vastly improved since the past century and made life easier for the elderly around the world .
+A 4 5|||R:PREP|||during|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For the case of developments in terms of Architecture , it has been true thus far .
+A 0 1|||R:PREP|||In|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:PRON|||this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In our current society , one which faces a graying population , Architecture has played an active role in creating a safe and greatly accessible environment for the elderly .
+
+S With better knowledge in Architecture , homes and places outside home are made user-friendly for the elderly
+
+S Moving around in a speed and mobility which they had decades ago was not possible , but Architecture has changed our homes in a manner which assured that the elderly can at least move around without facing much difficulties .
+A 2 3|||R:PREP|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 38|||R:ADJ|||many|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Homes that are user-friendly to the elderly have features that allow the elderly to move around easily .
+
+S One such feature is having a home to be built with leveled ground .
+A 5 13|||R:OTHER|||homes with only one floor built|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another of such feature will be homes with wider corridors .
+A 1 2|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Both of the mentioned features allow greater mobility for wheel-chair bound elderly or elderly who move around with the help of a walking stick .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN|||wheelchair|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Elderly has always been stereotyped as people who are prone to slipping and injuring themselves .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To ease such worries of the younger generation , developments in Architecture has its means to solve such problems .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In areas where the floors tend to be wet , such as the toilet , anti-slip tiles can be installed to induce greater friction even when the floors are wet .
+
+S Furthermore , grab bars can be mounted to the walls of the toilet to aid the elderly in sitting down or standing up .
+
+S In parts of homes where a staircase must inevitably be built , handrails or barristers can be built for support if the elderly wishes to climb the stairs .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||the home|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN:NUM|||wish|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the number of elderly that live alone rise , the government saw the need to provide special housing for them .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||rises|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has seen|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In terms of Singapore , the government has decided to develop blocks of rental 1-room flats which have lifts that stop on every floor , an alert alarm to call for help in the event of emergency and support hand bars in the toilets and along common corridors to facilitate mobility of the elderly .
+A 37 37|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For the elderly who are able to better support themselves , they can choose to stay in rental flats or studio flats .
+
+S Besides homes , Architecture has made the community more user-friendly for the elderly .
+
+S New shopping centres such as Orchard Centre and Ion Orchard have elderly-friendly facilities such as rams or leveled ground at the entrance , toilets for the disabled which is also user-friendly for the elderly .
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN|||ramps|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 23|||UNK|||ground floor entrances|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S At City Link , there are machines installed to maneuver wheelchairs up and down the stairs .
+
+S Architecture has raised the standards of living up to a stage where even elderly that have low mobility are able to move around as they wish .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN|||point|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Certainly , developments in the field of Architecture have helped to ease aging process .
+
+S Victor Hugo , poet and novelist , once said that " Forty is the old age of youth ; fifty the youth of old age " [ 1 ] .
+
+S Old age is therefore not the end of our life but a start .
+
+S There are many physical and mental ailments that often arise from aging , such as brain degeneration , discriminations from the public , social isolation and no sense of direction in life .
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:INFL|||discrimination|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To reduce the negative impact of aging process , it is therefore important to create a role model for the elderly , eliminate ageism in the society , and improve detection of depression and encouraging lifelong learning .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 35|||R:OTHER|||ito improve detection of depression and encourage|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Creating a positive image of the elderly is necessary .
+
+S This is to eliminate the adverse stereotypes on elderly .
+
+S For example , there is a controversy why many people believe that when we were young and forgetful , the reason for forgetfulness is because we have too many stuff on our mind .
+A 7 7|||M:PREP|||as to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:VERB:TENSE|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:ADJ|||much|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , when we are old and forgetful , we are more likely to accept memory loss as part of aging .
+
+S Memory loss is often equated with growing old and deemed inevitable .
+
+S However , this is a fallacy and believing in it will likely to lead to a negative self-efficacy on oneself .
+A 17 19|||UNK|||self-image of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Recent research has suggested that " negative stereotypes highlighting the detrimental effect of aging on memory can negatively affect memory performance among older adults " ( Andreoletti & Lachman , 2004 ) [ 2 ] .
+
+S Fighting ageism is essential to ease the aging process of our society .
+
+S One way of fighting ageism is educating the people of the adverse effects of old aged stereotyping is important .
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||about|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In a study done by Levy and her colleague , older individuals with more positive self-perception of aging lived 7.5 years longer than those with less positive self-perceptions of aging [ 3 ] .
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:NOUN:NUM|||self-perception|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another common problem of aging is depression among the elderly .
+
+S As a person ages , the signs of depression are much more varied than at younger ages .
+
+S [ 4 ] This is turn makes it harder to detect .
+
+S Therefore a possible solution is to increase the number of doctoral-level trained geropsychologists ( Psychologists for the elderly ) and make age-related information more available to researchers , practitioners and students to help improve in detection and treatment .
+A 34 35|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A Graduate Psychology Education ( GPE ) Program was setup in 2002 to provide grants to accredited doctoral , internship and postdoctoral programs .
+
+S In a survey done in 2008 , the GPE Program has doubled the number of students who are trained to provide mental and behavioral health services and lead to many who would otherwise have not received these services .
+
+S [ 5 ]
+
+S Critics of my position feel that we should not pressure the people to participate in lifelong learning and likely to lead to people learning " for the good of society " .
+A 2 3|||R:DET|||this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 12|||R:OTHER|||people should not be pressured|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 24|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S [ 6 ] However , this is insufficient as there are also many benefits that lifelong learning can exert on oneself .
+A 7 8|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 21|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Engaging in lifelong learning can help build our body , mind and spirit to be ready for future challenges .
+
+S In a book " Learning Later , Living Greater " co written by Nancy Merz Nordstrom and Jon F.Merz , the authors highlighted the benefits presented with supporting case study on lifelong learning .
+A 29 30|||R:MORPH|||studies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Having a positive image for the elderly , effectively combating ageism , depression-free and lifelong learning society have contributed to ease the aging process .
+A 12 12|||M:OTHER|||and promoting a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We should continue embracing the idea that old age is not an end .
+A 0 13|||R:OTHER|||The idea that old age is not an end should be embraced.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After all , as George Burns , an American comedian , once said that " You ca n't help getting older , but you do n't have to get old " .
+A 10 11|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S [ 7 ]
+
+S [ 1 ] http : //www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/v/victorhugo103906.html
+
+S [ 2 ] Kelly M. Jones ; Susan Krauss Whitbourne ; Stacey B. Whitbourne ; Karyn M. Skultety ; Identity Processes and Memory Controllability in Middle and Later Adulthood , Journal of Applied Gerontology 2009 ; 28 ; 582 originally published online Apr 7 2009
+
+S [ 3 ] Levy , Becca R ; Slade , Martin D ; Kunkel , Suzanne R ; Kasl , Stanislav V ; Longevity increased by positive self-perceptions of aging , Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , Vol.83 ( 2 ) , Aug 2002 , pp .
+
+S 261-270
+
+S [ 4 ] http : //www.nia.nih.gov/HealthInformation/Publications/depression.htm
+
+S [ 5 ] The Graduate Psychology Education ( GPE ) Program , http : //www.apa.org/ppo/gpe/overview.html
+
+S [ 6 ] Prem Lata Sharma , The future of the learning world , Sarup & Sons , 2006 , Lifelong Learning as nightmare , pg262-264
+
+S [ 7 ] http : //www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/g/georgeburn103932.html
+
+S The world 's population took a rapid growth in the 1950s and 60s .
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||underwent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This was the period of the post-war 'baby boom ' as there was peace and stability .
+
+S Today , these 'baby boomers ' form the majority of our population .
+
+S It is expected , by 2030 , about nineteen percent of the world 's population will be over the age of sixty-five .
+A 3 3|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Indeed , this illustrates a concern for an ageing population .
+
+S However taking a look around us today , current research , development and various policies have evolved to an extent large enough to dismiss our concerns with a greying population .
+A 24 25|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:PREP|||about|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These measures and policies developed have greatly aided the elders with their ageing process .
+A 4 5|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is especially so in the area of social policies , namely government grants and healthcare benefits .
+
+S Let us consider the aspect of government subsidies and grants .
+
+S First , the local government has done much to introduce various measures in helping to lessen the economical load on the elderly .
+A 12 15|||R:OTHER|||to help|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Such is the Grandparent Caregiver Relief' .
+
+S This policy grants married couples an income tax relief of $ 3000 if a grandparent is helping the couple take care of their child .
+
+S The grandparent caregiver relief encourages three generations to live under one roof .
+
+S In this manner , the elder folks are in turn taken care of by the younger generation , easing their ageing process .
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , there are also public housing schemes .
+
+S First-time buyers of government flats can get a housing grant if they purchase a flat in the area where their parents live .
+
+S Even if the elderly are not living with their children in this instance , they are still within an accessible vicinity of their children .
+
+S This allows the older folks to easily stay connected with their family as visiting is now made convenient .
+
+S The aged today also possess another advantage in the form of Tribunal for the Maintenance of Parents .
+
+S This scheme allows parents to get the court 's help to seek financial support from their children who are capable of supporting them , but are not doing so .
+
+S The parents , however , must be incapable of supporting themselves financially and be over sixty years old .
+
+S The above mentioned contributes to the easing of the ageing process by creating a dependency between the younger generation in families with their elders .
+A 3 3|||M:NOUN|||law|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Other social policies established to help ease the ageing process include the Central Provident Fund .
+
+S This comes across as forced savings where members can withdraw their savings on reaching the age of fifty-five years , leaving a minimum sum in their retirement account .
+
+S From the age of sixty-two , members receive a monthly sum from their retirement account , ensuring they still have money left to fund their old age .
+
+S This social policy has helped many to self sustain their elderly years .
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||remain self-sufficient in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , this has achieved the reduction of elder dependency by encouraging later retirement and longer working lives .
+
+S Such is an example of raising the eligibility age for public pensions and government incentives .
+
+S At the same time , when people work longer , they will be able to accumulate more wealth which they could use to support themselves in their old age .
+
+S In the area of healthcare policies , there are a handful of available measures which have essentially helped eased the ageing process .
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:TENSE|||ease|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , one such example is the Medisave fund , whereby a portion from a member 's central provident fund is channelled into their medisave account where the money can be used to pay for hospital bills and certain medical treatments which are expensive .
+
+S This measure curbs the elder 's worry of escalating healthcare costs , which they find themselves more liable to in their older years .
+A 3 5|||R:OTHER|||elderly people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , direct subsidies are given to government hospitals , polyclinics and some nursing homes for the elderly to ensure that basic healthcare services are made available for all Singaporean elders .
+A 30 31|||R:OTHER|||senior citizens|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Ageing process is made easier as worry for health issues and expenses are greatly reduced .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The ageing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||about|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As illustrated , there exist many current social policies which have become widely available .
+A 3 9|||R:OTHER|||currently , many social policies exist|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These policies caters to the varying needs of the ageing population be it in financial terms or healthcare .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||cater|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Today , the concerns involved with the ageing process have been curbed in a wide array and a majority of our concerns with a greying population are dismissed .
+A 9 16|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||people 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:PREP|||about|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The elders are greatly aided with their ageing process through government grants , healthcare benefits and many other social policies made available to them and each can be easily utilised .
+A 1 2|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 27|||R:OTHER|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S People today are able to ease aging process because of the current research and development .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One area of focus is on psychology .
+
+S In psychology studies , scientists analysed human mental functions and behaviours and came out with solutions to help elderly ease their process of aging .
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S [ 1 ]
+
+S Through research , psychologists found out that elderly gets depress easily .
+A 8 8|||M:NOUN|||people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||get depressed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is mainly due to ageism .
+
+S For instance , in the work society , some young adults develop prejudice and discrimination against the older people because they feel that elderly are less efficient and no longer productive .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN|||place|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , aging process can be eased by helping the elderly develop a positive attitude towards life .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Elderly tends to think that they are incompetent and useless as they no long contributes to the society .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:SVA|||tend|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||longer contribute|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , live long learning is emphasized to help them .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||life|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They can upgrade their skills by taking up enriching courses like computer classes .
+A 8 9|||R:MORPH|||enrichment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S At the end of the course , a certificate will be awarded to them if they have successfully attained the skill .
+
+S This can boost their confidence in securing their job .
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , " a community work approach can change old people from passive clients into active and empowered individuals with a positive self-image .
+
+S " [ 2 ] According to one study , 20-25 percent of the elderly in nursing homes are clinically depressed .
+
+S [ 5 ] They often feel lonely and helpless as they have no one to confide to .
+A 16 17|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Now , many community service clubs like NUS CSC have gathered volunteers to visit these elderly at least once a week .
+A 1 2|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this way , elderly can get involved in community activities which in turn make them look forward to the next session .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thirdly , for retired elderly , they could not get used to the ample of time they have .
+A 3 5|||R:OTHER|||retirees|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||amount of free|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Other than joining activities held in the community centres , they can also form groups with other elderly to do morning exercises .
+A 18 18|||M:NOUN|||people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " People who are physically active in their leisure time aged more slowly than " people who live a sedentary life .
+
+S [ 3 ] .
+
+S Exercise can help them to improve blood circulation , bone strength and immune systems functions .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||system|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , make them look and feel younger .
+
+S On the other hand , critics feel that these solutions can only help the elderly to a certain extent .
+
+S It only eases aging temporarily .
+
+S However , it is not true .
+
+S Easing aging process is just about making them feel better .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As long as the elderly are engaged in their busy lives , they will actually feel not much different from the young ones .
+
+S For retired elderly , they may even feel better as there 's no stress from work .
+A 11 12|||R:CONTR|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The saying goes : " You 're only as old as you feel " .
+
+S Since the solutions from current research and development can help elderly to feel young and create a positive attitude towards life , hence aging is eased to a large extent .
+A 0 2|||U:PREP|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:NOUN|||people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 30|||R:OTHER|||and to a large extent help to ease aging|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference :
+
+S [ 1 ] Psychology { http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology } [ HYPERLINK : http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology ]
+
+S [ 2 ] Empowering Elderly People : A Community Work Approach * { http : //cdj.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/31/3/230 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //cdj.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/31/3/230 ]
+
+S [ 3 ] Physically Active People Age More Slowly { http : //www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/95484.php } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/95484.php ]
+
+S [ 4 ] Ageism { http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ageism } [ HYPERLINK : http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ageism ]
+
+S [ 5 ] Loneliness and depression afflicting the elderly { http : //www.troubledwith.com/Relationships/A000000819.cfm ? topic = relationships % 3A % 20caring % 20for % 20elderly % 20parents } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.troubledwith.com/Relationships/A000000819.cfm ? topic = relationships % 3A % 20caring % 20for % 20elderly % 20parents ]
+
+S Care the old
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Caring for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Recently , a controversial topic has been put forward .
+
+S It is about whether public spending on the aged should be limited so that money can be diverted to other areas of the country 's development .
+
+S As far as I am concerned , we should not limit the public spending on the aged .
+A 0 17|||R:OTHER|||It can be argued that public spending on the aged should not be limited|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The reasons are as follows : Firstly , put first thing first .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||things|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , cutting down public spending may arouse the complaints of the public .
+A 8 11|||R:OTHER|||complaints from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thirdly , limiting the public spending on the aged will surely increase the load over the youth .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First of all , put first thing first , which means satisfying the basic needs ofthe aged is the most important thing for a country , only when the basic needs of people are satisfied , development can be possible .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||things|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:DET|||this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:PREP|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 40|||R:OTHER|||can development be possible.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Let us imagine , if the aged people are in starvation , how can the government still limits the public spending and use the money on other areas , regardless of thousands of lives .
+A 0 4|||R:OTHER|||Imagine|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||starving|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:SVA|||limit|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 34|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It looks like that exchanging the development with people 's lives .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , after the war , the government of Iraq tried to collect money for the public spending and basic reconstruction .
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the case of Iraq , satisfying the basic needs of people is the most important thing which should be put first .
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Different countries have different cases that can not be talked together .
+A 8 11|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another reason is that limiting public spending may arouse the complaints of public , which in return , has an effect on the development of the country .
+A 9 12|||R:OTHER|||complaints from the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For some elderly person , public spending is the only source of their income .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN|||people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Limiting the public spending will make it harder for them to live through , especially for those old people who have no children and in poor physical condition .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:VERB|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So if their incomes are limited , it must arouse complaints and evokes the indignation .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:SVA|||evoke|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S People may be anti-government and try to hinder the implementation of new policy , which eases the development of the country .
+
+S Most interesting thing is that voters are tended to vote for those who approve the usage of money on public spending .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The most|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||tend|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So government should not limit public spending in case of the complaints and indignation from the public .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Finally , limiting public spending will surely increase the burden on the youth , since they will share much more responsibilities of supporting the aged .
+A 20 22|||R:OTHER|||responsibility for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The youth have already borne the load of bringing up their children ; they must feel more stressful if the society throws the aged problem onto them .
+A 0 18|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some people may say that offering sufficient public spending will make the aged more rely on government .
+A 13 15|||R:WO|||rely more|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , it is not true .
+
+S As we can see , the elderly people are still looking for light jobs to make money .
+A 0 7|||U:OTHER|||Elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , waiters in the shops like Macdonald , cleaners are mostly made up of old people .
+A 4 11|||R:OTHER|||and cleaners in shops like Macdonalds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The aged still try their best to create values for the society .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||value|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 13|||R:OTHER|||society|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Offering public spending just supply the guarantee of their life .
+A 0 11|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Limiting public spending on the aged is a serious matter , especially for those who are physically disabled or live alone without children .
+A 19 19|||M:PRON|||who|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The aged should be cared by the societyTheir basic needs should be satisfied first , then countries ' development can be talked .
+A 5 5|||M:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||society . Their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||UNK|||tackled|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , limiting public spending may cause the complaints of the public and increase the load on the younger generation .
+A 7 10|||R:OTHER|||complaints from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So limiting public spending is the wrong way to develop a country and we should not limit public spending .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Therefore ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 19|||R:OTHER|||public spending should not be limited as limiting public spending is the wrong way to develop a country|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Aging population is a global phenomenon which affects economic growth , sustainability within families and public spending .
+A 1 3|||R:OTHER|||populations are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is caused by declining fertility and rising life expectancy .
+
+S It declines economic growth as the size of the workforce reduces as more elderly leave the workforce and less people are recruited into the workforce affecting productivity .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB|||reduces|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB|||shrinks|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:NOUN|||people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 27|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another impact is the sustainability of families , because there is far less children supporting far more elderly .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This results in severe financial stresses for the working population .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||stress|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Public spending which is government expenditure is also stressed to provide pensions , building infrastructure , healthcare catered for the elderly .
+A 2 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I agree that public spending for the aged should be limited because it is impractical for public spending on the aged not to be limited , and that the limit should be set on healthcare without neglecting the healthcare and social needs of the elderly .
+A 0 4|||R:OTHER|||Therefore , Public|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 46|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is impractical for public spending on the aged not to be limited .
+
+S If it is not limited , then it will increase indefinitely .
+
+S Either other areas of public spending have to receive less funding or taxes have to be raised to allow for more funds to be spent on the aged .
+A 11 11|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These two solutions are both impractical .
+
+S Firstly , public funding on other sectors is also limited and can not be reduced , as they are equally important .
+A 15 16|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Housing and healthcare are basic needs of people .
+
+S Military is a need for defense of the nation .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The military|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||needed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Public spending on technology can not be reduced as it is a substitute for the decline in productivity with a shrinking workforce .
+A 18 19|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is because , technology provides the automation and machines to increase productivity solving the problem of a shrinking workforce .
+
+S Secondly , the main income for public spending is from taxes , especially income taxes from the working population or services tax forming the largest proportion .
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If taxes are raised substantially it would even worsen the severe financial stresses for the working population and adversely impact the consumer market .
+A 5 5|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||stress|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , public spending on the aged definitely has to be limited , ensuring enough funding goes to other sectors such as education , military , technology , transport , housing , healthcare , sports , etc which are equally important and also not to increase taxes for the working population .
+A 41 43|||R:OTHER|||so as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government should limit on public spending on healthcare for the aged , and the limit should satisfy the healthcare needs of all the elderly .
+A 4 5|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Healthcare has become more of a want rather than a basic need .
+
+S The government has to distinguish between needs and wants .
+
+S Needs are consultation and medication upon falling ill .
+
+S Wants are usually specialist services that perform detailed checkups to determine the underlying cause of the illness , analysis of patients ' symptoms to predict illnesses they might contract and certain pharmaceutical medicine which acts as supplements .
+A 32 33|||R:NOUN:NUM|||medicines|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:VERB:SVA|||act|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The wanted healthcare costs are significantly higher as specialist services and pharmaceuticals use high technology equipment and expertise .
+
+S Therefore , individuals should pay for what is wanted and only needs are being subsidized the government to reduce public spending on healthcare for the aged .
+A 12 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||should be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:PREP|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government should also support healthcare costs for those elderly in families with financial problems as poverty would come into place if basic healthcare is not provided to everyone .
+A 17 21|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The elderly are extremely susceptible to certain illnesses due to age .
+
+S These illnesses or diseases could be non-communicable or chronic which include cardiovascular disease , dementia and Alzheimer 's disease , cancer , arthritis , and diabetes .
+A 23 24|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , self reliance such as retirement savings has to be in place first to allow the elderly to be able to pay for illnesses which they might contract later .
+
+S Otherwise , it would be a huge drain on government resources to pay for all their medical expenses .
+
+S Although , the public spending on the aged has to be limited , it can not neglect the social needs of the elderly .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Social needs of the elderly include being able to communicate with the community .
+
+S As the elderly are physically weaker and have poorer vision , elder friendly infrastructures which include enhancements to transport facilities and housing are necessary to free the elderly from problems of mobility to the community .
+A 11 12|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 22|||R:OTHER|||,which include enhancements to transport facilities and housing ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 35|||R:OTHER|||within the community.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Imagine if there were plenty staircases and no lifts , signs with small fonts , no resting areas .
+A 5 5|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||and no resting areas .|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It would be an anti elderly society where they would most likely stay at home .
+A 4 6|||R:ADJ|||anti-elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These elder friendly infrastructures are meant to give accessibility for the elderly to physically communicate with friends , families and other people making them part of the community .
+A 1 2|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After all , it is only morally right to do so as the elderly were once part of the working populations that contributed to the nation and they now form a significant portion of the population .
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||population|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the world should shift towards fostering an elder friendly society that values their contribution and allow them to part of the community .
+A 10 11|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:SVA|||allows|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:VERB|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It should also inculcate a strong sense of self reliance among the workforce to prepare them for their elderly life .
+A 18 20|||R:OTHER|||old age|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This would reduce their dependence on children or government to support them , and not hinder the growth of other areas of country development when these other areas receive fewer funds due to the increasing amount of funds being diverted into helping the growing aged population .
+A 12 13|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 28|||R:OTHER|||, as these other areas currently|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Psychological help to ease the aging process
+
+S According to the definition from the Internet , " psychology is an { academic } [ HYPERLINK : http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic ] and { applied } [ HYPERLINK : http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_science ] discipline involving the systematic , and often { scientific } [ HYPERLINK : http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science ] , study of human/animal { mental functions } [ HYPERLINK : http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_function ] and { behavior } [ HYPERLINK : http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavior ] .
+
+S " ( Wikipedia , 2009 ) .
+
+S As psychology develops , it has benefitted human a lot , helping people know more about themselves .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||humans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , current psychological research and development have indeed helped to ease the aging process by dealing with elderly depression , promoting life-long learning and eliminating ageism .
+
+S Elderly depression , which could lead to serious consequences and even become life-threatening , can be prevented and eased with psychological consultation and treatment .
+
+S As a common elderly mental illness , elderly depression could as well result in miocardial infarction , high blood pressure and coronary heart disease .
+
+S According to statistics from the World Health Organization , seven to ten percents of the elderly population have depression problems ( Baidu , 2009 ) .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||percent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , as the psychology advances , elderly depression can be dealt with through psychological means .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First , elderly depression could be prevented with psychological consultation .
+A 0 1|||R:MORPH|||Firstly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , a qualified psychological consultant is able to offer an old person constructive suggestions of preventing depression such as keeping a positive attitude towards aging , developing hobbies and participating in social activities , which can activate the old person 's mind .
+A 16 18|||R:OTHER|||on how to prevent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 43|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The consultant might also advise the children of the old person to keep the elderly company regularly and care more about him .
+A 21 22|||R:PRON|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Probably elderly depression would be prevented from happening to the old person with active mind and lots of emotional support .
+A 0 1|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||Elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||may|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 12|||R:OTHER|||old people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||minds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Second , elderly depression could be treated with psychological treatment .
+A 0 1|||R:MORPH|||Secondly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The means is more or less the same with the prevention means , but is more enhanced .
+
+S For instance , psychological doctors can address the importance of sports as appropriate amount of sports can keep the old people 's body and mind on .
+A 3 5|||R:OTHER|||psychologists|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 16|||R:OTHER|||amounts of sport|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||bodies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN:NUM|||minds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:OTHER|||active|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S At the same time , volunteers can play a part in helping to treat as listeners .
+A 12 14|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Speaking out personal experience and difficulties in life is a good way of letting off negative mood for old people .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||experiences|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 17|||R:OTHER|||go of negative thoughts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Current psychological development has functioned well in the two points and hence helps to ease the aging process .
+
+S Besides , promoting life-long learning has played a significant role in helping to ease the aging process .
+
+S Life-long learning is known as " lifelong , lifewide , voluntary , and self-motivated pursuit of knowledge for either personal or professional reasons .
+
+S " ( Wikipedia , 2009 ) .
+
+S It not only enhances personal development for the elderly , but also equips them with knowledge to compete in employment .
+
+S As an old saying puts it , it is { never too old to learn } [ HYPERLINK : dict : //key.0895DFE8DB67F9409DB285590D870EDD/never % 20too % 20old % 20to % 20learn ] .
+A 9 32|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By continuous self learning , the elderly is able to refresh their mind and keep up with the pace of time .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||minds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They could identify themselves in the new era better since they are capable of adapting themselves to an environment that is different from theirs with life-long learning .
+
+S Take Information and Communication Technology ( ICT ) as an example .
+
+S After we stepped into an information age , a good command of computer use has become increasingly necessary for everyone .
+
+S If a grandfather knows how to surf the Internet , his life will be more colourful and meaningful because he has more approach to recreation and more access to information .
+A 22 24|||R:OTHER|||opportunities for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , with life-long learning , the old is more competitive in the working force because they possess new knowledge needed in a new age and have profound working experience , which is an advantage over the young .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:MORPH|||work|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In " A Graying World " , Peter G. Peterson ( 2001 ) introduces six strategies for policy reforms to ease the aging process , one of which is to reduce elderly dependency by encouraging later retirement .
+
+S Once the elderly becomes more competitive in employment , it is easier for them to choose late retirement .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||become|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , the aging problem can be eased .
+
+S However , one might propose that psychology development has brought about ageism , which involves prejudicial attitudes to the { aging process } [ HYPERLINK : http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ageing ] .
+A 19 31|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nevertheless , although the term was coined with the development of psychology , it is not psychological development that breeds ageism .
+
+S On the contrary , psychological development has helped to eliminate ageism , " the { stereotyping } [ HYPERLINK : http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereotyping ] of and { discrimination } [ HYPERLINK : http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrimination ] against individuals or groups because of their age " ( Wikipedia , 2009 ) .
+A 12 51|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the aid of psychology , people could gain a better understanding of aging , which is a natural phenomenon , and appreciate the elderly more .
+
+S It is the old who has contributed to our society a lot .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Psychological development has provided us with the right view of aging , helping to eliminate ageism and ease the aging process .
+A 4 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , elderly depression problems are becoming less severe with the help of psychological consultation and treatment , life-long learning has been promoted by psychological development to equip the elderly better for employment , and ageism is somewhat eliminated by correct psychological perspective .
+A 37 45|||UNK|||has been somewhat eliminated by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Current psychological research and development have helped to ease the aging process to a large extent .
+
+S References
+
+S " psychology " , Wikipedia .
+
+S Retrieved September 12 , 2009 , from { http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology } [ HYPERLINK : http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology ]
+
+S " Elderly Depression " , Baidu .
+
+S Retrieved September 12 , 2009 , from { http : //baike.baidu.com/view/1140763.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //baike.baidu.com/view/1140763.htm ]
+
+S " Lifelong learning " , Wikipedia .
+
+S Retrieved September 13 , 2009 , from { http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life-long_learning } [ HYPERLINK : http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life-long_learning ]
+
+S Peter G. Peterson ( 2001 ) .
+
+S A Graying World .
+
+S In Harvard International Review .
+
+S " Ageism " , Wikipedia .
+
+S Retrieved September 13 , 2009 , from { http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ageism } [ HYPERLINK : http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ageism ]
+
+S With the population of aged getting larger in the society , a big sum of money is involved in helping the aged .
+A 8 11|||R:OTHER|||society|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If this huge amount of spending is reduced , but in turn , spend on the other areas for the country 's development , the wealth of the country can reach a balance point .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||spent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 34|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To many people , it can be perceived as being cruel to the elderly by limiting the amount of money to be spent on them .
+A 4 24|||R:OTHER|||limiting the amount of money to be spent on the elderly can be perceived as being cruel to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , we need to be realistic and pragmatic .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||it is necessary|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A country 's development is the key element to bring wealth to the country , so as to improve the living quality of the future generation .
+
+S With sufficient fund , the country can spend on manpower , education , investment , construction and other aspects to aid in its development .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||funds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nevertheless , a government can still provide fund for the aged .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||funds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This has to be done within a certain limit , depending on the individual 's wealth status .
+
+S To suggest , a country can implant financial survey for the elderly .
+A 0 3|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 13|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this survey , the elderly can state down whether they do receive any forms of subsidy from their families , where do they stay with , and whether they are interested to apply for financial assistance .
+A 11 12|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:OTHER|||they stay , who|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 34|||R:OTHER|||in applying|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this case , those who decide that they are wealthy enough to support themselves should not be part of this financial fund .
+
+S This is because they still have sufficient money to spend on things other than their basic needs .
+
+S On top of that , it ensures that their contributions to the country 's economy still do exist .
+A 16 17|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By doing so , the country could differentiate them from the rest of the elderly that they do not need any forms of financial aid , because they already have enough to finance themselves .
+A 16 17|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:NUM|||form|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , for those who are really in need , they can apply for the subsidy to receive a certain amount of funding every month .
+A 17 19|||R:OTHER|||subsidies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Under this financial plan , they will benefit from the country 's welfare and at the same time , able to satisfy their basic needs .
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A well-developed country can bring wealth and boost economy of the country .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With that , the citizens can get to improve their living qualities and conditions .
+A 11 14|||R:OTHER|||standards and quality of life|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For that reason , spending on areas that serve the purpose of helping a country 's growth is essential to the country .
+
+S If the government continues to splurge a lot in funding the aged , the country 's capital would ultimately become unbalanced and would be insufficient to spend on the other areas , for instance , education .
+
+S Let us imagine a country that has slower development in education .
+A 0 3|||U:OTHER|||Imagine|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the near future , children in the country would have lower chance to be educated .
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With little knowledge and skills , the country would be poor and would not grow .
+
+S In a nutshell , a country 's funding for both aged and young should be balanced out .
+
+S People need to be more practical and far-sighted to consider about the next generation in the country .
+A 10 11|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This can be done by building up fund for the country 's development , but not overdoing in funding the aged .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||funds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||while|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||R:OTHER|||funding for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The main focus should be on the country 's development .
+
+S Therefore , public spending on the elderly should be restricted .
+
+S Public spending on the aged should not be limited because this is part of the country 's development and social well being .
+
+S It is equally important as the other aspects of the country 's development .
+
+S Some countries experience aging population , for example Japan , which is facing rapid change in aging population , having a 5.1 % 1 increase over the last 30 years .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are experiencing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:FORM|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:OTHER|||in aging population|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This figure is expected to increase as more elderly age reaching 65 years old .
+A 9 10|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:MORPH|||reach|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Countries such as Singapore also face rapid aging population with decreasing fertility rate of 0.31 % 1 over the past 7 years .
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||are also facing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:NOUN|||growth|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If this trend continues , Singapore will be second after Japan demographic age .
+A 11 13|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This aging population thus affects the country 's economy because of the high retirement rate and the increased need in providing healthcare for the elderly .
+A 0 1|||R:DET|||An|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence I disagree to a large extend that public spending should be limited because it is still part of the country 's responsibility to take care of the aged population .
+A 0 11|||R:OTHER|||therefore public spending should not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , Singapore is one of the many countries experiencing aging population , where median age increases from 16.9 years since 1970 to 19.51 years now and a decreasing fertility rate1 .
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has increased|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:OTHER|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:OTHER|||rate [ 1 ]|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Large number of retirees will be expected in the future .
+A 4 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government has extended the retirement age from 55 to 65 years .
+
+S Other policies the government has in creating more job opportunities for the aged include , providing part time jobs , allowing flexible working hours and giving an option for them to work at home .
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||have implemented is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:FORM|||including|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Public funding should be spent on the aged for retraining , as it is also a form of investment because the aged , being part of the workforce , are also helping to improve the economy .
+
+S Secondly , as the country 's aging population increases , health problem becomes one of the concerns for the elderly .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:SVA|||become|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For most developed and developing countries , healthcare would become an issue .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the cost of living increases , the cost on healthcare also increases concurrently .
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , healthcare is an issue in the United States such as coverage of healthcare expenses issues .
+A 11 18|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Any healthcare cost will become a burden to themselves as well as to their family members .
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On other hand , countries such as Singapore have policies which help the elderly in covering their medical expenses .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||to cover|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ElderShield plan , an insurance scheme , covers medical treatment expenses for severe disabilities especially for the elderly .
+
+S This will not be possible if limitation of public spending on the aged had been imposed .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , a significant amount of the country 's funds should be spent on improving the country 's economy , which in turn creates more job opportunities .
+
+S For instance , during the current economic downturn , public funding should be diverted to developing more facilities , which will in turn improve the economic .
+A 24 26|||R:OTHER|||ththe economy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One example is the recent government project on the integrated resort , which create job opportunities and attract people to spend when it is completed .
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:VERB:TENSE|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:NOUN|||money|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If the economy of the country is not growing , it may affect the businesses within the country , which in turn affects the employment rate .
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , we should not limit the public spending on the aged as they are still part of the country 's development and social well being .
+A 2 12|||R:OTHER|||public spending on the aged should not be limited|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is still part of the country 's social responsibility to take care of the aged population .
+
+S As a Chinese idiom goes , the aged population is actually a treasure to the country .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN|||saying|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However a significant amount of funding should also be diverted to other developments to stimulate the economy and help the country and its people to survive the economic downturn .
+A 12 13|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Note
+
+S 1 ) Population and demography key indicator 2008
+
+S http : //www.singstat.gov.sg/stats/themes/people/popnindicators.pdf
+
+S I agree that " To a large extent , current research and development/policies have helped to ease the aging process .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||It has been argued|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " Elders experience degraded capabilities in body functions , like standing for extended duration , lifting , diminishing eyesight and slower reaction time among others .
+A 3 4|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Technologies have been deployed to assist elders in day to day activities to counter or decrease disadvantages they face due to their less athletic bodies .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||elderly people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Elders are eased in the aging process by technologies that retaining some of the capabilities when they were young .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Elderly people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:FORM|||retain|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 20|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Technologies lower the requirement for physically demanding tasks .
+
+S Compared to the past where there was less advanced deployment of machineries and technologies , I found four areas that technologies help elders in , work , communication , healthcare and transportation .
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||there are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:OTHER|||the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , mechanization and automation have taken away much muscularity from work .
+A 8 13|||UNK|||the physical component of many jobs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This allows elders how to less physical capabilities in their work .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 5|||UNK|||to have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Elders are as capable of operating and monitoring equipments as the younger , stronger workers .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||The elderlys|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||equipment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:OTHER|||are.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Working at the port or the warehouse would be impossible for elders in the past , where cargo are loaded and uploaded by man .
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||elderly people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Dockside cranes and forklift , both implementations of technologies , allow elders to handle the job even though they are not as fit as younger workers .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||forklifts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 9|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||elderly people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , due to mechanization and automation , workers have smaller decrease in productivity due to age , allowing elders to work at age older than could be done in the past .
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||elderly people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 25|||R:OTHER|||an older age|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Elders can have longer time to save up for retirement , decreasing potential financial problems .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||The elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Elders can be at ease knowing that they are able to be more financially capable at older age .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||The elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , elders can access communication network through specific communication devices are designed for elders ' usage .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||networks|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 17|||R:OTHER|||usage by the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S While most are still in prototype stage , the demand in the market warrants such products to be available in the near future .
+A 2 2|||M:NOUN|||products|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||at the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These devices take into account elders ' tendency to fail to recall operation methods , contacts , schedule , location , etc. Much emphasis has been placed on shadow learning curves and user- friendliness to non-technically inclined user .
+A 5 8|||R:OTHER|||the tendency of the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 20|||R:OTHER|||schedules , locations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 39|||R:OTHER|||users|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S User interface and controls can self-descriptive and intuitive , achieved through extensive use of icons , grouping of related tasks and automatic hiding and showing of controls by intelligently determining likely intention of users .
+A 5 5|||M:VERB|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 11|||R:OTHER|||by using|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 30|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A phone by Doro with big buttons and limited functions is an example .
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||a good|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The simplicity of this device made it more adoptable for elders .
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||elderly people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Elders can now communicate with each others , their children and relatives regardless of geographical distance .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Elderly people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:MORPH|||other|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the past , they would have to made physical visit at another geographical location or employ the help of their children to make a phone call or internet chat .
+A 7 11|||R:OTHER|||had to visit physically|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 30|||R:OTHER|||chat on the Internet.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For elders of greater age , technologies can assist in their healthcare with timely information .
+A 1 5|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 16|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The access to emergency services and families are of high importance .
+
+S There are products in the market where the elder at home can wear a device like wearing necklace , on which there is a big red emergency button .
+A 8 9|||R:MORPH|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 19|||R:OTHER|||a necklace|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A modem installed at home will be wirelessly detect the pressing of emergency button and automatically dial for emergency service with location and elder 's medical information and family members as long as the elders press it within the detection range of the device .
+A 6 7|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||services|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 25|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 30|||M:OTHER|||of the elderly person|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 35|||R:OTHER|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This greatly increase the chances of help arriving in a timely manner .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||increases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Emergency respond unit are able to have detailed medical records of the patients before arrival , and apply the appropriate pre-treatment before sending the patient to hospital .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||units|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the past , elders would need someone else to look after them and response to emergency situation .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||elderly people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||respond|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||situations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Elders ' might also be unaware or can not remember their own medical records .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||The elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Technologies thus make aging much safer for elders .
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To help elders travel around , public transportation system had underwent changes catering towards them .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||elderly people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In Singapore , MRT stations are retrofitted with lift so that elders do not need to climb the staircase or take escalator .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||lifts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||elderly people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||R:OTHER|||the escalator|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many bus service providers around the world are acquiring low- floor buses , which has increased accessibility for elders .
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||elderly people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Combined with policy that encourages priority of seats for elders , taking public transport have became a much more comfortable experience compared to the past .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||seating|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||senior citizens|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has become|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , I found many technologies that have helped to ease the aging process by a large extent .
+A 3 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Aging would become much less difficult and uncomfortable without these technologies .
+A 4 5|||UNK|||more|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the most challenging issues in the world now is on the ability to meet up with the increase in energy demand .
+A 11 12|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Current resources like the fossil fuel , which is used to generate electricity , will eventually be depleted in a few centuries ' time ( Mitenkov , Kodochigov , Vasyaev , Golovko , Ponomarev-Stepnoi , Kukharkin & Stolyarevskii , 2004 ) .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the solutions to this problem is the Generation IV nuclear reactors .
+
+S Among all the proposed reactors , the Very-High-Temperature Reactor ( VHTR ) is the most suitable option in terms of its design ( Mitenkov et al. , 2004 ) .
+
+S Although there are public opponents who do not wish for the nuclear reactors to be built due to potential threats , past incidences and cost , Generation IV VHTR aims to overcome these negative aspects with funding for the research and development work .
+A 26 26|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 43|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nuclear reactors are known to be a potential terrorist target .
+
+S This is one of the reasons why opponents from the public do not wish for nuclear reactor to be built .
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||among|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , according to Butler ( 2004 ) , the VHTR has the capability to decrease its own temperature should there be any accident , with minimum operators ' involvement .
+
+S Therefore , the likelihood of reactors melting down because of terrorist shutting off coolant to the VHTR is brought to a minimum .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||terrorists|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 22|||R:OTHER|||minimised|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , terrorist attacks could also come in many other forms ; one well-known example is the terrorist attack upon the United Stated on 11 September 2001 which does not involve nuclear reactors .
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||States|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:VERB:TENSE|||did|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , it can be concluded that if terrorist are determined to destroy a country , they could still use different methods even if nuclear reactors are present in the country .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||terrorists|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , since terrorist know that there will be extra precautions taken for the nuclear reactors , it will be more difficult for them to sabotage the country by means of the nuclear reactor .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||terrorists|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||to safeguard|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order to make the VHTR to be much less of being a target by the terrorist point of view , funding for research and development will help to look for simpler safety interlock systems and other materials which can withstand very high temperature to built the reactor .
+A 6 8|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:ADJ|||attractive|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||terrorists|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 20|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:OTHER|||is necessary|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 28|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 31|||R:OTHER|||develop|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 44|||R:NOUN:NUM|||temperatures|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 45 46|||R:VERB:FORM|||build|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The public , being nuclear-adverse , is also the result of the past incidences at Three Mile Island and Chernobyl in Pennsylvania and Ukraine respectively .
+A 2 3|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||nuclear-averse|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN|||accidents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The former was caused by operators not being able to respond to a sudden shutdown of the reactor .
+
+S Also , the cooling system of the reactor was not properly set up ; hence , overheating caused the reactors ' core to melt and severely damaged ( World Nuclear Association , 2009 ) .
+A 0 1|||R:ADV|||Moreover|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:VERB|||become|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The VHTR can reduce the occurrence of this incident by incorporating simple cooling system which does not need skilled operators ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , with careful , well trained operators and better cooling systems , the probability of incident happening will be reduced .
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN|||accidents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As for the other incident which happened in Chernobyl , it was a result of operators , who were not well trained in operation and safety , operating on a reactor which is inadequately designed ( World Nuclear Association , 2009 ) .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN|||accident|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These led to 56 deaths as of 2004 within four months as a result of the reactors ' explosion and released of radioactive materials into the surroundings ( World Nuclear Association , 2009 ) .
+A 1 1|||M:NOUN|||factors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 11|||R:OTHER|||by 2004|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:MORPH|||release|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It was noted that the explosion was due to coolant used , which is water , turning to steam and thus , suddenly increased the power produced and nuclear reaction ( World Nuclear Association , 2009 ) .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:OTHER|||set off a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It was the inappropriate handling of this sudden increase in power which led to the tragedy .
+
+S For the case of the VHTR , helium will be the coolant .
+A 0 1|||R:PREP|||In|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||the coolant|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||helium|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Being chemically inert , helium does not influence the nuclear reactions with a temperature change or deprive of coolant for the reactor .
+A 16 22|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , power surge of the reactor will be minimized , resulting in a decrease in the probability of reactor explosion .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||surges|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This goes to show that nuclear reactors have become safer for operation .
+
+S As a consequence , those two traumas can lead to both positive and negative outcomes .
+A 0 16|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There is no doubt that the opponents would not want the history to repeat itself , hence , they would not want nuclear reactors to be built .
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 18|||R:OTHER|||so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , there are important lessons to be learnt from this accident which can be used in improving on the design of nuclear reactors .
+A 16 18|||R:OTHER|||to improve|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Research and development for VHTR could help to ensure safer operation of nuclear reactor where safety aspects of the reactor would be better than before .
+A 3 4|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides that , adequate operators ' training will be planned and carried out faithfully to being accident rates to a minimum .
+A 4 6|||R:NOUN:POSS|||operator|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB|||bring|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With safer nuclear reactors , the opposition should feel more at ease with it in their country , and hence , more can be built to help in sustaining the energy supply for the future .
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||opponents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:PRON|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although the cost of hydrogen replacing gasoline is huge , there will surely be more benefits to mankind due to its high efficiency .
+A 20 21|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to Butler ( 2004 ) , approximately 400 nuclear power plants , each requires about US $ 1 billion , need to be built in order to fully be dependent on hydrogen instead of gasoline .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:FORM|||requiring|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , research and testing works are required to look for materials which are able to resist the high temperature of the VHTR and the rapid impact of high energy neutrons in the reaction ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||work|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Opponents may comment that the initial capital cost is very high , but the VHTR is able to produce 50 % more energy than the typical reactor using the same quantity of fuel ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S This could help to meet up with the rising energy demand .
+A 5 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although there might be future technologies which are better than the VHTR , it is not definite as yet .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:PRON|||this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore rather than waiting for a new technology to fully emerge , we should continue to carry out research work on enhancing the feasible technology present now , which is the nuclear reactor .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:FORM|||wait|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Opponents may think that nuclear reactors are potential terrorist targets , but precautions are already taken to minimize the impact .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , nuclear reactors are not the only source for the terrorist ; there are other ways in which terrorists can think of to destroy a country .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN|||targets|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Certain major incidents in the past which resulted in deaths involved nuclear reactors , thus , the public are against nuclear reactors .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN|||accidents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , it is because of these past experiences where there can be improvements to the design of the Generation IV VHTR .
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the VHTR can be said to be much safer than nuclear reactors in the past .
+A 14 15|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lesson learnt then should be fully utilized in solving problems , not to be kept in mind .
+A 0 18|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly , the cost to build and experiment on newly designed nuclear reactors may be high , but the advantage that it can produce more energy with the same amount of resources can far surpass the cost involved as the important issue now is to solve the problem of constantly increasing in energy demand .
+A 21 22|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:VERB:SVA|||surpasses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 51 52|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is mentioned in Butler 's article ( 2004 ) that building VHTR can involve lots of obstacles , but if engineers are able to overcome them , then energy production will be " safe , abundant , reliable , inexpensive and proliferation resistant " .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||many|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , I strongly recommend the further funding for the research and development for engineers to overcome the challenges involved in constructing the VHTR .
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S Anon .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Chernobyl Accident .
+
+S World Nuclear Association .
+
+S Retrieved October 10 , 2009 , from { http : //www.world-nuclear.org/info/chernobyl/inf07.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.world-nuclear.org/info/chernobyl/inf07.html ]
+
+S Anon .
+
+S ( 2001 ) .
+
+S Three Mile Island : 1979 .
+
+S World Nuclear Association .
+
+S Retrieve October 10 , 2009 , from { http : //www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf36.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf36.html ]
+
+S Blue , L. S. ( 1996 ) .
+
+S The Gas Turbine-Modular Helium Reactor for the Next Fifty Years of Nuclear Power .
+
+S In Behram N. Kursunoglu , Stephan Mintz & Arnold Perlmutter , Economics and Politics of Energy ( Chapter III ) .
+
+S Retrieved from SpringerLink database .
+
+S doi : 10.1007/978-0-585-34288-7_9
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear Power 's New dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240 .
+
+S Filippov , G. A. , Bogoyavlenskii , R. G. , Ponomarev-Stepnoi , N. N. , & Gol'tsev , A .
+
+S O .
+
+S ( 2004 ) .
+
+S Modular High-Temperature Helium-Cooled Nuclear Reactor with Spherical Fuel Elements for Electricity and Hydrogen Production .
+
+S Atomic Energy , 96 ( 3 ) , 152-158. doi : 10.1023/B : ATEN.0000030915.37320.26
+
+S Herranz , L.E. , Linares , J.I. , & Moratilla , B.Y .
+
+S ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Power cycle assessment of nuclear high temperature gas-cooled reactors .
+
+S Applied Thermal Engineering , 29 ( 8-9 ) , 1759-1765. doi : 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2008.08.006
+
+S Mitenkov , F. M. , Kodochigov , N. G. , Vasyaev , A .
+
+S V. , Golovko , V. F. , Ponomarev-Stepnoi , N. N. , Kukharkin , N. E. , & Stolyarevskii , A .
+
+S Ya .
+
+S ( 2004 ) .
+
+S High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactors - Energy Source for Industrial Production of Hydrogen .
+
+S Atomic Energy , 97 ( 6 ) , 829-840. doi : 10.1007/s10512-005-0069-x
+
+S Positive Application of Psychology During Design Process
+
+S Talking about the most serious accident ever in the nuclear power history , the 1986 Chernobyl Accident will come to everyone 's mind ( UNSCEAR , 2009 ) .
+A 0 1|||M:ADV|||When talking|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to an authoritative report ( WNA , 2009 ) , there are 56 deaths confirmed to be directly related to the Chernobyl Accident by 2004.It is officially suggested that the Chernobyl Accident was the result of inadequately trained operators , a flawed design , as well as the lack of proper regard for safety ( WNA , 2009 ) .
+A 11 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As researchers pay more and more attention to applied psychology in the recent decades , people are wondering whether the use of psychology during the design process would have prevented some major engineering accident like the Chernobyl Accident .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been paying|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:NOUN:NUM|||accidents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The psychology discussed in this essay is defined as ( Merriam-Webster , 2009 ) " the science of mind and behavior in relation to a particular field of knowledge or activity [ i.e .
+
+S safety of engineering design process here ] " .
+
+S Evidence shows the use of psychology during the design process would largely reduce the chance of the Chernobyl Accident by raising the awareness of safety culture among the crew .
+A 11 11|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:FORM|||reduced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this essay , two aspects where psychology could have been applied to prevent the accident will be talked about , they are : calling people 's attention to the importance of safety and making people consider the safety of the complex high hazard system from a macro view .
+A 20 21|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 27|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Above all , applying psychology during design process could make people pay more attention to the importance of safety .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is identified by International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA ) in the post-accident report that deficient knowledge and awareness of safety through out the design , operating , and regulatory crew was one of the main causes that lead to the Chernobyl Accident ( IAEA , 1992 ) .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 24|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 32|||R:OTHER|||crews|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 40|||R:VERB:TENSE|||led|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Here are some examples that reflects the deficient knowledge safety of the crews .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:SVA|||reflect|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 10|||R:WO|||safety knowledge|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For the design team , a few fatal design errors of the nuclear system and their possible consequences had been known long before the Chernobyl Accident , but no action was taken to correct these errors in the design process .
+A 39 40|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For the operating team , insufficient training of the operating staff caused a serious problem about the man-machine interaction .
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And for the regulatory team , they underestimated the potential danger in the nuclear test and therefore did not provide necessary supervision for the test .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Finally ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( James , 2009 ) All these had contributed to the painful consequence of the Chernobyl Accident , and could be prevented if psychology had been applied to make the crew more responsible and pay more attention to the nuclear safety .
+A 7 8|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore paying more attention to the importance of safety is not enough psychology should be applied to guide the engineers to consider the safety of the nuclear plant from a system level .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:PREP|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The engineers might have considered the safety of immediate man-machine interface while designing the nuclear plant .
+
+S However , as all the other accidents of the same nature namely accidents of the complex high hazard systems the Chernobyl Accident is not the consequence of a single error , but the combination of the failure of various factors ( Wilpert , 2007 ) .
+A 2 3|||R:PREP|||like|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 32|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When the Chernobyl Accident occurred , the poor communication and interaction between different departments of the nuclear plant made it even worse than it might have otherwise been .
+A 25 27|||R:WO|||otherwise have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To prevent the accident , it is important to consider the safety from a macro view by analyzing the whole nuclear system , including the interaction among human , organizational , and technological factors ( Meshkati , 1996 ) .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have prevented|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:OTHER|||of the system|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:NOUN:NUM|||humans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 31|||R:OTHER|||as well as organizational|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This could not be achieved without applying psychology .
+
+S On the other hand , not everyone agree with that applying psychology during engineering design process would have prevented the Chernobyl Accident .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||agrees|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are mainly two rebuttals against applying psychology .
+
+S First due to the wrong social perception of psychology and the social sciences , many people think psychology is only under the field of human arts and social science , which is totally unrelated to engineering , therefore they think there is no way applying psychology during the designing process will help to prevent those engineering accidents like this Chernobyl Accident .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:VERB|||come|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 38|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 44|||R:OTHER|||doubt|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 44 44|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 54 55|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 58 59|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nevertheless , these people do not realize that those who designs , constructs , maintains , and runs the systems are all humans ( Wilpert , 2007 ) .
+A 10 18|||R:OTHER|||design , construct , maintain , and run|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore a large part of the safety of the engineering systems lies on human activities .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Applying psychology in engineering can help to make people more mature , responsible , and careful while dealing with complex high hazard systems like the nuclear reactors , which will definitely reduce the chance of accident .
+A 24 25|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:NOUN:NUM|||chances|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 35|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another rebuttal against applying psychology is that some people argue that design errors is the main cause of the major engineering accidents , and applying psychology can not correct these design errors and prevent the accidents .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:CONJ|||nor|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is true that a lot of accidents are due to design errors , but it is also true that human is the factor that gives rise to the accidents in many cases .
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||humans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If we can not improve the safety awareness among the crew , there is no point to merely solve the technical problem .
+A 16 17|||R:PART|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:FORM|||solving|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , about a decade before the Chernobyl Accident , a nuclear accident occurred at the Three Mile Island , of which the technical cause was also the water cooling system ( WNA , 2001 ) .
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The reason of why ten years later the similar technical defect still caused the Chernobyl Accident is because people did not pay enough attention to the nuclear safety and therefore did not learn a lesson from the prior accidents , which is not a pure technical problem and could be solved by applying psychology .
+A 2 3|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 4|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:ADV|||also|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 42|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 44|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 44 45|||R:MORPH|||purely|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 45 45|||M:OTHER|||due to a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 48 48|||M:DET|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 49 50|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S What is more , studies ( Wells & Ryan , 1991 ) show that 65 % of the major engineering accidents are directly caused by the mistakes made by human beings .
+
+S Human is therefore of vital importance to the safety of engineering design process .
+A 0 1|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Humans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||processes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So instead of solely focusing on the technical problems , applying psychology would be another thing we need to give equal priority to prevent accidents .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Thus ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:OTHER|||in order to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , there is adequate evidence shows that the use of psychology during the design process would have largely reduced the chance for the Chernobyl Accident , considering psychology could help to make people pay more attention to the importance of safety and consider the safety of the whole nuclear in the design process .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:FORM|||showing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 51 51|||M:NOUN|||system|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nevertheless , solely applying psychology during design process would not have totally prevented the Chernobyl Accident , because there are other factors that lead to the accident , for example , cultural factor .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 27|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 30|||R:OTHER|||such as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 31|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:OTHER|||, that lead to the accident|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is confirmed by UN ( WNA , 2009 ) that the Cold War isolation is one of the direct cause of the Chernobyl Accident .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 15|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||causes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These factors can not be helped by solely applying psychology during the design process .
+
+S References :
+
+S Chernobyl Accident .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S World Nuclear Association ( WNA ) .
+
+S Retrieved on 22nd , Oct , 2009 , from : http : //www.world-nuclear.org/info/chernobyl/inf07.html
+
+S James , M. N. ( 2009 ) .
+
+S [ Electrical Version ] Tutorial on Failure Analysis : Industrial Cases Studies .
+
+S Faculty of Technology , School of Engineering , University of Plymouth , UK .
+
+S Retrieved on 22nd , Oct , 2009 , from : http : //www.tech.plym.ac.uk/sme/Interactive_Resources/tutorials/FailureCases/ hs2.html
+
+S Psychology .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S In Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary .
+
+S Retrieved October 21 , 2009 , from : http : //www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Psychology
+
+S Meshkati , N. ( 1996 ) .
+
+S A Major Cause of the Chernobyl Accident : The Vital Role of Human and Organizational Factors in the Safety of Nuclear Power Plants .
+
+S University of Southern California , U.S.A .
+
+S The Chernobyl Accident .
+
+S ( 2006 ) .
+
+S United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation ( UNSCER ) .
+
+S Retrieved on 22nd , Oct , 2009 , from : http : //www.unscear.org/unscear/en/chernobyl.html
+
+S Three Mile Island : 1979 .
+
+S ( 2001 ) .
+
+S World Nuclear Association .
+
+S Retrieved on 22nd , Oct , 2009 , from : http : //www.world- nuclear.org/info/default.aspx ? id = 500&terms = Three + Mile + Island
+
+S The Chernobyl Accident : Updating of INSAG-1 .
+
+S ( 1992 ) .
+
+S P.24 .
+
+S IAEA 's Nuclear Safety Review .
+
+S International Atomic Energy Agency .
+
+S Wells , J.E .
+
+S and Ryan , T.G .
+
+S ( 1991 ) .
+
+S Integrating human factors expertise into the PRA process .
+
+S In G. Apostolakis ( Ed .
+
+S ) , Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management .
+
+S New York : Elsevier , 577-582 .
+
+S Wilpert , B .
+
+S ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Psychology and design processes .
+
+S Safety Science 45 293- 303 .
+
+S Now the scarcity of energy has increasingly become a severe problem .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Nowadays ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Compared with other kinds of power generation , nuclear energy is rather cost competitive and eco-friendly .
+A 11 12|||R:ADV|||relatively|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , more and more countries have put the construction of nuclear plants on their agendas .
+
+S With the development of nuclear industry , the proliferation of the generation reactors will become a certainty .
+
+S Personally , among all the generation reactors , I believe the supercritical water reactor should be the most applicable for most countries , especially those developing countries without advanced technology and tremendous capital .
+A 0 2|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , the supercritical water reactor is not only very high thermal efficient but also quite economical .
+A 10 11|||R:MORPH|||highly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As for construction cost , the supercritical water reactor is rather low .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Due to the simpler structure , many of the traditional Light Water Reactor components such as the coolant recirculation pumps , pressurizers , steam generators , and steam separators and dryers can be eliminated in the Supercritical water reactors .
+A 36 37|||R:ORTH|||supercritical|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Buongiorno & MacDonald , 2003 , p. 3 ) And as for material engineering , according to the corrosion and stress-corrosion cracking ( SCC ) susceptibility tests in supercritical water by scientist from MIT ( Massachusetts Institute of Technology ) and the University of Michigan ( J. McKinley , S. Teysseyre , G. S. Was , D. B. Mitton , H. Kim , J-K Kim , and R. M. Latanision,2003 ) , Two traditional austenitic steels ( 304L and 316L ) can be used for high temperature components in the SCWR .
+A 32 33|||R:NOUN:NUM|||scientists|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 47 71|||R:OTHER|||McKinley , Teysseyre , Was , Mitton , Ki & Latanision , 2003|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 73 74|||R:ORTH|||two|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 85 86|||R:PREP|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , as for the Very High Temperature reactor , big safety provisions have to be considered to ensure the stability under high temperature and a multitude of coolants are needed .
+A 22 23|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:NOUN:NUM|||temperatures|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since the coolant for VHTR is inherit gas such as Helium and is not recyclable , a lot of energy and money will be consumed to separate it from air .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||inert|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:VERB|||required|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , large amount of money needs to be spent to design and develop new related materials which can bear high temperature , high { neutron } [ HYPERLINK : http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron ] dose , and { corrosive } [ HYPERLINK : http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosion ] operating conditionsinside the VHT reactor ( IAEA 2004 ) .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:NUM|||temperatures|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:NOUN:NUM|||doses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also it is very costly to build the VHTR since its too complicated inner structure .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||In addition ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||because of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:ADV|||excessively|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , SCWR can be installed not only in shorter period but also by fewer workers , which will dramatically save the fixed costs of plant construction .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||within|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the meantime , the supercritical water reactor can also enjoy high thermal efficiency and energy conversion rate .
+A 8 11|||R:OTHER|||also enjoys|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:ADJ|||high|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to the SCWR annual report published By Jacopo Buongiorno and Philip E. MacDonald ( 2003 ) , about 45 % to 55 % heat generated by nuclear reactions can be transferred into electricity against 35 % efficiency for advanced LWRs .
+A 7 8|||R:ORTH|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:OTHER|||of the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:VERB|||transformed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since the coolant is just supercritical water , at extreme pressure , above the critical point , steam and liquid can be into a single phase , which will convert more fission energy into electricity .
+A 20 22|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And compared with Very High temperature reactor , the SCWR is a breeder one , thus it could produce more usable potentially usable fuel , which means less core material such as Uranium would be consumed to produce same quantities of electricity .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Moreover ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 7|||R:OTHER|||the VHTR|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||. Thus ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:TENSE|||can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:ORTH|||uranium|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 38|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly , compared with VHTR , owing to its lower temperature , the SCWR needs fewer heats to trigger the reactions and keep the thermal inertia , which save more energy but also stay in the high thermal efficiency .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:ADJ|||less|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||heat|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:VERB:SVA|||saves|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 39|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , compared with other generation four reactors , the SCWR should be more applicable for most countries .
+
+S Since SCWR is a combine and expanse of old Light Water reactor and fossil fuel fired boiler , which are commonly deployed and widely used around the world .
+A 1 1|||UNK|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:MORPH|||combination|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN|||expansion|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 12|||M:DET|||the old Light Water Reactor|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus the basic theories and technologies for SCWR have been proven to be reliable for many years ( W. S. Yang , N. Zavaljevski ,2003 ) .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 25|||R:OTHER|||Yang & Zavaljevski , 2003|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But as for VHTRs , not a similar plant has been build yet ( the first VHTR will be completed in 2020s ) , a lot of new and untested concepts still need be verified , which may cause reactors with more nondeterminacies any incur more unexpected problems .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||In contrast|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:FORM|||built|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:OTHER|||2020|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 44|||R:OTHER|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 44 45|||R:VERB|||produce|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And as for VHTR , a lot technical challenges also remain to be unsettled .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Moreover ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB|||settled|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , since SCWR 's simple and user-friendly design , almost from mature technologies of LWR ; therefore it will be more likely to be adapted soon by many countries , especially those developing countries without strong capital and mature technologies .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 12|||R:OTHER|||incorporates mostly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , by processing electricity , hydrogen also can be generated with electrolysis by SCWR , which will support the development of hydrogen industry in following decades and make additional profits .
+A 7 9|||R:WO|||can also|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thirdly , the Supercritical water reactor is more eco-friendly and safe .
+
+S Different from Light Water Reactors used around world today , the Super Critical Water Reactor can be more likely to slow down and catch 'fast neutrons ' , which means it would burn less nuclear fuels in a more thorough way .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , less radioactive waste will be generated and need to be land-filled .
+
+S So the time for breakdown nuclear wastes will be decades instead of millenniums after SCWR will be applied .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Thus ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||breaking down|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Further , compared with VHTR , the primary and secondary coolant of SCWR is just the same supercritical water which can be relatively easy to get and recycled .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:VERB:FORM|||recycle|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And because the super enthalpy of supercritical water , more energy will be transplanted but less unexpected by-products will be produced , which will certainly decrease the risk of contamination to the environment and enhance the integral efficiency of transplanting , which will effectually reduce the carbon emissions by burning less fossil fuels .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||In addition ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 2|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 45 46|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The safety of SCWR has been proven and can be better in the future .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:FORM|||bettered|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thanks to the improvement of core design , less average core density will be required so that the possibility of devastating accidents such as core melting down happened will become extremely slim ; And because the dedicated moderator of SCWR , the boiling crisis of coolants under normal operating conditions can be also eliminated .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:OTHER|||Moreover ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 35|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 39|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 51 53|||R:WO|||also be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since the SCWR safety system is comparable with ABWR , scientists now are trying to combine SCWR with ESBWR-type passive safety systems together .
+A 8 8|||M:OTHER|||that of the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||R:WO|||are now|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If it can be integrated together , the safety of SCWR will be enhanced dramatically .
+A 1 2|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||R:WO|||dramatically enhanced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To conclude , although some technical issues of Super Critical Water reactor are still under researching , personally I reckon that the SCWR would be the most promising reactor against other generation ones , in terms of performance , cost , feasibility , and impacts to the environment .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||being researched|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 32|||M:NOUN|||IV|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 44 45|||R:NOUN:NUM|||impact|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 45 46|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the development of science and technology , the SWCR will not only be able to efficiently produce clean energy but also significantly settle the severe global warming challenge today .
+A 23 24|||R:VERB|||address|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S ( 1 ) Jacopo Buongiorno , Philip E. MacDonald , ( 2003 ) Supercritical Water Reactor ( SCWR ) : Progress Report for the FY-03 Generation-IV R&D Activities for the Development of the SCWR in the U.S. 3 , 4-5 .
+
+S ( 2 ) Topical Article 5 : Graphite Material Technology , ( 2004 ) IAEA HTGR Knowledge Base http : //www.iaea.org/inisnkm/nkm/aws/htgr/topics/article_05.html
+
+S ( 3 ) J. Buongiorno , W. Corwin , P. E. MacDonald , L. Mansur , R. Nanstad , R. Swindeman , A. Rowcliffe , G. Was , D. Wilson , I. Wright , Supercritical Water Reactor ( SCWR ) , Survey of Materials Experience and R&D Needs to Assess Viability , INEEL/EXT-03-00693 ( Rev .
+
+S 1 ) , Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory , September 30 , 2003 .
+
+S ( 4 ) J. McKinley , S. Teysseyre , G. S. Was , D. B. Mitton , H. Kim , J-K Kim , and R. M. Latanision , " Corrosion and Stress Corrosion Cracking of Austenitic Alloys in Supercritical Water " , Paper 1027 , Proceedings of GENES4/ANP2003 , Kyoto , JAPAN Paper 1027 , Sep. 15-19 , 2003 .
+
+S ( 5 ) W. S. Yang , N. Zavaljevski , Preliminary Investigation of Power-Flow Instabilities of Supercritical Water Reactor , Argonne National Laboratory , September 2003 .
+
+S To further explore the potential of nuclear energy , the United States , Argentina , Brazil , Canada , France , Japan , South Korea , South Africa , Switzerland and the United Kingdom , have come together to form the Generation IV International Forum ( GIF ) .
+
+S ( Butler , D 239 ) GIF 's criteria of including a nuclear reactor design for consideration include : sustainable energy , competitive energy , safe and reliable systems and proliferation resistance .
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( " Very High Temperature Reactors " , section 5 ) Very-high-temperature reactor ( VHTR ) is one of the six generation IV reactor concepts proposed by the GIF .
+A 11 13|||M:DET|||The Very-High-Temperature Reactor|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S VHTR requires an operating temperature of 1000oC,at high pressure where helium is the coolant being used .
+A 0 0|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||1000oC and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:FORM|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Butler , D 239 ) Critiques have argued that the current nuclear plants in operation are susceptible to terrorist attacks and whether the plant is worth the high cost of funding .
+A 6 7|||R:MORPH|||Critics|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:OTHER|||doubt that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly , they are concerned with the safety level of the plant .
+
+S All these critiques are against the funding and development of nuclear power plants .
+A 2 3|||R:MORPH|||critics|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I however , strongly support further research and development funding of nuclear reactor plants .
+A 0 3|||R:WO|||However , I|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is because nuclear reactor plants have many advantages such as being able to produce both hydrogen fuel and a large amount of electricity from small amount of fuel , at the same time .
+A 25 25|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Butler , D. 239 )
+
+S Ever since the 9/11 incident , protection of nuclear plants has been a heightened national priority.Yet , some anti-terror experts commented that the current criteria does not require the plant to be protected by a threat equally posed by the 9/11 hijackers .
+A 20 20|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:VERB:SVA|||do|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:VERB|||protect|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 34|||R:OTHER|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||R:MORPH|||equal|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 37|||M:OTHER|||to the one|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A report released by the Government Accountability Office even mentioned that it is critical of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission ( NRC ) , finding that it has not increased standards enough to ensure plants are genuinely secure , but only as much as industry officials believed was necessary .
+A 25 26|||R:OTHER|||the latter|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 45 46|||R:VERB:TENSE|||believe|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 46 47|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( " Nuclear-plant security : Is it enough ?
+
+S " par.3 ) This has instilled a lot of fear in the citizens and they have no confidence in the security of the plants .
+
+S As such , they oppose the funding of nuclear plants .
+
+S On the contrary , the security problems of nuclear plants have already been tackled .
+
+S One solution would be the " Design Basis Threat " ( DBT ) which specifies the severity of the attacks that has to be prepared for .
+A 2 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S NRC requires each nuclear plant to periodically conduct security exercises to test its ability to fight against the DBT .
+A 0 0|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( " Nuclear Power Plants : Vulnerability to Terrorist Attack " ) Last but not least , the nuclear industry has spent more than $ 1.25 billion in the upgrading of its security operations and the increasing of its armed guard force from 5,000 to more than 8,000 .
+
+S ( " Nuclear-plant security : Is it enough ?
+
+S " par.9 ) In conclusion , the security of the plant is now sufficient to repel off terrorists and therefore the funding of nuclear power plants should be supported .
+A 16 17|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The high cost of the funding for the development of nuclear plants , is also met with much public discontentment .
+A 12 13|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They claim that nuclear power is uneconomical .
+
+S In the USA , since its beginning , nuclear power has cost this country over $ 492 , 000 , 000 , 000 , which is nearly twice the cost of the Vietnam War and the Apollo Moon Missions combined .
+A 12 13|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since 1950 , nuclear power has received over $ 97,000,000,000 in direct and indirect subsidies from the federal government .
+
+S No other industry has enjoyed such privilege .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( " Some Important Facts about Nuclear Power .
+
+S " par.3 ) The high cost of nuclear plants is transferred to the citizens thus they have to pay more on utilities .
+A 14 15|||R:ADV|||so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence they rejected the idea of funding nuclear plants .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||reject|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , many beg to differ .
+A 6 9|||R:OTHER|||differ in opinion|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even though the cost of building a nuclear plant is very high , the operating cost is relatively low .
+
+S Therefore , nuclear power actually costs about the same as coal .
+A 10 10|||M:OTHER|||power generated from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( " Energy Resources : Nuclear Power .
+
+S " ) This means that the nuclear energy can be charged at an affordable price that is competitive with coal and gas .
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , nuclear energy though expensive , can be produced in abundance to meet the ever increasing demand for energy .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||In addition|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 4|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In short , nuclear power plants should be funded as the benefits of it outweighs the shortcomings , such as the high cost .
+A 10 11|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||outweigh|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After the Chernobyl and Three Mile Island nuclear accident , which took away many innocent lives due to the explosion as well as exposure to excessive radiation , people are now very concerned on the safety of the nuclear plant .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||accidents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||explosions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:PREP|||about|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 38|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 40|||R:NOUN:NUM|||plants|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In Texas , the citizens have again succeeded in opposing against the development of two proposed nuclear reactors at the South Texas Project .
+A 10 11|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The opposition came about as the citizens are fearful that the environmental effects of radioactive compounds may lead to health problems when contamination or leakage was to occur .
+A 21 22|||R:OTHER|||if|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( " Citizens Gain Ground in STP Intervention over Water Concerns Atomic Safety and Licensing Board Panel Admits Four Additional Water Related Contentions for a Hearing " ) However , there is evidence to support that the safety aspect of nuclear plants are up to mark .
+A 35 35|||M:OTHER|||the claim|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to the World Association of Nuclear Operators ( WANO ) ,the performance indicators showed that the U.S. nuclear plants managed to sustain a high levels of achievement in safety performance , industrial safety , unplanned automatic reactor shutdowns and programs to protect workers from radioactive exposure .
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||show|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( " Nuclear Industry 's Safety , Operating Performance Remained Top-Notch in '08 , WANO Indicators Show " ) Since the nuclear plants are now of higher safety standards and with agencies to regularly check on the status of the plants , the further funding of nuclear plants should be supported so that this safe and reliable source of energy can be made available to everyone .
+
+S In conclusion , I support the notion of the research and development of nuclear power plants .
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even though there may be problems and public opposition along the way , but by bearing in mind three main factors namely : the benefits of nuclear energy , the importance of a strong defence and most importantly , the importance of having a set of safety protocols , we are able to push the development of nuclear power to greater heights .
+A 13 14|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||R:OTHER|||, namely ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Butler , D. " Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S " Nature , 20 May 2004 : 429,238-240 " Very High Temperature Reactor " 2002 .
+
+S Alexandra Marks .
+
+S " Nuclear-plant security : Is it enough ?
+
+S " USA Domestic Politics 4 Apr 2006 edition .
+
+S Carl Behrens and Mark Holt .
+
+S " Nuclear Power Plants : Vulnerability to Terrorist Attack .
+
+S " CRS Report for Congress .
+
+S 4 Feb 2005
+
+S " Some Important Facts About Nuclear Power .
+
+S " NEIS : Nuclear Energy Information Service .
+
+S 31 Aug 2004 .
+
+S " Energy Resources : Nuclear Power .
+
+S " 2 Nov 2008 .
+
+S " Citizens Gain Ground in STP Intervention Over Water Concerns Atomic Safety and Licensing Board Panel Admits Four Additional Water Related Contentions for a Hearing .
+
+S " 30 Sep 2009 .
+
+S " Nuclear Industry 's Safety , Operating Performance Remained Top-Notch in '08 , WANO Indicators Show .
+
+S " News Release .
+
+S 27 Mar 2009 .
+
+S Thirty years after the Three Mile Island nuclear meltdown in the United States , nuclear energy seems poised for a renaissance .
+
+S The world can expect the number of nuclear power plants to double by 2050 spreading across the Middle East and Southeast Asia , particularly in China , India , South Korea , and Japan ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+A 14 14|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In 2008 , Kaplan ( 2008 ) reported that more than 40 developing countries have expressed their interest to the United Nations officials in launching nuclear power programs .
+A 18 28|||R:OTHER|||in launching nuclear power programs to United Nations officials|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The issue of whether developing countries should first handle unemployment and poverty in rural areas rather than provide huge funding to build nuclear reactors is still controversial .
+
+S Some argue that it is too costly to build and that they should adopt other renewable energies rather than nuclear power ( Totty , 2008 ) , while others argue that developing countries do not have enough skilled labours to cope with the demanding needs of building and operating nuclear reactors ( Squassoni , 2009 ) .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||a nuclear reactor|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||R:OTHER|||instead of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||R:NOUN:NUM|||labour|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 44|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although there is much opposition to the idea of building nuclear reactors in developing countries , there is some evidence that building nuclear reactors , such as the Generation IV reactors , yields positive outcomes to the countries .
+A 35 36|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||R:DET|||these|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Opponents of nuclear reactors claim that building a new reactor can cost a country between $ 6 billion and $ 9 billion each ( Totty , 2008 ) .
+
+S Although proponents of nuclear reactors agree with the fact that the reactors are expensive to construct , they argue that it is comparatively inexpensive to operate because nuclear fuel accounts for only 27 % of the variable cost of a kilowatt-hour as compared to other alternatives like natural gas which accounts for 85 % .
+A 44 45|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , any new design of reactors today will be pre-approved for lower construction costs , which include the cost for decommissioning and waste management ( Johnston , 2008 ) .
+
+S Furthermore , developing countries that have insufficient funds to build nuclear reactors can seek assistance from Alternate Energy Holdings ( AEHI ) that has offered to provide skills and funding in constructing nuclear reactors ( AEHI , 2007 ) .
+
+S Alternatively , the Nobel Peace Prize laureate , Mohamed ElBaradei , proposed that these countries could construct hundreds of small-scale plants for a single town ; each one built using a fraction of the cost used for a large-scale plant and without using expensive power grid ( Bullis , 2005 ) .
+A 0 3|||U:OTHER|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:ADV|||alternatively|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 45 46|||R:NOUN:NUM|||grids|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Opponents also maintain that developing countries should adopt other renewable energies such as solar and wind energies rather than building nuclear reactors ( Totty , 2008 ) .
+
+S Despite the fact that studies show the use of solar and wind energy are more economical than nuclear energy , it completely ignores the limitations of these energies in producing electricity for the decades ahead ( Healthy Environment Alliance [ HEAL ] , n.d. ) .
+A 0 1|||M:OTHER|||However , despite|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||opponents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:SVA|||ignore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , solar power is limited to daylight hours and that there is no continuous supply of wind .
+A 10 11|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The International Energy Agency ( IEA ) forecasts that , even with continued subsidy and research , and a landscape full of solar panels and windmills , these renewable energies can generate only about 6 % of the world electricity by 2030 ( Silverio , 2008 ) .
+A 39 39|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , the key difference is that nuclear energy can supply electricity on a global scale .
+
+S The final argument advanced by opponents of nuclear reactors is that jobs created by nuclear power plants require highly skilled workers that developing countries , like China and India , are lacking .
+
+S As a result , opponents maintained that building nuclear reactors would not address the problem of unemployment ( Squassoni , 2009 ) .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||maintain|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the research is inconclusive .
+
+S In fact , by 2010 , Asians residing in Asia will dominate 90 % of all Ph.D. physical scientists and engineers in the world .
+
+S And among the Asian Ph.D. engineers and scientists , most will originate from China ( Li , Whalley , Zhang , & Zhao , 2008 ) .
+
+S In addition , to better meet the demand for skilled workers , nuclear industries in the developing countries could set up on-site training centres that recruit and train the locals to work in the nuclear industry ( Freeman , 2009 ) as each plant creates about 400 to 700 permanent jobs and 1400 to 2400 jobs during peak construction period ( Nuclear Energy Institute [ NEI ] , 2009 ) .
+
+S In summary , developing countries should develop the nuclear reactors for several reasons .
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First , nuclear reactors operate using cheaper nuclear fuel that accounts for only 27 % of the variable costs of a kilowatt-hour .
+
+S In addition , new design of reactor will only be approved if it presents a relatively lower construction costs .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 7|||R:OTHER|||nuclear reactor design|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||cost|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , if developing countries have insufficient funds , they can approach AEHI for financial and labour support but an alternative way would be building smaller-scale plants without the need to use costly power grid and thus , incurring lower costs .
+A 34 35|||R:NOUN:NUM|||grids|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 38|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||R:VERB:FORM|||incur|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nuclear power is also capable of supplying electricity for the whole world as compared to wind and solar energy .
+
+S Besides that , developing countries like China and India have sufficient high-skilled workers to contribute to the nuclear industry and the unemployment rate can also be reduced as approximately 2400 jobs are made available in each new plant .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB|||highly-skilled|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , in my opinion , developing countries should first provide huge funding to build generation IV reactors in order to combat unemployment and poverty in the rural areas .
+A 26 27|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Alternate Energy Holdings , Inc. ( 2007 , October 30 ) .
+
+S AEHI offers to help developing countries build nuclear plants for electricity and fresh water .
+
+S Retrieved October 17 , 2009 , from http : //www.redorbit.com/news/business/1123082/aehi_offers_to_help_devel oping_countries_build_nuclear_plants_for/index.html
+
+S Bullis , K. ( 2005 , November 10 ) .
+
+S Small Nuclear Self-contained power plants could supply growing energy demand in poor countries .
+
+S Technology Review .
+
+S Retrieved October 18 , 2009 , from http : //www.technologyreview.com/Energy/15865/
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , pp .
+
+S 238- 240 .
+
+S Freeman , M. ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Stimulate the economy : Build new nuclear plants !
+
+S Retrieved October 18 , 2009 , from
+
+S http : //www.21stcenturysciencetech.com/Articles_2009/Stimulate_Nucl_sp09 .pdf
+
+S Healthy Environment Alliance .
+
+S ( n.d. ) Nuclear reactors in green river ?
+
+S Retrieved October 18 , 2009 , from http : //healutah.org/nuclearutah/energy/greenriverreactors # 3
+
+S Kaplan , B .
+
+S ( 2008 , May 12 ) .
+
+S Developing countries eye nuclear power : report .
+
+S Reuters .
+
+S Retrieved October 18 , 2009 , from http : //ca.reuters.com/article/topNews/idCAN1253956420080512
+
+S Li , Y. , Whalley , J. , Zhang , S. , & Zhao , X .
+
+S ( 2008 ) .
+
+S China 's higher education transformation and its global implications .
+
+S Vox .
+
+S Retrieved October 18 , 2009 from http : //www.voxeu.org/index.php ? q = node/1066
+
+S Silverio , H. A .
+
+S ( 2008 ) .
+
+S The importance of nuclear energy in the global economy .
+
+S Retrieved October 17 , 2009 , from http : //www.pntl.co.uk/pdf/nuclear-energy-economy-henriquez.pdf
+
+S Squassoni , S. ( 2009 , May ) .
+
+S Hanging questions : A nuclear renaissance would require significant changes by both governments and multinational agencies as well as aggressive financial support .
+
+S IAEA Bulletin , 50-2 , 5357 .
+
+S Retrieved October 17 , 2009 , from http : //www.iaea.org/Publications/Magazines/Bulletin/Bull502/50204795357 .pdf
+
+S Totty , M. ( 2008 , June 30 ) .
+
+S The case for and against nuclear power .
+
+S The Wall Street Journal , p. R1 .
+
+S Retrieved October 17 , 2009 , from http : //online.wsj.com/article/SB121432182593500119.html
+
+S Group issue : Should there be R&D funding for the development of SuperCritical Water cooled Reactors ?
+
+S According to Butler , 2009 ; butler states in his article that researchers have been pondering on the decision to use the nuclear funding for the development of generation ( IV ) reactors , which are projected to be better than the current generation ( II ) and ( III ) reactors , or retain the nuclear funding for existing generation ( II ) and ( III ) reactors .
+A 3 6|||R:OTHER|||( 2009 ) ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||R:OTHER|||whether|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 54 54|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , for the generation ( IV ) reactors , there is a debate to channel the funds for the research of SuperCritical water reactors ( SCWR ) , which is claimed by scientists that it would benefit mankind more in most aspects considered like cost and efficiency than the other five generation ( IV ) reactors .
+A 14 14|||M:PREP|||on whether|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:NOUN:INFL|||SCWRs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 34|||R:OTHER|||scientists have claimed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 36|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 44|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 48 49|||R:OTHER|||compared to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although there are reasons that seem to support the funding of the SCWR , the development of the SCWR should not be funded as there are other factors like economic and social feasibility to consider before we can conclude that the funding for the development of SCWR should be approved .
+A 46 46|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the many reasons given to support the claim for SCWR funding is that SCWR is the combination of two proven technologies which are Light water moderated reactors ( LWRs ) and supercritical-water fossil plants ( Buoniorno , 2002 ) .
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , Supporters of SCWR claim that SCWR would have a reduced capital cost as a result of plant simplification and high thermal efficiency .
+A 0 2|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although I concur with their view , they had overlooked the problem of SCWR being capable of reaching the commercialization process of an innovation ( Rogers , 2003 ) .
+A 6 6|||M:OTHER|||to a certain extent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN|||stage|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The likelihood of SCWR reaching the commercialization process is low because , even though SCWR is the combination of two proven technologies , research is still required to merge the two technologies together .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN|||stage|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , the simplification of SCWR involves the usage of materials that are either expensive , rare , or do not exist ( Absolute astronomy , 2009 ) .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This reinforces the possibility that the SCWR can not enter the commercialization stage of innovation , proving that there should not be funding for the development of SCWR .
+A 27 27|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another reason proponents give is SCWR uses water which is cheap and easily obtainable as a coolant ( Butler , 2009 ) .
+A 5 5|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , supporters of SCWR also state that SCWR take up less space than current Generation ( II ) and ( III ) Reactors ( MacDonald , 2003 ) .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:SVA|||takes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I have to acquiesce to the two points raised by the followers of SCWR .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN|||supporters|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , these two arguments brought up by the opposition did not consider that both water and space are vital to mankind .
+A 5 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||do|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although , water is easily obtained and affordable , opponents failed to recognize that only 1 % out of the 97 % water available is usable ( West , 2007 ) .
+A 1 2|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , it is astute not to use water as a coolant because the world population is constantly rising , so there might be a possibility of water shortage .
+
+S This implies that funding should not be channeled for the development of SCWR .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Instead , funds could be directed to the development of Very High Temperature Reactor ( VHTR ) which utilizes helium which is not important for human survival as helium is not found in human body ( the encyclopedia of earth , 2008 ) .
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 33|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 40|||R:ORTH|||The Encyclopedia of Earth|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Second , although the land required to build the SCWR is less than the existing reactors , the area needed to build new SCWR would be better utilized as area for agriculture especially in the future .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||In addition|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 32|||M:OTHER|||instead ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the year 2050 , it is projected that there could be 9.2 billion people in the world ( BBC , 2009 ) .
+A 0 9|||R:WO|||It is projected that in the year 2050 ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This signifies that there will be a high possibility of a food shortage which is a more pressing problem than energy shortage .
+
+S Therefore , there should not be funding for the development of SCWR as SCWR utilizes two key ingredients for human survival .
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The last reason that advocates for funding of the development of SCWR provide is the building of SCWR that could generate excellent jobs for the society ( Nuclear Energy Institute , 2009 ) .
+A 5 6|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:ADJ|||desirable|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to Nuclear Energy Institute , it is stated that operation of a nuclear plant generates 400 to 700 permanent jobs and these jobs offer a salary that is 36 percent higher than average jobs .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 10|||R:OTHER|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although the statement made by the opponents is valid and beneficial to society , they once again ignore the fact that after the completion of the construction of a nuclear plant , there would be job losses involved .
+A 1 10|||R:OTHER|||this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:VERB|||may be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 21|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S During the construction of a new nuclear plant around 1400 to as high as 2400 jobs is created .
+A 8 8|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , after the completion , only 400 to 700 jobs will be available .
+
+S This indicates that a job loss of around 1500 is incurred .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , the 400 to 700 jobs require personals that are highly skilled which developing countries are unlikely to supply .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN|||personnel|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the validity of generating excellent jobs requires to be redefined .
+A 6 7|||R:ADJ|||desirable|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB|||needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After considering both sides of the arguments , it is evident that there should not be funding for the development of SCWR as there are more shortcomings than the yields .
+A 21 21|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:NOUN|||benefits|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First is that the funding for the development of SCWR can be channeled to more pressing issues like eliminating poverty and food shortage .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||The first consideration|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||should|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN|||needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Next , the possibility of SCWR surviving the commercialization stage is low .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly , the benefits that the researchers had predicted are not totally beneficial to human .
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||humans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , indicating that there should not be funding for SCWR .
+A 0 1|||R:ADV|||thereby|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Absolute astronomy .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Advantages and disadvantages .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Supercritical_water_reactor
+
+S BBC .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S World population growth .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7284196.stm
+
+S Buoniorno , J .
+
+S ( 2002 , November 18 ) .
+
+S The Supercritical-Water-Cooled Reactor ( SCWR ) .
+
+S ANS , 2002 Winter Meeting .
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240
+
+S MacDonald , P.E .
+
+S ( 2003 ) .
+
+S Introduction .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //www.inl.gov/technicalpublications/Documents/2699863.pdf Nuclear Energy Institute .
+
+S ( 2009 , January ) .
+
+S Nuclear Power Plants Contribute Significantly to State and Local Economies .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //www.nei.org/keyissues/reliableandaffordableenergy/factsheets/nuclearpow erplantcontributions O'Hara , K. ( 2008 , September 22 ) .
+
+S The Pros and Cons of Nuclear Power as an Alternative Energy Source .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //internationalaffairs.suite101.com/article.cfm/nuclear_energy_the_debate_ about_future_power
+
+S Rogers , E. M. ( 2003 ) .
+
+S The generation of innovations .
+
+S In Diffusion of innovations ( pp.136-158 ) .
+
+S New York : Free Press .
+
+S The encyclopedia of earth .
+
+S ( 2008 , January 18 ) .
+
+S Background .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //www.eoearth.org/article/Helium
+
+S { The Virtual Nuclear Tourist } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.nucleartourist.com ] .
+
+S ( 2009 , April 12 ) .
+
+S Comparisons of various energy sources - Updated .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //www.nucleartourist.com/basics/why.htm
+
+S West , L. ( 2007 , July 10 ) .
+
+S Water Now More Valuable ThanOil ?
+
+S Retrieved from http : //environment.about.com/od/globalwarming/a/waterinvesting.htm
+
+S Nuclear energy : The future energy for the next generation
+
+S In a few more years ahead , the world 's population will be expanding exponentially from around 6 billion people to approximately 10 billion people worldwide .
+
+S We speculate that the demand for energy in future will be greatly increasing for future development .
+
+S In order to support and supply the growing population , ten nations , namely Argentina , Brazil , Canada , France , Japan , the Republic of Korea , the Republic of South Africa , Switzerland , the United Kingdom and the United States , had formed the Generation IV International Forum ( GIF ) .
+
+S There are six nuclear reactors that are in research stage , and one of them is the Supercritical-Water-Cooled Reactor ( SCWR ) , which is the most ideal nuclear reactor in concept .
+
+S ( NERAC and GIF , 2002 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power is the most prominent and reliable energy source today .
+
+S It is the energy of the future generation , and I support the use of nuclear power for alternative energy of the future .
+
+S First of all , nuclear energy is an environmentally friendly energy .
+
+S It is stable , reliable , and clean in which does not emit any carbon compounds and toxic pollutants to the environment .
+
+S Many people claim that the nuclear energy is unsafe to the environment and health .
+
+S It is true that the nuclear reactors generate radioactive waste , with high doses of these substances can kill and cause cancer to human .
+
+S Besides , these radioactive substances will pollute the earth and poison the living organisms on the earth .
+
+S However , nuclear power plants do not require any fossil fuel for combustion ; therefore , there will be no emissions of carbon waste to the environment .
+
+S ( NEI , n.d. ) .
+
+S Using SCWR as an example , the generator is using water as the main coolant .
+
+S This definitely will not pollute the environment .
+
+S Secondly , most people are concerned about the safety of running a nuclear power plant .
+
+S The public resists to nuclear energy due to the aftermath of the incidents at Three Mile Island in 1979 and Chernobyl in 1986 .
+
+S It is a psychological effect on human , whereby the aftermath will result in opposition to nuclear energy by the public .
+
+S Nevertheless , we can not deny the truth that scientists and engineers have actually thought about the safety precautions of nuclear energy system .
+
+S This is to make sure the risk of operating nuclear power plants can be minimized tremendously .
+
+S Nuclear power plants are to be designed , built and monitored carefully in order to prevent any accident to happen .
+
+S The Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission ( NRC ) work together to govern of radiation emissions periodically .
+
+S ( NEI , n.d. ) .
+
+S There is also a safe storage for the waste to be stored up , namely the Yucca Mountain , Nevada .
+
+S Therefore , nuclear energy is safe to be used as an alternate energy .
+
+S Thirdly , for most people 's impression , nuclear energy is way too expensive for the unworthy efficiency .
+A 2 3|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||it is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 17|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||inefficient|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The capital cost of nuclear power plants construction is extremely high and it is increasing as years go by .
+
+S There are people who claim that nuclear energy is a mature technology , where it is definitely will not become cheaper in future usage .
+
+S Besides that , the management of the radioactive waste is expensive .
+
+S For example , Sweden has spent about $ 14 billion to manage its radioactive waste .
+
+S ( Smith , Hargroves , Palousis and Paten , 2006 ) .
+
+S But in realistic , this idea is very unlikely .
+
+S There are studies shows that the production costs of the nuclear power plants have already dropped and the efficiency is high in long run .
+
+S It is the efficiency that saves time and cost .
+
+S With good maintenance practices , time and cost will be save and unplanned shut downs can be reduced .
+
+S For example , SCWR is a high efficient nuclear generator that will save a lot of cost when the maintenance is well-practiced .
+
+S In conclusion , it is clear that the usage of nuclear energy is beneficial to the future .
+
+S Even a small amount of uranium ( the main source of nuclear energy ) , it will generate a mass energy to run nuclear power plants .
+A 14 15|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||large mass of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All-time high efficiency will greatly reduce cost and time which satisfy the demands of the people .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||Achieving an all-time high rate of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||while|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:FORM|||satisfying|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nowadays , there are around 440 nuclear power reactors generating one-sixth of the electricity of the world .
+A 0 1|||R:ADV|||Currently|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Ritch , n.d. ) .
+
+S It is a proven success in generating energy and it is worthy to invest into such a technology for the sake of the future energy demand .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||They are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:ADJ|||worthwhile|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||R:VERB:FORM|||investing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:OTHER|||meeting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S Center for American Progress .
+
+S ( 2008 ) .
+
+S 10 Reasons Not to Invest in Nuclear Energy .
+
+S Washington , D.C. , United States .
+
+S Retrieved September 29 , 2009 , from http : //www.americanprogress.org/issues/2008/07/nuclear_energy.html .
+
+S Dan Becker .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Nuclear Power Is Expensive and Unsafe .
+
+S Opposing Viewpoints : America in the Twenty-First Century .
+
+S Ed .
+
+S Andrea C. Nakaya .
+
+S Detroit : Greenhaven Press , 2006 .
+
+S Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center .
+
+S Gale .
+
+S Self-Access English Learning Facility .
+
+S Retrieved October 11 , 2009 , from http : //find.galegroup.com/ovrc/infomark.do ? &contentSet = GSRC&type = retrieve&tabID = T010&prodId = OVRC&docId = EJ3010444211&source = gale&srcprod = OVRC&userGroupName = nusself&version = 1.0 .
+
+S Nuclear Energy Institute ( NEI ) .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Nuclear Power Is Efficient and Safe for the Environment .
+
+S At Issue : What Energy Sources Should Be Pursued ?
+
+S Ed .
+
+S Stuart A. Kallen .
+
+S San Diego : Greenhaven Press , 2005 .
+
+S Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center .
+
+S Gale .
+
+S Self-Access English Learning Facility .
+
+S Retrieved October 11 , 2009 , from http : //find.galegroup.com/ovrc/infomark.do ? &contentSet = GSRC&type = retrieve&tabID = T010&prodId = OVRC&docId = EJ3010331206&source = gale&srcprod = OVRC&userGroupName = nusself&version = 1.0 .
+
+S Pietro S. Nivola .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Nuclear Power Is More Costly than Other Energy Sources .
+
+S Current Controversies : Alternative Energy Sources .
+
+S Ed .
+
+S Darrin Gunkel .
+
+S Detroit : Greenhaven Press , 2006 .
+
+S Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center .
+
+S Gale .
+
+S Self-Access English Learning Facility .
+
+S Retrieved October 11 , 2009 , from http : //find.galegroup.com/ovrc/infomark.do ? &contentSet = GSRC&type = retrieve&tabID = T010&prodId = OVRC&docId = EJ3010426225&source = gale&srcprod = OVRC&userGroupName = nusself&version = 1.0 .
+
+S Ritch , John .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Nuclear Power Is the Energy of the Future .
+
+S Opposing Viewpoints : Energy Alternatives .
+
+S Ed .
+
+S Barbara Passero .
+
+S Detroit : Greenhaven Press , 2006 .
+
+S Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center .
+
+S Gale .
+
+S Self-Access English Learning Facility .
+
+S October 11 , 2009 , from http : //find.galegroup.com/ovrc/infomark.do ? &contentSet = GSRC&type = retrieve&tabID = T010&prodId = OVRC&docId = EJ3010220244&source = gale&srcprod = OVRC&userGroupName = nusself&version = 1.0 .
+
+S Smith , M. , Hargroves , K. , Palousis , P. , and Paten , C. ( 2006 ) Pros and Cons of the Nuclear Energy Debate .
+
+S Nathan Queensland , Australia .
+
+S Retrieved October 7 , 2009 from http : //www.naturaledgeproject.net/TheGreatSustainabilityDebates-NuclearPower.aspx .
+
+S Walker , Mary L. ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Nuclear Energy Is Affordable .
+
+S Opposing Viewpoints : Energy Alternatives .
+
+S Ed .
+
+S Helen Cothran .
+
+S San Diego : Greenhaven Press , 2002 .
+
+S Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center .
+
+S Gale .
+
+S Self-Access English Learning Facility .
+
+S Retrieved October 11 , 2009 , from http : //find.galegroup.com/ovrc/infomark.do ? &contentSet = GSRC&type = retrieve&tabID = T010&prodId = OVRC&docId = EJ3010220217&source = gale&srcprod = OVRC&userGroupName = nusself&version = 1.0 .
+
+S U.S. Nuclear Energy Research Advisory Committee ( NERAC ) and the Generation IV International Forum ( GIF ) .
+
+S ( 2002 ) .
+
+S A Technology Roadmap for Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems .
+
+S Issy-les-Moulineaux , France .
+
+S Retrieved September 29 , 2009 , from http : //www.gen-4.org/PDFs/GenIVRoadmap.pdf .
+
+S Use of Psychology and Chernobyl Accident
+
+S The Chernobyl Accident , the most notorious disaster of nuclear history , took place on 26th April 1986 at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in Ukraine , and released a considerable amount of radio-nuclides over a large neighboring area .
+
+S Subsequently , various groups of experts from the nuclear and chemical industry investigated into this case , and some of them came into a conclusion that the most essential way to prevent such catastrophe from happening again lied in the enhancement of psychological education to people ; whereas the others opposed that the main problem was actually the design failures of the plant , and the prevention could hardly be simply regarded as a psychological issue .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||industries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:ADJ|||effective|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 33|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 38|||R:VERB:TENSE|||lay|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 42|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 44 45|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 46 47|||R:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 48 49|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 50 51|||R:VERB|||insisted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 57 60|||R:OTHER|||failures in the design|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 66 67|||R:NOUN|||accident|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Those experts , who were against of the psychological point of view , further claimed that even though the human factors were all amended through psychological approaches , possible accident still stands a chance of happening .
+A 1 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:PREP|||if|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||R:OTHER|||had all been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:VERB|||removed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:NOUN:NUM|||accidents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:VERB:TENSE|||stood|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They concluded that the actual primary causes of the 1986 accident were nothing but the engineering factors , and permanent avoidance of such accidents could only be achieved through more advanced technology development .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:SVA|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:MORPH|||technological|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to the author of 'Psychology and design process ' ( Wilpert , 2007 ) , he regards the human minds ' deficiencies as the basic reason of an accident .
+A 16 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||R:NOUN:POSS|||mind 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||deficiency|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:OTHER|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:PREP|||behind|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S He thought that disastrous consequences could be avoided or at least minimized with the help of psychological education , and if psychological aids were provided through out the whole engineering progress , during item processing , structure designing , team managing , and even decision making , the Chernobyl disaster could be essentially avoided .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||thinks|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 27|||R:ORTH|||throughout|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In my point of view , I am supportive to the idea that human factors ' impacts overwhelm any other factors in this accident .
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:TENSE|||overwhelmed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:DET|||all|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:OTHER|||the Chernobyl|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First and foremost , it was identified that several operational procedures were violated by the crew in 1986 .
+
+S The report ( the International Nuclear Safety Advisory Group , 1992 ) by the International Nuclear Safety Advisory Group ( INSAG ) states that three components of reactor protection , which referred to Emergency Core Cooling System ( ECCS ) , trip on steam drum water level , and the 'two turbine ' trip had been disabled .
+A 2 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:OTHER|||( 1992 )|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 33|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 41|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 53 54|||R:OTHER|||trips ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Those disabling were not prohibited in the document under normal procedure , but it was a test on that day , and thus special approval should have been asked .
+A 0 1|||R:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 8|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN|||conditions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||was being carried out|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:OTHER|||obtained for the disabling of the three components|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , the required test power level had not been achieved , and the reactor was operated only at half power then .
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:FORM|||operating|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Apparently , the operating staff was untutored and not competent for the job .
+
+S Moreover , whenever a deficiency in engineering process occurs , thus in a case when the engineering process is unable to perform according to the plan , the whole should be ceased immediately for a thorough re-evaluation .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN|||problem|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||such as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 29|||M:NOUN|||system|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , in 1986 Chernobyl , the operators did not stop but to modify the condition at the spot ( the International Nuclear Safety Advisory Group , 1992 ) .
+A 3 5|||R:OTHER|||the 1986 Chernobyl incident|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:VERB|||tried|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In sum , psychological aids are urgently demanded to educate high-risk-system operational teams in a large scale , for calling up their attention to safety operation .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB|||required|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||R:OTHER|||to call|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 26|||R:OTHER|||operational safety|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The disaster could be totally avoided if at least one of the operators had a sense of safety operation .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:VERB|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||R:OTHER|||operational safety|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , the design faults of the reactor accounts for a considerable proportion of the causes of the accident .
+A 8 9|||R:MORPH|||account|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There were several design errors in the reactor ( FROT , 2000 ) .
+
+S For example , the void coefficient of reactivity was positive , while the value should be negative in the document to make sure the system 's stability .
+A 21 23|||R:OTHER|||ensure|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And also , the speed of insertion of emergency protection was too slow , to be specific , it was ten times slower than the normal configuration .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||In addition|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN|||activation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , both the structure and the size of the reactor had certain deviations from the norm .
+
+S Some people argue that those design errors revealed immature techniques , and thus there is no way to avoid such mistakes by means of psychological education .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||reveal|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have avoided|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , they believe that even though 'work scientist ' could probably remove human factors psychologically , the hardware technical problems would still trigger similar accidents by themselves .
+A 7 10|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have removed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have triggered|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I have to grant the truth that sometimes , faults of technical factors devalue and constraint psychological education effectiveness , however , the engineering deficiencies in this case are actually design errors ; in other words , they are probably manual errors due to carelessness or misses of considerations .
+A 0 4|||R:OTHER|||Granted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 13|||R:OTHER|||technical faults|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||sometimes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB|||constrain|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 19|||R:OTHER|||the effectiveness of psychological education|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The use of psychology provides an approach to open the designer this 'black box ' , or at least fraction of the box , so that we can see what goes on in designers ' heads , and thus prevent or at least minimize the design errors ( Wilpert , 2007 ) .
+A 7 15|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Last but not least , the political decision is another primary factor we can not ignore .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN|||factor|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The accident happened in 1986 , which was during the Cold War ( 1945-1991 ) .
+
+S The political conflict , military tension , and economic competition with the United States urged the Soviet Union to produce weapons-grade plutonium as much as possible and also as soon as possible ( FROT , 2000 ) .
+A 20 24|||R:WO|||as much weapons-grade plutonium|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Meanwhile , the budget was a main concern to the nation .
+
+S In that political environment , the safety issues tended to be ignored ; to make it worse , rigorous demands such as large amount of order , short period of production and low budget of costs were given priority .
+A 22 22|||M:OTHER|||having to fulfil|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 25|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:NOUN:NUM|||orders|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:OTHER|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 29|||R:OTHER|||limited time|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 32|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 36|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||R:VERB:SVA|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Such political circumstances changed the nature of design process , and consequently , loosen the safety regulations .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||loosened|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this case , psychological aid is highly in demand to awake decision maker to concern about safety first instead of pursuing political advantages .
+A 4 14|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||be concerned|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Based on my reasoning of Chernobyl Accident , it is evident that the disaster was totally the result of a series of human factors instead of purely hardware fault .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN|||analysis|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 7|||M:DET|||the Chernobyl accident|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In recognizing the three main problems as the operators ' unawareness , designers ' misses of considerations and politicians ' arbitrariness , the aid of psychology should be highly appreciated as an efficient way to minimize the human errors , and thus to prevent such accident from happening again .
+A 22 26|||R:OTHER|||psychological aid|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 45 45|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S FROT , J .
+
+S ( 2000 , Nov ) .
+
+S The Causes of the Chernobyl Event .
+
+S Retrieved Oct 14 , 2009 , from www.ecolo.org/documents/documents_in.../Causes.ChernobyJF.doc
+
+S the International Nuclear Safety Advisory Group .
+
+S ( 1992 ) .
+
+S INSAG-7 The Chernobyl Accident : Updating of INSAG-1 .
+
+S Vienna : International Atomic Energy Agency .
+
+S Wilpert , B .
+
+S ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Psychology and design processes .
+
+S Safety Science , 293-303 .
+
+S Lead-cooled Fast Reactor ( LFR ) and Very-High Temperature Reactor ( VHTR )
+
+S With the increasing demand of energy and the rapid depletion of currently available energy resources , nations are now trying to look for new , alternative ways of energy generation .
+A 4 5|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of such alternative methods currently under consideration is the generation of nuclear energy .
+
+S Presently , thirteen countries have come together to set goals on nuclear energy generation research on six reactor designs ; namely gas-cooled fast reactor , lead-cooled fast reactor , sodium-cooled reactor , molten salt reactor , supercritical-water-cooled reactor and very-high-temperature reactor .
+A 19 20|||R:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 29|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 32|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 36|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 39|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Of these six reactors , the Very-High-Temperature Reactor ( VHTR ) and the Lead-cooled Fast Reactor ( LFR ) are the more promising reactor designs .
+
+S The conceptual design of the VHTR will be the first to be defined and optimized by the year 2015 ( OECD Nuclear Energy Agency , 2009 ) , while LFR is , judging from the existing schemes , more feasible because of its low costs and good security features .
+A 28 29|||R:PREP|||although|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 29|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In comparison with the VHTR , I feel LFR has more advantages and a better reactor design and thus deserves greater research .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:VERB|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:ADJ|||more|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Both LFR and VHTR have their advantages and disadvantages over the other in terms of performance .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The VHTR will be operating at temperatures 900 to 1000 degree Celsius .
+A 7 7|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||degrees|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This high outlet temperature allows it to have high efficiency ( > 50 % ) electrical generation and also gives it the ability to produce hydrogen ( OECD Nuclear Energy Agency , 2009 ) .
+A 7 10|||R:OTHER|||be highly efficient|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||in energy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even though LFR is estimated to have a comparatively lower efficiency in energy generation than VHTR ( Chapin , et al. , 2004 ) , it is more suitable in certain countries due to its flexibility in its scale of operation .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Currently , the reactor is envisioned to have 2 sizes : a small transportable system of 50 to 150 MWe and a medium system of 300 to 600 MWe .
+A 29 30|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( OECD Nuclear Energy Agency , 2009 ) The small system design will be useful for providing energy for developing countries and remote communities due to its size .
+A 8 8|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Idaho National Laboratory , 2007 ) Also , researches have shown that LFR will also be able to generate hydrogen ( Bouchard , et al , 2008 ) .
+A 7 7|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:ADV|||Moreover|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||research studies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , it is evident that though LFR is predicted to be poorer in terms of efficiency as compared to VHTR , LFR seems more useful and suitable for many countries due to its other features .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In terms of cost , the LFR is likely to cost less than the VHTR .
+
+S For VHTR , the projected cost of building a prototype of the reactor is around $ 1.1 billion ( Butler , 2004 , May 20 ) .
+A 0 3|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:NOUN|||VHTR|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 25|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , the reactor will be using helium as coolant which is costly as helium is a rare gas in the atmosphere .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||In addition|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||a coolant ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , it is roughly estimated that the smaller plant of LFR can be designed , constructed and operated for 15 years for less than $ 700 million .
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Brown , 2006 ) Furthermore , lead is a commonly available element , and hence , it would be less costly than helium .
+
+S In addition , the development of small LFR will incur smaller research and demonstration costs , since the technology base can be applied to later LFR concepts on building larger reactors .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:OTHER|||when|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Idaho National Laboratory , 2007 ) On the whole , it seems that lead-cooled fast reactors are much cheaper to build than VHTR .
+A 7 7|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||M:OTHER|||Thus , on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN:INFL|||VHTRs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly , the LFR 's operation methods seem safer and more secure than the VHTR .
+A 13 13|||M:OTHER|||those of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A VHTR will be operating at estimated temperatures of 900 to 1000 degrees Celsius .
+
+S At such high temperatures , there is higher possibility of a dangerous melt-down of the reactor .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , as its fuel cycle is not closed ( OECD Nuclear Energy Agency , 2009 ) , radioactive materials may be able to escape from the system and endanger the lives of workers near the reactor .
+
+S Also , the amount of nuclear waste that will be generated is greater than that generated by the LFR ( OECD Nuclear Energy Agency , 2009 ) .
+A 0 1|||R:ADV|||Furthermore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For LFR , the chance of a melt-down of reactor will be far lower as the operating temperature is only around 550 degrees Celsius ( OECD Nuclear Energy Agency , 2009 ) .
+A 0 3|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:OTHER|||an LFR|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , as its fuel cycle is closed , there is no need for offsite emergency response - the system will shut down without spreading radioactive materials .
+A 0 1|||R:ADV|||Moreover|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:NOUN|||system|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , LFR seems a safer reactor as compared to VHTR .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Until today , the designs of the reactors have not been fully conceptualized yet .
+
+S Hence , there are still uncertainties in the features of the reactors ; it is not certain that LFR will still have these advantages over VHTR after the completion of designs of the plants .
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 30|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , from the theoretical point of view , after looking at the advantages LFR has over VHTR in theory , I believe that LFR will be a better reactor than VHTR with its predicted flexibility in its scale of operation , low cost and better security .
+A 2 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 31|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , more funds should be allocated towards the research of LFR .
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S 1 .
+
+S Bouchard J. , à l'Energie A. , Bennett F. R. ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Generation IV Advanced Nuclear Energy Systems .
+
+S Nuclear Plant Journal , 26 , 2-4 .
+
+S 2 .
+
+S Brown N.W .
+
+S ( 2006 ) .
+
+S Options for an Early LFR Technology Demonstrator : High-Confidence Design Options for Lead-Cooled Fast Reactors " .
+
+S Retrieved October 20 , 2009 , from Idaho National Laboratory website : http : //nuclear.inel.gov/deliverables/docs/early_lfr_option_rev4_1.pdf
+
+S 3 .
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238- 240 .
+
+S 4 .
+
+S Chapin D. , Kiffer S. , Nestell J .
+
+S ( 2004 ) .
+
+S The Very High Temperature Reactor : A Technical Summary .
+
+S Retrieved October 20 , 2009 , from MPR Associates Inc. Engineers website : http : //www.mpr.com/news-and-publications/white-papers/very-high-temperature- reactor.pdf
+
+S 5 .
+
+S Idaho National Laboratory .
+
+S ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Appendix 4.0 Lead-Cooled Fast Reactor .
+
+S Retrieved October 20 , 2009 , from Idaho National Laboratory website : http : //nuclear.inl.gov/deliverables/docs/a4- lfr_fy07_external.pdf
+
+S 6 .
+
+S OECD Nuclear Energy Agency .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S GIF and Generation-IV .
+
+S Retrieved October 20 , 2009 , from GEN IV International forum website : http : //www.gen-4.org/PDFs/GIF_Overview.pdf
+
+S 7 .
+
+S OECD Nuclear Energy Agency .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Lead-Cooled Fast Reactor .
+
+S Retrieved October 20 , 2009 , from GEN IV International forum website : http : //www.gen-4.org/Technology/systems/lfr.htm 8 .
+
+S OECD Nuclear Energy Agency .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Very-High-Temperature Reactor .
+
+S Retrieved October 20 , 2009 , from GEN IV International forum website : http : //www.gen-4.org/Technology/systems/vhtr.htm
+
+S Within the past half century , two major accidents at the Chernobyl and the Three Mile Island nuclear power plants had caused the public to have a negative view on the operation of nuclear reactors and also , the future of nuclear energy generation .
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Presently , the most common energy source , which is the coal-fired power generation , has been causing detrimental effects on the environment by releasing tremendous amounts of greenhouse gases ; and subsequently , causing rise to global warming .
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:MORPH|||generator|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 35|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , with increasing concerns regarding the future of our environment , there is also an increasing need to search for alternative sources of energy which would not cause as much harm to the atmosphere .
+
+S As a result , leaders of environmental organisations , such as Patrick Moore who is a cofounder of Greenpeace , are beginning to realise that nuclear power generation is one of the most secure , economical and environmentally- friendly energy sources available ( Yousefzadeh , 2007 ) .
+
+S In 2001 , the Generation IV International Forum has introduced six different generation IV nuclear reactor concepts which have been designed in such a way that when accidents occur , the damage will be contained ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+A 8 9|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:TENSE|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Out of the six reactor concepts , the Lead-cooled Fast Reactor ( LFR ) looks to be the most promising one .
+
+S With the past accidents in mind and considering the advantages that nuclear power has to offer , if sufficient research efforts are to be channelled to the development of the LFR , we humans can certainly benefit from it in the long run .
+
+S When the Chernobyl accident occurred in 1986 , thirty-one people were killed immediately and many more died due to the radiation-related effects of the accident ( " Chernobyl Accident " , 2009 ) .
+
+S This accident , especially , had caused many to disagree with the nuclear power system as they feel that the extent of damage incurred is massive and unacceptable .
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||oppose|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:OTHER|||by such systems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , future thorough research and development towards the safe operation of nuclear plants may prove to be worthwhile .
+
+S For example , the accident which occurred at the Three Mile Island did not involve any deaths or injuries as the radioactive particles were successfully contained within the reactor itself ( Yousefzadeh , 2007 ) .
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This simply shows that with advanced technology , even though an accident-free nuclear plant may never be achieved , at least the technology incorporated into the reactor system would be able to ensure that radiation is contained in times of accident .
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||if|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 41|||R:NOUN:NUM|||accidents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , LFRs are relatively safer as compared to other generation IV reactors due to the inertness of the lead coolant .
+
+S Lead is chemically inactive with air and water , ruling out the possibility of accidental fires and explosions ( Wider et al. , 2005 ) .
+
+S Hence , with more funding directed towards the research and development of LFR , it may one day become one of the safest forms of energy generation .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:MORPH|||generator|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Critics also claim that nuclear power plants and nuclear waste can be potential terrorist targets as a great extent of damage can be done when the plants are being attacked or exploited .
+A 28 29|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , a strict set of security procedures have to be put in place and the use of advanced technology should be incorporated into the security system .
+
+S Another factor to be considered is the sustainability of LFR .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Critics of nuclear energy claim that nuclear energy generation produces a large amount of radioactive waste products ; and eventually , storage spaces will run out , making nuclear energy unsustainable .
+A 17 18|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , a characteristic of LFRs is that they are fast breeder reactors that carry out nuclear reprocessing of nuclear waste .
+
+S With this reprocessing feature in LFRs , uranium and plutonium , which makes up 96 % of the nuclear waste , can be extricated and reused in the reactor ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:SVA|||make|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , the final amount of waste product would be reduced to a very large extent .
+
+S In addition , nuclear reprocessing also increases the efficiency of the usage of uranium and hence , makes nuclear power a sustainable source of energy .
+A 16 17|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , lead is abundant ( " The Lead-cooled Fast Reactor , n.d. ) , and uranium resources can last us for the next 250 years or so ( Wider et al. , 2005 ) ; making LFR an excellent reactor in terms of sustainability .
+A 6 7|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 37|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , LFR has much to offer to mankind especially in terms of safety , security , sustainability as well as environmental effects .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S LFR is a nuclear energy reactor that is environmentally friendly with zero greenhouse gas emission .
+A 0 0|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , the resources required in an LFR are in abundance , making it a sustainable source of energy .
+
+S Most importantly , humans can benefit from the LFR in the future if thorough research and more developments are to be made on it so as to make it safer and more secure from accidents or terrorist attacks .
+
+S References :
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240 .
+
+S Spencer , J .
+
+S & Loris , N. D. ( 2009 , March 27 ) .
+
+S Three Mile Island and Chernobyl : What went wrong and why today 's reactors are safe .
+
+S The Heritage Foundation , WebMemo No .
+
+S 2367 .
+
+S Retrieved October 11 , 2009 , from http : //www.heritage.org/Research/EnergyandEnvironment/upload/wm_2367.pdf
+
+S Weaver , K. D. , Herring , J. S. , & Macdonald , P. E. ( 2001 ) .
+
+S A comparison of long-lived , proliferation resistant fast reactors .
+
+S Retrieved October 11 , 2009 , from http : //www.inl.gov/technicalpublications/Documents/2813743.pdf
+
+S Weaver , K. D. , Herring , J. S. , & Macdonald , P. E. ( 2001 ) .
+
+S Performance comparison of metallic , actinide burning fuel in lead-bismuth and sodium cooled fast reactors .
+
+S Retrieved October 11 , 2009 , from http : //www.inl.gov/technicalpublications/Documents/2809239.pdf
+
+S Wider , H. , Tuek , K. , Carlsson , J. , Vidovi , D. & Futterer , M. ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Synergy between fast reactors and thermal breeders for safe , clean , and sustainable nuclear power .
+
+S Retrieved October 11 , 2009 , from http : //www.worldenergy.org/documents/p001515.pdf
+
+S Yousefzadeh , P. ( 2007 , January 31 ) .
+
+S Why not go nuclear ?
+
+S The American .
+
+S Retrieved October 11 , 2009 , from http : //american.com/archive/2007/january- 0107/why-not-go-nuclear/
+
+S " Chernobyl Accident " ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 11 , 2009 , from http : //www.world-nuclear.org/info/chernobyl/inf07.html
+
+S " Generation IV Technology : Systems : Lead-Cooled Fast Reactor " ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 11 , 2009 , from http : //www.gen- 4.org/Technology/systems/lfr.htm
+
+S The public has been concerned about the danger of radiation leaks from nuclear plants , especially after the Chernobyl incident in 1986 where the massive radiation exposure caused approximately 50 deaths directly ( WHO , 2005 ) .
+A 22 23|||R:ADV|||when|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 32|||R:OTHER|||directly caused approximately 250 deaths|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The incident raised security concerns about nuclear plants becoming a terrorist target , where an induced meltdown in terms of present-day operating scale will have catastrophic consequences .
+
+S The US administration though , recognizes the potential of nuclear energy and has committed US $ 40 million to support Research & Development ( R&D ) for Next Generation Nuclear Plants ( NGNPs ) ( DOE , 2009 ) .
+A 3 3|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has recognized|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 23|||R:OTHER|||research and development|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The very-high-temperature-reactor ( VHTR ) , with its operating experience and the extensive R&D conducted on it , has been selected over other reactor concepts such as the supercritical-water-cooled-reactor ( SCWR ) as the reactor choice for the US next generation nuclear power plants ( DOE , 2008 ) .
+A 7 10|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 39|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Federal funding should be channeled for the VHTR concept as it promises enhanced safety and inherent security designs , in addition to a highly efficient production process .
+A 7 7|||M:OTHER|||R & D of the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S An estimated 4000 cases of thyroid cancer cases in children were attributed to the radiation leak from the Chernobyl incident , with the long term effect of the radiation exposure expected to continue over the years ( UNSCEAR , N.D. ) .
+
+S The slow but fatal effects of radiation have made radiation leak from nuclear reactors a major safety concern among the public .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||leaks|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The VHTR addresses this concern by using helium gas as the choice of coolant for the reactor .
+
+S The inert nature of helium means it will not react with the radioactive materials of the VHTR and become radioactive , eliminating a source of radiation in the event of a coolant leak ( CHM333 , 2007 ) .
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another safety feature of VHTR is the use of uranium fuel pellets multi-coated with graphite .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These reinforced pellets are extremely heat resistant and do not crack easily , so even in a case of a meltdown , the uranium pellets will be able to retain the radiation and fission products within its core with minimal release to the surroundings ( CHM333 , 2007 ) .
+A 16 17|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Questions have been raised by opponents of nuclear power technology regarding the security of the fuel pellets , which are rich sources of uranium .
+
+S When extracted and processed , enriched uranium can become a key material for the manufacture of nuclear weapons .
+
+S However , the multi-coated uranium fuel pellets used in the VHTR require a temperature of more than 1600oC before the fission products within its core can be removed and this arduous extraction condition deters potential weapon proliferation using its radioactive core ( GIF , 2008 ) .
+
+S In addition , unlike traditional reactors , the VHTR is designed to minimize fissionable material in its spent fuel by running the fuel pellets through the reactors for consecutive cycles till its fissionable material is exhausted .
+A 30 31|||R:PREP|||until|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The spent fuel pellets will then be safe for disposal and not pose a security risk should there be any intention from terrorists to extract fissionable products from it ( CHM333 , 2007 ) .
+
+S Detractors of nuclear power technology also have doubts on whether nuclear power plants can match the cost effectiveness of existing coal and gas power plants .
+
+S However , NGNPs are not only capable of generating electricity like coal and gas power plants ; they can also simultaneously produce hydrogen ( GIF , 2008 ) .
+A 16 17|||R:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This co-generation of electricity and hydrogen is made possible by the high operating temperature of up to 1000oC for the VHTR which allows for the efficient production of hydrogen by thermo-chemical processes .
+
+S Hydrogen fuel cells have been identified as the energy source of the future , thus the capability to produce hydrogen gives NGNPs an edge over existing coal and gas plants .
+A 14 15|||R:ADV|||so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By future proofing its technology , NGNPs can ensure their relevance to the power industry in the future .
+
+S Moreover , the high operating temperature of VHTR also results in higher fuel burn-up ratio of the fissionable materials in the uranium pellets ( DOE , 2008 ) .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With its highly efficient fuel burn-up , NGNPs will have a lower carbon footprint than coal and gas technology and at the same time , lesser radioactive material remaining in the spent pellets reduces the amount of radioactive waste to be treated , improving the overall process economy .
+A 25 25|||M:VERB|||having|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:ADJ:FORM|||less|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S R&D work done on nuclear power technology to date has shown promising prospects to justify the US $ 40 million financial support from the US administration .
+
+S However , additional funding for VHTR will only be available if both the US government and public can be convinced about the viability of NGNPs replacing coal and gas power plants as the main supplier of US electricity .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To achieve this , the VHTR has to stay on track through sustained R&D work in the coming years so that it can meet its expected delivery deadline on 2020 ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+A 28 29|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Chernobyl : the true scale of the accident .
+
+S ( 2005 , September 5 ) .
+
+S World Health Organization ( WHO ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 8 , 2009 , from http : //www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2005/pr38/en/index.html .
+
+S Department of Energy Announces up to $ 40 Million in Available Funding for Next Generation Nuclear Plants .
+
+S ( 2009 , September 18 ) .
+
+S U.S. Department of Energy ( DOE ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 6 , 2009 , from http : //www.ne.doe.gov/newsroom/2009PRs/nePR091809.html .
+
+S Next-Generation Nuclear Energy .
+
+S ( 2008 , February 4 ) .
+
+S U.S. Department of Energy ( DOE ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 6 , 2009 , from http : //www.ne.doe.gov/pdfFiles/factSheets/NextGenerationNuclearEnergy.pdf .
+
+S The Chernobyl accident .
+
+S ( N.D. ) .
+
+S United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation ( UNSCEAR ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 6 , 2009 , from http : //www.unscear.org/unscear/en/chernobyl.html
+
+S Nuclear Energy : Fuel of the future ? .
+
+S ( 2007 , January 11 ) .
+
+S Chemistry of the Environment ( CHM333 ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 6 , 2009 , from http : //blogs.princeton.edu/chm333/f2006/nuclear/2007/01/the_very_high_temperature_reactor_vhtr.html .
+
+S Department of Energy Announces up to $ 40 Million in Available Funding for Next Generation Nuclear Plants .
+
+S ( 2009 , September 18 ) .
+
+S U.S. Department of Energy ( DOE ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 6 , 2009 , from http : //www.ne.doe.gov/newsroom/2009PRs/nePR091809.html .
+
+S Annual Report 2008 .
+
+S ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Generation IV International Forum ( GIF ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 6 , 2009 , from http : //www.gen-4.org/PDFs/GIF_2008_Annual_Report.pdf .
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240 .
+
+S The world encounters an unprecedented challenge which requires urgent global action to prevent the risks of climate change ( Stern , 2008 ) .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is encountering|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To do so , the global green house gas has to be reduced by half relative to 1990 by 2050 , which means to reduce to less than 10 Gigatonnes of emissions ( Stern , 2008 ) .
+A 6 8|||R:ORTH|||greenhouse|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:NOUN|||emissions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many countries rely on fossil fuels as their source of energy and fossil fuel is known to be the major contributor to the green house gases .
+A 21 22|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 25|||R:ORTH|||greenhouse|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the United States alone , greenhouse gas emissions are mainly contributed by the burning of fossil fuels for energy use .
+A 9 12|||R:OTHER|||mainly come|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:PREP|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Energy- related carbon dioxide emissions from the combustion of petroleum , coal , and natural gas had contributed to eighty-two percent of total U.S. anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2006 ( Energy Information Administration , 2008 ) .
+A 16 17|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By using the very high temperature reactor ( VHTR ) , hydrogen can be used as the fuel of the future replacing the fossil fuels .
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:FORM|||to replace|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , more electricity is being produced with the help of the VHTR .
+A 5 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , for a better environment to live in , countries should support further research and provide large funding for the development even though the public is concerned with the cost and security of the VHTR .
+A 22 22|||M:OTHER|||of the VHTR|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S VHTR plants are able to produce hydrogen for fuel using high-temperature steam electrolysis , which breaks apart the bonds of water molecules ; this process is 50 percent more energy-efficient as compared to the existing hydrogen production methods ( Svoboda , 2009 ) .
+A 33 34|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , hydrogen can replace fossil fuels as a source of fuel .
+
+S Till now , there is still no material that can withstand the high temperatures and pressures , and even if such materials are found , they might incur millions of dollars to the still- unknown cost of constructing a VHTR power plant ( Svoboda , 2009 ) .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||However , until|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:OTHER|||required for the VHTR to operate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:VERB|||add|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The public is then concerned about the huge funding needed for development of the VHTR and thus feel that developing countries should first handle poverty and unemployment .
+
+S However , the developing countries will account for around eight billion out of a world population of nine billion by 2050 ( Stern , 2008 ) .
+
+S They will be the greater part of global emissions and so they need to be involved in achieving global emission reductions .
+A 0 9|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , poor people around the world also need abundant , affordable and modern energy .
+
+S 1.6 billion people in the developing countries do not have excess to electricity and they have to end their day earlier than those in richer countries due to lack of proper lighting ( Bradley , 2009 ) .
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With VHTR , developing countries will be able to meet their energy demand and will thus lift millions of people out of poverty .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , similar to those rich countries , developing countries should also provide funding to the development of VHTR .
+A 14 15|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The VHTR is able to produce fifty percent more electricity from the same amount of fuel as compared with conventional plants ( Butler , 2004 ) and is also able to produce electricity about forty percent more efficiently than most reactors in the United States ( Svoboda , 2009 ) .
+
+S In addition , INL researchers also believe that nuclear will be important in maintaining the nation 's electricity as it must be supplied at a constant rate despite the variable supplies from the sun and wind ( Svoboda , 2009 ) .
+A 9 9|||M:NOUN|||energy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:NOUN|||supply|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 36|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , given memories of the partial reactor meltdown in 1979 at Three Mile Island , Pennsylvania and of 1986 accident at Chernobyl in Ukraine , during which the reactor core exploded , killing some 31 people instantly and spreading radioactive debris across Europe ( Butler , 2004 ) , the public is concerned about the safety of the VHTR .
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , the Department of Energy and the National Nuclear Security Agency found that reprocessing increases nuclear waste and the dangers of proliferation and terrorism ( Lieberman , 2009 ) .
+
+S In contrast , VHTR is able to function without having to rely on the reprocessing of plutonium waste ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||However , in actual fact|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nuclear reactors would then become less of terrorist target .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S VHTR also has safety features to prevent core overheating and the release of radioactive material , in hope that these new approaches will eventually erase the memory of Three Mile Island and Chernobyl ( Svoboda , 2009 ) .
+A 0 0|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , countries should provide funding for research purposes and also development of the VHTR .
+A 8 11|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Building of VHTR means that countries will no longer need to depend on fossil fuels for source of energy and the emission of greenhouse gases will also be greatly reduced .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , the controversial reprocessing of nuclear waste will be solved .
+
+S Generating sufficient hydrogen to totally substitute gasoline for the United States transport purposes would mean to build more than four hundred nuclear power plants , each producing a gigawatt ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB|||replace|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 11|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:VERB:FORM|||building|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 29|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , there are only 441 nuclear plants in the world today ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S It is evident that the countries should go ahead with the research and development of VHTR .
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||proceed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Developing countries should also invest in the development of VHTR as satisfying their energy demand is essential for their economic growth .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S Bradley , R. ( 2009 , April 5 ) .
+
+S Energy poverty : environmental problem # 1 .
+
+S Retrieved October 13 , 2009 from http : //masterresource.org/ ? p = 1698
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240 .
+
+S Energy Information Administration .
+
+S ( 2008 , May ) .
+
+S Official energy statistics from U.S. government .
+
+S Retrieved October 18 , 2009 from http : //eia.doe.gov/bookshelf/bronchures/greenhouse/Chapter1.htm
+
+S Lieberman , B .
+
+S ( 2009 , August 18 ) .
+
+S Climate concerns giving boost to nuclear energy , but daunting challenges remain despite Chu support .
+
+S Retrieved October 18 , 2009 from http : //www.yaleclimatemediaforum.org/2009/08/boosts-to-nuclear- energy/
+
+S Stern , N. ( 2008 , April 30 ) .
+
+S Key elements of a global deal on climate change .
+
+S Retrieved October 10 , 2009 from http : //www.ossfoundation.us/projects/economy/KeyElementsOfAGlobalDeal_3 0Apr08.pdf/view
+
+S Svoboda , E. ( 2009 , June 8 ) .
+
+S New tech could make nuclear the best weapon against climate change .
+
+S Retrieved October 31 , 2009 from http : //discovermagazine.com/2009/jun/08-new-tech-could-make-nuclear- best-weapon-against-climate-change
+
+S Nuclear power has been a source of energy since the 1960s .
+
+S Nevertheless , the public , referring to the entire world population , has always been concerned about the safety and security issues of these nuclear reactors .
+A 3 12|||R:OTHER|||world|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , researchers came out with generation four reactors concepts hoping to ease the public 's worries .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have come|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:PART|||up|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactor|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I personally support the molten salt reactor concept for further research and development based on the following factors , safe operation of the plant , global security and the cost efficiency .
+A 18 19|||R:PUNCT|||:|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The safety issue of nuclear reactors is directly linked to the risk of radioactive emissions .
+
+S Radioactive emission can be from nuclear explosion or nuclear waste .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||emissions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:VERB|||come|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||explosions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||wastes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S An explosion of the nuclear reactor not only affects the people in them but also millions of others kilometres away .
+A 11 13|||R:OTHER|||on site|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A good example will be the Chernobyl disaster .
+
+S Explosion of the nuclear reactor during operation is due to either high temperature or high pressure .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||An explosion|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB|||occurs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:ADV|||excessively|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:ADV|||excessively|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to Ghetta , Gorse , Mazi è re and Pontikis ( 2008 ) , the molten salt reactor functions under very low vapour pressure but very high temperature .
+
+S Nevertheless , Forsberg ( 2006 ) stated that the MSR has a strong negative temperature coefficient .
+A 6 7|||R:MORPH|||states|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus when there is an increase in temperatures , the fuel-salt density will reduce and push fuel out of the reactor core into critically safe , passively cooled tanks .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||temperature|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will prevent overheating which leads to explosion .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||explosions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As for the waste of molten salt reactors , due to reprocessing , the nuclear wastes are minimal .
+
+S According to Forsberg ( 2006 ) , the final nuclear waste from the molten salt reactor can be solidified to a stable form thus ensuring that it does not emit radioactivity .
+A 23 23|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S He also added that MSRs operate at steady-state condition , with minimum excess nuclear reactivity .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This greatly reduces the radioactive emissions around the reactor .
+
+S Besides safety issues , security of the nuclear reactors is another point brought up by opposition .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN|||critics|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The existence of nuclear reactors provides the terrorists an ideal bombing location .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN|||location|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 5|||R:OTHER|||a nuclear reactor|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||is to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN|||target|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Plus , in molten salt reactor , plutonium , a key ingredient of advanced nuclear weapons , is actually created during the process before it is being reprocessed .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||In addition|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Opposition feared that the plutonium might be stolen by terrorists to make nuclear weapons .
+A 0 1|||R:NOUN|||Critics|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||fear|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , Idaho National Laboratory ( 2005 ) claimed that the plutonium content remained in the salt and has high critical mass that makes it less desirable to be used in weapons .
+A 8 9|||R:MORPH|||claims|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||remains|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 30|||R:OTHER|||for use|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to Butler ( 2004 ) , supporters are also positive that plutonium obtained could be spiked with other chemicals or elements to make it too hot to steal .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 27|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This further supports the need for research and development on molten salt reactor .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As for the risk of malign intent , World Nuclear Association ( 2008 ) stated that the basis of the design of the reactors assumed these threats .
+A 2 7|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:MORPH|||states|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:TENSE|||assumes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are sensors in the reactors that will shut down the entire reactor when there is any abnormality .
+
+S Having to incorporate all the safety and security measures , the cost efficiency of the nuclear power plant is naturally another concern .
+A 9 10|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:VERB|||makes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S World nuclear association ( 2009 ) stated that the cost of nuclear power generation has declined since 1990s .
+A 0 3|||M:DET|||The World Nuclear Association|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:MORPH|||states|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They also show statistics proving that , although the construction cost of nuclear reactors are significantly higher , once the reactors are built , the nuclear generation cost is comparable to other energy sources .
+A 6 7|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , Thornley ( 2009 ) claimed that , as compared to other energy sources , that the nuclear energy has the highest average capacity factor .
+A 7 8|||R:MORPH|||claims|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This means that nuclear power is the most efficient energy source .
+
+S Efficiency means lower costs .
+
+S Taking MSR as an example , previous design for MSR used steam cycle for electrical production .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||designs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||cycles|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Current proposal uses the Brayton cycle which has advantages such as lower cost and improved efficiency .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The current|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to Forsberg ( 2006 ) , there is a 4 percent increase in efficiency .
+
+S However , the MSR uses fluoride salt , which is more corrosive and high temperature .
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||temperatures|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , there are doubts on whether MSR is a good choice .
+A 5 6|||R:PREP|||about|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nevertheless , currently there is the carbon-based material which according to Forsberg ( 2006 ) is compatible with molten salt at high temperature .
+A 2 5|||R:WO|||there is currently|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||temperatures|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In other words , the corrosion will not be an issue .
+
+S In conclusion , I have to agree that the molten salt reactor is not perfect , however the benefits of the molten salt reactors outweighed the cons and supporters are optimistic in finding solutions to the problems , showing its potential .
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||but|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactor|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:TENSE|||outweigh|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:PREP|||about|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 40|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is proven from its low excess reactivity to decreasing maintenance costs .
+
+S Thus I support the molten salt reactor to undergo further research and development .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 13|||R:OTHER|||further research and development of the molten salt reactor|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Energy : Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature 429 , 238-240. doi : 10.1038/429238a .
+
+S Forsberg , C.W .
+
+S ( 2006 June 4-8 ) .
+
+S Molten-Salt-Reactor Technology Gaps [ Electronic version ] .
+
+S Paper 6295. www.inspi.ufl.edu/icapp06/program/abstracts/6295.pdf
+
+S Ghetta , V. , Gorse , D. , Mazi è re , D. , Pontikis , V. ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Materials Issues for Generation IV Systems .
+
+S Carg è se , Corsica , France : Springer .
+
+S Idaho National Laboratory .
+
+S ( 2005 , March ) .
+
+S FY2005 Ten-Year Program Plan - Appendix 6.0 - MSR .
+
+S Generation IV nuclear energy system .
+
+S Retrieved October 20 , 2009 , from http : //nuclear.inl.gov/deliverables/
+
+S Lyman , E. S. ( 2003 , November 26 ) .
+
+S Declaration to NRC : Plutonium Test Assembly Protection Inadequate .
+
+S Nuclear proliferation and terrorism .
+
+S Retrieved on October 23 , 2009 , from http : //www.ucsusa.org/nuclear_power/nuclear_power_risk/nuclear_proliferation_and_terrorism/declaration-to-nrc-plutonium.html
+
+S Thornley , D. ( 2009 , Fall ) .
+
+S The Growing Need for Nuclear Energy .
+
+S The Jewish Policy Center The Environment : : Fall 2009 : : Volume III : Number 3 .
+
+S Retrieved October 22 , 2009 , from http : //www.jewishpolicycenter.org/1410/growing-need-for-nuclear-energy
+
+S World Nuclear Association .
+
+S ( 2009 , July ) .
+
+S Comparing electricity generation .
+
+S The economics of nuclear power .
+
+S Retrieved on October 24 , 2009 , from http : //www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf02.html
+
+S World Nuclear Association .
+
+S ( 2008 , June ) .
+
+S Achieving optimum nuclear safety .
+
+S Safety of nuclear power reactor .
+
+S Retrieved on October 24 , 2009 , from http : //www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf06.html
+
+S A serious train calamity took place in Eschede on 3 June 1998 and claimed the lives of 101 innocent people while 88 were left severely injured ( David S. , 1998 ) .
+A 27 29|||R:NOUN|||Sckhman|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It was proclaimed to be the world 's deadliest train accident .
+
+S Investigations proved that the derailment of the train was due to a single fatigue fissure in the wheel .
+
+S The steel tire had gotten loose from the wheel and was wedged in the rail carriages .
+
+S As the train passed two rail switches , the loosened tire knocked against a switch lever and pulled the train off the railway track , causing one of its carriages to crash into a bridge .
+
+S It is unimaginable that this minor fault is the main cause for this catastrophe .
+
+S With hindsight , it seemed that this whole accident could have been prevented if more precautionary measures had been taken into consideration .
+A 0 1|||R:PREP|||At|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||seems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The numerous controversies on the actual cause of this accident were the unsuitable design of the wheel , the inability and misconception of the conductor , the inadequate train repairs and the company guidelines to investigate before addressing an issue .
+A 3 4|||R:PREP|||over|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||revolve around|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:PART|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:VERB:FORM|||investigating|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 36|||M:OTHER|||the accident|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After reviewing this accident , some experts may feel that incorporating a psychologist into the developmental process could aid in preventing it .
+A 7 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have felt|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have aided|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This writer feels that the introduction of a psychologist in a team of design engineers would not have prevented the accident .
+
+S Nevertheless , the psychologist could have contributed to the design process by reducing the rate of accidents occurring .
+A 17 18|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A point to argue would be regarding the wheel design .
+A 4 4|||M:PREP|||about|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The train company , InterCity Expss ( ICE ) , had received complaints regarding the original train wheels causing serious resonance and tremor whilst travelling at high velocity .
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||tremors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Engineers resolved this problem by inserting a rubber damping ring between the wheel and the tire .
+
+S However , this design had never been used on high-speed trains before and thus failed to adhere to safety standards .
+
+S It is evident that had the engineers waited for the approval of the new wheels before its implementation , this accident might not have happened .
+A 16 18|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A psychologist roped in to help the engineers may have been able to foresee this impending structural failure of the wheel and intervened before it was too late .
+
+S Another point lies with the company and the conductor .
+
+S Company policy stated that thorough examinations had to be done before taking necessary action .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||any|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This led to the conductor refusing to brake the train even after a passenger raised concern regarding a damaged coach .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB|||stop|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even after the conductor had verified the problem , he still outright refused to stop the train and insisted to adhere to company regulations .
+A 0 1|||M:OTHER|||In addition , even|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:PART|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:FORM|||adhering|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is shocking to realize that this unique policy that ICE complies to differs from the traditional 'stop and examine ' one .
+A 12 13|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This accident could perhaps be averted if the conductor had used his personal judgment and halted the train when an unexpected problem was discovered .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It must have been pressure from the organizational management that made the conductor follow ICE orders and refuse to do what is right i.e .
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S stall the train .
+
+S On part , it can be said that the cause of the accident is ICE for forming this rule and the conductor 's erroneous judgment .
+A 0 1|||R:PREP|||In|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After conducting a root cause analysis on the accident , a psychologist could perhaps aid the company by vetting the flawed regulations to grant train conductors the power to make an assessment to stop the train should he receive any complaints from passengers .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have aided|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 38|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Yet another point is due to a simple fault found in the train 's wheel .
+A 4 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This brought forth attention to the frequency of maintenance checks carried out by the train company .
+
+S ICE had claimed that they had conducted checks on the train on a regular basis using conventional flash lights .
+
+S This proved that checks were only on the external structure of the train and not on the internal hardware and sustainability of the wheels to support the train 's weight .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||proves|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:VERB|||conducted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is evident that ICE was too complacent and did not use more advanced technology to maintain their trains .
+
+S The aid from a psychologist in this aspect is limited as it deals with technical equipment and the views of psychology design can not be implemented in this field .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:MORPH|||psychological|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 25|||R:OTHER|||would not have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After various considerations , this writer concludes that only one factor can not be blamed as the sole cause of the accident .
+
+S Instead , it should be various factors working together to create a chain reaction which led to the dire consequences .
+A 3 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From this train accident , factors begin from the preliminary wheel design that design engineers came up with , to the insufficient maintenance of trains and the operation mode ICE uses .
+A 0 1|||R:PREP|||In|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||the problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||began|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:VERB:TENSE|||used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The aid from a psychologist is inadequate in avoiding the accident as the majority of the causes for this accident deals with technical related aspects that psychologists do not have experience in .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB|||preventing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:TENSE|||dealt|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the psychologist can contribute to the intangible aspects of the company 's routine like spotting the mistakes engineers sometimes overlook .
+A 4 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||could have contributed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the help of psychology design , the rates of accidents may reduce drastically .
+A 0 1|||M:OTHER|||Hence , with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Resources
+
+S D. Schkman ( 1998 , June 3 ) .
+
+S Eschede train disaster .
+
+S BBC News
+
+S Retrieved October 8 , 2009 from http : //news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/106269.stm
+
+S D. Rolf ( 2000 ) .
+
+S ICE Train Accident in Eschede - Recent News Summary .
+
+S Vol.5 ( 2 )
+
+S Retrieved October 9 , 2009 from http : //www.ndt.net/news/2000/eschedec.htm
+
+S D. Fry ( 1998 ) ICE Tragedy Eschede , Germany 1998
+
+S Retrieved October 9 , 2009 from http : //danger- ahead.railfan.net/reports/eschede/index.html
+
+S Darlow Smithson Productions ( 2000 ) Seconds from Disaster Season 1 , National Geographic
+
+S Retrieved October 9 , 2009 from http : //channel.nationalgeographic.com/series/seconds-from-disaster/
+
+S Public opposition regarding the issue of nuclear technology has been evident ever since the Chernobyl and Three Mile accident .
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||accidents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S People were mostly concerned about public health and safety caused by radioactive exposures .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the case of Shoreham , the nuclear plant faced strong opposition from both the people and the government .
+
+S Although Shoreham had a license for nuclear power testing , the plant was fully decommissioned in the end in 1998 .
+
+S Light Water Reactors ( LWRs ) make up the majority of nuclear plants in the United States .
+
+S Uranium is the primary fuel source in these nuclear plants .
+
+S Unfortunately , incomplete combustion of uranium fuel comprises high up to 99 % .
+A 2 13|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , nuclear wastes repositories require geological isolation over in areas like Yucca Mountain .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||waste|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 15|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , the concept of fourth generation nuclear power addresses the issue of involving complete combustion in uranium fuel .
+A 16 22|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They are capable of combusting nuclear waste that leaves a minimal volume of waste with insignificant half-lives , thus addressing the nuclear waste problem .
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:FORM|||leaving|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Molten Salt Reactor ( MSR ) is a type of fourth generation nuclear reactor .
+
+S The coolant comprises of a molten salt .
+A 3 4|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The concepts of MSR involve nuclear fuel dissolved in the molten fluoride salt as uranium tetra fluoride .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||concept|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||involves|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As such , the fluid would be able to rely on fuel that is dispersed in a graphite matrix with the molten salt providing low pressure and high temperature cooling , unlike in today 's LWR 's .
+
+S Thus , MSR have the ability to work at high temperatures , low-pressure operation and at high power density .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||at low pressures|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||densities|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S At higher temperatures , most of the reactor heat is then able to transformed into electricity because it ensures complete combustion of the uranium fuel .
+A 9 13|||R:OTHER|||can then be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 18|||R:OTHER|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Operating at lower pressures reduces accident risk unlike with the current LWR and fission products have better retention in the event of an accident .
+A 7 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 18|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The MSR is able to be air-cooled , making it capable of using waste heat for water desalination .
+A 2 5|||R:OTHER|||can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The turbines have also excellent thermodynamic efficiency due to the relatively high temperature .
+A 13 13|||M:OTHER|||it functions at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , unlike traditional LWRs , refueling of the MSR can be done while the system is still in operation .
+
+S Fission products are removed and new fuel is added to portions of the fuel at a time , drastically reducing the cost of operation of the MSR .
+A 22 25|||R:OTHER|||operating|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Obama campaign initially opposed to the idea of the Yucca Mountain nuclear repository .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN|||administration|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 3|||M:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The amount of money needed to build a nuclear repository isolated away from civilization , cost up to $ 25billion .
+A 14 15|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are better methods of using this sum of money collected from taxes from its people to solve waste disposal problem .
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government should exploit the funds available to develop MSRs .
+
+S These reactors are capable of consuming existing nuclear waste in the production of electricity , and prevent nuclear waste from accumulating .
+
+S Accelerated development of MSRs will result in the US to successfully tackle nuclear waste problem and revolutionize an entire new level of carbon-free energy that can last longer than just centuries .
+A 9 10|||U:VERB:FORM||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB|||managing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:FORM|||revolutionizing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , MSRs are up to 300 times more fuel-efficient compared to the LWRs .
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It actually provides a bit more than what most scientists expect from fusion as an MSR can be built in small 1.2MW electric units .
+A 0 1|||R:PRON|||They|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||provide|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A 7.4 MW thermal reactor was built in the 1960s and operated for years , proving the concept .
+A 15 18|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S MSRs is also much more efficient than a helium-cooled Very High Temperature Reactor ( VHTR ) operating at similar conditions , in terms of electricity conversion .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Reactors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:INFL|||VHTRs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Apart from that , MSRs are capable of operating for several centuries with only uranium that is already present .
+
+S Thus , the claim of nuclear fuel mining using up fossil fuels and adding to the greenhouse effect is unjustified .
+
+S However , the high temperature and corrosive operating conditions of the MSR require materials that exceed the limitations of current nuclear reactors .
+
+S Materials used for these reactors require high dimensional stability and most importantly corrosion-resistant , due to the molten salt of MSRs being corrosive itself .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN|||corrosion-resistance|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some materials that fit the bill include nickel-base super alloys , silicon carbide , specific grades of graphite and refractory alloys , are expensive in nature .
+A 3 6|||R:OTHER|||are suitable|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:DET|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , the cost of operation will not be price-friendly as claimed .
+A 9 9|||M:ADV|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nevertheless , introduction of MSRs still deserve strong support as they prove to be the best solution for improving energy efficiency and developing renewable energies .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||deserves|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:OTHER|||are likely to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Prompt development of MSRs is especially required for rising countries such as China and India .
+A 8 9|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These countries are unable to satisfy their energy needs with solely just based on the available avenues for energy sources currently .
+A 9 10|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:ADJ|||current|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , fourth generation nuclear energy is the best substitution for coal and natural gas .
+A 3 7|||R:OTHER|||nuclear energy from fourth generation nuclear reactors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Current emissions of carbon dioxide from automobiles and industries are furiously contributing to global warming .
+
+S We have already crossed the thresh hold of acceptable greenhouse gases emission levels .
+A 5 7|||R:NOUN|||threshold|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||gas|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , preventing accelerated climate change beyond human control is of greatest priority .
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240 .
+
+S Moore , P. ( 2006 , April 16 ) .
+
+S Going Nuclear : A Green Makes The Case .
+
+S Washington { http : //www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/content/article/2006/04/14/AR2006041401209.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/content/article/2006/04/14/AR2006041401209.html ]
+
+S Hansen , J .
+
+S ( 2008 , Dec 21 ) .
+
+S 4th Generation Nuclear Power .
+
+S OSS Foundation { http : //www.ossfoundation.us/projects/energy/nuclear } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.ossfoundation.us/projects/energy/nuclear ]
+
+S Fosberg C. ( 2002 , Oct 16 ) .
+
+S Molten Salt Reactors ( MSRs ) .
+
+S The Americas Nuclear Energy Symposium .
+
+S American Nuclear Society ( US ) .
+
+S { http : //blogs.princeton.edu/chm333/f2006/nuclear/2007/01/the_molten_salt_reactor_msr.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //blogs.princeton.edu/chm333/f2006/nuclear/2007/01/the_molten_salt_reactor_msr.html ]
+
+S Fosberg C. ( 2004 , Jun 17 ) .
+
+S Safety and Licensing Aspects of the Molten Salt Reactor .
+
+S The Americas Nuclear Society Annual Meeting .
+
+S American Nuclear Society ( US ) .
+
+S { http : //www.ornl.gov/ ~ webworks/cppr/y2001/pres/120164.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.ornl.gov/ ~ webworks/cppr/y2001/pres/120164.pdf ]
+
+S According to a study done by the Sunssex Energy Group based in the University of Sussex , the world 's fossil fuel supply is currently dwindling and will be running out within the next 20 years ( Emily Walker ) .
+A 37 39|||R:OTHER|||Walker , 2009|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , the increasing emission of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuel was proven to be one of the factors in causing climate change ( Jager ) .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:OTHER|||, n.d.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These two major issues will lead to more people accepting the use of nuclear energy .
+
+S However , there remains doubt on the safety of nuclear reactors ' operation and hence , public might not fully accept the concept of nuclear reactor .
+A 5 6|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 26|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order to make the nuclear reactor safer , cleaner and cheaper , the Generation IV International Forum ( GIF ) was established in mid 2001 for further research on the III generation nuclear reactor .
+A 26 27|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the late of 2002 GIF announced the six best reactor technologies which they believe that will become the futures nuclear reactors .
+A 1 4|||R:OTHER|||late|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:MORPH|||future|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The six technologies are very high Temperature Reactor ( VTHR ) , Super-Critical Water-Cooled ( SCWR ) , Molten Salt Reactor ( MSR ) , Gas-Cooled Fast Reactor ( GFR ) , Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor ( SFR ) , and Lead- Cooled Fast Reactor ( LFR ) .
+A 4 6|||M:DET|||the Very High|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:NOUN|||Reactor|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 32|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 42|||R:OTHER|||the Lead-Cooled|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The below few paragraphs are explained why you should support further research and development on the super-critical water-cooled reactor ( SCRW ) in term of safety , security and performance .
+A 1 4|||R:WO|||few paragraphs below|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||explain|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN:NUM|||terms|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First of all is the safety of the super-critical water-cooled reactor ( SCWR ) .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||The first reason|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The SCWR is basically a pressurized water reactor operating above the thermodynamic critical point of water .
+
+S The working temperature is about 510-550K and pressure is 25MPa ( Butler , D ) .There is many people will feel shocking with the high operating temperature and pressure of this reactor .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||2004|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:TENSE|||may|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:ADJ:FORM|||shocked|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:PREP|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They will argue that pressure vessel wall can not withstand such a high pressure and the high working temperature will melt the core .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They worry SCWR will replay the accidents in the Three Mile Island March 28 , 1979 and the Chernobyl on April 26 , 1986 ( " Nuclear Disasters and Accidents " ) .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||that the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the growth of the technology modern SCWR was designed with the pressure-tube design .
+A 2 2|||M:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 8|||R:OTHER|||modern technology , the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The success of this design was eliminated the need of a thick wall vessel and minimize the risks of explosion of nuclear reactors .
+A 5 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||eliminates|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:SVA|||minimizes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , in this design the separation of coolant and moderator was introduction of a passive heat-removal system to minimize the consequences during accident scenarios where active cooling maybe not be available .
+A 11 13|||R:OTHER|||is introduced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:OTHER|||as part|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:OTHER|||may|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Decay heat was removed through radiation and convection from distributed channels during accidents , and consequently preventing fuel melting in the core .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 22|||R:OTHER|||fuel melting in the core will be prevented|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , this design improved the safety of the SCWR .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||improves|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , are the security issues or known as proliferation .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||The second reason|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||such|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:ADJ|||nuclear|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nuclear power leads to potential security risk , plutonium have to be separated out during reprocessing cycle of nuclear .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||risks|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:PREP|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||the reprocessing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:NOUN|||energy production|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Plutonium is a key ingredient of advance nuclear weapons .
+
+S Although U.S.A was decided to dump all the plutonium waste to the Yucca Mountain , they never mention the level of safety that can be achieved .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||the U.S.A.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||the government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:TENSE|||mentioned|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Consequently , public claims that nuclear power wastes create a high degree of proliferation risks and until today there is no solution on it .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Among the six technologies in the IV generation of nuclear power only SCWR and VTHR no required waste recycling .
+A 3 11|||R:OTHER|||generation IV nuclear technologies ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||the VHTR|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||do not require|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the super-critical water-cooled reactor ( SCWR ) system the waste recycling was optional , which means that SCWR can operate without having to depend on the contentious reprocessing of plutonium waste ( Butler , D. ) .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:OTHER|||2004|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , this technology was independent with the proliferation risks .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||free of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Last but not least is the performance of the super-critical water-cooled reactor ( SCWR ) .
+
+S SCWR consider one of the most promising future nuclear reactors because of the high thermal efficiency .
+A 0 0|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is considered|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The use of multi-pass flows system in the SCWR allows the production of process heat on demand and improves the thermal efficiency .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The thermal efficiency of SCWR is about 45 % , which is much higher than the generation III light water reactor of 33 % of thermal efficiency ( Supercritical-Water-Cooled Reactor ( SCWR ) ) .
+
+S Moreover , the distributed fuel channels in the SCWR allow the system optimized fuel bundles into each channel .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:FORM|||to optimize|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , an appropriate fuel cycle , flow , cladding temperature and power distributes independently can be achieved , this ensures the stability and predictable performance of the reactors .
+A 12 15|||R:OTHER|||independent power distribution|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:DET|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:MORPH|||stable|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , super-critical water-cooled reactor ( SCWR ) was proven that it is cleaner , safer and having higher performance as compare with the generation III nuclear reactor .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 14|||R:OTHER|||to be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 21|||R:OTHER|||better performing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:FORM|||compared|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , to reduce the emission of carbon dioxide during the burning fossil fuel we should now support super-critical water reactor ( SCWR ) for further research and development .
+A 0 4|||R:OTHER|||In addition|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:PREP|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 32|||R:OTHER|||further research and development for the super-critical water reactor ( SCWR )|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Super- critical water-cooled reactor is the best future reactor to generate sufficient energy to fulfill the need of energy from public .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||The super-critical|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 19|||R:OTHER|||energy needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Emily Walker .
+
+S ( 2009 , October 15 ) .
+
+S Oil supplies to run out within 20 year .
+
+S Sussex study suggests .
+
+S The Argus News .
+
+S Retrieved October 16 , 2009 , from { http : //www.theargus.co.uk/news/4681997.Oil_supplies_to_run_out_within_20_years/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.theargus.co.uk/news/4681997.Oil_supplies_to_run_out_within_20_years/ ]
+
+S Jager .
+
+S Carbon dioxide & greenhouse effect .
+
+S Research Asistance .
+
+S Retrieved October 16 , 2009,from { http : //www.researchassistance.com/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.researchassistance.com/ ] paper/17313/a_ra_default/carbon_dioxide__reenhouse_effect.html Massachusetts Institute of Technology .
+
+S The Future of Nuclear Power .
+
+S Retrieved October 16,2009 , from http : //web.mit.edu/nuclearpower/pdf/nuclearpower-summary.pdf Thinkquest 98 , Team 17940 .
+
+S Nuclear Disasters and Accidents .
+
+S Retrieved October 17 , 2009,from { http : //library.thinkquest.org/17940/texts/nuclear_disasters/nuclear_disasters.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //library.thinkquest.org/17940/texts/nuclear_disasters/nuclear_disasters.html ]
+
+S Idaho National Laboraty .
+
+S Supercritical-Water-Cooled Reactor ( SCWR ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 17,2009 , from { http : //nuclear.inl.gov/gen4/scwr.shtml } [ HYPERLINK : http : //nuclear.inl.gov/gen4/scwr.shtml ]
+
+S Changying Li , JiangQiang and Laurence K.H .
+
+S Leung ( 2009 , November ) .
+
+S Progress in urthermore , ineste hasion on it 799-804 .
+
+S Nuclear Energy Volume 51 , Issue 8 , Pages 799-804 .
+
+S Retrieved October 17,2009 , from { http : //www.sciencedirect.com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/science/ ? _ob = ArticleURL&_udi = B6V3X-4WS224D } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.sciencedirect.com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/science/ ? _ob = ArticleURL&_udi = B6V3X-4WS224D ] 1&_user = 111989&_coverDate = 11 % 2F30 % 2F2009&_rdoc = 5&_fmt = high&_orig = bowse&_srch = docinfo ( % 23toc % 235742 % 232009 % 23999489991 % 231439070 % 23FLA % 23display % 23Volume ) &_cdi = 5742&_sort = d&_docanchor = &_ct = 12&_acct = C000008700&_version = 1&_urlVersion = 0&_userid = 111989&_errMsg = 1&md5 = 039ebc07853775a7e00d239c39c62123
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240 .
+
+S Declan Butler , Nuclear Power 's New Dawn
+
+S Nuclear power is an energy produced from controlled nuclear chemical reactions .
+
+S Commercial plants in use today use nuclear fission reactions , which is a result of a large molecule breaking into its smaller fragments .
+A 20 21|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nuclear fusion reactions are believed to be much safer than fission and appear potentially viable , though technically it is difficult to take place .
+A 11 11|||M:NOUN|||reactions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:OTHER|||for them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Fusion power has been under intense theoretical and experimental investigation for many years .
+
+S The atomic bombs dropped on the island of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan during the Second World War and Chernobyl Nuclear plant that caused two explosions in 1986 have raised eyebrows about the devastating effects of nuclear energy .
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:ORTH|||nuclear|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Chernobyl disaster , especially , exposed millions of people to radioactive chemicals and has been linked to many forms of cancer in Eastern Europe and Russia , as well as destroying animals and plants .
+A 31 32|||R:VERB:FORM|||destroyed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These two incidents have highlighted the power of nuclear energy , which has caused so much controversy as to whether it has become a liability or a source of energy to the world .
+A 21 23|||R:VERB|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Electric utility reactors heat water to produce steam , which is then used to generate electric energy .
+
+S In 2007 , 14 % of the world 's electricity came from nuclear power , despite concerns about safety and radioactive waste management .
+
+S More than 150 of such plants were built .
+
+S In this way , nuclear power has become an independent source of energy to meet the rising demand of a country and an increasingly growing global population .
+A 17 17|||M:NOUN|||energy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These reactors can also be used to split hydrogen from water thermochemically .
+
+S Many countries around the world that largely depend on oil and fossil fuels for their energy needs are betting on hydrogen as the fuel of the future , using fuel cells to convert the gas into electricity for cars and homes .
+
+S Research has been done by many countries to improve on generations of reactors , some of which are in operation now .
+
+S The latest theoretical nuclear reactor design has been drafted up by a consortium of ten nations that are planning the nuclear reactors of tomorrow .
+
+S The Generation IV reactors are expected to be available by 2030 .
+
+S These new plants would operate at high temperatures to improve their efficiency and they would include simplified safety features that rely on non sophisticated back up systems to eradicate any problems .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One such reactor that we could see in the near future is the Very-High-Temperature-Reactor ( VHTR ) , which allows for more efficient conversion of heat to electricity , up to more than half of what could be produced previously .
+
+S The problem of high operating temperatures is eliminated by using coolants that use inert helium .
+
+S Another important point to consider is that nuclear energy is not a source of carbon dioxide emission , unlike the burning of fossil fuels .
+
+S With the " greenhouse " effect and the environmental issue of global warming , nuclear energy has come at the right time to slow down the melting of the ice caps and stop the rise of sea levels .
+
+S As much as there are many positive reasons to use nuclear power , many people still have their doubts about this source of energy , mainly due to the fact that they remembered the infamous Chernobyl incident and the atomic bombs of World War Two .
+A 32 33|||R:VERB:TENSE|||remember|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Any accidents could lead to widespread damage and nobody can afford another radioactive leakage which could signal the end of nuclear energy .
+
+S Despite a generally high security standard , accidents will , nonetheless , happen .
+
+S Technically , it is almost impossible to build a plant which is totally safe .
+
+S There is always a chance of the plant failing .
+
+S The consequences of an accident would be absolutely devastating for both humans and nature , as in the past .
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||have been the case|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , the power plants , together with the nuclear waste , could be targets for terrorist attacks .
+
+S No atomic energy plant in the world could withstand an attack similar to the infamous 9/11 .
+A 16 16|||M:NOUN|||incident|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Such a terrorist act would have catastrophic effects for the entire world .
+
+S Researchers have not solved the problem of radioactive waste produced by plants .
+
+S This waste from nuclear energy is extremely dangerous and can be used for the production of nuclear weapons .
+
+S The question now is : Is there a future for nuclear energy ?
+
+S The sustainability of nuclear power is questionable .
+
+S Nuclear energy uses Uranium as a form of energy , which is a scarce resource .
+A 3 4|||R:ORTH|||uranium|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 15|||R:OTHER|||, which is a scarce resource , as a form of energy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Theoretically , the supply of Uranium is expected to last for about 50-60 years .
+A 5 6|||R:ORTH|||uranium|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We can say that nuclear energy is a non-renewable resource .
+
+S Nuclear power is not just an energy technology .
+
+S It is a unique blend of technical , economical , political and military interest .
+A 8 9|||R:MORPH|||economic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||interests|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In my opinion , there is no future for nuclear power because : chances of an accident which will release radioactive waste into the atmosphere is too high , there are still no safe solutions for the growing pile of deadly radioactive wastes , and reprocessing of this energy is dirty , dangerous and costly .
+
+S From the above discussion of the pros and cons of nuclear energy , it should be clear that nuclear power can not be a solution to any problem that we are facing today .
+
+S In any case , it is a source of many other problems we could face in the near future .
+
+S References :
+
+S http : //www.bionomicfuel.com/pros-and-cons-of-nuclear-power/ #
+
+S http : //members.tripod.com/funk_phenomenon/nuclear/procon.htm
+
+S Declan Butler , Nuclear Power 's New Dawn , Volume 429 , www.nature.com/nature
+
+S Nowadays , the nuclear power is being discussed frequently .
+A 3 3|||M:OTHER|||issue of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is a new energy source and has a lot of potential to be discovered and explored .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Nuclear power|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to Declan Butler ( 2004 ) , nuclear power will not release the green house gas-carbon dioxide which is now soaring , and global energy demands are predicted to double by 2050 , therefore the nuclear option is now having great potential to be developed .
+A 14 17|||R:OTHER|||greenhouse gas carbon|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 22|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 35|||R:OTHER|||. Therefore ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 41|||R:OTHER|||has now become|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 43|||R:OTHER|||a viable alternative|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 45 46|||R:VERB|||considered|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , in the nuclear power plants , during the process there are many uncertainties regarding the safety issues .
+A 2 19|||R:OTHER|||there are many uncertainties regarding safety in the processes found in nuclear power plants|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many accidents and tragedies happened .
+A 4 4|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Studies ( Recently in Nuclear Accidents Category , n.d. ) state that in year 2008 , there is a plutonium leak at Austrian IAEA Facility and a uranium leak at France 's Tricastin Nuclear Facility .
+A 13 14|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In year 2009 , a fire broke out in Unit 1 of Ukraine 's Rivne Nuclear Power Plant .
+A 1 2|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although these accidents did not cause any people died , it reminded people that the nuclear power is not as safe as people think .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:FORM|||to die|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One system-the Emergency Response Information System ( ERIS ) is hence , figured out to enhance the safety .
+A 9 9|||M:PUNCT|||-|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 12|||R:OTHER|||has hence been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||R:VERB|||developed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When there is something happens , the system will function immediately to response to the incidents and therefore adequately save the nuclear workers and the general public .
+A 1 3|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB|||respond|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||incident|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , from some aspects , this system still has many defects for its feasibility and performance .
+A 2 3|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||in terms of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To carry out ERIS , many training courses and regular exercises are essential in order to make the nuclear worker able to deal with radiation leaks or other accidents .
+A 0 1|||R:PART|||In|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:FORM|||carrying|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These essential courses and exercises will consume a lot of money to carry out .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB|||cost|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides the cost for training , we still need money for introducing those advanced technology skills , modern facilities and equipment into the nuclear power plants .
+A 3 4|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 10|||R:OTHER|||money is also needed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||as well as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to H.J .
+
+S Laue ( 1982 ) , a total number of 400 experts in more than 60 Member States as well as the advanced equipment cost US $ 10million .
+
+S It is a big amount and always need a consortium to become the backbone .
+A 0 1|||R:PRON|||This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:ADV|||thus|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 14|||R:OTHER|||raise|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , there are many obstacles and contradictions in finding a big consortium to become the backbone .
+A 14 17|||R:OTHER|||raise these funds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , the ERIS becomes not feasible enough to be carried out .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , this Emergency Response Information System may not be reliable as well .
+
+S In order to have quick and effective response to any nuclear emergency , this system requires a complete round-the-clock operation centre ( E.Asculai and H.E .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB|||provide|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Collins , 1988 ) .
+
+S There must have a very close relation and contact between each stage of operation facilities of the system in order to perform well when incidents happen .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 9|||R:OTHER|||connection|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 18|||R:OTHER|||the system 's operations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:OTHER|||for the system|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even in the midnight , there still must have workers to monitor the system to ensure that the system is functional for 24 hours .
+A 1 3|||R:OTHER|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 8|||R:WO|||must still|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , most of the public are ignorant and do not have much knowledge regarding this system .
+A 0 1|||R:ADV|||Furthermore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They do not know what they should do if there is an accident .
+
+S In addition , government should also have good coordinate with the nuclear power plants regarding the safety issues and be very clear of what they should do with this system when accident happens .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:MORPH|||coordination|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 31|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although this system is efficient to protect people when incidents suddenly happen , nobody can give 100 % guarantee for this system to perform well as this system consists of many operation stages and a wide range of people to monitor it .
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 34|||M:VERB|||requires|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So , what is the most efficient design to enhance the safety of nuclear power plants ?
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Thus|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many researchers are dealing with this issue now .
+
+S No one can design out the most efficient system to enhance the safety .
+A 4 5|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||such|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , many proponents still support the Emergency Response Information System .
+
+S They claimed that besides the infeasibilities due to cost and performance , this system is still very important and functional when nuclear accidents happen .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||claim|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||other than|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This system is believed to be the best system so far to protect the nuclear workers and public up rather than the other method such as probabilistic safety assessment because ERIS is more practical to protect people directly after incident happens .
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN:NUM|||methods|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 30|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||U:VERB:FORM||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:VERB:FORM|||protecting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 39|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To sum up , this emergency response information system is a good system to protect public after incident happens .
+A 4 5|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 9|||R:ORTH|||Emergency Response Information System|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:ADJ|||effective|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:SVA|||protects|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:PREP|||if|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , it has to be improved and developed more in-depth to ensure its safeness and enhance its feasibility .
+A 7 7|||M:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:MORPH|||safety|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The countries that are developing this nuclear power ( Only five countries-China , France , Russia , the United Kingdom and the United States ) must make good use of the nuclear power as the energy source for people 's daily use .
+A 9 10|||R:ORTH|||only|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S People will definitely not give up this nuclear power as it has a lot of potential as an energy source .
+
+S Therefore , design to enhance the safety of nuclear power plants becomes a long-term project of the world .
+A 2 2|||M:OTHER|||developing a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Consequently , the nuclear power source will be used by public extensively .
+A 8 8|||M:ADV|||extensively|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S Declan Butler , D.B .
+
+S ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear Power 's New Dawn .
+
+S The Generation IV International Forum ( GIF ) , Nature Publishing Group .
+
+S E. Asculai , E.A. , & H.E .
+
+S Collins , H.E.C .
+
+S ( 1998 ) .
+
+S The IAEA 's emergency assistance services .
+
+S IAEA Bulletin .
+
+S Retrieved October 8 , 2009 , from { http : //www.iaea.org/Publications/Magazines/Bulletin/Bull303/30302742226.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.iaea.org/Publications/Magazines/Bulletin/Bull303/30302742226.pdf ]
+
+S H.J .
+
+S Laue , H.J.L .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Nuclear Power and Technology Transfer .
+
+S IAEA Bulletin , 24 ( 4 ) .Retrieved October 8 , 2009 , from { http : //www.iaea.org/Publications/Magazines/Bulletin/Bull244/24404781923.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.iaea.org/Publications/Magazines/Bulletin/Bull244/24404781923.pdf ]
+
+S Nuclear Emergency Preparedness & Response In Japan .
+
+S ( 2005 ) .
+
+S Japan Nuclear Energy Safety Organization ( JNES ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 8 , 2009 , from { http : //www.ansn-jp.org/jneslibrary/textbook14_e.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.ansn-jp.org/jneslibrary/textbook14_e.pdf ]
+
+S Mark , M. ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Recently in Nuclear Accidents Category .
+
+S Chernobyl and Eastern Europe .
+
+S Retrieved October 8 , 2009 , from { http : //www.chernobylee.com/blog/nuclear-accidents/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.chernobylee.com/blog/nuclear-accidents/ ]
+
+S Mankind have been exploring for methods of obtaining high energy output to sustain the usage of energy supply for our daily lives , resulting to the expansion of energy supply industry .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||various|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nuclear power which is generally the usage of nuclear fission reactions to obtain electrical energy is an example .
+A 0 19|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In its early days , nuclear power was seen as offering a potentially limitless source of energy .
+
+S However , this promise is notably associated to the technologies , the costs and the precise features , which were not yet known with high precision then .
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are various reasons leading to why expansion of nuclear power has faced problems through the years , such as the publics ' objection ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+A 21 23|||R:NOUN:POSS|||public 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On top of that , there are other factors that contribute to why further research and development of nuclear power should not continue .
+
+S For instance , the Very-high- temperature reactors in the generation IV reactor concept ( Butler , 2004 ) , which still requires further development on safety at this stage , is rather depressing .
+A 24 25|||R:OTHER|||in the aspect of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , all stages of the nuclear fuel cycle involve potentially harmful effects on the environment or mankind due to the high reactivity , the radiation emitted by nuclear wastes and the huge heat dissipation during nuclear processes .
+
+S Any flaws in the reactor design or processes could result in disastrous circumstances .
+
+S For instance , the Chernobyl accident is still causing deaths years after the accident , mainly dying from cancer caused by exposure to radiation from the highly radioactive waste products released after the massive steam explosion , due to system flaws , and a second non-nuclear explosion ( International Atomic Energy Agency , 2006 ) .
+A 15 15|||M:OTHER|||with victims|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 37|||M:OTHER|||which occurred|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In a 2005 report , The Chernobyl Forum , led by the International Atomic Energy Agency and World Health Organization , attributed 56 direct deaths , and estimated over thousands more death out of the most highly exposed people .
+A 0 2|||U:PREP|||A|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||entitled|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB|||prepared|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:NOUN:NUM|||deaths|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 34|||R:PREP|||among|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Three Mile Island accident is another example , which occurred due to a partial core meltdown in one of its unit ( Corey , n.d. ) .
+A 0 8|||R:WO|||Another example is the Three Mile Island accident|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:NUM|||units|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The above examples illustrate the potential dangers of nuclear power due to the explosive and radioactive characteristics .
+A 12 13|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The radiation coming from these nuclear wastes will not only produce an instant harm , but also a long-term effect on residents in affected areas , spreading across generations .
+A 4 5|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Keeping that in mind , the gas-cooled fast reactor of the generation IV reactor concept which requires research on irradiation- resistance material , post the potential harms due to radiation .
+A 9 9|||M:OTHER|||, one|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||concepts ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 30|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , the need of research on heat resistance material and security in various reactor concepts in generation IV concept is also worrying in terms of the possibilities of nuclear accidents in the future .
+A 4 5|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 20|||R:OTHER|||the various generation IV reactor concepts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , arguments are that nuclear power is the best alternative because of the characteristic of not producing combustion-related air- pollutants that will lead to global warming , and the huge power supply it provides .
+A 29 29|||M:PREP|||because of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , nuclear power uses Uranium , which is a scarce resource that is only expected to last for another 30 to 60 years , as fuel .
+A 6 7|||R:ORTH|||uranium|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , Uranium will soon deplete and we will need to search for a new form of energy supply .
+A 2 3|||R:ORTH|||uranium|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , the huge amount of funds pumped into research and development on nuclear power , which will not support us for a long-run , is not cost-effective .
+A 22 23|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:OTHER|||long run|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , renewable energy technologies are now expanding faster than nuclear power ( Natural Resources Defense Council , 2007 ) .
+A 12 12|||M:NOUN|||technologies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They are equally environmental-friendly and the depleting of resources for renewable energy is of no worries since the reactants are renewable .
+A 3 4|||R:ADJ|||environmentally-friendly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||worry|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Last of all , one of the most promising and nerve-racking reasons would be the risk of development of nuclear weapons in an era of transnational terrorism ( Gaukler , Barnett , & Rosinski , 2002 ) .
+A 12 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Terrorism is one of the most troubling issues happening globally in recent years .
+A 7 10|||R:OTHER|||global issues|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The improvement in technologies of the nuclear power would also provide better background in handling nuclear weapons , thus , any leakage of details could result in development of nuclear weapons , which in the time of translational terrorism is almost inevitable .
+A 11 13|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||R:OTHER|||so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is also worrying that nuclear power plants may be the target of attack for terrorists due to its destructive nature .
+A 18 19|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With that in mind , there will be a higher risk of a nuclear warfare .
+A 0 4|||R:OTHER|||Therefore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The result is disastrous .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , the need of research on security in various reactor concepts of generation IV is also disturbing .
+A 5 6|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To summarize , nuclear power has various alerting security issues that could affect the well-being of our environment and health that could not be neglected despite of it numerous benefits .
+A 7 10|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:TENSE|||can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , there are better alternatives such as the renewable energy that will be able to support as in a long-run .
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||our energy needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||R:OTHER|||the long run|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , the funds pumped into development of nuclear power should be used in development of renewable resources that are more cost- effective .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:ADV|||instead|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240
+
+S Corey , G.R .
+
+S ( n.d ) .
+
+S A brief review of the accident at three mile island .
+
+S Retrieved October 4,
+
+S 2009 , from http : //www.iaea.org/Publications/Magazines/Bulletin/Bull215/21502795459 .pdf
+
+S Gaukler , P. , & Barnett , D.S. , & Rosinski , D.J .
+
+S ( 2002 ) .
+
+S Nuclear energy and terrorism .
+
+S Retrieved October 4 , 2008 , from http : //www.abanet.org/environ/pubs/nre/specissue/gauklerbarnettrosinski .pdf
+
+S International Atomic Electronic Agency .
+
+S ( 2006 ) .
+
+S The chernobyl forum 2003- 2005 ( 2nd ed. ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 4 , 2009 , from http : //www.iaea.org/Publications/Booklets/Chernobyl/chernobyl.pdf
+
+S Natural Resources Defense Council .
+
+S ( 2007 ) .
+
+S New nuclear power plants .
+
+S Retrieved October 4 , 2008 , from http : //www.nrdc.org/nuclear/plants/plants.pdf
+
+S In Singapore , according to the Ministry of Manpower ( 2009 ) , there are about a total number of 11000 cases of fatality and non fatality of occupational accident occur in Singapore and 60 people died in these accidents per annum .
+A 13 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:MORPH|||fatal|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:MORPH|||fatal|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:NOUN:NUM|||accidents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||R:VERB:TENSE|||die|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The accident of the Nicoll Highway Collapse in year 2004 is one of the most catastrophic accidents in the construction sector of Singapore , which took away 4 lives .
+A 8 9|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:OTHER|||, which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to the accident investigation report ( Ministry of Manpower , 2005 ) , it was found that the main cause of the collapse was due to underdesign of the retaining wall which could not handle the stress of holding up the tunnel .
+A 27 28|||R:SPELL|||under-designing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although some people might think that the effectiveness of psychology in preventing accident from occurring is controversial , however I believe that the use of psychology during design process can prevent this accident from occurring .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||accidents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 31|||R:VERB:TENSE|||could have prevented|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many people think that not only the Nicoll Highway Collapse incident , but most of the major accidents were unexpected and were mainly caused by errors in human judgment .
+A 13 13|||M:ADV|||also|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:ADJ|||occupational|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They believe that psychology could do nothing in preventing the accident from occurring ( International Labour Organisation , 2000 ) .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have done|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||to prevent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , in certain aspect accident can be prevented if psychology is introduced to these situations during the design stage .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||aspects ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||accidents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to Heinrich Domino theory , it is found that accident is caused by the chain reaction of a series of factor .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:NUM|||factors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , " Heinrich proposes that the removal of unsafe act and unsafe conditions will prevent accident , as from his research it was found that these were the direct or immediate causes of most accident " ( Singapore Polytechnic , 2008 ) .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||acts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||accidents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 24|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:NOUN:NUM|||accidents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the United Kingdom , the approach of understanding human behaviour was used in a practical set of Human Factors Analysis Tools ( HFAT ) which was developed by Mr Ronny Lardner & Mr Richard Scaife .
+
+S It had make significant enhancement in the steel- making , chemical manufacture and construction industry in preventing accident at work .
+A 0 1|||R:PRON|||This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 3|||R:OTHER|||made|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||accidents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides that , with this Human Factors Analysis Tools ( HFAT ) , the originator has also won the Occupational Psychology Practitioner of the Year in year 2006 ( Division of Occupational Psychology , United Kingdom , n.d. ) .
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||originators|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:NOUN|||award|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Most people claim that accidents are unpreventable because a malfunction in a product is due to inadequate design that might cause accidents to occur which is beyond the control of human capability ( Wilpert , 2007 ) .
+A 24 24|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , this kind of situation can be easily prevented for a well designed product , if psychology is put into consideration during the design process .
+
+S For example , the use of past accident investigation record of similar product in the studies of designing the product , or consultation of real life operators in the evaluation of the critical design phase ( Association of Independent Consultants , Inc , n.d. ) .
+A 0 35|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These could assist the engineer to experience and discover the limitation and weakness of the design and improve on it .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||limitations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||weaknesses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They may take consideration of Fixed Guard design ( Singapore Polytechnic , 2008 ) , this design have no moving parts and prevent access to dangerous parts at all times by enclosing the hazardous operation completely .
+A 3 3|||M:PREP|||into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:PUNCT|||. This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:MORPH|||prevents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The safety level is 100 % even when there is a dysfunctional of product during the operational , no one will get injured until the technician arrived .
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||malfunction|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||the system|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:MORPH|||operations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:ADV|||so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 27|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , many people in the construction industry think that accident cause by natural disaster and unfavorable working environment is something beyond the human limit and it is unavoidable ( Julian , 2007 ) .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||accidents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:FORM|||caused|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||disasters|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||environments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , landslide occurs on work site due to soil erosion after the heavy downpour .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is maybe out of our control , yet it is not 100 % inevitable that accidents can not be prevented from occurring in this kind of situation if approached by psychology during the design stage .
+A 1 3|||R:OTHER|||may be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to Michael F. O'Toole ( 2002 ) , assistant professor from Western Michigan University in industrial psychology , " Accident investigation is about finding fact not fault " .
+
+S It is used to identify the cause of the accident so that corrective measure can be taken and prevent such similar case from occurring .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||measures|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:NUM|||cases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Carrying out research studies on related issue or consultation of expertise would help the engineers to understand and envisage the possible accident that may occur from the surrounding environment ( Association of Independent Consultants , Inc , n.d. ) .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||issues|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:NUM|||accidents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:PREP|||due to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , they may apply appropriate measures to eliminate or minimize the potential risk with respect to the unfavorable working environment , such as strengthening the slope with grout anchor tie back , and use of inclinometer to monitor the slope condition .
+A 34 36|||R:OTHER|||using|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 36|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To summarize , the approach of applying psychology knowledge through the design process of a project such as understanding of human behavior and knowledge on how accidents occur may help to prevent them from occurring .
+A 8 9|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||throughout|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Studies on related industrial accident and accident investigation , ability to envisage possible accident that may occur , and working with psychology practitioner could eventually help to minimize and prevent the occurring of accident due to error in human judgment , malfunction of product , and working environment factor .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||accidents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||investigations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||accidents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:MORPH|||occurrence|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:NOUN:NUM|||accidents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||R:NOUN:NUM|||errors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 42|||R:MORPH|||malfunctioning|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 44|||R:NOUN:NUM|||products|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 48 49|||R:NOUN:NUM|||factors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , although accidents are unexpected , it is possible to prevent and minimize accident from occurring in certain aspect by psychology approach on design processes .
+A 12 15|||R:WO|||minimize and prevent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 21|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:OTHER|||using the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This has also proved that it is feasible in accident prevention as the MOM has made an obligatory requirement that all work sites must employ a Work Site Safety and Health Officer before the commencement of a project ( Singapore Polytechnic , 2008 ) .
+A 0 1|||R:PRON|||It|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||been proven|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 7|||R:OTHER|||to be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:ADJ|||effective|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reasons to support Gas-cooled fast reactors
+
+S 30 years after the Three Mile Island accident , and 23 years after the Chernobyl disaster , the horrors and fears of a nuclear reactor meltdown might have died down considerably .
+
+S But the general public is still cautious about accepting nuclear power as a viable energy source .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||However ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although we should never forget the painful lessons of Chernobyl and Three Mile Island , we should also be open-minded about the possibilities that generation IV nuclear reactors brings .
+A 28 29|||R:VERB:SVA|||bring|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Of the 6 generation IV reactors earmarked for further development , the gas cooled fast reactor design is both innovative and dedicated to becoming an efficient and sustainable nuclear energy option .
+A 21 22|||R:OTHER|||slated|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:FORM|||become|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to a recent US poll , a significant 44.7 % of the respondents think that nuclear is somewhat dangerous or very dangerous .
+A 17 17|||M:NOUN|||energy production|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And they are not wrong in thinking that , given that the radioactive uranium used as fuel is inherently dangerous , being extremely lethal to human health and polluting to the environment .
+
+S To address the safety concerns of the public , this design envisioned many safeguard systems .
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||the design|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||gas cooled fast reactor|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB|||includes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A NEA report stated that a 'three barrier principle ' will be implemented , and there will be 'cladding at fuel levels ; vessels and primary circuit' .
+A 0 1|||R:DET|||An|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This means that the radioactive nuclear fuels will be well contained by three separate layers of shielding material , greatly reducing the chances of leakage .
+
+S Furthermore the report emphasized the employment of 2 separate and redundant heat removal systems .
+
+S One is a passive system that uses natural convection while the other is an active system that uses circulators to pass the gas through the reactor core .
+
+S The coolant will be helium , an inert gas that is much safer than the sodium liquid used in sodium-cooled fast reactors .
+
+S A major constraint of nuclear power is the tricky issue of waste disposal .
+
+S Nuclear wastes need to be stored in deep geological repositories for thousands of years .
+
+S Hence the treatment of nuclear waste will be a major public concern .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A key feature of the gas cooled fast reactor is that it is a fast neutron reactor that fully recycles actinides .
+
+S According to 'Nuclear power 's new dawn ' published on Nature , '96 % of spent fuels consist of uranium and plutonium ' in other words more fuels can be generated if the wastes are to be reprocessed .
+A 2 8|||R:OTHER|||the article , 'Nuclear Power 's New Dawn ' ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 26|||R:OTHER|||; in other words ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 37|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the gas cooled fast reactor , radioactive byproducts are recycled and the waste eventually produced will only be a fraction of that produced by reactors with once through uranium fuel cycles .
+
+S In addition , as the design is a fast neutron reactor , it produces excess neutrons which can be used to transmute the nuclear waste to isotopes of shorter half-lives , reducing the toxicity of the waste .
+A 25 26|||R:PREP|||into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This design also addresses a security concern of nuclear waste reprocessing .
+A 4 5|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||surrounding|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Currently , in the logistics of reprocessing , nuclear wastes are transported to reprocessing facilities which recovers the uranium and plutonium before sending them to another mixed oxide fuel ( MOX ) reactors to be burnt as fuels .
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:SVA|||recover|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactor|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This involves frequent transportation of highly dangerous radioactive materials over long distances .
+
+S This exposes a security risk as an accident can cause spillage of radioactive materials or a hijack can send these materials into the hands of terrorists .
+
+S However a report by Hussein Khalil from the Argonne National Laboratories in USA envisioned 'an integrated , onsite spent fuel treatment and refabrication plant' .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||envisions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This essentially obliterates the security risks involved in transporting radioactive wastes and allows security efforts to be focused on plant itself .
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly , this design is committed to becoming a sustainable form of nuclear power .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||the gas cooled fast reactor|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Contrary to popular beliefs that nuclear energy is renewable , uranium is actually a rare element that can be depleted .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||belief|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this aspect , the gas cooled fast reactor is attractive as it boasts higher efficiency in converting heat energy into electricity than conventional nuclear reactors .
+
+S This is achievable by running the reactor at 850 ° C , a temperature that is kept in check by the helium heat removal system .
+
+S The higher efficiency if this reactor design together with the recycling of wastes , meant that the same amount of fuel will produce electricity many times more than the conventional reactor .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||means|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 27|||R:OTHER|||many times more the electricity|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:OTHER|||that produced by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , many advantages of the gas cooled fast reactor looked extremely promising .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||make it look|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It addresses the public 's concern about safety with a very comprehensive safeguard system .
+
+S Although nuclear waste remains as problematic , it is reduced to a minimum .
+A 4 5|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Above all , it shows the potential to be sustainable , an advantage that can allow it to be built on a large enough scale to shoulder a significant portion of the world 's energy needs .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||the reactor|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore its research and development should supported and properly funded so that one day it can reach its full potential and alleviate some of the world 's energy problems .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:VERB:TENSE|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S 1.Declan Butler , 2004 , Nuclear power 's new dawn , Nature
+
+S 2.Gas-cooled fast reactors , online at { http : //www.cea.fr/var/cea/storage/static/gb/library/Clefs55/pdf-gb/p038_44gb_Garnier.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.cea.fr/var/cea/storage/static/gb/library/Clefs55/pdf-gb/p038_44gb_Garnier.pdf ]
+
+S 3.Flexibility of the Gas Cooled Fast Reactor to Meet the Requirements of the 21st Century , Online at { http : //www.sercoassurance.com/answers/resource/pdfs/gcfr_flexibility.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.sercoassurance.com/answers/resource/pdfs/gcfr_flexibility.pdf ]
+
+S 4.The Gas Cooled Fast Reactor System , online at { http : //anes.fiu.edu/Pro/s9Kha.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //anes.fiu.edu/Pro/s9Kha.pdf ]
+
+S 5.The Gas-Cooled Fast Reactor ( GFR ) system features a fast-neutron-spectrum , helium-cooled reactor and closed fuel cycle .
+
+S Online at { http : //www.gen-4.org/Technology/systems/gfr.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.gen-4.org/Technology/systems/gfr.htm ]
+
+S Global warming has become a concern to people due to its high emission of greenhouse gases from the energy usage .
+A 17 18|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To reduce the carbon dioxide emission , a new energy source , which can provide sufficient energy with least emission of greenhouse gases , should be considered since the energy needs is rising in every country .
+A 11 12|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 36|||R:OTHER|||of every country is rising|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nowadays , the engineers and industrial people are very interested about nuclear energy which can provide up to 80 % of the electricity in France ( Butler , 2004 ) in cost-effective way with mass production .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||industries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:OTHER|||a cost effective|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:PREP|||via|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , there is always a great concern to the public with the safe operation of nuclear reactors and radioactive waste management .
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||held by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||regarding|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to a research , the accidents caused by nuclear plants are much less than those of other accidents like traffic , suicides and fire .
+A 4 4|||M:NOUN|||study|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||involving|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:ADJ|||fewer|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 20|||R:OTHER|||involving|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Cohen , 1990 ) .
+
+S The Generation IV International Forum ( GIF ) , a research and development group organized by ten nations to carry out the next generation nuclear energy , is identifying and selecting six nuclear energy systems with variety of reactors , energy conversion systems , and fuel cycle technologies .
+A 21 21|||M:OTHER|||research on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:NOUN|||concepts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 36|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With GIF 's nuclear technology , the concerns of public mentioned above would be solved .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB|||addressed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Among the six generation IV reactor concepts , the most advanced concept is VHTR ( very high temperature reactor ) which is a more efficient way of energy conversion of heat to electricity and can provide 50 % more energy from the same amount of fuel compared with other conventional nuclear plants .
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 31|||R:OTHER|||converting heat energy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 34|||M:DET|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , with VHTR technology , nuclear energy can be a very reliable energy source for electricity in many countries .
+
+S Regarding nuclear power plants , safety features of the plant is the highest priority concern of the public .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||greatest|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There were nuclear accident hazards all over the world in a few decades ago , for example , the reactor core explosion at Chernobyl in Ukraine , killed many people , two people died in the initial explosion while other deaths resulted from radiation poisoning ( Gramling , 2009 ) .
+A 9 10|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 31|||M:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:VERB:FORM|||dying|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 42|||R:VERB:FORM|||resulting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The VHTR system has its own safety features such as very high system temperature , enhanced goals for safety and reliability , low decay heat load , low power density with easily coolant geometry and so on ( Idaho National Laboratory ) .
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 34|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The core is composed of non-combustible nuclear grade graphite which has a very stable structure even at high temperature and high heat capacity .
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||temperatures|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So , the possibility of explosion due to the very high temperature becomes extremely low .
+A 0 1|||R:ADV|||Thus|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , the additional safety features such as how to minimize the damages and protect lives if accident occurs will also be developed further ( Lee , 2005 ) .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||damage|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another concern on nuclear energy source is how to dispose the nuclear wastes which are long-lived , radioactive and toxic .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||regarding|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 6|||R:NOUN|||power plants|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||long lasting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As VHTR operates at very high temperature , there are fewer wastes to reprocess than those of other systems .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The reprocessing will cut off 96 % of the nuclear waste produced which consists of plutonium and uranium and only about 1 % of long- lived element is left as residue .
+A 0 1|||M:OTHER|||Moreover , the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 5|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 26|||R:OTHER|||long lasting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:NOUN:NUM|||elements|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are also additional steps of process to convert those long-lived wastes into element with shorter half- lives , i.e .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||processing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:ADJ|||long lasting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||elements|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S they may take just centuries to decay instead of more than 300,000 years ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S Hence , nuclear waste disposal will not be a great concern in future .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nuclear terrorism has always been a threat to the world since the sudden attack in Hiroshima in 1945 .
+A 14 15|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The VHTR is designed carefully to discourage weapon proliferation and to increase assurance that they are very unattractive and the least desirable route for diversion or theft of weapons usable materials , and providing increased physical protection against terrorism .
+A 3 5|||R:WO|||carefully designed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:VERB|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 31|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 39|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , the plutonium , which is the main ingredient of advanced nuclear weapons , produced from the nuclear waste can not be picked up safely with a pair of gloves like pure plutonium as it is spiked with radioactive and heat-producing elements to make it easier to handle .
+
+S Hence , it would be harder to steal or use the material by terrorists .
+A 6 6|||M:OTHER|||for terrorists|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since VHTR is still in the way of research , the earliest delivery will be in 2020 ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 8|||R:OTHER|||undergoing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Further security features can be added before the delivery time .
+
+S With the qualified security system developed , the nuclear terrorism can be prevented .
+A 2 3|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , in view of the increasing need for more energy globally , nuclear energy will become essential in the future once its negative aspects such as safety issues , waste management and potential exploitation of plutonium proliferation by terrorists can be controlled .
+A 8 8|||M:ADJ|||global|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 26|||R:OTHER|||issues|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 43|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 44|||R:VERB|||addressed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This , in fact , has become possible after the development of VHTR which incorporates the new features to minimize the risks of accidents and enable safer disposal of nuclear waste .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , research for VHTR technology should be funded for further development to reach its optimal .
+A 16 16|||M:NOUN|||potential|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 ) .
+
+S Nuclear 's power new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 238-240 .
+
+S Cohen , D. B .
+
+S ( 1990 ) .
+
+S The Nuclear Power Advantage .
+
+S Retrieved October 10 , 2009 , from http : //www.ecolo.org : http : //www.ecolo.org/documents/documents_in_english/nuclear_advantage_Cohen .
+
+S en.htm
+
+S Gramling , C. ( 2009 , April 24 ) .
+
+S Earth Magazine .
+
+S Retrieved October 10 , 2009 , from Benchmarks : Nuclear explosion at Chernobyl : http : //www.earthmagazine.org/earth/article/20f-7d9-4-18
+
+S Idaho National Laboratory .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 10 , 2009 , from VHTR : http : //nuclear.inl.gov/gen4/vhtr.shtml
+
+S Lee , D. H. ( 2005 , December 6 ) .
+
+S Lee Gen IV safety ( VHTR ) .
+
+S Retrieved october 10 , 2009 , from http : //nuclear.tamu.edu : http : //nuclear.tamu.edu/ ~ burchill/609/Class % 2027/Lee % 20GEN % 20IV % 20safety ( VHT R ) .pdf
+
+S In our modern technological society of today , people make substantial use of electricity for their daily needs .
+
+S In the United States alone , people have used close to 4 million million kwh of electricity .
+A 7 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||use|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:NOUN|||daily|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , as society grows , the demand for such energy grows as well .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||In addition|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The usage of fossil fuel as a fuel at power plants is projected to increase by 44 percent from 2006 to 2003 .
+A 21 22|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this new dawn , nuclear power is a new technology set to replace fossil fuel .
+
+S With promises of lower cost , lesser waste and a safer alternative , it may seem that Nuclear power with introduction of generation IV reactors such as the super-critical-water- cooled reactors is the next generation of power plants .
+A 6 7|||R:ADJ:FORM|||less|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:ORTH|||nuclear|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But these promises are empty promises if one would look deeper into the issue of Nuclear Power .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||However ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 4|||M:VERB|||revealed to be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||looks|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:ORTH|||nuclear|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , support of further research and development funding for Nuclear power should not be continued .
+A 10 11|||R:ORTH|||nuclear|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Supporters claim that a nuclear plant is more cost efficient as compared to the current fossil fuel plants .
+
+S The cost of the nuclear plant can be divided into 3 main parts : Capital cost , Operating cost and Fuel cost .
+A 3 4|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:ORTH|||capital|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:ORTH|||operating|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:ORTH|||fuel|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is claimed that the capital cost of the nuclear power plant is $ 9 / MWh which is the same for the coal plant and very low fuel cost of $ 5 / MWh as compared to $ 11 / MWh for the coal powered one .
+A 8 9|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 30|||R:OTHER|||the fuel cost is very low|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:PREP|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , if may seems that nuclear is a cheaper alternative .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:FORM|||seem|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:NOUN|||power|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , what they failed to realise is that these cost are only what it is presently .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||fail|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||costs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 17|||R:OTHER|||present prices|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This cost will increase as time goes by .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||They|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The construction cost of the Nuclear power plant does not just stop there .
+A 0 1|||M:OTHER|||For example , the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:ORTH|||nuclear|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These plants often have design flaws which require extensive reviews and changes .
+
+S All this incur more costs .
+A 1 2|||R:DET|||these|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 2|||M:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The operating cost of the plant includes its daily running and also the disposal of the waste .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN|||operations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Disposal of the waste is not a simple affair of just dumping it at dumping grounds .
+
+S These wastes are radioactive with very long half life .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Full disposal of it will incur very high long run costs which are often not factored into the operation cost of the plant .
+A 8 11|||R:OTHER|||costs in the long run|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , the Nuclear power-plant is not as cost efficient as it may seems .
+A 3 4|||R:ORTH|||nuclear|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:FORM|||seem|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With regards to safety , it was reported that there is more cases of fatality for coal powered plants than their Nuclear counterparts .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||regard|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||fatalities|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:ORTH|||nuclear|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the last 40 years , 6400 died due to coal power plant related accidents while only 31 died in Nuclear powered ones .
+A 7 7|||M:NOUN|||individuals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:ORTH|||nuclear|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , it is claimed that Nuclear is a much safer choice .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||nuclear plants|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , we can not ignore that Murphy 's Law will still hold .
+
+S There will be a point in time where there will be an error which could result in an accident in the Nuclear power plants one day .
+A 7 8|||R:ADV|||when|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:ORTH|||nuclear|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN:NUM|||plant|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This single incident will have castastrophical effects and the fatality will be a substantial amount .
+A 5 6|||R:SPELL|||catastrophic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:NOUN|||rate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the Chernobyl disaster alone which happen on 28 April 1986 , 47 people died on the spot with 4000 more dying from cancer .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||happened|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:OTHER|||who subsequently died|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The effects of the incident are still felt greatly today with the radio activeness of the area still a recorded high despite three decades of clearing up .
+A 7 9|||R:WO|||greatly felt|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:PREP|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:MORPH|||record|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , we only need one nuclear accident to cause damage of what a coal plant might have caused in more than 50 years .
+A 10 10|||M:OTHER|||the kind of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 24|||R:OTHER|||would take more than 50 years to cause|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On top of what have been pointed out , Nuclear Power will also invoke security issues in the region .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||Further to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||R:ORTH|||nuclear power|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB|||evoke|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S While used as a form of deterrence , it is also seen as a threat by neighbouring countries .
+
+S This will led to an arms race which might inevitably cause some conflicts in the region .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:FORM|||lead|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S An example is the Nuclear programs of Iran .
+A 4 5|||R:ORTH|||nuclear|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||program|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Iran developed its nuclear programs as form of deterrence and to build up national pride .
+A 1 1|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||program|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , many neighbouring countries saw it as an excuse for the building of Nuclear weapons as they felt threatened .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||see|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||these reasons|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:ORTH|||nuclear|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:PREP|||so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:TENSE|||feel|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , many conflicts resulted .
+A 4 4|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From this , we can see that Nuclear Power not only brings issues to the country itself who are developing it but other neighbouring countries in the region as well .
+A 7 9|||R:ORTH|||nuclear power|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:ADV|||not only|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 18|||R:OTHER|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To conclude , with so many flaws in the claims of benefits from supporters of nuclear energy , it will be a wiser choice to delay if not stop further research and development funding for it .
+
+S The price for a small mistake in the pursue of nuclear energy is too much for mankind to pay .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN|||pursuit|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Alternative sources of energy should be considered instead .
+
+S References
+
+S CIA World Factbooks , Energy Statistics , Electricity , Consumption by country .
+
+S Retrieved October 27,2009 from NationMaster.com Site : http : //www.nationmaster.com/graph/ene_ele_con- energy-electricity-consumption
+
+S Cost Comparison , Nuclear vs Coal , Retrieved October 27,2009 from The Virtual Nuclear Tourist site : http : //www.nucleartourist.com/basics/costs.htm
+
+S International Energy Outlook 2009 , Chapter 1 , World Energy Demand and Economic Outlook .
+
+S Retrieved October 27,2009 from Energy Information Administration , Official Energy Statistics from the US Government site : http : //www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/world.html
+
+S Nuclear Waste Disposal , Integrated Used Fuel Management , Retrieved October 27,2009 from Nuclear Energy Institute site : http : //www.nei.org/keyissues/nuclearwastedisposal/
+
+S The Challenges of Nuclear Power , Accidents at Nuclear Power Plants , Retrieved October 27,2009 from nuclearinfo.net site : http : //nuclearinfo.net/Nuclearpower/TheRisksOfNuclearPower
+
+S Electricity has become an important component of the human world since it is needed to power and sustain technology .
+
+S However , since a large amount of electricity is needed , commercial power generators were built to convert the fuel into electricity .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S While there are many types of fuel that can be considered , coal has been the popualr choice .
+
+S Another option , which is nuclear energy , had been explored with moderate success but currently only holds a 17 % share of the global energy supply ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+A 22 23|||R:PREP|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , development in the technology used by nuclear reactors are still on-going with the recent introduction of Generation-IV nuclear reactor concepts , one of them being the molten salt reactor .
+A 3 4|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The molten salt reactor , while not exactly a new idea , has resurfaced after the introduction of the generation IV concepts of nuclear reactors .
+
+S The major draw in continuing the research of molten salt reactor is its potential to make converting electricity from nuclear energy much safer , environmentally friendly and more viable economically as compared to the modern day reactors .
+A 24 24|||M:ADV|||more|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 30|||R:WO|||economically viable|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 36|||R:OTHER|||current|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One reason that impedes the continuation of research of the molten salt reactor is the general caution on the issue of nuclear waste proliferation .
+
+S A key step in current nuclear power generation , which is seperation of the by-products in the nuclear reactor wastes , would yield materials usable in the creation of highly destructive weapons .
+A 11 12|||R:SPELL|||separation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the design of molten salt reactors allow for on-site reprocessing of the reactor waste , followed by a direct feed of the recovered and reusable fuel back into the energy generating cycle ( Uhlir , 2007 ) .
+
+S This will ensure that the majority of the fuel is burnt in the process , leaving very low level of enriched fuel remaining that can be extracted for use for the manufacture of nuclear weapons .
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||levels|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 23|||R:WO|||remaining enriched fuel|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The other alternative of replacing coal is arguably the use of solar or wind energy .
+A 1 2|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will alleviate the current problem of emission of greenhouse gases from the burning of coal , but unlike nuclear energy , solar and wind energy is highly dependent on the weather , making it unreliable .
+
+S The heat and high amount of electricity generated by the molten salt reactor , on the other hand , can be said to be constant and can be further tapped into for the production of hydrogen ( Duffery , 2005 ) .
+
+S The hydrogen produced by the reactor will have further uses as fuel for other systems where the combustion of it will not produce any greenhouse gases .
+A 16 20|||R:OTHER|||its combustion|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The continual research of the molten salt reactor will also result in the use of nuclear reactors being more economical compared to the current situation .
+
+S For example , the amount of uranium currently mined from the earth surfaces have been approximated to last for another 100-200 years as fuel for the reactors ( Lightfoot , Manheimer , Meneley , Pendergast , and Stanford , 2006 ) .
+A 12 12|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Molten salt reactors can also use thorium as fuel , which reserves are estimated to be four times larger than that of uranium ( Duffery , 2005 ) .
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||reserves of which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , since the fuel is expected to be close to , or completely , burnt up in the molten salt reactor as opposed to current type of reactors , this higher level of fuel efficiency can drive the duration of which the uranium reserves can sustain the global energy comsumption longer than estimated .
+A 25 25|||M:OTHER|||the case for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 28|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 41|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The increase in fuel efficiency will reduce operational cost since there will be lesser need for storage of long life radioactive waste products .
+A 13 14|||R:ADJ:FORM|||less|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , considering the development of advanced materials in the further research of molten salt reactor , the actual amount of materials needed in the building can be reduce thus reducing overall cost .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||In addition|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:OTHER|||reduced ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , by replacing the stainless steel commonly found in reactors with other , equally or stronger and more durable , alloys that does not use nickle , the cost of building the reactor can be reduced since the price of nickle has been increasing in recent times ( Busby , 2009 ) .
+A 14 15|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 23|||R:OTHER|||alloys that are equally strong or alloys that are stronger and more durable , and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:SVA|||do|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S While the use of nuclear energy rises some concern in terms of security and cost , the continuous research of molten salt reactors can solve them through the recycling of fuel and the use of a different variant of fuel .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB|||raises|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:VERB|||address|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:OTHER|||these concerns|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , while the research cost of a reactor is very high , this can be solved through the cooperation of more contries , especially the larger start-up countries like China .
+A 22 23|||R:SPELL|||countries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the long run , one of the benefits of using molten salt reactors can also be observed from the fact that it can meet the energy demands while maintaining a clean environment .
+A 14 21|||R:OTHER|||would be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References List :
+
+S Bulter , D. ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240 .
+
+S Busby , J.T .
+
+S ( 2009 , July 15 ) .
+
+S Economic benefits of advanced materials in nuclear power systems .
+
+S Journal of Nuclear Materials , 392 , 301-306 .
+
+S Duffery , R.B .
+
+S ( 2005 , July ) .
+
+S Sustainable futures using nuclear engery .
+
+S Progress in nuclear energy , 47 , 535-543 .
+
+S Uhlir , J .
+
+S ( 2007 , Jan 15 ) .
+
+S Chemistry and technology of molten salt reactors history and perspectives .
+
+S Journal of Nuclear Materials , 360 , 6-11 .
+
+S Lightfoot , H.D. , Manheimer , W. , Meneley , D.A. , Pendergast , D. , &Stanford , G.S .
+
+S ( 2006 , May 10- 12 ) .
+
+S Nuclear fission fuel is inexhaustible .
+
+S EIC
+
+S Climate Change Technology , 2006 IEEE , 1-8 .
+
+S In the recent two decades , adopting nuclear energy as a sustainable source of energy has become one of the heated arguments in the world .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||whether to adopt|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The scientists stated that coal and fossil fuels on earth are depleting at an alarming rate and would be running out in the next century .
+A 0 1|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||state|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nuclear energy has thus emerged as one of the most possible solutions .
+A 10 11|||R:ADJ|||viable|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , due to the strong oppositions from the public about the safety factors , many countries are caught in a dilemma that whether they should build a nuclear plant or not .
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||of nuclear power plants|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:OTHER|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is indeed true that a country must not ignore the safety factors of building a nuclear plant .
+
+S However , in the current situation where there are no better alternatives , nuclear energy seems to be the most suitable energy for the future and therefore one of the generation IV reactors , lead-coaled fast reactor , should be adopted as the most suitable one .
+A 34 34|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 46|||R:OTHER|||solution|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , the argument brought by most opponents is the safety issue .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB|||raised|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They declare that the nuclear reaction which may be termed as nuclear fission and nuclear fusion is extremely dangerous and even fatal to human beings .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Chernobyl accident in 1986 was a reminder of the importance of the safety .
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S 30 people were killed ( mostly by high levels of radiation ) during the accident and many more injured or adversely affected .
+A 18 18|||M:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It was indeed a disastrous accident which subsequently made nuclear plant like a scientific devil .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||plants|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||appear to be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 15|||R:OTHER|||scientific devils|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the reactor used in fact lacked some basic engineering provisions for safety , probably due to technological constrains at that time .
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN|||constraints|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the advancement in science and technology nowadays , the level of danger of the nuclear reactors would be minimised to the lowest degree .
+A 0 1|||M:OTHER|||However , with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 3|||R:OTHER|||advancements|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The generation IV reactor , lead-coaled fast reactor , is the safest one among the four being proposed .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is operated under low pressure which means that the nuclear reactions are less vigorous .
+
+S In addition , the operating temperature allows a range from 550 to 800 degrees .
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This medium range of temperature increases the function capacity of the reactor as compared to those which only operate at a fixed temperature .
+A 7 8|||R:MORPH|||functional|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On top of that , lead which is used as the main source is less reactive metal compared to sodium for sodium-coaled fast reactors .
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , safety is ensured to the greatest possible level .
+
+S Moreover , another opposing view is that the cost for building a nuclear plant is rather high .
+A 0 2|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They insist that fuel is still a cheaper source of energy than nuclear power reactors .
+
+S The fact is , however , the other way round .
+
+S Gas-fired power plants are very cheap and quick to build , but relatively very expensive to operate due to the cost of their fuel .
+A 12 13|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In contrast , nuclear power reactors are expensive to build but relatively cheap to operate .
+
+S It might take millions of dollars to build the lead-coaled fast reactor , but once it is constructed , it will be operating at a reasonably high capacity over many years .
+
+S Furthermore , the cost for mining out and transporting the coal and fuel is also very expensive due to their scarcity whereas the sources for nuclear power plant are much cheaper since plenty of uranium can be extracted from the earth 's crust .
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:NOUN:NUM|||plants|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The abundance of uranium on earth also means that it is a more powerful way of generating electricity .
+
+S Most importantly , the waste generated by this reactor can also be recycled and thus there is virtually no pollution to the environment .
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||the lead-coaled fast|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , in the long run , it is more economical to adopt lead-coaled fast reactor which is also an environmental source of energy .
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||environmentally friendly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The final argument advanced by opponents is that there are other alternative sources of safer energy such as solar energy and wind turbine , why do we need to adopt the nuclear power reactors which are still untested ?
+A 11 12|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||turbines|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 27|||R:OTHER|||so there is no|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Recent research indeed shows that the sun is a variable source of energy .
+
+S In addition , thermal energy can be stored in a system so that solar energy will still be available even at night .
+
+S However , can we really solely rely on it ?
+A 8 9|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S What will happen during the rainy seasons and will there be enough solar energy to sustain our daily usage ?
+
+S The answer is most probably not .
+
+S We still have to rely on other sources when solar energy is running low at times .
+A 1 1|||M:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||R:VERB:TENSE|||runs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , unlike solar energy , the provision of nuclear power by lead-coaled fast reactors does not depend on weather or location .
+
+S As long as the nuclear sources are provided such as lead and uranium , energy will be generated .
+A 6 13|||R:WO|||such as lead and uranium are provided|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , lead-coaled fast reactor is a more efficient and reliable energy source .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All in all , with the depleting source of coal and fuel , lead-coaled fast reactors will be the most likely alternative in the future .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||sources|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:NOUN|||energy source|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the technological advancement and engineering design , the safety of nuclear reactors will be ensured as much as possible .
+A 1 7|||R:OTHER|||advanced technology and engineering designs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 20|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is also a relatively economical and yet efficient source of energy .
+
+S Therefore , such type of nuclear power reactors should be adopted in the future as a promising source of energy .
+A 3 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The world depends largely on external energy to function all activities in the society .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB|||operate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The world 's main energy resource , which is the fossil fuels are slowly depleting .
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||fuel ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , there is a need to depend on other alternative energy resources to satisfy our high energy demands .
+A 11 12|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nuclear power proves to be an effective energy source as it can generate electricity efficiently to satisfy the world 's energy needs .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has proven|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , there are many controversies over the use of nuclear power , in which many critics criticize on the use of it .
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 23|||R:OTHER|||its use|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some of the topmost concerns that are widely mentioned are safety , costs and the performance .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||gravest|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Safety issues involving past nuclear accidents still strikes fear in the public 's heart .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||raised by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||strike|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , " the 1986 accident at Chernobyl in Ukraine , during which the reactor core exploded , killing some 31 people immediately and spewing radioactive debris across Europe .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||An example of such an accident is the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||( killed )|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:OTHER|||( spew )|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " [ 1 ] The high cost of building nuclear plants is also a main concern .
+
+S Articles have shown that many experts agree that nuclear power costs significantly higher in relative to the other major energy source .
+A 13 14|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||sources|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S [ 5 ] Moreover , there are still many doubts on whether nuclear power has a competitive edge over other alternative energy providers in terms of performance .
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||about|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With all this concerns on the use of nuclear power , it seems that nuclear power poses more of a problem than a beneficial energy source .
+A 2 3|||R:DET|||these|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:OTHER|||solution as a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , with the building of generation IV reactors such as VHTR , problems that the old Generation reactors faced will be greatly reduced , making nuclear power an essential energy source .
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:ORTH|||generation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 30|||R:OTHER|||a viable|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Regarding to the safety concerns , opponents of nuclear power might argue that nuclear reactors are potentially dangerous as the effects from any nuclear accidents would be disastrous to both the environment and the people .
+A 1 3|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN:NUM|||accident|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , Generation IV reactor such as VHTR has advanced safety mechanism which will minimize the probability of accidents occurring .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||mechanisms|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S VHTR is capable of dissipating decay heat even under severe accident conditions and its graphite structure is able to withstand high temperature to prevent itself from self-sustained combustion .
+A 0 0|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:NUM|||temperatures|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S [ 2 ] According to the " Four levels of safety ( By Professor Lawrence Lidsky , MIT ) " VHTR is the only reactor that meets the level 1 safety criterion , which means that it is immune to major structural failure and operator error .
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||Safety " ( by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S [ 2 ] Therefore , VHTR will be a safe nuclear reactor , liable with minimal accidents .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:ADV|||only|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:PART|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:ADJ|||minor|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Regarding costs issue , Critics might debate that the high financial costs in building nuclear plants worldwide will create a negative impact on the economy .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||cost|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:ORTH|||critics|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:ADJ|||worldwide|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although the cost of building nuclear plants is high , future benefits from nuclear power will be able to boost the economy greatly .
+A 0 1|||M:OTHER|||However , although|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , hydrogen produced in the nuclear reactor would be used to power the next generation hydrogen fuelled cars .
+
+S In comparison to other alternative hydrogen producing methods , VHTR produces hydrogen at a lower costs .
+A 4 5|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||cost|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S [ 4 ] Statistics shown that " VHTR produces hydrogen at $ 1.40/kg , steam reformation of hydrogen costs at $ 6.30/MBtu while MHR produced hydrogen costs at $ 1.52/kg .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:FORM|||show|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " [ 4 ] In addition , using VHTR to produce energy would reduce the economic costs spent in controlling carbon dioxide emissions from the burning of fossil fuels .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Regarding the performance issues , critics might strongly argue that the frequent unplanned nuclear shutdown [ 6 ] will make nuclear power the most inefficient energy among other energy sources .
+A 1 4|||R:OTHER|||performance|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||shutdowns|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:OTHER|||all|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , no external energy source in this world is perfect .
+
+S For example , solar power can not be generated at night and wind energy can not be harnessed without wind .
+
+S Sun , wind , tides and waves can not be controlled to provide directly either continuous base-load power or peak-load power when it is needed .
+A 12 14|||R:WO|||directly provide|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S [ 7 ] Therefore , nuclear power will still be a preference to other alternatives as it does not depend on the inconsistency of nature .
+
+S In addition , VHTR 's gas turbine system can generate electricity at an efficiency of 50 % whereby existing nuclear power plant generates at only 33 % .
+A 3 5|||R:OTHER|||the VHTR|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:PREP|||whereas|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:NUM|||plants|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:SVA|||generate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:NOUN|||efficiency|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S [ 3 ] , making it one of the best performance nuclear reactor .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , nuclear power is most preferred as an energy source in terms of its performance and efficiency .
+
+S In comparison to older generation reactor , Generation IV reactor will have better safety and costs effective features .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:MORPH|||cost|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S VHTR is one of the best generation IV reactors , making it one of the most reliable energy providers in the future .
+A 0 0|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So , further research and funding for the VHTR will definitely benefit the future generations .
+A 0 1|||R:ADV|||Hence|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference [ 1 ] Butler , D. ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240 .
+
+S [ 2 ] Dae Hwan Lee ( 2005,Dec 6 ) The safety characteristics of VHTR,10-11 .
+
+S { http : //nuclear.tamu.edu/ ~ burchill/609/Class % 2027/Lee % 20GEN % 20IV % 20safety ( VHTR ) .pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //nuclear.tamu.edu/ ~ burchill/609/Class % 2027/Lee % 20GEN % 20IV % 20safety ( VHTR ) .pdf ]
+
+S [ 3 ] HTGR Cogeneration Design & Assessment Group What is VHTR Cogeneration System { http : //www.jaea.go.jp/04/nsed/naht/en/intro/cogene/cogene_3.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.jaea.go.jp/04/nsed/naht/en/intro/cogene/cogene_3.htm ]
+
+S [ 4 ] Ken Schultz ( 2003 , Apr 14 ) Thermochemical Production of Hydrogen from Solar and Nuclear Energy , 12-13 .
+
+S { http : //gcep.stanford.edu/pdfs/hydrogen_workshop/Schultz.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //gcep.stanford.edu/pdfs/hydrogen_workshop/Schultz.pdf ]
+
+S [ 5 ] Mark Clayton ( 2009 , Aug 13 ) Nuclear power 's new debate : cost Issues of safety and waste make way for a focus on funding .
+
+S { http : //features.csmonitor.com/innovation/2009/08/13/nuclear-power % E2 % 80 % 99s-new-debate-cost/ Cost } [ HYPERLINK : http : //features.csmonitor.com/innovation/2009/08/13/nuclear-power % E2 % 80 % 99s-new-debate-cost/ % 20Cost ]
+
+S [ 6 ] Paul Vos Benkowski & Bonnie Urfer ( winter 2007-2008 ) Unplanned Shutdowns Highlight Inefficiency of Nuclear Power { http : //www.nukewatch.com/Quarterly/20074winter/page2.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.nukewatch.com/Quarterly/20074winter/page2.pdf ]
+
+S [ 7 ] ( 2009 , Sept ) Renewable Energy and Electricity { http : //www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf10.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf10.html ]
+
+S It is the 21st century and the world energy consumption is on the rise .
+
+S With this prominent trend , there is a pressing need for the world to increase the amount of energy production .
+
+S Currently , the world energy consumption is supported largely by natural fuel .
+
+S According to Marshall & Robert , the rising costs and rapid depletion of natural fuel lead to the search for a more sustainable energy source .
+A 5 5|||M:OTHER|||( 2000 )|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||has led|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , countries focused on the development of nuclear reactors , the most viable energy source that seemingly appears to be endless .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are focusing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The most promising concept of the latest generation IV nuclear reactors would be the Very High Temperature Reactor ( VHTR ) .
+
+S Another popular concept would be the Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor ( SFR ) .
+
+S However , in terms safety concerns , costs and overall performance , the VHTR would be the best nuclear reactor to be implemented .
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||of safety|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Marshall & Robert , 2000 )
+A 7 7|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to Butler , safety is a main priority in the designs of new nuclear reactors due to previous nuclear disasters of Three Mile Island and Chernobyl .
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , we shall first look at the safety aspects .
+
+S The Sodium-cooled Reactor boasts a passive cooling system with a large thermal inertia .
+
+S There is large margin between the operational temperature and the coolant boiling temperature .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This would mean a relatively safer work environment in additional to the low operating pressure conditions .
+A 9 10|||R:MORPH|||addition|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the passive cooling system of SFR has major flaws .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is unsafe in the sense that it does not allow for critical intervention in times of emergency .
+
+S The cooling system will have a slower response time .
+
+S Moreover , sodium as a coolant is radio-active , which requires additional safety measures to neutralize its harmful effects .
+
+S ( Butler 2004 )
+
+S In comparison , the VHTR model will be using helium as its coolant , which is an inert gas , and thus would be much safer than sodium .
+A 6 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||uses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 20|||R:WO|||, which is an inert gas , as its coolant|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The cooling system of the VHTR will be a helium turbine system , operating separately under stringent human control allowing for quicker actions to be taken in the situation of overheating .
+A 6 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:OTHER|||and thus|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:NOUN|||event|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( US .
+
+S DOE Nuclear Energy Research Advisory Committee , 2002 ) Costs factors are taken into consideration given the scale of the nuclear reactors .
+A 9 9|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:MORPH|||Cost|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:ADV|||also|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Sodium-Cooled Reactor claimed to be cheaper in terms of research costs .
+A 3 3|||M:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Given that the technology base exists for the SFR , it was said that not much additional extensive research has to done .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is not the case .
+A 0 1|||M:OTHER|||However , this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In actual fact , much technical viability issues are waiting to be resolved .
+A 4 5|||R:ADJ|||many|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to the US DOE Nuclear research Due to the instability and radio-active state of sodium , more research has to be done to find suitable materials for its reactor primary core .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||Research Advisory Committee ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:ORTH|||due|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 30|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( US .
+
+S DOE Nuclear Energy Research Advisory Committee , 2002 )
+A 9 9|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Very High Temperature Reactor would be a much cheaper option as the core for its plant has been confirmed to be graphite .
+A 0 0|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As Sterbentz brought up in his report on VHTR , graphite is a much stable and cheaper material in comparison to the suggested cores for SFR .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:ADV|||more|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , with low reactions to heat and chemical irradiation , replacement of the graphite cores only need to be done around five years .
+A 23 23|||M:OTHER|||once in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Sterbentz , 2007 )
+
+S According to Austrian Institute of Ecology ,the performance for SFR was rated highly by for its closed fuel system which recycles 99.9 % of the actinides in its process .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:VERB|||produced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There is close to no nuclear waste after the once through system .
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||produced by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the net plant efficiency of the SFR is only around 40 % .
+
+S The energy output is much lesser than the VHTR models which will exceed 50 % .
+A 5 6|||R:ADJ:FORM|||less|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , VHTR produces hydrogen in addition to electricity .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This additional fuel production would mean a larger net output by VHTR in comparison to SFR .
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Austrian Institute of Ecology 2007 ) .
+
+S In conclusion , the Very High Temperature Reactor would be the best nuclear reactor concepts to be implemented .
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||concept|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 18|||R:VERB:TENSE|||implement|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Whether it is about safety issues , costs factors or performance level , the VHTR is a notch above its peers , the SFR for example .
+A 5 6|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||cost|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:OTHER|||such as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 26|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The VHTR 's potential as the best nuclear reactor is recognized by many countries like France , Japan and United States of America .
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is given the most funding and research attention by these countries .
+
+S Future world energy consumption is well taken care of .
+
+S Reference List
+
+S 1 .
+
+S Austrian Institute of Ecology , Seidengasse Vienna November 2007 .
+
+S Ingin , A.W. , Kromp , R. & Reinberger , D. ( 2007 ) Science or Fiction : Is there a Future for Nuclear ?
+
+S Retrieved October 18 , 2009 from { http : //www.ecology.at/ecology/files/pr577_1.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.ecology.at/ecology/files/pr577_1.pdf ]
+
+S 2 .
+
+S Brain , M. & Lamb , R. ( 2000 ) How Nuclear Power Works .
+
+S HowStuffWorks.com .
+
+S Retrieved October 18 , 2009 , from http : //science.howstuffworks.com/nuclear-power.htm
+
+S 3.Declan , B .
+
+S ( 2004 ) Nuclear Power New Dawn pg238 to240 Nature Publishing Group 2004 Retrieved October 18 , 2009 from www.nature.com/nature
+
+S 4.James , W. S. ( 2007 ) Low-Enriched Very High Temperature Reactor Core Design .
+
+S International Congress on Advances in Nuclear Power Plants ( ICAPP 2007 ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 18 , 2009 , from http : //www.inspi.ufl.edu/icapp07/program/abstracts/7098.pdf
+
+S 5 .
+
+S US .
+
+S DOE Nuclear Energy Research Advisory Committee and Generation IV International forum ( 2002 ) .
+
+S A Technology Roadmap for Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems , Retrieved October 18 , 2009 , from http : //nuclear.energy.gov/genIV/documents/gen_iv_roadmap.pdf
+
+S Globalization has caused the demand of oil to surge up to the extent by which the supply of crude oil could not match the demand for it , hence leading to a shortage for oil .
+A 9 10|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:TENSE|||can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , an alternative energy source is needed .
+
+S Nuclear energy is considered by some as the most promising energy source that could replace the depleting crude oil .
+
+S The Generation IV International Forum ( GIF ) , an organization formed to further develop on nuclear energy had come out with six generation IV reactor concepts .
+A 15 16|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:PART|||up|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Burthler , 2004 ) .
+
+S Since there are a lot of benefits in using nuclear energy , especially the very high-temperature reactor ( VHTR ) , thus further research and development on the nuclear energy sources should be encouraged .
+A 13 13|||M:OTHER|||energy from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nuclear energy sources have various benefits over other energy sources .
+
+S Firstly , nuclear power plant is more cost effective as compared to other energy sources .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:VERB|||to operate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , although the start-up cost of building the VHTR plant is very high , which is up to US $ 10 billion to build , it is cheaper as compared to other fuel , such as bio fuel , in the long run .
+A 24 26|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is because hydrogen gas is produced during the nuclear reaction process .
+
+S ( Burthler , 2004 ) Hydrogen gas can be used as a fuel to power vehicles .
+
+S Consequently , many countries have regarded VHTR as the energy for the future , because it produces hydrogen gas as a complimentary energy source that is reusable .
+A 10 10|||M:NOUN|||source|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since the reactor can separate hydrogen gas from water thermodynamically during the nuclear reaction at an extremely high temperature of about 700-900 degree celcius .
+A 0 1|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||degrees|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Burthler , 2004 ) Additionally , according to the economics concept , there is less third party cost incurred by the others if nuclear power is used instead of other fuels .
+A 21 22|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is relatively cleaner to the environment as compared to other sources of fuels .
+A 2 2|||M:ADV|||also|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So , the sum of all the cost of the nuclear power is relatively lower than the other sources of fuels .
+A 0 1|||R:ADV|||Thus|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:ADJ|||various|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||costs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||producing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN|||energy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , further improvement should be made to the VHTR to increase its efficiency .
+
+S Secondly , nuclear energy , especially the VHTR , produces less waste as compared to its corresponding energy source .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN|||reactor|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||other|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||sources|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is known that large percentage of the greenhouse gases present today is due to the use of petroleum and also due to the combustion of fossil fuels .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 24|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The burning of fossil fuels also produced other waste products that are harmful to the environment .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||produces|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even though VHTR produces nuclear waste which will emit harmful radioactivity , the industry has come up with effective ways to dispose the nuclear waste .
+A 0 1|||M:OTHER|||On the other hand , even|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One such method is to bury the nuclear waste to the ground .
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Research had shown that the radioactivity that is produced by the nuclear waste under the ground is equivalent to the radioactivity emitted by the cosmic rays .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , human are safe from the radioactivity produced by the nuclear waste .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||humans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Ergo , nuclear power , especially for the VHTR , is a much cleaner source of energy to the environment , further research and development should be done on it .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||That is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||that produced by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:ADV|||so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Critics may argue that the security measures used in the nuclear power plant are inadequate , and this will endanger the safety of the people living close to the nuclear power plant .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||plants|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:NOUN:NUM|||plants|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Indeed , the aftermath of the explosion of the nuclear power plant would be very adverse .
+A 5 6|||R:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||harmful|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is shown from the Chernobyl incident , the explosion will cause cancerous effect to the human beings , and this effect would last for a few centuries .
+A 0 1|||M:OTHER|||For instance , it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:OTHER|||in a nuclear plant|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||effects|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Caldicott , 2006 ) .
+
+S However , according to the GIF , the six concepts , including the VHTR , had incorporated a high security-proof mechanism .
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||nuclear reactor concepts being researched by them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:VERB:TENSE|||incorporate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the new plants would include safety features that are not solely dependent on any sophisticated back-up system .
+
+S Thus , they are 'meltdown proof ' , which means that they could reduce their temperature to the accepted temperature range in the event of an accident , with least amount of human intervention .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:TENSE|||can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 32|||R:OTHER|||little|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Burthler , 2004 ) .
+
+S Hence , the safety aspect of the people is well taken care of even if there is any terrorism attack on the nuclear power plant .
+A 18 19|||R:MORPH|||terrorist|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN:NUM|||plants|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , more advancement should be made on the nuclear power plant .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||Therefore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN|||research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB|||carried out|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||plants|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In essence , nuclear power , especially the VHTR , is more cost effective in the long run as compared to other energy source .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN|||reactors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN:NUM|||sources|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , it is less harmful to the environment and it also ensures human safety .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||nuclear energy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 16|||R:OTHER|||is safe to humans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , it is shown that VHTR is 40 % more effective in producing energy as compared to the other sources of fuels .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN|||energy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , in my opinion , more funding should be provided for the research and development to further improve the nuclear power , the research should focus more on the VHTR .
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:OTHER|||production of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S Back to the atom .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Retrieved September 30 , 2009 , from http : //blog.scs.sk.ca/keriffel/Back % 20to % 20the % 20Atom.PDF
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240 .
+
+S Nuclear energy .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Retrieved September 30 , 2009 , from http : //ees.nmt.edu/ ~ dulmer/NMCEP/NMCEP % 20Nuclear % 20Energy4.html
+
+S Nuclear energy .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Retrieved September 30 , 2009 , from http : //library.thinkquest.org/3471/nuclear_energy.html
+
+S The Very-High-Temperature Reactor ( VHTR ) is a graphite-moderated , helium- cooled reactor with a thermal neutron spectrum .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Retrieved September 30 , 2009 , from http : //www.cea.fr/var/cea/storage/static/gb/library/Clefs55/pdf- gb/p091_97_Berjongb.pdf
+
+S The usage of nuclear plants to generate electricity has been a controversial issue decades ago , due to the disastrous incidents like the Three Miles island and Chernobyl , which has resulted in major health issue caused by radiation exposure .
+A 13 13|||M:PREP|||since|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||R:OTHER|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:ORTH|||Island|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:PREP|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:NOUN:NUM|||issues|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The public opposition has been rejecting the construction of nuclear plants due to safety concern .
+A 2 3|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||concerns|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , as technology evolved with time , the Generation IV power plants are better in terms of security , cost and performance .
+A 4 4|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , more people are accepting the usage of nuclear energy .
+
+S In 2008 , a survey showed that the number of Americans that supports nuclear energy has increased from 10 % in 2001 , to around 50 % in 2008 ( Jones , 2009 ) .
+
+S Half the public is still opposing the usage of nuclear energy .
+
+S One of the main reasons stated by the opposition is nuclear plants consumed uranium and produced nuclear waste , which could be used to manufacture nuclear weapon .
+A 10 10|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:FORM|||consume|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||produce|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:NOUN:NUM|||weapons|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , the nuclear waste emits radiation that is harmful to humans and the environment .
+
+S However , these situations can be prevented with Generation IV molten salt reactors .
+
+S The molten salt reactors are capable of recycling the nuclear waste to produce more electrical energy , and the waste created from recycling process will not be able to use to create nuclear weapon .
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 30|||R:OTHER|||available|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:PART|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:VERB:FORM|||creating|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:NOUN:NUM|||weapons|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This process also helps to avoid the existing practice of spending large amount of money on operation cost to store the nuclear waste .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB|||prevent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||amounts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , the International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA ) has set up necessary guidelines for the governments to ensure the highest level of security for the nuclear facilities .
+A 17 18|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Generation IV plants are built to shutdown automatically in the events of a meltdown or terrorist attack ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+A 7 8|||R:ORTH|||shut down|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||event|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To prevent the radiation resulted in the Chernobyl incident , the new plants are built with shielding that can prevent radiation from escaping into the surroundings for fear of a meltdown .
+A 3 3|||M:OTHER|||escape of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 28|||R:OTHER|||in case|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Opponents have also argued that renewable energy is a better source of energy as it produced cleaner energy when compared to nuclear reactor , which produces radiation and nuclear waste .
+A 7 7|||M:NOUN|||sources|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 11|||R:OTHER|||better sources|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:VERB:SVA|||produce|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , renewable sources are also unlimited , whereas uranium will last another two century at most ( Fetter , 2009 ) .
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||centuries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , they believed that governments should spend the money on research for renewable energy instead of nuclear energy .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||believe|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , with the technology of Generation IV reactors , the radiation and nuclear waste can be eliminated .
+
+S Furthermore , the electricity produced from renewable sources like solar energy is in Mega watt per hour , while the electricity produced from nuclear plant is in Giga watt per hour , one thousand times more energy is produced .
+A 12 12|||M:VERB|||measured|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||watts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:VERB|||measured|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:NOUN:NUM|||watts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 32|||M:PREP|||so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In comparison , the biggest solar power generator located in California is able to support half a million users , less than two percent of the city population ( Wolff , 2007 ) ; while a single nuclear plant is able to provide electricity to a few cities .
+A 33 34|||R:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 44 45|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The vast difference in energy produced supports the funding for research in nuclear energy .
+
+S Another issue is Uranium is finite like fossil fuels .
+A 3 3|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:ORTH|||uranium|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By allocating more funds into the research of nuclear energy , scientists can look for possible alternative elements to fuel the nuclear plants .
+
+S Another reason mentioned by the opposition is the extremely large amount of money spent on research and construction of nuclear reactors .
+
+S Every year , government that is supportive of nuclear energy has spent billions of dollars in it .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||governments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In 2008 , the United State Government has increased their budget allocation for nuclear energy and the research and development for Generation IV power plants to twenty-five billion dollars ( Barnett , 2008 ) .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||States|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The opposition stated that the power generated is not worth the cost , as the cost is accumulated from the maintenance and security .
+A 2 2|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 23|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , in the long term , the power generated will be worth the large amount of money , as the usage cost from nuclear plants is lower than the usage cost from fuel plants .
+
+S Furthermore , no greenhouse gas is being produced .
+
+S It is definitely worth to spend more to protect the environment .
+A 3 4|||R:ADJ|||worthwhile|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||spending|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , governments should support further research and development on nuclear energy as the security concern on nuclear waste can be eliminated ; moreover nuclear plant is the most efficient energy source and the cost of nuclear energy is the cheapest in long term aspect .
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||regarding|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:NOUN:NUM|||plants|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 43|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 45 46|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With further funding on the research , humans will be able to produce energy source in the long run without damaging the environment .
+A 14 15|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Barnett , M. ( 2009 , February 4 ) President Bush Requests $ 25 Billion for U.S. Department of Energy 's FY 2009 Budget .
+
+S Retrieved October 10 , 2009 , from http : //www.energy.gov/news/5920.htm
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240 .
+
+S Fetter , S. ( 2009 , January 26 ) .
+
+S How long will the world 's uranium supplies last ?
+
+S Retrieved October 11 , 2009 , from http : //www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm ? id = how-long-will-global-uranium deposits-last
+
+S Jones , J.M. ( 2009 , March 20 ) .
+
+S Research for nuclear energy inches up in new high .
+
+S Retrieved October 11 , 2009 , from http : //www.gallup.com/poll/117025/support-nuclear-energy-inches-new-high.aspx
+
+S Wolff , G. ( 2007 , May ) Bring me sunshine .
+
+S Retrieved October 11 , 2009 , from http : //www.trec-uk.org.uk/articles/022-025_PE_AprMay07_lo.pdf
+
+S The robotic surgical technology is a prototype and a new breakthrough in the field of engineering and medicine .
+A 0 1|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It enhances surgical procedures through improvements in dexterity and precision .
+
+S The robotic system uses fine , precise robotic arms and its three dimensional high resolution computed image guides the surgeon during operation .
+A 21 21|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This advanced dexterity and precision of operation will eliminate the need for large incisions on patients .
+
+S According to a report ( Khurshid A Guru ( 2007 ) , Asia medical forum ) the rate of survival in every fifty patients of mean age 68 years old undergoing Robotic Radical Cystectomy is 98 % .
+A 5 15|||R:OTHER|||Guru , 2007|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Whereas according to ( Kyung Hee University , Seoul , Korea Cancer Research and Treatment 2005 ) for the traditional Radical Cystectomy surgery , the survival rates were 62 % for males and 39.4 % for females , with mean patient age of 62.8 years old .
+A 3 4|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||( 2005 ) ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus it has been proven that the robotic surgical system has a prominent clinical result as compared to the conventional surgery .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||significantly more positive|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:NOUN|||method|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although the initial clinical outcomes are positive , safety is a major factor why the robotic surgical system still remains fearful to the public .
+A 0 1|||M:OTHER|||However , although|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Safety can be due to technical credibility , surgical liability and operation performance .
+A 1 1|||M:NOUN|||concerns|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 5|||R:OTHER|||involve|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even though there is no absolute in the robotic surgical system to ensure safety of patient , the design of the robotic system can be improved to enhance safety .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||guarantee|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:ADV|||absolutely|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||patients|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:VERB|||nevvertheless|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Currently , the robotic surgical technology has not been widely accepted by the public mainly due to its uncertainty in safety .
+
+S During operation , condition of patient could remain unforeseeable ; there were additional tasks and decisions needed to be made between the surgeon , the nurses and the robotic system .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 8|||R:VERB|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:ADJ|||unpredictable|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:ADJ|||many|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:FORM|||need|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||involving|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , during tools changing , the robotic system needed to be paused in order to replace another surgical tool .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||when|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are changed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S During this process , the surgeon has no direct access to the situation ; it relies largely on verbal exchanges between the nurses and the surgeon to coordinate the surgical procedures .
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||the system|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The differences in prospective in terms of communication with respect to the patient condition and the robotic system create safety issues , mainly due to the potential of miscommunication .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||perspective|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 8|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order to enhance safety , a common ground is needed to be built , through ensuring similar speech patterns .
+A 9 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , communication between surgeon and nurses will be improved by the sharing of a common set of statements and ideology .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||surgeons|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although the robotic system has improved greatly in its dexterity , it has yet been able to develop its full potential in terms of instrumental design and sensory sensitivity .
+A 11 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 29|||M:OTHER|||has yet to be developed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This imposes uncertain danger during operation .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB|||poses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||dangers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to ( Dr. Kevin Zorn , Chicago ( Reuters ) Health News , 2009 ) , no credible system is currently available to assess the capability of a surgeon while operating the robotic surgical system .
+A 2 14|||R:OTHER|||Zorn (|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Dr Kevin Zorn recalled an incident where a patient died from complications after long hours of operation using the robotic surgical system .
+
+S In order to account for the safety , the future of the robotic system can be expanded using ultrasound and infrared .
+A 3 5|||R:OTHER|||improve|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:OTHER|||system 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S More ideal mechanical surgical tools are to be developed .
+
+S In addition , the surgical equipment occupies large spaces which may restrict the movement of nurses and cause delay during operation .
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||a large space|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||delays|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By miniaturizing the equipment will help address the problem , and also save cost in making rooms for the accommodation of this expensive equipment .
+A 0 1|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||room|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After all , despite all the development of ideas to improve on safety , cost is a major concern whether these ideas can be implement .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||In the end , however ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:PREP|||as to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:FORM|||implemented|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The surgical system is an expensive technology which initial cost is 1.5 million dollars each with up keeping cost of hundred thousand each year .
+A 7 8|||R:DET|||whose|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 18|||R:OTHER|||maintenance|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||costs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||R:OTHER|||hundreds of thousands|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This high equipment cost induces an increase of surgical cost of thousands over dollars .
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||costs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||R:OTHER|||over thousands of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , laboratories are currently working on the development of new devices to enhance safety during operation .
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||operations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Subsequently , this development will be inducing a higher capital cost of equipment .
+A 5 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||induce|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If we compare the cost of conventional surgery with the robotic surgery , knowing that in most cases of robotic surgery optimize chances of quicker recovery which implies shorter hospital stay .
+A 0 1|||M:OTHER|||However , if|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:OTHER|||cost of the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:NOUN:NUM|||stays|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The difference in cost impose by the robotic equipment will be balance off by accounting the cost of hospital stays from the conventional surgery , thus , cost will not be a constraint in the enhancement of safety .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:FORM|||imposed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:OTHER|||use of the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:FORM|||balanced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||in comparison to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||stay|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 27|||R:OTHER|||so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference List
+
+S Khurshid A Guru , Director , Robotic Surgery , Assistant Professor of Surgical Oncology , University of Buffalo , Roswell Park Cancer Institute , NY , Asia Medical Forum 2007 { http : //www.asiamedicalforum.com/PDF/KA_Guru.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.asiamedicalforum.com/PDF/KA_Guru.pdf ]
+
+S Seung Hyun Jeon , M.D. , Ph.D. , Sung-Hyun Jeon , M.D .
+
+S and Sung-Goo Chang , M.D. , Ph.D.Department of Urology , School of Medicine , Kyung Hee University , Seoul , Korea , Cancer Research and Treatment 2005 .
+
+S { http : //pdf.medrang.co.kr/paper/pdf/Crt/Crt037-01-07.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //pdf.medrang.co.kr/paper/pdf/Crt/Crt037-01-07.pdf ]
+
+S Chicago ( Reuters ) Health News , Thursday 17 September 17 2009 , " Medical societies push standards for robotic surgery " By Debra Sherman .
+
+S { http : //health.yahoo.com/news/reuters/us_surgery_robotics.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //health.yahoo.com/news/reuters/us_surgery_robotics.html ]
+
+S CNN international Health News 24 September 2009 " Landmark in Surgery , Past , present and future " { http : //edition.cnn.com/2009/HEALTH/09/23/future.surgery.robots/index.html # cnnSTCOther1 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //edition.cnn.com/2009/HEALTH/09/23/future.surgery.robots/index.html ]
+
+S { Robotic Surgery : Part 1 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //roboauto.ca/ ? p = 851 ] ,2 and 3 , by Jamessowden .
+
+S Tuesday , August 18th , 2009Effective Technical Communication { http : //roboauto.ca/ ? p = 851 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //roboauto.ca/ ? p = 851 ]
+
+S During the past few years , there were discussions on whether nuclear power plants are supposed to be built or not .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 17|||R:VERB|||should|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For the past few centuries , most of our electricity was generated from coal , fuel or oil plants .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN|||refineries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the population increases , it leads to higher demand for electricity , thus more raw resources such as fossil fuel have to be used .
+A 0 1|||M:OTHER|||However , as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 8|||R:OTHER|||there is a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:ADV|||so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Recently , it has come to our attention that the depletion of fossil fuel is getting faster and it leads to higher electricity cost .
+A 2 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:OTHER|||rate of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||increasing ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 20|||R:OTHER|||leading|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , more people are turning to nuclear power plant as a solution to high electricity cost .
+A 11 12|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , before we change to nuclear power plant solution , there are some factors we need to consider .
+A 8 10|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The factors which would be discussed are such as cost , security and performance .
+A 7 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some of the reasons why people are opposing to the idea are due to the high construction cost and level of danger of nuclear power plant .
+A 7 8|||R:MORPH|||opposed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:NOUN:NUM|||plants|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , for the supporting views , it is because of the lower electricity cost and the ability to meet the world 's demand in the future .
+A 2 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 9|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Despite the opposing views , the idea to have further research and development funding for the Very-High-Temperature-Reactor ( VHTR ) is encouraged .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:TENSE|||should be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , for the cost factor , according to Michael ( 2009 ) , he mentioned that Uranium , being the raw resource of nuclear power plant , has been proved to be able to meet the need of world demand for hundreds of centuries .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||in terms of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 17|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:ORTH|||uranium|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Due to its abundance , the cost price of Uranium would be cheaper when compared to fossil fuel .
+A 9 10|||R:ORTH|||uranium|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:OTHER|||that of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides this , the mining cost of Uranium Is also very cheap .
+A 7 8|||R:ORTH|||uranium|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , these factors result in a low operation cost of nuclear power plant .
+A 0 2|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||costs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||plants|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to The economics of nuclear power ( 2007 ) , it showed the statistic on US electricity production cost from 1995 to 2008 .
+A 0 2|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 7|||R:OTHER|||Economics of Power|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:TENSE|||shows|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||costs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The statistic compared the cost of electricity generated among oil , gas , coal and nuclear plant .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN|||book|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In 1995 , the initial cost ranged from 2.0 cents per kilowatt-hour to 6.0 cents per kilowatt-hour , with the increasing order from nuclear , coal , gas to oil .
+
+S However , in year 2008 , the cost of electricity generated from oil plant has been increased to 18 cents per kilowatt-hour , whereas for nuclear , the cost has been remained constant over the years .
+A 2 3|||R:PREP|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 31|||R:VERB:TENSE|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Despite the fact of the low production cost , people are claiming that the construction cost of nuclear power plant is too expensive .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||However ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:ADJ|||high|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although in a long term , the low production cost would have an edge over the construction cost .
+A 2 3|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since the cost of fossil fuel is soaring high now , if we still continue to use them , we would have to pay a very high electricity cost when compared to nuclear energy .
+A 17 18|||R:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 32|||M:OTHER|||the cost we would have to pay for electricity generated by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Once the construction cost has been earned back , the rest of the years would be a benefit to the consumers .
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||recovered|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 21|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , for the cost factor , it is still an advantage to the public if we are going to use nuclear energy in the long run .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||in terms of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 20|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly is the security factor .
+A 0 5|||R:OTHER|||The second factor is security.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to Bulter ( 2004 ) , the public has mentioned the accidents which occurred in 1979 at Three Mile Island and in 1986 at Chernobyl .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB|||highlighted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some of the reasons that these accidents occurred are due to poor technology at that time .
+
+S However in generation IV reactor , it has claimed that there would be a security feature called the " Meltdown " Proof which would reduce the temperature to minimum in event of accidents .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 2|||M:OTHER|||the case of the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:VERB:TENSE|||been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 30|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:OTHER|||an accident|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As technology advances over the years , we could foresee that the chances of accidents from occurring would be reduced .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thirdly , for the performance factor , according to Bulter ( 2004 ) , it claimed that the VHTR could squeeze 50 % more electricity from the same amount of fuel compared with conventional plants .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||in terms of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:MORPH|||claims|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S People have agreed that in order to reach such efficiency , higher temperature would be needed to be generated , thus , causing higher chance of accident .
+A 0 1|||R:NOUN|||Engineers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||temperatures|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||need|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Once again , this could be resolved by the " Meltdown " Proof mentioned earlier .
+
+S In conclusion , we could see that even though there are some disadvantages about the nuclear power plant , it is still beneficial to the public if we are going to operate it in the long run .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 31|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The advantages of the nuclear power plant are more than the disadvantages .
+A 7 10|||R:OTHER|||outweigh|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Ann , K. , & Jurg , R. ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Time for change .
+
+S Retrieved October 1st , 2009 , from http : //timeforchange.org/pros-and-cons-of-nuclear-power-and-sustainability
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240 .
+
+S Martin , S. , & Ivona , O. , & Alaster , M. , & Gareth , J. , & Damien , G. , & Adrian , F. , & Greg , F. ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Nuclear Power Education - The benefits of nuclear power .
+
+S Retrieved October 1st , 2009 , from http : //nuclearinfo.net/Nuclearpower/TheBenefitsOfNuclearPower Michael , A .
+
+S ( 2009 , October ) .
+
+S What are the Benefits of Nuclear Power ?
+
+S Retrieved October 1st , 2009 , from http : //www.wisegeek.com/what-are-the-benefits-of-nuclear-power.htm
+
+S The economics of nuclear power .
+
+S ( 2007 , July ) .
+
+S The economics of nuclear power .
+
+S Retrieved October 1st , 2009 , from http : //www.world-nuclear-org/info/inf02.html
+
+S Very High Temperature Reactor ( VHTR ) is one of the six generation IV reactors which need to be developed .
+A 0 0|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The six generation IV reactors are the vision of the future by Generation IV International Forum ( GIF ) .
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S GIF looks at the future with nuclear reactor in its mind , because it believes the current coal-burning source of energy would not be sufficient for the world 's need by 2050 ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , GIF believes the coal- burning is contributing to global warming by exhausting carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) to the air .
+A 14 15|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:PREP|||into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The six generation IV reactors are believed to be able to replace the coal-burning energy .
+A 12 15|||R:OTHER|||coal mines|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These six generation IV reactors are still under testing and research phase .
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S GIF is researching them in terms of their safety factor , their cost factor and their effect to the environment because these are the public concern about them .
+A 9 10|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN|||effectiveness|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:NOUN:NUM|||concerns|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First of all , the safety factor of the nuclear reactors has been highlighted over the past decades by the nuclear-averse public .
+
+S This is due to the memories of the past accidents involving the meltdown of partial nuclear reactor .
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 15|||R:OTHER|||partial meltdown of nuclear|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Looking back at a few decades ago , there are two accidents which brought the world 's attention to the importance of safety in the nuclear reactors .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In 1979 , at Three Mile Island , Pennsylvania , there was a malfunction in a cooling system which caused part of the reactor core to melt and some radioactive gas was released to air , fortunately was not enough to cause any radiation dose above background levels to local residents .
+A 3 4|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:VERB:TENSE|||to be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:PREP|||into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 34|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 38|||R:OTHER|||was , fortunately ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 45 51|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In 1986 , at Chernobyl , Ukraine , a flawed reactor design that was operated with untrained personnel and without proper regard for safety , exploded and released at least five percent of the radioactive reactor core into the atmosphere and the surrounding area .
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The two accidents had caused people who lived nearby the nuclear reactors to suffer from the radiation .
+A 3 4|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since then , no new nuclear power plants have been built .
+
+S The nuclear-averse public opposed the development of generation IV reactors because they are afraid such accidents will happen again and cause more damaged to the people who live nearby nuclear reactors plant .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||oppose|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:MORPH|||damage|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactor|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:NOUN:NUM|||plants|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , such an argument ignores the fact that generation IV reactors have a 'meltdown proof ' feature .
+
+S This feature would simplify safety features ; hence we do not need to rely on sophisticated backup systems or experienced operators .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is because generation IV reactors can cool themselves down in the event of an accident with minimal human intervention ( Butler , 2004 ) , thus preventing the meltdown accident to happen again .
+A 0 1|||R:PRON|||This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:PART|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:VERB:FORM|||happening|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , next factor is the cost of building the nuclear reactors plant .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||The second|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactor|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The nuclear-averse public opposed the development of generation IV reactors because they are too costly to build .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||oppose|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is true that a country needs to fund billions of dollars in research and development of nuclear reactors plant .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB|||put|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:PREP|||into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactor|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||plants|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , it is beneficial for the country in the long run .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||This is because|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the increasing number of people 's population , the demand on the energy source will increase .
+A 3 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||sources|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One alternate energy source which has been suggested by many of the scientist is nuclear energy .
+A 10 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||scientists|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is because with the same amount of raw materials , nuclear reactors plant can produce up to ten times more of the energy than the fossil energy plant .
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactor|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:OTHER|||produced by a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly , the third factor is the effect of nuclear reactors to the environment .
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The nuclear-averse public oppose the development of generation IV reactors because they are worried of its waste will pollute the environment .
+A 14 15|||R:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The waste of the nuclear reactors will last for a few years on earth before it started to deplete .
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:TENSE|||starts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It will pollute water and air .
+
+S However , if it is handled with a proper method , we can recycle it .
+
+S GIF is researching a proper method for recycling the waste from nuclear reactors .
+
+S When GIF have found out the proper method of recycling , the public can live with ease nearby the nuclear reactor plant .
+A 18 19|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:NUM|||plants|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To conclude , the nuclear-averse public oppose the development of generation IV reactors because they do not understand fully the concept of generation IV reactors .
+A 17 19|||R:WO|||fully understand|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Once GIF is able to produce the generation IV reactors , the nuclear-averse public should be able to understand and support their development .
+
+S Hence , very high temperature reactor needs to be developed for further research .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 8|||R:VERB|||should|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 13|||R:OTHER|||further researched and developed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S Adams , C. ( 2007 ) .
+
+S The China ( Flats ) Syndrome : Was there a reactor meltdown in Southern California ?
+
+S Retrieved October 8 , 2009 , from http : //www.straightdope.com/columns/read/2690/the-china-flats- syndrome .
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240 .
+
+S Oh , C. ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Power Cycle and Stress Analyses for High Temperature Gas- Cooled Reactor .
+
+S Retrieved October 22 , 2009 , from http : //www.inspi.ufl.edu/icapp07/program/abstracts/7007.html .
+
+S Sterbentz , J.W. ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Low-Enriched Very High Temperature Reactor Core Design .
+
+S Retrieved October 22 , 2009 , from http : //www.inspi.ufl.edu/icapp07/program/abstracts/7098.pdf .
+
+S Tsvetkov , P.V .
+
+S ( 2006 ) .
+
+S Coupled Hybrid Monte Carlo Deterministic Analysis of VHTR Configurations with Advanced Actinide Fuels .
+
+S Retrieved October 22 , 2009 , from http : //www.inspi.ufl.edu/icapp06/program/abstracts/6400.html .
+
+S Molten salt reactor
+
+S In the 21th century , energy issue becomes a serious problem that human beings are facing .
+A 2 3|||R:ADJ|||21st|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has become|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is predicted by experts that the fossil fuels will run out in 250-300 years with oil disappearing in less than 100 years .
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( When Will Fossil Fuel Run Out ) .
+
+S It becomes really urgent to find a substitutable energy source to meet the increasing demand of human beings .
+A 0 1|||M:OTHER|||Thus , it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has become|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , many scientists have turned to the nuclear energy and are doing research on future Generation IV reactors which are safer and have higher productivity .
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although some people are against these nuclear reactors , but one particular generation IV reactor called molten salt reactor is really worth to be researched on .
+A 9 10|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 25|||R:VERB:FORM|||researching|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some opponents argued that the safety of the nuclear reactor can not be guaranteed , and such dangerous power plants should never be built .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||argue|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They thought that the waste was radioactive and may cause health problem to the people around .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||think|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||nuclear|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:OTHER|||the reactor|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But the real situation is not as worse as they thought .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||However ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:ADJ:FORM|||bad|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||think|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , the molten salt reactor can solve these problems perfectly .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||In addition|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:ADV|||completely|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is written in Generation VI Reactors ( 2009 ) that the molten salt reactor uses liquid sodium fluoride as coolant which dissolves the uranium and circulates through graphite core .
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||the coolant ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this way , fission products can be removed continuously and actinides as well as plutonium can be fully recycled .
+
+S It means that there is no radioactive waste in the whole process .
+A 0 1|||R:PRON|||This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , their concern about radioactive waste is not necessary .
+A 2 3|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||founded|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some opponents argued that even though there is no radioactive waste of the plant , the reactor itself is a big safety problem ; the reactors may explode like the three miles in the United States and cause disasters .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||argue|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactor|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 36|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , According to Power Uprate Safety & Containment Overpressure ( 2005 ) , the major safety problem for the reactor is that the balance of energy generating and energy removing may be broken due to some reason .
+A 2 3|||R:ORTH|||according|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:VERB:FORM|||generated|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:VERB:FORM|||removed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:VERB|||affected|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will cause the temperature and the pressure of the coolant to increase .
+
+S As a result , the reactor may explode because of overpressure and will release large amounts of radioactivity .
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||excessive pressure|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But for the molten salt reactor , according to Dr. Paul Pickard ( 2002 ) , there is lower pressure in it as the boiling point for molten salt is 1400 .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||However|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:OTHER|||the molten salt reactor|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 31|||M:NOUN|||degrees celcius|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides the term which may cause accident is low due to the continuous removal of mobile fission product .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||In addition ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 3|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||products|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , the molten salt can absorb lots of heat with little change in temperature .
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||a lot|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All these guarantee that the balance can not be broken easily .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||R:WO|||easily broken|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , the molten salt reactor is quite safe .
+
+S Furthermore , it is mentioned in Power Uprate Safety & Containment Overpressure ( 2005 ) that an entire system which is designed to match the energy produced by reactor and the energy removed can effectively prevent accident from happening is now used in each reactor in America .
+A 19 19|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 33|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 34|||M:ADV|||thus|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||R:NOUN:NUM|||accidents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 39|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In molten salt reactor , a better or at least the same system will be used to ensure the safety of the reactor .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The opponents always argue that the cost of the nuclear reactor is so high that it is not worth to be built .
+A 0 1|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:ADV|||also|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:VERB:TENSE|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It can not be denied the cost of nuclear reactor is very high , but according to The Economics Of Nuclear Power ( 2008 ) , in 2008 in America , the electricity cost for nuclear energy per kwh was 8.34 cents while the cost of coal energy was 8.51cents .
+A 5 5|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:NOUN|||construction|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , the external cost including the pollution to environment of nuclear energy was 0.4eruo cents/kwh while for coal energy it was 4.0 euro cents .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Moreover|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The cost of nuclear energy is actually less than coal energy and it is much more environmentally friendly .
+A 0 1|||M:OTHER|||Hence , the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , according to Generation VI Reactors ( 2009 ) the generation IV reactors will all reduce the cost of electricity and have higher productivity of electricity with lower use of fuels compared to the previous reactors .
+A 10 10|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 16|||R:WO|||all the generation IV reactors will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 25|||R:OTHER|||produce higher levels|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These evidences all show us that the molten salt reactor will cost little .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Such|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||evidence|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||shows|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the molten salt reactor has a lot of advantages with no radioactive waste , high safety factor and lower cost .
+
+S However , there are still some challenges to be faced .
+
+S One major problem is to find the material which has a high resistance to the corrosion of the molten salt .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||a material|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Further research and development is worth and needed to be done to overcome the challenge and to turn this reactor into reality .
+A 5 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 11|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:DET|||this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference
+
+S Economics Of Nuclear Power ( 2008 ) , in World Nuclear Association , retrieved from { http : //www.world-nuclear.org/uploadedFiles/org/info/pdf/EconomicsNP.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.world-nuclear.org/uploadedFiles/org/info/pdf/EconomicsNP.pdf ]
+
+S Generation VI Reactors ( 2009 ) , in World Nuclear Association website , retrieved from { http : //www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf77.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf77.html ]
+
+S Paul Pickard ( 2002 ) , Molten salt reactors , retrieved from { http : //gif.inel.gov/roadmap/pdfs/molten_salt_reactors.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //gif.inel.gov/roadmap/pdfs/molten_salt_reactors.pdf ]
+
+S Power Uprate Safety & Containment Overpressure ( 2005 ) , in Union of Concerned Scientists , retrieved from { http : //www.ucsusa.org/nuclear_power/nuclear_power_risk/safety/concerns-about-relying-on.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.ucsusa.org/nuclear_power/nuclear_power_risk/safety/concerns-about-relying-on.html ]
+
+S When Will Fossil Fuel Run Out ( 2000 ) , retrieved from { http : //www.carboncounted.co.uk/when-will-fossil-fuels-run-out.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.carboncounted.co.uk/when-will-fossil-fuels-run-out.html ]
+
+S Very High Temperature Reactor----nuclear reactor that solves energy shortage
+
+S Modern life depends on energy supply to a great extent .
+
+S All the inventions have improved our quality of life and made each human being a large consumer of electricity and fossil fuels .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||Many|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the development of technology and the increase of population , energy demand explodes .
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||populations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has exploded|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Contrarily , the main energy supplier which is non renewable energy resource is disappearing from the earth .
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||source of energy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||a non-renewable|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To solve the problem , one way is to gather energy from nature .
+A 2 3|||R:DET|||this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , it is inefficient to feed the whole human beings .
+A 2 11|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nuclear reactions were found generating lots of energy rapidly .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||significant amounts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Unfortunately , chemical species used in nuclear reactions have incredible destructive power and people are fear of the leakage .
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:MORPH|||fearful|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In history , the leakage happened in Bhopal , India in 1984 was a " terrible tragedy " ( " The incident " , n.d. ) during which " approximately 3,800 people died and several thousand other individuals experienced permanent or partial disabilities " ( " The incident " , n.d. ) .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The fear of leakage has result in small number of nuclear plants being built on earth .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nowadays , the generation IV reactors are in development and one of them called Very High Temperature Reactor ( referred as VHTR below ) is worth being developed .
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 28|||R:VERB:TENSE|||developing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The VHTR has high safety , high working efficiency and ultra-long lifetime which make it the best of the six generation IV reactor .
+A 3 5|||R:OTHER|||a high safety level|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:NOUN|||level|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Safety is ensured in the design of VHTR .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to Teri Ehresman , VHTR is able to retain " the desirable safety characteristics offered by modular high-temperature gas-cooled reactors " ( Ehresman , 2009 ) .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , it is shown in the report of James W. Sterbentz that it is able to " increase the thermal safety margin under transient conditions " ( Sterbentz , n.d. ) for VHTR .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Furthermore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:ADJ|||possible|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 33|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , it is reasonable to assert that safety in the design of VHTR is ensured .
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some may refute that nuclear reactor is not safe at all since accident happened in history and caused huge disaster .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB|||argue|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||accidents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||disasters|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They failed to consider that the broken reactors were the first generation reactors and technology by then was not mature and well developed .
+A 0 1|||M:OTHER|||However , they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||fail|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:CONJ|||nor|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After decades of developing , nuclear technology now is more advanced and most importantly , safety in design is largely enhanced .
+A 3 4|||R:MORPH|||development|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 9|||R:WO|||is now|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is not right to deny the future of nuclear industry simply because of the accident happened in the past .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||accidents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , safety is ensured in the design of VHTR , it should be further researched and developed .
+A 0 1|||R:ADV|||Indeed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S VHTR has high working efficiency .
+A 0 0|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The VHTR operates at about 1000 Celsius degree which is enough to produce hydrogen .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||degrees|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , VHTR produces electricity , hydrogen and large amount of process heat concurrently in its working process .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 18|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As an energy supplier , VHTR are able to work more efficiently than the others that produce only electricity .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some may say that the temperature needed for VHTR to operate is high and it is not easy to provide the operating temperature for VHTR .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:OTHER|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is true that VHTR needs more energy to start operation but once it started , it produces energy more efficiently than others .
+A 10 11|||R:MORPH|||operating|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:OTHER|||other reactors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is reasonable to say that in the long run , the gain in energy would be more than the excess of cost .
+A 11 23|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , VHTR is promising in providing energy and solving energy shortage .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||the energy shortage problem|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Last but not the least , VHTR can have ultra-long lifetime with minor actinides .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The ultra-long lifetime lowers the average cost of building a reactor .
+
+S Besides , it maximizes the usage of a reactor to a great extent .
+A 0 1|||R:ADV|||Moreover|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By lowering the cost , it is able for reactors to be massively built and commercialized .
+A 0 4|||R:OTHER|||With the cost lowered|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Only if it is massive built , the energy problem of human beings can be solved ultimately .
+A 2 17|||UNK|||reactors are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As some may argue , maintenance also needs money and may lead to the increase in the average costs .
+A 13 14|||R:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 19|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , it is common sense that maintenance fees should be much lower than the cost of building a new one .
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||reactor|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , building less reactors and longer their lifetime saves money as well as natural resources such as land .
+A 3 4|||R:ADJ|||fewer|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||lengthening|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:SVA|||save|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , VHTR is worth researched and developed on .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:FORM|||researching|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:FORM|||developing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To summarize , VHTR is well worth being developed mainly because safety is ensured in its design process .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||developing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , VHTR tends to have higher working efficiency and ultra-long lifetime which made it more favourable than other generation IV reactors .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||In addition|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||makes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hopefully , it will not be long before the nuclear power 's new dawn and VHTR is on its way leading generation IV reactors to serve human beings and finally solve the energy shortage .
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:VERB:FORM|||solving|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 34|||M:NOUN|||problem|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S Ehresman , T. Very-High-Temperature Reactor .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Retrieved Oct 23,2009 from https : //inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt ? open = 514&objID = 2251&parentname = Co mmunityPage&parentid = 13&mode = 2
+
+S James W. Sterbentz .
+
+S Low-Enriched Very High Temperature Reactor Core Design ( n.d. ) Retrieved Oct 23,2009 from http : //www.inspi.ufl.edu/icapp07/program/abstracts/7098.pdf
+
+S The Incident , Response , and Settlement ( n.d. ) Retrieved Oct 23,2009 from http : //www.bhopal.com/pdfs/irs.pdf
+
+S Very High Temperature Reactor .
+
+S ( n.d. ) Retrieved Oct 23,2009 from
+
+S http : //www.cogeneration.net/Very_High_Temperature_Reactor.htm
+
+S Nuclear power generally is electrical power which is produced from controlled nuclear reactions ( France , 2005 ) .
+A 2 3|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although nuclear power can give mass product of electrical power compared to other forms of electrical energy , its safety issue makes the public concern about nuclear power production .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB|||produce|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||a much more significant amount|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:FORM|||concerned|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , cost and environmental issues should also be considered .
+
+S Among many nuclear reactors built all over the world , one type of reactors is " Sodium-cooled fast reactors " which is operated in temperature of 550 degree Celsius under low pressure .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactor|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactor|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:PREP|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Power output of this reactor is electricity and can do waste recycling .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The power|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 12|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But nuclear power is not an efficient way if we consider about storage and safety of nuclear materials as well as huge cost of nuclear power plant construction ( Hannity , 2009 ) .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||However ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:NOUN|||issues|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , many countries , such as Pakistan , Japan , China , India as well as the United States are active in nuclear power regardless of the worry of public for safety issue .
+A 28 28|||M:NOUN|||production|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:NOUN|||concern|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 33|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:PREP|||over|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 35|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The World Nuclear Association mentioned that on average in every 17 days , one new nuclear reactor was set up during the 1980 and this rate may increase to one nuclear reactor per every five days in 2015 .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB|||has stated|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:OTHER|||1980s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In 2005 , 2.1 % of world energy was provided by nuclear power and 14 % of electricity was produced by nuclear power in 2007 .
+
+S Although nuclear power plants ' construction cost is much expensive compared to the cost of other alternative sources , for example , solar panels and wind turbines , nuclear power has efficiency output and sustainable energy .
+A 9 10|||R:ADJ|||higher|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The lower initial cost of alternatives sources make more economical but for the mass product nuclear power should be considered ( Gonyeau , 2009 ) .
+A 5 6|||R:MORPH|||alternative|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 10|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 15|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Supporters claimed that third generation power plants would be cheaper as well as faster to construct than second generation power plants by previous experience of constructing nuclear power plants .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||claim|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:OTHER|||based on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , there are also proofs that some of the new generation reactors can not fulfill their promise .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:MORPH|||proof|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , Westinghouse claimed that its advanced AP1000 will cost $ 1000 per KW construction cost , finish within 3 year for construction and provide cheaper electricity than other Fossil Fuel based generating , including Australian Coal power , with no sequestration charges .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||be completed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:NUM|||years|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 24|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 32|||R:ORTH|||fossil fuel|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 34|||R:OTHER|||generated electricity|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But the promise had not been fulfilled and the cost was over $ 3500 per KW which is even higher than the previous generator .
+A 3 6|||R:OTHER|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:NOUN|||construction|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:OTHER|||cost of the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Group of Physicists School of Physics at the University of Melbourne in Australia , 2009 )
+A 17 17|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since nuclear power plants do not release any harmful materials , nuclear energy is ideal for cleaner environment .
+A 15 18|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nuclear power plant emits significantly low carbon while fossil fuel pollution kills around ten thousand people per year due to respiratory problems in the United States .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||A nuclear|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 26|||R:WO|||in the United States due to respiratory problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But some opponents also claimed that an average nuclear power plant creates twenty to thirty tones of high level waste per year and that waste has to cool on site for at least five years before they are moved .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||However ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||claim|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:MORPH|||tonnes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to that Environmental working group , Yucca fills up 2495 tons of nuclear waste currently ( The Charlotte Observer , Hauter , 2004 ) .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||one|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:ORTH|||environmental|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:ADV|||currently|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some people claimed that the chances of accidents in the nuclear reactors are very low because of advanced technology.But the accident at the Three Mile Island Unit2 nuclear power plant which is the most serious in the US as well as the explosion at the Chernobyl power station proved that nuclear reactor are still dangerous and not 100 percent secure .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||claim|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN|||reactor plants|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||technology.However ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 38|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 48 48|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 48 49|||R:VERB:TENSE|||prove|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 51 52|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides killing people on the spot , increased radiation was also detected around the area of explosion .
+
+S The death by cancer also increased because of these incidents .
+A 1 1|||M:OTHER|||number of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||deaths|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Not just health and environmental facts , psychological factors should also be considered .
+A 7 7|||M:CONJ|||but|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The worst situation is using nuclear as weapon ( Walker , 2004 ) .
+A 6 6|||M:NOUN|||power|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , nuclear power should not be widely produced because of security as well as environmental issue .
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||issues|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Alternative energy sources such as wind , solar , hydrogen as well as hydroelectric should be used instead for more secure future for the next generation .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN|||water|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S France,C .
+
+S ( 2005 ) .
+
+S Gcse science physics high school electricity - power stations nuclear power advantages .
+
+S Retrieved October 1 , 2009 , from http : //www.gcsescience .
+
+S com : http : //www.gcsescience.com/pme31.htm
+
+S Hannity .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Advantages of nuclear power in U.S. Retrieved October 1 , 2009 from : http : //www.foxnews.com/story /0,2933,514043,00.html
+
+S Gonyeau , J .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Joseph Gonyeau 's virtual nuclear tourist !
+
+S Nuclear power plants around the world .
+
+S Retrieved October 1 , 2009 , from http : //www.nucleartourist.com/ : http : //www .
+
+S nucleartourist .
+
+S com/
+
+S Group of Physicists School of Physics at the University of Melbourne in Australia .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power education .
+
+S Retrieved October 1 , 2009 from http : //nuclearinfo.net web site : http : //nuclearinfo.net/ Nuclearpower
+
+S The Charlotte Observer , Wenonah Hauter .
+
+S ( November 17 , 2004 ) Storing nuclear waste .
+
+S Retrieved October 1 , 2009 from http : //www.ewg.org/node/16996
+
+S Walker , J. S. ( 2004 ) .
+
+S Backgrounder on the Three Mile Island accident .
+
+S Retrieved october 1 , 2009 , from http : //www.nrc.gov/ : http : //www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc- collections/fact-sheets/3mile-isle.html
+
+S Recently , there has been an increasing debate about the safe operation of nuclear reactors .
+
+S Evidence also shows that very few new reactors have been built since serious accidents had taken place due to explosion or meltdown of nuclear reactors in the 1980s ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+A 14 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||took|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||explosions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:NUM|||meltdowns|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To date , people are still suffering a lot of the repercussions from the past incidents .
+A 13 14|||R:DET|||these|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , with the expected increase in energy demand worldwide and the growing awareness about global warming , climate change issues and sustainable development , the new Generation IV ( Gen IV ) nuclear reactors seem to be the ultimate solution .
+A 14 15|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 41|||M:OTHER|||to these problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to Gerstner , the Gen IV nuclear reactors will promise a safe , economically competitive , proliferation-resistant nuclear power without the danger of increasing greenhouse gas emissions .
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many developed countries are starting to express interests in this new nuclear technology and some even form a consortium to pool their expertise and funding to research on the six most promising prospects for the future Gen IV reactors .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||interest|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||have even formed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:VERB|||carry out|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , I agree that there should be a research and development ( R&D ) funding for the Gen IV nuclear reactors .
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to Reuters ( 2008 ) , the Electric Power Research Council in the United States has said that there will be a need for some 35 more { nuclear power } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.associatedcontent.com/topic/15557/nuclear_power.html ] plants by the year 2030 .
+A 33 38|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Finland , France and the United Kingdom are preparing for new reactor building programmes while China is planning to build 40-50 fission plants within the next two decades ( Gerstner , 2009 ) .
+
+S As more countries are planning to build more nuclear reactors to meet the increasing energy demand and to reduce the reliance on fossil fuels , some unprecedented construction projects are expected in the next 20 years .
+
+S Clearly , a plan is needed to deal with the resulting increase in nuclear waste .
+
+S The existing technology is to store the waste on site , but it can be politically sensitive - Yucca Mountain in Nevada is one of the examples .
+A 23 27|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reprocessing the spent fuel is another alternative to reduce the waste volume by a factor of two or three .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:FORM|||reducing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , this is expensive , inefficient and poses a nuclear proliferation threat .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Gen IV reactors aim to develop a waste-free nuclear energy by burning up fission 's waste , leaving a residue greatly reduced in both volume and radioactivity ( Gerstner , 2009 ) .
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:NOUN:POSS||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the challenge lies between the complication of building a nuclear fission reactor and short of funding to carry out researches on this area .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||challenges|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||lie|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||the lack|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:MORPH|||research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although it would take years to develop such advanced technology and probably spend quite a large sum of money , researches and studies have to be done to tackle the faster mounting nuclear waste problem .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB|||cost|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||R:OTHER|||research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Opponents of nuclear energy claim that before the first one of Gen IV reactors would be built , optimistically in 2030 and possibly 2040 to 2050 , solar power system will be highly mature and widely developed by that time .
+A 9 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:NOUN:NUM|||systems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 31|||M:ADV|||already|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 40|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , a report ( { McLaughlin } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.associatedcontent.com/user/1887/brant_mclaughlin.html ] , 2007 ) pointed out that most of the solar power plants can only generate 20 % of its average efficiency .
+A 22 24|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 30|||M:NOUN|||power|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 30|||M:PREP|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S What that means is that most photovoltaic ( PV ) panels convert only about 20 % of the captured { solar energy } [ HYPERLINK : http : //poweredbysolarpanels.com/solar-energy-advantages-and-limitations/ ] to electricity .
+
+S Even the most advanced designs using silicon are only able to operate at around 40 % efficiency .
+
+S Nuclear reactors can produce greenhouse-gas-free energy which currently contributes to 15 % of the global electric power .
+
+S They are most efficient and require less resource to operate compared to fossil fuels and solar energy .
+A 2 3|||R:ADV|||more|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , it is important to channel the funding to the R&D for Gen IV reactors as they provide the energy that will meet our future energy needs .
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There is a profound need for a new generation of nuclear reactor as it not only brings a cleaner energy for our future generation but it is also a waste-free , terrorism-proof and affordable source of energy .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:SVA|||bring|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN:NUM|||generations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 27|||R:OTHER|||they are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although the nuclear industry faces a lot of challenges in the form of nuclear accidents , high capital costs of constructing new plants , and the need to establish final repositories for spent nuclear fuel , the nuclear energy industry has experienced economic and regulatory recovery in many parts of the world in recent years .
+
+S As countries such as China and the U.S. are showing interests in constructing new nuclear power plants , large amount of nuclear waste is expected in the next 20 to 30 years .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||interest|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||amounts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , channeling funds to the R&D in Gen IV reactors is necessary as it helps to solve the waste problem .
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference
+
+S Gerstner , E. ( 2009 ) .
+
+S The hybrid returns .
+
+S Nature .
+
+S 460 .
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240 { McLaughlin } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.associatedcontent.com/user/1887/brant_mclaughlin.html ] , B .
+
+S { } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.associatedcontent.com/user/1887/brant_mclaughlin.html ] ( April 20 , 2007 ) .
+
+S Developing Nuclear Power Alternative Energy .
+
+S Retrieved from { http : //www.associatedcontent.com/article/203034/developing_nuclear_power_as_alternative.html ? cat = 15 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.associatedcontent.com/article/203034/developing_nuclear_power_as_alternative.html ? cat = 15 ]
+
+S The Very-High-Temperature Reactor the Versus Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor
+A 3 5|||R:WO|||Versus the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With rapidly rising demand for energy , scientists and big energy companies are aggressively looking for an alternative source of energy to fossil fuel which is a depleting natural resource .
+
+S In addition , burning fossil fuel emits greenhouse gas , a main cause of global warming .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||gases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , scientists and engineers are placing high hopes on the new generation of nuclear reactors which are seen as a clean source of energy without emission of green-house gas .
+A 29 30|||R:NOUN:NUM|||gases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , some people argue that nuclear power is unstable , extremely dangerous and expensive based on past nuclear accidents and technical hurdles .
+A 2 2|||M:OTHER|||base on past nuclear accidents and technical hurdles ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 23|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Fortunately , generation IV nuclear reactors are in the horizon , promising " safe , abundant , reliable , inexpensive and proliferation resistant " nuclear power plants ( " Nuclear Power 's New Dawn " , 2004 ) .
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this essay , I will compare two outstanding generation IV models : the very-high-temperature reactor ( VHTR ) and the sodium-cooled fast reactor ( SFR ) , and argue that the VHTR is safer , more economical and proliferation-resistant than SFR .
+A 39 39|||M:ADV|||more|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is said that the VHTR has not achieved the goals of simple operation and transparent safety concepts because it does not have a passive heat removal system ( Generation IV International forum , 2008 ) .
+A 32 33|||R:ORTH|||Forum|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is not true as the VHTR is developing a passive heat removal system that could achieve a higher level of safety which is not dependent on human 's intervention .
+A 0 1|||M:OTHER|||However , this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||U:NOUN:POSS||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the VHTR is initially designed to use helium as its coolant which is not the most suitable for an instant passive heat removal system .
+A 0 2|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order to achieve a more effective heat removal system , salts or mixed gas could be used because of a superior heat transport characteristics .
+A 20 21|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to " GIF R&D outlook for Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems 2009 " , molten salts can enable 4 to 6 times higher power density with passive safety features compared with helium .
+A 24 33|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , it is highly likely that an effective passive heat removal system would be achieved for the VHTR in the near future .
+
+S Even though the VHTR excels at safety , economical factors would still be the most crucial deciding factor .
+
+S Proponents of SFR claim that the VHTR would incur a higher capital investment .
+
+S As a matter of fact , the overall cost of building , operating and maintaining of the VHTR is more cost-effective than the SFR .
+A 15 16|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to " Cost Estimating Guidelines For Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems " , the VHTR has a lower overall cost of building , operating and maintaining compared with other models of generation IV ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Outdoing the SFR , the VHTR has lower fuel cost and higher hydrogen production due to its high operation temperature , allowing high burnup of the fuels .
+A 21 22|||R:OTHER|||which allows|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN|||burn-up rate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , the VHTR adopts a closed cycle to ensure thorough burning of transuranics .
+
+S In a nutshell , the VHTR is more economically competitive than the SFR .
+
+S In contrast to the SFR , the VHTR is resistant to nuclear weapon proliferation as it abandons the reprocessing process .
+A 0 1|||M:OTHER|||Furthermore , in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The reprocessing process incorporated in the SFR extracts plutonium , which is an indispensable part for nuclear weapons .
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to " GIF and generation IV " , among the six nuclear power reactors , only the VHTR does not have this process .
+
+S The reprocessing process is mainly aimed at cutting down the amount of waste finally produced .
+
+S Because VHTR is operated at an extremely high temperature and within a closed circle system , high utilization of uranium can be achieved even without reprocessing .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN|||cycle|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The VHTR prevents potential nuclear wars that the SFR may lead to .
+A 0 1|||M:OTHER|||Thus , the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To conclude , simple operation and transparent safety concept is inherently embedded in the VHTR , ensuring high level of safety .
+A 4 5|||R:MORPH|||operational|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||concepts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The VHTR is more economically competitive than the SFR by lowering the overall cost of building , operating and maintaining .
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:MORPH|||operations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||maintenance|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||is lower|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The VHTR also has the unique feature of proliferation resistance among generation IV reactors which would prevent potential nuclear wars .
+A 10 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the VHTR is the one which is the most likely to achieve the vision of " safe , abundant , reliable , inexpensive and proliferation resistant " nuclear power .
+
+S References
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 ) .
+
+S Nuclear Power 's New Dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 .
+
+S 20 May 2004 , { www.nature.com/nature } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.nature.com/nature ]
+
+S Generation IV International Forum .
+
+S ( 2002 ) .
+
+S A Technology Roadmap for Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems .
+
+S Retrieved on Oct 25th , 2009 , from : { http : //www.gen-4.org/PDFs/GenIVRoadmap.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.gen-4.org/PDFs/GenIVRoadmap.pdf ]
+
+S Generation IV International Forum .
+
+S ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Cost Estimating Guidelines For Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems .
+
+S Retrieved on Oct 25th , 2009 from : http : //www.gen-4.org/Technology/horizontal/EMWG_Guidelines.pdf
+
+S Generation IV International Forum .
+
+S ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Basis for the Safety Approach for Design & Assessment of Generation IV Nuclear Systems .
+
+S Retrieved on Oct 25th , 2009 from : http : //www.gen-4.org/Technology/horizontal/documents/Basis_for_the_Safety_Approach_for_Design__Assessment_of_Generation_IV_Nuclear_Systems_000.pdf
+
+S Generation IV International Forum .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S GIF R&D Outlook for Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems .
+
+S Retrieved on Oct 25th , 2009 from : http : //www.gen-4.org/PDFs/GIF_RD_Outlook_for_Generation_IV_Nuclear_Energy_Systems.pdf
+
+S Design is the basis of developing a product .
+
+S Be it a simple everyday product or a complex product like a nuclear plant .
+
+S Engineers will have to take into consideration of the future needs while being creative and also without jeopardizing the functionality and the usability of the product .
+A 7 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As psychology studies the mental functions and human behavior , we are able to pin point the human error and thus we would minimize design mistakes and prevent accidents from happening .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||human|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 19|||R:OTHER|||human errors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In my opinion , as human factor always plays a part in these major industrial accidents .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The use of psychology during the design process stage can help reducing the accidents .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:FORM|||reduce|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:DET|||these|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One major engineering accident is the Eschede train which happened in Germany ( Wilpert , 2007 ) .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:NOUN|||accident|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The accident happened in June 1998 causes a total of 101 death and 88 injured .
+A 2 6|||R:OTHER|||, which happened in June 1998 ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||caused|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||deaths|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This incident is not caused by failure of only one component .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Rather it is caused by the interaction of multiple factors like human error and design mistakes .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this case , we are able to relate psychology into the factors and prevented it from happening .
+A 14 14|||M:OTHER|||examine how pscyhology could have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The original set of wheels used by the train was monobloc wheels .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:SVA|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the wheels appeared to be too noisy and vibration can be felt in the train cabin .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||could|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the engineers came out with a similar design as what the trams are using which is used to solve the vibration issue .
+A 5 6|||R:PART|||up|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 19|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The new wheel is wrapped around with thick layer of rubber around the metal wheel .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The layer of rubber helps reducing the vibration .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:FORM|||helped|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:FORM|||reduce|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The design was not tested but it proved to be reliable because over the years it does not have any major problems .
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:TENSE|||did|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , according to ( Khandani , 2005 ) proper engineering design process , final phase of design process is testing .
+A 4 7|||R:OTHER|||Khandani (|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:OTHER|||a proper engineering|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Prototyping is a process to test the design under real conditions .
+
+S In the process , they might find out design flaws and make necessary changes to the design .
+A 1 2|||R:DET|||this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||engineers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 8|||R:VERB|||discover|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The engineers made a mistake for neglecting an important step in the design process .
+A 2 2|||M:OTHER|||of the Eschede train|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:DET|||this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If prototyping has been done the accident might not have happened .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Before the derailment of the train , there is a strip of metal punctured into the cabin .
+A 7 17|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The train conductor or the passenger may have prevented the train accident if they had pulled the emergency brake .
+A 4 5|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The subsequent event will not have happened if the passenger or the conductor possesses adequate problem solving skill .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN|||accident|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||had possessed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||skills|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The passenger could have pulled the emergency himself instead of notifying the conductor .
+A 7 7|||M:NOUN|||brake|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The train conductor would have been able to stop the accident from happening if he does not follow the company 's policy for stopping the train .
+A 15 18|||R:OTHER|||had not followed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The railway line in Eschede is a quadruple track .
+
+S It allows the high speed train to separate from other slower trains .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB|||separates|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||trains|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 8|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The railway track used is not dedicated for high speed train .
+A 4 4|||M:OTHER|||by the Eschede train involved in the accident|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||trains|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However it has been upgraded to so that it can be shared between high speed trains and other slower trains .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||could|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , rail switches is used to maximize the usage of the tracks .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The rail switches transfers the trains from a slow track to a fast track and vice versa .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||transferred|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However seconds before the accident happened , the wheel rim which pierces through the cabin floor slammed against the rail switch forcing some of the train cabins to disconnect with the from the first cabin and switch to another track .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||pierced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 31|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The entire disconnected cabin is thereby thrown into the bridge .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:PART|||off|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , improvement of a new design is undeniably good as it makes our life better .
+A 3 8|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:ADJ|||desirable|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , besides focusing on the improvement of a new design , one should also pay attention to the possible tradeoffs .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||improvements|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||offered by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When the improvement of the new design is unable to compensate the limitation , designers should abandon the design .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||improvements|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||R:OTHER|||limitations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If we have put in much consideration into the psychology approach in the process of design , many accidents can be avoided .
+A 2 3|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:MORPH|||psychological|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 16|||R:OTHER|||design process|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The use of psychology would assist engineers and designers to think creatively and better and therefore they will come out a safe and good invention .
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||up with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 25|||R:OTHER|||safe and good inventions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , by exploring further in the psychological aspect and applying it in our daily routines , many of such major accidents can be prevented or minimized .
+A 6 7|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Khandani .
+
+S S ( 2005 ) .
+
+S Engineering design process .
+
+S Retrieved June 29 , 2009 from lisme.org/etp/NS % 20Engineering % 20.pdf
+
+S Wilpert .
+
+S B ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Psychology and design processes .
+
+S Safety Science , 45 , 293-303 .
+
+S Ksmiley ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Eschede train derailment .
+
+S Retrieved October 10 , 2009 from http : //root- cause-analysis.info/2009/06/04/eschede-train-derailment/
+
+S Masayuki Nakao ( 2005 ) .
+
+S InterCity express accident .
+
+S Retrived October 10 , 2009 from http : //shippai/jst.go.jp/en/search National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( 2007 ) .
+
+S System failure case study , 1 ( 5 ) .
+
+S Apply engineering psychology to prevent accidents
+
+S " People running trying to evade the incessant radiation,people dying on the ground , people in chaos .
+
+S That is what my eyes , who have seen no death before , see .
+
+S " By a survivor of Chernobyl ( Alek Carter , 'The World is Burning ' ) .
+
+S The Chernobyl disaster has been described as 'the greatest technological catastrophe in human history' .
+
+S The total radioactivity of the material from Chernobyl was 200 times that of the combined releases from the atomic bombs dropped on Nagasaki and Hiroshima .
+
+S And 21 million square meter of land was polluted and could n't use for living .
+A 0 1|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||meters|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:TENSE|||be used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Chernobyl is not the only serious accident of nuclear plant in the past .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 10|||R:OTHER|||nuclear plant accident|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There was another nuclear plant accident in three mile island in US .
+A 7 10|||R:ORTH|||Three Mile Island|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As these disasters happened over and over again , the problem that how to improve design process should be concerned in a different perspective .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||happen|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB|||examined|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:PREP|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S How about taking account of psychology ?
+A 0 7|||R:OTHER|||One such perspective is to take psychology into account .|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S What is psychology in engineering ?
+A 2 2|||M:OTHER|||the role of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Let 's look at the definition of 'engineering psychology' .
+
+S Engineering Psychology is concerned with adapting the equipment and environment to people , based upon their psychological capacities and limitations ( Blum , 1952 ) with the objective of improving overall system performance ( involving human and machine elements ) .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN|||pscyhology|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From this statement , we know that psychology aims to improve system by helping people in psychological way .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||systems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Someone may doubt , is it really helpful to apply psychology ?
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Some|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:VERB|||wonder|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||if|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 6|||R:WO|||it is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They think that in the modern society , automation is widely used in many ways and man is much less important .
+
+S We consider the Chernobyl as an example .
+A 4 4|||M:NOUN|||incident|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As mentioned in the preceding paragraph , Chernobyl was considered as the technological catastrophe .
+A 11 12|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But ,was it just caused by technological errors ?
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||However,was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S No , it also included human factors .
+
+S Let 's take a quick view of the accident .
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||look at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The normal , experienced staff at the plant were planning a test on reactor four .
+
+S The first thing working against then is that another power plant on the circuit went down , so Chernobyl was producing more power than usual to compensate .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:OTHER|||for it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Then the day staff never ran the test .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Thus ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||did not run|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nobody ever told the night staff not to do it , so they tried to perform the test as planned .
+A 0 1|||M:OTHER|||However , nobody|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Then , the reactor started getting out of control .
+A 0 1|||R:ADV|||Consequently|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The staff tried to use an emergency shutdown mechanism that failed .
+
+S Now the had an uncontrolled nuclear reaction .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Thus ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Because they did n't have the right Geiger counters , they did n't know what a serious danger they were in cause they could n't got the actual radiation levels .
+A 21 22|||R:OTHER|||because|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 25|||R:OTHER|||did not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:VERB|||know|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They stayed for about 3 days till the explosion , trying to pump water into the reactor to control it .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:PREP|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 3|||M:OTHER|||the plant for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:PREP|||until|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They died weeks later from radiation poisoning .
+
+S It is obvious that human factors play an important role in this accident .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||played|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Though the original cause is technical , but if anyone find the mistake and correct it , it would n't happen .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB|||discovered|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:FORM|||corrected|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have happened|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S What 's more , regardless of what extent do the automation achieve , man can never be neglected in production .
+A 8 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||is achieved|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:OTHER|||the role of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB|||underestimated|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And , nobody can avoid mistakes , so applying psychology in design processes could reduce the probability of human errors , thus increased safety coefficient .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Furthermore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 2|||M:PREP|||since|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:FORM|||increasing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 25|||R:OTHER|||the safety coefficient of a system|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Never the less , someone hold the opinion that if technology improves enough , we could get rid of the accident without applying psychology in the design processes .
+A 0 3|||R:ORTH|||Nevertheless|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||some|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 19|||R:OTHER|||eliminate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:OTHER|||accidents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As technology is improving , it is true that the consequences for the accident can be reduce a lot .
+A 2 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||improves|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN|||probability|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||accidents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:ADV|||significantly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:FORM|||reduced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Considering the nuclear technology , what method we use to control the reaction has been improved a lot .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||methods|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:MORPH|||reactors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 18|||R:OTHER|||significantly improved|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And through the three mile island accident , if the safety precautions make sense , the effect for the place outside the nuclear plant is very small .
+A 0 28|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But , all this improvements just make the consequence of the accident , if happening , less than before and it does n't mean the probability is reduced .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||However|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:DET|||these|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:ADV|||only|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB|||reduce|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:OTHER|||severity of the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||consequences|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 19|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:OTHER|||of such accidents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Through a survey , 92 % of all significant events in nuclear utilities between 1983-1984 were caused by people and of these only 8 % were initiated by the control room operator ( Stanton.N , 1996 ) .
+A 0 4|||R:OTHER|||A study found that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:VERB:TENSE|||had been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:NOUN|||Stanton|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So the most efficient way to reinforce the safety is applying psychology in design processes .
+A 0 1|||R:ADV|||Hence|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:PREP|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:PART|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Will the psychology prevent the accident successfully ?
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||accidents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:ADV|||completely|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Of course , it is not possible .
+A 3 4|||R:PRON|||this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||would not be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The objective of applying engineering psychology is to adapt the equipment and environment to people , based upon their psychological capacities and limitations .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And the result is making production process more comfortable and safer but not totally preventing the accident .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:ADV|||necessarily|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:MORPH|||prevent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||accidents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As engineering psychology applied more and more deeply through design processes , it must make the production , especially the highly complex socio-technical systems with hazard characteristics , safer than before .
+A 3 3|||M:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:MORPH|||hazardous|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Could the use of psychology prevented Chernobyl ?
+A 5 5|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On 26 April 1986 , a catastrophic disaster , which destroyed the city and killed 30 people in few seconds , fell on Chernobyl .
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Massive amount of radioactive substances spread , and eventually caused approximately 270000 cancer cases and 93000 fatal cancers ( Greenpeace , 2006 ) .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||amounts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Ever since the disaster occurred , the cause of the accident was extensively looked into .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Most of the studies have shown that it was the carelessness of the operator and large amount of design errors which lead to the disastrous explosion .
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN|||number|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:TENSE|||led|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , wide range of approaches arises to enhance safety in engineering process , and psychology is among one of these approaches .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has arisen|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Engineering psychology provides methods to enhance the safety of a system from the human point of view ( Wilpert , 2006 ) .
+
+S While opponents denied the capability of psychology to prevent the accident , proponents insisted that psychology is applicable to enhance safety of a system .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||deny|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||accidents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||insist|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:FORM|||enhancing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although some people perceived that psychology would not influence much in engineering process , I do believe that the use of psychology during design process effectively provide alternative to prevent the accident .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||perceive|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 13|||R:OTHER|||the engineering process much|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 30|||R:OTHER|||could have effectively prevented|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nuclear plants are complex system , which involve operation of many systems simultaneously .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||systems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:ADJ|||simultaneous|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , opponents claimed that psychology might not be able to detect each of the errors from the complicated design process and the use of psychology would not prevent the accident .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although engineering psychology may not be able to detect all the errors , the methodology used throughout the process would definitely point out some of the erroneous part .
+A 0 1|||M:OTHER|||However , although|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have pointed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:NOUN:NUM|||parts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to Noyes ( 1997 ) , most of the accidents occurred due to large amount of errors , and elimination of each of the errors could effectively prevented the accident .
+A 7 11|||R:OTHER|||the accident mostly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 17|||R:OTHER|||numerous|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , the control rods used in the exploded Unit 4 reactor , which served to slow down the reactions , are made of boron carbide with graphite tips .
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A study in 1983 , three years before this accident , shown that graphite tips can increase the rate of reaction ( Jacques , 2000 ) .
+A 11 11|||M:VERB:TENSE|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Clearly , if engineering psychology is applied , further research would be carried out during preparatory phase and the error can be detected , and this accident may be prevented .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||had been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||R:VERB:TENSE|||could have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Opponents perceived that the Chernobyl accident is mainly due to the insufficient knowledge of the designers and operators , and advanced technical knowledge could be able to prevent the accident instead of the use of psychology .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the study of Jacques ( 2000 ) stated that it was the dictatorship of Soviet Union , rather than technical incompetence , which brought the Chernobyl accident .
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:PREP|||about|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , the scientists in Soviet Union were equipped with deep technical knowledge , but they were more motivated to produce nuclear weapon for self interest .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN:NUM|||weapons|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:PREP|||out of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the ignorance of safety field eventually led to bad decision during design process .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN|||neglect|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||decisions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hands , engineering psychology , which comprises 'decision gate ' in each design phase , would effectively enhance safety from the human point of view .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||hand|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have enhanced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , the Chernobyl accident arises from chain of human errors .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||arose|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Other than political factor and use of inappropriate rod materials , incompetence of operator , unwise decision making during test plan , and deliberate violation against procedure for safe operation account to this disaster ( Denton , 1997 ) .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In my opinion , input of psychology in each stage would be able to change the erroneous part of design process and effectively enhance the safety of a system .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:TENSE|||enhanced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although a precise definition of human error is hard to develop , some errors are predictable using existing psychological studies ( Noyes , 1997 ) .
+
+S To sum up , engineering psychology provides means to detect human errors in each phase of design process and even in the implementation phase .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These preventive acts can more or less prevent the occurrence of a disaster .
+A 4 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , psychology in engineering is definitely required to promote the safety throughout the design process , especially for hazardous system such as nuclear plant .
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||systems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN:NUM|||plants|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference
+
+S 1 .
+
+S Greenpeace ( 2006 , April 18 ) .
+
+S Chernobyl death toll grossly underestimated .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //www.greenpeace.org/international/news/chernobyl-deaths- 180406
+
+S 2 .
+
+S Wilpert B .
+
+S ( 2006 ) .
+
+S Psychology and design process .
+
+S Safety Science , 45 ( 1-2 ) , 293 303 .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //www.sciencedirect.com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/science ? _ob = MImg&_ imagekey = B6VF9-4M0J4GW-2- 1&_cdi = 6005&_user = 111989&_orig = search&_coverDate = 02 % 2F28 % 2F2007&_sk = 999549998&view = c&wchp = dGLbVlW- zSkzS&md5 = 8d297afdd095e7622a6480e994d4531b&ie = /sdarticle.pdf
+
+S 3 .
+
+S Noyes , J .
+
+S & Stanton , N. ( 1997 ) .
+
+S Computing & Control Engineering Journal , 8 ( 3 ) , 107 112 .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //ieeexplore.ieee.org.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/stamp/stamp.jsp ? tp = & arnumber = 600921&isnumber = 13233
+
+S 4 .
+
+S Jacques F. ( 2000 ) .
+
+S The causes of the Chernobyl event .
+
+S Retrieved October 1 , 2009 , from http : //www.ecolo.org/documents/documents_in_english/Causes.ChernobyJ F.doc
+
+S 5 .
+
+S Reason , J .
+
+S ( 1988 ) .
+
+S Error and violations : The lessons of Chernobyl .
+
+S Conference Record for 1988 IEEE Fourth Conference on 5-9 June 1988 , 537 - 540 Retrieved October 1 , 2009 , from http : //ieeexplore.ieee.org.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/stamp/stamp.jsp ? tp = & arnumber = 27561&isnumber = 1061
+
+S With the modernization of the world , the consumption of energy has increased drastically .
+A 12 14|||R:WO|||drastically increased|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nuclear reactants have helped improve the situation in recent years .
+
+S One of the nuclear reactors is the very high temperature reactor ( VHTR ) which is used to produce both hydrogen and electricity .
+
+S There have been oppositions discouraging further research and development of the VHTR due to high costs , unsafe conditions and low efficiency of the VHTR .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||opposition|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||which has been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , I feel that despite these , we should still continue with the further developments of the VHTR .
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||development|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The main issue that the public is concerned with is safety .
+
+S The VHTR operates at a very high temperature .
+
+S There are fears that the reactor may get overheated as it operates at very high temperature .
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||temperatures|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , with the improvement in the design of machine and materials used , the VHTR is cooled via helium which is an inert gas .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||improvements|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 10|||R:OTHER|||machine design|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:ADV|||now|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:PREP|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The helium gas does not react readily with other gases and thus making it safe to use .
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||, which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:FORM|||makes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , the material used to build the reactor is graphite which has high melting point .
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Graphite also has high heat capacity and thermal inertia , thus allowing it to withstand high temperature .
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||temperatures|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It has high structural stability despite being heated up to high temperatures .
+
+S Graphite and helium make the VHTR safer to use as it now heats up less readily .
+
+S Thus , the VTHR is safe to use even though it requires high temperatures to operate .
+
+S There are skeptics who argue that high start up cost , due to the materials of the reactor , make the VHTR not worth undergoing further research and development .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 29|||R:OTHER|||it not worthwhile to further research and develop the VHTR|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They feel that the government should channel the funds to produce other useful products which may directly benefit them .
+
+S The aim of the government should be revised and other important needs such as healthcare of citizens should be considered before building these reactors .
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Funds could be better allocated in order to not neglect important areas .
+
+S I agree that the start-up cost of VHTR is high as it costs about 114.9 billion US dollars to build it .
+A 20 21|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the performance and maintenance cost are much lower as compared to the start up cost .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN|||operating|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||costs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The fuel used in VHTR produces a large amount of energy when burnt , thus reducing the amount of fuel burnt .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the VHTR is able to produce two products , hydrogen and electricity concurrently , it helps to reduce the cost of producing both products separately .
+A 13 13|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , in the long run , the high cost is spread over the products , thus reducing the daily cost .
+
+S Critics also argue over efficiency problems of the VHTR .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB|||highlight|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The VHTR uses helium as a cooling reagent .
+
+S However , helium is only able to cool a small amount of temperature in high pressure .
+
+S This means that a large amount of helium is needed to reduce the temperature of the reactor .
+
+S If the helium is insufficient , it is not possible for the VHTR to operate at its optimum temperature .
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||will not be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Other cooling agents such as water , which is able to cool reactors down readily , should be used .
+
+S However , the VHTR still has high efficiency rate .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It uses plutonium waste to run the reactor and thus help to recycle waste products .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:SVA|||helps|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The fuel used is also coated with uranium oxycarbide which aids in waste minimization .
+
+S The high temperature produced by the reactor can also be used to split water up thermodynamically and thus helped to save energy to produce additional energy .
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:TENSE|||help|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , helium is seen to be both a good and bad cooling agent .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||Although|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , it should still be used despite its disadvantage because it is still the best cooling agent that can be found due to its inert nature .
+
+S The VTHR is able to produce electricity which the world is in need of .
+
+S Furthermore , it is also able to produce hydrogen , a side product which is useful too .
+
+S Furthermore , it has high efficiency and the reactor is safe to use .
+A 0 1|||R:ADV|||Moreover|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Cost should not be an issue as it will eventually be reduced with the spread overhead costs .
+A 14 15|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the VTHR should continue undergoing research and development .
+A 2 10|||R:OTHER|||research and development on the VTHR should continue|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S OECD Nuclear Energy Agency .
+
+S ( n.d. ) The Very-High-Temperature Reactor ( VHTR ) is a graphite-moderated , helium cooled reactor with a thermal neutron spectrum .
+
+S Retrieved on October 23,2009,from { http : //gif.inel.gov/roadmap/pdfs/very_high_temp_gas_cooled_reactor_sys.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //gif.inel.gov/roadmap/pdfs/very_high_temp_gas_cooled_reactor_sys.pdf ]
+
+S Generation IV-Next-Generation Nuclear Energy Systems .
+
+S ( 2003,November 06 ) Very-high-Temperature Reactor ( VHTR ) .Retrieved on October 23,2009 , from { http : //gen4.inel.gov/technologies/vhtr.shtml } [ HYPERLINK : http : //gen4.inel.gov/technologies/vhtr.shtml ]
+
+S The U.S Department of Energy 's Office of Nuclear Energy. ( n.d .
+
+S ) Next Generation Nuclear Energy.Retrived on October 25,2009 from www.nuclear.energy.gov
+
+S Generation IV nuclear energy systems are very promising technologies which will probably be available from 2030 onwards .
+
+S These technologies have many advantages , such as enhancing nuclear safety , minimizing generation of nuclear waste and decreasing the risk of nuclear weapons proliferation ( Gen IV International Forum,2007 ) .
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although Generation IV nuclear energy systems have so many advantages and plans for four systems have been finalized ( Gen IV International Forum,2007 ) , public opposition doubts whether further research and development are still needed for them .
+A 27 28|||R:OTHER|||questions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the opposite 's concerns will not matter through long-run modification of the plans and the Gen IV systems will definitely benefit most of the nations .
+A 2 15|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 26|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is essential to do more research for the Very High Temperature Reactor or VHTR which is the most promising system out of all the Generation IV systems .
+
+S Firstly , the opponents question the safe operation of the VHTR over 1000 Celsius degree under transient condition .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:PREP|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||degrees|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||conditions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , they fail to consider the inherent characteristic of a helium-cooled , graphite-moderated core which is designed for the VHTR .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have failed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The VHTR system takes advantage of the thermal inertia of the graphite and a special property of helium coolant that helium has single phase .
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:OTHER|||which is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Because of the effect of graphite , it manages to have a high heat capacity and maintain stable at the same time even at extremely high temperatures .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB|||maintain|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 18|||R:OTHER|||stability|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , helium is chemically inert .
+
+S When it is used as the coolant , it hardly has any interaction with other materials ( { High temperature gas cool reactor technology development } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.iaea.org/inisnkm/nkm/aws/htgr/fulltext/29026666.pdf ] , 1996 ) .
+A 10 13|||R:OTHER|||interacts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the helium-cooled , graphite-moderated core is overall the best design and in this way the safety of the system is almost guaranteed .
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||on the whole|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , critics argue that the VHTR is too costly and it will ultimately be eliminated in the future due to economic factors just as what happened to the HTGR or High-Temperature-Gas-Reactor in 1989 ( International Atomic Energy Agency , n.d ) .
+A 23 23|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:PREP|||like|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To some extent , the VHTR system is indeed more expensive than the Generation III Nuclear Energy Systems .
+
+S However , even though the one-time economic input is high , the VHTR has low operating and maintenance cost ( Gen IV International Forum , 2007 ) .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||capital|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In an economic view , low variable cost will finally lead to low average cost despite the fact that the fixed cost is quite high .
+A 0 1|||R:PREP|||From|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN|||perspective|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , the electricity generation of the VHTR system has an efficiency ratio larger than 50 percent and it is much more efficient than the Generation III systems .
+A 13 13|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:ADJ|||higher|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The efficient electricity generation will overweigh the high cost of the machine and engineering design ( Jaeri , 2002 ) .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Such|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB|||outweigh|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 15|||R:OTHER|||engineering design and production of the system|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , abundant heat produced in the VHTR system raises the efficiency of hydrogen gas production to a significant level .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , the high one-time economic input does not seem to be a problem compared with the high efficiency and the significant side product of the VHTR system .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN|||investment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thirdly , some people are concerned about whether the Generational IV Nuclear Energy System will become a privilege of the wealth or technology developed countries and enlarge the gap between the developed countries and the developing countries .
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||wealthy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:MORPH|||technologically|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However this concern is actually redundant since most of countries have reached a consensus that the development of Generation IV systems is an international initiative rather than an independent investigation .
+A 0 1|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:ADJ|||unfounded|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As estimated , these systems will be available by 2030 in both developed countries and developing countries ( Argonne National Laboratory ) .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||According to estimations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To sum up , even though there are concerns about Generation IV VHTR system , such as potential danger of the system , high cost of the system and the side effect of the system , the advantages of Generation IV VHTR system surpass its disadvantages .
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 31|||R:OTHER|||possible negative|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:NOUN:NUM|||effects|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 39|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Generation IV VHTR system should be fully developed since the VHTR system intends to increase safety , efficiency and reliability and provides other economic benefits , such as hydrogen production .
+A 0 0|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||as well as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:SVA|||provide|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Generation IV ( Gen IV ) .
+
+S Argonne National Laboratory Retrieved on 29/10/09 from { http : //www.ne.anl.gov/research/ardt/genIV/index.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.ne.anl.gov/research/ardt/genIV/index.html ]
+
+S { High temperature gas cool reactor technology development } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.iaea.org/inisnkm/nkm/aws/htgr/fulltext/29026666.pdf ] ( PDF ) .
+
+S IAEA .
+
+S 15/11/96 .
+
+S pp .
+
+S 61 .
+
+S Retrieved on 29/10/09 from { http : //www.iaea.org/inisnkm/nkm/aws/htgr/fulltext/29026666.pdf .
+
+S } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.iaea.org/inisnkm/nkm/aws/htgr/fulltext/29026666.pdf .
+
+S ]
+
+S { HTGR Knowledge Base } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.iaea.org/inisnkm/nkm/aws/htgr/ ] International Atomic Energy Agency .
+
+S Retrieved on 29/10/09 from http : //www.iaea.org/inisnkm/nkm/aws/htgr/
+
+S Jaeri , M. O. , & Lensa , W.V .
+
+S ( 2002 ) Very High Temperature Gas Cooled Reactor ( VHTR ) Retrieved on 29/10/09 from { http : //gif.inel.gov/roadmap/pdfs/p_grns_june_25-27_presentation_gp32-00.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //gif.inel.gov/roadmap/pdfs/p_grns_june_25-27_presentation_gp32-00.pdf ]
+
+S The Very-High-Temperature Reactor ( VHTR ) is a graphite-moderated , helium-cooled reactor with a thermal neutron spectrum .
+
+S 2007 .
+
+S Retrieved on 29/10/09 from { http : //www.gen-4.org/Technology/systems/vhtr.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.gen-4.org/Technology/systems/vhtr.htm ]
+
+S Very-High-Temperature-Reactor .
+
+S Gen IV International Forum .
+
+S Retrieved from on 29/10/09 { http : //gen4.inel.gov/technologies/vhtr.shtml } [ HYPERLINK : http : //gen4.inel.gov/technologies/vhtr.shtml ]
+
+S Dawn to nuclear power
+
+S Nowadays , with the development of our society , more and more energy is consumed by the whole world .
+
+S However , most people never consider the question how many years the petroleum and coal can support our lives .
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||have never considered|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:OTHER|||current supplies of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 19|||R:OTHER|||last|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Scientists said that human being can only use petroleum and coal for no more than one or two hundred years .
+A 1 1|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||beings|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:ADV|||more|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On that condition , new energy , especially nuclear power , will be our first choice to carry on our development , for which we must change our attitude towards nuclear power .
+A 0 1|||M:VERB|||Based on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 21|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nowadays , many people still resist nuclear power because of the fear of terrorists , its so-called danger and the heavy metal from its waste .
+A 10 25|||R:OTHER|||its so-called danger , its waste and the fear of terrorists|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I can not deny some tragedies occurred during the exploration and development of nuclear power .
+A 4 4|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However I want to emphasize that nuclear power is still our first choice and many people resist it just because some misunderstanding about its history .
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||will still be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:ADV|||only|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I suggest that we can use Supercritical-water-cooled reactors , which are efficient , safe and environmental-friendly .
+A 15 16|||R:ADJ|||environmentally-friendly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In my opinion , nuclear power is a must for our further development and we have the ability to control it and make full use of it .
+
+S From the angle of safety , many people are afraid of the hypothesis that terrorists may attack the reactors because they are the best target to make chaos and mass destruction .
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN:NUM|||targets|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:VERB|||create|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 29|||M:VERB|||cause|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Actually , the issue is being considered in the country where these nuclear reactors are widely built .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||countries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As Pittsburgh Tribune Review January 18 , 2007 reported , US Nuclear Regulatory Commission said that in the future , the design of nuclear power reactors , such as SWCR , will consider avoiding the large-type aircraft collision to prevent the attack comes from terrorists .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:OTHER|||take into consideration|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 38|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 42|||R:OTHER|||attacks|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 44|||R:OTHER|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , according to a research group , concrete structure used in such kind of reactor can withstand a deliberately crash by a military jet .
+A 14 16|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:MORPH|||deliberate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , most countries in the world have regarded anti-terrorism as one of their main tasks in the future .
+A 0 1|||R:ADV|||Furthermore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||fighting terrorism|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They will try their best to avoid terrorism and spare no effect to protect their nation from being attacked .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB|||prevent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , terrorism should not become the obstacle of the development of nuclear reactor .
+A 6 7|||R:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , many people fear of nuclear reactor because they do not believe the safety of it .
+A 5 6|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB|||assured|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 17|||R:OTHER|||of their safety|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Take the SWCR for example ; its high temperature can reach 550 and the pressure is very high .
+
+S People may be afraid that some accident may happen at such a tough environment .
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But nowadays , a nuclear reactor contains a lot of Safety features , such as automatic shutdown of the fission process by insertion of control rods , emergency water-cooling for the core in case of pipeline breakage , and a concrete containment shell , which can help avoid emergence .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||However ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 10|||R:OTHER|||many|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:ORTH|||safety|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 44|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 47 49|||R:OTHER|||prevent accidents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I believe with these safety features , the nuclear power reactor will be very safe .
+
+S Last but not least , some people say that the heavy metal comes from the nuclear waster may cause a lot of environmental problems .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||metals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 15|||R:OTHER|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||wastes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I agree that the old generation reactors generate a lot of heavy metal waste , which is still a problem .
+
+S However , this new kind of reactor is quite environmental-friendly .
+A 9 10|||R:ADJ|||environmentally-friendly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Its coolant is water , which is cheap and will not generate pollution .
+
+S What 's more , it also has a waste recycling system , which is combined by two parts .
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||a combination|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , there is a reprocessing plant to reuse the spent SWAC fuel .
+
+S Secondly , there is a dry process to dry the used fuel to minimize the waste .
+
+S This recycling system makes it more environmental-friendly than others .
+A 6 7|||R:ADJ|||environmentally-friendly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||other reactors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I think we need not to worry about how to deal with the waste because of these two significant steps .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||Thus ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:VERB:FORM||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nowadays , with the development of nuclear power , more and more problems have been solved by these scientists and engineers .
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||nuclear|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As to the potential terrorism attract , we can build solid reactor as well as emphasis anti-terrorism in a global level .
+A 0 6|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:MORPH|||emphasise|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:PREP|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , we have developed many important features to improve the safety of a reactor .
+
+S We also try different ways , such as a reprocessing plant and dry the waste to reduce the emitting of waste from a reactor .
+A 0 11|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:FORM|||drying|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I think we have already had enough reason to make full use of the nuclear power , to benefit the whole world as well as our next generations .
+A 3 6|||R:OTHER|||already have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reasons|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:ADJ|||future|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Simplified Supercritical Water-Cooled Reactor ( SSCWR ) , a new SCWR design , http : //www.sciencedirect.com/science ? _ob = ArticleURL&_udi = B6V3X-4WNWW6D-4&_user = 10&_rdoc = 1&_fmt = &_orig = search&_sort = d&_docanchor = &view = c&_searchStrId = 1046365883&_rerunOrigin = google&_acct = C000050221&_version = 1&_urlVersion = 0&_userid = 10&md5 = 86eb6835fc77d223d2a16ccc1b63980b Nuclear fission , on line at http : www .
+
+S Enotes.com/earth-science/nuclear-fission .
+
+S There are accidents happening every year , whether due to human mistakes or design defects .
+
+S People have been putting efforts to improve the design and eliminate unexpected accidents .
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||engineering|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||designs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Not surprisingly , psychology plays a crucial role in engineering design process .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||processes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Engineering psychology can be understood as the study of human behaviors , as well as designing , building mechanical devices or artificial environments to improve human interaction with the system , and to satisfy anthropometric or psychological requirements so that people will use them ( Wickens & Kramer , 1985 ) .
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 44|||R:OTHER|||the devices|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Until now , the most deadly aircraft accident in aviation history is the Tenerife accident on March 27 , 1977 , with a death toll of 583 .
+A 0 1|||R:PREP|||Up till|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In Tenerife airport , two planes , KLM 4805 and Pan Am Clipper 1736 , collided with each other .
+
+S Basically , both human aspects and system aspects led to this tragedy .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN|||errors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN|||failure|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although there is not a definite cause for such accident , the correct use of psychology in certain areas , including the design of the airport , the communication procedure and the training of manpower , may help to prevent similar disaster in the future .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||one|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||accidents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 42|||R:NOUN:NUM|||disasters|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First of all , poor airport design contributed much to the accident .
+
+S Designers failed to consider that the airport needed to accommodate a large number of planes , resulting in parking congestion which was one of the reasons of the accident .
+A 26 27|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Otherwise , the Pan Am could have entered the first or the second taxi way .
+A 5 5|||M:NOUN|||plane|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , it would have never met the KLM .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||collided with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:NOUN|||plane|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , the plane missed the third taxi way because there was a 135 degree sharp turn , which was impossible for a 747 plane .
+
+S Furthermore , located just closed to clouds level , the airport area had a very special fog pattern .
+A 4 5|||R:ADJ:FORM|||close|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:MORPH|||cloud|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , designers actually did not install radar .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||radars|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , people holding opposing view claimed that it was not economic to build a large airport in such a small place with few people .
+A 2 6|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:ADJ|||such|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This can not be the excuse .
+
+S As Tenerife had been seeing more and more visitors , people should anticipate some contingencies , and a safe airport with necessary facilities should be ensured in case of such unscheduled landing .
+A 21 21|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 29|||R:OTHER|||to anticipate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:NOUN:NUM|||landings|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , communication was also a fatal problem in this accident .
+A 6 7|||R:ADJ|||serious|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Actually the Air Traffic Controller ( ATC ) was using only one channel to communicate with two approaching airplanes at the same time .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The controllers did not consider that the same frequency made them can not hear each other clearly , so that the ATC failed to get the information that the Pan Am was still on the run way .
+A 11 13|||R:OTHER|||unable|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To make things worse , as professional controllers , they should have used standardized terminologies for communication , but actually they did not .
+A 19 21|||R:WO|||they actually|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Such as the words " take off " should never be used in an ATC clearance but they did .
+A 0 4|||R:OTHER|||Words such as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The ambiguous language caused confusion such that the Pan Am , the KLM , and the ground controllers did not get the proper information .
+A 10 10|||M:NOUN|||pilots|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:NOUN|||pilots|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some people may argue that during the early years , low education was inevitable .
+A 6 7|||R:DET|||those|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||having lowly educated air controllers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It was hard to find a Spanish speaking English fluently .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||Spaniard|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But people still need to consider communication as an important issue and try to find a precise and standard language for aviation communication .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||However ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Last but not least , the training of the captains and the crews somewhat contributed to the accident in a sense .
+A 13 14|||R:ADV|||also|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The captain of the KLM was used to be a training captain , which means he conducted training flights more than regular line flights .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:FORM|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But many operational problems only turn up during the actually flight .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||However ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 7|||R:VERB|||emerge|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:MORPH|||actual|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So whenever the captain encountered problems , he may not keep sober and make the correct decision .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Hence ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:ADV|||when|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have kept|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||calm|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||made|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Though the accident can not entirely attribute to the captain , he had the highest power and should be experienced enough to seek safety for all the passengers .
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||be entirely attributed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So whenever training captains or crews , both theoretical training and operational training should be reinforced .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Hence ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 16|||R:OTHER|||both theoretical and operational training should be reinforced for all training captains and crews.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , in the Tenerife accident , the failure to consider several crucial factors in the airport design , the communication systems and the manpower training , indirectly caused the accident to happen .
+
+S The use of psychology in the design process can help the designers to consider these issues more thoroughly and perhaps influencing his decision .
+
+S The result of any of these minor changes could perhaps have prevented the accident from ever occurring .
+
+S According to a BBC report , in Europe alone , there are 165 nuclear reactors .
+
+S On the other hand , there are also countries that are against this idea , such as Germany , who is drawing out from their nuclear programme ( BBC , 2009 ) .
+A 19 20|||R:PRON|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||R:VERB|||withdrawing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The reason for opposing is that nuclear accidents release harmful radiation that has adverse effects on humans and the environment .
+A 4 4|||M:OTHER|||nuclear programmes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is seen in the nuclear accident at Three Mile Island in 1979 followed by the Chernobyl accident in 1986 , which have reinforced fears in the people .
+A 25 25|||M:OTHER|||of nuclear power|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , many are concerned that nuclear reactors are prone to being used as a weapon of mass destruction by terrorists and hostile countries .
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||weapons|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , they are against the idea of building nuclear plants .
+
+S With these concerns in mind , scientists and engineers have developed six Generation IV nuclear reactor concepts with enhanced safety features that would prevent another Chernobyl .
+
+S Furthermore , nuclear energy is a clean alternative to fossil fuel as it emits far less greenhouse gases ( Gianni , 2006 ) .
+
+S In this essay , I will discuss the benefits of the molten salt reactor ( MSR ) , which is one of the six Generation IV concepts , and show that it is superior to the very high temperature reactor ( VHTR ) in terms of safety , performance and cost .
+
+S Firstly , on safety , the VHTR is said to be a relatively safe nuclear reactor because it includes a back-up emergency core cooling system .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||in terms of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the MSR operates under a much safer condition .
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||an even|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Unlike the VHTR , the MSR adopts a passive emergency cooling system .
+
+S The method of cooling in the MSR is more efficient than the VHTR because if the MSR coolant salt overheats and overflows , the coolant salt will be transported to various storage tanks which are installed with passive decay heat cooling systems , thus they are verified to be critically-safe .
+A 43 44|||R:ADV|||so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides the storage tanks , freeze valves that will automatically open whenever it detects overheating of the salt are also installed .
+A 12 13|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:SVA|||detect|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , heated fuel will be disposed of immediately without threatening an explosion or leakage ( Joseph & Angelo , 2005 ) .
+
+S Therefore , the MSR is a much safer reactor than the VHTR .
+
+S Secondly , the overall performance of the MSR also surpasses the VHTR making the MSR a better nuclear reactor .
+A 12 12|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The VHTR operates at a core outlet gas temperature of more than 900 to 1000 with output power estimated to be 600MW .
+
+S On the other hand , the MSR is able to not only operate in small sizes , but also in large sizes .
+
+S Besides the varying sizes that a MSR could work in , it is also able to operate at two varying temperatures of 705 and 1000 ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+A 5 6|||R:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S At 1000 , the VHTR 's overall plant efficiency is about 50 % while the MSR 's overall plant efficiency is about 60 % .
+
+S This shows that at constant temperature , the MSR is at least 10 % more efficient than the VHTR .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||the same|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , countries should invest on the MSR which is more efficient than the VHTR in terms of overall plant efficiency .
+A 5 6|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Last but not least , waste recycling in the MSR allows better usage of materials as well as ensuring a lower cost of operation .
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:FORM|||ensures|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The wastes produced in VHTR go directly to the repository .
+
+S However , in the MSR system , wastes produced from generation of electricity will be recycled .
+
+S The system collects , processes the wastes according to their physical and chemical properties , and separates the residual fuel from the wastes .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S During the process , plutonium and uranium would be recovered and then recycled to produce more energy .
+
+S This in turn reduces the volume of material disposed since plutonium and uranium makes up almost 97 % of the entire mass of fuel used in generating nuclear energy .
+A 9 9|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:SVA|||make|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will also lead to reduction of costs since capital spent on reactants are significantly reduced ( The National Academies Press , 1984 ) .
+A 6 7|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , adoption of the MSR as an alternative to electricity production is a wiser choice than choosing the VHTR .
+
+S In conclusion , the MSR is a much better reactor than the VHTR as the MSR is safer , has higher overall plant efficiency and more efficient recycling method .
+
+S Thus , we should invest in the MSR to produce energy efficiently .
+
+S Scientists and engineers are now thinking of developing a new generation of nuclear reactors that can solve many problems such as green-house effects , the rising prices of energy , the safety of nuclear reactors .
+A 29 30|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In " Nuclear power 's new dawn " , Butler ( 2004 ) mentions six concepts of Generation IV ( GenIV ) reactors .
+A 3 7|||R:ORTH|||Power 's New Dawn|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Among them is the supercritical-water-cooled reactor ( SCWR ) which is considered a popular one because of its many obvious advantages .
+
+S While some proponents totally support further research and development funding for this concept , others still doubt about the benefits of the SCWR since there are many challenging problems in R&D process .
+A 17 18|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 30|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Three of these problems are safety , efficiency and practicality .
+
+S It is often argued that the SCWR is rather safe in comparison with other generation IV reactor concepts because it operates at rather low temperature , ranging from 510 to 550 ° C ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN:NUM|||temperatures|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although this argument is true , high operating temperature is not the only source of accidents in a reactor .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||temperatures|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , the pressure inside a SCWR can reach 25MPa which is ultra-high and dangerous .
+
+S At such level of pressure , the current steel is easily corroded by high temperature water .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||steel used in nuclear reactors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another safety problem comes from very fast turbine speed of the SWCR ( about 3600 rpm , twice as fast as the existing Light Water Reactor ( LWR ) ) .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , an extremely abnormal event has been recognized which is the loss of feed water ( or coolant ) ( GIF , 2002 ) .
+
+S Therefore , we must stress the importance of finding suitable materials that are stress-resistant and anti-corrosive and developing a reliable auxiliary feed water system .
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:FORM|||develop|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The SCWR has very high efficiency ( about 45 % versus about 33 % efficiency for the current LWR ) and can churn out electricity at prices that , on paper , are competitive with coal and gas , and vastly cheaper than existing nuclear reactors ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S However , one disadvantage of the SWCR is that it , in fact , is the only concept among the GenIV reactors that does not output hydrogen fuel .
+A 25 26|||R:VERB|||produce|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The temperature needed to split hydrogen from water in a reactor is from 700 to 900 ° C and even if the SCWR could produce hydrogen , separating it with the liquid water would become a big problem .
+A 30 31|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hydrogen fuel is considered the energy for the future since it is carbon-free , non-toxic , less fire-risk , higher efficiency than petrol .
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||of a fire risk|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:OTHER|||more highly efficient|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , it should be noted , however , that if most car owners switched to fully electric cars , many countries would need to double their electricity production ( Louis , 2009 ) .
+A 6 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , it should be better if we develop reactors that can generate hydrogen fuel rather than ones that can only generate electricity .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The SWCR is preferred than other GenIV concepts because of its simple design which indicates that it will be cheaper and easier to develop and operate .
+A 4 5|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , other GenIV reactor concepts seem to be practical , too .
+
+S One example is the very-high-temperature reactor ( VHTR ) which can produce hydrogen fuel and can be first built in 2020 ( the earliest delivery for the SCWR is 2025 ) .
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||R:OTHER|||completed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:PREP|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , the estimated amount of money needed for R&D activities of the VHTR is about 670 M $ ( versus 870 M $ for SCWR ) .
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 19|||R:WO|||$ 670 m|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 24|||R:OTHER|||$ 870m|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Last but not least , the efficiency of the VHTR ( even higher than 50 % ) is also higher than that of the SCWR ( GIF , 2002 ) .
+
+S Although the VHTR also has its own challenges in R&D , it is , besides SCWR , highly interested in by the experts .
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:ADJ:FORM|||interesting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although it can not be denied that SCWR is a very practical one among six concepts of GenIV reactors , it is not the only choice .
+A 9 10|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:ADV|||most|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Developing a new generation of nuclear reactor costs us not only a huge amount of money , but also lots of time and manpower .
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||a lot|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , we must be of great considerations when choosing whether the SCWR or other concepts to develop .
+A 4 8|||R:OTHER|||consider carefully|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 18|||R:WO|||to develop the SCWR or other concepts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References Butler , D. ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature 429 , 238-240
+
+S GIF ( Generation IV Technology ) ( 2002 December ) A technology roadmap for Generation
+
+S IV Nuclear Energy Systems from http : //gif.inel.gov/roadmap/
+
+S Schlapbach , L. ( 2009 , August 13 ) .
+
+S Technology : Hydrogen-fuelled vehicles .
+
+S Nature , 460 , 809-811
+
+S Issue : My views on building a Generation IV nuclear reactor .
+
+S The public is very concerned about the safe operation of nuclear reactors and there have been debates on whether Generation IV nuclear reactor should be built or not .
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Issues being discussed were safety of operating the nuclear reactor as there have been catastrophic events in the past like the Three Mile Island and Chernobyl disaster ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:NOUN:NUM|||disasters|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Long term storage of nuclear waste and the amount of time the nuclear waste needs to be fully decomposed .
+
+S The cost of building a nuclear reactor as it involves billions of dollars of taxpayer 's money .
+A 14 16|||R:NOUN:POSS|||taxpayers '|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These were the main factors why few nuclear reactors have been built in the past few decades in many countries and I agree that Generation IV nuclear reactor should not be built .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Over the years , nuclear technology has improved and in principle , created the term 'meltdown proof ' reactors whereby the nuclear reactor can cool themselves down in the event of an accident with minimal impact or ,if any , human intervention ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+A 37 38|||R:OTHER|||minimal,if|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , safety of the nuclear reactors has always been the main issue regarding the building of nuclear power plants .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB|||surrounding|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Technically , it is possible to avoid a meltdown given that the new Generation IV has an advanced safety system in place .
+
+S However , human error is a factor that decides whether the safety system in place works in an event of a failure ( Greenpeace ) .
+A 17 18|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Events that clearly show the effects of nuclear meltdown are the Chernobyl disaster that resulted in 336,000 people being exposed to radioactive chemicals and had to be relocated .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 27|||R:VERB:FORM|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The result of the explosion had linked to many forms of cancer in Eastern Europe and Russia , as well as destroying animals and plants .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:OTHER|||to the destruction of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( World-nuclear , n.d )
+
+S Waste from the nuclear faculty is another major issue .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN|||facility|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although the development and research of Generation IV reactors produces less nuclear wastes , the main problem lies in getting rid of it rather than storing it .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||waste|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to Andrew Blowers , a former member of the Committee for Radioactive Waste Management ( CoRWM ) , which advised the government , the nuclear waste does not decompose easily and will last for thousands if not millions of years , thus , it will impose a burden on future generations .
+A 41 42|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , the cost of waste disposal and storage of the nuclear waste is huge on top of the at least 2 billion pounds required to build the nuclear plant .
+
+S ( James Jukwey , 2008 )
+
+S The cost of building a nuclear reactor has always been one of the biggest issues .
+A 0 1|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 15|||R:WO|||has always been one of the biggest issues of building a nuclear reactor|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is true that the cost of developing the Generation IV reactors will result in a cheaper price tag when building future nuclear reactors .
+
+S Unfortunately , no more than three of the six designs are likely to survive the feasibility testing phrase and go on to become research prototypes , each costing at least US $ 1 billion or more to build and test ( Butler , 2004 ) , thus , wasting taxpayer 's money .
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN|||phase|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 47 48|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 49 51|||R:NOUN:POSS|||taxpayers '|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To summarize why nuclear reactor should not be built is because no nuclear reactor in the world is inherently safe as all operational reactors have inherent safety flaws , which can not be eliminated by safety upgrading .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Highly radioactive spent fuel requires constant cooling .
+A 0 1|||M:OTHER|||For example , highly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If this fails , it could lead to a catastrophic release of radioactivity .
+
+S There will always be nuclear waste irregardless of the amount the development and research of Generation IV nuclear reactors can reduce .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||regardless|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Billions of dollars is taking place in building a nuclear reactor and not a few million .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||being spent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:ADV|||just|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , there is no guaranteed in building a successful nuclear reactor .
+A 6 7|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240 .
+
+S End the nuclear age .
+
+S Retrieved 26 October , 2009 from greenpeace website : http : //www.greenpeace.org/international/campaigns/nuclear
+
+S Nuclear power rebirth revives waste debate .
+
+S Retrieved 26 October , 2009 from Reuter 's website : http : //uk.reuters.com/article/idUKL2214163420080122 ? pageNumber = 3&virtualBrandChannel = 0
+
+S Safety of Nuclear Power Reactors .
+
+S Retrieved 26 October , 2009 from world-nuclear website : http : //www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf06.html
+
+S There should be R&D funding for generation IV reactors
+
+S With emission of green house gas now soaring , nuclear energy , as a non-carbon dioxide source , is finding its way back on the table .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||gases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the huge cost and the potential danger make nuclear plants can not be widely accepted .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB|||prevent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:FORM|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , we need to develop a new generation of reactors to overcome these disadvantages .
+
+S Actually , GIF ( the Generation IV International Forum , a consortium of ten nations that is planning the nuclear reactors of tomorrow ) has already set a R&D funding for the new generation of reactorsthe Generation IV reactors ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+A 26 27|||R:VERB|||budgeted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:OTHER|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:OTHER|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although there are some opposing voices against this funding , it is a wise decision to set R&D funding for Generation IV reactors .
+A 16 17|||R:VERB|||provide|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Opponents of R&D funding for generation IV reactors claim that nuclear plants are very dangerous ( Ashcroft , 2008 ) because of the radioactive wastes and the radioactive materials escaping from the reactors ( Ashcroft , 2008 ) .
+A 29 30|||R:OTHER|||that escape|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , these two disadvantages are no longer problems for the Generation IV reactors .
+A 6 7|||R:ADV|||not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is because all the six concepts of Generation IV reactors are operating at a very high temperature ranging from 510 degrees C to 1000 degrees C and have a highly automatic circular system , the radioactive waste can be minimized to a very safe level ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+A 0 1|||R:PRON|||This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||R:VERB:TENSE|||operate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 35|||M:PREP|||so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , unlike what the public thinks , there is almost no radioactive materials escaping from the reactors unless in an unexpected accident .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||In addition|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:PREP|||except|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the new technologies applied in the new generation of reactors such as pebble-bed , in principle , can prevent any radioactive material escaping from the reactors in an accident ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S Opponents also mention that it costs too much to build and run nuclear plants ( Ashcroft , 2008 ) .
+
+S In fact , it is true for the previous generations of reactors .
+A 0 4|||R:OTHER|||This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , if the Generation IV reactors really work , on paper , they are competitive with coals and gas ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+A 10 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 20|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As mentioned above , the new reactors are operating at very high temperatures and have highly automatic cycle system , so they are more efficient .
+A 7 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||operate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||systems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , the VHTR ( very-high-temperature reactor , one of the six concepts of Generation IV reactors ) can produce half more electricity with the same amount of resources ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+A 21 22|||R:OTHER|||fifty percent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the cost on the resources can be significantly reduced .
+A 4 5|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , due to the highly automatic system , the capital spent on hiring experienced operators and building offsite monitoring systems can be reduced .
+A 0 1|||R:ADV|||Furthermore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Both of these make it cheaper to build nuclear plants .
+
+S The final argument advanced by the opponents is that this new generation of reactors will be more of a terrorist target , because they are more powerful ( Ashcroft , 2008 ) .
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the experts say that the Generation IV reactors will be less of a terrorist target ( GEN International Forum , 2006 ) .
+
+S The reason is that all the six concepts of Generation IV reactors contain simplified safety features that no longer depend on sophisticated operators , which means that they can cool themselves if there is anything wrong in the whole progress .
+A 32 35|||R:OTHER|||anything goes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 40|||R:NOUN|||process|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , any attempt to trigger an accident deliberately will be in vain .
+A 5 9|||R:WO|||deliberately trigger an accident|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It should be evident that arguments against the setting of R&D funding for Generation IV reactors are not valid .
+A 7 10|||R:OTHER|||providing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The high operating temperature and the highly automatic cycle system make the new generation reactors not only more inexpensive but also much safer .
+
+S Moreover , the simplified safety feature makes those new reactors be less of a terrorist target .
+A 10 11|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , in my opinion , there should be R&D funding for Generation IV reactors .
+
+S Reference :
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 ) .
+
+S Nuclear Power 's New Dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240 .
+
+S Wilpert , B .
+
+S ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Psychology and Design Processes .
+
+S Safety Science , 45 , 293-303 .
+
+S GEN International Forum .
+
+S ( 2006 ) .
+
+S Preparing Today for Tomorrow 's Energy Need .
+
+S Retrieved October 20 , 2009 , from http : //www.gen-4.org/
+
+S Ashcroft , M. ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Advantages and Disadvantages of Nuclear Power .
+
+S Retrieved October 20 , 2009 , from http : //ezinearticles.com/ ? Advantages-and-Disadvantages-of-Nuclear-Power&id = 1494512
+
+S The principal challenges today are sustainable development and climate change and how society can decide on a fair distribution of resources and energy as well as a radical reduction of CO2 emissions CITATION Aus07 \ l 1033 ( Austrian Institute of Ecology , 2007 ) .
+
+S Global warming and rising energy demands are rehabilitating the concept of nuclear power .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB|||redefining|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With emissions of greenhouse gases soaring and global energy demands predicted to double by 2050 , the nuclear option is finding its way back onto the table .
+
+S Generation IV international Forum ( GIF ) is a consortium of countries planning future nuclear reactors .
+A 0 0|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:ORTH|||International|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to GIF , Generation IV ( Gen IV ) reactors when developed would be safe , economically competitive and proliferation-resistant .
+
+S Very High Temperature Reactor ( VHTR ) one of the Gen IV reactors holds much potential .
+A 7 7|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Till date the nuclear industry has created a lot of problems without a solution ( safety of nuclear installations , nuclear waste , radioactive emissions etc. ) and with the current growth rate nuclear power can not play an important role in future world energy production CITATION But04 \ l 1033 ( Butler , 2004 ) .Research and development funding for developing VHTR must be increased while addressing public concerns about safety and improving design to reduce costs and improve performance .
+A 0 1|||R:PREP|||To|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 2|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:OTHER|||and so on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:OTHER|||without a solution ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 33|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 37|||R:OTHER|||would not be able to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 64 64|||M:ADV|||thus|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Higher operating temperatures means that VHTR can produce 50 % more electricity from the same amount of fuel compared to existing reactors and it can be used to produce Hydrogen which holds much potential as a fuel of the future .
+A 0 3|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:OTHER|||. In addition ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:ORTH|||hydrogen|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But reactors will need new coolants as ordinary water can not be used under typical pressurized conditions CITATION But04 \ l 1033 ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||However ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nuclear energy is currently not cost competitive .
+
+S Large capital cost is required for the building of Generation IV nuclear reactors .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||A large|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Greenpeace report of 2005 says that the estimated costs for the development of the six Gen IV concepts are about 6 billion US $ CITATION Aus07 \ l 1033 ( Austrian Institute of Ecology , 2007 ) .
+A 21 25|||R:WO|||US $ 6 billion|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S France intends to replace its ageing plants using a US $ 3.5 billions generation three reactors ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||billion|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||R:ORTH|||Generation Three|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Better performance has to be weighed against high building and maintenance costs
+A 12 12|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S VHTR systems do not use waste recycling thus reducing the risk of proliferation .
+A 7 7|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Public opinion is against the construction of nuclear reactors due to the partial reactor meltdown accident in 1979 at Three Mile Island , Pennsylvania and of 1986 accident at Chernobyl in Ukraine ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+A 25 26|||R:OTHER|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is generally recognized that it is a practical impossibility to render civilian nuclear energy systems proliferation-proof CITATION Hir05 \ l 1033 ( Hirsch , Becker , Schneider , & Froggatt , 2005 ) .
+A 28 29|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The development of Gen IV nuclear reactors is necessary to respond to the upcoming scarcity of fissile material , the issue of proliferation and the requirement of safe repositories for nuclear waste .
+A 26 27|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Research has still to be done to work on a better cooling system and material that can withstand very high temperatures ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+A 1 3|||R:WO|||still has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Shortages in energy supply and insecurities caused due to the rising oil prices and the threat of climate change clearly show the need for the development of Nuclear power .
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:ORTH|||nuclear|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Due to extreme operational conditions , Gen IV systems could even turn out to be more dangerous than currently operated installations CITATION Aus09 \ l 1033 ( Austrian Institue of Ecology ) .
+
+S Countries should invest in the development of VHTR to satisfy their energy demands and to decrease the dependence on fossil fuels for energy .
+
+S References
+
+S Austrian Institute of Ecology .
+
+S ( 2007 , November ) .
+
+S www.ecology.at .
+
+S Retrieved October 20 , --------2009 , from http : //www.ecology.at/ecology/files/pr577_1.pdf
+
+S BIBLIOGRAPHY Butler , Declan .
+
+S ( 2004 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature .
+
+S Hirsch , H. , Becker , O. , Schneider , M. , & Froggatt , A .
+
+S ( 2005 ) .
+
+S Nuclear Reactor Hazards ---------Ongoing Dangers of Operating Nuclear Technology in the 21st Century « .
+
+S Genetically Modified Food
+
+S Nowadays , as the population of the world is increasing rapidly , humans are facing severe food crisis .
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order to solve this problem , one good way is to develop Genetically Modified Food .
+A 0 10|||R:OTHER|||One good way to solve this problem|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Currently , because of some uncertain effects of Genetically Modified Food ( GM food ) , it has not been widely accepted by us .
+A 4 5|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||R:NOUN|||GMF|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 24|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , I believe that if GMF has a very bright future .
+A 5 6|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to Whitman ( 2000 ) , the term GM foods is commonly used to refer to crop plants created for human or animal consumption using the latest molecular biology techniques , and these food have been modified to meet people 's demand in the laboratory .
+A 33 34|||R:OTHER|||such|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 46|||R:OTHER|||in the laboratory to meet people 's demands|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S GM foods have advantages over traditional plants .
+A 5 5|||M:OTHER|||food from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , most of them have higher pest and disease resistance .
+
+S So the usage amount of chemical substances will be largely reduced .
+A 2 3|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:VERB|||used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , we can increase the crop yield by cultivating GM plants .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||In addition|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the food situation is becoming desperate in today 's context , these two features are significant .
+
+S However , although GM food is not a new term for us , many people are still concern about the consumption of GM food .
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:MORPH|||concerned|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One major problem is that whether GM food will do harm to human bodies .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN|||concern|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Scientists use biological and chemical technologies to change the genes of the plants .
+
+S These modified genes can be unstable .
+
+S As a result , the affects of GM food via human consumption are still relatively unknown .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN|||effects|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Toxins and proteins produced GM food may have unknown side effects if consumed over long periods of time ( Cardiosk 2008 ) .
+A 4 4|||M:PREP|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another problem is the environmental influence .
+
+S People are afraid of GM plants may break the balances in the nature .
+A 3 4|||R:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||balance|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They may transmit their special genes to other species or restrain other plants ' growing and cause disasters .
+A 14 15|||R:MORPH|||growth|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||thereby|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:FORM|||causing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We need to solve these problems by enhancing the assessment of the GM food .
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For most of people , they just worry about the uncertainty effects of GM food .
+A 0 1|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:ADV|||only|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||uncertain|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S GM foods are not like common drags or chemicals , they are more complex .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN|||drugs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But if we can precisely evaluate the impacts of the GM food on human body and verify that they are health , people would accept them .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||foods|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||healthy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As Anthony J. Conner ( 2003 ) said , a crucial component for a proper assessment is defining the appropriate baseline for comparison and decision .
+
+S One of these assessment methods is to compare the GM food and their original natural species .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||foods|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , scientists have come up with new method , through which they can insert a special kind of gene in to the plant cell to prevent the plant from breeding .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||R:ORTH|||into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This new technology can eliminate people 's concern about the transmission of special genes .
+
+S In conclusion , GM foods have not been fully developed until now .
+A 10 10|||M:OTHER|||, even|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They are impacts on environments on human bodies and environments are not clear .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||Their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But from my point of view , it is just a matter of time .
+A 1 2|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Scientists will enhance the safety of GM food by new genetic and assessment technologies in the near future
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference
+
+S Whitman D. B .
+
+S ( 2000 ) Genetically Modified Foods : Harmful or Helpful ?
+
+S Retrieved October 15 , 2009 , from { http : //www.csa.com/discoveryguides/gmfood/overview.php } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.csa.com/discoveryguides/gmfood/overview.php ]
+
+S Cardiosk M. ( 2008 ) Advantages and Disadvantages of Genetically Modified Rice Retrieved October 15 , 2009 , from { http : //www.associatedcontent.com/article/1117955/advantages_and_disadvantages_of_genetically_pg4.html ? cat = 22 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.associatedcontent.com/article/1117955/advantages_and_disadvantages_of_genetically_pg4.html ? cat = 22 ]
+
+S Conner A .
+
+S ( 2003 ) The Release of Genetically Modified Crops into The Environment Retrieved October 15,209 , from { http : //d.wanfangdata.com.cn/NSTLQK_NSTL_QK6528534.aspx } [ HYPERLINK : http : //d.wanfangdata.com.cn/NSTLQK_NSTL_QK6528534.aspx ]
+
+S Revival of nuclear reactor , molten salt reactor
+
+S On 26th April 1986 , a severe reactor 's meltdown occurred in Chernobyl nuclear plant , Ukraine which released more radioactivity compared to the time when atom bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki .
+
+S In the accident , 56 people were killed and about 600000 people were exposed to significant levels of radiation ( Greenpeace , Jan2009 , p.6 ) .
+A 24 25|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This accident is considered as the worst nuclear disaster in the world .
+
+S As the result , many people were afraid of nuclear power even until today .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , most people oppose the revival of nuclear reactor while support the renewable power such as solar power and wind power .
+
+S Despite there are a lot of opposition to the reborn of nuclear power ; there is some evidence which show that the potential benefits of molten salt reactor ( MSR ) far outweigh its dangers .
+A 0 1|||R:PREP|||Although|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Opponents of nuclear power claim that nuclear reactors are totally insecure as the incidents of Three Miles Island and Chernobyl led to catastrophes .
+
+S Another example was the technical failure in the Forsmark nuclear power plant in Sweden , 2006 .
+
+S According to the former director of that plant , it was pure luck that the plant had no meltdown ; otherwise , it could be another disaster ( Greenpeace , Jan2009 , p.6 ) .
+A 32 35|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the possibility for a MSR to melt is relatively small compared to the old nuclear power plant .
+
+S This is because molten salt reactor has different safety approaches which can prevent the meltdown .
+
+S Firstly , the molten salts have low chemical activity at the sea-level pressure .
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They are also mechanically stable as their boiling point is very high .
+
+S Besides that , there is a passive cooling system which includes passively cooled dump tanks that will perform emergency cooling and shutdown in any emergency conditions ( Forsberg , C.F , June2006 , p.4 ) .
+A 33 34|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , in a MSR , the mobile fission products are removed continuously and reused afterward .
+A 15 16|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This means that the accident rate can be reduced to the minimum .
+
+S Opponents also mention that there is no solution to radioactive waste .
+
+S Since the beginning of nuclear power , radioactive waste has remained as a major problem .
+A 11 12|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reprocessing the radioactive waste once became a useful method .
+
+S However , according to a study published in 2001 , there was a significant increment of leukaemia among under-25 year olds who were living within 10 km of La Hague nuclear reprocessing plants , in northwest France ( Greenpeace , Jan2009 , p.5 ) .
+A 42 43|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Yet , reprocessing the radioactive waste and recycle the salts seem to be possible in MSR .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:FORM|||recycling|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , MSR would still produce hazardous waste and radionuclide .
+
+S Nevertheless , the organic components in that waste would be oxidized in the molten salt oxidizer ( MSO ) and radionuclide would be retained in the salt .
+
+S The salt would then be recycled and reused in the MSR ( Gat , U. , Jun1993 , p.3 ) .
+
+S Some of the radionuclide still left out in this recycling process .
+A 4 4|||M:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order to get a shorter-lived radioactivity , the radionuclide is combined with some mixtures such as glass , ceramic and concrete .
+
+S Hence , the radioactive waste is brought to an optimum for disposal and lesser harmful radioactive waste is produced by MSR .
+
+S The final argument advanced by opponents of nuclear power is that nuclear energy is too expensive .
+
+S They describe nuclear power as " the most expensive way to boil water " .
+
+S Still , a molten salt reactor is worth for its price .
+A 8 9|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Through research , a molten salt reference plant can produce power up to 1000MWe which is very efficient .
+
+S This amount of power produced is enough to outweigh other energy sources as it can cover the increased energy needs in the future .
+
+S Moreover , the system of circulating molten salt fuel mixture can reduce the operation cost considerably which provide MSR another advantage .
+A 21 22|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Kloosterman , J.L. , n.d. , para.4 ) Besides that , MSR has a lower construction cost as it is smaller compared to other type of nuclear reactors .
+A 1 8|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:NOUN:NUM|||types|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is due to MSR system offers an integrated fuel cycle and embodying a breeder reactor concept .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||because|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:FORM|||embodies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( GIF , n.d. )
+A 0 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , despite many people are still opposing the concept of reactor generation IV , I believe that MSR could bring the nuclear power to another new age .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||though|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S MSR has many advantages such as cost-effective , minimize the danger of disposal and it has a nearly perfect safety precaution which reduce the accident rate greatly .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:NOUN:NUM|||rates|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , it has the potential to become the main source of energy in the next decade .
+
+S References
+
+S Forsberg , C.W .
+
+S ( 2006 June 4 ) .
+
+S Molten-Salt-Reactor Technology Gaps ( p.4 ) Retrieved October 13 , 2009 from Proceedings of ICAPP '06 , Reno , NV USA , Paper 6295
+
+S Gat , U .
+
+S ( 1993 June 14 ) .
+
+S Molten Salt Treament To Minimize And Optimize Waste ( p.3 ) Retrieved October 13 , 2009 from { http : //www.osti.gov/bridge/servlets/purl/10173195-gPLlGd/10173195.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.osti.gov/bridge/servlets/purl/10173195-gPLlGd/10173195.pdf ]
+
+S G.I.F .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Molten Salt Reactor ( MSR ) system Retrieved October 13 , 2009 from { http : //www.gen-4.org/Technology/systems/msr.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.gen-4.org/Technology/systems/msr.htm ]
+
+S Greenpeace .
+
+S ( 2009 , January ) .
+
+S Nuclear power : a dangerous waste of time .
+
+S ( p.5 , p.6 ) Retrieved October 12 , 2009 from { http : //www.greenpeace.org/raw/content/international/press/reports/nuclear-power-a-dangerous-was.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.greenpeace.org/raw/content/international/press/reports/nuclear-power-a-dangerous-was.pdf ]
+
+S Kloosterman , J.L. ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Molten Salt Reactor ( para.4 ) Retrieved Octocber 19 , 2009 from { http : //www.tnw.tudelft.nl/live/pagina.jsp ? id = 70de74f9-033e-442e-b7b1-713826ae4a9b&lang = en } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.tnw.tudelft.nl/live/pagina.jsp ? id = 70de74f9-033e-442e-b7b1-713826ae4a9b&lang = en ]
+
+S Engineering is concerned with improving equipment from the point of view of mechanical and electrical design , whereas psychology is concerned with the mind and behavior ( Stanton , 1996 ) .
+
+S As such , people often find it difficult to associate psychology with engineering .
+
+S However , psychology in fact complements engineering process .
+
+S As defined by Blum ( 1952 ) , psychology in engineering is concerned with adapting the equipment to people , based upon their psychological capacities and limitations with the objective of improving overall system performance .
+
+S Theoretically , analysis of the mind and behavior of man can effectively reduce accidents due to human error , by adopting measures that takes into consideration the limitation and capacities of man .
+
+S Opponents often argue that psychology is unnecessary in engineering .
+
+S The employment of psychologists would simply incur unnecessary cost .
+
+S In fact , many engineers would rather consult their intuition than a professional ergonomist in the designing process .
+
+S Furthermore , the effectiveness of the use of psychology in ensuring safety in engineering processes is being questioned .
+
+S The safety issues in engineering processes are often seen with great concern and various rules and regulations are set to ensure mishaps from occurring .
+
+S Thus , with these precautions , the use of psychology is deemed as unnecessary .
+
+S Another point of contend is the use of psychology to prevent engineering errors .
+
+S Engineering errors are integral parts in the designing process and engineers have adopted the measure of introducing corrective actions such as adding on to the system to minimize or eliminate such errors .
+
+S Hence , the use of psychology would serve little use .
+
+S However , the safety precautions and corrective actions are not fail-proof .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The likelihood of accidents occurring stays high despite these measures .
+
+S Although safety precautions are set , the tendencies of violation of the rules are not to be neglected .
+
+S The rules and regulations are drawn down with consideration of ideal behavior of system users yet it is unlikely that all men follow the same code of behavior .
+
+S Thus measures to reduce errors resulting from deviation from ideal behavior should be formulated with the aid of psychology which analyses the behavior of man .
+
+S In addition , psychology can be applied to predict errors in the designing process due to human factors and preventive measure can be taken to avoid mishaps due to these errors .
+
+S Furthermore , it is essential to note that the most damaging errors made by the engineering team is not regarding the technical aspect of the engineering process but with regard to ethic issue which often jeopardize safety .
+A 32 33|||R:NOUN:NUM|||issues|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence analysis of the mind and behavior of man may potentially help rule out the possibilities of such occurring .
+A 18 19|||R:MORPH|||occurrences|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the case of Hyatt Regency walkway collapse , human error was undeniably one of the most influencing factors underlying the failure of the structure .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even though the collapse of the walkway is due to the failure of components of the structure , it would not have been fatal if the errors was identified and corrected in time .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:VERB:SVA|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Psychology can be applied to various stages of design processes to prevent accidents .
+
+S An area where psychology can be applied is interpersonal communication which is required in the processes of engineering .
+
+S In a large scale engineering project , communication can often be a problem .
+
+S Not only do engineers have to communicate within their team , but also with representative from various other levels .
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||representatives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In times , the breakdown of the communication system can lead to disastrous consequence .
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||consequences|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the case of Hyatt Regency accident , the miscommunication between the engineering team and Havens Steel Company , the contractor responsible for manufacturing the rods , are very much accountable for the fatal accident .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since the calculation for the structure was made according to the engineers ' initial plan , adjustment will have to be made for a different material used .
+
+S The manufacturers are not informed of the possible effect of the change in material .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||effects|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Use of psychology in engineering process is also necessary in predicting the possible dilemma faced by end users using the product and the possibility of wrong usage which can cause potential harm .
+
+S Study of behavior of man is necessary in the prediction and adjustment of the system to suit users .
+
+S In the case of Hyatt Regency accident , the failure to foresee the large crowd and hence larger workload is one great mistake made by the engineers .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a heavily advertised project , engineers should have anticipated response from the people .
+
+S Hence , it will be utmost importance to verify the maximum load that the walkway is able to withstand .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the event that the crowd predicted is above the maximum load the walkway can withstand , possible measures can be taken to divert the crowd , and ensure load within a safe boundary .
+
+S In the case of Hyatt Regency accident , the application of psychology would have possibly prevented the accident .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||R:WO|||possibly have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is apparent that the negligence of the engineering teams was to be blamed for the accident .
+
+S Since the first use of nuclear reactor as electricity generator in 1957 , the public have been very concerned about its safe operation ( { Matthew } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.nytimes.com/info/nuclear-energy/ ] , n.d. ) .
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Public opposition is even more intense after the accidents at { Three Mile Island } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.pddoc.com/tmi2/kemeny/ ] and Chernobyl .
+A 10 11|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But recently , vast amount of supporters surfaced , mainly due to the urgent need in reducing carbon dioxide emissions .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||amounts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the proponents , James Lovelock , has even stated that nuclear power is the only green solution for global warming ( James , 2004 ) .
+
+S As a result , six generation 4 reactor concepts were proposed by the Generation 4 International Forum ( GIF ) , offering substantial advancement in safety and reliability , sustainability , cost and physical protection ( Generation IV Technology , n.d. ) .
+A 36 43|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although all six concepts are brilliant , the very-high-temperature reactor ( VHTR ) should be placed above all other reactors in further research and development funding , as it has clear advantages over other reactors in the aspect of safety and security , performance , and proliferation resistance .
+
+S Opponents of VHTR might claim that Lead-Cooled Fast Reactor ( LFR ) exhibit better safety feature for its selection of molten lead as relatively inert coolant ( Generation IV Technology , n.d. ) .
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||features|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the VHTR offers higher degree of passive safety ; for instance , it is built underground , using earth to sink most of the heat produced .
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:FORM|||uses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , the graphite encased fuel will not be damaged when the reactor heat is radiated through its steel vessel out of the high thermal inertia graphite moderator core ( Ragheb , 2007 ) .
+
+S Moreover , building the reactor underground offers a greater level of security , as there are limited exit routes to the ground .
+
+S This feature would also immensely reduce its threat of being a terrorism target , enhancing the physical protection of the reactor .
+
+S Since reprocessing of nuclear waste can eminently reduces raw fuel input and conserves the world 's uranium supplies ( What Is Nuclear Reprocessing ? , 2000 ) , opponents might argue that the { Gas-Cooled Fast Reactor } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.gen-4.org/Technology/systems/gfr.htm ] ( GFR ) , { Molten Salt Reactor } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.gen-4.org/Technology/systems/msr.htm ] ( MSR ) , { Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.gen-4.org/Technology/systems/sfr.htm ] ( SFR ) , and LFR offer better performance with the adoption of reprocessing ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+A 19 26|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 38|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the VHTR offers high thermal efficiency in supplying electricity and producing hydrogen , alongside process heat applications .
+
+S Operating at 1000 degree Celsius , the VHTR is able to produce 50 % more electricity using the same amount of fuel compared with conventional plants .
+
+S The high operating temperature also enables hydrogen production using thermochemical process , with superior efficiency .
+
+S In addition , heat produced by the VHTR can also be utilized in a broad range of process heat applications , such as coal gasification ( Gen-IV , 2005 ) .
+
+S On the other hand , reprocessing is extremely expensive , costing more than uranium fuel itself ( What Is Nuclear Reprocessing ? , 2000 ) .
+A 17 24|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , it would be impossible for nuclear power to compete with coal and gas in the market for electricity .
+
+S Opponents might also maintain that GFR , MSR , SFR , and LFR provide better waste management , seeing that up to 96 % of waste produced is being recycled through reprocessing ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S However , this would oppose the aim of creating a proliferation resistant reactor .
+
+S In contrary , the VHTR does not have this issue , for it operates in a once-through uranium cycle .
+A 0 1|||R:PREP|||On|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since plutonium - the main substance in manufacturing nuclear weapon - is not separated with the nuclear waste , it can not be easily extracted to build nuclear weapons ( Gen-IV , 2005 ) .
+A 30 33|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The great proliferation resistance provides assurance to the society , avoiding suspicion between countries about any secret nuclear weapons program that might cause misunderstandings .
+
+S Therefore , the high proliferation resistance that comes with VHTR averts the emergence of new nuclear weapons states , and keeps nuclear weapons capability out of terrorist hands .
+
+S It should be evident that the Very-High-Temperature Reactor is the best among the 6 evolutionary concepts of generation 4 reactors .
+
+S The VHTR is equipped with superior passive safety feature with its underground construction , which also greatly increases its security and physical protection .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||features|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , the VHTR offers high thermal efficiency , while retain the capability of hydrogen production and utilization in heat process applications .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:FORM|||retaining|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Finally , the VHTR also provides high proliferation resistance , which prevents the surfacing of new nuclear weapons , maintaining peace in the world .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN|||production|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , in my opinion , the Very-High-Temperature Reactor should be given priority for further research and development funding .
+
+S Reference
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 ) .
+
+S Nature : Nuclear power 's new dawn ( p. 429 , pp .
+
+S 238-240 ) .
+
+S Gen-IV .
+
+S ( 2005 ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 15 , 2009 , from { http : //hydrogen.kaist.ac.kr/gen_01.php ? menu_type = gen } [ HYPERLINK : http : //hydrogen.kaist.ac.kr/gen_01.php ? menu_type = gen ]
+
+S Generation IV Technology .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Retrieved September 9 , 2009 , from { http : //www.gen-4.org/Technology/systems/index.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.gen-4.org/Technology/systems/index.htm ]
+
+S James Lovelock .
+
+S ( 2004 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power is the only green solution.Retrieved October 15 , 2009 , from http : //www.ecolo.org/media/articles/articles.in.english/love-indep-24-05-04.htm
+
+S { Matthew L. Wald } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.nytimes.com/info/nuclear-energy/ ] ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Nuclear energy .
+
+S Retrieved October 15 , 2009 , from { http : //www.nytimes.com/info/nuclear-energy/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.nytimes.com/info/nuclear-energy/ ]
+
+S Ragheb , M. ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Fouth Generation Reactor Concepts .
+
+S Retrieved October 15 , 2009 , from University of Illinois , Institute for Learning Technologies Web site : HYPERLINK " https : //netfiles.uiuc.edu/mragheb/www/NPRE % 20402 % 20ME % 20405 % 20Nuclear % 2
+
+S 0Powe " https : //netfiles.uiuc.edu/mragheb/www/NPRE % 20402 % 20ME % 20405 % 20Nuclear % 2 0Power % 20Engineering/Fourth % 20Generation % 20Reactor % 20Concepts.pdf
+
+S What Is Nuclear Reprocessing ?
+
+S ( 2000 ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 15 , 2009 , from { http : //news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/647981.stm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/647981.stm ]
+
+S The most promising reactor---sodium cooled fast reactor
+
+S With the fast growth of Earth 's population , the demand for nuclear power is rapidly increasing because of its higher efficiency in producing electricity among the non greenhouse-gas-emitting sources .
+
+S The potential benefits of nuclear energy have led many countries to do extensive research and development on nuclear reactors .
+
+S However , many controversies emerge over the development of nuclear reactors because of fear of nuclear leakage and accident .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have emerged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S No new nuclear power plants were built in the United States since the accident at Three Mile Island in 1979 ( Butler,2004 ) .
+
+S Considering the fact that the global warming has becoming an increasingly serious problem nowadays , the development of nuclear power is quite necessary .
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " Global warming and rising energy needs are rehabilitating the concept of nuclear power .
+
+S But if it is to figure in the energy equation , it will need to be cheaper , cleaner and safer " , says Declan Butler .
+A 23 26|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the research for cleaner and safer nuclear reactor to meet the increasing demand for energy , new generation nuclear reactors have been researched by a consortium of ten nations .
+
+S Furthermore , it is quite necessary and urgent to set an overall direction of nuclear reactors .
+
+S Some people believe that the very high temperature reactor ( VHTR ) is the most promising reactor and should be largely put into use in the near future .
+
+S However , compared with VHTR , the sodium-cooled fast reactor ( SFR ) has more advantages and should be chosen as a main type of reactors in the future .
+A 25 26|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactor|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Proponents of VHTR claim that it operates at a higher temperature which is much more efficient than the SFR .
+
+S It is true that the higher temperature enables the reactor to work more efficiently ; however , it also raises a huge inherent safety problem .
+
+S As a reactor which also produces hydrogen which is combustible , it is likely for the VHTR to explode at high temperatures .
+
+S Once the accident happens , the related safety components of the reactor would not work .
+
+S In contrast , the SFR does not have this safety concern for its operating temperature is just half of that of the VHTR .
+
+S Furthermore , the closed fuel of SFR can utilize almost all the energy provided by the fuels and the recovery and recycle of the actinides in SFR can reach about 99.9 % , which indicate the a high efficiency of SFR .
+A 36 37|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Opponents of SFR claim that the radioactivity of its coolant sodium is harmful to the environment .
+
+S Although the sodium is radioactive and easy to have chemical reaction with water and air , the self-activated shutdown system of SFR has largely reduced the possibilities of the leakage of sodium .
+A 6 7|||R:MORPH|||easily|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:VERB:FORM||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , SFR has a relatively large thermal inertia and a large margin to coolant boiling which ensure the safety of the use of sodium .
+
+S More important , there is an extra loop which is called secondary system acts as a buffer in case of the reactions between the sodium and water ( Roglans , Allen & Line , 2002 ) .
+A 1 2|||R:MORPH|||importantly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this way , it can largely avoid the release of radioactive elements and become safe and environmentally friendly .
+
+S Another argument advanced by opponents of SFR is that it can only produce electricity and it has shown little promise of becoming an economical reactor so far ( fast reactor , N.D ) .
+A 28 32|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is true that the VHTR can produce not only electricity but also hydrogen ; however , the electricity is more widely used than the hydrogen nowadays .
+A 24 25|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Actually , the hydrogen energy system is not very mature because of the limited technology so far .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:FORM|||matured|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The electricity is still in high demand nowadays and the SFR can completely meet the demand of markets for electricity .
+
+S ( M.Ragheb , 2007 ) .On the other hand , the cost of the research and development of SFR is only about 610 million dollars , which is much less than that of VHTR .
+
+S All of these facts show that the SFR is more economic and flexible than VHTR .
+A 10 11|||R:MORPH|||economical|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In a nutshell , it can be seen that the arguments against the sodium cooled fast reactor are inconclusive and not valid .
+
+S On the contrary , the SFR system has more advantages over VHTR on its safety , efficiency and costs , which made the SFR a promising reactor .
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:TENSE|||make|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the research and development of sodium cooled fast reactor is necessary and overwhelming .
+
+S References :
+
+S * United State Development of Energy , Nuclear Energy Research Advisory Committee and the Generation IV International Forum ( 2002 , Dec ) .
+
+S A Technology Roadmap for Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems , Retrieved October 20,2009,from { http : //www.ne.doe.gov/GenIV/documents/gen_iv_roadmap.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.ne.doe.gov/GenIV/documents/gen_iv_roadmap.pdf ]
+
+S * Public citizen , Fast Reactors , Retrieved October 20,2009,from { http : //www.fas.org/programs/ssp/_docs/FastReactors.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.fas.org/programs/ssp/_docs/FastReactors.pdf ]
+
+S * Butler , D. ( 2004 , May 20 ) , Nuclear power 's new dawn
+
+S * Ragheb , M. ( 2007 , June 9 ) , fourth generation reactor concepts .
+
+S * Roglans , J , Allen , T and Lineberry , M. ( 2002 , Nov 18 ) " sodium-cooled fast reactor ( SFR ) systems " .
+
+S Retrieved October,22,2009,from { http : //gif.inel.gov/roadmap/pdfs/sodium-cooled_fast_reactor.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //gif.inel.gov/roadmap/pdfs/sodium-cooled_fast_reactor.pdf ]
+
+S The train accident at Eschede was one of the world 's deadliest railway accident to have ever occurred .
+
+S The accident resulted in a total of 101 deaths and causing 88 injuries .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:FORM|||caused|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The cause of the accident was due to a broken wheel that leads to the derailment of the entire train ( N.A. , 1998 ) .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:TENSE|||led|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Further probing into the accident revealed that although the wheels have not been fully tested and commissioned , the wheels were already in service .
+A 10 13|||R:OTHER|||were not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S At that point in time , no facilities existed in Germany to test the failure limit of rail wheels , thus design and specifications relied heavily on materials specifications and theory .
+
+S Furthermore , in-depth investigations revealed that before the night of accident , the maintenance crew did not carry out their maintenance jobs properly .
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , if a psychologist had been in place during the designing , testing and maintenance phase , the chance of the accident happening would be minimal .
+A 25 26|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From the feedbacks they received from customers , the company said that passengers could hear loud vibrations in dinnerware and glasses were moving across the table when the train is moving at cruising speed ( Eschede , N.D. ) .Thus , the engineers were tasked to come up with a new design to solve problem .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:INFL|||feedback|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 38|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The engineers claimed that they have superior technical knowledge and by following the specifications on the datasheets closely , there would unlikely be any mistakes in the design , hence , minimal testing is required .
+A 28 29|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:ORTH|||Hence|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , there were no testing facilities present at that time to test the failure limit of a wheel .
+
+S However , if a psychologist was present during the designing phase of the wheel , he could have pointed out that the datasheets were prepared by other engineers also , and engineers can make mistakes too .
+
+S During the testing phase , the psychologist could have proposed that the engineers further test the wheel at a much higher speed , and what problems the wheels might develop under wear and tear conditions .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:OTHER|||observe|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S He could also have said that since there are no testing facilities present , the engineers could have brought the wheel out to other country to run the required tests .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN:NUM|||countries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , Fraunhofer Institute has already told the company that it is possible that the wheels would fail earlier than expected ( N.A. , 2009 ) .
+A 4 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 25|||R:OTHER|||09|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Yet , no actions have been done by the company to replace the failing wheels .
+A 4 7|||R:VERB|||were taken|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To ensure that the wheels would be replaced , the psychologist , in this case , can keep reminding the engineers to correct the errors present on the wheels .
+A 5 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 19|||R:OTHER|||would have constantly reminded|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The company claimed that the maintenance crew has had many years of experience in inspection and repairing of wheels , therefore , they are the " experts " in this area and whatever they say can be fully trusted .
+A 7 8|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:ORTH|||Therefore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:DET|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:VERB:TENSE|||said|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:VERB:TENSE|||could|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S At the Munich Maintenance Center , the night before normal operation , the acoustic sensor picked up an error of 1.1mm .
+
+S The regulation states that the maximum allowed error was 0.6mm .
+
+S Yet , the maintenance crew did not bother to repair or replace the wheel , assuming that it would only cause discomfort throughout the journey ( JST , 2009 ) .
+A 26 29|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The worn out diameter set by Fraunhofer Institute was 88cm but the company set it with their own value of 85.4cm ( Scribd , 2008 ) .
+
+S A psychologist present at the maintenance phase could have help prevented the accident by telling the maintenance crew nicely that they should not be so complacent just because they have many years of experience .
+
+S Just imagine that there may be relatives or friends of the crew seating in the train that the crew assumed to be safe , and in the end , an accident may happen , and the lives of those they know might be gone .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:ORTH|||In|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 33|||R:VERB:TENSE|||happened|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 41|||R:VERB:TENSE|||knew|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 43|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , if a psychologist is included during the designing , testing and maintenance phase , the chance of the accident occurring would be very minimal as the psychologist can help ensure that the design and testing of the wheels comply to the standards set by organization .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 31|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would have helped|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 41|||R:VERB:FORM|||complied|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 46 46|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S During the maintenance phase , the psychologist could advice the maintenance crew to be more serious in their work the safety of many lives depend on them and not be complacent just because they have many years of experience .
+A 7 9|||R:VERB|||would have advised|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:ORTH|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:TENSE|||depended|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:OTHER|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 30|||R:OTHER|||They should not have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:VERB:TENSE|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To end , I can say that with the inclusion of a psychologist , the chance of the accident happening would be very minimal .
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S N.A .
+
+S ( 1998 ) .
+
+S Special Feature Eschede , Germany ICE High Speed Train Disaster .
+
+S Danger Ahead !
+
+S Retrieved from { http : //danger-ahead.railfan.net/features/eschede.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //danger-ahead.railfan.net/features/eschede.htm ]
+
+S N.A .
+
+S ( N.D. ) .
+
+S Eschede Train Disaster .
+
+S Retrieved October 7 , 2009 , from { http : //en.allexperts.com/e/e/es/eschede_train_disaster.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //en.allexperts.com/e/e/es/eschede_train_disaster.htm ]
+
+S WorldLingo Translations ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Eschede Train Disaster - Page 3 .
+
+S Retrieved October 7 , 2009 , from { http : //www.worldlingo.com/ma/enwiki/en/Eschede_train_disaster/3 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.worldlingo.com/ma/enwiki/en/Eschede_train_disaster/3 ]
+
+S Japan Science and Technology Agency ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Failure Knowledge Database .
+
+S InterCity Express Accident .
+
+S Retrieved from { http : //shippai.jst.go.jp/en/Detail ? fn = 0&id = CA1000637& } [ HYPERLINK : http : //shippai.jst.go.jp/en/Detail ? fn = 0&id = CA1000637& ]
+
+S N.A .
+
+S ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Ice Final Presentation,slide 10 .
+
+S Retrieved October 7 , 2009 , from { http : //www.scribd.com/doc/4217781/Ice-Final-Presentation } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.scribd.com/doc/4217781/Ice-Final-Presentation % 20 ]
+
+S One of the important issues bothering people nowadays is the lack of energy supply and an increase in global warming due to the emission of greenhouse gases from current generation reactors .
+
+S This issue has been raised in various contexts and different views of the issue are shared and discussed .
+
+S Mainly , the controversies of the issue are on the safe and clean operation of nuclear reactors , such as the handling of nuclear waste and prevention of terrorist acts ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S In addition , the cost of constructing nuclear reactors must be considered given the economic constraints today .
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One way to address this issue is to provide funding to further research and develop Generation IV reactors , particularly the Very- High-Temperature Reactors ( VHTR ) .
+
+S Although the cost for building Generation IV reactors is very high , the issue of the increase in demand of energy today needs to be addressed .
+
+S In fact , an amount of $ 1.1 billion is needed to build a Generation IV reactor prototype ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S Moreover , the cost estimated also needs to take into account plant decommissioning and nuclear waste storage costs .
+
+S On the other hand , the VHTR produces both electricity and hydrogen .
+
+S As a result , many countries that largely depend on oil for their energy needs realise that hydrogen might be the fuel of the future and solution to their problems .
+
+S Furthermore , it is reported that if oil continues to be used , the energy demand from US transport alone will cause the nation 's oil imports to soar by 78 % by 2025 ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S Next , the society is concerned on the safety and security aspect of Generation IV reactors .
+A 6 7|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even though Generation IV reactors might generate threats from terrorist attacks to acts of wars , stricter laws and policies could be set in place for counter measures ( GreenPeace , 2005 ) .
+
+S The recent Iran 's nuclear disclosure to the world has threatened the equilibrium of power within that particular region of the world ( Grier , 2009 ) .
+
+S A solution to this could be to enforce countries that are intending to build nuclear reactors to sign the nuclear pact with International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA ) or else legal actions might be taken against them .
+A 22 22|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , it is reported that the generation IV reactors will quietly switch themselves off and cool down in an event of an earthquake , a terrorist attack or human errors ( Brockie , 2009 ) .
+
+S The waste and pollution produced by nuclear reactors is a worrying issue to both the environmentalists and the public , however the U.S. Department of Energy ( DOE ) has already considered this issue and more attention are paid to it .
+A 37 38|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Today , we have about 270 tons of separated plutonium essentially in storage in multiple countries ( LaMonica , 2009 ) .
+
+S Therefore , the U.S .
+
+S DOE has named out a few important researches and development challenges if generation IV reactors were specifically used for nuclear purposes .
+
+S The U.S .
+
+S DOE realises that nuclear energy has a reputation as a polluting technology , hence it must be addressed ( Numark , 2000 ) .
+
+S Moreover , since VHTR is a CO2 emission free reactor , it will not contribute to global warming .
+
+S In addition , the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) experts suggest that the U.S. should take time now to develop different " advanced fuel cycle " technologies ( LaMonica , 2009 ) .
+
+S For these reasons , it is acceptable to jump into the conclusion that generation IV reactors would have the required technology to prevent the waste problem if it is going to be built .
+
+S On the whole , the debate on the provision of funds to further research and develop on generation IV reactors has been around for quite sometime .
+
+S The reasons for my support on the provision of funds are because there is a global shortage of energy supply and generation IV reactors are generally more efficient and environmental friendly .
+
+S In addition , new technologies could be researched to provide a solution to those problems that remain unsolved .
+
+S In order to do so , additional funds , efforts and assistance need to be provided to the research and development of generation IV reactors .
+
+S References
+
+S Brockie , B .
+
+S ( 2009 , October 19 ) .
+
+S No nukes please , we 're Kiwis .
+
+S Stuff Coporation New Zealand .
+
+S Retrieved October 20 , 2009 , from http : //www.stuff.co.nz/blogs/opinion/2979181/No-nukes-please-we-re- Kiwis/
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240 .
+
+S GreenPeace , Int .
+
+S ( 2005 , April 25 ) .
+
+S Nuclear Reactor Hazards : ongoing dangers of operating nuclear reactors .
+
+S Retrieved October 20 , 2009 , from http : //www.greenpeace.org/international/press/reports/nuclearreactorhaz ards
+
+S Grier , P. ( 2009 , October 18 ) .
+
+S Iran 's nuclear disclosures : why they matter .
+
+S CSMonitor.com .
+
+S Retrieved October 20 , 2009 , from http : //www.csmonitor.com/2009/1017/p19s01-usfp.html
+
+S LaMonica , M. ( 2009 , May 21 ) .
+
+S MIT experts tackle nuclear power waste problem .
+
+S CNET News .
+
+S Retrieved October 20 , 2009 , from http : //news.cnet.com/8301-11128_3-10245594-54.html
+
+S Numark , Inc ( 2000 , February 24 ) .
+
+S Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems .
+
+S Retrieved October 20 , 2009 , from http : //www.numark.assoc.com/res/Gen4report.pdf
+
+S 'Design process ' is a linear sequence of events that has a start and an end point while 'psychology ' is the study of the mind , its mental function and behaviour .
+
+S By approaching the design process from a psychological angle , the usability , functionality , safety and requite user competencies of the design product are ensured to match user expectations .
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||required|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The major engineering accident chosen for this essay is the space shuttle Challenger accident .
+
+S The accident occurred on the 28 January , 1986 when Challenger disintegrated over the Atlantic Ocean seventy-three seconds into its flight , causing the death of its seven crew members .
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Why is the psychology approach important to the design process ?
+
+S A system of machines , however advanced it is , can never operate by itself .
+
+S Everything that involves management , operation and decision-making comes back down to humans .
+
+S However , the human mind is a very complicated subject and a lot of problems might surface during the design process .
+
+S Therefore , psychology plays an important role during the design process in order to prevent any accidents from happening .
+
+S The Challenger accident was caused by faulty components and poor launch conditions .
+
+S The failure of the O-rings in its right solid rocket booster ignited a spark and subsequently , the flame impinged on the external fuel tank .
+
+S This then caused its structural failure and aerodynamic forces further brought about the disintegration of the space shuttle .
+
+S One human error , or more specifically a design error , led to the accident .
+
+S The two rubber O-rings in the booster were not resilient enough to withstand the hot high-pressure gases produced .
+
+S It was not known if the O-rings are able to seal properly at temperatures less than 12 ° C and the launch was done in cold weather at a temperature of -1 ° C .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The booster 's O-rings had been designated as a " Criticality 1 " component which means that the failure of both the O-rings would result to the destruction of the orbiter and its crew .
+
+S The defect should have been identified and rectified first before the O-rings were used .
+
+S Secondly , poor decision-making also contributed to the Challenger accident .
+
+S The NASA management felt invulnerable from the accomplishment of its Apollo programme .
+
+S NASA was pressured to meet Challenger 's launch schedule when the launching was delayed because of the poor weather conditions , low surrounding temperature and a defective micro switch .
+
+S The pressure was further increased when the then Vice President of the United States of America , George H. W. Bush was present to watch the launch .
+
+S All of these subconsciously affected NASA 's decision-making to reduce the safety and quality of the system .
+
+S Back in 1977 , Morton-Thiokol , the contractor in charge of the Challenger 's solid rocket boosters , knew that the boosters had problems when the O-rings experienced erosion in the booster joints in almost half of the shuttle flights .
+
+S In 1985 , a redesign effort was started .
+
+S The NASA management was briefed on the problem but they were not in support of the redesign team .
+
+S If better decisions were made , there would have been fewer problems .
+
+S Other than that , there was also communication failure between the Morton-Thiokol engineers and the top NASA officials .
+
+S The engineers can only report to their immediate managers who only report to their direct supervisors .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||could|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||reported|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Because of this mindset , the engineers dare not go above supervisors with their concerns for fear that they might lose their job .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||dared|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On several occasions , the manager of the Solid Rocket Booster project , George Hardy from Morton-Thiokol , was told by the Marshall Space Flight Centre engineers that Thiokol 's booster 's field joint design could not be accepted .
+
+S An engineer suggested that the secondary O-ring is useless with that joint rotation .
+
+S Despite that , Hardy did not inform Morton-Thiokol and it was accepted for flight in 1980 .
+
+S It is clear that communication failure was also the cause of the accident .
+
+S In conclusion , if psychology is not given consideration during the design process , the possibility for an accident to occur will be high .
+
+S Thus , it is important to include psychology in the design process as human factors can affect the safety and quality of a system .
+
+S References
+
+S * Malcolm McConnell .
+
+S ( 1987 ) .
+
+S Challenger : A Major Malfunction .
+
+S Garden City , NY : Doubleday .
+
+S * Tech it Out UK .
+
+S ( 2005 ) .
+
+S Design Process .
+
+S { http : //www.techitoutuk.com/knowledge/designprocess.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.techitoutuk.com/knowledge/designprocess.html ]
+
+S * Gene Zimmer .
+
+S The Definition of " Psychology " .
+
+S { http : //www.sntp.net/psychology_definition.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.sntp.net/psychology_definition.htm ]
+
+S * Nick Greene .
+
+S Challenger Disaster - A NASA Tragedy .
+
+S { http : //space.about.com/cs/challenger/a/challenger.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //space.about.com/cs/challenger/a/challenger.htm ]
+
+S * Jeff Scott , Aaron Brown .
+
+S ( 2003 ) Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster .
+
+S { http : //www.aerospaceweb.org/question/investigations/q0122.shtml } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.aerospaceweb.org/question/investigations/q0122.shtml ]
+
+S * Rogers Commission .
+
+S ( 1986 ) .
+
+S Report of the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident .
+
+S { http : //history.nasa.gov/rogersrep/genindex.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //history.nasa.gov/rogersrep/genindex.htm ]
+
+S * Photo and TV Analysis Team Report .
+
+S ( 1986 ) .
+
+S Space Shuttle Challenger Accident Investigation .
+
+S { http : //www.archive.org/details/ChallengerAccidentandInvestigation } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.archive.org/details/ChallengerAccidentandInvestigation ]
+
+S In view of today 's environmental problems of global warming , there is an increasing necessity to introduce a clean , safe and efficient alternative energy source .
+
+S Although the nuclear power plant is considered safer and cleaner than fossil power plants , the devastating consequences of its occasional meltdowns deter the general public and policy makers from accepting it .
+
+S However , the development of technology results a continuous evolution of nuclear energy systems .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||has resulted in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the latest prototypes of generation IV nuclear reactor is the Lead Cooled fast reactor ( LFR ) .
+
+S Unlike the previous generations of nuclear reactors which are constantly critiqued by opponents , the LFR is considered to be not only safer in different aspects , but also more sustainable and economical .
+
+S The most criticisms towards nuclear power generators arise from their safety issues .
+
+S The memories of the 1979 reactor meltdown at Three Mile Island have made the US government hesitated to order new nuclear power plants ( Nature , 2004 ) .
+A 11 12|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:TENSE|||hesitate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Most opponents claim that although rare , nuclear plant accidents are too catastrophic and should not be encouraged for power generation .
+
+S An example will be the 1986 core explosion at Chernobyl in Ukraine , in which 31 people were killed immediately and many more after years because of radioactive contamination .
+
+S However , good heat transmission of lead used for the LFR ensures low likelihood of core damage .
+
+S This in turn minimizes potential risks such as core meltdowns .
+
+S Also Lead 's low vapor pressure lowers the chances of core explosion and its high shielding capability of gamma radiations minimizes potential off-site radioactive contamination ( Generation IV Technology , n.d. ) .
+A 26 33|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All these factors reflect the LFR a more reliable future nuclear power generator .
+A 6 6|||M:PREP|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Social security is another safety issue that involves much dispute .
+
+S Since the 911 incident , there have been concerns about the unimaginable consequences of terrorist attacks on nuclear plants .
+
+S However , the LFR has made improvements on its physical structure to minimize physical damage from external attacks .
+
+S For example , the reactor uses independent , redundant and diversified Decay Heat Removal ( DHR ) loops to control damages and prevent potential radioactive releases ( World Nuclear Association , 2008 ) .
+
+S There is no flammable or reactive coolant materials used to ensure that no big scale explosion occurs when being attacked .
+
+S In fact , various studies have shown that nuclear power plants can withstand such attacks better than almost any other civil constructions ( World Nuclear Association , 2009 ) .
+
+S The physical protections promises top security of building nuclear power plants like the LFR .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||protection|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Despite the safety issues , opponents also assert that the government should discourage nuclear power plants because of the high cost incurred to construct them .
+
+S However , most of these criticisms arise from a lack of foresight .
+
+S While it is true that its first time investment of fuel and capital can be more expensive than that of a coal power plant , the plant sustainability and efficiency should also be taken into consideration .
+
+S Studies have shown that the average cost of a nuclear plant is about $ 30 per Megawatt-hour which is only slightly higher than $ 29.1 per Megawatt-hour of a coal plant ( n.d. ) .
+A 31 35|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The LFR maintains this economic competitiveness as lead is an inexpensive coolant and with long refueling cycle .
+
+S Moreover , supercritical water is used in the reactor to increase the overall efficiency of the nuclear plant .
+
+S Considering the efficiency , sustainability , and environmental friendliness of a nuclear power plant , these benefits far outweighs the small economic disadvantage .
+A 22 24|||R:OTHER|||disadvantages|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , the LFR can be the best alternative to replace coal power generators .
+
+S While the benefits of the LFR are largely acknowledged , its limitations and potential risks should also be recognized .
+
+S For example , as corrosion of lead may take place under high temperature , the LFR only works under 550 , which in turn limits its overall efficiency .
+
+S Also , operation of nuclear plant should be closely regulated to prevent any abuse use of nuclear materials .
+
+S This requires a concerted effort from countries around the world .
+
+S In fact , such regulatory agreements already exist .
+
+S An example will be the International Atomic Energy Agency 's ( IAEA ) safeguards system under the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty ( NPT ) .
+
+S Nuclear power plants are gaining importance in the world as they help many countries , such as France , to maintain power independence .
+
+S Yet the non-nuclear weapon states should be monitored to prevent any undeclared nuclear activities .
+
+S In conclusion , the LFR helps enhance safety of nuclear power stations while not compromising economic factors .
+
+S Though it may not be the optimal design because of its potential risks and limitations , the LFR is still one of the possible future energy plants .
+
+S After all , we should expect the nuclear industry to dominate in generating world 's electricity in the future as technology matures .
+
+S Nowadays , with the increasing population of the society , the limited resources can not meet the large amount of demand of energy .
+
+S In order to overcome the energy shortage situation today , human beings has tried many ways to explore new kinds of energy , for instance , natural energy which includes wind energy and water energy .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the consequence is not that satisfactory , due to its low efficiency and high cost .
+
+S Therefore , scientists and publics suggested that we can develop one kind of energy which can produce high energy efficiently , and that kind of energy is known as nuclear energy .
+A 5 5|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It seems a perfect solution to the bad situation nowadays , however , the use of nuclear energy becomes a controversial issue which causes fierce discussion among not only scientists , but also publics .
+
+S In my point of view , using nuclear energy is the right way to meet today 's increasing energy demand , due to its high efficiency , environmental emission .
+A 26 27|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , the opposing terms of using nuclear energy , which are : the funds paid on developing this technology is high , the time taking to explore the technology is long and there exists dangers can actually be solved .
+A 0 2|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 5|||R:OTHER|||There are several disadvantages|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:ORTH|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 36|||M:DET|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First of all , some opponents may think that it will cost large amount of funds to develop this technology .
+
+S However , if we take all conditions into consideration , we may find that the argument is totally wrong .
+
+S Firstly , the fuel cost for a nuclear plant is only a third for a coal-fired plant in producing the same amount of electricity .
+
+S Due to this issue , we can save a lot of resources for our future .
+
+S Secondly , if we do not use nuclear energy , it must cause a serious shortage on fuel , which will help increase the price of electricity .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:OTHER|||lead to the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , in European countries , " the price of electricity from coal will double and that from gas will increase 30 % " ( World Nuclear Association , 2009 ) .
+
+S The above data shows that if we use nuclear energy , it will at least save 50 % cost , and this 50 % implies saving a lot of funds as it is commonly known that the funds used for producing electricity is quite large .
+
+S Thirdly , if we keep using normal fuel energy instead of nuclear energy , it will weaken the quality of the gas , since it will emit green house gases ; in order to deal with the global warming , governments will pay a lot of money .
+A 30 31|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:ORTH|||In|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , if we use nuclear energy , we will not have this kind of worry due to its non-green-house-gas emission .
+
+S In conclusion , using nuclear energy can actually save a lot of funds .
+
+S In addition , some opponents may argue that it will take a long time to explore this technology .
+
+S Here it is suitable to make an assumption , if the time use to explore this technology is fixed , according to the conclusion reached in the previous paragraph , it is easy to know that if we explore the nuclear energy earlier , we can save more money , save more resources .
+A 8 9|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:ORTH|||If|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:FORM|||used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 49 50|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , human beings now can not find a kind of ideal energy to replace the nuclear energy , which means the use of nuclear energy is just a matter of time .
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 33|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So in conclusion , it is better to explore nuclear energy as soon as possible .
+
+S Besides the above two factors , some opponents may believe that it is dangerous to use nuclear energy .
+
+S We use Very-High-Temperature-Reactors ( VHTR ) , which is one of Generation IV reactor concepts , as an example .
+
+S Due to the special design of its Helium Coolant , Graphite Reactor Core and temperature controlled system , the danger can be greatly reduced .
+
+S It is true that there still exists dangers , however , with the develop of the technology , it is desirable that those dangers could be overcome .
+A 4 8|||R:OTHER|||dangers still exist|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:MORPH|||development|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To sum up , the Generation IV reactors is a trend of 21st century , it will make a great improvement and progress for our life .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:ORTH|||It|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S During the time with the increasing demand of energy , only the nuclear energy is the correct choice as it has so many advantages if compared with other kind of energies .
+A 0 3|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:PREP|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:NOUN:NUM|||kinds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Its high efficiency is the most attractive , also , the environmental emission make it better for human beings .
+A 7 8|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:ORTH|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:SVA|||makes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even though there are shortages that still exist , it is believable that with the development of the technology , all the problems will be solved , all the difficulties can be overcome .
+A 11 12|||R:MORPH|||believed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference :
+
+S The Economics of Nuclear Power ( July , 2009 ) , World Nuclear Association .
+
+S Retrieved October 26th , 2009 , from { http : //www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf02.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf02.html ]
+
+S The Very High Temperature Reactor ( VHTR ) ( January , 2007 ) , Neclear Energy : Fuel of the Future ?
+
+S Retrieved October 26th , 2009 , from { http : //blogs.princeton.edu/chm333/f2006/nuclear/2007/01/the_very_high_temperature_reactor_vhtr.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //blogs.princeton.edu/chm333/f2006/nuclear/2007/01/the_very_high_temperature_reactor_vhtr.html ]
+
+S Design process is a linear sequence of events which was started by creative human act and ended with an invention of a new product .
+
+S It is also a kind of planning on how to apply the knowledge to the making of an object or a system .
+
+S Psychology is the characteristics of mental states and the science of human behavior .
+
+S It plays an important role in every human attempt in design processes .
+
+S ( { http : //dictionary.reference.com/browse/psychology ? o = 100074 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //dictionary.reference.com/browse/psychology ? o = 100074 ] ) .
+
+S There is a relationship between psychology and design process which can preventing accident from happening .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:FORM|||prevent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||accidents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Design errors affect the safety of a product .
+
+S Unless the prevention method has been well-planned , one will not know about the shortcoming of a product until an accident happens .
+
+S Here is an example of a real major industrial accident - The world 's deadliest high-speed train accident , which occurred on 3rd June 1998 , in Eschede , Germany .
+A 10 11|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It was caused by a single fatigue crack in one wheel which derailed the train when the wheel failed .
+
+S The steel tire on the wheel broke and peeled away from the wheel , penetrating the floor of the train .
+A 15 15|||M:PREP|||into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This resulted in the vibration of the train .
+
+S The embedded metal was noticed by a passenger in the coach .
+
+S He quickly informed the conductor of the train but the conductor was procrastinating by investigating the case himself before stopping the train .
+
+S The train was totally damaged after hitting a bridge 's supports .
+A 9 10|||U:NOUN:POSS||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||support|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The proximate causes were the disintegration of the wheel rim and the failure to stop the train after the wheel delaminated .
+A 20 20|||M:VERB:TENSE|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Flawed emergency operating procedures were the contributing cause of this disaster .
+
+S ( { http : //pbma.nasa.gov/docs/public/pbma/images/msm/derailed.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //pbma.nasa.gov/docs/public/pbma/images/msm/derailed.pdf ] , { http : //www.youtube.com/watch ? v = p_KLA2LMIeA } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.youtube.com/watch ? v = p_KLA2LMIeA ] , { http : //www.5min.com/Video/The-Eschede-Train-Disaster-in-Eschede-Germany-119997168 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.5min.com/Video/The-Eschede-Train-Disaster-in-Eschede-Germany-119997168 ] )
+
+S Failure avoidance and effective process and production control of complex systems determine the safety as well as the reliability of the system .
+
+S From the major accident discussed , it proves that the actual causes of an accident are the failures on the component of the system , individual action which is incorrect , team work activities that are incomplete and dysfunctional relations within the organizations as well as the extra organizational environment .
+
+S In the train accident above , the metal fatigue of the wheel was the component failure of the train .
+
+S If the wheel did not crack , no metal will be embedded into the train and the derailment of the train would not happen .
+A 9 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have happened|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , this accident was not just because of this single component failure .
+
+S Frequent maintenance of the wheel can help to prevent the wheel failure from occurring .
+
+S Beyond this point , human error plays an important role in initiating accidents .
+
+S Other than that , if the train had been stopped immediately when the wheel disintegrated , the disaster might not occur and countless lives would have been saved .
+A 14 14|||M:VERB:TENSE|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have occurred|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Unfortunately , no one intends to pull the emergency brake during the emergency condition .
+A 4 6|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||pulled|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All this show that decision-making and human action played an important part in the cause of the accident besides component failure .
+A 1 2|||R:DET|||these|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If the conductor decided to stop the train by pulling the emergency brake immediately, .
+A 0 15|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Design errors in socio-technical system have really made a significant difference to their reliability and safe operation .
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Researches from the nuclear and chemical industry show that 20 % to 50 % of accidents and failures involve errors in design .
+
+S Moreover , since design errors are always corrected before they are involved in these incidents , the real percentage is actually much higher .
+
+S If corrective action is taken after an incident , it entails either the redesigning of the operational processes or the installation of another barrier .
+
+S These are feedback controls of safety .
+
+S They are just add-ons to the system .
+
+S However , it is better to use the path of feed-forward control of safety that is to do a correct original system design right from the beginning .
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To improve design safety , a human scientist is needed .
+A 6 7|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This person can help to analyze the future requirements of the system and to improve accident prevention .
+
+S Apart from this , a human scientist may also be called upon to help evaluate the prototype by using simulation techniques .
+A 5 6|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is necessary to introduce add-ons as all possible design errors will not be discovered until the system is used .
+
+S ( " Psychology and design processes " ,Benhard Wilpert )
+A 0 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , an accident is never caused by a single component failure or a single human error .
+
+S Psychology plays an essential role in design processes .
+
+S The role of humans in safeguarding complicated socio-technical systems can not be neglected .
+
+S If the psychology factor is not considered in design processes , accidents may happen easily .
+
+S Hence , psychological inputs should be incorporated in design processes .
+
+S Can Engineering Accidents be Solved by Engineering Psychology ?
+
+S " The reasonable person adapts them self to the world : the unreasonable one persists in trying to adapt the world to them self .
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||himself|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 24|||R:OTHER|||himself|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , all progress depends upon the unreasonable person .
+
+S " ( George Bernard Shaw ) .
+A 2 5|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This sentence indicates why engineering psychology will become closer and closer to our life .
+
+S What is engineering psychology ?
+
+S Generally speaking , engineering psychology is concerned with adapting equipment and environment to people ( Blum , 1952 ) .
+
+S This adjustment is based on people 's psychological capacities and limitations , and the aim of it is to improve the overall system performance .
+
+S The conception of engineering psychology is first brought out during the First World War , when people found that the efficiency of machines was reduced sharply when they were operated by women instead of men ( these machines are designed for men and not women ) .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since then people began to realize that sometimes the engineering problem was related to equipment design rather than the people who operate or other mechanical reasons .
+
+S However it is hard to say that whether we can solve the engineering problem by simply improving the psychological problems , since for many engineering incidences the technical problems had occupied an overwhelming part .
+A 6 7|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence in this essay I will argue about the proportion of psychological problem and technological problems during engineering incidence and give a conclusion from my own view .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||incidences|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Based on the report provided by Reason ( 1990 ) , 92 % of all nuclear utility accidents between 1983-1984 were caused by people and only 8 % of them were cause by control room operator .
+A 35 36|||R:NOUN:NUM|||operators|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , there are two serious incidences which are cited frequently in technical literature .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They were happened in Three Mile Island and Chernobyl .
+A 1 2|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The failing for the first one include : operators are unprepared to handle serious accident due to the lack of training ; complex and confusing operating procedure led to the operators ' incorrect action ; serious managerial problem within the Nuclear Regulatory Commission .
+A 1 2|||R:MORPH|||failure|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:FORM|||included|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||who were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:ORTH|||Complex|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:NOUN:NUM|||procedures|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 37|||R:OTHER|||There were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S None of these deficiencies explain the basic causes in terms of the 'operating error' .
+
+S Moreover Reason ( 1987 ) suggests two main reasons for this kind of incidence in his own report for Chernobyl .
+
+S The first factor related to people misunderstands of effect of their action on the whole system , and the second factor is kind of persistent action which is made by a small and cohesive group in the process of pursuing an unsuitable aim .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:FORM|||relates|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||misunderstanding|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||effects|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||actions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:ORTH|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S What is the most iron evidences for his theories is that after realizing these engineering psychology problems , quite a lot of America 's nuclear institutes begin to train their staff in a psychology-related way , which indeed prevent the nuclear accidents from happening again till now .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||important|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||evidence|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:VERB:TENSE|||began|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||R:VERB:TENSE|||prevented|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However the operator errors during these two nuclear accidents can not be ignored .
+
+S Although there is no nuclear incidence happen in recent years , it is too biased to say that the engineering psychology can solved the problems by itself .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||incidences|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||have not happened|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:FORM|||solve|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One saying about the cause of Chernobyl disaster is the problem in peculiarities of physics and the construction of the reactor ( NEI Source Book ) .
+A 22 25|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , the Chernobyl RBMK-1000 reactor got a dangerous positive void coefficient .
+
+S This makes RBMK reactor to be very unstable at lower power level .
+
+S Secondly the control rod of RBMK reactor is 1.3 meters shorter than necessary , which led to an abnormal decrease of reactor output power .
+
+S These problems definitely can not be solved from psychological view since even we had solved all human-related problem , these defects of system are still vital .
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the human-factor has again been considered as the main cause to the reactor design by IAEA 's 1986 analysis ( NEI Source Book ) .
+A 22 25|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It seems that the boundary between the technological problem and psychological problem is very vague .
+
+S To sum up we can conclude from these two aspects that the human factors and the technical factor are connected and have both played a role in the accident .
+
+S To simply solve one of them will contribute nothing to the accident .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN|||problem|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Engineering accidents are not always caused by technical problems and the issue of engineering psychology will become hotter and hotter with the development of technology in the area of advanced transportation , co-operative work , teleworking , health , pollution and leisure .
+
+S * Blum , M. L. ( 1952 ) Readings in Experimental Industrial Psychology .
+
+S Prentice-Hall : New York
+
+S * Reason , J .
+
+S T. ( 1987 ) The Chernobyl Errors .
+
+S Bulletin of The British Psychological Society , 40 , 201-206 .
+
+S * Reason , J .
+
+S ( 1990 ) Human Error .
+
+S Cambridge University Press : Cambridge
+
+S * { NEI Source Book : Fourth Edition ( NEISB_3.3.A1 ) } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.insc.anl.gov/neisb/neisb4/NEISB_3.3.A1.html ]
+
+S Very-high-temperature Reactor : a promising solution to energy problem
+
+S With the fast development of human society , we are facing more and more demanding energy requirements .
+
+S After centuries ' exploitation , oil and coal , which human have deeply relied on in the past few hundred years , will dry up soon .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||humans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 26|||R:WO|||soon dry up|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As prediction shows , the two main energy resources will be unable to sustain the industry demands in less than one hundred years time .
+
+S To solve this problem , people tried to find different energy substitutions , among which is nuclear energy .
+A 6 6|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nuclear energy has many advantages .
+
+S Firstly , it is environmental-friendly , with no greenhouse gas emitted .
+
+S Secondly , nuclear energy has incomparable working efficiency with other energy resources .
+
+S One kilogram uranium can release the same amount of energy as that released by 2400 tons of standard coal .
+
+S As carbon dioxide emission soars and energy demands increase rapidly recent years , the nuclear option is finding its way to the table .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have increased|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To satisfy the increasing demands of nuclear energy , scientists are desperately searching for ways to improve the reactors ' work efficiency .
+
+S Consequently , generation IV nuclear systems are born , including six models .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||which includes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They are Gas-cooled fast reactor , lead-cooled fast reactor , molten salt reactor , sodium-cooled fast reactor supercritical-water-cooled reactor and very-high-temperature reactor .
+
+S Among all kinds of nuclear reactors , very-high-temperature reactor is an advanced one and has a broad prospect .
+
+S It supplies heat with high core outlet temperatures , which enables applications such as hydrogen production or process heat for the petrochemical industry .
+
+S This allows for more efficient conversion of heat to electricity .
+
+S What 's more , the recycling system is well-developed .
+
+S Given so many advantages of VHTR , we should devote more effort in promoting the reactor development .
+
+S However , some people may doubt the practicability of building such a high-efficiency nuclear reactor since it operates under such a high temperature .
+
+S Actually this should not be a worry .
+
+S Generation IV International Forum ( GIF ) , as the authority in nuclear power development , has shown the data which demonstrates that the basic technology for the VHTR has been well established in former High Temperature Gas Reactors plants .
+A 18 19|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many prototypes are available as experience to develop VHTR .
+
+S Many national laboratory and vendors are very keen in the research of VHTR , such as : PBMR , GT-HTR300C , ANTARES , NHDD , GT-MHR and NGNP in South Africa , Japan , France , Republic of Korea and the United States .
+
+S Many of them have made significant breakthrough .
+
+S Hence , there is a great chance that VHTR will come to the world soon .
+
+S As the result of scary impressions left by two severe nuclear plants accidents in history , many people reject VHTR because of the security issue .
+A 1 2|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , we should see the two accidents are both due to human factors rather than the reactors ' own deflects .
+A 2 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S What 's more , many scientists have studied the operation security of VHTR , like Hu , S. , Liang , X. , Wei , L. He reported his research results in " { Commissioning and Operation experience and safety experiment at HTR-10 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //htr2006.co.za/downloads/final_download_papers/D00000052.pdf ] " , on the Third International Topical Meeting on High Temperature Reactor Technology in South Africa and put forwards some constructive suggestions to improve the security condition of high temperature reactors .
+A 15 26|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 53|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 69 70|||R:MORPH|||forward|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Considering all these inspiring achievements on VHTR , we should have confidence that we will build secure nuclear reactors which will avoid tragedies happening .
+A 3 7|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 25|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many politicians reject VHTR on the excuse that the cost is too much and we can not benefit instantly .
+A 13 20|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They believe the money should be devoted to more urgent issues .
+
+S I really do not agree with them .
+
+S We all know things are always hard before it becomes easy .
+
+S When high cost will eventually return us the ample energy supply and clean and comfortable living environment , all the seeming expensive cost is worth spending .
+A 3 4|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:SVA|||returns|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , the oil and coal crisis forces us to search for substitution , or else , we could not survive in future competition .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||substitutions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN:NUM|||competitions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Only focusing on the current situation is unreasonable , long run strategies must be taken into consideration .
+
+S After all the above , we can see that we have many reasons to support the development and further research on VHTR .
+
+S It deserves all the effort , no matter in terms of security insurance or work efficiency .
+A 6 8|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In other words , VHTR has the promising potential to be the future energy supplier .
+
+S So now we should pay more attention on the developing progress and give more financial support .
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And we should be optimistic that we can realize our dreamto build VHTR before 2020 and have abundant and clear energy .
+
+S The Rise of Nuclear Power
+
+S Originated from the Ernest Rutherford 's theory about atomic structure and Albert Einstein 's well known mass-energy formula , the development of nuclear power has bypassed a glorious century and become one of the major electrical energy sources now ( U.S. Department of Energy , n.d. ) .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 30|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 48|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S While amazed by the enormous energy generated by the tiny mass , people are also concerned about the negative perspectives of nuclear power .
+
+S Those against the development of nuclear power claim that it is safety threatening , costly in research and building plants , and not renewable ( Public Citizen , 2006 ) .
+
+S Nevertheless , with the gas-cooled fast reactors ( GFR ) concept in hand , further research and funding should be devoted to expanding nuclear power .
+
+S The major refutation to developing nuclear power is about its threat to the safety of the public since conventional nuclear power produces radioactive waste and has a possibility of nuclear power proliferation ( Public Citizen , 2006 ) .
+
+S However , safety issue would be less of a concern once the GFR concept is deployed .
+
+S GFR utilizes the waste reprocessing method , which minimizes the public 's exposure to nuclear waste 's radioactivity ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S Besides , the primary GFR core is loaded with transuranics from spent LWR fuel such that the plutonium created in waste reprocessing is diluted and consequently the proliferation resistance of the nuclear power plants is enhanced ( Hejzlar , Pope , Williams & Driscoll , 2005 ) .
+
+S Furthermore , GFR adopts a passive cool-down system that reduces human 's intervention substantially and thus enhances the safety of nuclear power plants ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S People also argue that developing nuclear power technology and constructing nuclear power plants are too expensive and it is not worthwhile since other cleaner energy sources could be cheaper in the future ( Public Citizen , 2006 ) .
+
+S Nevertheless , analyses have been done with the result that plant capital cost can be reduced by up to 25 % compared to the traditional Rankine cycle using the supercritical CO2 direct cycle ( Hejzlar , Pope , Williams & Driscoll , 2005 ) .
+
+S Moreover , besides electricity power , GFR concept plants can also output hydrogen ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB|||produce|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Subsequently , it counterbalances its large cost to a great extent .
+
+S Another great concern of environmentalists is that the amount of Uranium on earth is limited , which means that nuclear power is not sustainable and subsequently less worthwhile for further development ( Golay , 2004 ) .
+
+S Nonetheless , it has been shown that GFR achieves high Uranium utilization by breeding , also known as reprocessing ( Hejzlar , Pope , Williams & Driscoll , 2005 ) .
+
+S Analyses also indicate that the amount of Uranium resources was increased by 15 percentages in two years to 2007 for intensified mineral exploration and it is also proven that Thorium can also act as nuclear fuel ( World of Nuclear Association , 2009 ) .
+
+S As a result , the limitation of Uranium would be less of concern while considering the expansion of nuclear power .
+A 10 12|||R:WO|||of less|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With consideration of the current worldwide energy shortage , population expansion and global warming , it is appealing to bring about the generation IV nuclear power supply using GFR concept for its tremendous energy output and zero carbon emission .
+
+S Nevertheless , obstacles like finding irradiation-resistant materials and core design still need to be overcome by researches through hard work ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S Contrary to the opponents ' concerns about nuclear power safety , cost and sustainability , it has been shown in the above that the generation IV nuclear power supply under the GFR concept is able to achieve higher safety goals , lower its building cost and make great economic contribution by splitting hydrogen , and exhibit improved sustainability .
+
+S Meanwhile , it produces immense energy and is free of carbon emission , which makes it even more ideal for power supply .
+
+S It is then predictable that the near future would witness the rise of nuclear power equipped with the generation IV reactor concept , GFR .
+
+S References :
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240 Hejzlar , P. , Pope , M.J. , Williams , W.C. & Driscoll , M.J. ( 2005 ) .
+
+S Gas cooled fast reactor for generation IV service .
+
+S Progress in Nuclear Energy .
+
+S 47 ( 1-4 ) , 271-282 .
+
+S Golay M.W .
+
+S ( 2004 ) .
+
+S Barriers to using nuclear power for mitigation of global warming .
+
+S Science Direct .
+
+S Retrieved Oct 8 , 2009 , from { http : //www.sciencedirect.com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/science ? _ob = ArticleURL&_udi = B6V3X-4DS9T26-2&_user = 111989&_coverDate = 12 % 2F31 % 2F1995&_alid = 1034755527&_rdoc = 1&_fmt = high&_orig = search&_cdi = 5742&_sort = r&_docanchor = &view = c&_ct = 489&_acct = C000008700&_version = 1&_urlVersion = 0&_userid = 111989&md5 = 67bbfd0e787d8e8684603c9b8fb8455b } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.sciencedirect.com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/science ? _ob = ArticleURL&_udi = B6V3X-4DS9T26-2&_user = 111989&_coverDate = 12 % 2F31 % 2F1995&_alid = 1034755527&_rdoc = 1&_fmt = high&_orig = search&_cdi = 5742&_sort = r&_docanchor = &view = c&_ct = 489&_acct = C000008700&_version = 1&_urlVersion = 0&_userid = 111989&md5 = 67bbfd0e787d8e8684603c9b8fb8455b ] Public Citizen .
+
+S ( 2006 ) .
+
+S The fatal flaws of nuclear power .
+
+S Retrieved Oct 8 , 2009 , from { http : //www.citizen.org/documents/FatalFlawsSummary.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.citizen.org/documents/FatalFlawsSummary.pdf ]
+
+S U.S. Department of Energy ( n.d. ) .
+
+S The history of nuclear energy .
+
+S Retrieved Oct 8 , 2009 , from { http : //www.ne.doe.gov/pdfFiles/History.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.ne.doe.gov/pdfFiles/History.pdf ]
+
+S World of Nuclear Association .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Supply of Uranium .
+
+S Retrieved Oct 10 , 2009 , from { http : //www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf75.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf75.html ]
+
+S The Chernobyl incident on 26 April 1986 at Soviet Union was one of the most tragic catastrophes .
+
+S When the nuclear reactor exploded , tons of radioactive substances were released into the atmosphere .
+
+S The result was a contaminated food cycle and acute cancer-related illnesses .
+
+S Some of the damage reports done by scientists suggest that a minimal of 30000 deaths in 1986 are related to cancer arising from extreme exposure to the radiation .
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To add on to the figures , the current death toll stands at a frightening 500000 .
+
+S According to Blackeye ( 2004 ) , the accident was primarily caused by a flawed Soviet designed reactor .
+
+S This reactor , named reactor bolshoy moshchnosty kanalny ( RBMK ) was actually meant for producing nuclear weapons .
+
+S Design of the reactor was such that even when the rate of cooling of the reactor was insufficient to compensate the increase in temperature , it will still be operational .
+
+S In other reactor designs , either the plant or the reactors will be automatically shut down .
+
+S This tragic event could have been avoided , or at least , the resultant damage be kept minimal if psychology was implemented in the operating process and procedures of the plant .
+A 15 16|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The component that was probably the highest contributor to the risk factor was the RMBK reactor .
+
+S Soviet engineers used it even though the design was flawed and has a positive void coefficient ( RBMK , 2006 ) .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This was probably due to the fact that the design was unique and found in no other , but also pose a greater risk .
+A 13 24|||R:OTHER|||was not only found anywhere and posed a great risk.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some of the strengths of the RBMK reactor would be that it could be refilled on the go and sustain no core damage for a significant length of time should there be a power loss up .
+A 35 37|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , there are more weaknesses related to the reactor that may cause the reactor to be considered unsafe .
+
+S The use of psychology could have minimized the damage or even prevented the accident by influencing the engineers to use a reactor that is safer and has a negative void coefficient .
+
+S This is because should things turn out not be as expected , thousands or even millions of people could be affected .
+
+S Also , the people working in the power station should not be placed under danger
+
+S Next , in order to make the power plant as profitable as possible , use of psychology was omitted .
+
+S Steps associated with safety were excluded from the daily routine .
+
+S Also , accident prevention system coverage was not extensive .
+
+S Companies running the plant would only see the extra steps mentioned above to be unnecessary .
+
+S If psychology was used , the accident would probably not have happened as the Soviet government would fund part of the maintenance cost so that the necessary steps to ensure a safe working environment could be implemented .
+
+S Hence , the accident could have been prevented .
+
+S Thirdly , as mentioned by ILO Online ( 2006 ) , there was an absence of proper training and safe working environment .
+
+S The workers were not given adequate training to handle and operate the machinery involved .
+
+S While some may argue that training were unrecorded or informal , it is only proper to provide authorized and thorough training so that accidents can be avoided .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the saying goes , it is human to make mistakes .
+
+S Based on Wilpert ( 2007 ) ,Should psychology be used in this context , the explosion at Chernobyl can be averted .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB|||,had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:FORM|||been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||R:VERB:TENSE|||could have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As mentioned in the previous point , funding can the government can help to reduce the strain on the firm running the plant .
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||R:VERB:TENSE|||could have helped|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S External parties can be called in to provide the training required .
+A 2 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||could have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With reference to the points mentioned above , it can be clearly seen that in today 's context , where technology is getting more and more advanced , the consequences of a failure or breakdown in high-tech installations is devastating .
+
+S Applying the use of psychology in the engineering design processes may make it more costly and slow it down .
+
+S Nevertheless , when it comes to safety aspect , it definitely pays to add another step to the process and take precautions .
+
+S References
+
+S Blackeye , D. ( 2004 ) .
+
+S The Chernobyl Disaster .
+
+S BBC .
+
+S Retrieved October6 , 2009 , from HYPERLINK " http : //www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A2922103 " http : //www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A2922103
+
+S RMBK .
+
+S ( 2006 ) The Virtual Nuclear Tourist .
+
+S Retrieved October 10 , 2009 from HYPERLINK " http : //www.nucleartourist.com/type/rbmk.htm " http : //www.nucleartourist.com/type/rbmk.htm
+
+S Chernobyl 20 years after : From disaster , breeding a new safety culture .
+
+S ( 2006 ) ILO Online .
+
+S Retrieved October 10 , 2009 from { http : //www.ilo.org/global/About_the_ILO/Media_and_public_information/Feature_stories/lang--en/WCMS_069141/index.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.ilo.org/global/About_the_ILO/Media_and_public_information/Feature_stories/lang--en/WCMS_069141/index.htm ]
+
+S Wilpert , B .
+
+S ( 2007 ) Psycholody and design process .
+
+S Safety Science45 .
+
+S pp296-297
+
+S 26 April 1986 marked the day when the lives of many in Ukraine changed forever .
+
+S Stemming from a simple experiment by engineers to test the cooling pump system when there is no power supply , the series of events that followed snowballed into the better known Chernobyl disaster .
+
+S At the end of it all , many were left dead and many more affected by the radioactive plume .
+
+S If the decisions by the engineers at duty in the plant were delivered with consideration , the Chernobyl disaster would not have tainted history .
+
+S Therefore the use of psychology in influencing engineers towards making proper decisions is a crucial one .
+
+S Psychology enhances understanding of design processes , helps foresee problems and as a result reduces problems too .
+
+S The opposition might argue on the cost and the need to implement psychology in an engineering design process but the imminent need to prevent accidents overpowers all opposition .
+
+S The use of psychology in design processes reduces problem by enabling an engineer to consider the pros and cons of his decision .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With psychology as a guiding tool , engineers are able to think of the possible fallbacks of their decisions .
+
+S Most design related problems are because of the difficulty people face in understanding the consequences of their actions ( Stanton , 1996 ) .
+
+S While opponents might argue on the impertinence of the use of psychology and its effectiveness in reducing problems , it is undeniable that the use of psychology makes all team members take meticulous care in implementing decisions and hence make the design process safer .
+
+S Furthermore , the use of psychology lubricates cohesiveness among team members making the working environment friendlier .
+
+S A friendly environment would mean opinions are effectively shared .
+
+S Stanton ( 1996 ) remarked that the Chernobyl incident sparked due to the syndrome he terms as " groupthink " where small groups become unswerving in the face of an unfavorable situation .
+
+S With the use of psychology , members in the team are at greater ease in challenging a wrong decision and thus stalling an accident .
+
+S On the other hand , one could argue that the cost of hiring a psychologist is too high and cohesiveness can be easily achieved through games and interaction .
+
+S However , many of these people fail to consider the number of lives that are placed in jeopardy should the design process fail .
+
+S Therefore , the use of psychology and thus the need to hire a psychologist can be considered as an investment to prevent accidents .
+
+S The use of psychology would seek to improve engineering designs by preventing the human errors associated with the process .
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A psychologist will seek to understand the mindsets of various members and thus foresee human error on their parts .
+
+S Shelton ( 1999 ) discussed the impact of human error on even the simplest tasks .
+
+S With human error being the trigger to accidents ( Wilpert,2007 ) , it is very crucial to nip human error in the bud .
+
+S Opponents might suggest ergonomics instead .
+
+S They would challenge that the design process should be made to suit the engineer so that human error on man 's part can be avoided .
+
+S This argument can not hold mainly because human error is evident everywhere and changing the design process would only mean a new set of human errors .
+
+S Instead with the use of psychology aiding the sculpting of a safe design process , we can prevent accidents .
+
+S In conclusion , the use of psychology plays a huge role in facilitating any design process and ensuring that mishaps are completely avoided .
+
+S In the case of the Chernobyl accident , if psychology was inculcated , the mistakes by the engineers could have been prevented .
+
+S Many lives could have been spared .
+
+S Many people would have been freed from the painful marks of the Chernobyl accident .
+
+S Even though many would argue on the prospects of using psychology in design processes , one can say that the use of psychology depicts an accident free future vividly .
+
+S References
+
+S Wilpert , B .
+
+S ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Psychology and design processes .
+
+S Safety Science , 45 , 293-303 .
+
+S Komissarenko , I. ( 2006 ) .
+
+S Chernobyl voices : Igor Komissarenko .
+
+S Retrieved October 1,2009 , from { http : //news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4926472.stm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4926472.stm ]
+
+S Shelton , C. ( 1999 ) .
+
+S Human Interface/Human Error .
+
+S Retrieved October 1,2009 , from { http : //www.ece.cmu.edu/ ~ koopman/des_s99/human/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.ece.cmu.edu/ ~ koopman/des_s99/human/ ]
+
+S Stanton , N. ( 1996 ) .
+
+S The Psychologist , 9 , ( 7 ) , 300-303 .
+
+S Roscoe , S. ( 1997 ) .
+
+S The Adolescence of Engineering Psychology .
+
+S Retrieved October 3 , 2009 from { http : //www.hfes.org/Web/PubPages/adolescencehtml.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.hfes.org/Web/PubPages/adolescencehtml.html ]
+
+S The importance of psychology for design engineer
+
+S As more engineers feel stressful from their high workload , psychologist plays an important role in their work .
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Most engineers only care about how to apply technology into practice , but they seldom care about how to make products that can be used easily .
+
+S Designing products should considering psychological factors for consumers and operators .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB|||include|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S An inadequate industrial design may lead catastrophic consequences .
+A 6 6|||M:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Bernhard , 2006 ) Many people argue that psychology is non-related with engineering design ; companies do not need to spend extra money on the unnecessary outcome .
+A 4 5|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But I consider psychology as the requisite factor for engineering work .
+
+S Human error has been recognized as the main reason for industry accidents ; psychology can prevent human error happening .
+A 18 20|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Woods , 1994 )
+A 4 5|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some managers are against employing psychologists because they must spend extra money on psychologists ' salaries .
+
+S If 3 psycholists serve the whole company , every psychologist can get 4000 Singapore dollars per month , and then three psychologists will get 144000 Singapore dollars from their company for one year .
+
+S The amount is a large outcome .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN|||amount|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Three Mile Island accident was resulted by human error and design problems ( Backgrounder on The Three Mile Island Accident , 2009 ) .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The three|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||the result of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 22|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The whole factory was in ruin , all the residents living in the villages that close to the Three Mile Island must move away .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||ruins|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB|||had to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is much expensive then S $ 144000 , and thousands of lives were threatened .
+A 2 3|||R:ADV|||more|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||than|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S People who do not agree that psychology is useful in engineer work demonstrate the purpose of engineering design .
+A 1 18|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The engineering design is to apply technologies to help people solving problems .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:FORM|||solve|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The issue of how to attract consumers is none business with engineers .
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||not the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , they think the job of design engineer is to build factory structure , how to operate is something belongs to operators .
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:DET|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It sounds correct in some extent .
+A 3 4|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Depending on Prof. Dominic 's Journal , engineers must consider safe factors when they design the structure .
+A 0 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Dominic , 2002 ) The safe factors include psychological component .
+A 4 5|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||components|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If the arrangements of products and instructions are incomprehensible and complicated , purchasers will be confused when using these gadgets .
+A 20 21|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Bernhard , 2006 ) If people do not like using the product , the product is a failure .
+A 4 5|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Design engineers always overestimate the ability of users ; the design may not give sufficient help to operators .
+A 18 19|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Bernhard , 2006 ) Three Mile Island 's tragic consequence is caused by the inadequate structure design .
+A 4 5|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When the radioactive gas and coolant were leaked , the valve should be closed immediately in order to prevent radioactive materials draining away .
+A 6 7|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The operator thought that the valve has been closed , but there is no instrument showing the position of valve .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Three Mile Island 1979 , 2001 ) Then this accident happened .
+A 1 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If designers have designed an instrument to show the process of cooling circuit , then operators may know that the valve had not been closed , and this disaster may be prevented .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 18|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would have known|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 31|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S People hold the opposite views insist that psychologists can help engineers release their high working pressures out of company .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||who|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 19|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They forget that counseling fee is very expensive ; engineers usually do not look for psychologists by themselves .
+
+S The work efficiency is different when people work in different feelings .
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S People can not have an active attitude when they are under high pressure .
+
+S Psychology can help them to have an active attitude and optimistic emotions to work .
+A 4 5|||U:VERB:FORM||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN|||attitude|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:PART|||towards|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Psychology is important to engineering work ; company employers should employ some psychologists for their workers .
+
+S Psychology has prevented accident happened in some extent , it has guaranteed the workers ' mental health .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||accidents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:ORTH|||It|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Incorporate the Psychological factors when they designing products is convenient for purchasers to use .
+A 0 14|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , psychologists can persuade engineers to have good attitude towards their work and help engineers to release their pressures .
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||pressure|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S Bernhard W. , 2006 .
+
+S Psychology and design process .
+
+S Safety science45 ( 2007 ) ,293-303 .
+
+S D. Woods , Cognitive Demands and Activities in Dynamic Fault Management , In N. Stanton ( ed .
+
+S ) , Human Factors of Alarm Design , Taylor and Francis , London , United Kingdom , 1994 .
+
+S 2009.Backgrounder on The Three Mile Island Accident .
+
+S Retrieved on october 9th , 2009 from http : //www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/fact- sheets/3mile-isle.html .
+
+S Dominic C. 1992 .
+
+S Human factors in accidents .
+
+S Retrieved on October 9th,2009 from http : //www.b-safe.net/articles/bsms11.pdf .
+
+S 2001.Three Mile Island 1979.Retrieved on October 9th , 2009 from http : //www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf36.html
+
+S Nuclear power deserve the research funding
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||deserves|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The earth is facing an increase in global temperature , which is commonly known as global warming .
+
+S This is resulted from the emissions of greenhouse gas , such as carbon dioxide , in energy generation using fossil fuels .
+A 2 3|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , with the rapid development of industry and huge increase of population , there are booming energy demands in every country .
+
+S As a result , there is an urgent need to find substitute for coal and oil .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||substitutes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Under such circumstances , scientists and engineers find out a new kind of energy-nuclear energy .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have found|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||energycallednuclear|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nuclear power technology is expected to provide clean and sufficient energy in the future .
+
+S However , there is much debate over this technology .
+
+S Cost and security are the two main reasons for opposition to nuclear power technology in many countries .
+
+S Even with these two reasons , it is still necessary to provide funding for research on nuclear power .
+
+S Opponents of nuclear power technology argue over the security of such technology .
+
+S Many people worry about nuclear radiation and other serious accidents .
+
+S According to Butler ( 2004 ) , partial reactor melted down in 1979 at Three Mile Island , Pennsylvania , and of the 1986 accident at Chernobyl in Ukraine , during which the reactor core exploded , killing some 31 people immediately [ 1 ] .
+A 21 23|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 46|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , nuclear reactor designers take security into account when they are designing and constructing a nuclear plant .
+
+S There are many internal and external facilities built to ensure secure operation .
+
+S Thus , current nuclear power plants are able to withstand accidents from various events based on design .
+
+S For example , in England , the controlling computers will shut down the reactor automatically if something abnormal happens .
+
+S Moreover , " Laws and statues exist in most countries to ensure the safe operation of nuclear plant " ( Lillington , 2004 ) [ 2 ] .
+A 24 26|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , security of nuclear energy generation can be guaranteed and it is no need to worry too much about security .
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||there|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another reason for opposition to nuclear power is the high cost of reactor construction .
+
+S It is very expensive to construct and maintain and run a nuclear power plant .
+
+S However , scientists and engineers are trying to simplify the reactors .
+
+S In generation IV , in supercritical-water-cooled reactor ( SCWR ) , many parts can be cut from the design compared to previous light water reactor ( LWR ) , thus reducing construction cost .
+
+S According to Stephens ( 2006 ) , the US spends $ 1 billion on FutureGen project which aims at development of carbon capture and storage technologies ( CCS ) [ 3 ] .
+A 27 31|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , the global warming effects may result in droughts which will reduce crop production and air pollution can result in acid rain which can corrode many properties .
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:ORTH|||Air|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The usage of nuclear power helps to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gas , slowing down global warming and purifying air which will in turn reduce the indirect cost of greenhouse gas .
+
+S Finally , funding should be provided for research on nuclear power technology .
+
+S Fossil fuel is depletable energy .
+
+S It is running out at a high speed .
+
+S Substitute must be found before fossil fuel is totally run out .
+A 0 1|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Substitutes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:FORM|||runs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nuclear energy is a good alternative .
+
+S Currently , nuclear industry is generating 17 % of the world 's electricity .
+
+S If technical hurdles involved in building the next generation of reactors can be solved by scientists and engineers , then we can get secure , inexpensive , and abundant energy .
+
+S It is very likely that in the near future , nuclear energy will be one of the main energy resources .
+
+S In conclusion , the opposition reasons of nuclear power technology can be overthrow .
+A 6 7|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:FORM|||overthrown|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The nuclear power technology can solve not only environmental problem caused by the combustion of fossil fuel , but also energy shortage at low cost and in environmental-friendly way .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this situation , nuclear power deserves the research funding for further development .
+
+S References 1 .
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240 .
+
+S From { http : //www.nature.com/nature } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.nature.com/nature ]
+
+S 2 .
+
+S Lillington , J .
+
+S N. ( 2004 ) .
+
+S The future of nuclear power .
+
+S Oxford : Elsevier .
+
+S From { http : //www.sciencedirect.com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/science ? _ob = MiamiImageURL&_imagekey = B846P-4MWYG8T-G-1&_cdi = 34044&_user = 111989&_check = y&_idxType = TC&view = c&wchp = dGLzVzz-zSkzV&md5 = ee226ea3f80d92a549b4909757ff8610&ie = /sdarticle.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.sciencedirect.com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/science ? _ob = MiamiImageURL&_imagekey = B846P-4MWYG8T-G-1&_cdi = 34044&_user = 111989&_check = y&_idxType = TC&view = c&wchp = dGLzVzz-zSkzV&md5 = ee226ea3f80d92a549b4909757ff8610&ie = /sdarticle.pdf ]
+
+S 3 .
+
+S Stephens , J.C. ( 2006 ) .
+
+S CCS : Research is not enough .
+
+S In The world energy book ( pp .
+
+S 15-18 ) .
+
+S London : World Energy Council .
+
+S Supercritical-water-cooled reactor is a nuclear reactor which uses supercritical-water , water at very high pressure , as coolant .
+
+S It functions in temperature ranging from approximately 500 to 650 degrees Celsius and at very high pressure .
+
+S Many skeptics oppose the idea of building nuclear reactors as they fear similar incident to that in Chernobyl might happen again .
+A 12 12|||M:OTHER|||that a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , I believe this is not very likely as supercritical-water-cooled reactor is designed differently to avoid such incident from reoccurring .
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , the benefits that a supercritical-water-cooled reactor could bring are worth further researching and funding in the supercritical-water-cooled reactor .
+
+S Many skeptics oppose the idea of building nuclear reactors due to worries of their safe operation .
+
+S One major nuclear incident was that in Chernobyl CITATION Dav04 \ l 1033 ( Bodansky , 2004 ) .
+
+S This reactor back then work on a positive void coefficient of reactivity .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||worked|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , when the control rods went wrong , the reactor entered a series of positive feedbacks and was unable to stop the reactivity of the nuclear reactor .
+
+S This resulted in continuous rise in temperature which caused the carbon part of the nuclear core to catch fire due to the high heat within the reactor .
+
+S The fire and explosion from the reactors caused the widespread of nuclear substance into the air and hence a devastating nuclear incident .
+
+S However , the supercritical-water-cooled reactor works on a negative void coefficient which will reduce the reactivity of the reactors , should any problem arise .
+
+S The nuclear reactor would be shut down if the nuclear core was to malfunction or the cooling system was to leak , thereby halting all nuclear reactivity .
+
+S These will put the nuclear reactivity under control .
+
+S Therefore the worries of the skeptics are unnecessary and further research and funding of the supercritical-water-cooled reactor should take place .
+
+S Secondly , skeptics argue that under high temperature and pressure , materials tend to deteriorate faster and become weak .
+
+S Therefore building a reactor to run under the conditions of a supercritical-water-cooled reactor could be dangerous .
+
+S I agree that under high temperature and pressure , materials generally tend to deteriorate faster and would have a lower lifespan .
+
+S However , the structure of the supercritical-water-cooled reactor is designed such that its pressure threshold rises with temperature .
+
+S CITATION Sat08 \ l 1033 ( Baindur , 2008 ) This makes the skeptics ' worry redundant as the structure is designed to specifically operate under the high temperature and pressure .
+A 0 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , further research and funding in the supercritical-water-cooled reactor should take place .
+
+S Lastly , the benefits that a supercritical-water-cooled reactor could bring make it worth further researching and funding into the reactor .
+A 12 13|||R:ADJ|||worthwhile|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||to continue research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The reactor is much more efficient than conventional light water reactors : the supercritical-water-cooled reactor has a thermal efficiency of 45 % which is approximately one-third higher than that of conventional light water reactors CITATION Sat08 \ l 1033 ( Baindur , 2008 ) .
+A 34 39|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , the supercritical-water-cooled reactor is just an improvement of the conventional water reactor , making it relatively cheap to build .
+
+S Also , nuclear power is not a source of carbon dioxide , a major greenhouse gas that causes global warming .
+
+S The high thermal efficiency and environmental friendly characteristic of the supercritical-water-cooled reactor make it attractive to build the reactor .
+
+S Therefore , there should be further research and funding into the building of supercritical-water-cooled reactor .
+
+S In conclusion , the skeptics ' worries of safety are redundant with the current level of technology .
+
+S In addition , the high efficiency and environmental friendly characteristic of a supercritical-water-cooled reactor make it profitable , in the long run , to build .
+
+S Hence there should be further research and funding into the building of supercritical-water-cooled reactors to further improve on this new generation IV reactor concept .
+
+S References
+
+S BIBLIOGRAPHY Baindur , S. ( 2008 , March ) .
+
+S Bulletin of the Canadian Nuclear Society , Vol .
+
+S 29 No .
+
+S 1 .
+
+S Retrieved october 20 , 2009 , from Bulletin of the Canadian Nuclear Society , Vol .
+
+S 29 No .
+
+S 1
+
+S Bodansky , D. ( 2004 ) .
+
+S Nuclear energy : principles , practices , and prospects .
+
+S New York : Springer-Verlag .
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 238-240 .
+
+S Title : Should countries support further research and development funding for Very-High-Temperature Reactors ?
+
+S The world 's demand for energy has increased drastically over the last few decades .
+
+S As fossil fuels and natural gas are depleting quickly , nuclear energy has emerged as a vital and strategic energy source in the world 's future energy supply market .
+
+S The demand for nuclear energy has led to the initiative of developing Generation IV nuclear reactors guided by the Generation IV International Forum ( GIF ) .
+
+S Among the six prototypes of nuclear reactors designed , the very-high-temperature reactor ( VHTR ) is one of the most promising candidates proposed in the GIF .
+A 26 27|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Umeda , 2008 ) However , many people strongly oppose this new prototype due to their inherent fear about nuclear plants .
+A 4 5|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nonetheless , the VHTR is claimed to not only offer high-efficient electricity production but is also designed to be safer higher security against nuclear weapons .
+
+S Thesis
+
+S Opponents of the VHTR have argued that developing heat-resistant materials for the VHTR is a challenge unlikely to be overcome .
+
+S However , the basic technology of producing heat-resistant materials has long been well established in former High Temperature Gas Reactors plants , such as the US Fort Saint Vrain and Peach Bottom prototypes .
+
+S ( GIF Forum ) Moreover , this technology has been furthermore improved to meet higher temperature requirement .
+A 0 3|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , Japan 's Atomic Energy Research Institute based in Kashiwa has already operated a similar reactor as the VHTR which is able to reach a record high temperature of 950 Degree Celsius in 2004 .
+A 36 37|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Butler , 2004 ) Therefore , developing materials that resist high temperatures is no longer a problem for building the VHTR .
+A 4 5|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , the VHTR has the highest technical feasibility amongst the six prototypes so far .
+
+S TS
+A 0 1|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Opponents are also worried about the difficulty in controlling the temperature of the VHTR in the event of an accident .
+
+S Vivid in people 's minds is the partial reactor meltdown in 1979 at Three Mile Island , Pennsylvania .
+
+S Opponents argue that the VHTR 's very high operating temperature may lead to similar accidents due to reactor meltdown if it were to be built .
+
+S However , the opponents are probably unaware of the safety measures specially designed for the VHTR .
+
+S The core of the VHTR with multiple protection layers inside is able to withstand stresses at temperatures up to 1600 ° C without cracking .
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN|||heat|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even in the case of core cracking down , there is also a backup system in place .
+
+S Heat can be conducted from the core through air-cooled panels so that the core can be cooled down in a few seconds .
+
+S ( Rachael Elder & Ray Allen , 2008 ) Thus the VHTR will be a very safe prototype given it multiple protection layers and effective backup system .
+A 19 20|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S TS
+A 0 1|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another reason why people oppose the VHTR is that its waste is not reprocessed , hence a growing amount of resources are required to store the waste .
+
+S However , not reprocessing the waste ensures no production of plutonium , which is a by-product in the processing , and it can be used to make nuclear weapons .
+
+S Moreover , waste reprocessing is expensive and fuel consuming as it requires continuous burning of the wastes .
+A 17 18|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Declan , 2004 ) Therefore , the benefits of not reprocessing the waste overweigh the costs of storing the waste .
+A 4 5|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S TS
+A 0 1|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , the VHTR is a highly efficient reactor .
+
+S TS Very high gas temperatures can be achieved ( 900-1000 ° C ) within the VHTR to separate hydrogen gas efficiently , thus it offers highly efficient electricity generation .
+A 0 1|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Tim Abram & Sue Ion , 2008 ) It can produce 50 % more electricity from the same amount of fuel compared to conventional nuclear plants .
+A 1 8|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Butler , 2004 )
+
+S In conclusion , the VHTR is highly feasible , safe and efficient .
+
+S Though the danger of nuclear reactors can never be completely avoided , the VHTR may offer the best solution to the increasingly sever energy shortage .
+
+S Therefore , countries should support further research and development funding for the very-high-temperature reactor .
+
+S On July 17 , 1981 in Kansas City , Missouri , United States , The Hyatt Regency walkway collapse killed 114 people and injuring more than 200 others during a tea dance .
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:FORM|||injured|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It was one of the deadliest structural collapses in U.S. history .
+A 11 12|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Martin , 1981 ) The accident was caused by the lack of communication between the designers and the constructors .
+A 4 5|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although it may not be possible to avoid all accidents from happening , we can take some measures to decrease the possibility of risks .
+
+S The involvement of psychology during engineering processing is a helpful and practicable measure .
+
+S It can lower the possibility of accidents that are caused by human factors .
+
+S In the case of walkway collapse , it can be estimated that if psychology was applied during the structural processing , the collapse would be avoided .
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The design and construction of building are regarded as the work of engineers and irrelevant with psychology .
+
+S However , people are likely to make mistakes in every aspect in life , including engineering processing .
+
+S Lots of accidents are caused by human factors rather than technical problems or financial liability .
+
+S Previous research finds that about 90 percent of engineering accidents are due to human errors .
+A 15 16|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Gordon & Flin , 2001 ) Hence , psychology , a human science which studies human 's mental processes and behaviors can help to decrease the mistakes caused by human factors .
+A 6 7|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Dictionary , 2009 ) To further explain it , psychology can be used to analysis the man-made reasons which causes errors , such as engineers ' attitudes , habits and social ability .
+A 1 4|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:MORPH|||analyse|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After that we can obtain some strategies from the analysis and utilize them in the engineering processing to prevent accidents from happening .
+
+S In the Hyatt Regency walkway collapse , the design was modified halfway , which was thought as a small trivial by both the designers and the constructors .
+
+S They believed that the other have rechecked the details , while in fact nobody did before construction .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||party|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore it can be expected that if psychology was involved during the construction , this tragedy caused by lack of responsibility would not occur at all !
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have occurred|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some opponents argue that it is a " wise after event " or just an imagination to use psychology during engineering processing , for it is hard to combining the abstract psychology with concrete engineering processing .
+A 28 29|||R:VERB:FORM|||combine|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , as a branch of today 's applied psychology , psychology in industrial safety is quite practicable and convenient to conduct .
+A 17 18|||R:MORPH|||practical|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( ) What need to be done is to organize some training sessions which can make the engineers more skillful , or some meetings that cover the common mistakes in engineering processing which embed the awareness of safety in people 's mind. .
+A 0 2|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 43|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , it can also be some encouraging activities which help to build the engineers ' loyalty towards their companies and help them to realize their importance in the companies .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||there|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||could|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Study has proved that when employees feel they are valued during a mission , they tend to be more responsible and as a result , the safety and quantity of production are greatly improved .
+A 34 35|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Kelley , 1996 ) As for the collapse accident , if anybody was responsible and recheck the design , it could be avoided .
+A 4 5|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN|||somebody|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||had been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:TENSE|||rechecked|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To summarize , If psychology was involved in the building of Hyatt Regency walkway collapse , which was a practicable measure , this unfortunate accident would have been eliminate at the very beginning .
+A 28 29|||R:VERB:FORM|||eliminated|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S Martin,R. ( 1981 ) .
+
+S Hyatt Regency Walkway Collapse .
+
+S Retrieved October 10 , 2009 , from http : //www.eng.uab.edu/cee/faculty/ndelatte/case_studies_project/Hyatt % 20Reg ency/hyatt.htm # Causes
+
+S Kelley,F.R. ( 1996 ) .
+
+S Worker psychology and safety attitude .
+
+S Retrieved October 10 , 2009 , from http : //www.empowerthespirit.com/articles/workerpsych.pdf
+
+S Webster 's New World Medical Dictionary ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 10 , 2009,from http : //www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp ? articlekey = 38858 Gordon , R.& Flin , R. ( 2001 ) .
+
+S Collecting Human-Factors Data From Accidents and Incidents .
+
+S Reterived October 10 , 2009 , from http : //www.onepetro.org/mslib/app/Preview.do ? paperNumber = 00072054&societyCod e = SPE
+
+S Nuclear power is a great discovery in human history .
+
+S Nowadays , nuclear technology is widely used as an extra resource for electric generators .
+
+S It is clean and stable .
+
+S Many people believe that nuclear power plant will take the place of our traditional electric generators in the future .
+
+S However , people do n't realize that there will be many problems caused by using nuclear technology , in terms of environment , cost , and nature resources .
+
+S As a big breakthrough , nuclear power was discovered by two Germany scientists , Otto Hahn and Fritz Stresemannin 1938 .
+
+S ( { http : //www.orcbs.msu.edu/radiation/resources_links/historical_figures/hahn.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.orcbs.msu.edu/radiation/resources_links/historical_figures/hahn.htm ] ) { Figures In Radiation History } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.orcbs.msu.edu/radiation/resources_links/historical_figures/historical_figures.htm ] , they found that , when they used a neutron to collide with another heavy nuclear , the nuclear broke into two parts and there was some mass lost .
+A 0 28|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:ORTH|||They|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The lost mass generates what we call " Atomic energy " , as square of light speed times as the lost mass .
+A 8 9|||R:ORTH|||atomic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 22|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After that , the atomic bomb came up , which leads the end of the World War II .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||led|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Actually , the reason why atomic bomb kill so many people is not the explosion itself , it is the radiation generate by the Uranium and chain reaction .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||killed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:FORM|||generated|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The radiation wo n't dissipate within 100 years .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||will not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When people began to use controlled chain reaction , they were really concern about the radiation and the impact on environment .
+A 12 13|||R:MORPH|||concerned|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From early 1960s to 1980s there were several anti-nuclear movements in United Sates , which showed people 's concern about the nuclear power .
+
+S { http : //www.pollutionissues.com/A-Bo/Antinuclear-Movement.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.pollutionissues.com/A-Bo/Antinuclear-Movement.html ] .
+A 0 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although the Atomic Energy Commission had advocated for peaceful uses of nuclear power since the development ofatomic bomb , people were still worried about that .
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||of a atomic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although we can not say it is safe enough to use nuclear power , Uranium is really a clean and cheap resource compared with coal and oil .
+A 23 24|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First , it wo n't give off carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide , which has a positive impact on our environment .
+
+S We are really worried about the Green house gases now , there is a data shows that every year the temperature globally increases 0.2 to 0.3 degree Celsius .
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:SVA|||show|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:PREP|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( { http : //anhonestclimatedebate.wordpress.com/2009/01/18/prediction-of-the-may-2009-uah-msu-global-temperature-result/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //anhonestclimatedebate.wordpress.com/2009/01/18/prediction-of-the-may-2009-uah-msu-global-temperature-result/ ] ) So , it is very effective to use Uranium to stop the Green house gases .
+A 0 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Second , the cost of purifying Uranium and getting coal which generate the same amount of energy is almost the same .
+
+S It is means that the cost is acceptable .
+
+S Pure Uranium is easy to transport , because only 1 ton of Uranium will give use the same energy as burning 5000tons of coal .
+A 14 15|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So , many countries , including U.S , China , Russia , France , U.K and Japan , begin to use Uranium .
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have begun|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In twentieth century , the safety of using Uranium is still under the discussion .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There were a few accident happened during the Uranium 's purification process and reaction process .
+A 0 2|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:ORTH|||A|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||accidents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Our human 's ability is limited .
+A 2 3|||U:NOUN:POSS||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We can not say that we have fully control the nuclear reaction process , but it now can be controlled and react at a peaceful rate .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:FORM|||controlled|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 25|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S What our government is happy to hear is that , Uranium is still enough to support us for hundreds of years , although it is hard to be purified .
+
+S There were many Uranium mine exits underground .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||mines|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||existing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nuclear power plants first started in 1954 and proliferated rapidly due to its many advantages over conventional fossil-fuel plants .
+
+S Today , there are altogether 439 nuclear power reactors in operation throughout the world ( International Atomic Energy Agency [ IAEA ] , 2009 ) .
+
+S However in the 1970s , nuclear accidents at Three Mile Island and Chernobyl stirred up a big controversy over nuclear power and practically halted the development of nuclear power in many countries ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S The argument is that the nuclear plants are a safety hazard to the country and is a probable target for terrorists .
+
+S In addition , environmental risks from nuclear waste and discovery of other renewable energy sources also contributed to the push for phasing out nuclear power which had lasted for several decades .
+
+S Lately , a number of new designs for nuclear power generation , known as Generation IV reactors , are the subject of active research and may lead to the revival of nuclear power in the future .
+
+S One such design is the SCWR which attempts to eliminate or reduce previously debated risks surrounding nuclear power .
+
+S While some may be skeptical on tapping nuclear power due to various issues , the new SCWR will alleviate their concerns if there is continual research and development funding for the design to materialize .
+
+S Critics believe that nuclear power is not safe as it poses a health risk to workers and the public due to low-level radiation from the plants .
+
+S They are also concerned that the new reactors will reenact the events leading to past disastrous nuclear accidents that had resulted in high fatality .
+
+S On the contrary , studies conducted by non-profit , neutral agencies have found no compelling evidence of a correlation between nuclear power and risk of cancer caused by exposure to high radiation level ( National Cancer Institute [ NCI ] , 1996 ) .
+
+S The studies done are based on comparing the number of cancer patients in the vicinity of nuclear power and non nuclear power settlements .
+
+S According to another report , nuclear power accidents have also caused fewer deaths than accidents related to other forms of energy ( World Nuclear Association , 2009 ) .
+
+S Besides that , the SCWR is also integrated with passive simplified safety system that can eliminate boiling crisis instances common in nuclear accidents ( Buongiorno , 2002 ) .
+
+S Hence , there is less reliance on sophisticated backup systems or experienced operators .
+
+S Less dependence on human will equate to lower risks as human error was a significant factor in most nuclear accidents ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S In the event of an unlikely emergency , extensive evacuation plan and protective actions will be carried out and coordinated between governments and power plant officials ( N.S.NRC , 2008 ) .
+
+S One concern expressed by the public and governments is the vulnerability of plants to attack by terrorists as well as the usage of nuclear waste by product as a weapon .
+
+S Under the new SCWR power plant security blueprint , these concerns are well taken into consideration .
+
+S More patrols , stronger and more capable security forces , additional physical barriers , greater stand-off distances for vehicle checks , more restrictive site access controls were introduced to minimize security risks ( U.S.URC , 2008 ) .
+
+S The United Nations had also called upon the world leaders to improve security in order to prevent radioactive material from falling into the hands of terrorists .
+
+S There are also plans for a centralized , permanent , and secure waste repositories to be built and for security stationed along transportation routes to be increased ( BBC , 2003 ) .
+
+S Apart from the increase in nuclear plants ' security , enhanced scram system fitted in SCWR could shut down a reactor in less than 5 second severely deterring a terrorist force in any goal to release radioactivity ( Gonyeau , 2006 ) .
+A 31 32|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:NOUN|||intention|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly , the SCWR is also able to operate without having to depend on the much debated reprocessing of plutonium waste ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S Opponents perceive costs and performance of nuclear reactors as inferior to conventional reactors .
+
+S It was pointed out that the costs of constructing a nuclear plant , decommissioning nuclear facilities and the costs of storing nuclear waste are expensive .
+
+S Materials needed for the plants are also either costly , rare or do not exist yet .
+
+S Moreover , much public subsidy funds and tax expenditures are consumed in nuclear research and development projects when they could be used to invest in alternative renewable energy technologies .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||funding|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the SCWR will actually be economically viable .
+
+S Far simpler designs , with elimination of circulation pumps , pressurizers , steam generators , steam separators and dryers reduces its capital and building costs ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:SVA|||reduce|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Additionally , the supercritical coolant has a high specific enthalpy and promises to deliver high thermal efficiencies of approximately 45 % versus the current 33 % of light water reactors ( Buongiorno , 2002 ) .
+
+S Combination of higher operating temperature which increases power output and low fuel utilization translates to cheaper energy .
+
+S The SCWR estimates are at $ 900/kWe and ¢ 2.9/kWh ( Buongiorno , 2002 ) which can be considered to meet the economic and sustainability requirements .
+
+S So despite its high initial capital cost and operation , nuclear power is still competitive with fossil fuel for electricity generation .
+
+S If the social , health and environmental costs are also taken into account , nuclear power plants will be exceedingly outstanding compared to fossil-fueled plants ( World Nuclear Association [ WNA ] , 2009 ) .
+
+S Finally , experts speculated that increasing scarcity of oil will drive oil prices up to $ 100 and $ 150 per barrel in the future ( Huffman , 2009 ) which will lead to an increase in energy prices for fossil-fueled power plants .
+
+S It is evident that in the long run , when energy cost for fossil-fueled plant increase continually , using nuclear power for electricity generation is much more economical .
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||plants|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:SVA|||increases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To sum it all , SCWR can effectively meet the requirements of modern globalised world while addressing all the various concerns .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is specifically designed to be very safe and free from accidents .
+
+S Newer technology helps to increase energy security as well as produces cleaner energy .
+
+S Many security enhancements will also be put in place to protect the plants from potential terrorist threats .
+
+S In fact , SCWR is considered to be proliferation resistant .
+
+S In addition , it is categorised as a more efficient and cheaper energy source than conventional power technologies .
+
+S SCWR could indeed replace prevalent fossil-fuel reactors by economical standards .
+
+S With continual R&D funding for development , SCWR will become a reliable and bountiful source of power in the future .
+
+S References
+
+S BBC News .
+
+S ( 2003 , march 11 ) .
+
+S Action call over dirty bomb threat .
+
+S Retrieved October 17 , 2009 , from BBC website at http : //news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2838743.stm
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240 .
+
+S Dr. Buongiorno , J .
+
+S ( 2002 , November 18 ) .The supercritical-water-cooled reactor .
+
+S Retrieved October 17 , 2009 , from http : //gif.inel.gov/roadmap/pdfs/supercritical-water-cooled_reactor.pdf
+
+S Gonyeau , J .
+
+S ( 2006 , February 6 ) .
+
+S Reactor Protection & Engineered Safety Feature Systems .
+
+S Retrieved October 17 , 2009 , from http : //www.nucleartourist.com/systems/rp.htm
+
+S Huffman , A .
+
+S ( 2009 , Jul 10 ) .
+
+S Geologists positive about future of oil and gas .
+
+S Retrieved October 17 , 2009 , from http : //www.epmag.com/WebOnly2009/item42266.php
+
+S International Atomic Energy Agency .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Nuclear Power Plants Information .
+
+S Retrieved October 17 , 2009 , from http : //www.iaea.org/cgi-bin/db.page.pl/pris.oprconst.htm
+
+S National Cancer Institute .
+
+S ( 1996 , May 20 ) .
+
+S No Excess Mortality Risk Found in Counties with Nuclear Facilities .
+
+S Retrieved October 17 , 2009 , from http : //www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/nuclear-facilities
+
+S United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission .
+
+S ( 2008 , October ) Backgrounder - Nuclear Security .
+
+S Retrieved October 17 , 2009 , from U.S.NRC website at http : //www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/fact-sheets/security-enhancements.html
+
+S World Nuclear Association .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Annual Report 2008 .
+
+S Retrieved October 17 , 2009 , from World Nuclear Association Website at http : //www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf02.html
+
+S " Nuclear power is going to be an important part of our energy mix !
+
+S " declared President Obama 's secretary of energy ( Biello , 2009 ) .
+
+S To the mind of opponents of nuclear power , the construction of nuclear power plant will put Mother Earth under threat as nuclear accidents , such as the notorious Chernobyl in year 1986 , can cause massive destruction to the environment and more importantly , they are inevitable .
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||plants|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , as the days go by , the number of opposition against nuclear energy is decreasing due to the advancements in technology and the realization of the need for alternative sources of power .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN|||opponents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Out of the six Generation-IV ( Gen-IV ) nuclear reactors that are introduced , the supercritical water-cooled reactor ( SCWR ) appears to show the most potential to be the nuclear power plant for the next generation to come .
+A 37 39|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Not only is it safer and more cost efficient , it also yields the most consistent performance as compared to the other types of nuclear reactors .
+A 10 10|||M:CONJ|||but|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the name suggest , the coolant of the SCWR uses water , which is safer than other types of cooling agents .
+
+S This gives people a sense of security when SCWR is used .
+
+S However , advocates may argue that water in such nuclear reactor behaves differently due to the high pressurization required for it to reach a temperature of as high as 300 Degrees Celsius .
+
+S Comparatively , other types of coolant agent , such as sodium , react more actively in air and it may cause a massive explosion and a sudden discharge of radioactive particle in the air if leakage were to occur .
+A 18 19|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:NOUN:NUM|||particles|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:PREP|||into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Clonemaster , n.d. ) As such , water is the preferred option as a leakage will , at most , contaminate the water at the surrounding of the nuclear power plant and such an occurrence will only pose limited damage to our environment .
+A 24 25|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Hindell , 1999 ) Moreover , SCWR is a modification of the proven light water reactor technology , which is operating extensively in the world currently ( OECD Nuclear Energy Agency , n.d. ) .
+
+S With the absence of any major accidents involving these nuclear reactors , we can safely conclude that the usage of SCWR is more secured than the new concepts of power plants , for which their technology is yet to be fully enhanced .
+
+S The cost of electricity generated is another factor that will be of immense concern to the public .
+
+S It will be unrealistic if one has to pay a lot more for every kilowatt of electricity used .
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||much|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Ideally , SCWR uses water which is available at a very low cost , as compared to lead and helium .
+
+S Nevertheless , critics will point to the unavailability of technology to develop materials , such as the corrosive-resistant core structure that will be able to withstand SCWR conditions ( OECD Nuclear Energy Agency , n.d. ) , resulting in the large amount of investments required to be pumped into the research of such materials .
+
+S The cost of implementation of the SCWR may then seem to be too steep .
+
+S In spite of this argument , the capital cost of electricity generated from the SCWR will be lower in the long run , due to the simplicity its structure that will make up for the high initial building cost ( Buongiorno , 2002 ) .
+A 27 27|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This can be backed up from the fact that most nuclear power plants can operate beyond their typical design lifespan of 30-40 years with proper maintenance and the gradual improvement of technology ( International Atomic Energy Agency , 2009 ) .
+A 5 6|||R:PREP|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Consequently , it will be wise to choose the SCWR ahead of the other Gen-IV reactors if it comes to producing low cost power for the future .
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||when|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Looking at the rate of performance of the SCWR , it is incomparable to the other Gen-IV reactors .
+
+S Due to the low temperature where the SCWR process lies , the amount of output power will be at a slight disadvantage over the other forms of Gen-IV reactors .
+
+S Furthermore , SCWR produces only electricity as compared to lead-cooled fast reactors which produce both electricity and hydrogen power ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S Nonetheless , the inferiority in the rate of performance of the SCWR should not be a discouraging factor to its construction .
+
+S Instead , the reliability of the Gen-IV reactors should be the utmost concern while their performance rate should only be the secondary consideration .
+
+S If the reactors can operate safely without serious incidents of malfunctioning , which are more likely in the case of SCWR , a continuous supply of power can then be generated without disrupting the lives of the public .
+
+S This is evident from the fact that SCWR is a simpler plant , in terms of its design and structure as compared to other types of reactors ( Buongiorno & Macdonald , 2003 ) .
+
+S Otherwise , there will be a shortage of power supply for months in an event of a breakdown ; these nuclear reactors will prove to be a liability , rather than a power generation asset to the public during these periods .
+
+S As such , the consistent performance of the SCWR will be a crucial factor that allows it to stand out among the other Gen-IV reactors .
+
+S In conclusion , the SCWR is the most ideal candidate for the next generation of nuclear power reactor .
+A 7 8|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides being dependable for its continuous supply of power , it is also the cheapest and the safest alternative among all choices .
+
+S As we move away from our dependency on the combustion of coals for energy , we must , at the same time , ensure that the alternative source will be able to perform as well .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||coal|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the meantime , this is impossible but at the rate which environmental organizations are progressing , I envision the day where we have zero dependence on coal for energy and SCWR takes its place at full speed !
+
+S References
+
+S Biello , D. ( 2009 , January 27 ) .
+
+S Reactivating Nuclear Reactors for the Fight against Climate Change .
+
+S Scientific American . ( pp .
+
+S 1-5 ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 14 , 2009 , from http : //www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm ? id = reactivating-nuclear-reactors-to-fight-climate-change
+
+S Buongiorno , J .
+
+S ( 2002 , November 12 ) .
+
+S Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory .
+
+S The Supercritical-Water-Cooled Reactor .
+
+S Retrieved October 18 , 2009 , from http : //gif.inel.gov/roadmap/pdfs/supercritical-water-cooled_reactor.pdf
+
+S Buongiorno , J & Macdonald E. ( 2003 , September 30 ) .
+
+S Progress Report for the FY-03 Generation-IV R&D Activities for the Development of the SCWR in the U.S. Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory .
+
+S USA .
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear Power 's New Dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 .
+
+S ( pp .
+
+S 238-240 ) .
+
+S Clonemaster .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Plant/Coolant types for nuclear reactors .
+
+S Retrieved October 18 , 2009 , from http : //clonemaster.homestead.com/files/coolants.htm
+
+S Hindell , J .
+
+S ( 1999 , July 13 ) .
+
+S BBC News .
+
+S World : Asia-Pacific Nuclear leak in Japan .
+
+S Retrieved October 18 , 2009 , from http : //usproxy.bbc.com/2/hi/asia-pacific/393216.stm
+
+S International Atomic Energy Agency .
+
+S ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Extending the Operational Life Span of Nuclear Plants .
+
+S Retrieved October 18 , 2009 , from http : //www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/News/2007/npp_extension.html OECD Nuclear Energy Agency .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Supercritical-Water-Cooled Reactor .
+
+S Retrieved October 14 2009 , from http : //www.gen-4.org/Technology/systems/scwr.htm
+
+S The soundtrack , My Heart Will Go On sung by Celine Dion , was the theme song for the Oscar winning mega blockbuster movie , Titanic .
+
+S The movie was based on a true story whereby the ship named , Titanic , collided with an iceberg and sank on its maiden voyage .
+A 12 15|||R:OTHER|||Titanic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Eventually , it became one the worst maritime accident that occurred during peacetime .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||accidents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Being the largest , most luxurious and technologically advanced liner of her time ( FDS Development , n.d ) , the Titanic clearly enjoyed the prestige .
+
+S However , her downfall was partly due to human error .
+
+S Since then , more attention had been given to the area of human psychology in relation to engineering design process .
+
+S In view of this , I believe that this is the appropriate direction we should adopt to prevent major accidents from happening .
+
+S According to Jones , some experts believe that technology is increasing equipment reliability and at the same time , reducing human reliability ( Richard Bradley Jones , 1995 ) .
+
+S As such , many critics tend to argue that the role for psychology in engineering design is insignificant .
+
+S It is true that technology is able to perform complex and multiple functions at the shortest possible time with precise readings .
+
+S However , we often fail to realize that it is actually we , humans who create and manage technology .
+
+S Since we do make mistakes and assumptions , we can not simply assume that all technologies are perfect .
+
+S Rather , we should focus on the psychology of engineers and scientists who invent and apply the technology to meet our worldly needs .
+
+S In the case of Titanic , the ship was equipped with high technology water compartment system that will shut special doors in the event of any emergency .
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This led engineers to think that Titanic is the safest ship at that point of time .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Titanic was equipped with only 20 lifeboats , so that bulky lifeboats would not take up precious deck space for the first class passengers .
+A 0 0|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There were 20 lifeboats having a total capacity of 1178 people which was only enough to hold half of the Titanic passengers ( History On The Net , 2007 ) .
+
+S This illustrates the point that despite having improved technology , accidents can still happen due to over-confidence and reliance on technology .
+
+S Furthermore , the idea of Titanic being " sinkable " supported the notion that people at that time were overly confident .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S While we understand that technology can help to prevent accidents when applied appropriately , it ultimately falls to the management of people .
+
+S Therefore if the engineers of Titanic were prudent in the engineering design process , they would have included a high margin of safety factor to anticipate possible failure during the construction of Titanic .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 33|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Needless to say , the fatalities of that collision would have been minimized .
+
+S Not surprisingly , many detractors suggest that the main reason why Titanic sank was due to the fact that the terrain at which Titanic was sailing was poor .
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S During the night before the collision , the ocean was icy cold and was filled with icebergs .
+
+S This made navigation difficult .
+
+S There were more icebergs in the North Atlantic that year than it had been for fifty years ( White Star Line , n.d ) .
+
+S While it is true that we can not control the climate to suit our needs , we can always suit the environment by taking a proactive stance in contingency planning .
+
+S By taking a proactive stance in planning , we can identify our main priorities and set goals achieving it in view of possible setback .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||priority|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the reasons why Titanic sank was due to the fact that the safety was being compromised for aesthetics and convenience .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , the telegraphers ignored warnings from other ships about the icebergs ahead .
+
+S Instead , they were so busy sending private messages for the passengers , so they did not think about those warnings that much ( BBC , 2000 ) .
+
+S When the crew spotted an iceberg ahead , the ship was steering too fast and could not avoid it despite performing emergency procedures .
+
+S This showed that the telegrapher had a wrong mindset in the first place .
+
+S He gave priorities for private messages over the safety of the ship .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||priority|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This mindset was probably induced by the culture of the working environment of Titanic .
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As Titanic was exclusive and luxurious , the culture of the staff working is to first please their occupant , then safety .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||occupants|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:VERB|||consider|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Such a mindset can also be seen even in today 's service industry whereby " customer is always first " .
+
+S In addition , the Captain of the Titanic did not reduce the speed at which the ship was traveling in order to arrive their destination earlier .
+A 23 23|||M:PREP|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S He had in fact been influenced to " speed up " not necessarily in order for Titanic set a crossing record , but to beat the Olympic 's ( Titanic 's sister ship ) crossing record ( Titanic and Other White Star Line , n.d ) .
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These only go to show that the crews of the Titanic had set the wrong priorities .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||crew|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , if we neglect the psychological aspect of any engineering application , we can be certain that more accidents will happen .
+
+S In the case of the Titanic , the accident could had been avoided if the Captain adopts a 'safety first ' culture in the workplace and makes contingency plans for any emergency .
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:TENSE|||had adopted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:VERB:TENSE|||had made|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , we can not deny that the fact that psychology had an impact in the way we process and manage technology .
+A 7 8|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So long as there is a human factor in the engineering process , the use of psychology is inevitable .
+
+S In fact as we rely more on technology , we place more responsibilities on the few individuals who manage it .
+
+S In addition , we need to pay more attention to the way we place our priorities .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB|||set|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When we set wrong priorities , we head in the wrong direction despite having the best technology available .
+
+S After all , technology only assists us in achieving our material goals but when it comes to psychology , it has no part to play .
+
+S References :
+
+S Titanic Honour & Glory , { FDS Developments } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.fdsdevelopments.com/ ] .
+
+S ( n.d ) .
+
+S Facts .
+
+S Retrieved October 9,2009 , from { http : //www.titanichonourandglory.com/index.php ? controller = Default&action = ShowContent&pageid = 7 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.titanichonourandglory.com/index.php ? controller = Default&action = ShowContent&pageid = 7 ]
+
+S Jones , Richard Bradley .
+
+S ( 1995 ) .
+
+S Risk-Based Management , A Reliability-Centred Approach .
+
+S Gulf Publishing Company .
+
+S Retrieved October 9 , 2009 .
+
+S History On The Net , The Titanic Lifeboat .
+
+S ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 9 , 2009 from http : //www.historyonthenet.com/Titanic/lifeboats.htm
+
+S White Star Line .
+
+S ( n.d ) .
+
+S The Real R.M.S Titanic .
+
+S Retrieved October 9 , 2009 from { http : //home.swipnet.se/ ~ w-41381/titanic/real.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //home.swipnet.se/ ~ w-41381/titanic/real.html ]
+
+S BBC , The RMS Titanic .
+
+S ( 2000 ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 9 , 2009 from http : //www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A457067
+
+S Titanic and Other White Star Line Ship .
+
+S ( n.d ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 9,2009 from http : //www.titanic-whitestarships.com/TandOWSS % 20FAQ.htm
+
+S Sophistication , this term has made quite an impact in the lives of people all over the globe .
+A 0 4|||R:OTHER|||The term sophistication|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Technical advancement and uplift in standards of live has resulted ultimately in the rapid consumption of natural resources .
+A 7 8|||R:MORPH|||living|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So viewing the present situation in this ominous light , the ultimate solution we get to think of is to find new means to sustain the exploding population .
+
+S Electric power is as important to the people now as how food clothing and shelter is .
+A 10 11|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S How do we meet the power needs of the growing world with this limited power sources we have ?
+
+S The solution is offered by the Generaton IV nuclear power plants .
+
+S The Generation IV concepts offer a lucrative solution to the power issue through their very high efficiency in conversion of thermal energy to electricity when compared to their Generation 3 counterparts .
+A 6 7|||R:ADJ|||promising|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They also offer security in event of an onsite emergency which assures us of the non repeatal of another Chernobyl incident and wins our support .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:SPELL|||repeat|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are several Generation IV nuclear power plant concepts which can be incorporated .
+
+S What we must remember is that we do not have the luxury of time to sit and research each and every concept as time is critical .
+
+S Our resources are fast dying and if we have to take some radical steps now .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN|||disappearing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The nuclear power models are chosen and approved by the IAEA ( International Atomic Energy Agency ) based on the aspects of its cost , security and performance .
+A 22 23|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Two popular models under debate are Gas Cooled Fast Reactor ( GFR ) and Super critical water reactor ( SCWR ) .
+
+S I prefer the GFR over SCWR for many reasons which we will justify in this essay .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB|||discuss|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Performance
+
+S On the basis of performance the SCWR has a net thermal efficiency of 45 % ( Jacapo Buongiomo 2002 ) .
+
+S It is a simplified model of the light water reactor which is very efficient in providing electricity .
+
+S It has both open and closed fuel cycle models which can be incorporated .
+
+S In addition to this it can also be suited to provide hydrogen upon further modifications .
+A 4 4|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However this thermal efficiency of SCWR is less when compared to the GFR .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A model evaluation was done by scientists Ning Dong , Yao Weida for the SCWR and it found following problems to which SCWR was susceptible .
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( i ) loss of feedwater flow , , ( ii ) loss of feedwater heating and ( iii ) large break in the feedwater lines , which , if unmitigated , results in coolant stagnation in the core and rapid overheating ofthe fuel .
+
+S Thus as we see there seem to be many problems with it .
+
+S The GFR plant has a net thermal efficiency of 48 % ( Hussein Khalil , Kevan Weaver 2002 ) .
+
+S It uses helium as coolant which increases inertness .
+
+S It can withstand high temperature the conversion rate is high .
+A 0 10|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And it uses closed fuel cycle , thus the used fuel can be reused again .
+A 14 15|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It can also be effectively used for manufacturing hydrogen as well as for actinide management .
+
+S Thus clearly GFR outshines SCWR in performance .
+
+S 2.COST
+
+S The cost of construction of SCWR plant is half a billion .
+
+S ( INEEL FY 03 ANNUAL BUDGET REPORT ) Thus SCWR is regarded as a very cheap solution to power crisis .
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For this very low rate of construction and maintenance we get a good amount of electricity for a lot of people .
+
+S However the point here I would like to make here is this .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Though the cost of installation of plant and maintenance might be less , however the plant life is only 60 years .
+A 13 14|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In other words every 60 years the plant has to once again renewed .
+A 3 3|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:VERB:TENSE|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is a very expensive affair .
+
+S The core of the reactor has to be replaced every 34 years .
+
+S So it is when all factors taken into consideration , expensive reactor .
+A 1 10|||R:OTHER|||when all factors are taken into consideration , it is an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The cost of GFR plan is nearly a billion dollars ( INEEL FY 03 ANNUAL BUDGET REPORT ) .
+
+S However though it might be higher than that of SCWR the plant life is larger ! .So we need n't once again change plant very often unlike the SCWR..In addition to this it can produce hydrogen as well as manage actinides .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:ADJ|||longer|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||R:OTHER|||do not need to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus the overall contribution to economy clearly justifies its cost.It is a healthy investment .
+
+S 3.SECURITY
+
+S The safety features of SCWR are passive , they do n't need human instructions in case of an onsite emergency .
+A 7 8|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:CONTR|||not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The main concept of the safety features is that when there is an emergency , depressurization of the plant takes place , i. e the pressure inside the plant decreases .
+
+S However if there is a large break in the feed water lines , the heating of fuel will be rapid and this will result in an emergency .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Though the passive safety features will take over ,the plant will be non operational .
+
+S The GFR has a similar passive safety feature .
+
+S It has few elements added in it which shuts down system during an onsite emergency ( Wilfred , University of Delft 2004 ) .Besides this the plant is made up of materials which can withstand very high temperature .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||shut|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 38|||R:NOUN:NUM|||temperatures|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So there wo n't be any calamities possible .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||will not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And it also does n't lead to problems of plutonium fuel as it serves as an incinerator which burns away the wastes .
+A 4 5|||R:CONTR|||not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Wilfred , University of Delft 2004 ) .
+
+S Thus on the whole if we compare the two models on the basis of these three very important criteria , we find it very clearly that the GFR has an edge over that of the SCWR and hence it should be pursued for research and not SCWR .
+A 1 4|||R:OTHER|||, on the whole ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 26|||R:OTHER|||that very clearly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S BIBLIOGRAPHY
+
+S 1.Buongiomo,Jacopo ( 2002 ) , The Supercritical-water-cooled reactor,Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory Progress Report on SCWR ( 2002 ) ,November 12 2002 .
+
+S { http : //gif.inel.gov/roadmap/pdfs/supercritical-water-cooled_reactor.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //gif.inel.gov/roadmap/pdfs/supercritical-water-cooled_reactor.pdf ]
+
+S 2.Weaver , Kevan && Khalil .
+
+S S. Hussein ( 2002 ) , Gas Cooled Fast Reactor ,American nuclear society winter meeting , Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory Progress Report on GFR , November 18 2002 .
+
+S { http : //gif.inel.gov/roadmap/pdfs/gas_cooled_fast_reactor.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //gif.inel.gov/roadmap/pdfs/gas_cooled_fast_reactor.pdf ]
+
+S 3.Super critical water cooled reactor , Appendix 2 , Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory Annual Budget for fiscal year 2003 .
+
+S { http : //nuclear.inl.gov/deliverables/docs/appendix_2.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //nuclear.inl.gov/deliverables/docs/appendix_2.pdf ]
+
+S 4.Dong,Ning && Weida Yao ( 2007 ) , 3rd Int .
+
+S Symposium on SCWR-Design and Technology ,Shanghai Nuclear Engineering Research and Design Institute ( SNERDI ) ,March 2007 { http : //nsse.sjtu.edu.cn/scwr2007/download/pps/Presentation % 20Renewal/Several % 20Aspects % 20on % 20Materials % 20problems % 20for % 20SCWR.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //nsse.sjtu.edu.cn/scwr2007/download/pps/Presentation % 20Renewal/Several % 20Aspects % 20on % 20Materials % 20problems % 20for % 20SCWR.pdf ]
+
+S 5.Delft University of Technology ( 2006 , December 12 ) .
+
+S Sustainable Nuclear Energy Moves A Step Closer .
+
+S ScienceDaily .
+
+S Retrieved October 22 , { www.sciencedaily.com } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.sciencedaily.com ]
+
+S In recent years , there have been unremitting arguments on whether developing countries should proceed with building generation IV reactors .
+
+S For a developing country where economy is rather unstable , people are facing poverty and high unemployment thus it is vital for the country to solve these problems before handling other issues like developing power reactors .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||; thus ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example in Afghanistan , according to statistics , the unemployment rate is estimated to be as high as 40 % in 2008 ( CIA , 2009 ) .
+
+S Even though it is known that developing generation IV reactors will benefit the country significantly , we can not neglect the unconstructive effects that come simultaneously .
+A 21 22|||R:SPELL|||destructive|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , developing countries need to solve unemployment and poverty in rural areas first , before they provide huge funding to build generation IV reactors .
+
+S Oppositions maintain that with the developing power reactors would enable the public to benefit from low-priced electricity that can build more factories which will eventually help to create jobs for the people as well as improve poverty .
+A 0 1|||R:NOUN|||Opponents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:VERB|||alleviate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , this claim only takes into consideration the operation cost in the long run and does not take into account for the high set up cost estimated in 2009 to be around 10 billion dollars for just one reactor ( Travis , Johanna , & Emily , 2009 ) .
+A 21 22|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The maintenance cost , money required for storage of waste was investigated to be about 13 .
+
+S 3 billion today ( Nevada study , 2007 ) and money to conduct continuous research and development ( R&D ) to be estimated around 1.275 billion dollars ( Nuclear Age Peace Foundation , 2009 ) .
+A 20 22|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This large sum of money would ultimately be the main reason that might lead to the termination of the development since developing countries with an unstable economy will find it too costly to provide such a huge fund in the long run ( Reportlinker , 2009 ) .
+
+S This will then lead us back to our issue where poverty and unemployment remain unsolved and the huge sum that goes to developing the power reactor has also gone to waste .
+
+S Thus , developing countries should strengthen its economy by solving the problem for unemployment and poverty first before the developing of power reactors .
+A 18 19|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Apart from the above points , it is mentioned by the opponents that by developing power reactors , many job opportunities will be created for the people since they need labour force to run the plant .
+A 30 30|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , it is important to know that the labour force that is required by plants is a highly skilled workforce ( Michael , 2005 ) .
+
+S Examples of such positions are nuclear technicians , radiologic technicians , researchers , monitoring technicians and reactor operators .
+
+S These roles demand knowledge on physics , mathematics , chemistry , public safety and security .
+A 4 5|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In developing countries , there will not be sufficient talented labours to support the development since most of the people are not equipped with such skills ( Travis et al. , 2009 ) .
+A 9 10|||R:ADJ|||skilled|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||labour|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In due course , developing countries will need to hire foreign talent to take up those professions .
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN|||positions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the end , the locals will still suffer from poverty and remain unemployed while foreign talent will have numerous jobs to choose from .
+
+S In addition , power reactor plants are dealing with very-high-temperature reactors , some of the reactors like Gas-cooled fast reactors and Supercritical-water-cooled reactors even need high pressure to operate .
+A 11 12|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , to prevent radioactive waste from being stolen for the creation of nuclear weapon , scientists are going to modify radioactive elements in such a way that they will be too hot for human beings to handle even with the use of gloves ( Nature , 2004 ) .
+
+S Under such conditions where the high temperature is not a suitable work environment , the plants must involve highly automated machineries in order for the operations to be carried out .
+
+S In order words , the plant only creates a handful of employment opportunities for the people given that the plant is functioning automatically .
+
+S Hence , by developing power reactors in developing countries , only limited jobs will be created for the local people .
+
+S In summary , if developing countries with unstable economy were to develop generation IV reactors , they would face difficulties in funding the enormous sum of money for set up and operation in the long run ( Hore et al .
+
+S , 2008 ) ( Reportlinker , 2009 ) .
+
+S The development of nuclear generator IV requires much R&D and high technology thus local workforce might not have enough talented labours to support the operation .
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||; thus ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||labour|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moderately skilled and lowly skilled labours will still be unable to secure a job .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN|||workers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , with high technology generation IV reactors , plants are mostly computerized and automated and it requires only a small labour force .
+A 16 18|||R:OTHER|||they require|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , by developing reactors it will not improve the unemployment and poverty situation in the country , hence would be wiser to develop the country first .
+A 19 19|||M:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Developing country can provide funding to assist locals in setting up businesses and factories or encourage Multinational Corporation to set up plants in their country .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By doing so , many jobs will be created for the people .
+
+S This would be the most effective and direct method to resolve the unemployment issue .
+
+S After which , the poverty state will also improve gradually since the country 's economy is boost up through time .
+A 1 2|||R:DET|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With a stronger work force and economy , the country will then be ready to support the developing of power reactors .
+
+S References
+
+S Central Intelligence Agency .
+
+S ( 2009 ) The world factbook .
+
+S Retrieved October 13 , 2009 from https : //www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2129.html
+
+S Michael , B .
+
+S ( 2005 ) Nuclear power .
+
+S Retrieved October 19 , 2009 from Texas State Technical College web site : http : //system.tstc.edu/forecasting/techbriefs/nuclear.asp
+
+S Nature Publishing Group .
+
+S ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , Vol .
+
+S 429 .
+
+S Nuclear Age Peace Foundation .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S United States Atomic Energy Commission : the need fornuclear power [ Monograph ] .
+
+S Retrieved October 19 , 2009 , from http : //www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/key-issues/nuclear-energy/history/aec_report-nuclear-power.htm
+
+S Reportlinker ( 2009 , September 24 ) .
+
+S Nuclear Energy Technologies Worldwide : Components and manufacturing [ Monograph ] .
+
+S Retrieved October 14 , 2009 , from http : //www.reportlinker.com/p0119238/Nuclear-Energy-Technologies-Worldwide-Components-and-Manufacturing.html
+
+S State of Nevada .
+
+S ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Nevada study shows Yucca Mountain Project will cost much more than storing nuclear waste at existing reactor sites .
+
+S Retrieved October 18 , 2009 , from http : //www .
+
+S state.nv.us/nucwaste/news2007/pdf/nv070208pr.pdf
+
+S Travis M. , Johanna N. & Emily R. ( 2009 ) .
+
+S The High Cost of Nuclear Power : Why America should choose a clean energy future over new nuclear reactors [ Monograph ] .
+
+S Retrieved October 18 , 2009 , from http : //www.nirs.org/nukerelapse/calvert/highcostnpower_mdpirg.pdf
+
+S Nuclear power involves the energy generated from the splitting of atoms , also known as nuclear fission .
+
+S The reason why the public reject the idea of nuclear power could be due to the Chernobyl power plant meltdown , one of the most tragic nuclear-related disaster in human history .
+A 27 28|||R:NOUN:NUM|||disasters|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The ramification of the Chernobyl incident is so severe to the extent where it reminds everyone of death when nuclear power is mentioned .
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We can not prevent the public from having their biased and negative perspective on nuclear power but we can not deny the fact that the Chernobyl disaster is a result of poor management and design of the power plant ( Case details : Chernobyl accident ( n.d ) ) .
+
+S Although the public oppose nuclear power due to its dangerous drawbacks on the world and its environment , it is crucial to support and fund further research and development for Very High Temperature Reactors ( VHTR ) .
+
+S The public feel that nuclear proliferation is imminent and fear the danger of excessive nuclear waste .
+
+S In other words , every nuclear plant is like a potential nuclear bomb and terrorist 's attacks are inevitable .
+A 15 16|||U:NOUN:POSS||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , such claims would be deemed invalid in the context of a VHTR .
+
+S Among the proposed Generation IV nuclear plants , VHTR is one of the few which does not reprocess the resultant nuclear waste .
+
+S Reprocessing involves the separation of uranium and weapon-grade plutonium from radioactive waste which sums up the fear of plutonium war .
+
+S Therefore , VHTR is proliferation-proof as it does not reprocess nuclear waste .
+
+S Furthermore , VHTR produces lesser amount of radioactive waste compared to other proposed reactors .
+A 4 7|||R:OTHER|||less|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Shropshire and Herring ( 2004 ) claim that the heavy metal radioactive waste produced in VHTR is significantly low with every unit of energy generated and this is due to the plant 's high thermal efficiency and high fuel burn up .
+
+S It implies that the total plutonium generated is lesser per unit of energy produced .
+A 8 9|||R:ADJ:FORM|||less|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Waste treatment plans are also in place to tackle the lingering problem of long-live radioactive waste .
+
+S For instance , in the liquid state treatment , the by-products are constantly evaporated to reduce its radioactivity ( 2004 ) .
+
+S As for the remaining nuclear waste , it is stored in underground repository where multilayers of anti-radiation materials are installed to shield them from the external environment .
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It may be true that nuclear power , akin to fossil fuel , is a non-renewable resource .
+
+S Naturally , the public would argue that it is not worth the funding and time to develop something which does not offer a long term solution .
+
+S Though , from a general point of view , it is possible to recycle nuclear fuel but it is not ideal as reprocessing is costly and generates the dreaded plutonium .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||Although|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Langwith ( 2009 ) states that uranium in Canada can only last for 40 years .
+
+S The projected time span definitely does not appeal to what the public see as long term , however , it is shallow to predict the outcome to be the same as fossil fuel power plants .
+
+S Furthermore , Canada 's participation in the Generation IV International Forum ( GIF ) to perform further research on nuclear power , particularly VHTR ( Priority Area : Next Generation Nuclear Energy Technologies ( n.d ) ) , shows that they do not share the public 's myopic view on the potential of nuclear power .
+
+S In addition , VHTR offers an alternate clean fuel , hydrogen .
+
+S At 1100 degree Celsius , hydrogen production efficiency is at 50 percent compared to electrical generation efficiency at 56 percent VHTR ( 2002 ) .
+
+S There is plenty of radioactive material on earth to run nuclear power for a long time just like how we operate coal power plants .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||much|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The difference is that it extents the time needed to find more sources of electricity , probably nuclear fusion .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB|||extends|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Opponents may claim that nuclear power plants are incapable of making significant changes to the climate and will even appear as environmental risk .
+A 21 21|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nonetheless , VHTR are almost emission free as nuclear power contributes the biggest portion of the world 's electricity from non-greenhouse gas emitting sources ( n.d ) .
+
+S Consequently , the alternate fuel source generated is also emission free .
+
+S 30 percent of the world primary fuel use is to generate electricity and 17 percent of electricity uses nuclear power ( 2002 ) .
+
+S In other words , VHTR reduces the general demand for fossil fuels .
+
+S Robinson ( 1987 ) also mentioned that the amount of electricity generated by one ton of uranium is similar to that produced by 16,000 tons of coal or 80,000 barrels of oil .
+
+S The amount of waste produced by fossil fuel plants is significantly higher than that of VHTR .
+
+S ( 2004 ) further state that the dominant VHTR has a better plant efficiency which indirectly implies that it requires 20 percent fewer tunnels to store its waste .
+A 0 5|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , the resultant land pollution caused by VHTR will be milder in contrast with that of coal power
+
+S The public opinions on nuclear power are inconclusive .
+
+S The advantages of VHTR clearly outweigh the cons of nuclear power .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN|||disadvantages|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They directly neutralize the fears of nuclear proliferation due to its once-through uranium fuel cycle .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB|||negate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , it offers non-electrical fuel source , hydrogen , which prolongs the time needed to develop another source .
+
+S As for the environment aspect , VHTR is ultimately emission free and it causes milder land pollution compared to coal power plants .
+
+S Therefore , in my opinion , it is justified to support further research and development funding for VHTR .
+
+S References
+
+S Case details : Chernobyl accident .
+
+S ( n.d ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 14 , 2009 , from http : //shippai.jst.go.jp/en/Detail ? fn = 0&id = CA1000644&kw = Poor
+
+S Jacqueline , L. ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power is not renewable .
+
+S Retrieved October 8 , 2009 , from Opposing View Points Resource Centre .
+
+S Priority Area : Next generation nuclear energy technologies .
+
+S ( n.d ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 8 , 2009 from http : //www.nrcan.gc.ca/eneene/science/elecene/nucnuc-eng.php
+
+S Robinson , M. ( 1987 ) 100 grams of uranium equal 290 tons of coal .
+
+S Washington : R : D Engineering , 1987 .
+
+S Shropshire , D.E .
+
+S & Herring J.S .
+
+S ( 2004 ) .
+
+S Fuel-cycle and nuclear material disposition issues associated with high-temperature gas reactors .
+
+S Retrieved October 8 , 2009 , from http : //www.osti.gov/bridge/servlets/purl/839371-0esDmO/native/839371.pdf
+
+S Uranium quick facts .
+
+S ( n.d ) .
+
+S Retrieved indent October 8 , 2009 , from http : //web.ead.anl.gov/uranium/guide/facts/
+
+S Very high temperature gas cooled reactor systems .
+
+S ( VHTR ) .
+
+S ( 2002 , November 18 ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 8 , 2009 , from http : //gif.inel.gov/roadmap/pdfs/very_high_temp_gas_cooled_reactor_sys.pdf
+
+S Support Further Research and Development Funding for Very-High-Temperature Reactor ( VHTR )
+
+S The development of nuclear power plant becomes more and more important as nuclear power is a more efficient and environmental friendly source of energy .
+A 19 20|||R:MORPH|||environment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From 1951 , when the first nuclear power plant generated electricity , the technology of nuclear power has become more efficient and safety .
+A 22 23|||R:MORPH|||safe|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Very-High-Temperature Reactor ( VHTR ) is one of the most recent prototypes of the generation IV reactors .
+
+S VHTR is a graphite-moderated , helium-cooled reactor with a once-through uranium fuel cycle .
+
+S It supplies heat with high core outlet temperatures ( about 1000 ) which enables applications such as hydrogen production or process heat for the petrochemical industry or others .
+
+S ( VR , 2007 ) Further research and development funding for VHTR should be supported by the governments or companies , because it is an efficient , secure and practicable technology , despite the worries raised by the oppositions .
+A 38 39|||R:NOUN|||opponents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many people consider nuclear power industry is highly dangerous since the radioactive fuels can be very harmful to our bodies and environment .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to a survey conducted in Australia in 2009 on the public opinions of building nuclear power plants in Australia , there were 43 percent of the public opposing the plan because of the safety and security issues with nuclear power plants .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||opinion|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Munro & Strong , 2009 ) However , nuclear power reactors are much safer and securer than most of people can image even when the reactive temperature is very high .
+A 19 20|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:VERB|||imagine|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , in VHTR , the fuel used is uranium dioxide in a TRISO configuration , where TRISO is the type of fuel that small amount of uranium dioxide is in the center and coated with four layers of three isotropic materials ( Olander , 2009 ) .
+
+S The TRISO particles are either dispersed in a pebble for the pebble bed design or molded into the hexagonal graphite blocks .
+
+S Such designs are able to slow down neutrons to control the nuclear chain reaction , thus the reactivity can be controlled in a reasonable range and explosions can be prevented .
+A 14 15|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , because helium is used as coolant of VHTR , unexpected reactions can be prevented .
+
+S One reason is that helium is an inert gas , which is hardly reacts with any material .
+A 11 12|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Additionally , exposing helium to radiation does not make it radioactive , unlike most other possible coolants , for example light water , therefore it is a safer choice of coolant .
+A 22 23|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , since the reactor can only operate under a high temperature , in case of destructions by terrorism or other outside forces , the system will cool down and automatically stop the reaction .
+
+S This function ensures VHTR is very safe under attacks .
+
+S Therefore , VHTR is a very safe and secure prototype of the generation IV reactor .
+
+S Other than the safety issue , the efficiency of VHTR is also a concern for those who want to invest in the project .
+
+S A Molten salt reactor can burn 99 % of initial fuel , while VHTR can burn 65 % of its initial fuel , which is less than that of a molten salt reactor .
+
+S However , VHTR is very efficient comparing with the conventional light-water reactor , which can only burn-up 5 % of the initial amount ( n.f .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:FORM|||compared|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||burn up|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S 2008 ) .
+
+S VHTR is not only able to produce electrical power but also produce hydrogen via electrolysis of water at high temperature .
+
+S Besides generating energy , the energy generated from nuclear reaction can also be used in crude oil refining or metal production ( Ogawa , & VonLensa , 2002. ) .
+
+S In this sense , VHTR is efficient in using of energy .
+A 8 9|||R:MORPH|||use|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Comparing to a molten salt reactor , VHTR has a simpler design and this leads to another advantage which is its high feasibility .
+A 0 1|||R:VERB:FORM|||Compared|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One more factor that affects the funding of a project is the feasibility of the project in terms of techniques and cost .
+
+S VHTR seems to be the most feasible design in the IV generation reactor .
+
+S Firstly , similar prototypes such as HTR-10 have already been operated in China and Japan .
+
+S VHTR is just an update of High-Temperature Reactor ; therefore it is easier to build a system with the foundation of similar technology .
+
+S Secondly , there is no reprocessing in VHTR .
+
+S Although some people argue that this causes energy waste and produces radioactive waste , the lack of reprocessing reduces the cost of the power plant and makes it more affordable since the reprocessing is very expensive .
+
+S The elimination of reprocessing will not cause any problems .
+
+S That is due to the burning of fuel in VHTR is very sufficient thus the amount of waste is very little .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||because|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:ADJ|||efficient|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , the radioactive waste can be stored underground .
+
+S Lastly , even though the initiation of a nuclear power plant requires about 1 billion US dollars , for the long term profit , this project is practicable .
+
+S This is because the need of electricity of humans and the relatively low maintaining fees for VHTR .
+A 3 3|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , in terms of feasibility , the VHTR is a better choice for further development .
+
+S In conclusion , VHTR should be chosen to proceed on for further research and development .
+
+S This is because of its relative high efficiency , high safety and practicability .
+
+S There are many researches undergoing in U.S. , China and Japan to improve the Very-High-Temperature Reactors .
+A 1 4|||R:OTHER|||is much research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||going on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Optimistically , by about 2020 , the first commercial VHTR would be in operation .
+
+S Reference
+
+S Munro,I .
+
+S & Strong,G. ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Retrieved Octobor , 2009 , from Australians warm to nuclear power http : //www.brisbanetimes.com.au/national/australians-warm- to-nuclear-power-20091013-gu6z.html
+
+S Next Big Future ( n.f .
+
+S ) ( 2008 , July 25 ) .
+
+S Very high temperature gas-cooled reactor could burn 65 % of uranium Retrieved Octobor , 2009 , from Next Big Future : http : //nextbigfuture.com/2008/07/very-high-temperature-gas-cooled.html #
+
+S Ogawa , M. & VonLensa , J.W. ( 2002 .
+
+S June 26 ) Very High Temperature Gas Cooled Reactor ( VHTR ) 10 , 3 Retrieved Octobor , 2009 , from ttp : //gif.inel.gov/roadmap/pdfs/p_grns_june_25-27_presentation_gp32-00.pdf
+
+S Olander , D. ( 2009 , May 15 ) .
+
+S Journal of Nuclear Materials Nuclear fuels Present and future , 389 , 1-22 .
+
+S Very-High-Temperature Reactor ( VHTR ) .
+
+S ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Compressed natural gas.Retrieved Octobor , 2009 , from The Very-High-Temperature Reactor ( VHTR ) : https : //inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt ? open = 514&objID = 2251&parentname = Co mmunityPage&parentid = 13&mode = 2
+
+S Generation IV nuclear reactorshave drawn many controversies since they were introduced in the Generation IV International Forum in 2000 .
+
+S This arises public concern , due to the previous nuclear accidents which happened at Three Mile Island and Chernobyl , in 1979 and 1986 separately .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB|||raises|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Nuclear Disasters and Accidents ) In theory , Generation IV reactors are a set of theoretical reactors which are still being under research to replace Generation III reactors , which are in use for power generation currently .
+
+S In comparison with current nuclear plant technology , Generation IV nuclear technology brings us more benefits , according to the researchers .
+
+S To point out a few of them , the claimed benefits include minimised nuclear waste and improved safety .
+
+S ( Generation IV reactor , para .
+
+S 1 ) With this , we can reduce nuclear waste as it accumulates when we generate nuclear electricity .
+
+S In addition to that , the experts from laboratory also claimed that Generation IV reactors are able to consume nuclear waste to generate more electricity .
+
+S However , they are just theories with no solid evidence to support them .
+
+S To focus the research on Generation IV technology , we have narrowed down into two reactors , which are lead-cooled fast reactor and sodium cooled fast reactor .
+A 13 14|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to the data I have collected , I think sodium-cooled reactor would be a better choice than lead-cooled fast reactor .
+
+S Fromsafety perspective , lead-cooled reactor has low likelihood of damage .
+
+S ( Lead-Cooled Fast Reactor , Advantages and Challenges section ) This is due to the characteristic of lead as a good heat transfer medium with high specific heat and thermal expansion coefficient .
+
+S Moreover , lead makes the operation reliable as it possesses good fuel compatibility and fission product retention .
+
+S This is a vital safety feature together with the ability of lead to retain released fission products that enables us to avoid offsite emergency .
+
+S On the other hand , sodium-cooled reactor strengthens its safety with long thermal response time and large margin to coolant boiling .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor , para .
+
+S 1 ) Sodium-cooled reactor focuses its safety in its primary system and intermediate system which operate near atmospheric pressure .
+
+S Given the fact that the two reactors focus on different aspect on safety , where the latter focuses on system operation rather than coolant , it is difficult to gauge the effectiveness of their practice based on theories .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||aspects|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , it is inconsistent to compare when we are talking on safety issue .
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||about|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , lead has a tendency for material corrosion at high temperature .
+
+S ( Lead-Cooled Fast Reactor , Advantages and Challenges section ) Thus , sodium-cooled reactor is a better choice as it has less dependence on the coolant itself .
+
+S In term of performance , lead-cooled reactor has high sustainability .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||terms|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The mentioned reactor has high sustainability due to its coolant , lead which is a low moderating medium as well as a medium with low absorption cross section that enable a core with fast neutron spectrum even with a large coolant fraction .
+A 29 30|||R:VERB:SVA|||enables|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Lead-Cooled Fast Reactor , Advantages and Challenges section ) To compare the performance of the two clearly , we will have a look at the burn-up performance .
+
+S For sodium fast reactor , it has a tight pin structure , which in turn offers better neutron economy than lead-cooled reactor .
+
+S ( Tucek K. , & Carlsson J. , & Wider H. , Neutronic and Burn-up Performance section , para .
+
+S 2 ) As a result , when both reactors operate to acquire criticality , the average plutonium fraction in the lead-cooled reactor core is slightly higher than sodium-cooled reactor .
+
+S This can clearly show the better performer .
+
+S After safety and performance issue , production cost of the reactor plays an equally important role in deciding which reactor to put in use .
+
+S From the researchers of lead-cooled reactor , we can clearly see the economics side of the reactor .
+A 12 13|||R:MORPH|||economic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As being claimed , the life cycle cost of lead-cooled reactor is relatively cheaper than any other reactor .
+A 1 2|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This claim is based on the fact that lead is not reactive with water and air .
+
+S As an addition point , lead is inexpensive , in theory .
+A 2 3|||R:MORPH|||additional|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a matter of fact , sodium ranked sixth as the most abundance material on earth .
+A 8 11|||R:WO|||as the sixth|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:MORPH|||abundant|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia , 2009 ) .
+
+S If we take in the consideration of the supply and demand theories , lead will be more costly as the demand soars , just like what happened to the crude oil .
+A 28 29|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In contrast , sodium which is more abundant will experience less effect on its price when the demand soars .
+
+S Furthermore , sodium-cooled reactor benefits from the researches which were done earlier .
+A 7 10|||R:OTHER|||research which was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So there can be a big difference in research cost when compared to lead-cooled reactor .
+
+S Plus , the earliest delivery of sodium-cooled reactor is 10 years earlier than lead-cooled reactor .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Moreover|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Butler , D. ,2004 ) .
+
+S Thus , sodium-cooled reactor is better from economic aspect .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From the evidence I have collected , I have come to a conclusion that sodium-cooled reactor is a better choice than lead-cooled reactor as it outperforms the latter in three aspects , which are safety , performance and cost .
+A 11 12|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S 1.Nuclear Disasters and Accidents .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 18 , 2009 from the World Wide Web : { http : //library.thinkquest.org/17940/texts/nuclear_disasters/nuclear_disasters.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //library.thinkquest.org/17940/texts/nuclear_disasters/nuclear_disasters.html ]
+
+S 2.Generation IV Reactor .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 18 , 2009 from the World Wide Web : { http : //www.statemaster.com/encyclopedia/Generation-IV-reactor } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.statemaster.com/encyclopedia/Generation-IV-reactor ]
+
+S 3.Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 18 , 2009 from the World Wide Web : { http : //www.gen-4.org/Technology/systems/sfr.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.gen-4.org/Technology/systems/sfr.htm ]
+
+S 4.Lead-cooled Fast Reactor .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 18 , 2009 from the World Wide Web : { http : //www.gen-4.org/Technology/systems/lfr.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.gen-4.org/Technology/systems/lfr.htm ]
+
+S 5.Tucek K. , & Carlsson J. , & Wider H.. ( 2005 , May 16-20 ) .
+
+S Comparison of Sodium and Lead-cooled Fast Reactors Regarding Severe Safety and Economical Issues .
+
+S Retrieved October 18 , 2009 from the World Wide Web : { http : //www.ecolo.org/documents/documents_in_english/SFRvsLFR-05.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.ecolo.org/documents/documents_in_english/SFRvsLFR-05.pdf ]
+
+S 6.Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Sodium .
+
+S Retrieved October 18 , 2009 from the World Wide Web : { http : //encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761552164/Sodium.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761552164/Sodium.html ]
+
+S 7.Butler , D. ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240
+
+S Have you ever imagined that communication is possible with a virtual character from your television screen ?
+
+S Microsoft is now spearing project Natal , which is involves a controller-free gaming interface , Microsoft Xbox ( 2009 ) .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The current game consoles require users to use controllers as their interface to the virtual world .
+
+S User 's expressions and desires are somewhat restricted by the buttons on the controller .
+
+S Thus , the enjoyment factor is somehow limited by the controller .
+
+S If project Natal succeeds , gamers will be able to fully indulge in their will and emotions and send this information via the motion detector and video camera into the game console .
+
+S This is a concept that is still in research and has yet to be be seen in the market .
+
+S A similar product , Wii , is currently in the market .
+
+S Although it is less tech-savvy than Natal , but the safety issues it faces might be quite similar in nature .
+A 8 9|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Let us evaluate some of the safety issues below .
+
+S Cracked television screens , broken vases , cuts and bruise are some of the symptoms experienced by an avid or amateur Wii gamer .
+
+S This game console uses an external wireless remote control that senses the motion of the user .
+
+S Thus , when the players are too engrossed and when their adrenalin runs , they might try to move their limbs and body more aggressively .
+
+S In this situation , they might be caught off guard when their controller flies out of their grip , which might cause a cracked television screen , or injure people who are in the vicinity .
+
+S One such example can be seen from Kar Hoe ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Thus , gamers risk a certain amount of injury when they are too focused on the game .
+
+S As playing a game with Natal will seem so real , we could expect more serious injuries occurring compared to injuries resulting from playing Wii .
+
+S Some gamers involving in a combat with a virtual opponent might accidentally throw his punches into the television screen , resulting in his fist being trapped within .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:FORM|||involved|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This injury is more serious than one arising from playing Wii .
+
+S The designers could make it safer by adding a barrier between the screen and the player .
+
+S The player could also be demanded by the system to wear safety boxing gloves , and limb guards .
+
+S However , some game activists might argue that it results in Natal losing its true entertainment value that it is first set to achieve .
+
+S Wearing such cumbersome equipment makes playing games using Natal a turn off .
+
+S In addition , it will add a substantial amount of cost to the already expensive-to-manufacture console , as the equipment might have to scan for motion further a distance away due to its exaggerated setup .
+
+S As quoted by Oli Welsh ( 2009 ) , " ... it to be quite expensive to begin with .
+
+S " Hence , this idea of improving safety might not be feasible as it is going to be costly and its entertainment value will be affected .
+
+S Natal gamers might also suffer similar cases of " Nintendonitis " , muscle injuries owing to excessive playing hours of spent on Sony 's Nintendo Wii , Thaindian News ( 2009 ) .
+A 19 20|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 30|||R:WO|||( Thaindian News ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Gamers might have to jump , kick , dance , or perform some repetitive movement during the course of the game .
+
+S Injuries as stated above might arise when their muscles gets overused .
+
+S Furthermore , the player might be prone to more injuries , such as falling and twisting his ankle , when he starts to feel lethargic .
+
+S To enhance safety , Natal could use its motion detection system to analyse whether the movement of the player is alright or he should take a rest , and then sends out the respective warning to the player .
+A 30 31|||R:VERB:SVA|||send|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This could also help to prevent gamers who are glued to the game to realise that they have played too much .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB|||help|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It has happened before that gamers dies after several hours of continuous gaming .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||die|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are reports showing teenagers ' death from brain stroke after hours of continuous gaming .
+A 8 9|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One such example is elaborated in a report by Pravda.R ( 2009 ) , where a teenager in the Russian city of Ekaterinburg died after 12 hours of playing computer games .
+
+S Thus by using such gizmo , such occurrence of death could be reduced .
+
+S We can conclude that Natal is actually a double-edged sword .
+
+S It may allow us to have reality in the virtual paradise , increasing our degree of satisfaction when we can fully indulge into the playing of our favourite games , but when we get too carried away , it might cause injuries or death .
+A 22 23|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Safety can be slightly improved through software tweaking , advising the user to take a rest or stop the activity when he seems unfit by the analysis of the console .
+
+S However , large scale setup of barriers and tuxedos lookalike safety suit might not be feasible as they increases the cost significantly and limits its actual functionality .
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:SVA|||increase|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:SVA|||limit|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore the bottom line is safety only can be slightly enhanced by an improved design and itt depends more on the self discipline of the gamers .
+
+S Perhaps safety can be enhanced by making it mandatory for gamers to attend a safety course .
+
+S Reference
+
+S Kar Hoe ( 2009 ) .
+
+S { Nintendo Wii accident - yet another one } [ HYPERLINK : http : //karhoe.net/nintendo-wii-accident-yet-another-one.html ] , Retrieved October 15 , 2009 from { http : //karhoe.net/nintendo-wii-accident-yet-another-one.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //karhoe.net/nintendo-wii-accident-yet-another-one.html ]
+
+S Microsoft Xbox ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Project Natal , Introducing Controller-Free Gaming & Entertainment , Retrieved October 15 , 2009 from { http : //www.xbox.com/en-US/live/projectnatal/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.xbox.com/en-US/live/projectnatal/ ]
+
+S Oli Welsh ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Microsoft speaks on Natal Pricing , Retrieved October 15 , 2009 from { http : //www.eurogamer.net/articles/microsoft-speaks-on-natal-pricing } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.eurogamer.net/articles/microsoft-speaks-on-natal-pricing ]
+
+S Thaindian News ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Wii Gamers suffering from " Nintendonitis " cased muscle injuries ( re-issue ) , Retrieved October 15 , 2009 from { http : //www.thaindian.com/newsportal/health/wii-gamers-suffering-from-nintendonitis-caused-muscle-injuries-re-issue_100140907.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.thaindian.com/newsportal/health/wii-gamers-suffering-from-nintendonitis-caused-muscle-injuries-re-issue_100140907.html ]
+
+S Pravda.R ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Boy taken to hospital after playing computer games for 40 hours , Retrieved October 17 , 2009 from { http : //english.pravda.ru/society/stories/09-06-2009/107743-computer_games-0 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //english.pravda.ru/society/stories/09-06-2009/107743-computer_games-0 ]
+
+S Nuclear power is not a new technology to the human race .
+
+S It has been around since the 1960s , but it is not the main choice for producing energy because society has rejected it for its low security and high cost .
+
+S Although public opposition still exist , with the new generation IV reactors , public support for further research and development of higher security and lower cost plants are increasing .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||exists|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some upcoming plants are the lead-cooled fast reactor for example , which produces both electricity and hydrogen as its products .
+
+S Oppositions of nuclear power claim that the meltdown of the plant is one major reason why it should not exist .
+A 0 1|||R:NOUN|||Opponents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Their concern would be the safety of the public in case of a nuclear meltdown .
+
+S This is an issue especially for small countries like Singapore , which stretches about 40 km from east to west , as international safety standards require a 30km buffer zone around the plant ( Lee , 2004 ) .
+
+S However , this does not present a very good argument as looking at statistics over the years , the number of people affected by past major nuclear disasters , only number about an estimated 600,000 people ( Louvat , 2006 ) .
+
+S Compared to an estimate of 1.2 million deaths yearly due to traffic accidents ( World Health Organization , 2007 ) , the nuclear casualties are relatively minor .
+
+S Besides this , with technological advancement , nuclear plants now enforce multiple fail-safe systems coupled with simplistic designs so lesser things could go wrong ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+A 19 20|||R:ADJ|||fewer|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , with a more efficient safety system , there is no need to be afraid of disasters from happening .
+
+S Oppositions also claim that there is an ever present threat of terrorism .
+
+S For example , terrorists could steal nuclear material out of nuclear plants as easy as in the case when a thief broke into a shipyard in Russia and stole a container of nuclear submarine fuel ( Digges , 2002 ) .
+A 13 14|||R:MORPH|||easily|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With this nuclear material , terrorist can create what are known as " Dirty " bombs , and make threats to the public .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||terrorists|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 21|||R:OTHER|||threaten|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , this argument ignores the fact that terrorism will be around regardless of whether nuclear plants are built or not .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB|||disregards|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even without nuclear materials , terrorists have enough technology and materials to create their own " Dirty " bombs .
+
+S Also , this emphasizes the need for a better security system and therefore supports the fact that more funds should be used for this development .
+
+S With multiple security features to prevent thefts , then there is no need to be afraid of radioactive materials being stolen .
+A 8 9|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Terrorist can only take advantage of our complacency , as in the case of the September 911 attacks .
+A 0 1|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Terrorists|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||11|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With a well implemented security system , terrorist have no chance of infiltrating the plant .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||terrorists|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The final argument that oppositions claim is that the cost to society is very huge .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN|||opponents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Building one nuclear plant would cost around US $ 2.6 billion ( Capps , 2005 ) .
+
+S This high cost would be a heavy burden on society and might affect the budgeting for other sectors like the health care system as well .
+
+S However this is a short term view of the situation .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Uranium has more than 10,000 times the energy potential than fossil fuels and thus it is cheaper to use uranium for the production of energy ( Magnumuranium , n.d. ) .
+
+S In the long run , the high start up cost is covered by the savings made from the reduced cost of energy .
+
+S Many countries that depend on oil are also placing hopes on hydrogen as the new generation fuel for cars and perhaps home use ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S With hydrogen produced as the secondary product for the lead-cooled fast reactor , one can only expect energy prices to drop further as there is now an abundance of energy sources .
+
+S Hence , we would save more than what we would have initially spent on the building of the nuclear plant over time .
+
+S Looking at all the arguments that oppositions have made against nuclear power , it can be seen that most are trivial and short termed .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN|||opponents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With better technology , one can only expect the research and development to increase in cost .
+
+S In the long term view , society will benefit from the research and development of nuclear power .
+
+S The advancement in technology will allow nuclear energy to be harnessed with increased safety and efficiently .
+
+S Also , more jobs would be created which in turn would aid the country 's economy .
+
+S Terrorism , safety or high costs are the factors we should base our research on and not be the reasons why we should not further develop nuclear power .
+
+S So in my opinion , funds should be injected into further research and development of nuclear power , to create a new generation of cleaner , safer and cheaper power to solve the looming energy crisis .
+
+S ( References )
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240 .
+
+S Capps , T.E. ( 2005 , July 24 ) .
+
+S Uncertainties Slow Push for Nuclear Plants .
+
+S The Washington Post .
+
+S Retrieved on October 11 , 2009 , from http : //www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/23/AR2005072300752.html
+
+S Digges , C. ( 2002 , May 02 ) .
+
+S Stanford Database Tracks Lost Radwaste to Stem Nuclear Terrorism .
+
+S Retrieved on October 11 , 2009 , from http : //www.bellona.org/english_import_area/international/russia/nuke weapons/nonproliferation/24099
+
+S Lee , H.L .
+
+S ( 2008 , June 27 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power not ruled out .
+
+S The Straits Times .
+
+S Retrieved on October 11 , 2009 , from http : //www.straitstimes.com/Breaking + News/Singapore/Story/STIStory_311184.html
+
+S Louvat , D. ( 2006 , April 26 ) .
+
+S Commemoration of the Chernobyl Disaster : The Human Experience Twenty Years Later .
+
+S Retrieved on October 11 , 2009 , from http : //www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm ? topic_id = 116811&categoryid = 374771FC-C590- EF73-4618920846F6569A&fuseaction = topics.events_item_topics&event_id = 174453 Magnumuranium ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Uranium 101 .
+
+S Retrieved on October 11 , 2009 , from http : //www.magnumuranium.com/s/Uranium.asp
+
+S World Health Organization ( 2007 , April 19 ) .
+
+S Young people and motorbikesunsafe at any speed .
+
+S Retrieved on October 11 , 2009 , from http : //www.wpro.who.int/media_centre/press_releases/pr_20070420.html
+
+S The world today depends heavily on fossil fuel to generate energy .
+
+S However , the burning of fossil fuels produce greenhouse gases which contribute to the effect of global warming .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||produces|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , experts have estimated that the remaining fuel reserve can only last a maximum of another 120 years ( McLamb , 2008 ) .
+
+S With energy demand worldwide projected to increase by 44 % in 2030 ( International , 2009 ) and the worsening effect of global warming , researchers have proposed the concept of nuclear power .
+
+S Despite the benefits promised by Generation IV nuclear reactors , it still requires much effort to convince the public to accept this technology .
+
+S This is partly due to the negative memories from the 1986 reactor core explosion at Chernobyl in Ukraine , which resulted in the instant death of 31 people and radioactive debris spewed across Europe ( Bulter , 2004 ) .
+
+S Yet , further research and development funding for the Generation IV nuclear prototypes , in particular the very-high-temperature reactor ( VHTR ) which is safer and can output greater electricity , should be supported .
+
+S Opponents of nuclear energy argued that nuclear power plants increase the health risk of workers and residents living in the vicinity of the reactor .
+
+S The long-term effects , they claimed , include potential for increased risk in cancer .
+
+S However , a survey conducted by the National Cancer Institute in the United States revealed no strong relationship between nuclear power and the risk of cancer ( Excess , 1996 ) .
+
+S While there have been occurrences of leaks and safety incidents , including several in Japan , none of them resulted in severe deaths tolls ( Critical , 2009 ) .
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||death|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Similar to the Chernobyl and Three Mile Island accident , most nuclear accidents are consequences of human errors .
+
+S In modern nuclear reactors , passive safety systems which seek to eliminate the possibility of human errors have been installed .
+
+S This is a feature that will activate the safety measures by laws of physics in the event of an emergency , even without the aid of electronics and operators ( Life , 2008 ) .
+
+S With VHTR , it should be even safer as helium gas , which will not react with other substances even at high temperature , is used as the coolant .
+
+S Hence , safety should not be an issue with modern nuclear technology .
+
+S Furthermore , economic viability and stability of nuclear power generation is challenged by adversary .
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They maintained that compared to coal or oil generators , building and operating nuclear facilities are more expensive and worried that the cost might be passed down to consumers eventually .
+
+S The construction and operation cost might be high , but this is so in order not to compromise the quality and safety of the plants .
+
+S With countries planning to impose carbon taxes on carbon dioxide emissions , producing electricity from coal or oil combustion might not remain cheap forever .
+
+S The depletion of oil supply and increasing difficulty in finding new oil reserves will also further increase the cost of electricity generated from coal or oil .
+
+S In contrast , nuclear energy might prove to be more reliable as uranium , the raw material for nuclear fuel , can be supplied by politically stable countries like Australia ( Critical , 2009 ) and can last for more than 2500 years when used with more efficient reactors ( Nuclear , n.d. ) .
+
+S Indeed , experts have concluded that the nuclear energy will be competitive enough when the price of oil rises above USS60 per barrel ( Limits , 2008 ) .
+
+S Finally , an argument advanced by anti-nuclear advocators is that although nuclear reaction does not produce greenhouse gases , harmful radioactive waste that must be stored for as long as a thousand years are generated instead .
+A 7 8|||R:SPELL|||advocates|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Despite so , proponents assured that with proper storage and appropriate protection measures , the nuclear waste should not pose any health risk to the public .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB|||argue|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , most nuclear wastes are only hazardous for a few tens of years .
+
+S High-level waste , the most dangerous of all nuclear waste , are secured tightly in glass or ceramic before being isolated in storage facilities .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The structure of the glass and ceramic is so rigid that the dispersion of radioactive waste by terrorist will be difficult ( Radioactive , 2009 ) .
+
+S The fact that no solution for disposal of nuclear waste also suggests that there is a need to continue funding further research in nuclear technologies .
+A 3 3|||M:OTHER|||there is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , it is undeniable that nuclear power is costly .
+
+S However , it might be economically viable with cost of fossil fuel expected to increase .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The safety concerns of nuclear plant are also addressed in the design of new nuclear reactors .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||plants|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The radioactive wastes produced might not necessarily incur health hazard if they are properly stored .
+
+S Therefore , nuclear power is a trustworthy technology whose further research and development funding should be supported .
+
+S References :
+
+S Anonymous .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Nuclear Power Plant Fuel .
+
+S Nuclear Energy Institute .
+
+S Retrieved October 10 , 2009 from { http : //www.nei.org/howitworks/nuclearpowerplantfuel/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.nei.org/howitworks/nuclearpowerplantfuel/ ]
+
+S Anonymous .
+
+S ( 1996 ) .
+
+S No Excess Mortality Risk Found in Counties with Nuclear Facilities .
+
+S National Cancer Institute .
+
+S Retrieved October 10 , 2009 , from { http : //www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/nuclear-facilities } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/nuclear-facilities ]
+
+S Anonymous .
+
+S ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Life after death .
+
+S The Economist .
+
+S Retrieved October 10 , 2009 , from { http : //www.economist.com/surveys/displaystory.cfm ? story_id = E1_TTVGVGDJ&source = login_payBarrier } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.economist.com/surveys/displaystory.cfm ? story_id = E1_TTVGVGDJ&source = login_payBarrier ]
+
+S Anonymous .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S International Energy Outlook 2009 .
+
+S Energy Information Administration .
+
+S Retrieved October 10 , 2009 , from { http : //www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/highlights.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/highlights.html ]
+
+S Anonymous .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Radioactive Wastes - Myths and Realities .
+
+S World Nuclear Association .
+
+S Retrieved 10 October , 2009 , from { http : //www.world-nuclear.org/info/default.aspx ? id = 470&terms = nuclear + waste } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.world-nuclear.org/info/default.aspx ? id = 470&terms = nuclear + waste ]
+
+S Anonymous .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S The critical issue of safety .
+
+S The Economist .
+
+S Retrieved October 10 , 2009 , from { http : //www.economist.com/world/international/displaystory.cfm ? story_id = 13325552 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.economist.com/world/international/displaystory.cfm ? story_id = 13325552 ]
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240 .
+
+S McLamb , E. ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Fossils Fuels vs. Renewable Energy Resources : Energy 's Future Today .
+
+S Ecology Global Network .
+
+S Retrieved 10 October , 2009 , from { http : //www.ecology.com/features/fossilvsrenewable/fossilvsrenewable.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.ecology.com/features/fossilvsrenewable/fossilvsrenewable.html ]
+
+S As technology continues to advance at an ever increasing rate , energy is also being consumed at a rapid pace .
+
+S Oil is still the main source of energy that drives the economy despite its ill effects on the environment .
+
+S Furthermore , it is projected to be depleted in fifty years time .
+A 11 11|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the global issue of today has to do with clean and sustainable energy .
+
+S The six Generation IV nuclear reactors that are currently being researched under the supervision of the Generation IV International Forum ( GIF ) are the answers to this very problem .
+
+S As of now , the Lead-Cooled Fast Reactor ( LFR ) and the Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor ( SFR ) are looking very promising and will likely to be the main choice of nuclear power plant in the near future .
+A 19 21|||R:VERB|||appear|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||U:VERB:FORM||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , further comparison of both the reactors base on cost , performance and safety actually revealed ( LFR ) as the better option .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:FORM|||based|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Advocates for the ( SFR ) often claim that the cost of running the ( SFR ) is low due to the fact that it uses hybrid loop-pool design that allows for use of a smaller Intermediate Heat Exchanger .
+
+S This will reduce the cost of building it ( Zhao , 2009 ) .
+
+S 1 However , the savings only amount to roughly about 10-15 % of final cost of construction .
+A 8 9|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Instead , ( LFR ) can ultimately have the lowest cost among all other kinds of reactor because intermediate coolant loop is redundant for it .
+A 13 14|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides that , low refueling cycles of up to 15 years can bring down the total cost of constructing and running the ( LFR ) ( Tucek , 2005 ) .2 Builders of the nuclear power plant should not just focus on the one-time cost of construction ; rather , it should be looking at the long term running cost of the plant .
+A 50 51|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , Lead-Cooled Fast Reactor is clearly the better candidate here .
+
+S Regarding performance aspect of the reactors , studies often argued that SFR with multiple reheat and inter-cooling can allow the operating temperature to reach to 650 degree Celsius while having thermal efficiencies of between 39 % and 47 % ( Peterson , 2008 ) .3 However , as the result of higher operating temperature of ( LFR ) , it is definitely able to convert electricity more efficiently as compared to the former ( Butler , 2004 ) .4
+A 24 25|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 48 49|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 51 51|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , ( LFR ) produces hydrogen as part of its processes which ( SFR ) does not .
+
+S If fact hydrogen is also an alternate form of clean and efficient energy .
+
+S Ultimately , if we are talking about performance based on the total power output of the plant , ( LFR ) definitely have an edge over ( SFR ) , which operates at lower temperature and does not produce hydrogen as part of its process .
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Safety plays an important role in deciding whether a reactor will be chosen over of its rival .
+
+S ( SFR ) in this sense has vast amount of operation experience under its belt .
+
+S In fact , Sodium as a coolant in a nuclear reactor has actually been around for quite sometimes .
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||some time|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is the reason why many believe that ( SFR ) should be considerably safe and measures must have been in place to prevent any accident .
+
+S However , in terms of chemistry property , sodium itself is a very reactive and any leakage during an accident will put the plant operators at risk .
+A 5 6|||R:MORPH|||chemical|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lead on the other hand has a lower burn-up ( Tucek , 2005 ) .
+
+S In the event of an accident , the damage to the whole plant will be considerably lesser .
+
+S Furthermore , lead superior neutronic properties and its small coolant temperature reactivity coefficient means that it could be easily controlled when there is an accident ( Hejzlar , 2009 ) .5 For example , in the event of an accident , the natural circulation in ( LFR ) is enough to take away the nominal power of the system .
+A 3 3|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However in the case for ( SFR ) , the lack of natural circulation means that the reactivity of the coolant will increase , leading to a possible meltdown of the reactor ( Tucek , 2005 ) .
+
+S In conclusion , based on the three most important consideration of a Generation IV reactor , it is clear that Lead-Cooled Fast Reactor is far more superior to to Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||considerations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:OTHER|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Despite the fact that ( SFR ) is slated to be delivered earliest by the year 2015 , more research needs to be done to proof that ( SFR ) is indeed better than ( LFR ) .
+
+S However , it would be more logical to channel more resources to the research of ( LFR ) so that it could be delivered earlier .
+
+S In addition , the production of hydrogen as a by-product is indeed very attractive for tomorrow 's energy market .
+
+S The original lead-bismuth proposed for use in the ( LFR ) will also be replaced by lead , further decreasing the cost of the coolant by 10 times ( Tucek , 2005 ) .
+
+S Therefore , Lead-Cooled Fast reactor is the obvious choice .
+
+S ¹ Zhao , H. & Zhang , H. & Mousseau , V. A .
+
+S & Peterson , P. F. ( 2009 ) Improving SFR economics through innovations from thermal design and analysis aspects .
+
+S Nuclear Engineering and Design .
+
+S Volume 239 , Issue 6 .
+
+S Pages 1042-1055
+
+S ² Tucek , K. & Carlsson , J .
+
+S & Wider , H. ( 2005 ) Comparison of Sodium and Lead-Cooled Fast Reactors regarding severe safety and economical issues .
+
+S Retrieved October 17 , 2009 from World Wide Web .
+
+S { http : //www.ecolo.org/documents/documents_in_english/SFRvsLFR-05.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.ecolo.org/documents/documents_in_english/SFRvsLFR-05.pdf ]
+
+S ³ Peterson , P. F. & Zhao , H. ( 2008 ) Multiple reheat helium Brayton cycles for sodium cooled fast reactors .
+
+S Nuclear Engineering and Design .
+
+S Volume 238 , Issue 7 .
+
+S Pages 1535-1546
+
+S 4 Butler , D. ( 2004 ) Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature .
+
+S Volume 429 .
+
+S 5 Hejzlar , P. et al ( 2009 ) Cross-comparison of fast reactor concepts with various coolants .
+
+S Nuclear Engineering and Design .
+
+S Global warming and energy shortage are two of the most discussed topics nowadays .
+
+S We are earnestly looking for solutions to these problems , and nuclear energy , has been proposed as a solution to solve these two problems at one go .
+A 26 28|||R:OTHER|||once|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The production of nuclear energy does not have carbon dioxide as a by-product , thus it can reduce the effect of global warming , which is the reason of many other problems , like rising of sea levels .
+A 13 14|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nuclear energy can also satisfy the increasing demand of energy , thus solving the problem of energy shortage .
+
+S However , choosing nuclear energy as an alternative here has many drawbacks in the areas of cleanliness , safety and cost , this can also be reflected in the very-high-temperature reactors ( VHTR ) .
+
+S Hence , I do not support the building of new nuclear plants and use of nuclear energy .
+
+S Some people argue that nuclear energy should be used as it is a cleaner source of energy compared to coal and fossil fuels .
+
+S It is true to some extent as no carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases are produced during the production of energy through nuclear power .
+
+S Nevertheless , we should not neglect the unique wasted which can be produced by nuclear power plants alone during its energy production process .
+A 8 9|||R:MORPH|||wastes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This refers to nuclear wastes .
+
+S The unique thing about nuclear wastes is that it is radioactive , like naturally occurring radioactive material ( NORM ) , which is not only radioactive itself , but will also produce highly dangerous radioactive radon gas .
+
+S ( What is nuclear waste , n.d. ) It is very hard to recycle or dispose those wastes due to their unique nature , like the wastes produced by VHTR .
+A 16 16|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The radioactive wastes will affect the health of man-kind , animals and plants when they are exposed to it .
+
+S The consequences are hazardous .
+
+S Even if it is buried underground , it will take hundreds of years for its effect to go off due to its long half-life .
+
+S The land used by nuclear power plants can not be used for other purposes after the plants are decommissioned , as excessive radioactivity is present in the area .
+
+S There have been suggestions to solve this problem by using helium , which is not radioactive , and abundant helium can be found on the moon .
+
+S However , there are a few things we should concern , the practicality of mining on the moon and the cost of mining on the moon .
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||address|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:PUNCT|||:|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is no doubt that it is extremely expensive to fly to the moon and do the mining there .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||There|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S At the same time , the technology to dig on the moon , and even use helium as a fuel is still not available yet .
+
+S Thus , nuclear energy is not a good alternative .
+
+S There are also some other people who argue that nuclear energy is safer .
+
+S However , looking at the incident of partial reactor meltdown in 1979 , which took place at Three Mile Island , Pennsylvania , and the notorious nuclear accident at Chernobyl in Ukraine in 1986 ( Butler,2004 ) , people may rethink of the statements they have made .
+A 41 42|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The result of Chernobyl accident is disastrous as the radioactive debris spread across Europe and affected a lot of people in different countries .
+A 16 19|||R:OTHER|||many|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some infected people later develop all kinds of diseases , and some new born children are distorted as well .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||developed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB|||deformed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Generally , they die at a very young age .
+
+S Nuclear power plants also pose safety problems as they are always targeted by terrorists .
+
+S ( Carl B. and Mark H. ,2005 ) .
+
+S Some people argue that the deaths per year in nuclear plants is much less than that in coal mines .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:ADJ|||fewer|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nevertheless , once a main accident in nuclear plants occurs , the impact will be enormous , long term and wide spread , while the impact of a coal mine accident is immediate , which takes place in limited areas only .
+
+S Hence , nuclear energy should not be accepted .
+
+S One more argument for nuclear energy is that it is cheap .
+
+S However , the nuclear power plants are all operating at low temperatures now , rendering them inefficient , due to limitations of technologies .
+
+S The cost advantage of nuclear energy is not so obvious here .
+
+S However , if we take into account of the set up cost of the nuclear plants , which are more high-tech than coal plants , they are definitely much more expensive .
+A 7 8|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The equally expensive maintenance cost covered will in the end together contribute to the average cost of producing nuclear energy , which is now much higher than that of coal and other sources .
+
+S Optimists say that the cost will be greatly reduced when generation IV reactors are developed as they will work with much higher efficiency .
+
+S Nevertheless , the technology required is not readily attainable and it will take a long time to be realised .
+
+S Thus , nuclear energy should not be accepted .
+
+S In conclusion , nuclear energy may have some seemingly advantages , however , the problems associated with it is not negligible .
+A 8 9|||R:MORPH|||seeming|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Specifically the high cost , radioactive wastes and the safety concerns .
+
+S Therefore , nuclear energy may not be a desirable alternative , we should put more of our focus on better energy sources like solar power .
+A 10 12|||R:PUNCT|||. We|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240 .
+
+S Wilpert , B .
+
+S ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Psychology and design processes .
+
+S Safety Science , 45 , 293-303 .
+
+S What is nuclear waste ?
+
+S Retrieved Oct,24 , 2009 , from { http : //www.wisegeek.com/what-is-nuclear-waste.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.wisegeek.com/what-is-nuclear-waste.htm ]
+
+S Carl B. and Mark H. ( 2005 , Feb 4 ) .
+
+S Nuclear Power Plants : Vulnerability to Terrorist Attack .
+
+S Retrieved Oct 24 , 2009 , from { http : //www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/crs/rs21131.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/crs/rs21131.pdf ]
+
+S Many accidents happened over the past decades , some related to design flaws while others to human errors .
+
+S Reasons for human errors range from emotional wellbeing , to the inability in handling the pre-accident situation ( Charles , 1999 ) .
+
+S These accidents may have been prevented should psychology be encompassed into the design process .
+
+S The Chernobyl nuclear accident in 1986 illustrates this notion .
+
+S On the 25th of April 1986 , reactor 4 was scheduled for a shut down , and an experiment was planned to test a safety feature during this process .
+
+S Request by the capital delayed the test pass midnight resulting in it being conducted by a less proficient night team .
+A 0 4|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||past|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Before the test , an unexpected drop in power resulted in operators retracting control rods in an attempt to restore power .
+
+S The reactor however , appeared stable after the retraction although it displayed abnormal readings .
+
+S The operators ignored this abnormality and proceeded with the test .
+
+S Subsequently two explosions occurred resulting in massive losses ( CHERNOBYL ACCIDENT , 2009 ) .
+
+S Supporters related the accident to a lack of understanding in human psychology during the design phase ( Reason , 1988 ) .
+
+S The test was approved only by the director of plant , without the coordination of the reactor 's chief designer or scientific manager ( Nuclear Energy , 2009 ) .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Opponents claimed that approval was appropriate as the reactor was muffled at the start of the experiment and should not have devastating effects on its safety ( Reason , 1988 ) .
+
+S Proponents however , argued that the plant director had insufficient specialised knowledge .
+
+S The use of psychology would enable designers to acknowledge that operators may encounter faults beyond their abilities and thus gear the design towards user friendliness .
+
+S Moreover , a psychologist should be able to relate a high competency requirement to the test and thus limit its handling to upper management .
+
+S In this manner , there is a high chance that the accident would not have occurred since the most qualified personnel are managing the test .
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition these reactors require highly skilled professionals ( Reason , 1988 ) .
+A 2 2|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Opponents were firm that should the test be conducted by the more proficient day team , the accident was unlikely to occur ( CHERNOBYL ACCIDENT , 2009 ) .
+
+S On the contrary , proponents refute this , stating that psychology encompasses the understanding of human reaction during panic stages ( Wilpert , 2007 ) .
+
+S The design of the reactor could thus include simple idiot-proof automated safety mechanisms without relying on operators ' competency .
+
+S This way , the operators would not have retracted the control rods during the pre test stage since the system would be automated .
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the accident may not have occurred .
+
+S Opponents countered the use of psychology as they felt it stifles creativity in the design process ( Wilpert , 2007 ) .
+
+S They believed that feedbacks may end up counterproductive and deter engineers from verbalizing their creations in fear of evaluation .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:INFL|||feedback|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , they stood firm that the psychologist ' lack of relevant knowledge may divert the focus of engineers and lead them away from designing a relevant product .
+
+S Proponents agreed to the possibility of limiting creativity should psychology be used in the entire design process .
+
+S As such , they suggest the intermittent intervention of psychology or simply the introduction of psychology only after the main design outline is formed ( Wilpert , 2007 ) .
+
+S This way , the main focus of the product would not be altered and the critical design phases could be assessed through the use of simulation or operators .
+
+S This would possibly uproot errors during the entire design sequence thereby preventing the Chernobyl accident .
+
+S However , as highlighted by opponents , usage of psychology would inevitably lead to increase in research and consequently production cost ( Charles , 1999 ) .
+
+S In addition , resources for research would now have to be redistributed , thereby diverting focus from the core engineering design .
+
+S Proponents argue that the added cost is justifiable should the use of psychology prevent the accident .
+
+S The economic cost incurred in the entire aftermath cleanup process amounted to an astounding USD 43 billion not inclusive of intangible cost related to social and psychological effects ( Chernobyl.info ) .
+
+S Therefore supporters stay firm on the notion of prevention being better than cure , and hence propose the use of psychology in the design process .
+
+S In conclusion , it is undeniable that the use of psychology would lead to the increase in production cost or the reshuffling of resources allocated to core engineering design .
+
+S However , it would translate to designs encompassing user friendly backup systems non reliant on the competency of operators .
+
+S It would also match the test complexity to the appropriate management level .
+
+S As a result , the use of psychology in the design process may have prevented the Chernobyl accident thereby justifying its cost .
+
+S * References
+
+S + Wilpert , B .
+
+S ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Psychology and design processes .
+
+S Safety Science , 45 , 293-303 .
+
+S Retrieved October 1 , 2009 from { http : //www-scopus-com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www-scopus-com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg ]
+
+S + Butler , D. ( 2004 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240 .
+
+S Retrieved October 1 , 2009 from { http : //www-scopus-com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www-scopus-com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg ]
+
+S + Chernobyl.info .
+
+S ( n.d. ) chernobyl.info .
+
+S Retrieved October 2 , 2009 , from { http : //chernobyl.info/index.php ? userhash = 382407&navID = 10&lID = 2 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //chernobyl.info/index.php ? userhash = 382407&navID = 10&lID = 2 ]
+
+S + CHERNOBYL ACCIDENT .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S World-nuclear.org .
+
+S Retrieved October 2 , 2009 , from { http : //www.world-nuclear.org/info/chernobyl/inf07.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.world-nuclear.org/info/chernobyl/inf07.html ]
+
+S + Reason , J .
+
+S ( 1988 ) .
+
+S Errors and evaluations : the lessons of Chernobyl .
+
+S Human Factors and Power Plants , Conference Record for 1988 IEEE Fourth Conference , 537-540 .
+
+S Retrieved October 4 , 2009 , from http : //ieeexplore.ieee.org.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/servlet/opac ? punumber = 734
+
+S + Nuclear Energy .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S History.com .
+
+S Retrieved October 5 , 2009 , from { http : //www.history.com/encyclopedia.do ? articleId = 217919 .
+
+S } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.history.com/encyclopedia.do ? articleId = 217919 ]
+
+S + Charles , P. ( 1999 ) .
+
+S ece.cmu.edu Retrieved October 8 , 2009 , from { http : //www.ece.cmu.edu/ ~ koopman/des_s99/human/ # sources } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.ece.cmu.edu/ ~ koopman/des_s99/human/ ]
+
+S A Germany 's Inter-City Express ( ICE ) trains derailed and slammed into an overpass , killed 101 people and injured 200 people in June of 1998 , ( Castellano , 2007 ) .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||train|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The causes of the accident were traced back to a damaged wheel that disintegrated just before the train passed over a switch track .
+
+S With a further investigation , people discovered the evidence of poor wheel design , poor bridge construction , insufficient failure detection system , ineffective emergency procedures and insufficient design verification testing .
+A 0 1|||R:PREP|||Upon|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , safety improvements and major engineering changes were implemented in order to prevent such disaster from happening again and which includes the studies of psychology in design process .
+A 21 22|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:SVA|||include|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , the use of psychology in design process could have prevented the accident .
+
+S First of all , the use of psychology in the design process could have prevented the accident by realizing the need of adding several failure detection systems on the train .
+A 18 19|||R:VERB|||revealing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to the research that has been done by the German national railway company , Deutsche Bahn ( 1998 ) , the ICE train did not have a system installed to detect wheel failure and bring the train to an emergency stop .
+
+S According to Wilpert ( 2007 ) , inherent safety which links the design process to safety concerns must be taken into account .
+
+S However , in this situation , the engineers did not identify the inherently safer options ( as cited in Wilpert , 2007 ) which led to insufficient of failure detection systems that were installed in the train .
+A 26 27|||R:OTHER|||a lack|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One example that highlighted this situation is the bullet trains from Japan .
+
+S The Japanese bullet trains equipped with a detection system that can alert the train operator about wheel deformation and failure during the operation so that the operator may manually activate the emergency brake .
+A 4 4|||M:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If the train was installed with this system , the accident might not have happened .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||had been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , the use of psychology in the design process could have prevented the accident through activating the emergency brake despite the company 's policy that did not allow the train manager to do so .
+
+S During the journey on the train , a large piece of metal came up through the floor and was witnessed by a passenger .
+
+S The passenger tried to warn the crew but was refused by the train manager due to the reason that he needs to investigate the problem by himself first .
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:TENSE|||needed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , valuable time was lost and the accident happened .
+
+S In this situation , the problem of psychopathology of design was revealed .
+
+S According to Wilpert ( 2007 ) , the designer 's and the user 's conceptual model of a system or a device must be matched in order to reduce the problems that might have occurred during the time of using it , in this case , the train .
+A 33 35|||R:VERB:TENSE|||occur|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If the company policy was made with referenced to a common sense that was agreed by everyone , such as , the train services in Singapore and the United Kingdom that made the control of emergency brakes available to the travelling passengers , the chain of failure would have been broken .
+A 7 8|||R:MORPH|||reference|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is unlikely that the subsequent events could have occurred had the train been stopped immediately .
+
+S The third and most important thing to use psychology in the design process in this accident is that , it could have revealed the poor design of the wheel that has caused the accident .
+A 30 31|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The ICE trains were equipped with single-cast wheels which after the accident , the engineers realized that the design of the wheels could makes the metal to fatigue and causes out-of-round conditions that vibrates at cruising speeds .
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:SVA|||make|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:VERB:SVA|||cause|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:VERB:SVA|||vibrate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to Norman ( as cited in Wilpert , 2007 ) , the appropriate system image must be ensured by the designer and this is one of the problems of psychopathology of design .
+
+S According to the research by Deutsche Bahn ( 1988 ) , the design of the wheels that were used did not reveal the actual durability and reliability of the wheels .
+
+S Hacker ( as cited in Wilpert , 2007 ) points out that the quality of co-operative performance depends on the nature of the task at hand .
+
+S He says that a design task can not be solved individually since each person has his own limitation in knowledge .
+
+S In this situation , if there were more designers involved in the design of the wheels , the poor design of the wheels could have been spotted and the accident would not have happened .
+
+S To sum up , with the use of psychology in the design process , the problems such as insufficient of failure detection systems that were installed in the train , company 's policy that was not allowed the train manager to stop the train , and the poor design of the train wheels would not have occurred .
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||lack|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 37|||R:OTHER|||did not allow|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To conclude , the train accident that had happened in Germany could have been prevented with the use of psychology in the design process .
+A 7 8|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Wilpert , B ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Psychology and design processes .
+
+S Safety Science 45 , 293-303 .
+
+S Castellano , J ( 2007 , March ) .
+
+S System Failure Case Studies - Derailed .
+
+S Retrieved October 12 , 2009 , from { http : //pbma.nasa.gov/docs/public/pbma/images/msm/derailed.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //pbma.nasa.gov/docs/public/pbma/images/msm/derailed.pdf ]
+
+S Ksmiley ( 2009 , June ) .
+
+S Eschede Train Derailment .
+
+S Retrived October 12 , 2009 , from { http : //root-cause-analysis.info/2009/06/04/eschede-train-derailment } [ HYPERLINK : http : //root-cause-analysis.info/2009/06/04/eschede-train-derailment ]
+
+S Masayuki , N ( n.a ) .
+
+S InterCity Express Accident .
+
+S Retrieved October 12 , 2009 , from { http : //shippai.jst.go.jp/en/Detail ? fn = 0&id = CA1000637& } [ HYPERLINK : http : //shippai.jst.go.jp/en/Detail ? fn = 0&id = CA1000637& ]
+
+S Special Feature Eschede , Germany , ICE High Speed Train Disaster ( 1998 ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 12 , 2009 , from { http : //danger-ahead.railfan.net/features/eschede.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //danger-ahead.railfan.net/features/eschede.html ]
+
+S The Eschede Reports ( 1998 ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 12 , 2009 , from { http : //danger-ahead.railfan.net/reports/eschede/index.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //danger-ahead.railfan.net/reports/eschede/index.html ]
+
+S A major accident does not usually happen with merely one error and the accumulation of all the errors will be catastrophic .
+
+S For instance the Nicoll Highway incident which occurred on Tuesday 20 April 2004 is the result of this which in turn caused four deaths .
+
+S The collapse was due to the retaining wall not able to handle the stress of supporting the tunnel and it gave way ( Andrew , 2005 ) .
+A 9 9|||M:VERB|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , the opposing party argues that this failure is largely due to the technical aspect rather than the human errors .
+
+S Nevertheless , there are substantial points to which psychology can prevent the accident from happening if it has been implemented in the design stage .
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||suggest that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As stated , the opponents claim that the collapse was due to the design of the structure .
+
+S The design of the structure itself was not well-built and the use of the weaker materials further exacerbated the failure ( IES , 2005 ) .
+
+S Moreover , the opponents insist that the design was in fact approved by the Land Transportation Authority ( LTA ) .
+
+S Though the design was approved , the blueprint was in fact design by engineers .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:FORM|||designed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to Wilpert.B ( 2007 ) , engineers do make design mistakes and this is known as an erroneous individual action .
+
+S The Nicolle Highway incident clearly illustrates this action when the contractor 's engineers of Nishimatsu-Lum Chang ( NLC ) use the inappropriate soil simulation model for the design calculations ( Andrew , 2005 ) .
+
+S As a result , the structure failed the safety criteria .
+
+S In addition , the use of the weak materials is due to the wrong mindset of the NLC wanting to earn more profits by cutting input materials cost is seriously a wrong attitude and perception .
+A 28 28|||M:OTHER|||, which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , the problem of psychopathology of design also arises when the NLC 's engineers overestimated the basic technical ability of the LTA 's personnel ( Wilpert.B , 2007 ) .
+
+S Therefore , the lack in engineering knowledge of the LTA 's personnel resulted in the approval of the blueprint which in turn results in the collapse .
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:TENSE|||resulted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nonetheless , the supporters still argue another fact about the structure being used merely for a short period of time .
+
+S Thus there is no strict law imposed by the government about how a temporary structure should be built .
+
+S Furthermore , the supporters insist that the higher management within LTA and NLC had stringent control of the design phase despite the fact that the structure was used temporary .
+A 28 29|||R:MORPH|||temporarily|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the truth is about the wrong mindset of the engineers and workers .
+A 0 14|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The wrong attitude about temporary structure causes them to let off their guards and become ignorant of the risk that the weak structure might pose .
+A 10 11|||R:PART|||down|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||guard|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides that , the NLC 's design engineers ignore its failed risk assessment and continue to proceed with the blueprint without revealing the actual data to LTA ( IES , 2005 ) .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||ignored|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||continued|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This behavior is considered dishonest and immoral .
+
+S This is because NLC would want to complete their job within schedule so to avoid paying penalties to LTA ( IES , 2005 ) .
+A 12 13|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus the over-eagerness and the time pressure exerted on them often lead to short-cuts and worsen the failure further ( Wilpert.B , 2007 ) .
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||worsened|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly , the opposing party argues that all workers involved in this project have a strong sense of safety culture since it is compulsory to attend the Construction Safety Orientation Course ( CSOC ) before commencement of any construction work ( MOM.Compulsory , 2007 ) .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore the opponents emphasize that the failure was not due to the inadequate knowledge about the safety aspect but the failure of the technical aspect .
+
+S Although they have attended the CSOC , there were dysfunction relations within the organization ( Wilpert.B , 2007 ) .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:MORPH|||dysfunctional|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The incapability of the project management team failed to address the warning signs present in the early stage and implement corrective measures .
+A 1 3|||R:OTHER|||incapable|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , the failure was further aggravated .
+
+S Hence , the negligence and breaching of the project management team statutory duties indeed caused the collapse ( MOM.Committe , 2007 ) .
+
+S In conclusion , one would realize the collapse of the Nicoll Highway is mainly due to human errors rather than the technical aspects .
+
+S Nevertheless , one would also recognize that failure of the technical aspect is due to the presence of human errors .
+
+S These human errors can be referred to some form of psychology which is important in all human endeavors .
+A 0 11|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , having certain knowledge about it will definitely aid in the understanding of human behavior and the reasons to why human makes mistakes .
+A 19 20|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , it is vital to implement psychology in the design stage so to prevent the occurrence of any catastrophic accident .
+
+S References :
+
+S 1 .
+
+S Wilpert , B .
+
+S ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Psychology and design processes .
+
+S Safety Science , 45 , 293-303 .
+
+S 2 .
+
+S Andrew Mylius ( 1 June , 2005 ) .
+
+S Inquiry leaves civils facing jail over Nicoll Highway collapse .
+
+S New Civil Engineer .
+
+S Retrieved October
+
+S 3 , 2009 from http : //www.nce.co.uk/inquiry-leaves-civils-facing- jail-over-nicoll-highway-collapse/537845.article
+
+S 3 .
+
+S Committee of Inquiry Concludes String of Critical Design Errors Caused Collapse at Nicoll Highway .
+
+S ( June 13 , 2007 ) .
+
+S Ministry of Manpower ( MOM ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 4 , 2009 , from http : //www.mom.gov.sg/publish/momportal/en/press_room/press_releases /2005/20050513- CommitteeofInquiryconcludesstringofcriticaldesignerrorscausedcollaps eatNicollHighway.html
+
+S 4 .
+
+S Design and construction failures caused Singapore tunnel [ PDF ] .
+
+S ( May 2005 ) .
+
+S Extracted from New Civil Engineer .
+
+S The Institution of Engineers Singapore ( IES ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 6 , 2009 , from http : //www.ies.org.sg/cset/docs/NCE_Nicoll_Highway_Collapase.pdf
+
+S 5 .
+
+S Compulsory Safety Training .
+
+S ( Feb 05 , 2007 ) .
+
+S Ministry of Manpower ( MOM ) .
+
+S Retrieved Oct 7 , 2009 from http : //www.mom.gov.sg/publish/momportal/en/press_room/press_releases /2001/20010405-CompulsorySafetyTraining.html
+
+S Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor , the Future Plant in Use
+
+S Every nation is caught up with energy shortage problem .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If man continues exhausting natural resources at the present rate , the day is not far off when human beings may run out of coal or oil .
+
+S Nuclear power stands out as one of most prospective alternate source .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||sources|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the case of nuclear power , the allure is clear : abundant power , no carbon dioxide emissions , no blots on the landscape except an occasional containment dome and cooling tower , according to Michael P. ( 2005 ) .
+
+S However , problems come with nuclear power such as accidents of leakage , waste reprocessing and storage , high construction costs , and even the possible use of nuclear fuel for weapons .
+
+S With considerable research background , Sodium-cooled Fast Reactors , or SFR , are able to ease public worry over these safety issues as mentioned before .
+
+S The most serious concern raised by many is the possibility of accidents .
+
+S In the event of leakage , numerous people are probably left dead , much more affected in a long lasting period ever since .
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||will probably be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||R:ADV|||henceforth|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S People can still recall " on Mar .
+
+S 28 , 1979 , the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant experienced a partial meltdown .
+
+S Cleanup of the accident required $ 1 billion and longer than 10 years to complete , " as depicted by findingDulcinea Staff ( 2009 ) .
+A 18 20|||R:OTHER|||repoted in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A community of misfortunes have happened , mainly resulted from a failure in control of pressure and temperature .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:FORM|||resulting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Chance for SFR to get out of control is relatively smaller because SFR " operates near atmospheric pressure , and intermediate sodium system between the radioactive sodium in the primary system and the power conversion system " as revealed by Generation IV International Forum .
+
+S In contrast , the other five designs of reactors , which are Gas-cooled fast reactors , Lead-cooled fast reactors , Molten salt reactors , Supercritical-water-cooled reactors , and Very-high-temperature reactors , operate either at high temperature or under high pressure or even both .
+
+S Besides , double-wall piping and high reliable SG with double-wall tube are designed for prevention of likely sodium chemical reactions .
+
+S All these back-up system going wrong , SFR still can pull through safely as passive reactor shutdown system and decay heat removal by natural circulation are still in their position as a line of defence .
+A 0 1|||M:PREP|||If all|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||systems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:FORM|||go|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S People may also tremble at the long-lived radioactive waste .
+
+S The waste , if not handled carefully , may pollute the atmosphere and water and remain there for long .
+
+S Moreover , conventional reprocessing recovers plutonium and uranium from waste , as worried in Plutonium Wars ( 2004 ) .
+A 11 14|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The proliferation , an essential step of reprocessing , does generate weapon-grade plutonium .
+
+S However , the anxiety can be eased by SFR due to its non-proliferation attributes .
+
+S Generation IV International Forum reported that " the envisaged SFR capability to efficiently and nearly completely consume trans-uranium as fuel would reduce the actinide loadings in the high-level radioactive waste it produces .
+
+S Such reductions would bring benefits in the radioactive waste disposal requirements associated with the system and enhance its non-proliferation attributes .
+
+S " The research on waste disposal and reprocessing are still going on for the envisaged SFR to realize .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:TENSE|||be realized|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The final statement made by opponents is the high construction cost of SFR .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||objection raised|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I agree that it is a major challenge for SFR .
+
+S However , it can be offset by a more efficient utilization of fuel resources .
+
+S Generation IV International Forum remarked that the fuel cycle employs a full actinide recycle with three major options .
+
+S The options range from a large size ( 600 to 1,500 Mwe ) to a small one ( 50 to 150 MWe ) .
+
+S The fuel cycles employed also differ in the reactors of the three scales .
+
+S Customers can choose to bear different costs to their own needs .
+A 7 7|||M:VERB|||according|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This reduces their potential cost in the construction of a reactor which is larger that they need .
+A 14 15|||R:PREP|||than|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The SFR 's fast spectrum also makes it possible to use available fissile and fertile materials ( including depleted uranium ) considerably more efficiently than thermal spectrum reactors with once-through fuel cycles , as told by Generation IV International Forum .
+A 34 35|||R:VERB|||reported|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Such reduction in fuel cost solve the problem noted by MIT ( 2003 ) that " economically , new nuclear plants would not be able to compete with coal and gas .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:SVA|||solves|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " Apart from benefit from considerable technological experience , SFR , also offer the potential to operate with a high conversion fast spectrum core , with the resulting benefit of increasing the utilization of fuel resources as Generation IV International Forum highlighted .
+A 10 11|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:SVA|||offers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It should be evident that none of the opposing statement is valid for SFR .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||statements|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S SFR operates at low temperature and low pressure and has multiple systems to back up safety .
+
+S The radioactive waste can also be sustainably used in the fuel cycle with reduction of environmental burden .
+
+S High construction is offset not only by multiple construction options , but also by efficient utilization of fuel resources .
+A 2 2|||M:NOUN|||cost|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S More importantly , research is carrying on for SFR , the most promising generation IV reactor .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB|||going|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Michael Parfit , Poweing the Future , Aug 2005,nuclear : para.2 , from http : //ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0508/feature1/index.html
+
+S findingDulcinea Staff , On This Day : Nuclear Meltdown Occurs at Three Mile Island , March 2009 , para.1 from http : //www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/March-April-08/On-this-Day-Nuclear-Meltdown-at-Three-Mile-Island.html
+
+S Generation IV International Forum , Systems : Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor , retrieved on Oct 26 , 2009 from http : //www.gen-4.org/Technology/systems/sfr.htm
+
+S Nature , Plutonium Wars , May 2004 , vol.429 : para.3 , from www.nature.com/nature MIT , The Future of Nuclear Power , 2003 .
+
+S Chernobyl disaster was a major engineering accident that occurred in the year 1986 .
+A 0 0|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The causes of the accident were classified to be design flaws of the nuclear reactor system as well as violation of safety regulations by the operators before the accident .
+
+S Some people believe that the use of psychology during the design process might have corrected all the flaws of the system , thus preventing the tragedy while others argue that this incident occurred due to severe breaches of safety regulations by the operators .
+
+S Therefore psychology plays no role in preventing this accident as the causes were due to human errors .
+
+S In my opinion , I trust that the use of psychology during the design process would have prevented the accident .
+
+S The use of psychology would rectify the design flaws and safety mechanism implemented to counter human errors .
+
+S Opposition might argue that human errors occur on a random basis ; therefore they could not be prevented .
+A 0 1|||R:NOUN|||Opponents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It was this violation of safety rules by the operators prior to the accident that caused the explosion , thus psychology during the design process would not contribute anything beneficial to the operations .
+A 18 19|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S An experiment was conducted before the nuclear reactor was due for maintenance .
+
+S Before the test , the emergency core cooling system was shut down .
+
+S The first human error committed was to continue with the test .
+
+S The power of the reactor continued to drop below the lower limit for the experiment .
+
+S Control rods which act as absorbers were withdrew from the core to increase the power of the reactor .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:FORM|||withdrawn|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This was human error two .
+
+S All the circulating pumps were connected to the reactor that had its control rods withdrew .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:FORM|||withdrawn|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This caused an unstable thermo-hydraulic status .
+
+S The experiment started in these undesirable conditions .
+
+S Power began to rise and the absorbers were sent back to the core to control the reaction , however they were unable to plunge fully into the lower stop due to mechanical fault .
+A 17 18|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The decision to cut off current that holds the absorbers to ensure the falling of rods caused the explosions .
+
+S It was through this series of human errors committed prior to the moment that caused this incident .
+
+S The impact of human errors could be minimized when appropriate safety mechanism were installed on the system .
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||if|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||mechanisms|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Psychologist could brainstorm for possible human errors that could be committed by the operators and recommend counter measurements .
+A 0 1|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Psychologists|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:MORPH|||measures|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One possible counter measurement against human errors could be to configure the system in such a way that whenever safety has been compromised , the system will be automatically shut down .
+A 3 4|||R:MORPH|||measure|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The use of psychology will bridge the gap between designers and operators as the system will not be overly complicated for the operators to work on .
+
+S All operation knowledge and trainings should be properly imparted by the engineers to the operators so as to guarantee system operation efficiency and safety .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||training|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All these measurements taken will reduce the human errors to an insignificant level , thus those mistakes committed might not cause such a huge impact and Chernobyl accident might not has occurred .
+A 2 3|||R:MORPH|||measures|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A report published by IAEA Nuclear Safety Advisory Group stated that the actual causes were due to design errors .
+
+S The reactor constructed for the Chernobyl Nuclear Plant was the second generation nuclear reactor which was almost identical to the first generation .
+
+S Engineers failed to rectify the design errors found in the first generation , thus all shortcomings were modeled into the second generation reactor .
+A 12 13|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The reasons that engineers failed to challenge the errors could be their large working group .
+
+S Studies have shown that considerable productivity loss is found when people of different background work together .
+
+S Factors affecting a group include evaluation apprehension , free riding and blocking .
+
+S The result of all the problems faced by the design engineers was a nuclear reactor which carries several design flaws .
+
+S The water channels run through the core vertically where a temperature gradient will be built up .
+
+S This causes the reaction within the core to increase greatly .
+
+S The control rods end tips were made of graphite which is a more potent neutron moderator and greatly increases the rate of fission reaction when the rods are initially inserted into the reactor .
+
+S This defeats the purpose of the control rods .
+
+S The use of psychology since the start of design process would rectify all the faults found .
+A 4 5|||R:PREP|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Psychologists are able to give a more objective view on the integrity of the project .
+
+S Psychologist , being the middleman , will connects all the engineers together to design the new reactor .
+A 0 1|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Psychologists|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:FORM|||connect|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore all the features that compromise safety would be eliminated during the design process .
+
+S Therefore the use of psychology during design process would reduce design errors in the new reactor created .
+
+S Human errors are unavoidable .
+
+S Psychologist must be present to give his or her safety judgments to incorporate addition counter measurements against possible human errors .
+A 0 1|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Psychologists|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 9|||R:OTHER|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:MORPH|||additional|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:MORPH|||measures|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The use of psychology could also remove all the design flaws and add in desirable mechanism to the system , thus creating a more efficient reactor for both the engineers and operators .
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore the use of psychology during the design process would have possibly prevented the Chernobyl incident .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||could|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Almost every day when we read newspaper , articles about energy saving or increasing oil price will jump into our sight .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Actually , global warming and energy crisis have been being extremely hot topics these years and large proportion of governments ' revenue has been spent on the research and development of new energy resources , such as solar energy and tidal power .
+A 9 10|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:ADJ|||popular|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Among these new energy resources , nuclear power is highly favored by researchers due to its abundant base materials , low quantities of waste and comparatively cheap fuel costs .
+
+S CITATION Why06 \ l 2052 ( Why use Nuclear Power ? , 2006 ) Such a situation indicates that the new dawn of the nuclear power is at the corner although it means that the public have to struggle to restore their confidence ruined by the past appalling accidents of nuclear power plants .
+
+S Hitherto , scientists have successfully proposed the Generation IV nuclear reactor concepts , namely , gas-cooled fast reactors , lead-cooled fast reactors , molten salt reactors , sodium-cooled fast reactors , supercritical-water cooled reactors and very-high-temperature reactors .
+
+S CITATION Nuc04 \ l 2052 ( Butler , 2004 ) In my opinion , the very-high-temperature reactors ( VHTR ) are the best among the six .
+
+S In this essay , I will talk about the reasons from the perspectives of safety , work efficiency and cost .
+
+S Safety is always the thing that matters most .
+
+S After the Chernobyl disaster in Soviet Union , many people started to reject the proposal of wide usage of nuclear power .
+
+S But actually , no energy sources can be said to be free of risk .
+
+S Coil and oil have brought us problems like global warming and acidic rain ; hydro projects have deteriorate the environment of areas flooded and downstream and can lead to great economical loss and mortality once dams are collapsed ; the mirrors and panels used for solar energy production can affect the environment too .
+A 0 1|||R:NOUN|||Coal|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:FORM|||deteriorated|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 25|||R:WO|||flooded and downstream areas|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 38|||R:OTHER|||collapse|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S CITATION Com09 \ l 2052 ( Comparisons of various energy sources , 2009 ) Hence , what we should concentrate on now is how to make the nuclear power production safer instead of arguing whether to reject it or not .
+
+S The good news is that the basic technology for VHTR has been well established and has been tested by many nuclear plants vendors and national laboratories .
+
+S Furthermore , the VHTR concept requires " the lowest risk technology development " to " achieve the needed commercial functional requirements " CITATION Ver09 \ l 2052 ( Very-High-Temperature Reactor ( VHTR ) ) among the six Generation IV reactors .
+
+S Therefore , safety is highly guaranteed in the development and application of VHTR .
+
+S Besides safety , people concern much about the work efficiency .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||are concerned|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nobody wants to spend so many resources to develop something operating poorly .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||much of their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , " the VHTR system is designed to be a high-efficiency system and that can supply process heat to a broad spectrum of high-temperature and energy-intensive , non-electric processes .
+
+S " CITATION Ver09 \ l 2052 ( Very-High-Temperature Reactor ( VHTR ) ) The pebble-bed and prismatic design of VHTR makes no intermediate refueling necessary .
+
+S And due to high temperature , the reactor generates electricity and hydrogen simultaneously , superior to the sodium-cooled fast reactors and critical-water-cooled reactors which can only generate electricity .
+
+S In addition , the high temperature exchanger and electrical heater of a VHTR system avoid significant efficiency penalty .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB|||prevent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN|||loss|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the VTHR system can meet our efficiency requirements undoubtedly .
+
+S Last but not the least , every technological innovations should be feasible not only technically but also economically .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||innovation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As far as we know , the ultra-long life VHTR systems can be developed with minor actinides .
+
+S Minor actinides used can incinerate burnable poisons or fuel materials to obtain high levels of burn-up , which could " facilitate development of new fuel cycles and support sustainability of a fuel source for nuclear energy " .
+
+S CITATION Pav09 \ l 2052 ( Tsvetkov ) So the cost of maintenance and fuels for VHTR can be highly reduced compared to other Generation IV reactors .
+
+S Besides , the earliest delivery time for VHTR is 2020 , earlier than that of other Generation IV reactors except Sodium-cooled fast reactors .
+
+S The earlier delivery means the earlier alleviation to these impending problems and more payback .
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , the VHTR systems are highly practical economically .
+
+S In conclusion , to solve the global warming and energy shortage problems , we need the exploration and better utilization of nuclear energy .
+
+S And among the six proposed new generation nuclear reactors , the VHTR systems are the best in consideration of various facets .
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN|||factors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The strong technological backup provides adequate safety ; the specific innovational design of the system ensures high work efficiency ; the ultra long lifetime and early delivery brings comparatively lower cost .
+
+S Therefore , VHTR is the one which deserves further research and development funding most .
+
+S References
+
+S BIBLIOGRAPHY Comparisons of various energy sources .
+
+S ( 2009 , 4 12 ) .
+
+S Retrieved 10 23 , 2009 , from The Virtual Nuclear Tourist !
+
+S : http : //www.nucleartourist.com/basics/why.htm
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 , 5 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240
+
+S Tsvetkov , P. V. ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Coupled Hybrid Monte Carlo - Deterministic Analysis of VHTR Configurations with Advanced Actinide Fuels .
+
+S Retrieved 10 23 , 2009 , from Innovative Nuclear Space Power : http : //www.inspi.ufl.edu/icapp06/program/abstracts/6400.html
+
+S Very-High-Temperature Reactor ( VHTR ) .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Retrieved 10 23 , 2009 , from Idaho National Laboratory : https : //inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt ? open = 514&objID = 2251&parentname = CommunityPage&parentid = 13&mode = 2
+
+S Why use Nuclear Power ?
+
+S ( 2006 , 10 22 ) .
+
+S Retrieved 10 23 , 2009 , from The Virtual Nuclear Tourist !
+
+S : http : //www.nucleartourist.com/basics/reasons1.htm
+
+S On the 6th of March 1987 the freight ferry 'Herald of Free Enterprise ' capsized just ouside the port of Zeebrugge .
+
+S The accident took the lives of 150 passengers and 38 crewmembers .
+
+S ( Pijnenburg &Duin,1990 ) .
+
+S Could this accident have been avoided or to be specific could the use of psychology during the design process prevent this accident from happening ?
+A 5 6|||R:VERB|||prevented|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Major accidents besides Zeebrugge such as the 'Three Mile Island ' incident and the 'Chernobyl 'disaster is said to be caused by human error .
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Statistics show that close to 90 % of all accidents is caused by human error .
+
+S ( BI-ME staff,2009 ) The major companies have given the excuse of cost and time as the reason why they have not considered implementing psychology during the design process .
+
+S Although these major companies have not shown a high enough level of interest to invest in the use of engineering psychology , I believe that engineering psychology can help improve on the safety of operation in their industry and eventually reduce accidents .
+
+S I will look into the 'Zeebrugge ' incident in detail to prove that it could have been avoided if psychology is used during the design process .
+A 17 18|||R:VERB|||prevented|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the case of the 'Zeebrugge ' incident , there were many things wrong with the design of the ferry .
+
+S For instance the ferry 's design is a huge hull for which its purpose is to load and unload cars at a very fast pace .
+
+S Although it might seem a good idea at first but having a huge hull means that the boat can easily turn over when there is water on deck ( Noyes & Stanton,1997 ) .
+A 9 10|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This matter has been brought into attention to the Board of Directors but they were not willing to waste money to have the engineers sketch up a new design .
+
+S Another design flaw is there were no light indicators to give notice the status of the bow doors .
+A 12 12|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Once again ,the idea was rejected because of cost issues .
+
+S Considering that one of the reasons that the accident happened is because the bow doors were still open when the ferry left the port ,it makes us wonder whether the accident could really have been avoided if proper precautions were taken .
+A 35 36|||R:VERB|||prevented|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S During the design process , it is important to ensure that the product design is safe and user friendly ( Wilpert,2007 ) .
+
+S When designing a product or even a system , engineers must make sure that there are safety measurements or considerations taken in the design .
+A 17 18|||R:MORPH|||measures|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another cause of the ferry capsizing is the lack of interaction within the organization .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN|||communication|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Critics claim that it is important to establish a professional relationship between the workers and make sure the workers do not step over their scope of work .
+
+S This way of thinking however is inexcusable as when working in an engineering industry , most departments rely on each other .
+
+S When water started to flood in the 'Herald Of Free Enterprise ' , one deck hand noticed it but did not report the matter because he thought that others may have notice and it was not his job .
+A 31 32|||R:VERB:FORM|||noticed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If there were proper interaction between the workers the 'Zeebrugge ' incident could have a different ending .
+
+S Apart from that there is also the matter of the management 's role in the 'Zeebrugge ' incident .
+
+S The management is said to be pushing their workers to work double shift just for their own profits .
+
+S Critics mentioned that the welfare of the workers is not important .
+
+S As long as they are being paid for their extra work , it is fine .
+
+S That way of management is very harsh as the workers safety and their health is very important .
+A 10 10|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Looking in the 'Zeebrugge ' incident , the worker which was suppose to make sure the bow doors are closed , was asleep .
+A 1 2|||R:PREP|||into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:PRON|||who|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:FORM|||supposed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Because the higher-ups forced the workers into exhaustion an engineering accident have happen .
+A 11 13|||R:VERB:TENSE|||happened|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The workers psychological state and physiological state must be good in order for him to perform his job .
+A 2 2|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When the workers mind is in the right place , then he will be happy and content when working ( Carpentier & Cazamian,1977 ) .
+A 3 3|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will undoubtedly reduce human error .
+
+S It is without question that the 'Herald of Free Enterprise ' would not have capsized if psychological approach is taken during design process .
+A 21 21|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Not only the incident at 'Zeebrugge ' ,many major accidents can benefit from this approach in design .
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||, but many other|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 12|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The fundamental issues when designing is that it should match its expectations and also safe to operate ( Wilpert,2007 ) .
+A 14 14|||M:VERB|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although it is impossible to totally remove human error from operations ,the next best thing we can do is to reduce it and by using psychology such a goal can be achieved .
+A 11 12|||R:ORTH|||, the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S Pijnenburg,Bert & Duin,M.J.V .
+
+S ( 1990 ) .The Zeebrugge Ferry Disaster .
+
+S Crime , Law and Social Change.321-349 .
+
+S BI-ME staff .
+
+S ( 2009,September 24 ) .
+
+S Human error is involved in over 90 % of all accidents and injuries in a workplace .
+
+S Retrieved 15 October 2009 from http : //www.bi-me.com/main.php ? c = 3&cg = 2&t = 1&id = 40507 .
+
+S Noyes,Jan & Stanton,Neville ( 1997 ) .Engineering Psychology : contribution to system safety.Computing and Control Engineering.108-110 .
+
+S Wilpert,Bernhard .
+
+S ( 2007 ) .Psychology and Design Process.Safety Science,45.293- 303 .
+
+S Carpentier,James & Cazamian,Pierre ( 1977 ) .
+
+S Night work : its effects on the health and welfare of the worker ( 2nd ed .
+
+S ) .International Labour Organization .
+
+S In the past few decades , nuclear energy was considered as a futuristic and exotic technology which requires a lot of research and experiments in order to develop these farfetched ideas .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 21|||R:OTHER|||much|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:MORPH|||experimentation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nowadays , reactors in operation around the world are generally considered second or third generation systems , with the first-generation systems out-dated some time ago .
+
+S Our next step will be innovate generation IV reactors which are cheaper , safer and cleaner compare with the current nuclear reactors .
+A 5 5|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:FORM|||compared|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This mission is put under the responsibility of the Generation IV International Forum ( GIF ) where ten nations will come together to research and plan the nuclear reactors of tomorrow .
+
+S Among the six generation IV reactors concepts , the Very High Temperature Reactor concept is worth to do further research and development funding for it .
+A 14 18|||R:OTHER|||deserves|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As an introduction , the Very High Temperature Reactor concept uses either a prismatic-block or pebble bed reactor design graphite-moderated core with uranium fuel cycle to generate electricity and produce hydrogen through thermochemical process .
+A 32 32|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This high temperature reactor used inert helium to keep the reactor cool and can consider as passively safe .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||uses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||be considered|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Experiments have been carried out by Japan 's Atomic Energy Research Institute based in Kashiwa to test its feasibility by operating a similar high-temperature engineering test reactor at Oarai , Tokyo .
+
+S Its first test run has a quite satisfied result by achieving its goal of 9500C without having any sign of partial reactor meltdown .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:ADJ|||satisfactory|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , this reactor is practical and has a high potential to be the next generation nuclear reactor .
+
+S Generally , nuclear power is a sustainable energy source that does not pollute our environment with tremendous amounts of toxic gases such as nitrogen oxides , sulfur oxides and carbon dioxide .
+
+S Compared with fuel oil and coal combustion , nuclear power not only meets the increased global energy demands in the future but also avoids global warming issues .
+
+S In Taipei , Taiwan , the government rather extends its oldest nuclear plant 's life and willing to take the risk of public safety just to cut down the greenhouse effects .
+A 7 7|||M:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:SVA|||extend|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , we can not deny the fact that nuclear energy will produce radioactive wastes that raised the concern of the public .
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:TENSE|||raise|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , nuclear power plant will only emit a very small percentage of radioactive wastes to the air during its operation and the possibility of nuclear wastes leakage is very low .
+
+S This safety issues arises is due to the huge information gap besides lack of communication and understanding between the experts and the public about the safety measurements taken during the operation of nuclear power plant .
+A 4 7|||R:OTHER|||because of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:MORPH|||measures|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In term of performance , the Very High Temperature Reactor concept manage to generate 50 % more electricity compared with other conventional plants such as Pressurized Water Reactor .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||terms|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||is able|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is because this reactor is designed to run at temperature 10000C which is the highest temperature used among the generation IV reactors to generate electricity by using the same amount of fuel .
+A 26 27|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Basically , high temperature operations are more efficient to convert heat energy to electrical energy and can avoid wasting of energy in other forms .
+
+S This reactor do not has waste recycling process and instead , waste goes directly to repository .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||does|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:FORM|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although reprocessing can decrease the quantity of waste produced , the generation of weapons-grade plutonium is still not a beneficial product to human kind .
+
+S We should cut down the amount of plutonium existed and not increase its quantity for further development .
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||present|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There 's no doubt that up-front cost of nuclear power plant building is relatively expensive compare to those associated with fossil fuels .
+A 1 2|||R:CONTR|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:FORM|||compared|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , there is a lot of ways to mitigate these costs .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 8|||R:OTHER|||many|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Very High Temperature Reactor is considerably cheap compare to other reactors .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:FORM|||compared|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It does not run the conventional reprocessing which is rather expensive and it is among the earliest delivery of generation IV reactor .
+
+S Hence , this reactor does not need a very long research period and cut down the unnecessary development funding .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:SVA|||cuts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , nuclear energy brings many advantages to our society .
+
+S It not only decreases world 's dependency on fuel oils to generate electricity , but also act as an environment protector .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:SVA|||acts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although there are few drawbacks of nuclear power , we can reduce these negative effects by using the latest technology in newer reactor and emphasis on public safety .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:VERB|||placing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As long as we use it wisely and efficiently , i believe that nuclear power greatly overweighs other type of energies .
+A 10 11|||R:ORTH|||I|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB|||surpasses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S * Ilan Lipper & Jon Stone .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Nuclear Energy and Society .
+
+S Retrieved October 14 , 2009 , from { http : //www.umich.edu/ ~ gs265/society/nuclear.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.umich.edu/ ~ gs265/society/nuclear.htm ]
+
+S * AFP .
+
+S ( 2009 , October 21 ) .
+
+S Alarm as Taiwan Wants To Extend Life of Oldest Nuclear Plant .
+
+S Retrieved October 21 , 2009 , from { http : //sg.news.yahoo.com/afp/20091021/tap-taiwan-nuclear-energy-beb1011.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //sg.news.yahoo.com/afp/20091021/tap-taiwan-nuclear-energy-beb1011.html ]
+
+S * Donald W.Miller , JR.MD .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Advantages of Nuclear Power .
+
+S Retrieved October 13 , 2009 , from { http : //www.lewrockwell.com/miller/miller13.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.lewrockwell.com/miller/miller13.html ]
+
+S * Energy Resources - Nuclear Power .
+
+S ( 2008 , November 02 ) .
+
+S Nuclear Power - Energy from Splitting Uranium Atoms .
+
+S Retrieved October 14 , 2009 , from { http : //home.clara.net/darvill/altenerg/nuclear.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //home.clara.net/darvill/altenerg/nuclear.htm ]
+
+S * Professors John Deutch and Ernest Moniz ( 2003 , July 29 ) .
+
+S The Future Of Nuclear Power .
+
+S Retrieved October 14 , 2009 , from { http : //mit.edu/nuclearpower.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //mit.edu/nuclearpower.htm ]
+
+S Title : Generation IV Nuclear reactors
+
+S The world is facing an energy crisis .
+
+S Current means of generating electricity such as burning of fossil fuels are getting less viable by the day due to its depleting source .
+A 20 21|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , there is a need for new alternative methods of generating electricity that is capable of satisfying the energy demand of the growing world population .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One such alternative would be nuclear energy .
+
+S Nuclear plant takes advantage of the heat generated from nuclear fission and uses it to heat up water , producing steam .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||A nuclear|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The steam produced is then used to generate electricity .
+
+S Although the whole process does sound simple , there is actually more to it than meets the eye .
+
+S In fact , most people are not comfortable with the idea of using nuclear reactors to generate electricity , for good reasons .
+
+S However there are six new generation IV reactors being developed at the moment that promises to resolve many of the issues posed by generators of the past .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:MORPH|||promise|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Of these six reactors , the most promising reactor would be the very-high-temperature reactors ( VHTR ) .
+
+S The chief issue that the public have against nuclear reactors is of course it 's safety .
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Past events such as the incident in Chernobyl serve as a grim reminder of the dangers that comes with a nuclear reactor .
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:SVA|||come|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On top of that , VHTR require a relatively high operating temperature and pressure for optimum function .
+
+S To ensure that VHTR does not suffer the same fate as reactor 4 in Chernobyl , new materials such as nickel super-alloys and chromium steel are being looked at as potential candidates for reaction vessels as these materials are capable of withstanding the extreme conditions of VHTR .
+
+S The reaction itself , unlike other generation IV plants , is moderated by uranium oxycarbide coated graphite , a naturally safe choice , capable of retaining radioactive waste .
+A 5 5|||M:OTHER|||that in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides that , helium , the coolant of choice in VHTR is chemically inert .
+A 11 11|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So , it is not affected by radiation , unlike other coolants such as water .
+
+S The public tend to moan about the high economical cost necessary in building and maintaining a nuclear plant .
+A 8 9|||R:MORPH|||economic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , each of the generation IV reactors will require a staggering 1 billion USD in construction cost alone .
+
+S Apart from that , there is also the research cost as well which requires consideration as it also contributes to the overall cost of the plants .
+
+S But then again , people tend to overlook the benefits that these reactors yield as future investments .
+
+S For one , constant research and testing ensures that the safety of these reactors are not compromised .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Despite the relatively high volume of research needed for VHTR compared to the other nuclear reactors , the fact that researchers are able to reassure its delivery by the year 2020 , five years earlier than most of the other reactors means that the research work on VHTR is much simpler compared to the other reactors , costing less .
+A 24 25|||R:VERB|||ensure|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 53 53|||M:OTHER|||that on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The performance of generation III nuclear reactors have also raised concerns .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In a generation III nuclear plant , only 5 % of uranium input is actually converted into electricity while the rest of it turns into nuclear waste .
+
+S Compared to other means of generating energy , users will have to pay more for the same amount of electricity generated via nuclear means .
+
+S On the other hand , VHTR is said to be able to convert up to 65 % of uranium into energy .
+
+S That means only less than half of the uranium input will now go to waste .
+
+S In addition , due to the high temperature and pressure involved in VHTR , conversion rate is improved and this produces hydrogen gas as well which can be used to fuel green cars of the future .
+
+S Among the six proposed generation IV nuclear power plants , VHTR is by far the most promising choice .
+
+S Firstly , due to the research already being done on known materials to serve as reaction vessels , safety is no longer an issue as they are capable of withstanding the operating conditions of VHTR .
+
+S The cost of building each generation IV nuclear reactor is about the same .
+
+S However , the cost of research on VHTR is less than most of the other candidates .
+
+S Plus , generation IV nuclear reactors are much more efficient than those of generation III because of the higher energy conversion rate that they have to offer .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Moreover|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S At the same time , VHTR also produces useful hydrogen gases as by-products .
+
+S In conclusion , unless the world decides to live completely in the dark , a new method of generating electricity needs to replace the constantly depleting fossil fuels that we current rely so heavily on as an energy source .
+A 24 25|||R:ADV|||fast|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:MORPH|||currently|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The best alternative approach on the table at this point in time is nuclear energy .
+
+S Despite the current economic downturn , it is only a matter of time before the energy crisis is resolved .
+
+S Necessity and the sense of urgency will always be the best motivator .
+
+S Annex
+
+S References : { http : //www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf77.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf77.html ] { http : //www.gen-4.org/Technology/systems/vhtr.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.gen-4.org/Technology/systems/vhtr.htm ] { http : //www.phyast.pitt.edu/ ~ blc/book/chapter10.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.phyast.pitt.edu/ ~ blc/book/chapter10.html ] Nuclear Data Needs for Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems by Peter Rullhusen
+
+S { http : //www.eoearth.org/article/Generation_IV_nuclear_reactors } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.eoearth.org/article/Generation_IV_nuclear_reactors ]
+
+S In a time where energy sources are depleting rapidly , call for new alternate energy has being made by several countries and large amount of effort and money had been poured for this new cause .
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:FORM|||been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:PREP|||into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nuclear power energy has being claimed by many as the most desired new energy source for the new age ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:FORM|||been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However in my opinion , other alternate energy sources like solar and hydro energy have more potential to be the new dawn for energy as they have far more advantages than nuclear energy and with lesser risk involved .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , there have been reports that the use of nuclear energy is much safer as there are much fewer accidents happening in nuclear plant compared to the number of accidents that happened in conventional fuel-burning energy plant .
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN:NUM|||plants|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Indeed , there might be a decrease in the number of accidents in nuclear plant , in contrast to the thousands of death that happened in conventional energy plant .
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||plants|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:NOUN:NUM|||plants|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , in the event of a nuclear accident there are usually hundreds of thousands who will be affected ( Wald , 2000 ) .
+
+S The sheer number of people affected in one nuclear accident is far more than the number of accidental deaths happened in conventional energy plant over the years .
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN:NUM|||plants|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , the adverse effect of the radiation that remains behind after a nuclear accident will cause devastating effects on the environment and the human population in the area .
+
+S These effects can range from immediate death to nausea , vomiting , radiation burns , moreover these are just the immediate effect on human health ; some indirect effects include death in ten days , leukemia , cancers , genetic damage to offspring and even premature ageing depending on the amount of radiation received ( Amory , 2009 ) .
+A 12 12|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||. Moreover ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:NUM|||effects|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A major area of the use of nuclear energy is the issue of safety .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN|||concern|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many researchers like Butler supported that the energy produce by nuclear power plant is safe and it can generate a large amount of energy which will solve the pressing matter of depleting fuel sources .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB|||assert|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:FORM|||produced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||plants|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:NOUN|||problem|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the generation IV reactor concepts is the 'very high temperature reactor ' with operating conditions such as high pressure and thousand of degree Celsius ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+A 22 25|||R:OTHER|||temperature|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These operating conditions can severely injure any worker on-site if there are any leakages .
+
+S Another major issue with the nuclear plant will be the security aspect of the use of nuclear power .
+
+S It is a well-known fact that the by-product of the nuclear plant ; mainly the nuclear waste have being used for developing nuclear weapons ( Wald , 2000 ) .
+A 12 13|||R:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:FORM|||been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The development of nuclear weapons has being condemned by several countries and organizations like the U.N ( United Nations ) .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:FORM|||been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although some might claimed that the security of these nuclear resources will not be misuse , however it is almost impossible to guard against such cases ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:FORM|||claim|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 15|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , the ever increasing risk of terrorism will result in a much threatening situation if nuclear weapon is been stolen .
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is unimaginable the amount of damage that will occur if the terrorists are able to get their hand on a nuclear power plant .
+A 0 10|||R:OTHER|||The amount of damage that will occur is unimaginable|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly , the impending cost factor of researching and building a generation IV reactor is regarded as insignificant compared to the amount of money that can be generated when nuclear energy replaces current energy sources ( Butler , 2009 ) .
+
+S In fact this is not true at all .
+A 2 2|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The amount of money that is required to build these is usually an astrological amount ( James , 2002 ) .
+A 13 14|||R:ADJ|||astronomical|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Not to mention there are many underlying cost such as the nuclear plant maintenance fee , the land required to build a reactor and the waste management system .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||costs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN|||cost|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The maintenance fee that is required for each nuclear reactor is much higher than for a conventional energy plant as the safety measures for these plants are much more detailed since it is handling highly reactive substances .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN|||cost|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After a certain amount of usages or a period of time , a nuclear reactor will have to be decommissioned and the cost incurred is not only just large sum of money , land spaces are needed too .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||usage|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 38|||R:OTHER|||but land spaces are needed as well|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All these costs incurred by the nuclear reactor is much more hurting to the economics rather than easing the financial factor for countries .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:MORPH|||economy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN|||pressure|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , all the following aspects such as the security , safety and costs component for a nuclear reactor indicates far more disadvantages and risks compared to the advantages that nuclear reactor brings about .
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:SVA|||indicate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 31|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , in my view , there are much better technology and energy than nuclear power around , so there should be more emphasis and support for other technologies .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN|||sources|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S Amory , B.L .
+
+S ( 2009 , Oct 13 ) .
+
+S Four nuclear myths , 1-30 .
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240 .
+
+S John W.G. ( 2006 ) .
+
+S Answers to frequently-asked-questions about " radiation " Retrieved on October 6 , 2009 from { http : //www.ratical.org/radiation/CNR/radFAQ.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.ratical.org/radiation/CNR/radFAQ.html ]
+
+S Rosalie , B. ( 2000 ) .
+
+S No immediate danger , prognosis for a radioactive earth .
+
+S Retrieved on October 6 , 2009 from http : //www.ratical.org/radiation/NRBE/NRBE8.html
+
+S Wald , Matthew , L. ( 2000 , Jun 29 ) .
+
+S New york times .
+
+S US acknowledge radiation killed weapons workers' .
+
+S 230 .
+
+S It is beyond doubt that the Earth has been recently getting warmer .
+
+S The most devastating effects of global warming was the South-Eastern Australian heat wave which brought temperatures soaring above 43 degrees Celsius according to the International Committee of the Fourth International ( 2009 ) .
+A 24 30|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the main contributors of global warming is the burning of coal and gas to produce energy .
+
+S In the year 2007 , it was proven that the coal-generated power plants were the largest source of global warming ( Environment News Service , 2008 ) .
+
+S However , we can reduce global warming by using the Generation IV ( Gen IV ) reactor concepts nuclear plants .
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||concept|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One such reactor is the Very High Temperature Reactor ( VHTR ) where it can produce large volumes of energy cleanly , reliably , safely and affordably .
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This would therefore provide future price stability and have environmental attributes .
+
+S These characteristics demonstrate why the VHTR is such an imperative in the United States ( Wallace , 2005 ) , but due to public opposition , nuclear reactors are perceived as dangerous and unreliable .
+
+S However , we should clear the misunderstandings of nuclear energy and learn to accept it and use it to save the Earth .
+
+S Firstly , public citizens argue that future nuclear reactors like the VHTR are too risky to rely on due to events like the Three Mile Island and the Chernobyl disaster .
+
+S As a result , the public perceives that having a nuclear reactor is like having a bomb waiting to explode .
+
+S However , this is not creditable .
+
+S In both disasters , human error was more to blame than the technology itself ( Wallace , 2005 ) .
+
+S Furthermore , according to engineers of MPR Associates Inc Engineers , the VHTR will be safe and reliable to operate with improved accident management and mitigation and reduced off-side response with little human intervention .
+
+S In addition , the focus of the Gen IV reactor concepts is on the use of inherent safety features and designs .
+
+S Thus , we can safely conclude that the VHTR as well as nuclear technology are not as dangerous as perceived by the public .
+
+S Furthermore , there is widespread information that nuclear energy is the most expensive and unreliable source of energy .
+
+S On the contrary , a team of energy experts from various government , academic and private sector research units noted that wind and solar powers are not very reliable as they are only generated when the wind is right or when the sun is shining ( Science Compass , 2002 ) .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||governments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , they are also very difficult to store hence making it a very unreliable source of energy .
+
+S In addition to this , solar and wind technologies are four to ten times more expensive than nuclear energy sources like the VHTR .
+
+S For example , a VHTR costs 2 billion dollars and is able to supply electricity to billions of homes and one wind energy system for one home costs 25,000 dollars .
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||whereas|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In comparison , VHTR supplying electricity is much cheaper ( Martin , 2009 ) .
+
+S In short , Wind and solar power are intermittent and unpredictable and they simply can not replace coal generating power plants .
+
+S Therefore , building a Gen IV nuclear reactor like the VHTR is not as unreliable and expensive as perceived by most .
+
+S Another issue widely discussed by the public is the issue of nuclear waste .
+
+S It is true that the generation of electricity in a nuclear power plant produces nuclear waste which is difficult to dispose of and harmful to the public as the effects are devastating .
+
+S However , according to the { International Atomic Energy Agency } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.iaea.org/Publications/Factsheets/English/manradwa.html ] ( 2005 ) , there is research being conducted to develop a technology where the VHTR will be powered by using fuels originating from reprocessed nuclear-waste .
+
+S This technology would not only destroy most of the nuclear waste , it would also make the existing waste a very valuable source of energy .
+A 12 12|||M:CONJ|||but|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , it can also be used to deliver ten times the energy of an original fuel .
+
+S Hence , with more research and time given to develop the technology , nuclear waste would not become a persecution anymore .
+A 19 20|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the VHTR can be seen as a safe , reliable and an affordable way to produce electricity since electricity has become a necessity in our everyday lives .
+A 14 15|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To confront global warming , Gen IV nuclear reactors like the VHTR should be seen as a solution .
+
+S According to a study by MIT in 2003 , it was concluded that the use of nuclear energy may be needed to meet future energy demands and to reduce carbon emissions as energy demands continue to rise annually .
+
+S References
+
+S Chapin , D. , Kiffer , S. , & Nestell , J .
+
+S ( 2004 ) .
+
+S The Very High Temperature Reactor : A Technical Summary .
+
+S Retrieved from : http : //www.mpr.com/news-and-publications/white-papers/very-high-temperature-reactor.pdf
+
+S Martin , A .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S The Challenges of Nuclear Power Retrieved from http : //nuclearinfo.net/Nuclearpower/TheRisksOfNuclearPower
+
+S Singer , S. , & Avery , T. , ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Unstoppable Global Warming .
+
+S Every 1,500 Years United Kingdom : Rowman and Litltefield .
+
+S Tania Baptist ( 2 February 2009 ) .
+
+S Australian heat wave kills 60 people , triggers power and transport chaos .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //www.wsws.org/articles/2009/feb2009/heat-f02.shtml
+
+S Thomas , A .
+
+S ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Taking Sides ( Twelfth Edition .
+
+S Clashing Views on Environmental Issues ) United States of America : McGraw-Hill .
+
+S Cost Aspects of Nuclear Power
+
+S Nuclear power has been around for several decades and has transformed itself to become a more efficient way of producing electricity for consumer use .
+
+S As of today , the US has 104 reactors , contributing about 20 percent of the nation 's power ( Clayton , 2009 ) .
+
+S Currently , the reactors have already evolved till the fourth generation and there are six different concepts .
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These concepts had evolved due to the Generation IV International Forum ( GIF ) where a team of ten nations will plan the direction for future nuclear reactors ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The main focus will be on the cost aspects such as high construction costs , operating costs as well as the decommissioning costs .
+
+S As such , I do not support to provide funds for further research and development ( R&D ) for the building nuclear power plants .
+A 7 9|||R:VERB:FORM|||providing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , high construction costs are incurred when building the plant for Very-high-temperature reactors ( VHTR ) due to the requirements of the reactor .
+
+S For VHTR to operate , it needs to be carried out at very high temperature of 1000C and also at high pressure ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S This will require the building materials to be very tough , resulting in higher cost .
+
+S There will also be fluctuations in the cost , depending on the period the plant is built and this is a major component of the cost of building nuclear plant .
+A 28 28|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , it should also be noted that price fluctuations will not only affect the construction costs of building a nuclear power plant but also the costs of building other types of plants that produce electricity such as coal and natural gas plants .
+
+S As nuclear power plants receive government subsidies due to the fact that it is a cleaner gas , this means that construction costs incurred by the company will be greatly reduced .
+
+S A total of $ 178 billion has been used for nuclear power subsidies between 1947 and 1999 ( Clayton , 2009 ) .
+
+S Another factor that contributes to the high costs of nuclear plants lies in the operating costs .
+
+S Daily costs include labour such as operators and maintenance personnel , overheads such as computers and equipment , expendable materials such as replacement and computer parts , licensing costs such as power reactor licenses which cost $ 2,980,000 per unit and local property taxes which cost around $ 15 to $ 20 million per year ( The vital Nuclear Tourist , 2005 ) .
+
+S All these daily costs are rather fixed , thus a reduction in the operational side is rather unlikely .
+A 7 8|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , in the long run , savings in the operating costs could be a rather large with the help of improved technology .
+A 14 15|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:ADJ|||substantial|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If technology could help to automate the reactors , then the number of operators required will be reduced and by doing R&D , the parts could have a longer lifespan and hence expenditure of replacing parts will be much lowered .
+
+S Lastly , the factor that accounts for the high cost is due to decommissioning costs .
+
+S It refers to the nuclear power plant is being treated as nuclear waste .
+A 7 8|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is another overwhelming expense of nuclear power .
+
+S The average cost of decommissioning a power plant is about $ 300 million .
+
+S The funds for decommissioning accumulate in the operating cost of the plant .
+
+S On the contrary , though for nuclear power plants , we have to take into account decommissioning costs which are not found in other types of plants producing electricity but for nuclear power plant , no cost is incurred in the cleaning up of the waste products being produced during the production of electricity .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||Yet|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Due to climate changes , countries are encouraged to lower the amount of carbon dioxide gas ( CO2 ) released into the air by treating it so as to remove its toxicity ( Clayton , 2009 ) .
+
+S As such , the costs incurred by other power plants will also be increased due to this action .
+
+S In conclusion , the different factors of costs , mainly construction costs , operating costs and decommissioning costs contribute to almost the whole cost of building nuclear plant .
+A 26 26|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The total cost is a very huge figure as compared to other types of power plants .
+
+S As such , I do not support the further R&D funding for it .
+
+S This is backed up by the fact that no new nuclear power plants have been ordered in the US since 1978 as the high costs have caused many problems such as bankruptcies ( Clayton , 2009 ) .
+A 2 4|||R:VERB|||supported|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240 Clayton , M. ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new debate : cost .
+
+S Retrieved October 10 , 2009 , from { http : //features.csmonitor.com/innovation/2009/08/13/nuclear-power % E2 % 80 % 99s } [ HYPERLINK : http : //features.csmonitor.com/innovation/2009/08/13/nuclear-power % E2 % 80 % 99s ] new-debate-cost/
+
+S Cothran , H. ( 2002 ) .
+
+S Nuclear energy is affordable .
+
+S Retrieved October 10 , 2009 , from { http : //find.galegroup.com/ovrc/retrieve.do ? subjectParam = Locale % 2528en % 252C % 252C % 25 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //find.galegroup.com/ovrc/retrieve.do ? subjectParam = Locale % 2528en % 252C % 252C % 25 ] 29 % 253AFQE % 253D % 2528su % 252CNone % 252C20 % 2529nuclear % 2Bpower % 2Bplants % 253AAnd % 253ALQE % 253D % 2528LM % 252CNone % 252C110 % 2529Academic % 2Bjournal s % 2BOr % 2BMagazines % 2BOr % 2BNews % 2BOr % 2BPrimary % 2BSources % 2BOr % 2Brefer ence % 2BOr % 2B Statistics % 2BOr % 2BViewpoints % 2BOr % 2BWebsites % 2524&contentSet = GSRC&sort = Relevance&tabID = T010&sgCurrentPosition = 0&subjectAction = DISPLAY_SU BJECTS&prodId = OVRC&searchId = R4&currentPosition = 6&userGroupName = nusself&resul tListType = RESULT_LIST&sgHitCountType = None&qrySerId = Locale % 28en % 2C % 2C % 29 % 3AFQE % 3D % 28KE % 2CNone % 2C20 % 29nuclear + power + plants % 3AAnd % 3ALQE % 3D % 2 8LM % 2CNone % 2C110 % 29Academic + Journals + Or + Magazines + Or + News + Or + Primary + So urces + Or + Reference + Or + Statistics + Or + Viewpoints + Or + Websites % 24&inPS = true&searchT ype = BasicSearchForm&displaySubject = &docId = EJ3010220217&docType = GSRC
+
+S Gunkel , D. ( 2006 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power is more costly than other energy sources .
+
+S Retrieved October 10 , 2009 , from http : //find.galegroup.com/ovrc/retrieve.do ? subjectParam = Locale % 2528en % 252C % 252C % 253AAnd % 253ALQE % 253D % 2528LM % 252CNone % 252C1102529 % 253AFQE % 253D % 2 528su % 252CNone % 252C20 % 2529nuclear % 2Bpower % 2Bplants % % 2529Academic % 2BJour nals % 2BOr % 2BMagazines % 2BOr % 2BNews % 2BOr % 2BPrimary % 2BSources % 2BOr % 2Bre ference % 2BOr % 2BStatistics % 2BOr % 2BViewpoints % 2BOr % 2BWebsites % 2524&contentSe t = GSRC&sort = Relevance&tabID = T010&sgCurrentPosition = 0&subjectAction = DISPLAY_S UBJECTS&prodld = OVRC&searchId = R4&currentPosition = 15&userGroupName = nusself&re sultListType = RESULT_LIST&sgHitCountType = None&qrySerId = Locale % 28en % 2C % 2C % 29 % 3AFQE % 3D % 28KE % 2Cnone % 2C20 % 29nuclear + power + plants % 3AAnd % 3ALQE % 3D % 28LM % 2CNone % 2C110 % 29Academic + Journals + Or + Magazines + Or + News + Or + Primary + S ources + Or + Reference + Or + Statistics + Or + Viewpoints + Or + Websites % 24&inPS = true&search Type = BasicSearchForm&displaySubject = &docId = EJ3010426225&docType = GSRC
+
+S Nuclear power education - cost of nuclear power .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 10 , 2009 , from http : //nuclearinfo.net/Nuclearpower/WebHomeCostOfNuclearPower
+
+S In a world where technology has fitted seamlessly into , the threat of global warming and raising energy needs which affects the future of our planet has never been greater .
+A 8 9|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB|||rising|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:SVA|||affect|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Given the gloom forecast on global warming due to the environmental impacts caused by greenhouse gases , it is not surprising that countries are turning towards nuclear energy as an alternative .
+A 2 3|||R:MORPH|||gloomy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The only issue that stands in the way of the government turning towards this alternative is the memories of past incidents such as the 1986 accident at Chernobyl in Ukraine , and the partial reactor meltdown in 1979 at Three Mile Island , Pennsylvania ( Butler , 2004 , para.4 ) .
+
+S However , over the recent years , research is starting to show that such issues can be overcome , and together with the launch of generation IV reactor concepts , we may be on hand to witness the revival of nuclear reactors which are safer , more valuable and more energy-efficient .
+
+S History shows the risk of having nuclear plants in the vicinity of our homes , and the need for more of such plants to meet the increasing demands for energy such as electricity will only heighten the danger further .
+
+S However , these plants will only be available in 2025 , as in the case of the Gas-Cooled-Fast-Reactor ( GCFR ) , and through extensive research , these plants will contain irradiation-resistant materials as well as heat-resistant fuels and materials .
+
+S In the event of accidents caused by high fuel burn-ups , temperature control will be available .
+
+S Furthermore , learning from the mistakes of past experiences , accidents caused by human errors can be greatly reduced .
+
+S According to a statistical review of world energy consumption done by the EIA ( Energy Information Administration , 2009 ) , the total world consumption of marketed energy is projected to increase by 44 percent from 2006 to 2030 .
+
+S Given the fact that the current rate of fuel consumption is already causing damage to our planet , such statistics is indeed alarming .
+
+S This leads to an increased urgency to turn to the usage of alternative energy such as nuclear energy , as the waste produced does not contain any greenhouse gases , thus it will help reduce global warming , as well as climate change .
+
+S As stated in Butler 's article ( Butler , 2004 , para.9 ) , the production of nuclear power plants may cost up to a hefty US $ 1 billion , yet it may end up as the cheaper alternative as compared to the rising cost of oil and fuels , since fossil fuels are getting scarcer , and hence more expensive .
+A 40 41|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Generation II 's reactors are known to be less efficient as compared to the energy generated by fossil fuels , which has led to the decrease in the production of such plants , to the point that countries have resorted to using more fossil fuels instead of relying on the nuclear plants .
+
+S However , one of the generation IV reactor concepts such as the Gas-Cooled-Fast-Reactor ( GCFR ) has new functions which are turning the heads of investors and the government .
+
+S The GCFR has a 50 % increase in efficiency as compared to Generation II 's reactors .
+A 9 10|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Studies have shown that nuclear fission , the splitting of a heavy atom 's nucleus , releases great amounts of energy .
+
+S ( N.D. Alternate Energy Sources ) For example , the energy it releases is 10 million times greater than is released by the burning of an atom of fossil fuel .
+
+S Besides it would take many hectares of land covered with solar collectors , wind farms or hydro-electric dams to equal this power .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The fact that it is also able to produce both electricity and hydrogen makes it all the more practical .
+
+S Hydrogen can then be converted to produce electricity ; without this conversion , demand from US transport alone will cause the nation 's oil imports to soar by 78 % ( Butler , 2004 , para.15 )
+
+S The damages caused by global warming may be causing the birth of nuclear technology , and given the benefits that it brings , it comes as no surprise that extensive research is constantly being done to ensure the smooth delivery for this re-new source of energy .
+A 42 43|||R:ADJ|||renewable|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Being equipped with this self sufficient form of energy , mankind can then continue to come up with cutting edge technology without the fear of harming our planet .
+
+S References
+
+S Butler , D. Para.4 , ( 2004 ) .
+
+S History of accidents regarding nuclear reactors breakdown .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Retrieved May 20 , 2004 , from Nature Publishing Group , Nature 's article .
+
+S Statistical review of World Energy consumption .
+
+S ( 2009 ) Energy Information Administration ( EIA ) .
+
+S Retrieved May 27 , 2009 from http : //www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/highlights.html
+
+S Butler , D. Para.9 , ( 2004 ) .
+
+S Cost of building one of the generation VI design .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Retrieved May 20 , 2004 , from Nature Publishing Group , Nature 's article .
+
+S Butler , D. Para.15 , ( 2004 ) .
+
+S Oil imports soaring due to energy demand from US transport .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Retrieved May 20 , 2004 , from Nature Publishing Group , Nature 's article .
+
+S Splitting of a heavy atom 's nucleus releases great amounts of energy. ( N.D .
+
+S ) Alternate Energy Sources ( AES ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 8 , 2009 from { http : //www.alternate-energy-sources.com/advantages-of-nuclear-energy.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.alternate-energy-sources.com/advantages-of-nuclear-energy.html ]
+
+S There is a proverb 'Fire is a good servant but a bad master' .
+
+S Fire is an energy which could be employed to sustain life but at the same time , mismanagement could lead to devastating consequences .
+
+S Likewise , nuclear energy handled appropriately is an enormous power which could be harnessed for the good of mankind .
+
+S The massive potential of nuclear power as a replacement for fossil fuel and coal in the international energy scene comes into focus amid growing concern caused by global warming .
+
+S Nuclear energy being non-polluting could be an environmentally-friendly alternative which would alleviate the profound threat to humanity caused by severe climate change .
+
+S While nuclear opponents highlight safety , cost and performance issues , the Very High Temperature ( VHT ) Reactor is a Generation IV reactor concept which should be researched and developed further .
+
+S Public unease over the safety of nuclear technology has historically been the principal opposition against its utilisation .
+
+S Indeed , a burnt child dreads fire .
+
+S The nineteen-eighty-six Chernobyl accident killed thirty- one people and resulted in significant damage to environment and population health in large parts of Europe .
+
+S However , as pointed out in a 2008 report by the World Nuclear Association , " to this day , the Three Mile Island and Chernobyl accidents remain the only major accidents to have occurred in more than 12,700 cumulative reactor-years of commercial operation in 32 countries " .
+
+S Furthermore , statistics from the same report placed coal as the type of energy generation which caused the most related immediate fatalities from 1970 to 1992 with a total death count of six thousand and four hundred .
+
+S In contrast , nuclear only resulted in thirty-one for the same period .
+A 4 4|||M:NOUN|||power industry|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , the safety of nuclear technology was demonstrated during Hurricane Katrina in 2005 .
+
+S The survival of all three directly affected nuclear plants illustrates the high preparedness of the nuclear industry for operation under harsh conditions .
+
+S Crucially , when extrapolated to the event of a hypnotised terrorist strike , it showcased the capability of current technology to work during emergency .
+A 9 10|||R:ADJ|||hypothesised|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Further research into VHT reactors would improve safety standards and ease public concern .
+
+S Next , opponents are concerned about the cost of nuclear energy .
+
+S They argued that investing resource into constructing the related facilities is not economical .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||argue|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Studies from the Nuclear Energy Institute showed otherwise .
+
+S In the United States in 2008 , the cost of electricity from nuclear production was 1.87 cents per kilowatt-hour , lower than coal or gas which was 2.75 and 8.09 respectively .
+A 22 22|||M:OTHER|||that produced with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , the indirect economic cost from global warming would be catastrophic as recently seen in world-wide increase in frequency of natural disasters and their ruthless damage to property and human life .
+
+S Moreover , a reason why such facilities are budget taxing is due to lack of construction expertise .
+
+S As one of the aims of VHT reactor research is cost reduction , the proposed research and development in this field will draw in resources and bring about a decrease in construction and production cost .
+
+S Another reason for opposition is the disputed performance of VHT reactors .
+
+S Opponents regard Generation IV reactor as mere concepts which work only in computer simulations .
+
+S However , research into enhancing reactors in the last two decades has led to improvement in production efficiency in current plants .
+
+S The average capacity factor for plants in the United States was fifty-six percent in 1980 as compared to ninety-one percent in 2008 .
+A 15 16|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Finally , VHT reactors possess attractive qualities .
+
+S The utilisation of non-reactive helium coolant and graphite moderator with high temperature stability makes the design inherently safe .
+
+S Waste is not reprocessed , thereby reducing controversy stemming from nuclear weapons proliferation that surrounds other designs .
+
+S Furthermore , there is dual output of hydrogen as well as electricity .
+
+S Hydrogen , another non-polluting fuel , could be used in smaller-scale energy generation as seen in its application in hybrid- cars .
+
+S Therefore , the VHT reactor concept should be further researched and developed .
+
+S To conclude , the VHT reactor is a passively safe design which could potentially produce power at reasonable cost without contaminating the environment .
+
+S While there are issues relating to the development of nuclear technology , this is precisely why further research is required .
+
+S Just like how Prometheus brought fire to mortals , scientists have given us nuclear power .
+
+S Although this power is naturally destructive , mankind should not cower in fear .
+
+S Instead , we should research into harnessing this great energy .
+
+S References
+
+S World Nuclear Association .
+
+S ( 2008 ) Safety of Nuclear Power Reactor .
+
+S Retrieved October 13 , 2009 from http : //www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf06.html
+
+S Nuclear Energy Institute ( 2005 ) Nuclear Plants ' Structural Strength , Emergency Plans Perform Well Through Hurricane Katrina .
+
+S Retrieved October 13 , 2009 from http : //www.nei.org/keyissues/safetyandsecurity/factsheets/nuclearplants structuralstrengthkatrina/
+
+S Nuclear Energy Institute ( 2008 ) Reliable and Affordable Energy .
+
+S Retrieved October 13 , 2009 from http : //www.nei.org/filefolder/US_Electricity_Production_Costs.ppt
+
+S Pritchard , M. ( 2006 ) Analysis of the Pebble-Bed VHTR Spectrum Shifting Capabilities for Advanced Fuel Cycles .
+
+S Retrieved October 13 , 2009 from http : //txspace.tamu.edu/bitstream/handle/1969.1/88044/MPritchardUGRS.pd f
+
+S Bulter , D. ( 2004 ) Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Retrieved October 13 , 2009 from Nature , 429,238-240 .
+
+S Nuclear power has always been a very controversial topic over the past a few decades .
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The proponents emphasized on its high energy potential while the opponents were so much concerned about its radioactive nature that might cause harms .
+A 3 4|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||harm|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As energy resources have become more and more precious and our technologies keep upgrading , the supporting side of nuclear power seems winning in recent years as nuclear power plants are increasing in numbers in America , China , Japan and other countries .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB|||advancing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Butler2004says that the Supercritical-water-cooled reactors ( SCWR ) should be used .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Butler ( 2004 ) says|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , it is necessary to have further research and more development funding for nuclear power due to its cost-efficiency , security and safety issues .
+
+S Firstly , nuclear power is superior to other energy resources due to its cost-efficiency .
+
+S Global warming has drawn people 's attention nowadays .
+
+S Al Gore 's documentary film " An Inconvenient Truth " and the Kyoto Protocol ratified by nations have shown that it is urgent to find a future energy alternative .
+
+S Nuclear energy will be the one as nuclear power can produce 50 % more electricity compared to coal and it emits less amount of dangerous oxides such carbon dioxide , sulphur dioxide and so on .
+A 22 24|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:PREP|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , 790 to 1182 grams of greenhouse gases are released by a coal plant if 1 kilowatt- hour electricity is generated while only 2 to 59 grams of it is emitted by a nuclear power plant .
+
+S ( Nuclear vs. Coal , 2007 ) The cost for coal and nuclear energies are generally comparative , $ 300/Mw-hr for nuclear energy and $ 29.1/Mw-hr for coal respectively .
+
+S SCWRs are also cheap and efficient to run and build .
+
+S Thus , nuclear energy is more cost-efficient compared to existing energy resources and it is more environmental-friendly .
+A 16 17|||R:ADJ|||environment-friendly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , nuclear power system is much more secure than other energy resource systems .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The establishment of a nuclear plant is under consideration of long-term researches and preparations .
+A 7 14|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Once the plants are built up , safety precautions will be installed and working staffs will be carefully selected .
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||staff|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , it is indeed not easy for terrorists to attack the plants as they will be spotted and stopped by the high-tech security systems before they do so .
+
+S Abuse of nuclear energy is also less likely to happen among countries as international organizations such as United Nations will hinder the proliferation of nuclear weapons .
+
+S For instance , North Korea has announced to be a " powerful nation " by 2012 in terms of nuclear weapons .
+A 7 7|||M:NOUN|||plans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Klingner , 2009 ) America , China and other big countries and organizations have stood up and criticized this action .
+
+S Many nuclear power projects are not able to implement under pressure such as the one initialized by Korea Peninsula Energy Development Organization ( KEDO ) .
+A 6 9|||R:OTHER|||implemented|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB|||initiated|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From the hindered growth of nuclear energy in North Korea , we can see that the abuse of nuclear power such as SCWRs is less likely to happen nowadays .
+
+S The atomic bombing in Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 will definitely not happen nowadays as they will be strongly opposed due to its inherent immorality and military unnecessariness .
+
+S On the other hand , nuclear energy is much safer than other energy resources .
+
+S Governments have spent large amount of money in maintaining the safety of nuclear power plants .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||amounts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Technologies are kept upgrading to ensure the smooth running of the systems .
+A 3 4|||R:MORPH|||upgraded|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The following statistics can illustrate that nuclear power is much safer than others .
+
+S The number of immediate fatalities from 1970 to 1992 for nuclear is 31 and those for coal and gases are 6400 and 1200 respectively .
+A 11 11|||M:NOUN|||power facilities|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||gas|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Ball , 2001 ) We can not deny the fact that nuclear disasters have happened in the past such as Chernobyl disaster in 1986 .
+
+S ( Jaworowski , 2004 ) However , as compared to coal plant accidents , SCWR is still a superior choice due to its sophisticated safety systems and that is why the governments should have development funding for it to achieve zero nuclear disaster someday in the future .
+
+S To sum-up , the nuclear energy is much more environmental-friendly and it is a better choice compared to coals and gases as more electricity can be generated by the same amount of nuclear energy with comparative costs .
+A 9 10|||R:ADJ|||environment-friendly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nuclear energy is also under protection of high-tech security systems .
+
+S Hence , we should support further research in this area and increase the development funding for nuclear power .
+
+S References
+
+S Ball , R. ( 2001 ) .
+
+S Safety of Nuclear Power Reactors ( Table 1.2 ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 18 , 2009. from http : //www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf06.html
+
+S Butler .
+
+S D. ( 2004 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 .
+
+S PP .
+
+S 238-240 .
+
+S Jaworowski.Z .
+
+S ( 2004 ) .Lessons of Chernobyl with particular reference to thyroid cancer .
+
+S ARPS newsletter April 2004 .
+
+S Klingner.B. ( 2009 ) .
+
+S North Korea 's nuclear defiance .
+
+S Published by The Heritage Foundation .
+
+S Retrieved October 18 , 2009. fromhttp : //www.heritage.org/research/asiaandthepacific/upload/wm_2457.pd f
+
+S Nuclear vs .
+
+S Coal. ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Carbon dioxide emissions ( table 1.1 ) .
+
+S Australia : University of Wollongong .
+
+S Retrieved October 18 , 2009. fromhttp : //www.uow.edu.au/eng/phys/nukeweb/reactors_nuc_v_coal.html The virtual nuclear tourist. ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Cost comparison for nuclear vs. coal .
+
+S ( table 5.1 ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 18 , 2009. from http : //www.nucleartourist.com/basics/costs.htm
+
+S Since the nuclear reactor accident at Three Mile Island and Chernobyl , it has been two decades before the issues regarding conventional nuclear power being brought up once again due to increasing cost of power generation .
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Generation IV nuclear energy systems offer advantages in the areas of economics , safety and reliability , sustainability and could be deployed commercially by 2030 ( Cogeneration Technologies , 2002 ) .
+
+S The Generation IV International Forum ( GIF ) has selected six nuclear systems which have the potential to be used as commercial electricity generator and in my opinion , the supercritical-water-cooled reactor ( SCWR ) and the very high temperature reactor ( VHTR ) are the better ones compared to the rest of the reactors .
+A 20 21|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:MORPH|||generation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Further , I think that the VHTR deserves further research and development funding compared to the SCWR .
+
+S On safety feature , the SCWR operates at a lower temperature ( 510C - 550C ) than the VHTR ( 1000C ) which gives the impression that VHTR is more dangerous than the SCWR .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||features|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But the fact is that the VHTR uses a graphite-moderated core with specific design optimizations ( Sterbentz , 2007 ) .
+
+S Thus , the core has large thermal inertia which means it is not easily corroded even in high temperatures .
+
+S It also has high heat capacity and structural stability .
+
+S VHTR uses helium gas as coolant which does not react with other substance even at high temperatures ( Chang , 2007 ) .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||substances|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Further , the VHTR will be built on hard rock surface and this will minimize the effect of natural disaster such as earthquake .
+
+S Besides , it will also be built in a confined building that will protect the reactor from terrorists ' attacks .
+
+S With these safety and security features , the VHTR is safer and more secure than SCWR .
+
+S The reason for using nuclear power is because power generated from fossil fuel is getting more and more expensive due to scarcity of fossil fuel .
+
+S Therefore , nuclear power must be able to be produced at a cost lower than conventional power plants .
+A 2 10|||R:OTHER|||we must be able to produce nuclear power|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The capital cost of a SCWR is approximately USD 1 billion and VHTR is from USD 1.8 billion to USD 2.4 billion which means building a SCWR is much cheaper than building a VHTR ( US Department of Energy , 2004 ) .
+
+S The reason for the higher cost in building a VHTR is because of its safety features .
+
+S In addition , VHTR uses high-strength alloys with protective coatings that could significantly improve the service life of high temperature reactor components .
+
+S Furthermore , the capital cost of VHTR will be lower for the second and subsequent reactors than the first one ( DOE , 2004 ) .
+
+S In addition , VHTR has a low input cost which will lead to low processing cost that will produce cheaper electricity .
+
+S This feature alone already fulfills one of the main objectives of GIF which is to produce low cost electricity .
+
+S The reactor 's performance is also one of the main concerns of GIF .
+
+S SWCR has a higher efficiency compared to the current water-cooled reactor by having a burn-up of 45 % but VHTR has an even higher burn-up which is 65 % .
+
+S Another advantage of VHTR over SWCR is the ability to produce hydrogen without consuming fossil fuels or emitting greenhouse gasses ( Forsberg , Peterson & Ott , 2004 ) .
+
+S Hydrogen production needed a high temperature of 700C , so heat from VHTR can be transferred to hydrogen production plant but SWCR does not produce high enough temperature .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Experts see hydrogen as the future fuel and large amount of hydrogen are needed to convert heavy oils and tar sands to liquid fuel .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||amounts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hydrogen is also needed in fertilizer production .
+
+S Hydrogen is getting increasingly important because of its potential to be used in fuel cells .
+
+S Therefore , the ability of producing hydrogen is a great advantage to VHTR .
+
+S The objective of GIF is to produce electricity at a lower cost by using nuclear reactor with the least threat to the society .
+
+S Furthermore , they plan to replace fossil fuel generators that cause pollution .
+
+S Since VHTR , also known as the 'New Generation Nuclear Plant ' , has more advantages over the SCWR , VHTR is definitely a better nuclear system to be further developed .
+
+S References
+
+S Chang , H.O .
+
+S ( 2007 ) Power Cycle and Stress Analyses for High Temperasture Gas-Cooled Reactor .
+
+S Innovative Nuclear Space Power and Propulsion Institute .
+
+S 5 Oct 2009 { http : //www.inspi.ufl.edu/icapp07/program/abstracts/7007.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.inspi.ufl.edu/icapp07/program/abstracts/7007.html ]
+
+S Cogeneration Technologies ( 2002 ) Very High Temperature Reactor .
+
+S Cogeneration Tecnologies.net .
+
+S 10 Oct 2009 { http : //www.cogeneration.net/Very_High_Temperature_Reactor.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.cogeneration.net/Very_High_Temperature_Reactor.htm ]
+
+S Forsberg , C.W. , Peterson , P.F. & Ott , L. ( 2004 ) The Advanced High-Temperature Reactor ( AHTR ) for Producing Hydrogen to Manufacture Liquid Fuels .
+
+S Oak Ridge National Laboratory .
+
+S 6 Oct 2009 { http : //www.ornl.gov/ ~ webworks/cppr/y2001/pres/121482.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.ornl.gov/ ~ webworks/cppr/y2001/pres/121482.pdf ]
+
+S Sterbentz , J.W. ( 2007 ) Low-Enriched Very High Temperature Reactor Core Design .
+
+S Innovative Nuclear Space Power and Propulsion Institute .
+
+S 5 Oct 2009 { http : //www.inspi.ufl.edu/icapp07/program/abstracts/7098.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.inspi.ufl.edu/icapp07/program/abstracts/7098.pdf ]
+
+S U.S. Department of Energy ( DOE ) ( 2004 ) Appendix 1.0 : Next Generation Nuclear Plant .
+
+S Idaho National Laboratory .
+
+S 5 Oct 2009 { http : //nuclear.inl.gov/deliverables/docs/appendix_1.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //nuclear.inl.gov/deliverables/docs/appendix_1.pdf ]
+
+S ESSENTIALITY OF PRACTICE OF PSYCHOLOGY IN ENGINEERING DESIGN PROCESS
+
+S With the development in industries and technology , the consequences of mistakes in design processes become increasingly disastrous ( LaPorte , 1996 ) .
+A 15 15|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A series of accidents caused by errors in the field of engineering have aroused debates in the practice of psychology in engineering design processes to prevent potential dangers .
+
+S Those with opposing views have expressed their doubts about the effectiveness of practice of psychology in design processes .
+
+S Many engineers have argued that the practice of psychology will be redundant since safety regulations are already established in engineering to prevent accidents .
+
+S Some have also argued that the enrolment of psychologists increase the cost of production and may also hinder engineering creativity .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN|||involvement|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Despite all these opposing arguments , I firmly believe that the practice of psychology is essential in design processes to help avoid human errors and prevent disasters .
+A 21 22|||R:VERB|||prevent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this article , I would like to focus on the Eschede tain disaster and discuss how the practice of psychology can help prevent the disaster .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN|||train|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||R:VERB:TENSE|||could have helped|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Among those opposing views , there is a common misconception that psychology has nothing to do with design process .
+
+S This point of view is not true since design processes are human activities and human activities are always accomplished by human errors .
+A 18 19|||R:VERB|||accompanied|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Psychology , by studying human behaviours and activities , is able to detect these human errors and help avoid and eliminate accidents ( Stanton , 1996 ) .
+A 18 19|||R:VERB|||prevent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the case of the Eschede train disaster , the design of the wheel tire only underwent limited tests ( Semmens , 1994 ) and the tire 's performance under extreme conditions was only proved theoretically .
+
+S The practice of psychology would help spotting such negligence and the accident would probably be avoided .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:FORM|||spot|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As such , practice of psychology should be involved in design processes to help eliminate human errors and avoid accidents .
+A 18 19|||R:VERB|||prevent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some engineers argue that practice of psychology in design processes is redundant since safety regulations and norms are already established in the engineering field .
+
+S However , engineers seem to be more focused on technical issues such as effectiveness and efficiency , and safety components are usually overlooked .
+
+S For the Eschede train disaster , it was later revealed that the Fraunhofer Institute had observed possible tire failure as early as 1992 , however the problem was ignored until the disaster happened ( Hall , 1987 ) .
+A 23 25|||R:OTHER|||; however ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Other accidents in engineering history also revealed the lack of enough attention of the consequences of errors in engineering field .
+A 10 11|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , even with the established safety regulations in engineering , the practice of psychology is essential in re-examining and evaluating the design products for hidden dangers to prevent disasters .
+
+S Another opposing view expressed by some managers is that the enrollment of psychologists in design processes will increase the cost and time spent .
+A 10 11|||R:SPELL|||involvement|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is a valid concern ; however it can not deny the significance of practice of psychology in design processes .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB|||negate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The additional cost spent is far less significant than the payoffs if accident occurs .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , this problem of extra cost can be minimized if managers carefully analyse the nature of the industry and decide how far psychology should be involved in design processes .
+
+S For example , for industries where design processes are complex and consequences of errors are tremendous , enrolment of psychologists may be integrated , while for other industries which involves less complicated designs , psychologists may step in only after each design stages or at the end of the designs .
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN|||engagement|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:VERB:SVA|||involve|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 43|||R:NOUN:NUM|||stage|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some engineers have further argued that the presence of psychologists may hinder creativity due to lack of engineering knowledge .
+
+S This problem can be perfectly solved if engineers are educated in psychology .
+
+S In conclusion , the practice of psychology is undeniably significant in engineering design processes as it can help eliminate human errors and prevent accidents .
+
+S Considering the increment in cost of production , psychologists may be enrolled in various degrees according to the nature of the industry and the respective products .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB|||involved|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:MORPH|||varying|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For industries where professional knowledge is required , engineers educated in psychology should be involved in design processes such that safety factors can be given enough attention while innovation process will not be influenced .
+A 33 34|||R:VERB|||affected|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Hall , S. ( 1987 ) .
+
+S Danger Signals : An investigation into modern railway accidents , London : Guild Publishing .
+
+S LaPorte , T. R. ( 1996 ) .
+
+S High reliability organizations : unlikely , demanding and at risk .
+
+S Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management 4 , 60-71 .
+
+S Semmens , P. W. B .
+
+S ( 1994 ) .
+
+S Railway disasters of the world : principal passenger train accidents of the 20th century .
+
+S United States of America : Patrick Stephens .
+
+S Stanton , N. ( 1996 ) .
+
+S Engineering psychology : another science of common sense ? .
+
+S The Psychologist , 9 , ( 7 ) , 300-303 .
+
+S Retrieved from : http : //www.katiandgraham.com/eng_psy.htm # Need .
+
+S Wilpert , B .
+
+S ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Psychology and design processes .
+
+S Safety Science , 45 , 293-303 .
+
+S The first nuclear reactor was built as part of the Manhattan project back in the 1940 's to build an atomic bomb ( Gilman , Newton , N.D ) .
+
+S After World War II , nuclear reactors became power generators , providing electrical energy .
+
+S However , people opposed the usage of nuclear power .
+
+S The opposition can be categorized into three main groups ; the public , the government , and the industry .
+
+S The public are concerned about health and safety , governments are concerned about security , the environment , and space constraints , and the industries are concerned about profits , the environment , and operation stability .
+
+S To resolve these concerns , experts proposed several designs for the next generation of reactors .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB|||address|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These designs are flawed , failing to resolve some of the concerns people have .
+
+S However , with fossil fuel depleting fast ( Howden , 2007 ) , alternative sources of energy needs to be explored ; hence research on nuclear power as an energy source should be carried out .
+A 17 18|||R:MORPH|||need|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , the Lead-cooled fast reactor ( LCFR ) design is the best solution to the people 's concerns , so research should be concentrated on this design .
+
+S First , the LCFR operates in a moderate temperature , low pressure condition ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S This characteristic is advantageous as operating a reactor under such conditions is simpler compared to the extreme conditions such as high temperature required for the other designs .
+
+S Also , according to Butler ( 2004 ) , at such temperatures the conversion of heat to electricity is efficient , thus producing more energy than present nuclear plants .
+
+S Thus the expenses to develop and operate the LCFR are cheaper than the other designs , increasing profit .
+
+S This relieves the considerations industries have for profits and operation stability .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB|||addresses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , with stability , accidents are unlikely to occur , and therefore resolves the concerns people have for safety .
+A 13 13|||M:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Next , the LCFR enables waste recycling .
+
+S The advantage is the maximized use of uranium , the fuel for nuclear power .
+
+S As uranium is a non-renewable resource , wasting should be discouraged , as uranium reserves will deplete as rapidly as fossil fuel .
+
+S This is critical as one motive of looking for alternative energy sources is to have a long lasting source , thus this property should be prioritized .
+A 19 20|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , with waste recycling , the amount of radioactive waste to be disposed is reduced .
+
+S This dispels the environmental concerns that governments and industries have .
+
+S However , waste recycling is dangerous , as plutonium is separated .
+
+S Plutonium is a key ingredient of nuclear weaponry , thus causing the government 's security concerns .
+
+S Nevertheless , this can be resolved by implementing restrictions on nations , preventing nuclear weaponry development .
+
+S Hence this property should be present in the future nuclear plant .
+
+S Another property of the new nuclear plant is the production of hydrogen fuel together with electricity .
+
+S As hydrogen is capable of replacing fossil fuel as an energy source ( Bose , Malbrunot , 2006 ) , having nuclear plants that produce hydrogen will relieve us of our dependence on the fast depleting fossil fuel for energy .
+
+S This will benefit the world , as carbon emissions will then decrease , slowing down global warming .
+
+S However , considering the large amount of space taken up by a plant and its hydrogen output , governments will debate over whether it is worthwhile to use so much land to produce enough fuel for the nation .
+
+S In addition , for small countries such as Singapore , there is no room to even construct a plant to power the country .
+
+S Nonetheless , land constraints may be resolved by situating the nuclear plant offshore , listed as one of the considerations by the government of Singapore ( Li , 2008 ) .
+A 14 14|||M:OTHER|||which is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With alterations to the operating temperature , pressure , waste recycling ability and power output of present nuclear reactors , the LCFR design is able to address many concerns the world has towards the utilization of nuclear power .
+A 32 33|||R:OTHER|||regarding|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , with the advantages of the LCFR design heavily outweighing the possible problems it may bring , the LCFR design is arguably the most suited solution amongst the six designs to the concerns the world has towards nuclear power .
+
+S Therefore , more funding should be provided for research and development to be carried out on the LCFR design .
+
+S References
+
+S Gilman , L. , & Newton , D. ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Nuclear power - history .
+
+S Jrank .
+
+S Retrieved October 8 , 2009 , from { http : //science.jrank.org/pages/4747/Nuclear-Power-History.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //science.jrank.org/pages/4747/Nuclear-Power-History.html ] Howden , D. ( 2007 , June 14 ) .
+
+S World oil supplies are set to run out faster than expected , warn scientists .
+
+S The Independent .
+
+S Retrieved from { http : //www.independent.co.uk/news/science/world-oil-supplies-are-set-to-run-out-faster-than-expected-warn-scientists-453068.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.independent.co.uk/news/science/world-oil-supplies-are-set-to-run-out-faster-than-expected-warn-scientists-453068.html ]
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240 .
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2009 , from { http : //www.nature.com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/nature/journal/v429/n6989/full/429238a.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.nature.com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/nature/journal/v429/n6989/full/429238a.html ] Bose , T. , & Malbrunot , P. ( 2006 ) .
+
+S Hydrogen : Facing the energy challenges of the 21st century .
+
+S UK : John Libby Eurotext .
+
+S Li , XY .
+
+S ( 2008 , Dec 6 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power not ruled out .
+
+S The Straits Times .
+
+S Retrieved from { http : //www.straitstimes.com/Breaking + News/Singapore/Story/STIStory_311184.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.straitstimes.com/Breaking + News/Singapore/Story/STIStory_311184.html ]
+
+S Sodium-cooled fast reactors
+
+S Nuclear power has always been a dilemma to humans .
+
+S As it 's a very promising energy source , it is not a wonder that nuclear power is extremely enticing to mankind .
+A 2 3|||R:CONTR|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This advantage , however , comes with a price .
+
+S The danger , which nuclear power hold , is a big concern and it has holding the development of nuclear technology back for decades .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||holds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:FORM|||held|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The radioactive waste produced in a nuclear process is also dangerous and last for a very long time .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:SVA|||lasts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After years of development , the scientists published six generation IV reactor concepts which should solve most of today problem in nuclear plants .
+A 19 19|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The most promising would be the sodium-cooled fast reactors ( SFR ) because , from safety wise , SFR needs low pressure and temperature to operate and it does n't produce hydrogen which is volatile .
+A 14 15|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:CONTR|||not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For the product , only electricity is produced , making it one of the most efficient reactors .
+
+S In terms of safety , SFR is safer because of its necessary condition , like temperature and pressure , to operate and the waste it produced .
+A 25 26|||R:VERB:TENSE|||produces|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S SFR operates on a temperature around 5500C which for a nuclear plants , this is considered a low temperature for a nuclear plant to operate .
+A 2 3|||R:PREP|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||plant|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The low temperature indicates that we do n't need to manufacture a new kind of material to withstand the temperature .
+A 7 8|||R:CONTR|||not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It can be seen from other concepts ; most of the concepts are operated at almost twice the temperature SFR is operating .
+A 0 7|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:PREP|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S SFR is also operating on a pressure around atmospheric level so it 's safer because the high pressure will increase not only the stress emitted to the walls of the plant but also the damage if an explosion happens .
+A 4 5|||R:PREP|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:CONTR|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 26|||R:OTHER|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Using radioactive material such as Uranium238 , plutonium and lanthanum , the SFR runs a full cycle which nearly consumes all the material to produce electricity .
+
+S This means that no radioactive waste released to the public and also no hydrogen as a byproduct .
+A 6 6|||M:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:VERB|||is produced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As no radioactive waste was thrown out , there is no danger of radioactive poisoning .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The risk of explosion is lowered because no hydrogen is produced but it still need to be cautioned as we are using sodium as a coolant and sodium not only explodes if it 's in contact with water but also burns if it touches air .
+A 12 13|||R:PRON|||we|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||cautious|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:CONTR|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Operating in low temperature and pressure also means that this model is efficient as less heat is being transferred out of the system and the energy is turn to electricity .
+A 1 2|||R:PREP|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:VERB:FORM|||turned|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The fact that radioactive resources are being processed repeatedly until it changes into non-radioactive compounds and no byproduct produced also indicate that this model has high efficiency SFR has a high capital cost due to the necessity to use magnesium oxide as the container of sodium to prevent it leaking .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN|||source|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:SVA|||indicates|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This problem repels many countries to pursue the SFR model further but if they managed to build an SFR plant , the profit that comes from building one will cover the capital cost just in several years .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB|||deters|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||from pursuing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||manage|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 35|||R:WO|||in just|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Right now , there are researches to reduce the cost by improving the design of SFR and the most prominent is probably by improving the design of the core of SFR .
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||is research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Other concepts may have lower capital cost but they also have a lower efficiency .
+
+S From all the advantage like the low pressure and temperature condition , almost no radioactive waste and no other byproduct like Hydrogen , it can be seen that SFR is the most promising and advantageous model compare to other reactor concepts and it is worth every dollar spent to pursue deeper research and development .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||advantages|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||R:VERB:FORM|||compared|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This model 's weaknesses like the high capital cost and the danger of using sodium are actually solvable by producing a new metal that incapable of reacting to sodium .
+A 24 24|||M:VERB|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S REFERENCE
+
+S The Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor ( SFR ) system features a fast-spectrum , sodium-cooled reactor and a closed fuel cycle for efficient management of actinides and conversion of fertile uranium .
+
+S [ cited 3 October 2009 ] .
+
+S Available from { http : //www.gen-4.org/Technology/systems/sfr.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.gen-4.org/Technology/systems/sfr.htm ]
+
+S INNOVATING CORE DESIGN FOR SODIUM COOLED FAST REACTORS OF 4th GENERATION .
+
+S [ cited 3october 2009 ] .
+
+S Available from { http : //www.inspi.ufl.edu/icapp07/program/abstracts/7383.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.inspi.ufl.edu/icapp07/program/abstracts/7383.html ] Butler .
+
+S D. ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240 .
+
+S Mizuno , T. , Ogawa , T. , Naganuma , M. and Aida , T. ( 2005 ) , { Advanced Oxide Fuel Core Design Study for SFR in the Feasibility Study in Japan } [ HYPERLINK : http : //tauon.nuc.berkeley.edu/references/2005_10_Global_Tsukuba/GL4xx/GL434DF.pdf ] , Global 2005 , 9-13 October 2005 , Tsukuba , Japan .
+
+S Sienicki , J. , Moisseytsev , A. , Cho , D. , Momozaki , Y. , Kilsdonk , D. , Haglund , R. , Reed , C. and Farmer , M. , ( 2007 ) Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Brayton Cycle Energy Conversion for Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactors/Advanced Burner Reactors , Global 2007 , 9-13 September 2007 , Boise , USA .
+
+S Nuclear energy has been a topic of discussion among the society given the memories of the partial nuclear meltdown in 1979 at Three Mile Island , Pennsylvania and the 1986 accident at Chernobyl in Ukraine , during which the reactor core exploded ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S The radioactive effects of the aftermath can still be felt even years after the accident with common side effects that include deformities in newborn babies .
+
+S The issue of safety is of most concern over the debate of whether nuclear reactors should even be in operation .
+A 6 7|||R:ADJ|||utmost|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The world 's natural resources are depleting rapidly fast and there is a need to search for alternatives to meet the ever increasing energy demands of the world .
+A 8 9|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Generation IV reactors may just be the solution to meet these demands .
+
+S In addition , their new designs will address safety issues .
+
+S Two of such Generation IV reactors include the very high temperature reactor ( VHTR ) and the gas cooled fast reactor ( GCFR ) .
+
+S Both of these designs incorporate helium as a coolant and produces electricity as well as hydrogen as their energy output ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:SVA|||produce|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the favourable VHTR has advantages in performance , safety and cost that outweighs those of the GCFR and thus should be given support for further research and development .
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||outweigh|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , the VHTR spot better performance than the GCFR .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The GCFR produces less waste than the VHTR ( Khalil , n.d ) .
+
+S However , with less waste produced means that the same fuel is reused several times .
+A 6 6|||M:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , the fuel loses its properties to generate energy over time .
+
+S In contrast , the VHTR uses fresh fuel each time and therefore , output efficiency remains high .
+
+S Furthermore , the VHTR has a higher operating temperature , which is essential in achieving better efficiency , as energy output is dependent on temperature ( A Technology Roadmap for Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems , 2002 ) .
+
+S This will result in the VHTR producing more energy with the same amount of fuel .
+
+S Secondly , the VHTR incorporates a safety feature that is not present in the GCFR .
+
+S The GCFR operates at a much safer lower operating temperature compared to the VHTR .
+
+S In contrast , the VHTR operates at a higher operating temperature .
+
+S However , the VHTR has a temperature monitoring system that constantly monitors the temperature of the core to prevent any meltdowns from occurring and a proper back up system that continues producing energy during a malfunction .
+A 23 24|||R:OTHER|||, and it has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is particularly important for a country like France where 80 % of its energy depends on nuclear ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+A 18 18|||M:NOUN|||source|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , with such a system , human intervention can be avoided during emergencies .
+
+S Also , we have to understand that every system is bound to fail .
+
+S Relying on visual inspection of the core will not do sufficient for the GCFR to meet safety standards .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:ADJ|||adequate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , the issue of waste recycling in GCFR will pose a huge problem .
+
+S Waste recycling will produce plutonium and uranium in its pure form , which is an active ingredient use in the making of nuclear weapons ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:FORM|||used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This problem is not present in the VHTR that stores waste instead of recycling them ( Very High Temperature Reactor , n.d ) .
+A 14 15|||R:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly , implementing the VHTR is more cost saving than GCFR .
+
+S The GCFR operates at a lower temperature and thus choices of materials are wider and cheaper as compared to the VHTR .
+
+S In contrast , the VHTR needs special materials to withstand high temperatures ( Ghetta , 2008 ) .
+
+S Thus , the choices of materials are limited and expensive .
+
+S However , the VHTR in the long run will be able to balance off the high cost of materials with its high energy output .
+
+S Moreover , the VHTR can be implemented 5 years earlier ( A Technology Roadmap for Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems , 2002 ) .
+
+S The cost saved can be channeled into many years of project planning and research .
+
+S In conclusion , the VHTR should receive further funding for research and development given the advantages it holds over the GCFR .
+
+S The VHTR has a better performance in terms of high energy output , a safer design that meets safety standards and ultimately a more cost effective solution .
+A 9 10|||R:ADJ:FORM|||higher|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S 1 ) Khalil H. The Gas Cooled Fast Reactor System .
+
+S Retrieved on 15 October , 2009. http : //anes.fiu.edu/Pro/s9Kha.pdf 2 ) Cogeneration Technologies .
+
+S Very High Temperature Reactor .
+
+S Retrieved on 15 October , 2009. http : //www.cogeneration.net/very_high_temperature_Reactor.htm 3 ) The GenerationIV International Forum .
+
+S ( 2002 ) .
+
+S A Technology Roadmap for Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems .
+
+S Retrieved on 15 October , 2009. http : //www.gen-4.org/PDFs/GenIVRoadmap.pdf 4 ) Ghetta , V. ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Material Issues for Generation IV Systems : Status , Open Questions and Challenges .
+
+S Netherlands : Springer .
+
+S 5 ) Butler , D. ( 2004 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240 .
+
+S In July 17 , 1981 , the interconnected second level and fourth level hanging walkways in the Hyatt Regency in Kansas City collapsed , killing 114 and injuring an additional 200 more ( Hotel Horror ) .
+A 0 1|||R:PREP|||On|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The reason for this disaster boiled down to gross negligence by the project engineer for not checking with the calculations before agreeing to design changes as a result of material constraints .
+
+S The use of psychology as described by Wilpert ( 2008 ) in preventing the errors in design by the designers who are also only human involves the introduction of applied psychology as a method of curbing the potentially negative effects that may arise from the dynamics of individual and group psychology in design teams .
+
+S As described , the inputs of applied psychology can also be provided through the different organizational levels in a design team .
+
+S As such , the discussion shall pertain to the application of psychology on three of the organization levels of the architecture firm with the aim of preventing the accident .
+
+S These levels are namely :
+
+S * The designer
+
+S * The process of designing
+
+S * The organizational hierarchy of the firm
+
+S In the case of the accident at the Hyatt Regency , the introduction of a psychologist to the errant architecture design firm could have brought to light the negligent behavior of the engineer in question .
+
+S However , the identification of this particular problem through behavioral observation by a psychologist may not be a good method given that the multitudes of other problems that might occur , thus leaving a lot of the fault-finding process to chance .
+A 33 36|||R:OTHER|||much|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Indeed , the application of psychology in the design process should not only be in the form of adding personnel well-versed in psychology .
+
+S The implementation of safety orientated intervention practices as discussed by Geller ( 2001 ) can then help cast a wide net of control over the domains of possible human errors .
+A 15 16|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Geller 's article , albeit written in the context of occupational safety , advocates the use of behavior-based safety ( BBS ) techniques as tools to help members of a working unit to take better control of their safety performance .
+
+S One particular way of implementation , the " Actively Caring Model " , shows promise of cultivating a work attitude of actively caring for the associated benefits of others through promoting the effects of various psychological states of mind like self-pride in ones ' field of work , the effects which could have prevented this accident .
+
+S Additionally , there is a need for the application of psychology to create a standardized design process where measures for the purpose of ensuring safety can be explicitly listed and made compulsory .
+
+S An effective measure can be mandating a 'design check ' by a competent and independent third party before construction , which could have prevented the accident .
+
+S Yet , due to the comprehensiveness of the design process it needs to be in order to give good coverage against a wide range of foreseeable problems , the implementation of such a design process may breed complacency in yet another example of human psychology .
+A 0 46|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is where there it is necessary for a psychologist to compliment the design process , by looking out in the directions where the design process is unable to cover .
+A 3 4|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The operation hierarchy of the engineering firm is highlighted as there is only one person who is responsible for approving the designs .
+
+S Given the importance of this task and the possible stresses of the job , it can very risky to only have one person in charge .
+A 16 16|||M:VERB|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The utilization of elementary psychology would have prevented this accident as these types of windows of opportunities for risk could have been easily identified and rectified if the firm employed introspective reviewing of its operation .
+
+S A significant portion of the systems which have failed did so because of human errors of design .
+
+S The increasing size and complexity of modern systems means that there are more opportunities for human errors to creep in .
+
+S The resulting system is then too complex for efficient fault-finding for safety insurance .
+
+S Therefore it is necessary to apply the studies of human psyche to the design of systems so as to prevent the loss of human life by such errors .
+
+S References
+
+S * Geller , E. S. ( 2001 ) .
+
+S Behavior-based safety in industry : Realizing the large-scale potential of psychology to promote human welfare .
+
+S { Applied and Preventive Psychology } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.sciencedirect.com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/science/journal/09621849 ] , 10 ( 2 ) , 87-105 .
+
+S * .Wilpert , B .
+
+S ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Psychology and design process .
+
+S Safety Science , 45 , 293-303 .
+
+S * .Hotel Horror .
+
+S Kansas City Public Library .
+
+S Retrieved October 10 , 2009 , from { http : //www.kclibrary.org/blog/month-kansas-city-history/hotel-horror } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.kclibrary.org/blog/month-kansas-city-history/hotel-horror ]
+
+S Using Psychology during Design Process Helps Prevent Major Accidents
+
+S Since the beginning of the 20th century , a number of major engineering accidents have occurred with increasing complexity of large engineering projects .
+
+S It is important to study these cases and analyze the causes in order to prevent potential accidents .
+
+S This essay will bring one particular accident , the Eschede train disaster , back to the table .
+
+S The ICE train accident in Eschede happed in June 1998 .
+A 6 7|||R:SPELL|||happened|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It causes 101 death and 88 injured , which made it the worst accident in the history of Germany ( BBC News , 1998 ) .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||caused|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||deaths|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 7|||R:WO|||injured 88|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The main factors that lead to the disaster include the failure in wheel and train track design , as well as an inefficient feedback system .
+
+S This essay will present that the use of psychology during the design process will improve product safety and it may help prevent the Eschede train disaster .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB|||propose|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:VERB:TENSE|||might have helped|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First of all , if psychology approaches were introduced in the design process , product safety could be better guaranteed .
+
+S It is very often that managers of large projects tend to believe that engineers would never make mistakes .
+
+S However , the fact is human errors widely exist in engineering designs process , which may result in the failure of product functions ( Wilbert , 2007 ) .
+A 7 8|||R:ADV|||commonly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the case of Eschede train disaster , the newly designed high-speed wheels were used for operation without physically tested ( HYPERLINK " http : //www.ndt.net/index.html " NDTnet , 2000 ) .
+A 18 18|||M:VERB:TENSE|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A single fatigue crack later contributed the most to the train accident .
+
+S It reveals the fact that engineers sometime neglect certain steps of design process .
+
+S If the wheels were tested and improved before put into service , the accident would likely to be prevented .
+A 8 8|||M:OTHER|||they were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 18|||R:OTHER|||have likely been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , a human scientist is in need to analyze the design process and ensure every step is completed before the product is commissioned .
+
+S In addition , human scientist will focus on factors that are closely related to the design , such as the environment in which the product will be implemented .
+
+S Companies hire engineers to design certain product and they expect them to consider every detail related to the design .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But in reality , engineers often focus on the product itself while ignoring the environment .
+
+S In the case of high-speed train , the track is important to analyze .
+
+S The limit of the track , upon which the ICE train was travelling , was exceeded by the train 's maximum speed .
+
+S Besides , when travelling from high to low speed track , the train passes through a switch points which caused one carriage to stray from the straight-line .
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is analyzed by scientist that it is likely that the train could have passed safely under the bridge if the track was plain ( ICE High Speed Train Disaster , n.d. ) .
+
+S Suppose a human scientist was present during the design process , he probably would remind the engineers to consider the track and the accident would be prevented .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||had been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have reminded|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , psychologist can help analyze and improve the operating system and company policy of large engineering projects .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||psychologists|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Just before the Eschede train disaster occurred , valuable time was lost due to inefficient feedback system .
+
+S The train staffs did not stop and exam the problem when a passenger reported strange noise and a large piece of metal coming up through the floor .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||staff|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB|||examine|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Engineers and project manager may not be experts in designing operation rules .
+
+S A human scientist can assist them and improve the system .
+
+S If the " stop and examine " rule was suggested before the accident for dealing with danger signals , the disaster will be prevented ( Single Line Tablet Instruments , n.d. ) .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||had been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||R:VERB:TENSE|||could have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To conclude , using psychology approaches during design process will help improve product safety as well as the efficiency of operating systems .
+
+S Human scientists are able to analyze each step of the process and remind engineers the important factors that they ignore .
+A 14 14|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB|||neglect|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many major accidents might be prevented if psychology is involved .
+
+S Therefore , it is vital to introduce psychology into engineering design process .
+
+S References :
+
+S Anonymous .
+
+S ( 3 June , 1998 ) .
+
+S Eschede Disaster the Worst for Decades .
+
+S BBC News .
+
+S Retrieved 09 October , from http : //news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/106159.stm Anonymous .
+
+S ( February 2000 .
+
+S ) ICE Train Accident in Eschede - Recent News Summary.Vol.5 { No.2 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.ndt.net/v05n02.htm ] .
+
+S { NDTnet } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.ndt.net/index.html ] .
+
+S Retrieved 09 October , from { http : //www.ndt.net/news/2000/eschedec.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.ndt.net/news/2000/eschedec.htm ]
+
+S Anonymous .
+
+S ( n.d. ) Eschede ICE Disaster .
+
+S Danger Ahead .
+
+S Retrieved 09 October , from { http : //danger-ahead.railfan.net/features/eschede.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //danger-ahead.railfan.net/features/eschede.htm ]
+
+S Anonymous .
+
+S ( n.d. ) Single-line Train Tablet Operation with Tyers Instrument .
+
+S Retrieved 09 October , from { http : //www.swindon-cricklade-railway.org/rules4.php } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.swindon-cricklade-railway.org/rules4.php ] .
+
+S Wilbert , B .
+
+S ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Psychology and design processes .
+
+S Safety Science , 45 , 293-303 .
+
+S It has been argued for a long time whether the use of the nuclear power should be encouraged or prevented .
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB|||opposed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In recent years , scientists have developed a new concept of nuclear energyGeneration IV reactors .
+
+S Generation IV reactors have features such as high operation temperature , simplified safety measures , and proliferation-resistant ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||proliferation-resistance|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One type of Generation IV reactors would be the very-high-temperature reactor ( VHTR ) .
+
+S Many people think that there should not be any more funding for the research and development of VHTR because of its high cost , low reliability , as well as its potential threats .
+
+S However , by considering the tremendous benefits it will bring , funding for further research and development of this reactor should still be encouraged .
+
+S One reason that causes the public to disapprove the idea of providing funds for the research and development of VHTR is the high expenses on it which most believe that many countries can not afford .
+A 8 8|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , even a prototype of VHTR will cost US $ 1 billion to build ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S However , despite the actual construction cost in building the reactors , VHTR would be economically beneficial because of its high efficiency in electricity and hydrogen production .
+
+S It has been proven that the amount of electricity produced by VHTR will be 50 % more than that produced by the older nuclear reactors ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S In fact , many of the developed countries such as the US and Europe have already started the research and development of VHTR and planned to finish by 2021 ( Kirk , 2006 ) .
+A 24 25|||R:MORPH|||plan|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , if we consider the future benefits that VHTR will bring , the funding would be trivial .
+
+S Besides cost , some people also believe that VHTR is unreliable compared to the conventional sources of energy .
+
+S The construction of VHTR is to totally replace the conventional sources of energy in order to benefit the human population .
+
+S However , its high operating temperature of above 1000 ° C presents significant challenges in terms of fuel and material development ( Gen-4 , 2008 ) .
+
+S It was also believed that in order to replace the conventional sources of energy , we have to build many huge reactors which would occupy a large area , making the problem of land shortage even worse ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S However , many of these problems have been solved by scientists and researchers in recent years .
+
+S Moreover , the new nuclear reactor is able to save our environment by emitting much less waste gases than that produced by burning fossil fuels .
+
+S Therefore , we should provide funding for the research and development of VHTR .
+
+S Lastly , despite all the safety measures implemented , it is still believed that the nuclear reactors are potentially dangerous .
+
+S It is doubtless to say that there is a possibility that radioactive leak will occur .
+
+S However , the VHTR has been developed into such a stage that in an event of accident , the reactor itself is able to shutdown itself without human intervention ( Miyamoto , 2005 ) .
+A 20 21|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will greatly reduce the possibility of a radioactive leak and make the nuclear reactors safer than ever .
+
+S Another problem may be dumping the nuclear waste which , if not carefully considered , may cause serious consequences ( Madan , 2008 ) .
+
+S However , VHTR has its unique design which makes the disposal of nuclear wastes convenient and safe .
+
+S It has a corrosion-resistant repository which collects all the nuclear wastes before they start decay ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S On the whole , the VHTR has showed great potential in becoming the future source of energy .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:FORM|||shown|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is not only more efficient in generating energy , but also more environmentally friendly than those conventional sources of energy .
+
+S Therefore , despite the current challenges for this new energy source , the society should provide funding for the research and development of VHTR .
+
+S References
+
+S Butler ( 2004 ) .
+
+S Nuclear Power 's New Dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240 .
+
+S Generation IV International Forum ( 2008 ) .
+
+S The Very-High-Temperature Reactor ( VHTR ) is a graphite-moderated , helium-cooled reactor with a thermal neutron spectrum .
+
+S Retrieved October 20 , 2009 from http : //www.gen- 4.org/Technology/systems/vhtr.htm # top
+
+S Madan ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Eco Tech Glimpses of 21st century nuclear power plants .
+
+S Ecofriend .
+
+S Retrieved October 14 , 2009 from http : //www.ecofriend.org/entry/ecotech-glipses-of-21st-century- nuclear-power-plants/
+
+S Miyamoto Y .
+
+S ( 2005 ) .
+
+S Reliability analysis of VHTR reserve shutdown system .
+
+S Retrieved October 20 , 2009 from http : //www.iaea.org/inisnkm/nkm/aws/htgr/fulltext/17036719.pdf
+
+S The energy of innovation , Idaho National Laboratory .
+
+S Very-High-Temperature Reactor ( VHTR ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 20 , 2009 from https : //inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt ? open = 514&objID = 2251&parent name = CommunityPage&parentid = 13&mode = 2
+
+S The Energy Blog .
+
+S VHTR Reactor Pursued in U.S. With Priority .
+
+S Retrieved October 20 , 2009 from http : //thefraserdomain.typepad.com/energy/2006/11/vhtr_reactor_pu.htm l
+
+S Robot Surgery---A Hopeful Nascent Technology
+
+S " Robotic surgery is a technique in which a surgeon performs surgery using a computer that remotely controls very small instruments attached to a robot " , according to Robot ( 2009 ) .
+A 25 27|||R:WO|||, "|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , robotic surgery has a history of about 75 years , however ; it is only during the last 5 years that it was gradually recognized by the medical community .
+A 12 15|||R:WO|||; however ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Because this technology appears to be quite controversial regarding the cost , time required and safety .
+
+S Opponents of this technology argue that since this technology is still not mature enough , the cost for the surgery is high , the time required for the surgery is longer than traditional surgery , and there are many variables that will affect the safety of the patients .
+
+S However , the opponents failed to consider the advantages of this technology compared to traditional surgery ; and for some of the problems of this technology , solutions are available .
+
+S The cost of this technology is high compared with traditional treatment .
+
+S Since the purchase and the update of the machines are expensive , and the complex procedures require specialized surgeons , the expense for this robotic surgery is costly .
+
+S Developing the technology can reduce the cost of machines and simplify the whole system .
+
+S In addition , with more experience gained by surgeons and more surgeons trained for this surgery , the cost will fall as well .
+
+S Actually , the total cost for the patients should not be much more expensive according to Dr. Michael Argenziano at New York Presbyterian Hospital ( Disadvantages of Robot Surgery , 2009 ) .
+
+S Because the recovery time of patients becomes shorter , patients will have to pay much less on nursing .
+
+S The time required to perform this surgery is twice longer than traditional surgery ( Alan,2009 ) .
+
+S As a result , patients may have higher risk of encountering danger during the surgery .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to the data collected by David and SamadiRobot Oncology , 2009 , robotic surgery is not the longest surgery , and it is about less than 20 minutes longer than the open surgery .
+
+S ( David&Samandi , 2009 ) .
+
+S Usually the surgery will performed with back up treatment .
+A 4 4|||M:VERB:TENSE|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , with the development of the technology and more experienced surgeons , the time will become shorter .
+
+S The size of the machine is too huge , making it impossible for assistant surgeons to help perform the surgery .
+A 7 8|||R:ADJ|||large|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , the variables involved in the surgery are too many for a machine to handle .
+
+S With the development of new software and hardware , minimizing the size of robots can be achieved ( Thomas,2007 ) .
+
+S The role of robots in the surgery is just to help the surgeons instead of performing the surgery by itself .
+
+S Thus , any situations happens during the surgery can be handled by the trained and experienced surgeons .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||situation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , robot arms may contain more checking functions to help check the inside of tissues.During robotic surgery , the surgeon can more easily see the area being operated on .
+
+S More importantly , less blood lose , less infection and small incisions make the procedure safer and less painful .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||loss|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:ADJ:FORM|||smaller|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although this nascent technology has its disadvantages regarding cost , time and safety , both technological and non-technological solutions are almost possible to overcome those problems .
+A 20 22|||R:OTHER|||available|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Researches in this field , increasing training of surgeons , and improvements of other significant issues are conducted to achieve better acceptance of this technology .
+A 0 1|||R:MORPH|||Research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Given more time , this technology will prove its efficiency by giving us fruitful research results and evidence-based outcomes .
+
+S Hopefully , robotic surgery will possibly improve our surgical practice and bring high quality of surgical care to patients .
+
+S References :
+
+S Robert A. Cowles ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Robotic Surgery .
+
+S Medline Plus .
+
+S Retrieved Oct 10 , 2009 from { http : //www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/007339.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/007339.htm ]
+
+S Disadvantages of Robot Surgery ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Retrieved Oct 10 , 2009 from http : //biomed.brown.edu/Courses/BI108/BI108_2004_Groups/Group02/Group % 2002 % 20Website/robodisadvan.htm
+
+S { Alan Elsner } [ HYPERLINK : http : //blogs.reuters.com/search/journalist.php ? edition = us&n = alan.elsner& ] ( 2009 ) Medical societies push standards for robotic surgery.Retrieved Oct 10 , 2009
+
+S from { http : //www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE58G7AV20090917 ? sp = true } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE58G7AV20090917 ? sp = true ]
+
+S David B. Samadi , M.D. ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Recent Data On Robotic Prostatectomy .
+
+S Robotic Oncology .
+
+S Retrieved Oct 10 , 2009 from
+
+S http : //www.roboticoncology.com/data/ Thomas Lendvay , MD ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Pediatric Robot Surgery with the Da Vinci Surgical System .
+
+S { Medical Robotics Magazine } [ HYPERLINK : http : //medicalrobotics.blogspot.com/ ] .
+
+S Retrieved Oct 10 , 2009 from
+
+S http : //medicalrobotics.blogspot.com/2007/09/pediatric-robot-surgery-with-da-vinci.html
+
+S While the demand of energy is constantly increasing , earth is running low in coal , oil , and gas supply .
+
+S Based on 2003 rates of production of fossil fuels , the global oil , gas , and coal reserves were predicted to exhaust in the next 41 , 67.1 , and 192 years respectively ( Lincoln , 2005 , p. 622 ) .
+A 22 23|||R:OTHER|||be exhausted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Due to the scarcity of fossil fuels , nuclear power made its way back onto the table .
+
+S The concept of Generation IV reactors was introduced and the several countries in the Generation IV International Forum ( GIF ) were in favor of the Very High Temperature Reactors ( VHTR ) .
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , safety , cost , and performance are the three main reasons for opposition to the VHTR .
+
+S Even with these three reasons , there is still a need to do further research and development funding for it .
+
+S Opponents of VHTR claim that production of nuclear energy is expensive .
+
+S Special materials are required to build a nuclear reactor .
+
+S The construction costs for VHTR will be significantly higher compared to other power plants .
+
+S However , the construction cost of the nuclear reactor is a fixed cost and the nuclear power plant will be operating for a long period of time .
+
+S Eventually , in the long-run , the fixed cost would be minimal .
+
+S According to The Economics of Nuclear Power ( 2009 ) , uranium has the tendency to yield about 20,000 times as much energy as the same amount of coal .
+
+S The cost of uranium is also much lower compared to oil , gas and coal .
+
+S In addition , if the coal-fired power plants were to pay a carbon tax-a tax based on the carbon they release into the atmosphere , then the energy generated by VHTR would be much cheaper .
+
+S Another reason for opposition is the danger of the operation of nuclear reactors .
+
+S Haunted by the memories of the catastrophe at Three Mile Island , Pennsylvania and Chernobyl in Ukraine , the public requires some convincing ( Butler , 2004 , p. 238 ) .
+
+S One of the main safety principles for Generation IV reactors is the concept of defence in depth .
+
+S This concept involves several " overlapping layers of safety and multiple barriers , such that if one safety provision should fail , another will be available to prevent unacceptable damage from occurring " ( The Risk and Safety Working Group Of the Generation IV international Forum , 2008 ) .
+
+S Hence , with multiple layer of safety , operation of VHTR would not pose any threat to the public .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||layers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:NOUN|||measures|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The final argument purpose by opponents is availability of the coolant of VHTR .
+A 3 4|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S VHTR uses helium as a coolant which is extracted from natural gas reserves .
+
+S Given the fact that natural gas reserves is depleting , the same goes to helium as well .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB|||applies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , VHTR will not be able to operate in the absence of helium .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB|||function|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The characteristic of helium as an inert gas had made helium recyclable ( Bowe , 2004 ) .
+
+S Furthermore , having helium exposed to radiation in the nuclear reactor does not turn helium into a radioactive compound .
+
+S VHTR could recycle their coolants and requires minimal addition of helium from time to time .
+
+S In a nutshell , the opponent 's reasons are debatable .
+
+S Energy generated by VHTR is abundant , inexpensive , safe and reliable .
+
+S Nuclear energy will do more good than harm to the human mankind .
+A 9 11|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , further research and development funding for the very-high-temperature reactors should be supported not only by GIF but also other countries as well .
+
+S 1 .
+
+S Lincoln , Stephen F. ( 2005 , Dec ) .
+
+S Fossil Fuels in the 21st Century .
+
+S Ambio , Vol .
+
+S 34 , 621-627 .
+
+S 2 .
+
+S World Nuclear Association .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S The Economics of Nuclear Power .
+
+S Retrieved October 15 , 2009 from http : //www.world- nuclear.org/info/inf02.html
+
+S 3 .
+
+S Butler .
+
+S D ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238- 240 .
+
+S 4 .
+
+S The Risk and Safety Working Group Of the Generation IV international Forum .
+
+S ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Basis for the Safety Approach for Design & Assessment of Generation IV Nuclear Systems .
+
+S 5 .
+
+S Bowe .
+
+S Donald J .
+
+S ( 2004 , Sept ) .
+
+S Helium Recovery and Recycling Makes Good Business Sence .
+
+S Retrieved October 15 , 2009 from http : //www.airproducts.com/NR/rdonlyres/F9D0CAA5-2A67-413B-A71F- 54C72CD46E67/0/IHHeRecoveryArticlefinal.pdf
+
+S The first nuclear power plant provided electricity to the power grid in the 1950s .
+
+S What separates the first nuclear plant from recent one is the reactor , which has undergone a series of advancements .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The reactor has evolved from Generation I to Generation III over the past five decades with Generation IV being the next prototype .
+
+S However , the one reason why few nuclear reactors have been built over the years is public opposition .
+
+S ( Butler , 2004 , pp .
+
+S 238-240 ) Despite the public claiming that nuclear energy is dangerous , an expensive form of energy or of poor performance , the use of molten salt reactor can address their protestations with new designs of the reactor and a cheaper , cleaner and sustainable form of energy .
+A 31 32|||R:NOUN|||concerns|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thesis statement
+
+S The major reactor meltdown happened in 1979 at Three Mile Island , Pennsylvania and in 1986 at Chernobyl , Ukraine .
+
+S Close to a hundred people died and a few thousand people suffered from cancer due to exposure to radiation from the reactor meltdown over the decades .
+A 11 13|||R:OTHER|||developed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 26|||R:WO|||over the decades due to exposure to radiation from the reactor meltdown|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Bock , Hofmann , Hoffmann , & Logan , 2005 ) Hence , the radioactive materials are contained within the chamber and if there is a reactor meltdown , the release of large amount of radiation can be prevented .
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||In the new reactor|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Most of the public has the misconception that nuclear energy is expensive therefore opposing it .
+A 12 12|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , it is easy to conclude without substantiating with a proper cost analysis .
+
+S The cost of building a nuclear plant is admittedly more than other kind of power plants but the consideration should be based on performance and cost per unit energy .
+A 10 10|||M:PREP|||that for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||kinds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to statistics from the Nuclear Energy Institute , nuclear power plants have achieved increasingly higher capacity factors with the same or greater levels of safety over the past two decades .
+
+S In the United States , for example , the average capacity factor for nuclear plants in operation in 1980 was 56.3 percent .
+
+S By 1990 , it had risen to 66 percent , and in 2007 to 91.8 percent .
+
+S ( Eerkens , 2006 , pp .
+
+S 19-29 )
+
+S Some oppositions of nuclear energy argue that coal reserves can last another 120 years and funds should be spent on researching technology for coal .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN|||opponents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , this is based on the assumption that coal is used solely for producing electricity .
+
+S In fact , coal is an alternative raw material to manufacture plastics in place of oil which will be depleted in 40 years , meaning that coal will last much lesser than the allegedly 120 years .
+A 30 31|||R:ADJ:FORM|||less|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:MORPH|||alleged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Unlike coal , nuclear energy uses the fission of atoms to generate electricity .
+
+S There are many types of elements and their isotopes available for fission like Thorium , Uranium-235 and Uranium-238 , and reprocessing is possible , resulting in at least a thousand more years for nuclear energy .
+
+S The burning of coal also produces carbon dioxide and other air pollutants , contributing to the global warming .
+
+S ( Eerkens , 2006 , pp .
+
+S 19-29 ) Thus , nuclear energy could be a long term solution and it does not contribute to global warming .
+
+S It is evident that the claims from the oppositions of nuclear energy are flawed .
+
+S In spite of them claiming that nuclear energy is unsafe , pricey and of low output , there are researches and data to show otherwise with Generation IV reactors .
+A 11 12|||R:ADJ|||costly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||R:OTHER|||is research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , it could be a wise decision for the public to evaluate nuclear energy as a form of energy and eventually , support further research and development funding for it .
+
+S References
+
+S Adamantiades , A. , & Kessides , I .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Nuclear power for sustainable development : Current status and future prospects .
+
+S [ doi : DOI : 10.1016/j.enpol.2009.07.052 ] .
+
+S Energy Policy , In Press , Corrected Proof .
+
+S Bock , R. , Hofmann , I. , Hoffmann , D. , & Logan , G. ( 2005 ) .
+
+S 10 Inertial confinement fusion : heavy ions ( pp .
+
+S 529-554 ) .
+
+S Bodansky , D. ( 2005 ) .
+
+S Nuclear Reactor Accidents ( pp .
+
+S 411-438 ) .
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 ) .
+
+S Energy : Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S [ 10.1038/429238a ] .
+
+S Nature , 429 ( 6989 ) , 238-240 .
+
+S Eerkens , J. W. ( 2006 ) .
+
+S Nuclear Facts and Fables ( pp .
+
+S 19-29 ) .
+
+S Nuclear reactors are often believed to be accompanied with the danger of leak and explosion .
+
+S However , few people know that the Generation IV Reactors , which will be put into use in about 10 to 20 years ' time , will produce energy that can be " safe , abundant , reliable , inexpensive and proliferation resistant " , just like what Spencer Abraham , one of the US energy secretaries , said at the 2002 gathering of GIF ( Generation IV International Forum ) representatives .
+A 43 45|||R:WO|||, "|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The VHTR ( very-high-temperature reactor ) is one of these reactors .
+
+S It can produce heat and hydrogen simultaneously with an outlet temperature as high as 1000 ° C .
+
+S Although there are still many people concerning about the safety and economy factors , the VHTR is indeed one of the most advanced and valuable design in the world and deserves further research and development funding for it .
+A 6 7|||R:MORPH|||concerned|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:MORPH|||economic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:NOUN:NUM|||designs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even among all the Generation IV Reactors , the VHTR has the highest operating temperature .
+
+S The higher the temperature is the higher heat resisting level the materials must achieve .
+
+S So some people worry that whether the existing materials could meet the needs or not .
+A 5 15|||R:OTHER|||the existing materials can not meet the needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And in case of accident , the very severe reaction may be difficult to control .
+
+S In fact , the VHTR uses Helium as the coolant and graphite as the material of the core .
+
+S Helium is a kind of inert gas and will seldom react even in the very high temperature .
+
+S Numerous tests and calculations have shown that it is nearly impossible to burn high-purity , nuclear-grade graphite , since graphite could be heated to more than 1650 ° C without incurring ignition or self-sustained combustion .
+
+S Therefore , during the normal circumstance , there will be no problem for the materials to stand the requiring high temperature .
+A 2 3|||R:PREP|||under|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||circumstances|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:ADJ:FORM|||required|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , the reactor adapts the self-regulating system .
+
+S If there is some trouble , the reaction will automatically stop and the temperature will gradually cool down to avoid dangers .
+
+S The earliest VHTR will not appear on the earth until 2020 while the research has began since 1990s with a total research funding of more than 1.6 billion dollars .
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||been ongoing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Opponents may argue that it will cost too much to make the design into practice .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB|||put|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN|||use|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is true that the early investment of VHTR is much higher than the existing normal nuclear reactor or others ; however , the VHTR could produce 50 % more electricity from the same amount of fuel compared with other conventional plants , and its deign life is as long as 60 years compared with 40 years of the normal nuclear reactors .
+
+S Besides , the VHTR can gain hydrogen through regular running , which could be converted into electricity for cars and homes .
+
+S In other words , the side products are worth a great deal of money .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So , it is easy to find that after long period of running , the total cost of VHTR will not exceed that of other existing reactors any more .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the VHTR has own safety features , such as very high system temperature , enhanced reliability , low system pressure and so on .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The early research and development cost might be high but in the long run there seems no obvious difference .
+
+S So it is worth developing and investing .
+
+S Reference
+
+S 1 .
+
+S A Technology Roadmap for Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems ( US DOE NERAC/GIF,Washington DC , 2002 ) online at http : //gif.inel.gov/roadmap/pdfs/gen_iv_roadmap.pdf
+
+S 2. International Energy Outlook 2004 ( US DOE,Washington DC , 2004 ) online at http : //eee.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo
+
+S 3 .
+
+S Grant , P. M. Nature 424 , 129130 ( 2003 ) .
+
+S 4 .
+
+S The Future of Nuclear Power ( MIT , Cambridge , MA , 2003 ) .
+
+S 5 .
+
+S Nature 427 , 661 ( 2004 )
+
+S 6 .
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240
+
+S The two general IV nuclear reactors that we will be discussing are very high temperature reactor ( VHTR ) and gas cooled fast reactor ( GCFR ) .
+
+S I personally feel that VHTR deserves more funding and research than GCFR in terms of performance , safety and cost .
+
+S The similarities between these two reactors are both using helium as a coolant , no need working at high pressure and producing same output of hydrogen and electricity .
+A 7 7|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:MORPH|||use|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||do not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:FORM|||produce|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Butler 2004 ) .
+
+S We will be comparing which reactors should have more emphasis to have further research and development funding for it .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB|||considering|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactor|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In terms of performance , Gas cooled fast reactors are dependent on VHTR in terms of modification in design and characteristic , minimizing the effort required for GCFR .
+
+S ( www.nextgenerationnuclearplant.com ) .
+
+S the waste material produced by GCFR is being recycled .
+A 0 1|||R:ORTH|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , there is a decrease in efficiency as it is being used many times and loses its capability to generate the same amount of energy .
+
+S ( http : //www.neutron.kth.se/courses/GenIV/GenIVreactors.pdf ) .
+
+S In addition , according to theory , we know that output efficiency is dependent on temperature .
+
+S So a higher operating temperature of VHTR would allow for more electricity to be produced as compared to gas cooled reactors .
+A 15 16|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Not only that , the waste material being produced by gas cooled fast reactors is pure plutonium and this material is mainly used for weapon making .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||Besides|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:NOUN|||production|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is dangerous if it goes out of hand .
+
+S In terms of safety or security , there is a temperature monitoring system in VHTR to ensure safety .
+
+S It monitors the reactors to avoid any meltdown .
+
+S Such system does not exist in gas cooled reactors that operates at lower temperature .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:SVA|||operate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( http : //www.cogeneration.net/very_high_temperature_Reactor.htm ) .
+
+S VHTR has a better back-up system .
+
+S In the event of sudden shutdown due to malfunction , VHTR still can produce energy .
+A 11 13|||R:WO|||can still|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( http : //www.anl.gov/PCS/acsfuel ) .
+
+S It is especially useful for country like France , which 80 % of the electricity generated is dependent on nuclear energy .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||countries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||where|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Butler 2004 ) .
+
+S For GCFR , there is a presence of safe accommodation of low thermal inertia and poor heat transfer properties of coolant .
+A 20 20|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In VHTR , waste is not recycled but instead stored away .
+
+S In terms of cost , for VHTR , it can be implemented five years earlier than the gas cooled fast reactors .
+A 5 9|||R:OTHER|||VHTR|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , this can save money for many years of project planning and research .
+
+S ( Butler 2004 ) Currently , there are no operators for the GCFR in the current market .
+A 15 16|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Money will need to be invested in the training of operators for this new type of generation IV reactors .
+
+S ( www.ostigov/bridge/servlets/pur/840501-9gpzj3/nature840501.pdf ( 3 and 4 ) .
+
+S In conclusion , I personally feel that VHTR does deserve more research and funding in it than gas cooled fast reactors .
+
+S This is because it is better in terms of performance , cost and safety .
+
+S References :
+
+S 1 ) Www .
+
+S nextgenerationnuclearplant.com
+
+S 2 ) http : //www.neutron.kth.se/courses/GenIV/GenIV reactors .
+
+S PDF )
+
+S 3 ) http : //www.cogeneration.net/very_high_temperature_Reactor.htm )
+
+S 4 ) http : //www.anl.gov/PCS/acsfuel
+
+S 5 ) www.ostigov/bridge/servlets/pur/840501-9gpzj3/nature 840501.pdf ( 3 and 4 )
+
+S 6 ) Butler , D. ( 2004 , may 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn.Nature , 429,238- 240 .
+
+S Molten salt reactor----a promising solution
+
+S The incoming shortage of energy and nature fuels is enhancing the price of electricity in China , India and other developing countries .
+
+S At the meanwhile , the globle warming and other environmental concerns are pushing the entire world to some more powerful , sustainable and clean solutions for future energy .
+A 0 1|||R:PREP|||In|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Our future method should also be safty , economic , efficient and flexble for applications .
+A 6 7|||R:SPELL|||safe|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order to satisfy all the requirements , nuclear power is the one with a high chance among the realistic alternatives .
+
+S Nevertheless , the current common nuclear power reactant ( generation | | | ) is not ideal due to its high cost and security considerations .
+
+S Therefore , we need some other nuclear solutions for future reactants , the molten salt reactor , is one of the most promising .
+
+S Firstly , the main public concern on nuclear power is its safty .
+A 11 12|||R:SPELL|||safety|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After the partial reacter meltdown in 1979 at Pennsylvania and the 1986 accident in Chernobyl .
+
+S The protential hazard of nuclear reactants has been recognized .
+
+S Moreover , due to its far-ranging influence , the nuclear reactants can be model targets for terrorists and military attack .
+
+S The molten salt reactant has a advantage in this aspect .
+A 5 6|||R:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It retains three barriers of the containing fussion products ( Moir , R.W. , 2008 ) .
+
+S The first barrier is the fuel clad,the second one is the ractor vessel and piping , the final one is the containment buliding which was bulit 10 meters ungerground .
+
+S In case of the accidents or spills of radioactive material , the buliding ungerground will be nicely isolated and the " gravity barrier " can prevent the leakage from reaching outside .
+
+S In addition , MSR is free of pressure and easy for fuel dumping , which is its own property .
+
+S ( [ pic ] Mathieu , L.,2006 ) Although MSR work in relatively high tempreture it can still be stable,for example , for FUJI-12 , The maximum fuel temperature for two rod insertions of 0.344 % dk/k was 1220K at the rated power .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:SVA|||works|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This result violates the high safety limit .
+
+S ( Reactivity-initiated-accident analysis without scram of a molten salt reactor ,2008 )
+
+S For the consideration of Economic motivation , the Oak Ridge National Laboratory ( ORNL ) has made capital and operating cost estimates based on detailed conceptual studies of various MSRs .
+
+S The result showed that the capital of MSR ( 20 % enriched ) is 20.1 $ /MWh and the total cost is 38.4 $ /MWh .
+
+S Compared with 15.8 $ /MWh and 41.9 $ /MWh of normal coal reactants the MSR is actually 7 % lower than the pressurized water reactant ( PWR ) and 8 % lower than coal , which gave an encouraging result .
+
+S ( R.W .
+
+S Moir ,2007 ) Nevertheless , the capital cost of MSR is relatively much higher than common reactors , which may be the overwhemling limitation for developing countries .
+
+S Finally , since MSR use redioactive materials , it is necessary to concern about waste transmutation and nuclear proliferation .
+
+S Concluding from the study of Bj ö rn Becker , Massimiliano Fratoni and Ehud Greenspan , " the MSR core using LiF ( 15 mol % ) , NaF ( 58 mol % ) and BeF2 ( 27 mol % ) salt without graphite offers the best neutron balance , most compact design and alleviated graphite lifetime problem .
+
+S " ( [ pic ] Becker , B.,2008 ) and the critical MSR also provides a very high transmutation capability " fissioning of over 99 % of the TRU fed , accounting for loss of actinides in the process of soluble FP extraction from the MS. " Moreover , the Thorium 's fuel cycle in MSR resists proliferation .
+
+S The Th230 produced will contaminate the Th232 breeding material and is inseparable from it .
+
+S When Th230 decays , it emmits strong gamma-ray,which would harm the electrons needed to process the chain reaction of U232 .
+
+S Besides , the consentration of Th232 is only 9 % , which is far away from the concentrition of building weapons .
+
+S To sum up , MSR is qualified as a future nuclear reactant .
+
+S Therefore it worth more research on its development .
+A 2 2|||M:VERB|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 3|||M:PREP|||if|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:VERB|||is done|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference :
+
+S Moir , R.W .
+
+S Recommendations for a restart of molten salt reactor development ( Vallecitos Molten Salt Research , 607 E. Vallecitos Road , Livermore , CA 94550 , United States ) Source : Energy Conversion and Management , v 49 , n 7 , p 1849-1858 , July 2008
+
+S [ pic ] Mathieu , L. The thorium molten salt reactor : Moving on from the MSBR ( Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie , 53 , avenue des Martyrs , 38026 Grenoble Cedex , France ) ; Heuer , D. ; Brissot , R. ; Garzenne , C. ; Le Brun , C. ; Lecarpentier , D. ; Liatard , E. ; Loiseaux , J.-M. ; Meplan , O. ; Merle-Lucotte , E. ; Nuttin , A. ; Walle , E. ; Wilson , J .
+
+S Source : Progress in Nuclear Energy , v 48 , n 7 , p 664-679 , September 2006
+
+S Suzuki , Nobuhide Reactivity-initiated-accident analysis without scram of a molten salt reactor ( Mitsubishi Heavy Industries , Ltd. , 1-1 , Wadasaki-cho 1-chome , Hyogo-ku , Kobe 652-8585 , Japan ) ; Shimazu , Yoichiro Source : Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology , v 45 , n 6 , p 575-581 , 2008
+
+S R.W .
+
+S Moir Energy Conversion and Management Volume 49 , Issue 7 , July 2008 , Pages 1849-1858 ICENES'2007 , 13th International Conference on Emerging Nuclear Energy Systems , June 38 , 2007 , stanbul , Turkiye
+
+S [ pic ] Becker , B .
+
+S [ pic ] Feasibility of a critical molten salt reactor for waste transmutation ( California Univ. , Berkeley , USA ) ; Fratoni , M. ; Greenspan , E. Source : Progress in Nuclear Energy , v 50 , n 2-6 , p 236-41 , March-Aug. 2008
+
+S Applying Psychology to Prevent Accidents from Happening
+
+S People hardly link engineering problems with psychology since the previous one belongs to pure technology problems while the later one is a branch of social science .
+A 18 19|||R:MORPH|||latter|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , as time comes along , psychology is gradually applied in various fields , including law , medicine , architecture , design and so on .
+A 2 6|||R:OTHER|||with time|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S People start to consider whether psychology can be applied to the field of engineering , so does Wilpert Bernhard , an expert from Institute of Psychology and Ergonomics , Technical University of Berlin .
+
+S Wilpert ( 2004 ) .
+
+S He pointed out that psychology is crucial to engineering process , especially to highly complex socio-technical systems with high risks , since the application of psychology can reduce the risk and prevent accidents from happening .
+
+S I agree with his point that psychology works well in mitigating accidents .
+
+S First of all , occupational mistakes is the main reason of triggering accidents as well as in mitigating consequences , so applying psychology can help people make less mistakes and prevent accidents from happening .
+
+S On 20 , April , 2004 , the Nicoll Highway collapsed when a tunnel was being constructed for use by MRT , which killed four people and injured three .
+
+S It was one of the largest failures of a civil engineering project under construction in about 50 years ( Whittle , 2008 ) .
+
+S The main fault is the original design misinterpreted the local geology and overestimated the soil shear strength , which results in the falling down of the whole structure ( Levey , 2008 ) .
+
+S People who oppose applying psychology may argue that this accident is due to technical problems , having nothing to do with psychology .
+
+S However , the misinterpretation of local earth is a typical incident of occupational hazards which is at the center of psychological attention .
+
+S Psychology help engineers find the root of the problems instead of staying on the surface of the problems .
+
+S Applying psychology , engineers can analyze the reason from a more objective and more scientific angel .
+
+S After a complete analysis and a better understanding of mistakes , the possibilities of making mistakes can be reduced , thus can prevent accidents from happening .
+
+S Secondly , the ineffective communication and misunderstanding between departments , between sponsors and contractors also lead to engineering accidents .
+
+S Applying psychology can tackle this problem .
+
+S Another error of Nicoll Highway collapse is made in detailing the structural connections for the structural bracing system .
+
+S When one bracing was overloaded , there was inadequate capacity to redistribute the loads among the remaining supporters .
+
+S Apart from this , the loads of the strut used were smaller than expected .
+
+S The previous two errors directly resulted in the catastrophic failure of this project .
+
+S People may argue that these two errors are design errors , irrelevant to psychology .
+
+S However , analyzing the source of the errors , it is not hard to find that the poor communication and cooperation between different departments are liable for this accident .
+
+S If the designers and material scientists communicate frequently , they may find the flaws in the bracing system .
+
+S If the quality inspector is aware of his liability , he may be more careful when he or she is testing the strength of strut .
+
+S To be concise , as a whole integrity which is accountable for a project , each department should be aware of the importance of their work , the effective communication and cooperation between each other .
+
+S With psychology , the engineers will become aware of this and probably the accident will not happen .
+
+S Lastly , no technology can bloom without considering social factors , such as economy , marketing and so on .
+
+S A third reason of Nicoll Highway collapse is due to the poor quality of the supporting material and equipment .
+
+S Wilpert ( 2004 ) pointed out that the final objective of a project is to meet user expectation and social need .
+
+S Contractors only focus on profit and omit the most important thing that user and society expect- the safety of a product or a project .
+
+S People may hold the opinion that even with psychology , the fact of better quality and less profit can not be changed , so psychology is not useful in this case .
+
+S Nevertheless , with psychology applying in this project , every social factor will be considered and balanced , which means creating the best quality at the lowest cost instead of lowering the quality to make more profit .
+
+S In this sense , psychology can help engineers make better quality product and earn more profit , which indirectly mitigates the possibility of accidents .
+
+S To sum up , psychology should be applied in the field of engineering because psychology can help engineers find the root of mistakes , help engineers to communicate effectively and cooperate smoothly with other and finally help engineers to develop the products which will meet social need .
+
+S To conclude , applying psychology in engineering process can prevent accidents from happening .
+
+S Refrence :
+
+S Wilpert , B .
+
+S ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Psychology and Design Process .
+
+S Safety Science .
+
+S 45,293- 303 .
+
+S Levey , D. ( 2008 ) .
+
+S IAP class probes Singapore highway collapse .
+
+S MIT news .
+
+S Retrieved Oct 10th , 2009 , From http : //web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2008/collapse-highway-0201.html
+
+S Supercritical water reactor could be further developed
+
+S People nowadays have fierce controversy over the use of nuclear power due to the appalling nuclear accidents happened at Three Mile island and Chernobyl , or even the recent nuclear accident at Sellafield , England .
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||which occurred|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These accidents destroy cities , take people 's lives and leave many deadly post-effects in the future decades .
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Then , why do people continue using nuclear power ?
+
+S In fact , nuclear power is the cheapest power people can produce ( The Virtual Nuclear Tourist , 2006 ) .
+
+S Therefore , facing this benefit , safety becomes the main concern when people choose to continue using nuclear power .
+A 2 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A series of generation IV nuclear reactors are newly designed for better efficiency , in the meantime , they are also improved on safety issues .
+
+S Among all the reactors , supercritical water reactor ( SCWR ) is outstanding for its high thermal efficiency and also better reliability .
+
+S However , opponents argue that SCWR is not reliable since it has no prototype .
+
+S Moreover , SCWR is operating under very high temperature and pressure , which makes SCWR less likely to be further developed .
+
+S Even though SCWR has not been tested yet , it is proved to have less possibility to cause nuclear accidents that happened before ; it is easier to implement compared to other generation VI reactors , and it has a relatively high thermal efficiency which makes its long-term cost relatively low .
+A 16 18|||R:OTHER|||of causing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||as has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , opponents may doubt the safety and reliability of SCWR .
+
+S This doubt arises from the lack of knowledge of the design of this reactor .
+
+S The nuclear accident happened at Chernobyl was mainly because the nuclear plant utilized positive void coefficient of reactivity , causing it impossible to stop the working process when things went wrong .
+A 3 4|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Bodansky , 2004 ) On the contrary , SCWR uses negative void coefficient instead , which could effectively reduce the possibility of this kind of fatal accidents ( U.S DOE Nuclear Energy Research Advisory Committee & the Generation IV International Forum , 2002 ) .
+A 27 28|||R:NOUN:NUM|||accident|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 43|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , opponents may also argue that the notion of SCWR is rather a pure theory with no prototype , so that this reactor may not be as effective as stated .
+
+S This counter-argument is sensible but not totally true for SCWR .
+
+S Actually , the notion of SCWR is an add on of two current techonologies .
+
+S One is light water reactor ( LWR ) , which is currently under use all over the globe .
+
+S The other is supercritical fossil fuel fired boilers , which is also under use now ( Idaho National Laboratory , 2007 ) .
+A 12 13|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , it would be easier , safer and even more convincing to put SCWR into use under the guarantee of these practical experiences .
+
+S Thus , although SCWR has no prototype yet , it actually has some reliability for implementation .
+
+S Finally , SCWR has a higher thermal efficiency of 44 % compared to LWR of 33-35 % ( Baindur , 2008 ) .
+
+S However , opponents may point out that this high thermal efficiency is achieved at the expense of operating under very high temperature and pressure , which could increase its potential danger .
+
+S This concern is necessary but SCWR has overcome this issue .
+
+S The coolant in the SCWR system is supercritical water , which has very high specific heat , so that it is very effective acting as a coolant .
+
+S Besides , this system is simple to construct and control since only one phase of coolant is present throughout the process ( Generation IV International Forum , n.d. ) .
+
+S Therefore , the safety issue concerning high temperature and pressure is overcome to some extent .
+
+S To sum up , although there exists disagreement of the use of SCWR due to its issue of reliability and safety , SCWR is worthy for further research because it bases on two current technologies , which increases its reliability , and its design principle improves its thermal efficiency compared to LWR and reduce the possibility of causing nuclear accidents .
+A 30 31|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is based|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hopefully , SCWR could be better improved on current problems in the future development .
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Baindur , S. ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Bulletin of the Canadian Nuclear Society [ Electronic Version ] .
+
+S Materials challenges for the supercritical water-cooled reactor ( SCWR ) , 1 ( 2 ) , 3-4 .
+
+S Bondasky , D. ( 2004 ) .
+
+S Nuclear Energy : principles , practices , and prospects .
+
+S New York : Springer-Verlag .
+
+S Retrieved from Google : http : //books.google.com.sg/books ? id = qBqbr8uV9c8C&pg = PA422&dq = chernobyl + positive + void + coefficient # v = onepage&q = chernobyl % 20positive % 20void % 20coe fficient&f = false
+
+S Generation IV International Forum .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S The Supercritical-Water-Cooled Reactor ( SCWR ) system is a high-temperature , high-pressure water- cooled reactor that operates above the thermodynamic critical point of water ( 374 degrees Celsius , 22.1 MPa , or 705 degrees Fahrenheit , 3208 psia ) .
+
+S GEN-4 : Technology : Systems .
+
+S Retrieved October 26 , 2009 from http : //www.gen-4.org/Technology/systems/scwr.ht
+
+S Idaho National Laboratory .
+
+S ( 2007 , October 22 ) .
+
+S Supercritical-water-cooled reactor ( SCWR ) .
+
+S INL - Nuclear Energy Supercritical-Water-Cooled Reactor ( SCWR ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 26 , 2009 from http : //nuclear.inl.gov/gen4/scwr.shtml
+
+S The Virtual Nuclear Tourist .
+
+S ( 2006 , October 22 ) .
+
+S Why Use Nuclear Power ?
+
+S Reasons for using nuclear power as an energy source .
+
+S Retrieved October 20 , 2009 , from http : //www.nucleartourist.com/basics/reasons1.htm U.S DOE Nuclear Energy Research Advisory Committee & the Generation IV
+
+S International Forum .
+
+S ( 2002 ) .
+
+S A technology roadmap for generation IV nuclear energy systems [ Electronic Version ] .
+
+S Supercritcal-Water-Cooled Reactor System R&D , 4 ( 6 ) , 42-47 .
+
+S Given the memories of the two accidents happened in 1979 at Three Mile Island in Pennsylvania and in 1986 at Chernobyl of Ukraine , some people may still have not recovered from the great horror when they hear nuclear power .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , instead of nuclear power , the fossil fuels people have been using are bringing various challenges to human beings .
+
+S On one hand , people are facing the challenge of energy shortage because fossil fuels are nonrenewable .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , burning fossil fuels produces the " green gases " such as carbon dioxide that have resulted serious problems like global warming .
+A 21 21|||M:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , some high-efficient , sufficient and environment-friendly energy is urged .
+
+S And because of high-efficiency and cleanliness , nuclear power is coming back into human consideration .
+
+S Recently , the generation IV International Forum ( GIF ) came up with six generation IV reactor concepts .
+
+S Among the six reactors , the Very-high-temperature reactor ( VHTR ) stands out and may probably be the first choice as future fuel although some people may worry about its safety and cost .
+
+S Opponents may claim that the safety of VHTR can not be controlled , which allows potential accidents .
+
+S However , VHTR is much safer compared to the past nuclear reactors .
+
+S First of all , instead of using water as coolant , VHTR uses helium gas .
+
+S Hence there is no need to be concerned about the safety of the reactor coolant .
+
+S The advantage of using helium as the nuclear reactor coolant is that helium is an inert gas which is single phase , and it will not chemically react with any material ( International Atomic Energy Agency , 1997 ) .
+
+S In addition , exposing helium to radiation does not make it radioactive , which is quite different from most of the other possible coolants ( Youchison et al. , 1987 ) .
+
+S Secondly , for the material of VHTR , the ongoing 30-MWth HTTR project in Japan is intended to demonstrate the feasibility of reaching outlet the temperature up to 950 ° C coupled to a heat utilization process .
+
+S Thirdly , there are two unique designs of VHTR , which enhances the safety .
+
+S One is that the reactor and the gas turbine system are separated from hydrogen production plant , which is aimed to isolate the hydrogen plant from reactor system during the abnormal events of hydrogen production plant .
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:PART|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:FORM|||isolating|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 33|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The other design is that there are three control valves to mitigate the thermal variation of helium gas , which can automatically control the power generation rate when some abnormal events occur in the IS process such as process pump trip ( Japan Atomic Energy Agency , 2007 ) .
+
+S In this case , the number of the accidents caused by human factors would be decreased .
+
+S Opponents may also argue that VHTR will cost a lot .
+
+S It is a fact that the cost for VHTR is high .
+
+S But among the 6 generation IV reactors , the cost of the VHTR is the second lowest , which is about $ 670 million .
+
+S Except the Sodium-cooled fast reactor ( SFR ) whose cost is $ 610 million , the cost of the other 4 reactors ranges from $ 870 to $ 1000 million .
+
+S However , the VHTR can generate electricity with high efficiency , which is over 50 % at 1000 ° C , whereas , normally other reactors only have an efficiency of 33 % -50 % ( The U.S .
+
+S DOE Nuclear Energy Research Advisory Committee and the Generation IV international Forum , 2002 ) .
+
+S Moreover , VHTR produces hydrogen for vehicles ' fuel .
+
+S And the US Department of Energy ( USDE ) has claimed " Without a switch to hydrogen , the energy demand from US transport alone will cause the nation 's oil imports to soar by 78 % by 2025 " .
+
+S Thus , USDE has made the VHTR its first choice ( US Department of Environment , 2004 ) .
+
+S To conclude , it should be evident the arguments against the safety and cost of VHTR are invalid .
+A 7 7|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since VHTR uses helium as coolant , the research of the materials for VHTR is also ongoing , and also there are unique designs for VHTR , the safety of VHTR would be enhanced a lot .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , compared with other generation IV reactors , VHTR costs less .
+
+S Furthermore , VHTR produces hydrogen as future fuel , which is environment-friendly and can effectively solve the energy shortage as well .
+A 11 12|||R:ADJ|||environmentally-friendly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , VHTR is the promising and practical power .
+A 4 5|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:OTHER|||form of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S International Atomic Energy Agency .
+
+S ( 1997 ) .
+
+S High temperature gas cooled reactor technology development , Proceedings of a Technical Committee meeting held in Johannesburg , South Africa , 13-15 November 1996 [ Report ] .
+
+S International Energy Outlook 2004 .
+
+S ( US DOE , Washington DC , 2004 ) .
+
+S from http : //www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo
+
+S Japan Atomic Energy Agency .
+
+S ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Safety Evaluation of VHTR Cogeneration System , from http : //www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Meetings/PDFplus/2007/cn152/cn152p/HTTR % 20WS % 204 % 20Sato.pdf
+
+S The U.S .
+
+S DOE Nuclear Energy Research Advisory Committee and the Generation IV international Forum .
+
+S ( 2002 ) .
+
+S A Technology Roadmap for Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems .
+
+S Youchison , D. , Lnorth , M , T. , Lindemuth , J , E. , Mcdonald , J , M. , Lutz T , J. , et al .
+
+S ( 1987 ) .
+
+S Thermal performance and flow instabilities in a multi-channel , helium-cooled , porous metal divertor module , from http : //cat.inist.fr/ ? aModele = afficheN&cpsidt = 849696
+
+S Nuclear Power - The Future.. .
+
+S According to recent findings , the current fossil fuel reserves are expected to be depleted in less than 40 years ( Richard Black , BBC , 2009 ) and at the same time our energy consumption is increasing exponentially .
+
+S So , does mankind have a solution ?
+
+S Actually , we do and the answer is non-conventional sources of energy like Wind , Geothermal , Hydroelectric , Solar energy and the most promising one being Nuclear Energy .
+
+S The current generation of nuclear reactors look very promising , though not all of them seem to address the problems of safety , cost and performance .
+
+S However , one particular reactor seems to address all these problems , the VHTR ( Very High Temperature Reactor ) .
+
+S Firstly , the VHTR has a core outlet temperature of about 1000 degrees Celsius this high temperature increases the efficiency of reactor and also enables us to use it for applications such as hydrogen production ( VHTR , Generation IV technology forum ) .
+A 21 21|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The hydrogen produced can be used in automobiles , which in turn help decrease the carbon emissions by 30 % when compared to modern day diesel engines ( Jack Ewing , Business Week , September 2009 ) .
+A 28 38|||R:OTHER|||Ewing Jack,September 2009|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although some people have raised the argument that current generation materials which are used to build nuclear reactors can not withstand such high temperatures , it is now safe to say that an ideal candidate for the material has been found .
+
+S The material is moulded and extruded fine grained isotropic graphite which can be used for both core and support applications .
+
+S This is the same material which is being used in the Japanese , South African and Chinese high temperature test reactors ( Bill Corwin , US Department of Energy , 2003 ) and has proven to be very successful .
+A 22 31|||R:OTHER|||Corwin Bill,2003 .|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , the reactor has been designed with a lot of safety concerns in mind .
+
+S After seeing the incidents at the 3 Mile Island and Chernobyl , people are worried about having a nuclear reactor in their country and have questioned the safety of the Generation IV reactors .
+
+S The VHTR is designed to operate on a pebble bed core in which the fuel is coated with silicon carbide which ensures that the radioactive fissile material never leaves fuel spheres or pebbles ( Andrew C.Kadak , MIT study on the future of nuclear energy ) .
+A 34 45|||R:OTHER|||Kadak.C.Andrew )|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The reactor is helium cooled and uses graphite moderated core , which takes advantage of the fact that the helium coolant is inert and has no reactivity effects and that graphite has a high thermal inertia and is stable at high temperatures ( VHTR , Idaho National Laboratory ) .Also , any waste produced goes directly to the repository and this means an additional waste recycling process can be avoided ( Butler , Nuclear Power 's New Dawn , 2004 ) .Thus , in case of any failure the damage does not spread to the surrounding regions but is contained within the plant itself .
+A 73 78|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly , most of the technology involved in the VHTR is already in its development phase and the reactor can be shelled out as early as 2020 Butler , Nuclear Power 's New Dawn , 2004 ) .
+A 27 27|||M:PUNCT|||(|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 34|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is a deciding factor as the current reserves of fossil fuels wo n't last long and the sooner we make nuclear power the mainstream source of energy , the better it would be for us and Mother Nature .
+
+S Although people might suggest the use of Carbon Capture and Storage in the existing power plants , which costs less and decreases the CO2 emissions to a great extent , it should be pointed out that this is merely a solution to delay the problem that we would eventually face .
+
+S In summary , it can be concluded that nuclear power is the answer to the current energy crisis and the VHTR is an ideal candidate because it not only produces thermal and electric energy efficiently but also provides hydrogen which can help decrease CO2 emissions .
+
+S It is also much safer than the current generation reactors and has been well designed to counter any possible error that might occur due to human or technological factors .
+
+S Clearly , the reactor is the future of nuclear power generation .
+
+S References
+
+S Black , Richard ( 2009 ) .
+
+S 'Safe ' Climate means 'no to coal ' , BBC News Science .
+
+S http : //news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sci/tech/8023072.stm Retrieved on 10th October 2009 .
+
+S Generation IV Technology Forum .
+
+S Very High Temperature Reactor , Generation IV Technology .
+
+S http : //www.gen-4.org/Technology/systems/vhtr.htm Retrieved on 10th October 2009 .
+
+S Ewing , Jack ( 2009,September ) .
+
+S Hydrogen Cars are Still headed for the Highway .
+
+S Business Week .
+
+S Pg 28 - 31 .
+
+S Corwin , Bill ( 2003,May ) .
+
+S Materials for Very high temperature reactors .
+
+S Presented at Saclay , France .
+
+S www.ornl.gov/ ~ webworks/cppr/y2001/pres/117322.pdf
+
+S Andrew C.Kadak ( 2004 , April ) .
+
+S A Future for nuclear energy - Pebble bed reactors.MIT , Department Of Nuclear Energy .
+
+S http : //web.mit.edu/pebble-bed/papers1_files/Future % 20for % 20Nuclear % 20Energy.pdf Retrieved on 17th October 2009 .
+
+S Idaho National Laboratory .
+
+S Very High Temperature Reactor , Idaho National Laboratory .
+
+S http : //nuclear.inl.gov/gen4/vhtr.shtml Retrieved on 17th October 2009 .
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240 .
+
+S There was a train disaster occurred on 3 June 1998 near a small town in Lower Saxony , Germany .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||the 3rd of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S No one would have thought it would happen .
+
+S Such a super fast , state-of-the-art Inter Express trains of German Railways rolled out of tracks and split in two , due to a bridge falling onto the train .
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It resulted 101 dead and 88 injured .
+A 2 2|||M:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||dying|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:VERB:TENSE|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although there were many causes to be pointed out to cause this train accident , I think the biggest cause is that no one is aware of the importance of the use of psychology during the design process .
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It was reported that the directly cause was a wheel with a composite construction which is relatively common on light railway transit vehicles , but are unique to ICE 884 in high speed trains replaced the original wheel .
+A 5 6|||R:MORPH|||direct|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 34|||M:DET|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , those replaced wheels just were inspected regularly .
+
+S However , it has still carried out some of discussion about the difficulties of such inspections and the frequency with which they take place to be used to debate with the method .
+
+S It can not be denied that this is a human mistake which can be avoided by applying the psychology .
+A 17 18|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Psychology can make engineers aware that they are not only the normal person , but also are professionals .
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||persons|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:WO|||are also|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Their professional specialty can change other people 's life , even save a life .
+
+S If they understand that , I believe that the engineers would not use those composite construction wheels and wheels which have not been checked properly and approved that can be used without any potential problems .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:VERB|||used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:TENSE|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 35|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Observing the pictures which recorded the scene of accident , there at least one of the cars detached its underframe .
+A 11 11|||M:VERB|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||car|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:PREP|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It showed another construction problem of the train - the car 's ability to contain its occupants was severely compromised .
+
+S It was reported that the construction of ICE did not follow traditional practice .
+
+S The floor forms parts of the underframe were welded onto the body .
+
+S In order to pursue the high-speed , the bodies were made from aluminum extrusions instead of steel to achieve light weight .
+
+S However , the heat-treated method for achieving light weight affected and reduced the tensile strength at the site of the weld .
+
+S If designers considered more about that for the high-speed trains must take into account the forces to be absorbed in the event of the vehicle being in a collision , there would not be so many people who were thrown through the air to injure , even die .
+A 43 49|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After the accident , there were other causes to be found to result this disaster .
+
+S Indeed , all the causes can be reduced , even avoided , as long as consider the use of the psychology during the design process .
+
+S It was known that the track which ICE 884 was travelling was not a dedicated high-speed line .
+
+S It was shared with other slower services .
+
+S Although it has been upgraded for high-speed trains , it still less than the ICE 's maximum service speed .
+
+S If government can understand that although the tracks were upgraded to try to match the ICE 's maximum speed as much as possible , there is the fact that the maximum speed exists ; I think government would plan to construct a new line for ICE 884 instead of upgrading the tracks .
+
+S Only considering the constructions of train is not enough , the environmental element can affect result as well .
+A 0 2|||R:WO|||Considering only|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||construction|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||trains|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The designers never anticipate that a bridge which was expected a lightly used , demanded a less substantial structure than if it were to carry a major trunk road fell onto the ICE 884 to split it in two .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||anticipated|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:MORPH|||use|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:NOUN|||truck|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:OTHER|||load .|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 39|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They completely ignored environmental element which was the speed and weight of the train passing under the bridge as a result of such a horrible disaster .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||elements|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||R:OTHER|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:TENSE|||resulted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To sum up , any design process is applied psychology can minimize a probability of danger , even can avoid .
+A 7 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||be avoided by applying psychology|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Because all design processes are to fulfill needs of human ; and all products are produced by human .
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||humans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , anything as long as people-oriented will get the biggest benefits .
+A 6 6|||M:OTHER|||it is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Of course , can avoiding accident occurred is the biggest benefits for people .
+A 3 4|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||benefit|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference :
+
+S WebThing .
+
+S ( 1998 ) , Danger Ahead .
+
+S Retrieved January 21 , 1998 , from { http : //danger-ahead.railfan.net/features/eschede.htm # disaster } [ HYPERLINK : http : //danger-ahead.railfan.net/features/eschede.htm # disaster ]
+
+S WebThing .
+
+S ( 1998 ) , Danger Ahead .
+
+S Retrieved January 21 , 1998 , from { http : //danger-ahead.railfan.net/features/icedetail/wheel2.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //danger-ahead.railfan.net/features/icedetail/wheel2.htm ]
+
+S WebThing .
+
+S ( 1998 ) , Danger Ahead .
+
+S Retrieved January 21 , 1998 , from { http : //danger-ahead.railfan.net/features/icedetail/track2.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //danger-ahead.railfan.net/features/icedetail/track2.htm ]
+
+S WebThing .
+
+S ( 1998 ) , Danger Ahead .
+
+S Retrieved January 21 , 1998 , from { http : //danger-ahead.railfan.net/features/icedetail/bridge2.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //danger-ahead.railfan.net/features/icedetail/bridge2.htm ]
+
+S WebThing .
+
+S ( 1998 ) , Danger Ahead .
+
+S Retrieved January 21 , 1998 , from { http : //danger-ahead.railfan.net/features/icedetail/ice_car3.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //danger-ahead.railfan.net/features/icedetail/ice_car3.htm ]
+
+S Caroline , W. ( 1998 ) .
+
+S World : Europe Kohl sees scene of carnage .
+
+S Retrieved June 4 , 1998 , from { http : //news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/106410.stm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/106410.stm ]
+
+S Andrew , D. ( 1998 ) .
+
+S World : Europe ' Everybody closed their eyes in disbelief' .
+
+S Retrieved June 4 , 1998 , from { http : //news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/106235.stm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/106235.stm ]
+
+S Gas Cooled Fast Reactor
+
+S Introduction
+
+S The Chernobyl accident that happened on 26 April 1986 , has led everyone to realize the damages and consequences that we might face when we built a nuclear power plant .
+A 25 26|||R:VERB:TENSE|||build|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S [ Greenpeace International , 2009 ] Nonetheless , the Chernobyl accident was an outcome due to an old technology and poor management in the past .
+
+S In the next 50 years , demand for energy would definitely double with rapidly growing technology and production [ Michelangelo Network , 2008 ] .
+
+S With present day technologies , the Generation IV International Forum has proposed six new and advance nuclear reactors .
+
+S The six nuclear reactors are not only sustainable and economically viable solutions ; they are also safe and reliable source of energy .
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Among the six concepts of nuclear reactors , the Very High Temperature Reactor , ( VHTR ) and the Gas Cooled Fast Reactor , ( GCFR ) are quite similar , but has more benefits than VHTR in terms of performance , sustainability and cost .
+A 32 32|||M:OTHER|||the Gas Cooled Fast Reactor|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Performance
+
+S VHTR is a high performance reactor which uses helium to cool the heating components during operation .
+
+S VHTR uses a mixed fuel composition to operate and this composition can produce improvement in fuel performance thus making it a very effective reactor in generating electricity .
+
+S This composition is a mixture of 15 % carbide and 85 % oxide in the fissile particles .
+
+S [ European Union ( EU ) Energy Research , 2009 ] GCFR is a concept which uses the reference design of VHTR , thus it is also a reactor of high performance .
+A 1 11|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since GCFR operates at 850 degrees Celsius , therefore there are more choices of materials that can be used in the construction of GCFR .
+A 8 9|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S [ Idaho National Laboratory , 2002 ] Because GCFR operates at a lower temperature as compare to the VTHR , therefore the materials used for construction is cheaper and there are more choices of material available .
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:FORM|||compared|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Sustainability
+
+S GCFR is an excellent choice in terms of sustainability because it is capable in minimizing radioactive waste more effectively as compared to the VHTR .
+
+S The nuclear waste of the GCFR is able to be put back into the process multiple times , and this reduces the nuclear waste produced .
+
+S [ Generation IV International Forum , 2009 ] The reduction of radioactive waste uses processes called pryo-chemical or hydrometallurgical .
+A 1 5|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S [ Commissariat à l'energie atomique , 2007 ] With this there is a great reduction of nuclear waste , and money can be saved on building a storage site for nuclear waste .
+A 24 25|||R:PART|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:VERB:FORM|||build|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , GCFR not only can have efficient energy conversion with the current design but also has an economic benefit outcome .
+A 18 20|||R:OTHER|||economically beneficial|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S [ Idaho National Laboratory , 2002 ]
+
+S Cost
+
+S The cost for building a VHTR prototype would cost US $ 1.1 billion .
+
+S However for GCFR , the total ten year budget of GCFR is US $ 940 million and it includes the cost from planning to completion of the reactor .
+
+S However this is shared by all eight Generation IV International Forum members .
+
+S Therefore the annual budget for each country is US $ 7-8 million .
+
+S In this budget , the required sum of construction cost is US $ 300 million .
+
+S [ Idaho National Laboratory , 2002 ]
+
+S Conclusion
+
+S In conclusion , although the there are several advantages of the VHTR but however there are factors that makes it difficult to implement as it is more expensive and limited by choices of construction materials as compared with the GCFR .
+A 12 13|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I would give my fullest support for the concept of GCFR among the six concepts proposed in the Generation IV International forum .
+
+S Nonetheless , the decision to implement the reactors still falls in the hands of the countries that are highly interested as budget for every country is different .
+A 21 21|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S [ Cogeneration TechnologiesTM , 2002 ]
+
+S References and Sources
+
+S 1 ) Butler , D. Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , page 238-240 , May 20 , 2004 , Retrieved on October 21 , 2009
+
+S 2 ) Cogeneration TechnologiesTM , Gas-cooled Fast Reactor,2002 , Retrieved on October 21 , 2009 , Website : http : //www.cogeneration.net/very_high_temperature_Reactor.htm
+
+S 3 ) Commissariat à l'energie atomique , II .
+
+S Innovative nuclear reactor lines , page 15 , September 24 , 2007 , Retrieved on October 21 , 2009 , Website : http : //www.cea.fr/var/cea/storage/static/gb/library/Clefs55/pdf-gb/p038_44gb_Garnier.pdf
+
+S 4 ) European Union ( EU ) Energy Research , Gas-Cooled Fast Reactor : Fast Route to Sustainable Energy , 2009 , Retrieved on October 21 , 2009 , Website : http : //ec.europa.eu/research/energy/fi/fi_cpa/other/article_3858_en.htm
+
+S 5 ) Generation IV International Forum , The Gas-Cooled Fast Reactor ( GFR ) system , 2009 , Retrieved on October 21 , 2009 , Website : http : //www.gen-4.org/Technology/systems/gfr.htm http : //www.cogeneration.net/Gas_Cooled_Fast_Reactor.htm
+
+S 6 ) Greenpeace International , Nuclear power : A dangerous waste of time , page 6 , January , 2009 , Retrieved on October 21,2009 , Website http : //www.greenpeace.org/raw/content/international/press/reports/nuclear-power-a-dangerous-was.pdf
+
+S 7 ) Idaho National Laboratory , Appendix 3 Gas-Cooled Fast Reactor , page 16 , 2002 , Retrived on October 21 , 2009 , Retrieved on October 21 , 2009 , Website : http : //nuclear.inl.gov/deliverables/docs/appendix_3.pdf
+
+S 8 ) Michelangelo Network , Competitiveness and sustainability of nuclear energy in the European Union , page 7 , 2008 , Retrieved on October 21 , 2009 , Website : ftp : //ftp.cordis.europa.eu/pub/fp5-euratom/docs/micanet_projrep_en.pdf
+
+S Nowadays , since the fossil fuel is running out at a very high rate , people are seeking another alternative energy resource to replace the traditional fossil fuel resources , which have been used by human for hundreds of years .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:NOUN:NUM|||humans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the alternatives is nuclear power .
+
+S However , public is very concern about the safe operation of nuclear reactors .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:ADJ:FORM|||concerned|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Actually , with the improvement of technology , the generation IV reactors are safe enough .
+
+S Moreover , these generation IV reactors are also very economic and promising .
+
+S Amongst these generation IV reactor concepts , I think the lead-cooled fast reactor is very competent and should get further research and development funding .
+
+S With regard to safety , people are usually afraid of the accident caused by the nuclear reactors .
+
+S This is because that once a nuclear reactor accident happened , it would be a huge disaster to both the creatures and the environment within that area .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||happens|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A very famous accident , which is also used by public to oppose building nuclear reactors , is the accident at Chernobyl which happened on 26 April 1986 .
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result of this accident , 28 people were killed either immediately or within a few years , and 17 more died during the next ten years .
+
+S Moreover , according to the estimation , there would be thousands of people dead from cancer in the next forty years .
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||dying|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another famous example is the accident happening at the nuclear power station at Three Mile Island in Pennsylvania on 28 March 1979 .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||which happened|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although at Three Mile Island the discharge of radioactive material was too small to cause any harm , it still caused a great public reaction ( Kletz , 2001 ) .
+
+S But for Lead-cooled fast reactors , people do not need to worry much about safety .
+
+S The temperature needed to operate lead-cooled fast reactors is about five hundred and fifty to eight hundred , which is relatively higher than today 's light-water reactors and can avoid the risk of coolant boiling , and the pressure is rather low ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S More importantly , unlike some other materials like sodium , lead does not react with either water or air .
+
+S These features give lead-cooled fast reactors a significant safety advantage .
+
+S Furthermore , as the technology has improved so much , even an accident happens , the damage is probably not that big .
+A 11 11|||M:PREP|||if|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , in the Three Mile Island accident , nobody was either dead or injured .
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||killed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All radioactivity was contained as designed .
+
+S Therefore , lead-cooled fast reactors are very competent in this aspect of safety .
+
+S Besides safety , economy is also a very important aspect which people should take into consideration .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S At present , to build a nuclear reactor is still costly .
+
+S According to a study conducted by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) , even reducing completion time to just four or five years , and lowering construction costs by a quarter , would still not put the nuclear plants in contention with coal , and would just barely match the price performance of a combined-cycled natural gas-powered plant ( Nivola , 2004 ) .
+
+S However , since we can eliminate the need for an intermediate heat transport circuit in lead-cooled fast reactors , and lead is relatively cheap comparing with other materials used in other fast reactors , a large part of cost would be saved through this .
+A 24 25|||R:OTHER|||when compared|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , the high temperature of the lead-cooled fast reactors can also be used for thermochemical hydrogen production , which would contribute to reducing the cost as well .
+
+S According to Weaver ( 2005 ) , the lead-cooled fast reactor has a fifteen to thirty years ' core lifetime .
+
+S That is quite long .
+
+S And furthermore , the earliest delivery time for lead-cooled fast reactors is 2025 ( Butler , 2004 ) , which is not far away from now .
+
+S And because of its safe and economic property , we can certainly expect a good performance from lead-cooled fast reactors .
+
+S In conclusion , with the improvement of technology , nuclear power is becoming a very reasonable alternative for us human beings to choose to replace today 's fossil energy resource .
+
+S Furthermore , the lead-cooled fast reactor is competent to get further research and development funding , because it is both safe and economic .
+
+S The prospective of lead-cooled fast reactor is very promising .
+
+S References :
+
+S [ 1 ] Butler , D. ( 2004 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240 .
+
+S [ 2 ] Kletz , T. A .
+
+S ( 2001 ) .
+
+S Learning from Accidents .
+
+S Elsevier Gulf .
+
+S 122-134 .
+
+S [ 3 ] Nivola , P.S .
+
+S ( 2004 ) .
+
+S The Political Economy of Nuclear Energy in the United States .
+
+S The Brookings Institute .
+
+S [ 4 ] Weaver , K. D. ( 2005 ) .
+
+S Future Nuclear Energy Systems : Generation IV .
+
+S 50th Annual Meeting of the Health Physics Society
+
+S [ 5 ] Tucek , K. , Carlsson , J. , Wider , H. ( 2005 ) .
+
+S Comparison of sodium and lead-cooled fast reactors regarding server safety and economical issues .
+
+S 13th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering
+
+S Psychologiststhe new gatekeeper of engineering design
+
+S In a modern society , engineering design products are everywhere around us .
+
+S I t is true that those products provide us with much convenience ; however , at the same time , there are also chances that it brings some dangers as side effects .
+
+S Chernobyl explosion is one example showing the seriousness of those dangers .
+A 0 0|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Chernobyl accident , happened in 1986 , was a nuclear reactor accident .
+A 0 0|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The explosion finally led to the evacuation and resettlement of over 336,000 people .
+
+S CITATION Int08 \ l 2052 ( International Atomic Energy Agency , 2008 ) Because of that , the safety of engineering design is very important .
+A 0 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We must have some gatekeepers to protect us .
+
+S In current stage , most design team uses the safety laws and rules as their gatekeeper and thinks that is enough .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||at present|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||teams|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||use|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , some psychologists argues that those rules are not enough as all the procedures are carried out by human , there is possibility that a human error may occur .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||argue|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||humans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:OTHER|||the possibillity|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore psychologists are necessary to be involved in the design process to detect the human error and to be the new gate keeper of engineering design .
+A 4 4|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In my opinion , with a psychologist involved in the design process , possibility of future failure or even disaster can be reduced though may be at a higher cost .
+
+S Chernobyl accident can be a good example to see how the use of psychology helps to prevent the accident .
+A 0 0|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First of all , some designers may argue that the design process has its own considerations and rules of safety and those rules have been practiced for many years .
+
+S Therefore a psychologist is not of great use in terms of preventing accidents .
+
+S However , though with such rules , accidents still happens consecutively all those years .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:SVA|||happen|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This of course implies some imperfect of the safety gatekeepers now .
+A 5 6|||R:MORPH|||imperfections|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 11|||R:OTHER|||in terms of safety|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To find this imperfection , one static result may tell the truth .
+
+S 20 % to 50 % of incidents are because of design mistakes related to human factors .
+
+S CITATION Ber06 \ l 2052 ( Wilpert , 2006 ) Those human factors mainly include the irresponsibility of operators and human error during the design process .
+A 0 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It there is help from a psychologist , such errors may be reduced to at least half .
+
+S Just as in the Chernobyl accident , if psychological considerations are involved , the operator will be given a detailed introduction of the importance of the position and the way the system work .
+
+S Chances are this accident may not happen .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have happened|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To follow up , some designers may also consider that a team member without strong technical background may become a disturbance during work or decreases the efficiency of the team .
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:SVA|||decrease|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore they may cause more problem than they can solve .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This point is quite true to some level .
+
+S However , in present engineering groups , team members are always from different majors .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN|||specialities|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is because that today 's design requires consideration from all aspects .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A team with single major can not satisfy such requirements therefore will lose the ability to compete with others .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN|||specialities|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Considering all those facts , a psychology can never be a disturbance in the team .
+A 6 7|||R:MORPH|||psychologist|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Rather than , the presence of psychologist in a team can keep the members work at their best condition and avoiding the chance of having human error in design process .
+A 1 2|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB|||help|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||R:OTHER|||optimum|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:FORM|||avoid|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S What 's more , as psychologists are just representatives of common people in terms of new technologies , therefore they can point out what common people will feel about the new design products .
+
+S By doing this , hopefully there are chances to prevent accidents because of misuse caused by the misunderstanding of instructions , like the operator in the Chernobyl accident .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Last of all , designers , especially the group leaders may worry about the cost of employing psychologists in their teams .
+
+S However , considering the serious results of Chernobyl accidents and other engineering accidents , such wondering is of no point .
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN|||use|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After all , the lives have no price .
+
+S And by decreasing the accident and failure rate of the products of one design group , they will earn more chances and reputation .
+
+S Such results will lead to more profits .
+
+S In conclusion , psychologists may become new gatekeepers of engineering design process by helping correct the human error in design process and increase the team efficiency .
+A 23 24|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Together with the present rules and laws of safety design , the presence of psychologists decreases the chance of having future failure and accidents .
+
+S And the increasing safety will make people enjoy the benefits of engineering design products much better .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||increase in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference list :
+
+S BIBLIOGRAPHY \ l 2052 International Atomic Energy Agency .
+
+S ( 2008 ) .
+
+S International Conference on Chernobyl : Looking Back to Go Forward .
+
+S N.A .
+
+S : N.A .
+
+S WilpertBerhard .
+
+S ( 2006 ) .
+
+S Psychology and design processes .
+
+S Germany : N.A .
+
+S Psychology for Design : A Look into Nicoll Highway Collapse
+
+S As design is defined to be a human activity which aims at altering products ' properties or functionalities so as to meet social expectation ( Wilpert , 2006 ) , there have been controversies on whether psychology should be considered as an influential factor in the design process or not .
+
+S Some insist that insights can be gained when analyzing design process using psychological approach .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||approaches|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , there are also voices arguing that most of product or system designs are merely driven by technology ( Wilpert , 2006 ) .
+
+S Both sides of evidences taken into consideration , psychology should be considered as an important factor that is influencing design due to its crucial role in facilitating interactions of social and technological factors , analyzing human expectations as well as planning work process of design .
+
+S First of all , psychology serves as the crucial connection between social and technological factors .
+
+S Design itself is to combine human expectations and standards with technical specializations .
+
+S No matter what the designers are to work on , complex systems or everyday products , psychology is helpful to gain insights of problems that may be encountered or prevent undesirable accidents .
+A 29 29|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For everyday products design , it is quite understandable that if the technical configurations are similar for all , psychology could help designers make a difference by humanly consider making improvements that are more user-friendly in design .
+A 27 28|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:VERB:FORM|||considering|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S More impactful consequences of not applying psychology in design are that serious failures can happen in complex projects and systems hence cause loss of life .
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:FORM|||causing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , the collapse of Nicall Highway , two stretches of highway road linked by Merdeka Bridge , located in the Central Region of Singapore ( Vernon , 2000 ) , could have been prevented if psychological approach were adopted in the design and construction process .
+A 6 7|||R:SPELL|||Nicoll|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||R:NOUN:NUM|||approaches|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 40|||R:VERB:TENSE|||had been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For the Nicoll Highway incident , some argue that it is merely constrained by technology and only causes are engineering problems .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||cause|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||problem|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S While it is true that the restrictions set by technology limitations are direct cause for the engineering failure , the application of psychology could help to overcome the negative effects of technology difficulties .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In complex systems like the Nicoll Highway case , management and balance amongst understanding of technical level , small parts of operations , and control of the whole working process is crucial ( Wilpert , 2006 ) .
+
+S Numerous journals written by engineers and professionals analyzing this disaster were all very absorbed by civil engineering details and theories after Nicoll Highway collapsed , but the disaster was concluded to be unexpected as technology should have been sufficient for this construction project ( Thansnanipan & Aung , 2005 ) .
+A 21 21|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This means that it is not shortcomings in technology that necessarily lead to engineering failure , but lack of psychological analysis .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||a shortcoming|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||led|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Finally , another deeper understanding of the importance of psychology in design process can be gained from the Nicoll Highway tragedy .
+
+S When some were arguing for objective difficulties in technology , it was admitted by the main contractor that major cause is the overload temporary works and their low quality ( New Civil Engineer , 2005 ) .
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The contractor admitted that they had foreseen the potential problems that might be caused due to overloading temporary work and their reckless plan , but they somehow still did not pay enough attention and continued with it .
+A 12 14|||R:VERB|||arise|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 23|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It consequently led to lack of time for examining everything with enough caution and designers even misinterpreted building codes in such a rush .
+
+S If it were not for the inappropriate workload distributed and carelessness misinterpretation of building code by design engineers , such failures could have been avoided .
+
+S In conclusion , psychology plays a significant role in the design process , as it serves as essential connections between social and technological factors , influences and reflects social expectations , it can be applied to avoid technical errors and failures in complex systems and be used to optimize design plan .
+
+S Applying a psychology approach when analyzing or planning a design is crucial and beneficial to ensure safety as well as quality .
+
+S References
+
+S Ahmad,N .
+
+S 2004 .
+
+S Nicoll Highway Collapse .
+
+S Rechieved 8 Oct 2009 , from National Library Singapore website : { http : //infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_430_2004-12-17.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_430_2004-12-17.html ]
+
+S New Civil Engineer .
+
+S 2005 .
+
+S Design and construction failures caused Singapore tunnel .
+
+S Rechieved 8 Oct 2009 , from { http : //www.ies.org.sg/cset/docs/NCE_Nicoll_Highway_Collapase.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.ies.org.sg/cset/docs/NCE_Nicoll_Highway_Collapase.pdf ]
+
+S Thansnanipan , N. & Aung , W. M. etc. 2006 .
+
+S Importance of Temporary Works and Construction Sequence - Lessons from Collapse of an Inlet Shaft during Excavation .
+
+S Retrieved 9 Oct 2009 , from { http : //www.itaaites.org/cms/fileadmin/filemounts/general/pdf/ItaAssociation/Organisation/Members/MemberNations/Thailand/T-31Thasnanipan.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.itaaites.org/cms/fileadmin/filemounts/general/pdf/ItaAssociation/Organisation/Members/MemberNations/Thailand/T-31Thasnanipan.pdf ]
+
+S Wilpert , B .
+
+S ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Psychology and design processes .
+
+S Safety Science , 45 , 293-303 .
+
+S Vernon , C.T .
+
+S 2000 .
+
+S Nicoll Highway .
+
+S Rechieved 8 Oct 2009 , from National Library Singapore website : { http : //infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_939_2004-12-17.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_939_2004-12-17.html ]
+
+S It is known that global warming and rising energy consumption are the major challenges for people to solve in the near future .
+
+S In order to resolve such problems , a few nuclear reactors have been built in the past decades .
+
+S As it is not sufficient to provide energy power and not environmentally friendly , a new set of theoretical nuclear reactor designs are currently being researched to satisfy the requirement of energy .
+
+S Research into these reactor types was officially started based on several initial goals .
+
+S The primary goals being to improve nuclear safety , efficient thermal performance , reducing cost .
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:FORM|||reduce|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many reactors are considered to design to meet the generation IV goals today .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactor|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||designs are being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 7|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Two of the generation IV reactors called Gas-Cooled Fast Reactor and Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor are highly appreciated and accepted in modern nuclear power plant system .
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN:NUM|||systems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In terms of performance , security , cost , both of two reactors are well designed .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||and cost|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , to compare the two fast reactors specifically , it is better to choose Gas-Cooled Fast Reactor as the new reactor to meet the generation IV nuclear plan instead of Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor .
+
+S To begin with , truly speaking , Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor has high thermal efficiency which converts the raw material to the power energy with range from 39 % to 47 % .
+
+S ( M.J. Lineberry & T.R. Allen , 2002 ) Comparing with the Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor , Gas-Cooled Fast Reactor has the thermal efficiency about 48 % , which is generally higher than sodium-cooled fast reactor .
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||compared to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( W.F.G .
+
+S van Rooijen , 2009 ) In addition , under the high performance , both of two reactors need to work under high temperature .
+A 14 16|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Specifically , for Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor , the temperature is about 550 while the Gas-Cooled Fast Reactor is about 850 .
+
+S ( Butler.D , 2004 ) Hence , from general chemical knowledge , it is more convenient and efficient to convert energy under higher temperature .
+
+S In thermal performance , both of two reactors have quite nice feature especially for energy conversion ; Gas-Cooled Fast Reactor may have additional advantages .
+A 5 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||good|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||features|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||however , the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , it is appreciated that Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor has some safety features .
+
+S It includes a long thermal response time which is a large margin to cool boiling .
+
+S Then , it is a primary system that operated near atmospheric pressure .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||operates|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Meanwhile , Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor is based on safety countermeasures for self-controlled shutdown function and controlling function .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( M.J. Lineberry & T.R. Allen , 2002 ) For Gas-Cooled Fast Reactor , it not only includes basic self safety control function but also many safety approaches are applied to the system to make it work safely under high temperature with additional safety devices being added to the equipment .
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||functions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Recent research and development with depth studies for safety case , the Gas-Cooled Fast Reactor system has been demonstrated experimentally in security aspect .
+A 5 5|||M:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||shows that ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 21|||R:OTHER|||through experiment demonstrated its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( T.D .
+
+S Newton & P.J. Smith , 2007 ) Hence , it is safer when works properly .
+A 13 13|||M:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , in terms of cost , Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor enhanced economics achieved with the use of high burn-up fuels , fuel cycle benefits .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||was economical|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 24|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It uses advanced materials and innovative design options to reduce in power plant capital cost and lower operating cost .
+A 10 11|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , Gas-Cooled Fast Reactor is also well designed especially for waste recycling ; GFR tries to minimize the release of gaseous and liquid effluents to environment .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It takes into account that the management of waste from equipment is also important .
+
+S GFR system is designed to allow for self-treatment by applying fuel manufacturing operations .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||systems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , GFR can direct energy conversion .
+
+S Hence , it makes best use of energy and reduces the entire cost .
+
+S ( T.D .
+
+S Newton & P.J. Smith , 2007 )
+
+S In conclusion , both of Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor and Gas-Cooled Fast Reactor achieve generation IV primary goal to satisfy the requirement of energy .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor works with quite good thermal efficiency under a lower temperature when compares to Gas-Cooled Fast Reactor .
+A 0 0|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:FORM|||compared|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , it is designed well in safety case and cost aspect .
+A 7 12|||R:OTHER|||terms of safety and cost|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Similarly , GFR system offers significant potential to advance generation IV sustainability goals through its thermal efficiency , direct energy conversion , safety arrangement and proper cost .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Over all , Gas-Cooled Fast Reactor has advantages over Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor with respect to thermal efficiency , security case and cost .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference :
+
+S · Butler , D. ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240 .
+
+S · W.F.G .
+
+S van Rooijen ( 2009 , April 7 ) .
+
+S Gas Cooled Fast reactor : A Historical Overview and Future Outlook .
+
+S · T.D .
+
+S Newton & P.J. Smith ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Flexibility of the Gas Cooled Fast Reactor to Meet the Requirements of the 21st Century .
+
+S · Jordi Roglans , Todd Allen and Michael Lineberry ( 2002 , November 18 ) .
+
+S Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor System .
+
+S · http : //nuclear.inl.gov/deliverables/docs/appendix_5.pdf .
+
+S Psychology in Preventing Accidents
+
+S According to Cambridge Advanced Learner 's Dictionary , the word " accident " means something bad which happens that is not expected or intended , and which often damages something or injures someone .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Accidents are indeed unpredictable , but are they really unpreventable ?
+
+S Let us have a quick scan through one of the world 's deadliest high-speed train accident- the Eschede train disaster , which hit a death toll of 101 .
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||accidents-|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:VERB|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Post accident investigation has shown that the main factors that contribute to this severe train accident are the wheel design of the train , maintenance of the train , and failure to stop the train .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||contributed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Could this accident have probably been prevented if the usage of psychology as proposed by Bernhard Wilpert in " Psychology and design processes " is being applied ?
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 27|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Psychology is the study of the behavior of human 's mind .
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||the human|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In most of the accidents , the main causes are errors in human judgments or simply known as the human problems .
+A 2 4|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||problem|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , the faulty design of " wheel-tire " in the Eschede incident .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If the engineers were more careful or responsible during the designing stage of the train wheel , they would probably have designed a safer wheel .
+
+S However , there is no guarantee that a psychologist can trigger a better mind set among the designers .
+
+S As Wilpert mentioned in his article , human can make mistakes .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||humans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S What about psychologists ?
+
+S Are n't they human too ?
+
+S Yes .
+
+S Psychologists might make mistakes but at least they can lower the probability of errors caused by human 's irresponsible act or carelessness .
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||acts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There is nothing known as " too much " in taking precautions against any possibility of accidents occurring .
+
+S Besides that , it is found that accidents are usually caused by chain reactions of a series of factors according to Heinrich Domino theory .
+A 1 2|||R:DET|||this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since human problems are inevitably a large portion in this chain reactions , the removal ( or the minimization ) of the human factors will undoubtedly , prevent or reduce accidents .
+
+S In the case of Eschede train accident for instance , if the wheel of the train was designed in a better way or well maintained , or if the train could be stopped at the right moment before the crash , the accident could probably be avoided .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 45 46|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But on the other hand , not all factors are within the control of human 's capability .
+A 15 16|||U:NOUN:POSS||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Unfavorable environment and natural disaster are the best examples .
+
+S Bad weather conditions , earthquake , and et cetera are all hard to be predicted .
+A 6 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:FORM|||predict|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To control them is even more ridiculous and impossible .
+
+S Therefore most people think that accidents are unavoidable .
+
+S It is quite true that these factors are beyond human 's control but we do not have to prevent them from happening .
+A 10 11|||U:NOUN:POSS||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 18|||R:OTHER|||can not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All we have to do is taking all the necessary steps and precautionary methods to prevent these " uncontrollable " from triggering an accident .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:FORM|||take|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:NOUN|||factors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All these steps are to be done during the designing stage , which means that the psychology approach will play an important role .
+
+S As mentioned in the very first paragraph , accident is usually unexpected .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Despite its unexpectedness , signs or symptoms will always come first no matter how small or unnoticeable they might be .
+
+S Moments before the accident of Eschede happened , one of the passengers on the train had noticed that the tire on a wheel broke and peeled away from the wheel , punctured the floor of the train .
+A 6 7|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S He informed the conductor about what he saw but the conductor insisted to further investigate the incident and thus refused to pull the emergency brake .
+A 12 13|||R:PART|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:FORM|||investigating|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Psychologically , the conductor did not want to be involved with any troubles because pulling the emergency brake would definitely cause much hassles .
+A 8 12|||R:OTHER|||get into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||trouble|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:PREP|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have caused|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||hassle|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If he chose to give safety the most priority , he would have pulled the emergency brake and the accident could probably be prevented .
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , when things come to emergency , the most important thing is often the individual ability to react rationally to resolve the problem .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||individuals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S How many people could possibly remain calm when facing a sudden emergency ?
+
+S However , this ability can be gained through intensive training .
+
+S Practice makes perfect .
+
+S The more one gets trained , the more readily he is to face an emergency .
+A 11 11|||M:ADJ|||able|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Concisely , the approach of psychological knowledge can prevent or at least reduce the probability of accidents occurring .
+A 0 1|||R:ADV|||Finally|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Studies of human behavior , stages of an accident , investigation on industrial accident , together with some necessary and suitable psychological approach would definitely help in minimizing the occurring of severe accidents , especially those that are due to errors in human judgments .
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||approaches|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 44|||R:MORPH|||judgement|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The drastic industrial development and advancement in science and technology has led to the rising energy demand nowadays .
+A 17 18|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Searching for alternative energy sources becomes the main effort of the whole world , especially those industry-developed countries due to the dwindling energy supplies from coal and fuel .
+
+S The past few years have seen repeated calls from some of the world leaders to introduce nuclear energy as an alternative energy source to replace fuel and coal in the near future .
+
+S Generally , nuclear energy is generated through the process of nuclear fission and nuclear fusion of radioactive elements .
+
+S The energy loss in this process is dissipated in the form of heat , where it can be used to generate power and electricity .
+
+S The invention of Supercritical-Water-Cooled Reactor ( SWCR ) is one of the latest Generation VI nuclear reactors that have high potential to replace the coal and fuel as energy source .
+A 23 24|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nonetheless , debate on the using of this nuclear reactor becomes a hot issue today due to the negative effects that would be brought to human as well as other living organisms on the earth .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has become|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:NOUN:NUM|||humans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the whole , further research and development funding for SWCR should be provided as all these weaknesses of nuclear reactors can be overcome via evidences and discoveries from the research done .
+
+S First and foremost , Supercritical-Water-Cooled Reactor ( SWCR ) has good security system and is safe to be used.TS Much have been said about the danger of using nuclear reactors as power generators such as emission and leakage of radioactive waste and explosion of nuclear reactor , where Chernobyl and Three Mile Island emerge to be famous for that reason .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||UNK|||used .|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Nuclear power 's new dawn ( 2004 ) ) However , research and current technology have improved the safety of using SWCR .
+
+S According to Nation Master ( 2007 ) , the coolant of this reactor is supercritical water , which has high specific heat capacity .
+
+S This helps to minimize the heating effect of the reactor .
+
+S Furthermore , this reactor 's pressure vessel is incorporated a core arrangement with three passes to avoid overheating effect and thus , minimizing the probability of the explosion of SWCR .
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Emerging plasma surface modification and grain boundary technologies are also applied to modify the near surface chemistry , microstructure and stress state of alloys used , which reduce the corrosion of the body of SWCR .
+
+S ( Nation Master ( 2007 ) ) Obviously , all these improvements have overcome the weaknesses of nuclear reactor 's security system , thus making SWCR into a safe power generator .
+
+S Moreover , the cost of construction of Supercritical-Water-Cooled Reactor ( SWCR ) and cost of its power output are cheap and reasonable.TS It is undeniable that uranium oxide , the main input for SWCR , and the construction materials used are expensive .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:OTHER|||reasonable .|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , due to the plant simplification , its design is far simpler , that is , without the circulation pumps , pressurizers , steam generators and dryers .
+
+S This will help to reduce its cost of construction as compared to other power generators .
+
+S Also , its coolant is water which is cheap and can be obtained easily .
+
+S Although uranium oxide is expensive , it has a very long half life , about 24000 years .
+A 11 12|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Generation VI technology ( 2007 ) ) Therefore , it promises a continuous energy supply in the long run .
+
+S This also helps to reduce the cost to search for alternative input material for SWCR .
+
+S Last but not least , Supercritical-Water-Cooled Reactor ( SWCR ) has high efficiency in term of electricity and power generation.TS According to Nuclear Engineering and Design ( 2007 ) , Supercritical-Water-Cooled Reactor ( SWCR ) promises to have high thermal efficiencies of approximately 45 % , which can generate about 1,700 MWe of thermal energy per hour .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||generation .|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 30|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 51 52|||UNK|||MW|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , the simplified once- thru direct cycle of coolant also helps to increase its efficiency in power generation .
+
+S As a result , less energy is being dissipated as heat and energy wastage can then be prevented .
+
+S This will also help to produce low-cost electricity as its cost of generating power is lower .
+
+S In conclusion , despite the evident harm nuclear power can cause , we should not immediately rule it out as a possible source of power in the future .
+
+S Further researches have shown that Supercritical-Water-Cooled Reactor ( SWCR ) can achieve great safety by its design modification , lower and reasonable cost of its construction and power generation and has high efficiency in terms of electricity and power generation .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , further research and development funding for Supercritical-Water-Cooled Reactor ( SWCR ) should be provided as it stands in a good stead to become the future 's power generator in the near future .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Most scientists have agreed that we have to reduce the mission of green house gases as the impacts of global warming being more serious .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN|||emission|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||impact|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB|||becomes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Simultaneously , the demands of energy are increasing rapidly .
+
+S Hence , it is a matter of great urgency to seek an alternative power source .
+
+S The nuclear power will not produce the green house gases and it will provide vast amounts of energy .
+A 0 1|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||Nuclear|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , The U.S gave up building reactor since 1979 because of the defects of nuclear power and reactor such as the high cost of reactor , no appropriate coolant for reactor and wastes recycling system is not perfect .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 26|||R:OTHER|||as the cost of a reactor was high|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:OTHER|||since there was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:OTHER|||as the waste|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , it is spark a significant controversy of whether the nuclear power should be rehabilitated .
+A 3 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||sparked|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB|||reconsidered|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I agreed that the high cost , the safety issue of nuclear power reactor and problems of wastes recycling .
+
+S However , the generation IV reactor the supercritical-water-cooled-reactor ( SCWR ) will solve these problems straightforwardly .
+
+S For first aspect , SCWR is still facing the financial problem .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||Firstly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To build a nuclear reactor and its prototype will cost over US $ 1 billion .
+
+S If the government use this money to build more fossil reactors , the increasing fossil reactors plants will help the situation of lack of energy .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||uses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactor|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , in a long term , nuclear reactor plants will reduce the cost compared with fossil reactor plants .
+
+S It is true that the initial cost of building fossil plant is low , but the long-term costs which keeping it work are high says PBMR Company international marketing manager Gert Claassen .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:FORM|||working|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , the SCWR reactor efficiency and relatively simple design , it would be cheaper to build and run than normal reactors .
+A 5 5|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the cost is not a problem for SCWR .
+
+S The second aspect , it is too difficult to find an appropriate coolant for nuclear reactor .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||Secondly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the coolant of SCWR is supercritical water .
+
+S Normally , the critical point of water is the point at which the water exists as a combination of the liquid phase and vapour phase .
+
+S The condition of this point is at temperature of 374centidegrees and a pressure of 22.1Mpa .
+
+S However , for the supercritical water , the critical point is much higher than the normal water .
+
+S It is about 510centidegrees at 25Mpa .
+
+S Therefore , the coolant can sustain under the high temperature and do not have any phase change .
+
+S Thus , it can produce a great amount of energy .
+
+S For that reason , to find a suitable coolant will not be a problem because there is no difficulty to find water in earth .
+
+S The third part , people are worrying about the waste of nuclear power , because the waste of reactor is radioactive normally .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||Thirdly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||R:WO|||normally radioactive|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If we are not able to handle the wastes well , the nuclear pollution will trigger the catastrophe .
+
+S Nevertheless , SCWR could work out this problem .
+
+S The coolant for SCWR is supercritical water and the waste of water is still water as well .
+
+S Therefore , this waste are not radioactive and it is much safer compared with the wastes of last generation of reactor .
+A 17 19|||R:OTHER|||previous|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , SCWR build a system for water purification through supercritical oxidation .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has built|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This system is to convert the waste water into potable water .
+
+S Then the reactor can reuse this water as coolant again .
+
+S To sum up , the supercritical-water-cooled reactors solve general problems which the normal nuclear power reactors have .
+
+S Therefore , the SCWR is feasibility and reliable .
+A 5 6|||R:MORPH|||feasible|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The SCWR 's revival would benefit the whole population .
+
+S For pubic , the problem of global warming and other environmental problem made by emissions of fossil fuel will be eliminated .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||the public|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB|||caused|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For political , the nuclear power will maintain their energy source independence and reduce the conflicts of energy possessing .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||Politically|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To engineers and scientists , the applications of nuclear reactors would encourage them to find more efficient way to generate energy from reactors and the improve the safety of reactor in case of some accidents happened .
+A 29 30|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:DET|||any|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Generally speaking , the nuclear power will be the fuel for the future .
+
+S People will obtain safer cleaner and cheaper energy generated by nuclear power reactor .
+
+S Reference :
+
+S Tilkki V. Supercritical Water Reactors : A Survey on the International State of Research in 2006 .
+
+S Otaniemi , Finland .
+
+S Helsinki University of Technology .
+
+S Retrieve by 22.10.2009
+
+S The Nuclear power advantage , Prof.Bernard L. Cohen presents his points in this paper .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //www.ecolo.org/documents/documents_in_english/nuclear_advantage_Cohen .
+
+S en.htm .
+
+S 22.10.2009
+
+S Nuclear to reduce long-term capital costs , written by Carla Thomaz , retrieved from http : //www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/nuclear-power-a- necessity-to-reduce-sas-cost-risk-2009-10-09 # .
+
+S 22.10.2009
+
+S We are now marching into a new era of nuclear age .
+
+S Generation IV of nuclear power is now undergoing development and research .
+
+S Very-high-temperature Reactor ( VHTR ) which is operated by open fuel cycle is one of the six concepts of Generation IV reactors .
+
+S It has an operating temperature of 1000 ° C and uses high pressure during reaction stages .
+
+S VHTR is one of the best substitutions for coal plants from a science perspective as it does not pollute the earth and it does not need to use as much fuel as other forms of energy .
+
+S The question of whether we should have nuclear power plant as an energy resource is controversial .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||plants|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S People stand against it as they have little idea about the nuclear power plant .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN|||knowledge|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Cost , safety and performance are three major aspects for opposition to this technology ; nevertheless , there is still an unyielding need to support further research and development funding for VHTR .
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S People believe that it would be costly to start up a new nuclear industry .
+
+S It is true though .
+
+S According to Mansilla ( 2008 ) maximizing the system efficiency does not guarantee a minimum cost .
+
+S Still , in point of fact , nuclear power plant can reduce the expenditure in producing more energy in the long run .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||plants|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Comparing with conventional plants , VHTR can bring out 50 % more electricity from the same amount of fuel .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||compared to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since that VHTR uses lower amount of fuel to produce higher amount of energy , it is much more economic than other power plants regardless the start up cost , as the start-up cost can be compensated in the long run .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||amounts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Needs for energy are neither going to decrease nor are sources of energy going to increase .
+
+S Therefore , when sources of conventional plants are severely depleted , its cost will soar up high and become uneconomical ; on the other hand , VHTR uses half the amount of fuel to produce equal amount of energy , hence it can last longer .
+A 16 17|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 35|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Safety of a nuclear plant is the issue that public concerns the most .
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||concerns the public|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The reactor core explosion at Chernobyl in Ukraine was a catastrophic failure .
+
+S It raised public 's uncertainty about the safety of developing new nuclear power plant .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||plants|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , VHTR is being designed to avoid such circumstances .
+
+S VHTR is coated with a layer of graphite which can be used to slow down neutrons in order to control the nuclear chain reaction and it is covered with ultra hard ceramic layer .
+A 29 29|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , it uses helium , an inert gas as coolant .
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore it can avoid any escape of radioactive material if an accident happens .
+A 5 9|||R:OTHER|||radioactive material from escaping|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , a back-up emergency core cooling system ( ECCS ) is designed .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ECCS can remove excess heat and avoid damage to power plant in emergency cases , such as terrorism .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||plants|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN|||situations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , VHTR would be able to function without the need of reprocessing plutonium waste .
+A 12 13|||R:PART|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:FORM|||reprocess|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This would be able to prevent creation of nuclear power weapon as plutonium is an ingredient to produce advance nuclear weapon .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||weapons|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:ADJ:FORM|||advanced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||weapons|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S People assume that VHTR has lower performance compare to other kinds of Generation IV power sources .
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||when compared|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to research , VHTR is a thermal reactor which relies on moderators to slow down neutrons while Gas-cooled Fast Reactor , Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor and Lead-cooled Fast Reactor are relying on fast spectra .
+
+S This gives people a wrong assumption that VHTR is not highly performed .
+A 8 12|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the performance of reactors also depends on operating pressure and temperature .
+
+S Researchers anticipate that VHTR 's cycle efficiency could reach above 50 % while comparing to Molten Salt Reactor , for instance , which could only reach around 44 % to 50 % .
+
+S Furthermore , VHTR is designed to efficiently produce both electricity and hydrogen at the meantime .
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||same time|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the opposing reasons for not supporting further research and development for VHTR are arguable .
+
+S The initial cost for VHTR is high but it can be covered in the long run by its quantitative energy output .
+
+S Likewise , VHTR is being designed with adequate safety precautions to prevent the happening of tragedy .
+A 12 16|||R:OTHER|||a tragedy from happening|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It has better performance as well since it has high efficiency and both electricity and hydrogen as its reaction product .
+A 18 19|||R:MORPH|||reactive|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Concepts of nuclear power plant in generation IV have shown substantial improvements in cost , safety and efficiency especially VHTR .
+
+S Consequently , more research and development funding should be subjected to VHTR .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB|||given|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The new nuclear energy reactor
+
+S As the society develops rapidly , the demand for energy also increase in tandem .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:SVA|||increases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , fossil fuel , our conventional source of energy , is nearly running out , which means we need to find alternative sources of energy .
+
+S As a result , nuclear power has received renewed interest after over 30 years when no new nuclear plants have been built .
+
+S In adoption of nuclear energy , we need to consider cost , efficiency and safety features .
+
+S In recent years , six generation IV reactor concepts have been developed , and in this essay , I will discuss the sodium-cooled fast reactors ( SFR ) and very-high-temperature reactor ( VHTR ) .
+
+S Some people say that the SFR is good , but evidence shows that the VHTR is better in terms of cost , efficiency and safety .
+
+S SFR is basically to use the sodium as coolant to produce nuclear energy .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , very-high-temperature reactor is working under a very high temperature environment ( Very high temperature reactor , 2009 ) .
+
+S On cost , building a SFR is estimated at US $ 610 million , while the VHTR would cost US $ 610 millionU.S .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||cost wise|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Department Of Energy Nuclear Energy Research Advisory Committee2002 .
+
+S While , the initial cost of constructing the VHTR is higher than the SFR .
+
+S In terms of running cost , VHTR is a more cost-effective reactor than the SFR .
+
+S With a high efficiency in transferring heat into power , the VHTR costs only US $ 1 to produce 1 kilogram hydrogen , which is much lower than SFRU.S .
+
+S Department Of Energy Nuclear Energy Research Advisory Committee2002 .
+
+S Therefore , in a long run , the VHTR is more economical in producing a large amount of energy .
+A 3 4|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some people also say that the efficiency of the SFR is about fifty percent at a temperature of 500 centigrade degree .
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||degrees|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is higher than the VHTR which is about forty percent at 500 centigrade degree ( Very high temperature reactor , 2009 ) .
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||degrees|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 20|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , it is not a fair comparison .
+
+S For the SFR 500 centigrade degree is the suitable working temperature , which means the maximum efficiency for it is fifty percent .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||degrees|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , for VHTR , the suitable working temperature is about 1500 centigrade degree .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||degrees|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S At such a temperature , the efficiency of the VHTR is about 65 percent , which is much higher than the SFR ( Very-High-Temperature-Gas-Cooled-Reactor-Systems , 2009 ) .
+A 23 26|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Under the same standard , we can clearly see the efficiency of the VHTR is better .
+A 9 9|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For the safety factor , which is the most important one , some people claim that the whole processing of SFR is closed , even though the coolant is sodium .
+
+S As an engineer , we can not simply assume everything happens as how we expect .
+
+S What we should do is to plan what should we do when bad things happen .
+A 8 10|||R:WO|||we should|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If the pipe of the cooling system is broken , the liquid sodium will leak out .
+
+S As we know , sodium itself is very active , and it can easily react with water and cause fire .
+
+S Besides that , it can also do harm to the human beings .
+A 6 7|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But for VHTR , the coolant is helium gas , which is a kind of inert gases .
+
+S Even though the coolant is leaking out , it will not do any harm to the environment and human beings .
+A 4 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||leaks|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Obviously , choosing an inert gas as the coolant is much safer than choosing an active element as a coolant .
+
+S ( Butler , 2004 )
+
+S To conclude , the initial cost of VHTR is higher , but in a long run its cost is much lower .
+A 13 14|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides that , its efficiency is much higher under its rated working temperature .
+
+S In addition , the coolant of the VHTR is much safer than the SFR .
+
+S By considering the cost , efficiency and safety factors , we can judge that the very high temperature is a better choice in a long run .
+A 14 15|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 25|||R:OTHER|||theong|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference :
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 ) , nuclear power 's new dawn , Nature , Volume 429 , Issue 6989 , pp .
+
+S 238-240 , retrieved at 20thOct.2009 , from http : //adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Natur.429.238B
+
+S The Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor ( SFR ) system ( 2009 ) , retrieved at 20thOct.2009 , from http : //www.gen-4.org/Technology/systems/sfr.htm
+
+S U.S .
+
+S DOE Nuclear Energy Research Advisory Committee ( 2002 ) , A Technology Roadmap for Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems , retrieved at 20thOct.2009 , from http : //gif.inel.gov/roadmap/
+
+S Very high temperature reactor ( 2009 ) , retrieved at 20thOct.2009 , from { http : //en.allexperts.com/e/v/ve/very_high_temperature_reactor.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //en.allexperts.com/e/v/ve/very_high_temperature_reactor.htm ]
+
+S Very-High-Temperature-Gas-Cooled-Reactor-Systems ( 2009 ) , retrieved at 20thOct.2009 , from http : //www.docstoc.com/docs/11820746/Very-High-Temperature-Gas-Cooled-Reactor-Systems
+
+S Very High Temperature Reactor Deserves Further Research
+
+S Do you want to make a guess of how much electric power is consumed every day ?
+
+S 500 million kilowatt-hours ?
+
+S Two billion kilowatt-hours ?
+
+S No , the answer is more than 48 billion kilowatt-hours .
+
+S With the speeding development throughout the whole world , the raising energy needs becomes an unavoidable problem nowadays .
+A 2 3|||R:ADJ|||speedy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||rise in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order to satisfy the needs , the generation IV reactor concept is brought forward for further research and utilization of nuclear power , and the Very High Temperature Reactor [ VHTR ] , which uses a graphite-moderated nuclear reactor with a once-through uranium fuel cycle under an outlet temperature of 1000 ° C , is one of such concepts .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 57 58|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 59 60|||R:NOUN:NUM|||concept|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , even before VHTR has been made use of , the public start to debate whether this concept can do more good than harm .
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||has begun|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although quite a number of people have no faith in the concept and provide some reasons , there exist solid evidences to show VHTR is worth of developing and can benefit the society .
+A 23 23|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First of all , opponents of VHTR doubt whether it is cost-effective and achievable .
+
+S As they state , in order to generate as much electricity as it is expensed in the U.S. every day , almost 400 nuclear power plants should be constructed and utilized .
+A 13 15|||R:VERB|||expels|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , today only about 410 nuclear power plants are used in the world .
+
+S The great discrepancy as if draws the end of VHTR 's development already .
+A 3 9|||R:OTHER|||threatens|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , this analysis is due to the mis-illustration .
+A 8 9|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One fact need to be clarified is that the opponents misuse the capacity of the conventional plants rather than that of VHTR .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||that needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Scientists suggest that the new generation reactor can squeeze 50 % more electricity from the same amount of fuels compared with the conventional plants .
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||fuel|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:ADV|||when|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By applying this figure , the number of plants calculated by the opponents can significantly be minimized .
+
+S Moreover , the opponents misunderstood the distribution of electric power generation .
+
+S No matter how excellent one method is , the world 's electric power generation can never simply depend on one method .
+
+S Instead , this should always be a combination of complex methods .
+A 2 3|||R:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In that case , whether VHTR can fulfil one country or even the global needs of electricity is unnecessary to be concerned .
+A 18 21|||R:OTHER|||not of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As long as the concept is feasible and is better than the old ones , VHTR deserves for further research and thus can bring more advantage to the society .
+A 17 18|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , opponents are also concern about the safety of the reactor especially when they recall the Chernobyl nuclear accident .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:FORM|||concerned|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In their view , under such a high temperature , the reaction should be harder to control and thus more dangerous .
+
+S Again this concern is no longer a problem actually .
+
+S Thanks to the highly-developed technology of the new generation , VHTR is designed with high-level security .
+
+S On the one hand , it benefits from the intrinsic safety property of a helium-cooled , graphite-moderated core as well as optimization of specific design .
+
+S The great { thermal inertia } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.territorioscuola.com/wikipedia/ ? title = Volumetric_heat_capacity ] graphite and the single-phase , inert helium coolant can not react .
+A 2 17|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This makes the reactor stable enough to sustain high temperature .
+
+S This can to a great extent ensure the safety during its reaction .
+A 7 8|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , the corresponding design of the constructions of the nuclear power plants can prevent from nuclear leak even when disasters occur .
+A 18 19|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||leaks|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The designers state , for instance , once a weak earthquake happens , the monitoring system can immediately sense it and make corresponding actions to guarantee the safety of the reactor .
+
+S Simultaneously , the system will also bring the stuffs a safe environment .
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||about|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the aforementioned technologies , this is no longer the Chernobyl era , and we should have confidence that by the time VHTR is really put into mass practice , the security can be even better guaranteed .
+
+S To sum up , the opponents ' opinions to oppose VHTR are not valid .
+
+S It is cost-effective , feasible , and safe .
+
+S In that case , we can safely draw the conclusion that VHTR is worth of further research and development .
+A 14 15|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We have confidence that it can bring great advantage to the world when technology is mature .
+
+S Can psychology prevent all accidents ?
+
+S July 17 , 1981 in Kansas City , Missouri , United States , while dozens of people was gathering on the walkway in Hyatt Regency Crown Centre and seeing a dance contest , the walkway collapsed and caused 114 people died and 200 injured .
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:SVA|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 41|||R:VERB:FORM|||to die|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 43|||M:VERB:TENSE|||to be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After the accident investigated , the main cause of the accident was a significant change in the design of the walkway .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||was investigated into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The original design by Jack D. Gillum was using a set of steel tie rod to suspend the two walkways to the ceiling , but the contractor proposed to use two separate tie rods : one collected one walkway to the ceiling , and the other connected the two walkways .
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||rods|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||R:OTHER|||connected|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Jack D. Gillum and associates did not calculate the alternate plan before they assigned on the paper .
+A 13 16|||R:OTHER|||designed it on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus the accident happened .
+
+S ( Hyatt Regency Walkway Collapse , message from { http : //www.engineering.com/Library/ArticlesPage/tabid/85/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/175/Walkway-Collapse.aspx } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.engineering.com/Library/ArticlesPage/tabid/85/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/175/Walkway-Collapse.aspx ] )
+A 1 20|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order to prevent such accidents happening , psychology is suggested to be introduced to the design process .
+A 6 6|||M:PREP|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 12|||R:VERB|||should|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Psychology studies the human mind and behavior .
+
+S For example , cognitive psychology focuses on ways to improve memory and how to increase decision-making accuracy and social psychology are interested in the impact that social environment and interaction has on attitudes and behaviors ( Kendra , V.W .
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Psychology theories , Guild to psychology , from { http : //psychology.about.com/od/psychology101/u/psychology-theories.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //psychology.about.com/od/psychology101/u/psychology-theories.htm ] ) .
+
+S As human action plays a major role in the design process , psychology can help prevent accidents .
+
+S For instance , if we introduce psychology to the case above , then the designer and the contractor communicated well ; so that the accidents would not happen .
+A 18 18|||M:VERB:TENSE|||would have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , can psychology prevent all the accidents ?
+
+S According to Bernhard Wilpert ( 2007 ) , introducing psychology is feed-forward control of safety--- in the beginning , forecast human errors that will trigger accidents and take measures to avoid these errors .
+
+S Maybe this method will do some work .
+
+S However , does it work every time ?
+
+S This only works when the problem can be foretold , whereas many technical installations are becoming more and more complex today .
+
+S The new generation reactors are planning to run at very high temperatures or high pressures ( Butler , D. ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+A 22 24|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240 ) , which is more complex than the current ones .
+
+S The more complex the process is , more difficult to predict the problems .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In a new and complex technical installation , many problems are unexpected .
+
+S Sometimes only after the process is implemented , the problems will be known .
+A 8 13|||R:OTHER|||will the problems be known.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The six designs in the new generation reactors also need to do many tests before they become prototypes .
+
+S Psychology studies human mind and behavior .
+
+S Introducing psychology in the design process only makes a difference in human behavior , but many industrial accidents are not only caused by a single human error .
+
+S For example , the " Prestige " oil spilling was mainly caused by the rainstorm .
+A 8 9|||R:MORPH|||spill|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Prestige carried 77,000 tons of heavy fuel oil and was traveling on the sea near Spanish when it met rainstorm .
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||Spain|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the 12 gasoline boxes exploded , but the Spanish Authorities refused the tanker to anchor in their bay .
+
+S Finally the tanker sank and spilled the oil ( { http : //www.xooob.com/359429_1043815.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.xooob.com/359429_1043815.html ] ) .
+A 5 8|||R:OTHER|||caused an oil spill|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 20|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many other industrial systems are much more complex and many factors can influence the system .
+
+S Psychology only can deal with human error , not other factors .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Improvement of communication , teaching of social and human relation skills and methods of dealing with problems are applications of psychology .
+
+S So the use of psychology during the design process can prevent some accidents .
+
+S It can not prevent all the accidents , as accidents are not only caused by human errors and as for some new designs , they must be tried to see where will the problems happened .
+A 26 35|||R:OTHER|||attempt to assess where problems are likely to occur|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Refrences :
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240
+
+S Wilpert , B .
+
+S ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Psychology and design processes .
+
+S Safety Science , 45 , 293-303 { http : //www.xooob.com/359429_1043815.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.xooob.com/359429_1043815.html ]
+
+S Kendra , V.W .
+
+S Psychology theories , Guild to psychology , from { http : //psychology.about.com/od/psychology101/u/psychology-theories.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //psychology.about.com/od/psychology101/u/psychology-theories.htm ]
+
+S Hyatt Regency Walkway Collapse , message from { http : //www.engineering.com/Library/ArticlesPage/tabid/85/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/175/Walkway-Collapse.aspx } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.engineering.com/Library/ArticlesPage/tabid/85/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/175/Walkway-Collapse.aspx ] )
+
+S Challenger disaster and psychology in design
+
+S On January 28th , 1986 , the US Space Shuttle Challenger exploded 73 seconds after launch , killing the entire crew .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||the 28th|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||of January|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is a disaster in human history and is a tragedy of NASA .
+
+S The cause of the disaster was reported as the failure of an " O-ring " seal in the solid-fuel rocket on the Space Shuttle Challenger 's right side .
+
+S However , this is not the only factor resulting in the tragedy .
+
+S The report also said that the officials of NASA ignored the concerns voiced by engineers and insisted launching the shuttle at risk .
+
+S In other words , not only the technical factors , but also the human factors caused this disaster to appear .
+A 19 21|||R:OTHER|||occur|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , psychology in design processes , in my opinion , could have prevented this accident .
+
+S Firstly , good preparation of psychology in design processes could have saved the Space Shuttle Challenger .
+
+S Actually , from the time it was first scheduled to lift off on January 22nd , to the when it was finally launched on January 28th , liftoff was delayed several times for various reasons .
+A 17 18|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 26|||R:OTHER|||28th of January|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Obviously , the preparation for this project was not good at all .
+
+S Arguers may say that no matter how good the preparation was , there were still some unpredictable factors that might lead the mission to failure .
+
+S Well , it is true that the errors can not be prevented completely ; nevertheless , we should try our best to reduce the risk to the least level that we can accept .
+A 29 29|||M:NOUN|||one|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Apparently , the condition of Challenger was not what we can accept as safe .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , if the preparation was well done and the " O-ring " problem was fixed during the process , Challenger could have been saved .
+
+S Secondly , should the decision-making system be made better , the tragedy could have been avoided .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 8|||R:VERB|||been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Faced with the choice of whether to put off the mission for safety or to carry on the mission at risk to save money , the officials chose the latter one , which was a big mistake .
+
+S Furthermore , they also had policy failure on competitive bidding for manufacturing company and defects of supervision system .
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||in terms of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||companies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||in the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All these factors contributed to the unreliability of the safety of the mission .
+
+S Although NASA have to face the pressure from the public and the political , they should aware the consequences of the failure , which might make the situation even worse .
+A 3 3|||M:VERB|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||R:OTHER|||from politicians|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||have been aware of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 30|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If the highest levels of NASA had made the decision more objectively and scientifically with the help of psychology in design , putting the mission off like before , the disaster could have been prevented .
+
+S Finally , the communication between the NASA officials and engineers was not good enough .
+
+S The NASA officials seemed neither to have been warned adequately of the danger of launch in cold weather , nor be told emphatically enough the need of redesigning the O-rings .
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , the warning of air blast from a Boeing 757 aircraft was also ignored before the liftoff .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Communication did not flow effectively , which indirectly led to the tragedy 's happening .
+A 12 13|||U:NOUN:POSS||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I know that the NASA officials were too busy to listen to the voices before the launch ; however , if a good communication system had been established before the launch , the NASA officials would have had time to listen to the voices and therefore probably prevented the disaster .
+
+S As discussed above , the Challenger disaster 's causes lie not only on the technical factors , but also on the human factors .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:SVA|||lies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In my opinion , the root cause is the human factor , the wrong decision made by the officials .
+
+S Though it was indirect cause , its influence is so large that it was more important than the technical factor .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Psychology in design processes , whose significance has been showed in this accident , should be paid more attention to in the future engineering design .
+A 21 22|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Only in this way , can the safety of projects be improved efficiently and guaranteed .
+A 14 14|||M:VERB:TENSE|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There has been a debate between two Generation Four reactorsthe Very High Temperature Reactor ( VHTR ) and the Supercritical Water Reactor ( SCWR ) , which surrounds the issue of which reactor had superior performance .
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||reactors , the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 31|||R:OTHER|||as to which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In one hand , engineers use the most advanced technology and concept to design the VHTR .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||On the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , the technology applied on the SCWR is developed from conventional technology of older type of nuclear reactorLight Water Reactor ( LWR ) .
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:OTHER|||reactor , Light|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The supporters of VHTR attack SCWR for its " obsolete " technology and its incapability of generating Hydrogen as a coproduct of electrcity .
+A 20 21|||R:SPELL|||co-product|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nevertheless , I believe the most practical thing ends up being the most useful thing .
+
+S In my opinion , the SCWR outmatches the VHTR at both performace and cost .
+
+S When people are comparing the two types of reactors , they tend to focus on the temperature at which reactors operates .
+A 2 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||compare|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Then , they discover that the VHTR is operating at a temperature level which is almost twice as that of the SCWR .
+
+S As a result , a misleading conception arises , which is the VHTR works much more efficiently than the SCWR does .
+A 11 11|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Indeed , temperature is an indicator of how efficient the reactor is .
+
+S However , it is by no means the only indicator .
+
+S According to Prof Mirko Ascic 's scientific journal ( ASCIC , 2005 ) , the energy of neutrons in the reactor is the dominant factor that affects the process of converting heat to electricity .
+
+S The fact is the SCWR has about four times as many neutrons in the energy range above 6.2 MeV and about 16 times as many neutrons below 0.1 eV .
+
+S These two energy states of neutrons are closely related the fission of two fuels , U235 and Np237 .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN|||fusion|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , The SCWR has a higher performace up to 4 percent compared to the VHTR .
+
+S For people who are obssesed with the VHTR , one main reason would be it allows an easy way to generate a clean natural energyHydrogen .
+A 24 25|||R:OTHER|||energy , Hydrogen|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is unnecessary to describe how huge the amount of fossil fuel the world consumes everyday and the influence of burning the fuel on the whole environment .
+
+S Scientists have been searching the most suitable and the most economical surrogate for fossil fuel for decades .
+
+S And reactors with super-high operating temperature seems to be the ultimate answer .
+
+S However , in my opinion , reactors that can generate Hydrogen are just " gimmicks " .
+
+S After all , electricity is also a perfect energy which has no side-effect on the environment .
+
+S Furthermore , unlike technology of using Hydrogen , which has just begun developing and is far from matured , electricity has been with human beings for over a hundred years .
+A 2 5|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The technology of electricity can be found everywhere on Earth and big automobile manufacturers have started to discuss the possibility of replacing fossil-fuel-powered cars with electricity-powered ones .
+A 8 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , the critical question arises .
+
+S How to produce electricity economically ?
+
+S In my opinion , the SCWR is the answer .
+
+S The SCWR is built for generation of low-cost electricity .
+A 4 6|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , the two technologies needed build the SCWR are already at hand , which are widely-employed to by current Generatioon Three LWRs .
+A 7 7|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Unlike the VHTR which uses rare gas Helium as coolant , the SCWR simply uses water to cool down the system .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , the SCWR costs much smaller amount of money to build and greatly simplifies the nuclear plant .
+A 8 12|||R:OTHER|||less|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the most advanced stuff may not be suitable in a certain condition .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN|||technologies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The SCWR has proven itself to be more capable at either high performance and low cost .
+A 10 11|||R:DET|||both|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this sense , the SCWR is a better nuclear reactor compared to the VHTR in our future .
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By the year 2030 , many of the current operating nuclear power plants in the world will be at or near the end of their operating licenses .
+
+S Therefore , research and development of Generation IV technologies are being conducted by participating countries in the Generation IV International Forum .
+
+S Some of the developing concepts include the " Very-high-temperature " and " Molten salt " nuclear reactors .
+
+S Competitive costs and financial risks of nuclear energy systems are constantly compared .
+A 11 11|||M:VERB:TENSE|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the case of the Very-high-temperature reactors , the cost of running the plant is lower when compared to Molten salt reactors .
+
+S The efficiency of the VHTR is also > 50 % as compared to conventional reactors .
+
+S VHTR produces hydrogen as a byproduct , thus increasing the chances of utilizing the reactors for other energy sources .
+
+S VHTR 's technology is based on an upgrade to current HTR technologies .
+
+S Therefore , the estimated time to receive the technologies will be earlier when compared to MSR .
+
+S MSR 's research requires scientists to work on new materials which can withstand the usage of molten fluoride salts .
+
+S On the other hand , VHTR 's research had been mapped into proper stages and there is a large pool of researchers working on it .
+
+S , the time span needed to reach optimum standards will be later than VHTR , thus putting VHTR ahead in the economy race .
+
+S Safety issues involved in generation IV reactors are mainly on temperature and chemical reactions during high pressure operations .
+
+S As the generators are designed to operate at temperatures up to 1000 Degree Celsius , prevention of a reactor meltdown would be important as a repeat of the Chernobyl disaster during the year 1986 would not be acceptable .
+
+S This is especially for VHTRs as they operate at temperatures up to 1200 Degrees Celsius as compared to the lower pressured MSRs .
+
+S There is no doubt that the world is moving towards nuclear energy development in the future 20 years from now .
+
+S The current rat race to develop the best reactor for use is still questionable as all the reactors have their own strengths and weaknesses .
+A 2 3|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , with the current VHTR 's achievable research goals , it will probably be the generation IV reactor to lead the pack in years to come .
+
+S Sodium-cooled Fast Reactors over Super Critical Water Reactors
+
+S At the turn of the millennium , the rising of Asian countries such as China and India has intensified the competition of energy .
+A 17 18|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In 2007 , China consumes a third as much oil as the United States , which burns a quarter of the world 's oil every day .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||consumed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( HYPERLINK " http : //topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/m/jad_mouawad/index.html ? inline = nyt-per " \ o " More Articles by Jad Mouawad " Mouawad , J .
+
+S New York Times ) By 2030 , China and India together will import as much oil as the United States and Japan do today .
+A 22 23|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , there are concerns about the impact on global warming due to fossil fuel power plants .
+
+S Fossil energy use is responsible for about 85 % of the human-caused carbon dioxide emission produced annually .
+
+S ( Pachauri , R , IPCC ) Hence , fossil fuels are not a viable means to meet the increasing demand of energy .
+A 3 6|||R:OTHER|||2007|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , other reliable means of energy have been considered , of which , nuclear energy holds the greatest potential .
+
+S Using nuclear processes to produce energy is not a new concept .
+
+S Since the first power reactor was built in the Soviet Union in 1954 , there are 436 nuclear power plants in operation at present .
+
+S ( IAEA ) Meanwhile , nuclear power has not risen to be a top choice because of worries about leakages of radioactive substances from the plants .
+
+S For example , the explosion of reactor 4 in the Chernobyl power plant resulted in 237 deaths due to radiation .
+
+S In another accident in the Three Mile Island in the US , 140 thousand people living within a five mile radius of the plant evacuated after the meltdown of a cooling system .
+
+S Moreover , in this post 911 era , many worry about nuclear power plants becoming the terrorists ' targets .
+
+S Acknowledging the need of nuclear power to meet the world 's energy appetite , several countries have formed the Generation IV International Forum ( GIF ) to research on the possible nuclear technologies and to mitigate the risks posed by them .
+A 28 29|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Two of the six short listed systems are the Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor ( SFR ) and Super Critical Water Reactor ( SCWR ) .
+
+S Both of these systems , especially the Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor , promises higher efficiency , lower operational cost and enhanced safety measures over current generation of reactors .
+
+S In the SCWR , liquid water , which is used as coolant for the 650oC reactor core , is pressurized to 2500 times the atmospheric pressure , to the supercritical state .
+
+S Firstly , at this high pressure , water has a larger range of operating temperature .
+
+S Thus , the reactor can function safely within a greater range of temperature .
+
+S Secondly , supercritical water also has the highest heat capacity .
+
+S This means that water can absorb a higher amount of energy for the same volume of water , thus having a better rate of heat transfer compared to the current generation of reactors such as Boiling Water Reactors ( BWR ) and Pressurised Water Reactor ( PWR ) .
+
+S Better heat transfer also allows the coolant to have a slower flow rate of the coolant , thus saving cost by using of smaller pumps and piping .
+A 22 23|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thirdly , water does not change phase within the coolant cycle due to its increased boiling point .
+
+S This would allow the coolant to have a laminar flow , increasing the efficiency of the coolant .
+
+S Hence , the plant would have 45 % thermal cycle efficiency .
+
+S On the other hand , SFR uses molten sodium as a coolant for the 510oC reactor core .
+
+S As compared with the SCWR , the sodium can be kept at normal atmospheric pressure .
+A 0 2|||U:PREP|||Compared|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This eliminates the problems arising from having to maintain a pressurized coolant .
+
+S Also , the reactor core is at a lower temperature , thus relatively easier to manage .
+A 11 11|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , these results in a comparable 45 % thermal efficiency , in spite being a newer technology compared to water .
+
+S Finally , they are highly sustainable due to their closed loop cycle , having an added advantage of actinide management and fuel consumption of 99 % .
+
+S Moving on to the cost , SCWR do offer much savings .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||does|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As it is developed based on current reactors , such as Boiling Water Reactors ( BWR ) , a lot of research could be done on existing facilities .
+
+S For example , research focusing on accident management could be done at some of the out of commission facilities , without building up a prototype from ground .
+
+S Also , research on water chemistry that was done for BWR could be capitalised for SCWR .
+
+S Consequently , the research could be focus towards developing irradiation resistant materials to be used for the reactor .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:FORM|||focused|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Conversely , SFR also utilises expertises from existing reactors such as BOR-60 , JOYO , Phenix , and BN-600 in the US and Japan .
+
+S Like the SCWR , SFR would require several areas of research to make it suitable for development .
+
+S Researches into fuel cycle and physically stronger and more radiation resistant structural materials would minimise the operating costs with improved operations and performance .
+A 0 1|||R:MORPH|||Research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , with support of countries such as Japan , France , and Russia , the cost of research is shared .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , the SFR system is the most technology developed system of the 6 Generation IV systems .
+
+S ( SFR ) Furthermore , it is estimated to be deployable by 2020 .
+
+S Regarding the safety aspects of the nuclear reactors , the GIF has set high targets for all reactors .
+
+S For the SCWR , the use of water at the supercritical state allows the coolant to be functional and effective at a right range of temperature .
+
+S The absence of a change in phase would also make the reactors safer to operate .
+
+S All this is possible with the highly pressurized water .
+
+S Meanwhile , SFR does not have the problems regarding maintaining the coolant at high pressure .
+
+S Instead , the challenge lies in keeping the sodium coolant from direct contact with air .
+
+S As sodium is highly reactive , it reacts violently with the air from the environment .
+
+S This difficulty is overcome by using a two-step cooling solution , whereby sodium is used to cool the core , and a secondary coolant , such as water , is used to cool the sodium .
+
+S Also , SFR has the added advantage of closed fuel cycle , which helps in the management of highly radioactive actinides .
+
+S This would prevent the proliferation of the nuclear waste .
+
+S Finally , nuclear-enriched materials being kept at high temperature would prevent them from being stolen and use as weapons by terrorists .
+A 2 7|||R:OTHER|||keeping nuclear-enriched materials at a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:FORM|||used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , SFR stands as a more viable option to be the solution to the world 's energy crisis .
+
+S Though the deployment cost is high at present , the burden will be shared by the many countries support the technology .
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:FORM|||supporting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , the performance of SFR is ensured based on the findings of the various researches conducted .
+
+S Finally , well-planned safety measures and actinides management would ensure the SFR would function safely within its use .
+
+S References :
+
+S * Allen , T. ( ) The Sodium Cooled Fast Reactor ( SFR ) { http : //nuclearstreet.com/files/folders/1654/download.aspx } [ HYPERLINK : http : //nuclearstreet.com/files/folders/1654/download.aspx ]
+
+S * Baindur , S. ( 2008 , March ) .
+
+S Materials Challenges For The Supercritical Water-cooled Reactors ( SCWR ) .
+
+S Bulletin of the Canadian Nuclear Society , Vol .
+
+S 29 No .
+
+S 1 , pp .
+
+S 32-38 .
+
+S * Bouchard , J .
+
+S ( 2008 ) Generation IV International Forum Annual Report 2008 .
+
+S OECD Nuclear Energy Agency .
+
+S { http : //www.gen-4.org/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.gen-4.org/ ]
+
+S * Bouchard , J .
+
+S ( 2009 ) A New Generation Of Nuclear To Lead The Way .
+
+S Focus Energy .
+
+S { http : //www.energy-focus.co.uk/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.energy-focus.co.uk/ ]
+
+S * Butler , D. ( 2004 , 20 May ) .
+
+S Nuclear Power 's New Dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240
+
+S * Latest News Related To PRIS And The Status Of Nuclear Power Plant ( r.18 Oct 2009 ) { http : //www.iaea.or.at/programmes/a2/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.iaea.or.at/programmes/a2/ ]
+
+S * { Mouawad } [ HYPERLINK : http : //topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/m/jad_mouawad/index.html ? inline = nyt-per ] , J .
+
+S ( 2007 , 9 Nov ) .
+
+S Rising Demand For Oil Provokes New Energy Crisis .
+
+S New York Times
+
+S * Pachauri , R. ( 2007 ) Climate Change 2007 : Synthesis Report .
+
+S Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC )
+
+S * Tucek , K. ( 2005 , 16-20 May ) .
+
+S Comparison Of Sodium And Lead-cooled Fast Reactors Regarding Severe Safety And Economical Issues .
+
+S 13th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering .
+
+S * World Nuclear Association .
+
+S ( 2001 March ) Three Mile Island : 1979 .
+
+S { http : //www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf36.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf36.html ]
+
+S Nuclear accidents like the Three Mile incident and the Chernobyl disaster left a bad aftertaste in the eyes of the public .
+
+S Furthermore , the constant threat of nuclear terrorists and the issue of radiation leakage made nuclear energy even more unpopular .
+
+S However , as mankind evolves , nuclear energy could possibly be making a comeback .
+
+S Facing the issues of rising oil prices and the long term availability of fossil fuels , governments now are rethinking their national energy strategies .
+A 17 19|||R:WO|||are now|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of these strategies is harnessing nuclear energy .
+
+S Going nuclear would provide the growing economies with a constant and steady supply of energy to sustain their economic development .
+
+S Furthermore , it also addresses the issue on global warming as it does not produce greenhouse emissions which could further aggravate the situation .
+
+S Though the public may be concerned about the safety of operating a nuclear plant , we should continue to develop nuclear energy as its economic and environmental benefits outweighs its risks .
+
+S One potential reactor concept that we should look at would be the Very-high-temperature reactors ( VHTR ) , as it addresses the concern over uranium reprocessing and the impact of a nuclear accident .
+
+S Furthermore , it gives significant economic and environmental advantages as it is more energy efficient and it also produces hydrogen which could be used for other purposes .
+
+S ( Butler 2004 , Six generation concepts )
+
+S One of the public 's concerns over the safety of operating a nuclear plant is the issue of nuclear waste management .
+
+S Given the current controversy regarding Iran 's uranium enrichment program , whereby the technology could be used to develop nuclear weapons ( Nasser Karimi , Associated Press Wednesday , October 7 , 2009 ) , the public has the right to worry since there have not been much transparency from Iran .
+
+S This concern would be diffused if we are developing VHTR , since its design does not incorporate a waste recycling component hence there would not be a basis for any uranium enrichment program .
+
+S Therefore , there is no need to worry about the reprocessing of uranium for weapon proliferation .
+
+S Another concern on the safety aspect of nuclear plants is radiation leakage due to improper disposal or infrastructure failure which could be caused by a terrorist attack .
+
+S Radiation exposure is an inherent part of nuclear energy and some believe that living near a nuclear plant would increase the risk of cancer and that any nuclear accident would result in high casualties .
+
+S After the Chernobyl accident , many scientists predicted that the radiation exposure of that incident would have caused a million deaths hence causing panic and hysteria among the public which eventually made nuclear energy unpopular .
+
+S However , in 2005 , a report done by IAEA and the World Health Organization deduced that the incident caused 56 direct deaths and suggested that there may be 4,000 extra cancer deaths among the approximately 600,000 most highly exposed people ( { IAEA Report } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/Focus/Chernobyl/ ] ,2008 .
+
+S ) which were significantly much lower than previously thought .
+
+S Therefore previous claims by scientist were over exaggerated and the public should be educated on the issue of radiation exposure so that they do not oppose the idea because of misinformation .
+
+S Furthermore , active safety measures were also put in place , checks for radiation leakage are done frequently by experts and nuclear plants are located at isolated places to minimize exposure .
+
+S They are also well guarded to deter any terrorist attacks .
+
+S To further put the public 's mind at ease , the VHTR is also designed to automatically shut down in a case of an accident hence minimizing radiation leakage and foiling any terrorists ' attacks .
+
+S Therefore this further enhances the safety aspect of running a nuclear plant and should adequately address the concerns of the public .
+
+S As the world copes with the rising cost of oil , governments are investing into different energy fields to diversify their energy sources so as to increase their countries ' energy independence .
+
+S Some argue that we should not be investing into nuclear energy as it is expensive to build and run and that it is not a renewable energy source , hence we should invest into renewable energies which are more sustainable .
+
+S Though renewable energy may be sustainable , their energy supplies are intermittent depending on environmental factors .
+
+S Therefore , they are unable to meet the intense energy demand of our growing economies .
+
+S Nuclear plants are more expensive to build than the other energy sources , but it is a premium that we have to pay to obtain a reliable and consistent supply of energy to drive our economic progress .
+
+S Furthermore , the VHTR concept has a high fuel burn up ratio which translates to an efficiency of 80 % which is significantly higher than renewable energies which have efficiencies of 20-30 % ( Prof Tan , Powering the new millennium , 2009 ) .
+
+S The VHTR also produces hydrogen which could be used as another source of fuel for power plants or could be sold to industries which use it , hence generates a source of revenue for the state .
+
+S It is also good that we diversify our energy sources to booster our energy security .
+
+S Hence we should continue to develop nuclear energy as it is a proven tool to obtain constant steady supply of energy .
+
+S Furthermore the high energy efficiency and potential uses of hydrogen , gives it more economic advantages over the renewable energies .
+
+S Another issue that nuclear energy would address is global warming .
+
+S As we know global warming is mainly caused by greenhouse emission from the burning of fossil fuels and its impacts include climate change and the flooding of low lying area hence jeopardizing the survival of our future generations .
+
+S Nuclear energy is 'clean ' as it does not release any greenhouse emissions .
+
+S Furthermore , the ability of the VHTR to produce hydrogen provides another source of clean energy which we could utilize to power our economies and cars which are the main contributors of greenhouse emissions .
+
+S By reducing the carbon emissions from these two sources , we would be able to buy us more time to develop technologies to tackle the global warming issue ; therefore we should develop the VHTR to aid our cause .
+
+S The design of the VHTR has incorporated a lot of safety features which enhances the safety of operating a nuclear plant .
+
+S Coupled with that , the strict regulation of the IAEA and its frequent checks ensure that the infrastructure remains safe and intact hence safeguarding the interest of the public .
+
+S Furthermore , the high power efficiency of the VHTR makes it economical to operate and the production of hydrogen provide a source of revenue for the state as well as another alternative source of clean energy which reduces greenhouse emissions .
+
+S Since the VHTR is able to benefit us economically and environmentally , we should continue to develop it despite its risks .
+
+S References :
+
+S Butler 2004 IAEA Chernobyl report In Focus : Chernobyl .
+
+S { http : //www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/Focus/Chernobyl/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/Focus/Chernobyl/ ] Nasser Karimi , Associated Press Wednesday , October 7 , 2009 ) { http : //www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi ? file = /c/a/2009/10/07/MN821A1PLU.DTL # ixzz0TJhXe8K7 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi ? file = /c/a/2009/10/07/MN821A1PLU.DTL ] ) ,
+
+S Prof Tan , Powering the new millennium , 2009 { ^ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_debate ] { http : //physics.indiana.edu/ ~ brabson/p310/NewDesigns.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //physics.indiana.edu/ % 7Ebrabson/p310/NewDesigns.pdf ] Marcus , Levin : New Designs for the Nuclear Renaissance { " Congressional Budget Office Vulnerabilities from Attacks on Power Reactors and Spent Material " } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.cbo.gov/ftpdoc.cfm ? index = 6042&type = 0&sequence = 3 ]
+
+S Ever grumbled every morning about the exhaust fumes , produced by fuel vehicles ?
+
+S The harmful fumes are part of the cause of the hole in the ozone layer .
+
+S Jacob ( n.d. ) mentioned that 20 % of greenhouse gas is caused by automobiles , in U.S .
+
+S In order to resolve this situation , researchers and developers are trying to come up with cleaner and greener ideas .
+
+S Hence the birth of the electric car , which Marshall ( n.d. ) explained that its automobile fully powered by electricity only , which reduces the harmful emissions by no emissions , which results in a cleaner and greener environment .
+
+S Oppositions agree that the design the electric car is safe enough for driving .
+
+S However many commuters are concerned about design nature of the electric car , which includes mainly on safety concerns , and also others like cost and performance .
+
+S Opponents said that it is safe to use the electric car on the road , as quoted from " Electro Automotive " ( n.d. ) , they claimed that it 's fully safe as the battery does not leak even if an accident occur .
+
+S However , the car is still not fully safe for operation .
+
+S The design has an overall light protection by the lightweight body frame .
+
+S The idea of using such is so that lesser battery power will be used to drive the vehicle , in order to travel longer distances , as compared to heavier frames .
+
+S Because of the nature of light weight , it will lead to one bigger safety issue , accident consequences .
+
+S Accidents can happen anytime , and hardly avoidable .
+
+S Roger ( 2003 ) mentioned that many mavens , known as car addicts , were worried that if an accident were to occur , especially with heavier vehicles , chances of the electric car being smashed is relatively high , the fact that current population of vehicles is still fuel driven .
+
+S This indicates danger to both driver and passengers .
+
+S One suggestion is to design better , stronger and safer materials for the frame of the electric car .
+
+S At a small cost of a slightly slower speed , accidents can be prevented and reduced if drivers practice safe and considerate driving .
+
+S Moreover , there is added protection with the stronger frame .
+
+S Opposition claim that the electric car is good as it helps reduce the reducing the rate of greenhouse effects by having no harmful emissions compared to fuel cars , Partha ( 2009 ) said .
+
+S Even though the car has no emission , which overall helps to save the environment , but many drivers are concerned with the overall cost of owning a car .
+
+S From " Electro Automotive " ( n.d. ) , cost per mileage for the electric car is $ 0.052 , and for fuel car is $ 0.08 .
+
+S Cost of the electric car EV1 , quoted from " EV1 Electric Car was CRUSHED by GM " ( n.d. ) was $ 25,000 , and for an average fuel car , said Bradsher ( 1996 ) was $ 20,000 .
+
+S Maintenance , which is the greatest nightmare for drivers , is priced at approximately $ 14,000 for 30,000 miles to change a new battery of the electric car , Jeffery ( 2009 ) said , while the fuel car cost around $ 6,334 for 40,000 miles , quoted from " lendingtree " ( 2007 ) .
+
+S By comparing the prices , it shows that more drivers will prefer choosing the fuel car , as partially because of the need to charge the electric car every 100 miles , while a fuel car go up to 1000km or more , as most drivers need to travel longer distances without visiting the petrol station that frequently .
+
+S If there are more users who use the fuel cars , it will hence increase pollution , not decrease even with the technology of electric cars .
+
+S One solution is to improve the design of electric cars such that it can run longer distance , with the same battery power .
+
+S This may in turn , interest drivers that this will be a better option , as fuel depletes one day , electric cars may become the better choice of transport , which will also saves the environment .
+
+S Lastly , with the slow speed of the electric car of 50mph quoted from " Pros And Cons Of Electric Cars " , critics think that it will be safer for the drivers and passengers , and accident rates can be reduced .
+
+S However this may not be true .
+
+S This is because , comparing the amount of fuel cars owned , to the amount of electric cars owned , electric cars are very low amount in ratio .
+
+S Hence there are more heavy fuel vehicles on the road that runs faster than electric cars .
+
+S This will increase risk and rate of accidents that may occur , as electric car which is slower may become a potential obstruction to the " faster " fuel cars , and if collision occurs , chances of electric car drivers getting severely injured is high because of the lighter body frame as discusses earlier on .
+
+S A solution is to design higher power output of the electric car such that it can travel faster speeds to be on par with current fuel vehicles such that it reduces the accident rates , hence increasing safety of the car .
+
+S In conclusion , there is a need to improve the electric car to increase safety and fully utilise its safety features .
+
+S For example , reinforcing its body frame with stronger materials , and increasing battery power capacities .
+
+S As time passes , the government is likely bound to increase fuel price , making fuel cars an unworthy choice .
+
+S But for now , as the technology is not readily available yet and fully safe , there is no reason to get an electric car .
+
+S As quoted from Audi 's president Johan that it is " a car for idiots .
+
+S "
+
+S References
+
+S Bradsher K. ( 1996 ) .
+
+S Average Car Price $ 20,000 ?
+
+S Not Quite , It Seems .
+
+S TheNewYorkTimes .
+
+S Retrived October 16 , 2009 , from http : //www.nytimes.com/1996/06/18/business/average-car-price-20000-not- quite-it-seems.html
+
+S Check out maintenance and gas costs before buying a car .
+
+S ( 2007 ) lendingtree .
+
+S Retrieved October 16 , 2009 , from http : //www.lendingtree.com/auto- loans/advice/buying-a-new-car/car-maintenance-and-gas-costs/
+
+S EV1 Electric Car was CRUSHED by GM .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 5 , 2009 , from http : //www.ev1.org/
+
+S FAQ - Costs .
+
+S ( n.d. ) Electro Automotive .
+
+S Retrieved October 16 , 2009 , from http : //www.electroauto.com/info/cost.shtml
+
+S Jacob G. ( n.d. ) .
+
+S How to Go Green : Cars .
+
+S Planetgreen .
+
+S Retrieved October 14 , 2009 , from http : //planetgreen.discovery.com/go-green/green-cars/green-cars- basics.html
+
+S Jeffery K. ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Electric cars cost equivalent to a gasoline car going 4 to 6.5 miles per gallon on battery costs .
+
+S behindhydrogen .
+
+S Retrived October 16 , 2009 , from http : //www.behindhydrogen.com/profiles/blogs/electric-cars-cost- equivalent
+
+S Marshall B .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S How Electric Cars Work .
+
+S Howstuffworks .
+
+S Retrieved October 4 , 2009 , from http : //auto.howstuffworks.com/electric-car.htm
+
+S Partha , T. ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Electric Cars Advantages - Disadvantages .
+
+S ezinearticles .
+
+S Retrieved October 16 , 2009 , from http : //ezinearticles.com/ ? Electric-Cars- Advantages---Disadvantages&id = 2288536
+
+S Pros And Cons Of Electric Cars .
+
+S ( n.d ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 5 , 2009 , from http : //www.squidoo.com/prosandconsofelectriccars
+
+S Rogers , E.M. ( 2003 ) .
+
+S Opinion leaders and mavens in the diffusion of electric cars .
+
+S In Diffusion of Innovations .
+
+S New York : Free Press , ( pp.87-89 ) .
+
+S In recent years , despite the contentious debate of using nuclear power to meet our ever-increasing energy needs , the world starts to consider nuclear energy as a future fuel source which is believed to be a more environmentally friendly fuel as compared to fossil fuels .
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has started|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
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+A 41 42|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , late in 2002 , GIF ( Generation IV International Forum ) announced the selection of six reactor technologies which they believe represent the future shape of nuclear energy .
+A 6 12|||R:WO|||Generation IV International Forum ( GIF|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:TENSE|||represented|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These were selected on the basis of being clean , safe and cost-effective means of meeting increased energy demands on a sustainable basis , while being resistant to usage of materials for weapons proliferation and secure from terrorist attacks ( US Department of Energy , 2009 ) .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this essay , I would present my argument to support further research and development funding for the Very High Temperature Reactor ( VHTR ) as opposed to the Supercritical Water Reactor ( SCWR ) , from the perspectives of security , performance and costs .
+
+S Firstly , proponents of SCWR claimed that the very high-temperature concept of VHTR reactor can be detrimental to safety if a loss-of-coolant accident ( LOCA ) occurs .
+
+S This means that if there is a break in the pipe , coolant will be lost and cause the reactor to heat up very quickly , resulting in the release of toxic gases and fission products into the environment .
+
+S However , this may be an unfounded concern in years to come when we consider the fact that the Korean and the US government have worked for the past three years on developing and validating advanced computational methods for simulating LOCA in a VHTR , in an attempt to prevent such an accident from happening ( Chang , 2006 ) .
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN:NUM|||governments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Proponents of SCWR also claimed that VHTR produced high volume of nuclear waste which can be a potential source of nuclear weapons for the terrorists .
+
+S However , this claim may not be entirely valid because the waste produced , though in high volume , is considered low-level ( low in radioactive content ) .
+
+S The fuel pebbles used in VHTR are also very 'durable ' in the sense that it is very difficult to extract the trapped fission products inside which rendered it a less favorable choice as a nuclear weapon .
+A 27 28|||R:VERB:TENSE|||render|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , it is important to note that VHTR is a much safer reactor also because the radioactive content of the fuel is contained even if the reactor reaches temperatures in excess of 500 ° C more than the normal operating temperature ( Norman , 2007 ) .
+
+S VHTR also adopts a passive safety feature in which in the event of an emergency , it does not require operator 's action to shutdown the plant safely .
+A 16 17|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , the fuel pebbles are coated with an impermeable layer of silicon carbide which would not rupture easily , and the plant is also equipped with a reaction vessel that is free of oxygen .
+
+S Both features prevent the occurrence of a fire .
+
+S Concern of graphite being an easily-combustible material is also addressed by experimental results that have shown that graphite can be heated to 'white-hot ' temperatures ( ~ 1650 ° C ) without incurring ignition or self-sustained combustion ( Lee , 2009 ) .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The concern|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There is also another design feature of VHTR that makes it a preferable choice of reactor over SCWR .
+
+S In contrast to SCWR which uses water both as the coolant and moderator ( a substance that control the fission process ) , VHTR uses helium and graphite as coolant and moderator respectively .
+
+S This means that if there is a leakage of water in SCWR , the plant will not be able to operate at all .
+
+S Next , VHTR has better performance than SCWR in three main aspects .
+
+S Firstly , in terms of burn-up rate of the fuel , for VHTR , it is possible to burn up to 65 % ( US Department of Energy , 2008 ) of its initial fuel as compared to SCWR which is capable of only burn up to 45 % of the initial fuel ( Buongiorno , 2003 ) .
+A 44 45|||R:VERB:FORM|||burning|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , due to the high operating temperature of VHTR , the large amount of heat produced can be used for many purposes , ranging from providing domestic energy supplies and refining crude oil , to providing energy for hydrogen production .
+
+S This is unlike SCWR which can only produce electricity .
+A 4 4|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hydrogen production , whereby the process is energy-intensive is important as hydrogen holds enormous promise as a power source for the future generation .
+A 3 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||an energy--intensive|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:OTHER|||process ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is also one point that makes VHTR a more economical plant than SCWR .
+
+S Lastly , VHTR uses graphite as the moderator , which according to nuclear experts , is an excellent moderator as compared to water which is used in SCWR ( Cogeneration Technologies , 2002 ) .
+
+S VHTR also uses helium gas as the coolant which is an inert gas .
+
+S Hence , the plant can be operated at high temperature without having to worry about corrosion of the plant pipes .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||temperatures|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is different from SCWR which uses water as the coolant and hence there is a possibility of pipe 's corrosion by water .
+A 5 5|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly , proponents of SCWR claimed that the construction cost of VHTR plant is much higher than SCWR due to its high operating temperature .
+A 5 6|||R:MORPH|||claim|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This would not be a valid claim if we consider the fact that VHTR is built to operate at a long life span of 60 years ( Lee , 2005 ) which is much longer than that of VHTR .
+
+S Hence , this makes it justifiable to spend more money to build VHTR plant .
+
+S In conclusion , I would like to reiterate my stand that VHTR is a better reactor design than SCWR in terms of safety , performance and costs , and hence funding should be given to support the research and development of VHTR .
+
+S Bibliography
+
+S Online Sources
+
+S Chang H. Oh .
+
+S ( 2006 ) Development of Safety Analysis Codes And Experimental Validation For A Very High Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor 16 Oct 2009 { http : //www.inl.gov/technicalpublications/Documents/3311061.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.inl.gov/technicalpublications/Documents/3311061.pdf ]
+
+S Cogeneration Technologies .
+
+S ( 2002 ) Very High Temperature Reactor .
+
+S 17 Oct 2009 { http : //www.cogeneration.net/Very_High_Temperature_Reactor.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.cogeneration.net/Very_High_Temperature_Reactor.htm ]
+
+S Dae Hwan Lee .
+
+S ( 2005 ) The safety characteristics of VHTR ( A Gen IV design ) .
+
+S 17 Oct 2009 { http : //nuclear.tamu.edu/ ~ burchill/609/Class % 2027/Lee % 20GEN % 20IV % 20safety ( VHTR ) .pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //nuclear.tamu.edu/ ~ burchill/609/Class % 2027/Lee % 20GEN % 20IV % 20safety ( VHTR ) .pdf ]
+
+S Jacopo Buongiorno .
+
+S ( 2003 ) Supercritical Water Reactor ( SCWR ) Progress Report for the FY-03 Generation-IV R&D Activities for the Development of the SCWR in the U.S. 18 Oct 2009 { http : //nuclear.inl.gov/gen4/docs/scwr_annual_progress_report_gen-iv_fy-03.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //nuclear.inl.gov/gen4/docs/scwr_annual_progress_report_gen-iv_fy-03.pdf ]
+
+S Paul Norman .
+
+S ( 2007 ) A new dawn for nuclear power .18 Oct 2009 { http : //physicsworld.com/cws/article/print/30344 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //physicsworld.com/cws/article/print/30344 ]
+
+S US { Department of Energy } [ HYPERLINK : http : //nuclear.energy.gov/genIV/neGenIV1.html ] .
+
+S ( 2008 ) DOE to Invest up to $ 7.3M for 'Deep-Burn ' Gas-Reactor Tech R&D .
+
+S 19 Oct 2009 { http : //energy.ihs.com/News/nuclear-power/2008/doe-deep-burn-reactor-rd-050708.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //energy.ihs.com/News/nuclear-power/2008/doe-deep-burn-reactor-rd-050708.htm ]
+
+S US { Department of Energy } [ HYPERLINK : http : //nuclear.energy.gov/genIV/neGenIV1.html ] .
+
+S ( 2009 ) Generation IV Nuclear Reactors .
+
+S 19 Oct 2009 { http : //www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf77.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf77.html ]
+
+S The Nuclear Funding Controversy
+
+S Nuclear technology has experienced several revolutions in the past fifty years .
+
+S The nuclear reactors currently in operation are Generation II and III reactors .
+
+S Generation II reactors were first developed in the 1950s , and were widely adopted in the following 40 years .
+
+S Generation III reactors , invented in the 1990s , are the most advanced in use nowadays ( Wallenius , n.d. ) .
+
+S However , after the concept of Generation IV reactors were raised by GIF in 2001 ( Butler , 2004 ) , whether governments should solely focus on current nuclear reactors or split the funding for the new generation has become a controversy .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:SVA|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
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+
+S In my opinion , governments should fund the Gen IV reactors , as they possess remarkable advantages in terms of safety , performance and costs relative to the old designs .
+
+S Some people claim that Gen II and Gen III reactors are safe enough for operation .
+
+S Despite the accident in Chernobly , Ukraine , which was mainly caused by man-made operating errors ( Chernobly accident , 2009 ) , no major accident occurred in the past two decades .
+A 26 26|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Compared with funding the Gen IV reactors , they think that governments should rather use the money to reinforce the safety of currently operating reactors .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||Rather than fund|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , malfunctions that had the risk of being disastrous happened from time to time .
+
+S For instance , in 2006 , part of the Forsmark-1 reactor in Sweden failed to start , almost resulting in a catastrophic meltdown .
+
+S A Belgian reactor experienced a similar problem in the preceding year ( Nuclear reactor safety , 2007 ) .
+
+S Such incidents imply that the potential risks of the Gen II and Gen III reactors can not be ignored .
+
+S The Gen IV reactors can significantly change this risky situation .
+
+S Take the VHTR reactor as an example .
+
+S In this new design , the fuel pellets used in nuclear reaction are fused in graphite pebbles and coated with ceramic layers which effectively prevent the radioactive materials from leaking .
+
+S In other words , no radioactive damage will occur even if there is a meltdown ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S Therefore , the Gen IV reactors are more reliable than the previous generations .
+
+S In order to achieve safer operating environment , government should fund the development of the Gen IV .
+
+S Opponents also argue that the Gen II and Gen III reactors have already achieved excellent performance , so it is not necessary to develop the new generation .
+
+S As a successful example , France obtains over 75 % of its electricity from nuclear power .
+
+S The low cost associated with nuclear energy has made France the largest electricity exporter .
+
+S Though the result appears favorable , this performance is only based on the short term effects .
+
+S Other factors should be included for a more objective estimation .
+
+S Gen II and III reactors produce high level radioactive wastes at a rate of 12000 tons per year around the globe .
+
+S These wastes take thousands of years to lose their activity , thus they are not environmentally friendly in the long term ( Radioactive wastes , 2001 ) .
+A 10 12|||R:PUNCT|||. Thus|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , the storage of the wastes is both money and labor consuming .
+
+S A repository built to store the wastes could cost up to $ 90 billion , like that in Yucca Mountain , US ( Tetreault , 2008 ) .
+
+S However , these problems can be solved using the Gen IV technology .
+
+S In one of its designs , VHTR , the used fuel pebbles can be automatically selected , and those with some life left are recycled ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S This process reduces the amount as well as the radioactive level of the final wastes .
+
+S Therefore , it will lead to more sustainable performance in the long term .
+
+S This advantage proves that it is worthwhile to fund the Gen IV technology .
+
+S Opponents also suggest that Gen IV reactors have no commercial benefits .
+
+S For example , building and testing a Gen IV nuclear plant costs about US $ 1 billion , which is a considerable investment ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S On the other hand , the cost of generating electricity from current nuclear reactors is already quite low ( 2.3 pence per kilowatt ) , which is competitive with other major sources ( The cost of generating electricity , 2004 ) .
+A 27 28|||R:ADJ|||comparable|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , it is not worth spending additional money funding the new designs .
+
+S However , a typical Gen II reactor can only operate at an efficiency of around 30 % , meaning that a large proportion of the energy is wasted .
+
+S But with the technology of Gen IV reactors , the efficiency can be improved to 45 % to 50 % due to extremely high operating temperature ( 1000 degrees Celsius ) ( Daniels , 2007 ) .
+A 14 15|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Numerically , this increase in efficiency can be reflected by a cut in costs of approximately 30 % for the same amount of electricity generated .
+
+S Moreover , the heat produced by the Gen IV reactors can be used to produce hydrogen from water or supplied to petrochemical industry ( The very-high-temperature reactor , n.d. ) .
+A 21 21|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The cogeneration and applications make the total efficiency even higher , thus further reduce the operating costs .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:FORM|||reducing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From these statistics , it is obvious that Gen IV reactors are more profitable in the long run compared to the old generations .
+
+S Thus , Gen IV reactors should be funded by the government .
+
+S Though the Generation II and III reactors have been maturely adopted in electricity generation , the drawbacks in their designs largely confine the potential power of nuclear energy .
+
+S In order to optimize its power to meet the increasing demand of electricity as well as to maintain long term sustainability , governments should fund the Generation IV reactors instead of the old generations .
+A 33 34|||R:NOUN|||generation ones|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature,429 , 238-240 .
+
+S Chernobly accident ( 2009 , April ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 18 , 2009 , from http : //www .
+
+S world-nuclear.org/info/chernobyl/inf07.html
+
+S Daniels , B. C. ( 2007 , October 8 ) .
+
+S America 's 'Next generation ' of nuclear reactors will operate using technologies developed by MUengineers .
+
+S Retrieved October 18 , 2009 , from http : //munews.missouri.edu/news-releases/2007/1008-Nuclear- Grant.php #
+
+S Nuclear reactor safety ( 2007 , January ) .
+
+S Retrieved November 1 , 2009 , from http : // www .
+
+S no2nuclearpower.org.uk/reports/Nuclear_Safety.pdf
+
+S Radioactive wastes .
+
+S ( 2001 , March ) .
+
+S Retrieved November 1 , 2009 , from http : //www .
+
+S world - nuclear .
+
+S org/ info/inf60.html
+
+S Tetreault , S. ( 2008 , July 16 ) .
+
+S Yucca Mountain cost estimate tops $ 90 billion .
+
+S Retrieved November 1 , 2009 , from http : //www.lvrj.com/news/25498919.html
+
+S The cost of generating electricity ( 2004 , February 13 ) .
+
+S Retrieved October , 18 , 2009 , from http : //www.raeng.org.uk/news/publications/list/reports/Cost_Generation_ Commentary.pdf
+
+S The very-high-temperature reactor ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 18 , 2009 , from http : //www.gen-4.org/ Technology/systems/vhtr.htm
+
+S Wallenius , J .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Retrieved November 1 , 2009 , from http : //www.neutron.kth.se/ courses/ GenIV/GenIVreactors.pdf
+
+S Solving the current energy crisis with nuclear power .
+
+S In the 21st century , one of mankind 's most pressing problems is the energy crisis .
+
+S Fossil fuels , being non-renewable , are being exhausted at a rate faster than it can be replenished .
+A 14 15|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , in order to solve the energy crisis we need to look for other sources of energy .
+A 9 9|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nuclear power is one such example of an energy source .
+
+S It is deemed to be much cleaner , greener and more effective than traditional fossil fuels .
+
+S This essay will address some issues concerning nuclear generators and other opposing viewpoints .
+
+S The main focus will be on a particular Generation-IV reactor , namely the Very-High-Temperature Reactor ( VHTR ) .
+
+S Nuclear power is an important source of energy for the future , hence more funding should be provided for research and development of nuclear reactors .
+A 11 13|||R:PUNCT|||. Hence|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the most common viewpoints against nuclear power is the fact that nuclear facilities are easily subjected to catastrophic attacks by terrorists ( Passero , 2006a ) .
+
+S The public is worried that nuclear waste or nuclear materials during transportation or storage could be stolen or sabotaged by terrorists .
+A 10 21|||R:WO|||could be stolen or sabotaged by terrorists during transportation or storage|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , this is hardly possible in real life .
+
+S Nuclear waste or nuclear materials meant for energy production is not suitable to be used as nuclear weapons ( European Physical Society , 2007 ) .
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , newer generation of reactors , like the VHTR , produces much less nuclear waste at terror-proof facilities ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , with these improvements in technology , we are able to minimize or even eliminate these security issues facing nuclear generators .
+A 19 20|||R:VERB|||concerning|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence more research and development should be put in to nuclear reactors .
+A 8 10|||R:ORTH|||into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The second issue that is of concern is the environmental effects brought about by nuclear power plants .
+
+S Concern has been raised about the nuclear waste being produced by nuclear power plants , and also the health effects on the workers or civilians living nearby .
+
+S People are worried about the radiation leaked from nuclear facilities or nuclear waste .
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:MORPH|||leaks|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , carbon dioxide , Chlorofluorocarbon ( CFC ) and radioactive isotopes are being released into the air and water by nuclear power plants ( Passero , 2006a ) .
+
+S Reprocessing of nuclear waste is also not effective as it is harder to process compared to uranium fuel ( Passero , 2006b ) .
+
+S All the factors mentioned above maybe true and hence put nuclear power plants in a bad light .
+A 7 7|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , it has also been proven that reprocessing nuclear waste cuts down greatly on the radioactive life of the waste .
+
+S ( European Physical Society , 2007 ) .
+
+S Hence , problems such as nuclear waste is harder to process can be solved with sufficient funding for research and development of nuclear power plants .
+A 11 11|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S At the same time , research can also be done to solve the problem of greenhouse gases and radioactive isotopes emission .
+
+S Therefore , it would be wise to spend more money on research to solve these problems in order to produce nuclear power .
+
+S The third factor that is of concern is costs .
+
+S It has been a known fact that nuclear power plants require high-start up costs .
+A 1 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Funds have to be inserted so as to support the high technology machinery and also create a safe environment with proper safety guidelines protecting the reactors .
+A 23 24|||R:OTHER|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , operating licenses have to be bought from the government , so as to ensure safe operation of the nuclear power plants .
+A 13 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , in order to fully support our energy needs , a lot more nuclear reactors have to be built around the world ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S However , once the basis infrastructure has been laid down , nuclear power turns in to a readily accessible and cheaply recoverable source of energy ( European Physical Society , 2007 ) .
+A 4 5|||R:MORPH|||basic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:ORTH|||into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , it would be able to last us a much longer time compared to fossil fuels .
+
+S Furthermore , with 4 of the 6 Generators-IV reactors being able to use reprocessed radioactive waste ( Butler , 2004 ) , it would be no surprise if nuclear power is able to last much longer than we expected .
+A 38 39|||R:VERB:TENSE|||expect|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , it would be logical to support the research and development of nuclear power plants .
+
+S Finally , the last issue would be on the performance of the nuclear reactors .
+
+S It is widely known fact that nuclear power is able to produce much more energy compared to traditional fossil fuels .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is simply due to the nature of nuclear fuel being to produce much more energy .
+
+S Hence , it would be unfair to compare the nuclear generators with traditional power plants .
+
+S In this case , comparison should be done between nuclear power plants and those of other renewable sources .
+
+S Similarly , nuclear power plants are superior as we can produce nuclear energy constantly whereas other sources are less predictable .
+
+S Furthermore , comparing the Generation-IV reactors with older nuclear reactors , the new reactors are much more efficient , some of them like the VHTR produce hydrogen at the same time ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+A 18 20|||R:PUNCT|||. Some|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , support should be given to develop nuclear power .
+
+S In conclusion , there is no one source of energy that will fulfill the needs of further generations .
+
+S Nuclear power will make an important contribution to our future energy needs together with other alternatives ( European Physical Society,2007 ) Hence , in order to produce nuclear energy more effectively and cleanly we must put in more support and funding for the research and development of nuclear reactors .
+A 21 21|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Butler,D. ( 2004 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn.Nature,429 , 238-240 .
+
+S Cothran,H. ( 2003 ) .
+
+S " Radioactive metal recycling endangers human health .
+
+S " Opposing viewpoints : Garbage and recycling .
+
+S Retrieved october 6 , 2009,from Opposing viewpoints resource center .
+
+S Gale .
+
+S Self-access english learning facility .
+
+S : { http : //find.galegroup.com/ovrc/infomark.do ? &contentSet = GSRC&type = retrieve&tabID = T010&prodId = OVRC&docId = EJ3010301223&source = gale&srcprod = OVRC&userGroupName = nusself&version = 1.0 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //find.galegroup.com/ovrc/infomark.do ? &contentSet = GSRC&type = retrieve&tabID = T010&prodId = OVRC&docId = EJ3010301223&source = gale&srcprod = OVRC&userGroupName = nusself&version = 1.0 ]
+
+S European Physical Society .
+
+S ( 2007 , November ) .
+
+S Energy for the future .
+
+S Retrieved september 30 , 2009 , from { http : //www.ecolo.org/documents/documents_in_english/Nuclear-general-EPS-08.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.ecolo.org/documents/documents_in_english/Nuclear-general-EPS-08.pdf ]
+
+S Passero , B .
+
+S ( 2006a ) .
+
+S " Nuclear energy is not the energy of the future .
+
+S " Opposing viewpoints : Energy alternatives .
+
+S Retrieved october 6 , 2009 , from Opposing viewpoints resource center .
+
+S Gale .
+
+S Self- access english learning facility .
+
+S : { http : //find.galegroup.com/ovrc/infomark.do ? &contentSet = GSRC&type = retrieve&tabID = T010&prodId = OVRC&docId = EJ3010220245&source = gale&srcprod = OVRC&userGroupName = nusself&version = 1.0 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //find.galegroup.com/ovrc/infomark.do ? &contentSet = GSRC&type = retrieve&tabID = T010&prodId = OVRC&docId = EJ3010220245&source = gale&srcprod = OVRC&userGroupName = nusself&version = 1.0 ]
+
+S Passero , B .
+
+S ( 2006b ) .
+
+S " Nuclear waste can not be handled safely .
+
+S " Opposing viewpoints : Energy alternatives .
+
+S Retrieved october 6 , 2009 , from Opposing viewpoints resource center .
+
+S Gale .
+
+S Self- access english learning facility .
+
+S : { http : //find.galegroup.com/ovrc/infomark.do ? &contentSet = GSRC&type = retrieve&tabID = T010&prodId = OVRC&docId = EJ3010220249&source = gale&srcprod = OVRC&userGroupName = nusself&version = 1.0 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //find.galegroup.com/ovrc/infomark.do ? &contentSet = GSRC&type = retrieve&tabID = T010&prodId = OVRC&docId = EJ3010220249&source = gale&srcprod = OVRC&userGroupName = nusself&version = 1.0 ]
+
+S U.S .
+
+S DOE Nuclear Energy Research Advisory Committee and the Generation IV International Forum .
+
+S ( 2002 ) A technology roadmap for generation IV nuclear energy systems .
+
+S Retrieved september 30 , 2009,from { http : //gif.inel.gov/roadmap/pdfs/gen_iv_roadmap.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //gif.inel.gov/roadmap/pdfs/gen_iv_roadmap.pdf ]
+
+S The most awaited Tata 's Nana car was finally unveiled at the Auto Expo 2008 .
+
+S It was a very proud moment for Tata as it was the cheapest car compared to all other cars found around the world ( Massey , 2008 ) .
+
+S The target of Tata was to make a car which most of the citizens in India can afford but it came out to be a big talk among car dealers too .
+
+S They were very much surprised by the unique design and were amazed by the stunning price .
+A 10 11|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It just costs about one lakh ( Rs 100,000 ) which is US2500 dollars ( Darukhanawala , 2009 ) .
+
+S Although it was a surprising package , both positive and negative arguments about the car were found at the Auto Expo 2008 .
+A 16 17|||R:VERB|||presented|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The main issue discussed was concerning safety .
+A 5 6|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There were mixed reviews concerning the safety of TaTa 's Nano among car dealers .
+
+S The big question raised was whether Tata 's Nano was safe to drive in normal roads or not .
+A 13 14|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So , my stand as a reviewer is that Tata 's Nano lacks safety .
+
+S There are three important reasons for my stand .
+
+S Firstly , the most important point is that it is not able to withstand high loads .
+
+S Tata claims that despite its low price and compactness , the Nano car is able to meet all Indian safety regulations .
+
+S They proof that it is able to withstand a crash on a solid steel bar at a speed of 48 km/h .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB|||prove|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides that Hichman , designer of Nano , explains that their target was to construct a modular body where structure was added to the base of the vehicle so that Nano will be able to meet the European safety regulations ( Schedel , 2009 ) .
+A 2 2|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , a test was even done at Motor Industry Research Association ( MIRA ) in the UK to proof their claim .
+A 19 20|||R:VERB|||prove|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although many supporting evidences were given by Tata , it is said that Tata made critical modifications specifically to meet the European and Indian test norms .
+A 1 2|||R:ADJ|||much|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||evidence|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So , the vehicle which is being sold in the market may not be the same as the one which went through the tests .
+
+S Besides that , Americans feel that the test was not sufficient as it was only done at a speed of 48km/h because many vehicles travel at much higher speed especially in highways ( Jenks , 2009 ) .
+A 21 21|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:ORTH|||Many|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:NOUN:NUM|||speeds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another thing to be considered is the warranty for the car .
+
+S Tata only provides warranty for a period of only 18 months which is much less compared to the other cars .
+A 1 2|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This implies that cheap material could be used not only in the interior but also in the exterior structure .
+
+S So , it is very clear that Tata 's Nano has poor crash resistance .
+
+S Secondly , the car lacks safety features .
+
+S It is a big surprise that Tata has just neglected some of the most important features like airbag , parking sensors , fog lamp and traction controls in their design .
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN:NUM|||lamps|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many who bought the car are complaining especially about the safety aspect of the car .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||aspects|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , a citizen of India has stated that there are not enough safety features and that the Nano is a very bad design ( Gangadharan , 2008 ) .
+A 7 8|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The designer of Nano claims that even designs such as a car without lights and doors were considered during the design process .
+
+S This really makes everyone feel that Tata 's main intention was to make a cheap car and the safety issue was not a big concern for them .
+
+S But their argument was that these features were not a necessity in Indian roads ( Massey , 2008 ) .
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , Tata should realise that the car is not only going to be sold in India but also going to be marketed in other countries .
+A 18 22|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So , if other countries are not willing to purchase the car because that it lacks safety features than it will be a big lose for Tata .
+A 13 14|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||then|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN|||loss|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thirdly , there are some flaws in the design .
+
+S Only one side mirror is found in the design ( Daily Mail , 2008 ) .
+
+S Tata should understand that it is not safe with only one side mirror .
+
+S Drivers will confirm have difficulties spotting the vehicles which are coming from behind and this may even lead to accidents .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||definitely|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides that the wheels looks small .
+A 2 2|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||look|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It seems that it lacks stability .
+
+S So , while travelling in slope or heavy traffic it could be dangerous .
+A 4 5|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||slopes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are also complains that the car is not comfortable .
+
+S The most important thing to be considered when designing a car is comfort .
+
+S The more comfortable the driver feels , the more easily he will find to drive the car .
+A 9 10|||R:MORPH|||easy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus the journey will be smooth and accidents could be prevented .
+
+S So , clearly it seems that there are some features that needs to be changed .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:SVA|||need|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To conclude , Tata 's Nano needs modification .
+
+S It would be better if tougher materials could be used , more safety features are added and some required changes are done to the current design .
+A 14 15|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These will really improve the safety aspect of the car .
+
+S Tata may argue that these will increase the price of the car .
+
+S But I strongly feel that those who want to purchase the car will not mind to pay a little more if it is going to provide a safer ride in the roads .
+A 15 17|||R:VERB:FORM|||paying|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S Darukhanawala A.J .
+
+S ( 2009 , July 29 ) .
+
+S Nano is a tough cookie .
+
+S Retrieved October 10 , 2009 from { http : //www.zigwheels.com/news/tata } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.zigwheels.com/news/tata ]
+
+S Daily Mail ( 2008 , January 15 ) .
+
+S World 's Cheapest Car .
+
+S Daily Mail Magazine .
+
+S Retrieved on October 10 , 2009 from { http : //tatanano.inservices.tatamotors.com/tatamotors } [ HYPERLINK : http : //tatanano.inservices.tatamotors.com/tatamotors ]
+
+S Gangadharan S.V. ( 2008 , March 5 ) .
+
+S Nano specification and features.Retrieved October 10 , 2009 from { http : //puchoo.wordpress.com/2208/01/10/nano-specifications-and-features } [ HYPERLINK : http : //puchoo.wordpress.com/2208/01/10/nano-specifications-and-features ]
+
+S Jenks E. ( 2009 , August 20 ) .
+
+S Tata Nano Car : Why is n't it available in North America ? .Retrieved October 10 , 2009 from { http : //www.nowpublic.com/tech-biz/tata-nano-car-why-isnt-it-available-north-maerica } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.nowpublic.com/tech-biz/tata-nano-car-why-isnt-it-available-north-maerica ]
+
+S Kurczewski N. ( 2009 , March 29 ) .
+
+S 2009 Tata Nano first drive.Retrieved October 10 , 2009 from { http : //www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/drives/firstdrives/articleId = 145186 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/drives/firstdrives/articleId = 145186 ]
+
+S Massey R. ( 2008 , January 10 ) .
+
+S World Cheapest Car.Retrieved October 10 , 2009 from { http : //www.mailonline.com } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.mailonline.com ] Princemarwaha ( 2009,April 26 ) .Total unsatisfaction.Retrieved October 10 , 2009 from { http : //www.carwale.com/research/readfulluserreview-rid-22945-sort-1-m-19834375 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.carwale.com/research/readfulluserreview-rid-22945-sort-1-m-19834375 ]
+
+S Schedel R. ( 2009,July 17 ) .
+
+S Crash test Tata Nano.Retrieved October 10 , 2009 from { http : //atzonline.com/index.php ; do = show/site = a4e/sid = 2235089434ac9843aef8ca } [ HYPERLINK : http : //atzonline.com/index.php ; do = show/site = a4e/sid = 2235089434ac9843aef8ca ]
+
+S A nuclear reactor is an apparatus that produces nuclear energy by performing nuclear reactions ( " Nuclear reactor , " 2009 ) .
+
+S The reactor has been invented because of the increasing demand for an alternative source of energy that can substitute crude oil .
+A 2 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:TENSE|||could|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nuclear reactors can produce cleaner and higher energy than the crude oil .
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , there is always an intention of the public to reject using nuclear reactors .
+A 12 12|||M:OTHER|||the idea of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The public is concerned about safety in the operation of nuclear reactors .
+
+S The disaster that happened at Chernobyl , Ukraine , in 1986 is one reason of the public 's anxiety .
+A 14 15|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the disaster , the nuclear reactor exploded and spread the radioactive debris across Europe .
+
+S As a result , thirty one people were killed in the disaster ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S Nonetheless , a VHTR ( Very-High- Temperature Reactor ) , which is one of the generation IV reactor concepts , has the technology to prevent the disaster by using helium as its coolant and by producing waste with low radioactivity .
+A 25 26|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The VHTR also can produce both electricity and hydrogen with a very efficient process , so the cost of running a VHTR will not be as high as other reactors in the long run .
+A 2 4|||R:WO|||can also|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||through|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the development of the VHTR should be supported .
+
+S First of all , opponents argue that helium , which is used as a coolant in the VHTR , could explode because of the high operating temperature and pressure of the reactor .
+
+S This argument may arise because of the lack of knowledge about the helium .
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Helium is , in fact , an inert gas .
+
+S Therefore , helium will not react with any material due to its stability ( Youchison , 1987 ) .
+
+S This is also why helium is widely used to fill blimps .
+
+S In addition , helium will not become radioactive as other coolants do when they are exposed to radioactive radiation .
+
+S Thus , helium is safe to use as a coolant in VHTR .
+
+S Secondly , opponents claim that an explosion may occur because the materials used for constructing the reactor are not strong enough to overcome both high operating temperature and pressure .
+
+S They argue that currently there is no existing material that can maintain the high operating temperature and pressure of the VHTR .
+
+S This is indeed true ; however , the ongoing HTTR ( High-Temperature Engineering Test Reactor ) project in Japan gives us a clue that it is not impossible to develop a new strong material in the future .
+A 4 6|||R:PUNCT|||. However|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Currently the HTTR has successfully overcome up to 950oC ( The U.S .
+
+S DOE , 2002 ) .
+
+S In other words , we already have materials that can stand 950oC .
+
+S The VHTR operating temperature is more or less 1000oC .
+
+S Thus , it is not impossible to find a new material that can stand 50oC more .
+
+S Thirdly , critics argue that the nuclear reactors are producing radioactive waste and this waste can harm the environment around the reactors .
+
+S It is true that the waste that contains high radioactive material , such as , plutonium , can affect the environment severely .
+
+S However , the waste of the VHTR is less radioactive than the other reactors .
+
+S The VHTR has high thermal efficiency and high fuel burn up .
+
+S This is why the concentration of the heavy metal radioactive matter in the VHTR waste is relatively low .
+
+S The waste of the VHTR will then go to a repository after being reprocessed and meeting the certain acceptance criteria ( Shropshire , 2004 ) .
+
+S In addition , the operation of the VHTR does not depend on the plutonium reprocessing , which is a controversial issue ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , the VHTR waste is much safer than the existing nuclear reactors .
+A 9 9|||M:OTHER|||that of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly , opponents claim that the cost of building a nuclear reactor is very high .
+
+S They say that the money that government spends on building the reactor can be used for other purchases .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is indeed true ; however , the cost of building a VHTR is in fact not as costly as the other generation IV reactors .
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||. However ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:ADJ|||high|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The total cost of building a VHTR is about US $ 670 M. It is much lower than the cost of building a Supercritical-Water-Cooled Reactor , the next more expensive reactor , which is about US $ 870 M. Moreover , due to its high operating temperature ( 1000oC ) , the VHTR can operate with a high efficiency to produce electricity .
+
+S Data show that the percent efficiency of the VHTR is more than 50 percent while other generation IV reactors range from 30 to 50 percent ( The U.S .
+
+S DOE , 2002 ) .
+
+S This means that the government will spend less money on fuel in the VHTR compared to the other generation IV reactors .
+
+S In addition , the hydrogen that is produced by the VHTR can be used in fuel cells .
+
+S Thus , by using this hydrogen , the government can reduce the cost of importing oil .
+
+S Therefore , in the long run , it is profitable to build the VHTR because it can produce both electricity and hydrogen with a very efficient process .
+A 22 23|||R:PREP|||through|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To conclude , in spite of claims that nuclear reactors are dangerous and costly , the VHTR with its improved design can overcome these issues .
+A 21 21|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The VHTR can produce electricity and hydrogen efficiently in a much safer way without producing hazardous waste .
+
+S Hence , the development of the VHTR should be supported .
+
+S References
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240 .
+
+S Nuclear reactor .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S In WordNet Search .
+
+S Retrieved October 17 , 2009 , from http : // wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn ? s = nuclear reactor
+
+S Shropshire , D. E. and Herring , J. S. ( 2004 ) .
+
+S Fuel-cycle and nuclear material disposition issues associated with high-temperature gas reactors [ Electronic version ] .
+
+S 15-16 .
+
+S The U.S .
+
+S DOE Nuclear Energy Research Advisory Committee and the Generation IV International Forum .
+
+S ( 2002 ) .
+
+S A technology roadmap for generation IV nuclear energy systems [ Electronic version ] .
+
+S Ten Nations Preparing Today for Tommorow 's Energy Needs , 22-52 .
+
+S Youchison , D. L. , North , M. T. , Lindemuth , J. E. , McDonald , J .
+
+S M. , and Lutz , T. J .
+
+S ( 1987 ) .
+
+S Thermal performance and flow instabilities in a multi-channel , helium-cooled , porous metal divertor module .
+
+S Amsterdam : Elsevier Science .
+
+S Retrieved from CAT.INIST : http : // cat .
+
+S inist.fr/ ? aModele = afficheN&cpsidt = 849696
+
+S Mention nuclear power and the general consensus are fear and rejection , and Chernobyl comes to their mind .
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Dirty power , they will say , and it is not worth the risk , despite ironically being much cleaner and powerful than the current fossil fuel-guzzling power plants .
+
+S However with the formation of the Generation IV International Forum ( GIF ) and its six new reactor designs , it is hoped that nuclear power can be tapped upon with full consent of the public .
+
+S These reactors , still in the designing and testing phase , excel in areas of sustainability , safety , economics and proliferation resistance ( Bouchard and Bennett,2008 ) , all which is specially intended to address all issues and challenges that nuclear power faces in a world combating the production of greenhouse gases but in the safest possible way .
+A 31 32|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 53 53|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Very High Temperature Reactor ( VHTR ) emerges from the six as one of the most promising and is currently being heavily researched on ; but is it worth the funds and efforts when safety concerns are still present and worse , unaddressed ?
+A 24 26|||R:PUNCT|||. But|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Or is the Lead-cooled Fast Reactor ( LFR ) design a better option ?
+
+S For its performance level , the operating core temperatures of the reactor is capable of reaching to an almighty peak of a 1000 ( Chapin , et al 2004 ) , figures that will not only raise questions about its viability as well as the safety measures in place for such a high amount of energy , since temperature is directly proportional to the energy level of a closed system .
+A 16 17|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And because of the heights in the Celsius scale , the materials used in the reactor can not be of regular quality , much less inferiority .
+A 25 26|||R:MORPH|||inferior|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The use of high temperature creates an extremely volatile and sensitive situation which on one hand raises output efficiency ( OECD Nuclear Energy Agency , 2000 ) , but also requires a precise state-of-the-art monitoring system that further increases the production prices .
+A 13 13|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Much effort will be needed to reassure the public about the operation of the nuclear plant if it is to be commissioned .
+
+S Throughout the six new reactors , they mainly differ only in their choice of coolant used in the system .
+A 0 1|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S VHTR , being a descendant of the Generation II gas-cooled reactor , uses helium gas .
+
+S While a tried-and-tested choice , it is puzzling as there are better coolants proposed among the new designs and yet not favoured .
+
+S Helium gas is abundant on the Sun 's atmosphere but only at trace level in Earth 's surface ( AIR LIQUIDE , 2009 ) .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||levels|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||on the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore its common extraction is from fossil fuels , so one can imagine our source of helium when the oil wells eventually run dry .
+
+S In addition , helium is not the only coolant that is chemically inert with the fuel ; molten lead is another viable option and yet plentiful in the Earth 's crust .
+A 24 25|||R:OTHER|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Last for but not least , gaseous coolants have low thermal transfer properties , hence requiring an intermediate heat exchange with a larger surface area ( Chapin , et al 2004 ) .
+A 1 2|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From the performance requirements , it becomes apparent that VHTR will eventually be a massive power plant , an outcome that is not favourable for developing countries which are in need of enhanced energy output for economic growth .
+
+S LFR on the other hand , is more suitable ; the relatively smaller scale of operation and hence energy output may be inferior compared to VHTR , but it is not feasible and unsafe for a large nuclear plant in a developing country where security and social unrest are issues .
+A 9 11|||R:PUNCT|||. The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S LFR is a more portable option , thus more resistant against terrorism and weapon conversion since it is too stable to become a destructive tool anyway .
+A 25 26|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Maintenance fees for VHTR will also be a tight spot to a growing nation , an area of concern which can be resolved by the use of LFR , which requires refueling once every 20 years .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN|||costs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even the cost of coolant is different ; every 100g of helium ( Elert , 2007 ) can fetch around the same price as 500g of lead ( MetalPrices.com , 2009 ) .
+
+S The system core temperatures of LFR can attain up to 500 ( Idaho National Laboratory , 2005 ) , almost 50 % lower than that of VHTR and present significant differences in the operations of the plants .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB|||reach|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even though thermal efficiency of LFR is lower , 43 % compared to up to 50 % for VHTR ( OECD Nuclear Energy Agency , 2000 ) , it is offset by offering a higher likelihood of reassurance to the public .
+
+S The use of low temperature means LFR can actually be built using the current technology , though some improvements may be needed .
+
+S Molten lead , compared to helium , is a superior and cheaper heat transfer medium and hence increasing the portability of the power plant by reducing the need for a large intermediate heat exchanger .
+A 15 15|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , LFR may not be as proficient in energy production when compared to VHTR , but it addresses critical issues that VHTR fails to achieve .
+A 26 28|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore LFR is a more suitable Gen-IV reactor .
+
+S References
+
+S AIR LIQUIDE ( 2009 ) The Gas Encyclopedia { http : //encyclopedia.airliquide.com/encyclopedia.asp ? GasID = 32 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //encyclopedia.airliquide.com/encyclopedia.asp ? GasID = 32 ]
+
+S Bouchard , J. , and Bennett,R. , ( 2008 ) Generation IV Advanced Nuclear Energy Systems .
+
+S Nuclear Plant Journal Sept-Oct. : 1-4 ( PDF version ) [ Electronic version ] { http : //www.gen-4.org/PDFs/NPJ_Vol26_No5_Generation_IV_Bouchard_Bennett_Sep-Oct_2008.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.gen-4.org/PDFs/NPJ_Vol26_No5_Generation_IV_Bouchard_Bennett_Sep-Oct_2008.pdf ]
+
+S Chapin,D. , Kiffer,S. , and Nestell,J. , ( 2004 ) The Very High Temperature Reactor : A Technical Summary MPR Associates , Inc. June 2004 { http : //www.mpr.com/news-and-publications/white-papers/very-high-temperature-reactor.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.mpr.com/news-and-publications/white-papers/very-high-temperature-reactor.pdf ]
+
+S Elert ,G. ( 2009 ) The Physics Fact Book Price of Liquid Helium 2007 { http : //hypertextbook.com/facts/2007/NadyaDillon.shtml } [ HYPERLINK : http : //hypertextbook.com/facts/2007/NadyaDillon.shtml ] Idaho National Laboratory - Nuclear Energy ( 2009 ) FY2005 Ten-Year Program Plan Appendix 4.0 - LFR 2005. : A4-3 - A4-17 { http : //nuclear.inel.gov/deliverables/docs/appendix_4.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //nuclear.inel.gov/deliverables/docs/appendix_4.pdf ]
+
+S MetalPrices.com ( 2009 ) Lead Prices from London Metal Exchange { http : //www.metalprices.com/FreeSite/metals/pb/pb.asp } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.metalprices.com/FreeSite/metals/pb/pb.asp ]
+
+S OECD Nuclear Energy Agency ( 2000 ) Gen IV International Forum Lead-cooled Fast Reactor .
+
+S { http : //www.gen-4.org/Technology/systems/lfr.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.gen-4.org/Technology/systems/lfr.htm ]
+
+S OECD Nuclear Energy Agency ( 2000 ) Gen IV International Forum Very-High Temperature Reactor .
+
+S { http : //www.gen-4.org/Technology/systems/vhtr.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.gen-4.org/Technology/systems/vhtr.htm ]
+
+S As the population 's reliance on technology advances and grows , a greater need for electricity energy to power these computer gadgets has since sparked an inevitably concern as many worry that fossil fuels , as being used over the years to generate electricity , are not sufficient enough to accommodate all the needs .
+A 26 27|||R:MORPH|||inevitable|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , global warming nowadays has been growing at an alarming rate , thanks partly to the excessive air pollution generated along by fossil fuels .
+A 4 5|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , a seek for higher efficient and safe energy supply is desperately needed and it is already on the agenda of all countries .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN|||search|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With this , nuclear power has since expanded to replace conventional fuels because of the higher efficiency it can provide to the world .
+A 0 3|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:ORTH|||Nuclear|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many concepts are reviewed to improve the already competent nuclear reactors and so far , generation IV reactor concepts are among those which stood up among the crowd that are worth developed .
+A 23 23|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 33|||R:OTHER|||developing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Personally , in my opinion , Very High Temperature Reactor ( VHTR ) is by far the best nuclear reactor concept to be chosen for funding of research and development .
+
+S One of the reasons why Very High Temperature Reactor is better for funding is because of its safety factor .
+
+S Safety factor is heavily considered because if accident occurs at nuclear reactor sites , it can result in massive releases of radioactivity .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore in this context , safety design in VHTR has been introduced to take care of all the uncertainties and accidents which might occur with the ultimate goal of protecting the environment and people from being exposed to radiological hazards of potential release from the nuclear power plants .
+
+S And it , by means , includes the development of passive heat removal systems , low power density and easily cool-able geometry .
+A 2 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Helium is used in the heat removal system as a coolant because it is an inert gas and it will not react chemically with any other material .
+
+S VHTR will also be equipped with graphite-moderated core with specific design optimizations .
+
+S The graphite has tiny pellets of uranium fuel encased in it and they will absorb heat without failing and releasing radioactivity .
+
+S As VHTR would be expected to operate at a very high temperature , all these are essential to prevent the reactor from being over-heated .
+
+S However some have argued that VHTR is unsafe as it is operating at a higher temperature and it would easily be the target of terrorist attack .
+A 25 27|||R:OTHER|||attacks|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since the terrorist attack on the World Trade Centre in New York on September 11 , 2001 , the risk of threats of terrorist attacks on nuclear facilities can not be regarded as negligible .
+
+S And some have also put doubts on the ability of passive heat removal system because if it fails to remove heats in the reactor , leakage of radioactive components will occur .
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||heat|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Certainly , accident disasters happened in Three Mile Island , Tokaimura and Chernobyl before should not ever repeat again .
+A 2 3|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 19|||R:OTHER|||never be repeated|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But , according to Forrest J. Remick , professor emeritus of nuclear engineering and a former associate vice president for research at Penn State , he claims that VHTR is safe and this concept has been demonstrated in several test reactors in the United States , Germany , China and South Africa .
+A 25 28|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore as all the tests have shown , the potential of leaking and being unstable during operation can be rendered as zero .
+
+S However , some experts have pointed out that if such high temperature is stimulated within a reactor , new hardy alloy may be necessary to protect the inside layer of the reactor .
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To get those alloys it would already cost millions .
+A 4 5|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S How about the construction cost of the entire power plant which is still unknown yet ?
+A 14 15|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , it is easier and cheaper to build other generation four nuclear reactors compared to VHTR .
+
+S For instance , for supercritical water-cooled reactor , it is relatively cheaper to build because it uses water as coolant instead of helium in VHTR .
+
+S So , the process of handling the phase change of helium to another state is not needed and this kind of simplification can largely reduce the cost .
+
+S When the cost is reduced , cheaper electricity can be provided to public .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But in term of performance , VHTR is a more efficient concept compared to others in generation four nuclear reactor concepts .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||terms|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even though it might proved costly at the beginning but it pays off well as it produces both electricity and hydrogen fuel instead of electricity only .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:FORM|||prove|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S High temperature processed in the reactor can be used as a condition to yield hydrogen from sulphur-iodine cycle , which is a series of thermo-chemical processes that will fail without sufficient source of heat .
+A 30 30|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hydrogen fuel produced can be used in vehicle as its onboard fuel .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||vehicles|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , as it is operating at higher temperature , it produces more electricity compared to the rest .
+
+S In conclusion , VHTR is a very promising energy system to provide us electricity and hydrogen cogeneration .
+
+S Current stage for VHTR development is just at the very beginning point .
+A 0 12|||R:OTHER|||Currently , VHTR development is in the early stages|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are enormous items left to do in order for this concept to success in future .
+A 13 14|||R:MORPH|||succeed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , more research and development should be carried out so that in future this concept can become the energy supply for everyone in this earth .
+A 23 24|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Bibliography
+
+S 1 .
+
+S World Nuclear Organization .
+
+S Aug. 2009 .
+
+S Generation IV Nuclear Reactors
+
+S 2 .
+
+S The Generation-4 Organization .
+
+S Mar .
+
+S 2009 .
+
+S 2008 GIF Annual Report ( PDF version )
+
+S 3 .
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear Power 's New Dawn .
+
+S Nature , Vol-429 , page 238-240 .
+
+S 4 .
+
+S The Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory 's ( INEEL ) Nuclear Energy : Powering the Future .
+
+S ( PDF version )
+
+S 5 .
+
+S Brian D. Hehr ( 2007 ) High Temperature Graphite Simulations Using Molecular Dynamics .
+
+S ( PDF version )
+
+S The Chernobyl nuclear accident , which occurred on 26 April 1986 , had resulted in massive radioactive fallout into the atmosphere that affected millions of people .
+
+S Because of the catastrophic effects of a nuclear accident , no nuclear reactor has been built since then .
+
+S However , as global warming is becoming a more pressing issue , we have now turned to nuclear reactor to provide us clean energy .
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Here comes the question on which generation IV nuclear reactor we should choose .
+A 0 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:ORTH|||Which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:PUNCT|||?|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although some have chosen lead-cooled fast reactor ( LFR ) over very-high-temperature reactor ( VHTR ) because of the various benefits LFR has over VHTR , there is some evidence that VHTR is much better than LFR .
+
+S Supporters of LFR claim that LFR is much safer than VHTR .
+
+S One of the main reasons on LFR being safer is LFR , which operates at around 550 degree Celsius , has a lower outlet temperature than VHTR , which operates at around 1000 degree Celsius ( Butler .
+A 5 6|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S 2004 ) .
+
+S It is believed that the higher the temperature , the greater the risk of a nuclear meltdown .
+
+S However , VHTR is designed to work at such a high temperature .
+
+S In VHTR , its graphitic core structure , helium coolant , and coated fuel particles allow VHTR to withstand high temperatures ( Chapin al te .
+
+S 2004 ) .
+
+S Thus , it is able to attain thermal stability .
+
+S In short , operating at 1000 degree Celsius is not much of a safety issue since VHTR is safe and reliable at high temperature .
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN:NUM|||temperatures|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , in terms of the coolant used by the two reactors , VHTR is safer than LFR .
+A 0 3|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:ORTH|||In|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S LFR uses lead as its coolant .
+
+S Lead is corrosive and may form polonium , which is a radioactive substance , when exposed to radioactivity ( Loewen al te.2003 ) .
+
+S With the presence of the radioactive polonium and the corrosiveness of lead , it is not safe to use lead as a coolant .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Given|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , VHTR uses helium , which is a chemically inert .
+
+S Thus , it reduces the safety hazards which can arise due to the corrosion and the irradiation of the coolant .
+
+S Supporters of LFR also maintain that LFR is much cheaper than VHTR .
+
+S In terms of cost to build the reactor , LFR cost around US $ 700 million ( Neil W. Brown .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:SVA|||costs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S 2006 ) while VHTR cost around US $ 1.1 billion ( Butler .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||costs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S 2004 ) .
+
+S In addition , in term of the cost of coolant , lead cost around US $ 0.24 per 100 grams ( MetalPrice.com ) while helium cost around US $ 5.20 per 100 grams .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||terms|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||costs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:NOUN:NUM|||costs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In terms of these two factors , LFR is much cheaper than VHTR .
+
+S However , there are other factors that will also affect the cost of operating the reactor , such as maintenance cost .
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||costs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , since VHTR is specially designed to operate under a very high temperature , it will produce hydrogen , which is a source of clean fuel .
+
+S With the economic production of hydrogen ( H2 ) by thermochemical cycles , it can reduce the maintenance cost for operating the VHTR .
+A 0 1|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The final argument advanced by the supporters of LFR is LFR perform much better than VHTR .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:SVA|||performs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Unlike VHTR , LFR will reprocess its nuclear waste .
+
+S Thus , LFR can use the nuclear reactant to its maximum before disposing it .
+
+S However , recycling of nuclear waste will result in the production of plutonium , which can be used as nuclear weapon ( Butler .
+A 18 19|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||weapons|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S 2004 ) .
+
+S In fact , United State has refrained from reprocessing of nuclear waste .
+
+S Hence , recycling of nuclear waste is not safe in term of security .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||terms|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , VHTR is more efficient than LFR .
+
+S It is because the higher the outlet temperature , the greater is the efficiency of electrical generation .
+A 11 12|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As VHTR is operating at a higher temperature , there is an efficient conversion of energy from heat to electricity .
+
+S From data , for the same amount of fuel , VHTR could squeeze 50 % more electricity compared to conventional plants ( Chapin al te .
+
+S 2004 ) .
+
+S Furthermore , VHTR produces hydrogen fuel that can be used to produce electrical energy .
+
+S VHTR generates electrical energy in two ways , from nuclear reactant directly and from hydrogen fuel .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , VHTR is safe because it is designed to attained thermal stability and it uses inert coolant , which is helium .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:FORM|||attain|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , it is cost effective because of its economic production of hydrogen .
+
+S Furthermore , it is also efficient because it is operating at a very high temperature .
+
+S Hence , it should be evident that VHTR works better than LFR in term of security , cost and performance .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||terms|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since VHTR is one of the better options among the generation IV nuclear reactors and it is feasible , we should invest and support in further research and development on VHTR .
+A 22 22|||M:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Bibliography
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240 .
+
+S ( 2009 , Oct 23 ) .
+
+S The Proliferation Resistance and Physical Protection Evaluation Methodology Expert Group Of the Generation IV International Forum ( 2006 , Nov 30 ) .
+
+S Evaluation Methodology for Proliferation Resistance and Physical Protection of Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems .
+
+S ( 2009 , Oct 23 ) .
+
+S { http : //www.gen-4.org/Technology/horizontal/PRPPEM.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.gen-4.org/Technology/horizontal/PRPPEM.pdf ]
+
+S Cogeneration Technologies ( 2002 ) .
+
+S Very High Temperature Reactor .
+
+S ( 2009 , Oct 23 ) .
+
+S { http : //www.cogeneration.net/Very_High_Temperature_Reactor.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.cogeneration.net/Very_High_Temperature_Reactor.htm ]
+
+S Chapin , D. Kiffer , S. Nestell , J .
+
+S ( 2004 , June ) .
+
+S The Very High Temperature Reactor : A Technical Summary ( 2009 , Oct 23 ) .
+
+S { http : //www.mpr.com/news-and-publications/white-papers/very-high-temperature-reactor.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.mpr.com/news-and-publications/white-papers/very-high-temperature-reactor.pdf ]
+
+S Brown , N.W .
+
+S ( 2006 , March 30 ) .
+
+S Options for an Early LFR Technology Demonstrator .
+
+S U.S Department of Energy ( 2009 , Oct 23 ) { http : //nuclear.inel.gov/deliverables/docs/early_lfr_option_rev4_1.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //nuclear.inel.gov/deliverables/docs/early_lfr_option_rev4_1.pdf ]
+
+S MetalPrice.com .
+
+S ( 2009 , Oct 23 ) { http : //www.metalprices.com/FreeSite/metals/pb/pb.asp } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.metalprices.com/FreeSite/metals/pb/pb.asp ]
+
+S Metallium , Inc .
+
+S Elements Product List .
+
+S ( 2009 , Oct 23 ) { http : //www.elementsales.com/pl_element.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.elementsales.com/pl_element.htm ]
+
+S Loewen , E.R .
+
+S Tokuhiro , A.T ( 2003 , May 9 ) .
+
+S Status of Research and Development of the Lead-Alloy-Cooled Fast Reactor .
+
+S Journal of NUCLEAR SCIENCE and TECHNOLOGY , Vol 40 , No8.p .
+
+S 614-627 ( August ) .
+
+S ( 2009 , Oct 23 ) { http : //wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp/aesj/publication/JNST2003/No.8/40_614-627.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp/aesj/publication/JNST2003/No.8/40_614-627.pdf ]
+
+S Next Energy VHRT
+
+S Energy has always been considered as the national strategy by most countries .
+
+S No one can stand on its own without the support of some kind of energy .
+
+S Nowadays , we use fossil fuel in most cases , because it is convenience and has low cost of production .
+A 13 14|||R:MORPH|||convenient|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But as the environment issues becomes a high-profile problems and under the situation that this kind of non-renewable resource will be ran out in the near future , people begin to seek some other methods that can support the world as before .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:SVA|||become|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:FORM|||run|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are beginning|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 42|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nuclear energy is one of the most promising energies which can take the place of fossil fuel .
+
+S Nuclear is now widely used in many countries and plays a more and more important role in the 21th century .
+A 1 1|||M:NOUN|||power|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Recently , according to survey nuclear power produces around 11 % of the world 's energy needs and could take more proportion in the future .
+A 0 2|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:ORTH|||According|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||a survey ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||a greater|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another piece of inspirational news is that the Generation VI nuclear reactors will be used in practice in about 10 to 20 years .
+
+S This new reactors operating at high temperatures will do improve the efficiency and safety .
+A 7 15|||R:OTHER|||are safer and more efficient|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S That 's why US , France and China have already planed to build the plant in order to occupy the dominating position in this new area .
+A 20 21|||R:MORPH|||dominant|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , among the six types of new reactors the Very High Temperature Reactor is the most appropriate for us to realize actually .
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||reactors,s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It may become the next major energy .
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||producer|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The VHTR , just as it name implies , the temperature needed is as high as 1000 ° C .
+A 5 6|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 13|||R:OTHER|||needs temperatures|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This reactor is a graphite-moderated , helium-cooled reactor with a once-through uranium fuel cycle ( studsvik ) .
+
+S VHTR can provide some outstanding features while the rests can not , or VHTR is an extremely high efficiency reactor with a good security guarantee .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||rest|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The VHTR system is highly ranked in efficiency not just because of its high nuclear production but also the large hydrogen production , and such kind of by product can also be used in many other industries .
+A 25 27|||R:OTHER|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The basic reason is that under such a high temperature , water can be electrolyzed smoothly , turning into hydrogen and oxygen .
+
+S For VHTR , water will be electrolyzed more fully compared with the other ones , so the hydrogen production is the largest .
+
+S Actually , according the report from DISCOVERY : VHTR plants could even produce hydrogen for fuel using high-temperature steam electrolysis , which breaks apart the bonds of water molecules ; this process is 50 percent more energy-efficient than existing hydrogen production methods .
+A 3 3|||M:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 31|||R:PUNCT|||. This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In 2005 the Department of Energy authorized INL to build a VHTR plant .
+
+S The prototype should be completed sometime between 2018 and 2021 ( New Tech Could Make Nuclear the Best Weapon Against Climate Change , Elizabeth Svoboda ) .
+
+S In addition , hydrogen is not the only by product , heat and electricity will also be generated during the nuclear processing .
+
+S The heat will be transferred to relevant nuclear reactions .
+
+S The electricity , of course , will be used as electric power , supplying to the society .
+A 12 13|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 17|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Base on the information form DISCOVER : The VHTR should produce electricity about 40 percent more efficiently than do most reactors in the United States ( New Tech Could Make Nuclear the Best Weapon Against Climate Change , Elizabeth Svoboda ) .
+A 0 1|||R:VERB:FORM|||Based|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Then we can conclude that actually the production of electricity is also very large indeed .
+
+S Yes , the efficiency of VHTR is really very high .
+
+S Considering the nuclear power it produces and the large amount of useful by product it generates , the VHTR should be thought highly of .
+
+S Nevertheless , the advantage of VHTR can not be confined to the aspect of efficiency , the high level of safety is another huge advantage over other reactors .
+
+S In term of safety , firstly , the design takes advantage of the inherent safety characteristics of a helium-cooled .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||terms|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Helium should be very stable and inert even under high temperature condition , so this kind of inert gas can protect the system during the refrigeration processing .
+A 26 27|||R:NOUN:NUM|||process|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , the graphite-moderated core with specific design optimizations can reduce the risk of using VHTR .
+
+S Numerous tests and calculations have shown that it is virtually impossible for the this kind of graphite become unstable , self-sustained combustion or incurring ignition will not happen during the process .
+A 17 17|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:PUNCT|||. Self-sustained|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thirdly , the VHTR has a safety characteristic of low decay heat .
+
+S That means low system pressure and low thermal energy will store in the core with low power density and easily cool geometry , then decay heat will be dissipated passively by conduction and radiation even under the most severe accident conditions. ( ...................... .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||be stored|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 22|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ) So the damage of the decay heat will less serious .
+A 9 9|||M:VERB|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The security of VHTR can be guaranteed , because of these three features that protect the system form collapsing .
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As we can see , the two major advantages efficiency and safety imply the VHTR should be a very promising and powerful nuclear reactor system .
+
+S Actually , it has some other wonderful features , for instance , its proliferation resistance and sustainability .
+
+S Both of them provide us benefit .
+
+S But thing is not always perfect , the cost of this reactor is very high and we still get some technology gaps for the VHTR , for example , chemical process and the nuclear heat source to each other with regard to temperatures , power levels , and operational pressure. ( .......... .
+A 1 3|||R:OTHER|||things are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 8|||R:PUNCT|||. The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB|||notice|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ) Though there 's still a long way to go before the accomplishment of VHTR , scientists and engineers will try their best to realize this great plan .
+
+S I believe the high efficiency and high level of safety VHTR will eliminate people 's dependence on fossil fuel one day , becoming the next generation energy !
+
+S For more than 20 years of evolution , medical robots are one of the great inventions in this modern technology driven world .
+A 0 1|||R:PREP|||After|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB|||have becomee|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the past , medical robots help the surgeons to diagnose the patients ' internal organs and perform minor surgeries .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||helped|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||surgerys|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But in recent years , due to the technology advancement on the medical robots , prototypes of these robots surgery systems are now able to perform more precise , accurate and complicated surgery , such as reaching for untouchable tissue , on the patients with the surgeons controlling them remotely .
+A 40 41|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , the surgeons are able to reduce their stress levels while performing surgery and the robotic surgery systems are able to maintain the stability of their arms for long hours of surgery .
+
+S However , there are many issues revolving about the use of the robotics surgery system with compare to traditional human operated surgery in the public .
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||around|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:FORM|||compared|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 26|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The first issue is that the public is concern about paying robotic surgery at high price .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:FORM|||concerned|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 16|||R:OTHER|||that robotic surgery will be expensive.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is the first thought that appears in their mind when they heard of such surgery for the first time .
+
+S However , this is true when it comes to medical fees especially surgery and it is even more expensive when compare with traditional one .
+A 5 9|||R:OTHER|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:FORM|||compared|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:OTHER|||methods|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Though this may be the only disadvantage that the patients are going to have but there are lots of advantages for them if they are willing to use medical robots to perform surgery .
+A 0 1|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " Patients experience less trauma , blood loss , risk of infection , scarring and pain .
+
+S Hospital stays are also generally shorter .
+
+S " This is quote from one article by Debra S. from Reuters .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:FORM|||quoted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another article from News week reported by Jennifer B. mentioned , " Forbes was walking within hours of his surgery and was discharged the next day .
+A 3 5|||R:OTHER|||Newsweek ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By midweek he was walking three miles daily .
+
+S In 10 days he was back at work .
+
+S After three weeks he was playing golf again .
+
+S " From these quotes , the advantages are definitely benefit the patients in many ways especially when the patients are able to go back to their normal daily life in shorter recovery time .
+A 3 12|||R:OTHER|||, we can see that patients are definitely benefiting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:OTHER|||within a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another issue is that the public concerns about the safety and reliability of the robotic surgery system , for example , the system breakdown in the process of surgery .
+A 0 7|||R:OTHER|||The public is also concerned|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:OTHER|||breaking down|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The doubt is unclear to the public and they are worried if this would have happen to them while performing surgery .
+A 0 8|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:ORTH|||They|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||R:OTHER|||during|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the public can rest assure for this matter because the hospitals have always been doing maintenance for the robotic systems .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:FORM|||assured|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the matter of fact , this is the biggest downside for having a robotic system for the hospitals .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||As a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There is an article by The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists mentioned " The system costs hospitals about $ 1.6 million and requires an annual $ 100,000 maintenance contract , according to Dr .
+A 0 2|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:ORTH|||An|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Advincula .
+
+S " " Da Vinci system costs $ 1.4 million and annual maintenance costs of $ 100,000 with a lifespan of five years .
+
+S " Another article added .
+
+S This shows that the hospitals always have engineers around to maintain the robotic systems regularly to prevent any failure from happening .
+
+S The last issue for the public is concern that the surgeons are not well trained with controlling the robotic surgery systems .
+A 3 8|||R:OTHER|||of public concern is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is agreeable to concern with whereas the patients are putting their lives on the hands of the surgeons .
+A 2 19|||R:OTHER|||a valid concern as the patients are placing their lives in the surgeons ' hands|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the public , especially the patients , do not required to worry for this issue , as there is robotic surgery training center available in Singapore to train the surgeons .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB|||need|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:PREP|||about|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The surgeons are responsible for proper training and follow training standards for using the equipments .
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||equipment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The surgeons are encouraged to have more practices before attempt on the patients .
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||operating|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " The more you do , the better you 're going to get , said Dr Kevin Zorn " quote from Reuters article by Debra S .
+A 19 27|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In brief , with the advancement of medical technologies , the robotic surgery systems are definitely benefit both the patients and the surgeons .
+A 14 15|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S While the patients are able to recover quickly and back to their normal lifestyle , the surgeons are able to perform more surgery as they spend lesser time on each patient and required fewer manpower in the operating theater .
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||return|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:ADJ:FORM|||less|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:VERB:TENSE|||require|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:ADJ|||less|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In my opinion , in these modern technologies in medical equipments , for example , robotic surgery system , help to extend the lifespan of one human being .
+A 4 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||R:OTHER|||systems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the public should not fear of the robotic surgery and should give confident and trust to the surgeons and the technologies they are using .
+A 7 8|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||confidencet|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S * Manda S. ( 2009 , January 12 ) .
+
+S Medical Technology Has Reached New Heights With The Da Vinci Surgical Robot .
+
+S Bright Hub .
+
+S Retrieved from HYPERLINK " http : //www.brighthub.com/health/technology/reviews/4266.aspx " http : //www.brighthub.com/health/technology/reviews/4266.aspx
+
+S * Debra S. ( 2009 , September 18 ) .
+
+S Safety , Training Standards Lacking for Increasingly-Popular Robotic Surgery .
+
+S Reuters .
+
+S Retrieved from { http : //www.insurancejournal.com/news/national/2009/09/18/103863.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.insurancejournal.com/news/national/2009/09/18/103863.htm ]
+
+S * Ted G. ( 2007 October ) .
+
+S Ochsner Named Robotic Surgery Training Center .
+
+S Louisiana Medical News .
+
+S Retrieved from { http : //www.louisianamedicalnews.com/news.php ? viewStory = 1034 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.louisianamedicalnews.com/news.php ? viewStory = 1034 ]
+
+S * Jennifer B .
+
+S ( 2005 , December 4 ) .
+
+S Medical progress is measured in many ways .
+
+S As robotic surgery comes of age..... A look ahead .
+
+S News week .
+
+S Retrieved from { http : //www.theehealth.com/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.theehealth.com/ ]
+
+S * ( 2009 , May 6 ) .
+
+S Robotic Surgery Gains Traction in Gynecology .
+
+S The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists .
+
+S Retrieved from { http : //www.acog.org/from_home/publications/press_releases/nr05-06-09-2.cfm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.acog.org/from_home/publications/press_releases/nr05-06-09-2.cfm ]
+
+S * Girish G. ( 2007 , September 23 ) .
+
+S Robotic surgery : India is not ready yet .
+
+S Indian Journal of Urology .
+
+S Retrieved from { http : //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi ? artid = 2721597 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi ? artid = 2721597 ]
+
+S * ( 2008 , October 28 ) .
+
+S $ 7 million gift for NUHS advanced surgery training center .
+
+S Newshub .
+
+S Retrieved from { http : //newshub.nus.edu.sg/headlines/1008/astc_28oct08.php } [ HYPERLINK : http : //newshub.nus.edu.sg/headlines/1008/astc_28oct08.php ]
+
+S Further Research and Development Funding for VHTR is needed
+
+S The industry of the nuclear power is reviving in the 21st century .
+A 1 6|||R:OTHER|||nuclear power industry|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In 2001 , the Generation IV International Forum ( GIF ) came up with six new concepts for generation IV reactors .
+
+S Among these , a concept called " Very-high-temperature reactors " ( VHTR ) was widely accepted and respected .
+
+S However , the accidents of reactor meltdown and explosion that happened in the past makes the public worried about the safe operation of the nuclear reactors .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:FORM|||made|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Chernobyl disaster is a classic example which happened in 1986 at Chernobyl in Ukraine .
+
+S The nuclear reactor core exploded and killed more than 30 people immediately and also spoiled the environment from then on ( Grigori , 1989 ) .
+
+S Whether it is necessary for the further research and development funding for VHTR therefore becomes a big issue that is being widely discussed .
+A 14 14|||M:VERB|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A number of oppositions are aroused to stop the funding for the six generation IV reactor concepts because of not only the security risk but the inefficiency and the great cost as well .
+A 4 6|||R:VERB|||were raised|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Despite such concerns and queries , however , the new concept of VHTR does reach the public 's requirement in terms of safety , efficiency and cost , and the further research and development funding for it is definitely needed for resolving the energy crisis and also developing new materials and techniques .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB|||meet|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some opposing views suggest that VHTR can not ensure safety .
+
+S They probably assume that all nuclear reactors must have great possibility to cause disasters .
+
+S However , this is not the fact .
+
+S The VHTR concept makes use of a helium-cooled , graphite-moderated core with specific design optimizations ( Futterer , 2006 ) .
+
+S As it is well-known , the helium , which is used for cooling , has inherent safety characteristics to enhance the security of the whole reactor system .
+A 0 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:ORTH|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , it largely reduces the possibility to cause explosion or other accidents .
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||explosions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The VHTR system , if successful , will prevent most accidents to occur .
+A 11 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , a few oppositions raise doubts on the efficiency of the VHTR system 's performance .
+
+S Theoretically , the new concept of VHTR can be so efficient that it can produce 50 % more electricity than the conventional plants .
+
+S Practically , Japan has already put the concept of VHTR into tests and has been successful ( Kazuhiro , 2005 ) .
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||through|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the efficiency of performance must be proven from more different kinds of researches and tests .
+
+S From this point of view , the further research and development funding is also needed .
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Finally , many people are worried about the high cost of establishing such kinds of the VHTR systems .
+
+S This may be true , but the value the VHTR system can raise and the benefit it will obtain can not be ignored .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB|||rise|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:TENSE|||obtained|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , the VHTR system can largely contribute to easing the energy crisis that is widely spread all over the world , which could save a large amount of financial budgets .
+A 22 31|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As Butler ( 2004 ) mentioned , the very high temperature reactors can be used to split hydrogen from water thermochemically , which can meet the need for hydrogen fuel of the future .
+
+S As the energy crisis becomes worse , the energy demand will cause US nation 's oil imports by 78 % without a proper method to convert water into hydrogen .
+A 0 29|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the VHTR system has the positive potential of reducing the rising rate of the oil fuel and resolving the problem of the energy shortage .
+
+S In addition , the VHTR system has a perfect design for the waste recycling .
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The fuel used in the VHTR system is uranium dioxide or uranium carbide pellets called TRISO fuel .
+
+S It is difficult to remove the product because the pellets are durable , and this design discourages weapon proliferation , which makes the waste easy to concentrate and recycle .
+
+S ( Stanley , 2007 ) According to the figure given in Butler 's journal , the VHTR system produces no waste because it goes directly to repository .
+
+S Hence , such a design for the waste recycling can reduce the cost for the waste processing .
+
+S Furthermore , a number of researches are needed to develop the VHTR system , including new materials such as heat resistance , and new techniques such as temperature control .
+A 2 7|||R:OTHER|||more research is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:MORPH|||resistant|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:NOUN|||ones|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Once these researches have been done , it is not only the VHTR system will benefit , but also many other industries .
+A 1 3|||R:OTHER|||this research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 16|||R:OTHER|||not only would the VHTR system benefit ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the great value and benefit from developing the concept of VHTR is far more than the high cost it requires .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is necessary for the further research and development funding for VHTR .
+
+S In conclusion , in terms of safety , efficiency and cost , the new concept of VHTR is the best design and the first choice for the nuclear industry .
+
+S The development of the VHTR system will not only benefit the fuel industry , resolve the energy crisis , but also encourage the development of new heat-resistant materials and temperature controlling techniques .
+
+S Therefore , the funding for the research and development of the VHTR concept is needed .
+
+S References :
+
+S * Butler , D. ( 2004 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240 .
+
+S * Medvedev , G. ( 1989 ) .
+
+S The Truth About Chernobyl ( 1st American Edition ) .
+
+S NY : Basic Books .
+
+S * Futterer M.A. ( 2006 ) .
+
+S RAPHAEL : The European Union 's ( Very ) High Temperature Reactor Technology Project .
+
+S Retrieved October 7 , 2009 , from { http : //www.raphael-project.org/events/conf/ICAPP06/6037_final.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.raphael-project.org/events/conf/ICAPP06/6037_final.pdf ]
+
+S * Stanley D. H2 ( 2007 ) Infrastructure : Is Nuclear Power the Answer ?
+
+S Hydrogen Forecast .
+
+S Retrived January 11 , 2007 , from { http : //www.hydrogenforecast.com/ArticleDetails.php ? articleID = 332 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.hydrogenforecast.com/ArticleDetails.php ? articleID = 332 ]
+
+S * Kazuhiro SAWA ( 2005 ) , · ( Research and development Plan for advanced High Temperature Gas Cooled Reactor Fuels and Graphite Components ) .
+
+S Retrived October 8 , 2009 from { http : //jolissrch-inter.tokai-sc.jaea.go.jp/pdfdata/JAERI-Tech-2005-024.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //jolissrch-inter.tokai-sc.jaea.go.jp/pdfdata/JAERI-Tech-2005-024.pdf ]
+
+S The first generation of nuclear reactors has been built in 1950 .
+A 6 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since then , continuous researches have been done to produce a better generation of nuclear reactors .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are 436 active nuclear power plants in the world and 53 nuclear power plants are under construction .
+
+S Nuclear power plants represent more than 70 percent of our non-carbon generated electricity and consist of 17 % of our world total energies consumption .
+
+S The benefits and usages of nuclear power plants are undeniable .
+
+S Not to mention , nuclear power plants have been widely deployed in many leading countries in the world such as United States , Japan , and China which use the nuclear power plants as one of their main power sources to propel energy industry .
+A 0 4|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:ORTH|||Nuclear|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 42|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The usages of the nuclear power plants are widely recognized and they are being integrated as part of those countries ' promising energy sources .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||usage|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nuclear energy is the most concentrated source in terms of energy generation .
+
+S One kilogram uranium can release the same amount of energy as that released by 2400 tons of standard coal .
+A 2 2|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Its good alternative as an energy source not only reduce green house effects , but also helps in solving the problems of limited supplies of coal and oil .
+A 0 28|||R:OTHER|||It is a good alternative energy source which not only reduces the greenhouse effect,but also helps solve the problems of limited fossil fuels|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For countries with limited natural resources , nuclear power plants serve as a dependable energy source .
+
+S According to the report from GIF ( Generation IV International Forum ) , tripling the number of nuclear power plants worldwide to 1000 plants could avoid the production of 1 billion tons of carbon emission per year by 2055 .
+
+S Nuclear power source has been deemed to be a promising energy source in the future .
+A 2 3|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the nuclear leak incidents happened in the past few decades in countries such as Three Miles Island , Pennsylvania , Chernobyl in Ukraine , and Bhopal in India have posted doubts on the reliability of the nuclear reactors .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:VERB|||posed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " It is unlikely that we can meet our aggressive climate goals if we eliminate nuclear power as an option .
+
+S However , before an expansion of nuclear power can be considered , key issues must be addressed including : security of nuclear fuel and waste , waste storage , and proliferation .
+
+S " Obama said in his energy plan that addressing certain key issues are needed before deciding to build more nuclear plants .
+
+S In response to this , the creation of the Generation IV International Forum ( GIF ) came into being .
+
+S It is an organization formed by 9 leading countries in the world which consists of Canada , China , Euratom , France , Japan , Republic of Korea , South Africa , Switzerland , and United States .
+A 12 12|||M:PUNCT|||:|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The organization tries to resolve security issues posted by the current nuclear reactors .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB|||posed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S 100 international experts from GIF and other world leading nuclear power plant research centers have gathered themselves to find the most promising nuclear systems .
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||together|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This led to the proposals of the six Generation IV Systems which offer the most promising performance , in terms of sustainability , proliferation resistance and physical protection , safety and reliability , and cost .
+
+S The six Generation IV Systems are being designed to counter the problems faced by the current nuclear reactors .
+
+S These state-of-the-art nuclear reactors will be able to minimize nuclear wastes and reduce the long-term stewardship burden posted by traditional nuclear reactors .
+A 17 18|||R:VERB|||posed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They have integrated safety design and back-up system to prevent accidents due to human errors and carelessness , therefore reducing the likelihood and degree of vector core damage .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||systems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides that , the new designs will have a much better life-cycle cost advantage over other energy sources .
+
+S The most important thing is that , they will not be an attractive route for diversion or theft of weapon-usable materials .
+
+S The physical protection of the new nuclear reactors will also prevent the act of terrorism .
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||acts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The six Generation IV Reactor are revolutionary designs of nuclear reactors .
+
+S Out of the six proposals posted in the Generation IV Reactor , Very- High-Temperature Reactors ( VHTR ) stands out for its potential capability to achieve an excellent thermal performance .
+A 5 6|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is the only reactor that is researched by all the partner countries in GIF .
+
+S It is technically realizable and technologically well established by vendors and national laboratories .
+
+S The great breakthrough in the researches also suggests that the VHTR does not require intermediate refueling , therefore eliminates the likelihood of accidents .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:FORM|||eliminating|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The reactor operates by using a high temperature exchanger and electrical heater to avoid efficiency penalty and to enable the generation of electricity and hydrogen at the same time .
+A 17 18|||U:VERB:FORM||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It was also known that the ultra-long life VHTR systems can be developed with the use of minor actinides ( MA ) .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||iss|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Generation IV Reactor will be established after 2030 .
+
+S With today 's high demand of energy sources , one can say that nuclear energy is an inevitable energy source in the future to come .
+A 20 21|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 25|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S REFERENCES
+
+S Policy 36.12 ( 2008 ) : 4323-4330. Business Source Premier .
+
+S EBSCO .
+
+S Web .
+
+S 15 Oct. 2009 .
+
+S Shatilla , Youssef A .
+
+S " A very high-temperature reactor self-sustainable oasis concept .
+
+S " International Journal of Nuclear Desalination 2.2 ( 2006 ) : 193-204. Business Source Premier .
+
+S EBSCO .
+
+S Web .
+
+S 15 Oct. 2009 .
+
+S Herranz , L.E. , J.I .
+
+S Linares , and B.Y .
+
+S Moratilla " Power cycle assessment of nuclear high temperature gas-cooled reactors .
+
+S " Applied Thermal Engineering 29.8/9 ( 2009 ) : 1759-1765. Business Source Premier .
+
+S EBSCO .
+
+S Web .
+
+S 16 Oct. 2009 .
+
+S Abram , Tim , and Sue Ion " Generation-IV nuclear power : A review of the state of the science .
+
+S " Energy Policy 36.12 ( 2008 ) : 4323-4330. Business Source Premier .
+
+S EBSCO .
+
+S Web .
+
+S 16 Oct. 2009 .
+
+S Many people mistakenly equate nuclear power to nuclear weapons although , in fact , they are in basically different categories .
+
+S Nuclear power , for a long time , has been one of the most useful inventions that serve the people .
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:TENSE|||served|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Going along with the world 's development , the Generation IV International Forum , which has the attendances of the ten nations mastering in nuclear power , has introduced the six new reactor concepts ( " Nuclear power 's new dawn , " 2004 ) .
+A 0 8|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:ORTH|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 19|||R:OTHER|||was attended by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:VERB|||specialising|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of them , the Molten Salt Reactor has a prospective application though there are several objections with respect to safety , cost and performance .
+A 8 8|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The first opinion that opposes the building of nuclear plants is the people 's fear of danger .
+
+S Some think that nuclear plants emit radioactive waste into the environment , which may cause both pollution and genetic mutation ; others are afraid of the safety system , meaning the plants are easy to explode .
+A 32 36|||R:OTHER|||might explode easily|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These thoughts are due to the history of some nuclear accidents , for example , the meltdown of a nuclear plant at Three Miles Island in Pennsylvania .
+
+S However , nuclear power as well as the new Molten Salt Reactor system , in fact , is more safety and useful .
+A 18 20|||R:OTHER|||safer|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to Declan Butler ( 2004 ) , the Molten Salt Reactor system mainly uses fluoride salts , which also belong to heat-and corrosion-resistant materials , as coolant , which can operate for a very long time and also be safe and reliable .
+A 38 40|||R:OTHER|||is also|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The salts can keep the reactor 's temperature at around 700 oC , which is acceptable in comparison with the others .
+
+S One advanced benefit from this system is its low pressure so that the reactor wall can handle good protection .
+
+S Another advantage from nuclear power is its green emission .
+A 2 3|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Current nuclear plants ( known as Generation III ) and also future ones emit only hot steam while other electricity producers like coal plants pollute the environment with CO2 and SO2 .
+
+S In short , the Molten Salt Reactor system is safe to operate and friendly to the environment .
+
+S Some people relate nuclear plants to buildings for research rather than for producing electricity , and the cost for producing is high .
+
+S In fact , among other Generation IV Reactors as well as electricity generators , the Molten Salt Reactor seems to be the cheapest way to produce electricity power .
+A 27 28|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is because the coolant ( molten salts ) is cheap and recyclable .
+
+S Molten salts can be easily found in nature , and the purification technology used for them is simple and less costly than , for instance , lead-bismuth , sodium and helium .
+
+S Osman Kemal Kadiroglu ( 2006 ) noted that the cost for the same amount of power produced by nuclear plants is cheaper than any other power generation technologies .
+
+S He compared them in term of the availability to build , cost to produce power and area of land occupied .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||terms|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , the cost ( in US dollar ) for fuel used per Megawatt-hour energy is $ 5 for nuclear and $ 11 for coal plants ( " The Virtual Nuclear Tourist , " 2005 ) .
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||dollars|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A nuclear plant can be built on any place , which does not require natural resources .
+A 6 9|||R:OTHER|||anywhere|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Other sources of energy need natural resources to operate : swift water flow for dams , strong blast for wind turbines , sun beam for solar panels .
+
+S Hence , their availability to build up is limited .
+
+S Besides , land used for a nuclear plant is less than other alternatives .
+
+S Solar or wind power need a lot of land to produce a same amount of energy .
+A 11 12|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Performance is one of the most concerned factors that people often prefer to dams or solar panels .
+A 10 18|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But nuclear power , especially the Molten Salt Reactor system , should be ranked as the first ( " Ranking Power : Scorecards Electricity Companies , " 2004 ) .
+
+S The power , an amount of energy generated in a unit of time , of a nuclear plan is highest among the others' .
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN|||plant|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As Roger ( 2007 ) stated in his statistic data , the average amount of energy generated per hour of varies among kinds of plant : average 4000 MW for nuclear , 1000 MW for coal or oil-fired and 700 MW for hydroelectric generating stations .
+A 8 9|||R:MORPH|||statistical|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From these numbers , it is obvious that the performance of nuclear plants is sufficient enough to support the consumption of a large population , which helps the lack-of-natural-resources nations be independent of coal or oil import .
+A 15 16|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 30|||R:OTHER|||nations lacking in natural resources|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Particularly , the power output of the Molten Salt Reactor system includes both electricity and hydrogen , which can also be used for other purposes .
+
+S In short , the cheap material , additional product ( hydrogen ) and high performance ( property of nuclear power ) make the Molten Salt Reactor system as well as nuclear power most efficient .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , nuclear power is safety , clean and effective , which most of people seem to forget .
+A 6 7|||R:MORPH|||safe|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the cheap , safety , recyclable , low pressure , having-additional-produce and high performance properties of the Molten Salt Reactor system , it is one of the most potential electricity generators for the future .
+A 4 5|||R:MORPH|||safe|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Work cited
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240 .
+
+S Osman Kemal Kadiroglu .
+
+S ( 2006 , March 16 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power vs. coal burning .
+
+S Retrieved October 14 , 2009 , from http : //en.allexperts.com/q/Nuclear-Power-2462/Nuclear-Power-vs-Coal.htm
+
+S Roger G. Steed .
+
+S ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Nuclear Power in Canada and Beyond .
+
+S Canada : General store Publishing House .
+
+S The Virtual Nuclear Tourist .
+
+S ( 2005 , December 20 ) .
+
+S Cost Comparison for Nuclear vs. Coal .
+
+S Retrieved October 14 , 2009 , from http : //www.nucleartourist.com/basics/costs.htm
+
+S Wina Graus , Monique VoogtJan & Willem Langeraar .
+
+S ( 2004 ) .
+
+S Ranking Power : Scorecards Electricity Companies .
+
+S Retrieved October 14 , 2009 , from http : //www.worldwildlife.org/climate/Publications/WWFBinaryitem4919.pdf
+
+S Lead Cooled Fast Reactor Versus Sodium Cooled Fast Reactor
+
+S One of the Achilles ' heels of nuclear power plants is the dangers of radioactive radiation leakage to the environment .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||danger|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Areas around such power plants become environmentally hostile to human and wildlife health .
+
+S Unfortunately for nuclear power plants , the Chernobyl nuclear incident has convinced the public to not support nuclear plants .
+
+S However , the government is pushing for a new generation IV technology that is safer and ensures that the Chernobyl event does not happen again .
+
+S Generation IV nuclear reactor plants promises higher redundancy , higher efficiency , better safety features than its predecessors .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:SVA|||promise|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The main objective in this new technological research is to search for cost effective and sustainable solutions to nuclear power ( Hejzlar,2005 ) .
+
+S In this essay , we shall discuss the advantage of Lead cooled Fast Reactor ( LFR ) over Sodium cooled Fast Reactor ( SFR ) on the aspects of safety , cost and performance .
+A 4 5|||R:PRON|||I|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The LFR has better safety features compared to SFR .
+
+S The element sodium has a low boiling point of 1156 Kelvins , compared to lead 's higher 2023 Kelvins , which is dangerous it becomes overheated and starts to boils ( Hejzlar , 2009 ) .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Kelvin|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Kelvin|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:PREP|||because|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:VERB:FORM|||boil|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the event of an unprotected total loss of power , the LFR 's core is able to passively quickly cool down , due to its low pressure drop and simple coolant design ( Tucek , 2005 ) .
+
+S Compared to the SFR , it has a high pressure drop and thus its temperature would increase dangerously beyond its boiling point .
+
+S Additional safety devices have to be implemented ( Hejzlar , 2009 ) .
+
+S On another note , the low reactivity and inertia of lead allows safe removal of fuel if the fuel rod pins fail during installation .
+
+S On the other hand , lead can become radioactive and therefore harmful to life during refueling when the lead is exposed .
+A 10 10|||M:VERB|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S While research is being done to control the lead 's radioactivity , it is assuring that refueling is done every 8 years in large plants and every 15 years in smaller plants .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB|||reassuring|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The risk of radioactive leakage is therefore minimal over its span of usage .
+
+S Cost has become a very important criterion in the world today ; in this case , the LFR fits the bill very well .
+A 11 13|||R:PUNCT|||. In|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Considering the economics of scale , the cost of building materials such as steel and concrete will increase significantly , hence the size of nuclear plant has become a consideration .
+A 2 3|||R:MORPH|||economies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The LFR 's smaller core and lesser required cooling systems , such as the omission of an intermediate cooling link , saves significant building costs as compared to SFR .
+
+S In fact , the lead/bismuth-cooled SVBR-75/100 is the cheapest to build amongst other types of fast reactors .
+
+S ( Hejzlar , 2009 ) Furthermore , it costs less per kWh of electricity compared to SFR .
+
+S Another strong advantage is the scalability of LFR that allows it to be used in developing and hard to reach places , for instance , Africa .
+
+S ( Tucek , 2005 )
+
+S On the contrary , the research on the use of pure lead instead of a lead-bismuth cooling agent may outweigh the economic benefits of LFR .
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is also important to note that if SFR 's research on the reactivity of sodium is successful , a better cost saving SFR power plant can be built ( Zhao , 2009 ) .
+
+S Also , the SFR is projected to launch 10 years earlier than LFR .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||be launched|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For the time being , LFR has the advantage of having to cost less today .
+A 10 13|||R:VERB:FORM|||costing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The performance capability of LFR does not disappoint .
+
+S LFR do not require maintaining high pressures in the core unlike SFR .
+
+S Also LFR has better fuel efficiency than SFR as LFR has lesser specific power , 45kW/kgHM compared to 65kW/kgHM of the SFR .
+A 11 12|||R:MORPH|||less|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Tucek , 2005 ) .
+
+S On the other hand , SFR does have some good points .
+
+S Sodium is four times more effective as a cooling agent than LFR , because of its better thermal hydraulic properties .
+
+S ( Tucek , 2005 ) .
+
+S Furthermore , SFR has better net efficiency than LFR , 46.2 % versus 34.6 % for the latter .
+
+S SFR has been the mainstream for nuclear power plants in the past years and therefore more familiar and accepted .
+A 14 14|||M:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However research is needed to prove the capability of sodium in high temperatures , as it has a low boiling point , which will result in a complex design .
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All in all , the overwhelming advantages of LFR as a future implementation of the new generation IV nuclear plant , proves that it is better than the SFR in all of the above aspects .
+
+S Therefore , we should push for development of LFR nuclear power plants .
+
+S References
+
+S Tucek K. , Carlsson J .
+
+S & Wider H. ( 2005 ) , COMPARISON OF SODIUM AND LEAD-COOLED FAST REACTORS REGARDING SEVERE SAFETY AND ECONOMICAL ISSUES ,13th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering in Beijing , China .
+
+S Craig F. S. , et al .
+
+S ( 2009 ) , SSTAR : The US lead-cooled fast reactor ( LFR ) , Journal of Nuclear Materials .
+
+S Retrieved October 14 , 2009 , from National University Singapore E-library .
+
+S Hejzlar , P. , et al .
+
+S ( 2009 ) , Cross-comparison of fast reactor concepts with various coolants , Nuclear Engineering and Design .
+
+S Retrieved October 14 , 2009 , from National University Singapore E-library .
+
+S Zhao H. H.,Zhang H.B. & Mousseau V.A. , Per F. Peterson ( 2009 ) , Improving SFR economics through innovations from thermal design and analysis aspects , Nuclear Engineering and Design , Retrieved October 14 , 2009 , from National University Singapore E-library .
+
+S Generation IV International Forum , Lead-Cooled Fast Reactor , Retrived October 14 , 2009 , from Generation IV international Forum website : http : //www.gen-4.org/Technology/systems/lfr.htm
+
+S According to statistics provided by the World Coal Institute , the remaining coal and natural gases reserves will only be able to last us for around 122 years and 42 years respectively .
+
+S Due to vast development and urbanization in both developed and developing nations , these resources are rapidly depleted to generate electricity in power plants .
+
+S Henceforth , to meet the world 's energy needs , scientists are re-addressing the potential benefits from harnessing power through nuclear reaction , in which uranium is splitted to release energy .
+A 0 1|||R:ADV|||Hence|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:SPELL|||split|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Very High Temperature Reactor ( VHTR ) based its operations on the concept of generating electricity through such a process .
+
+S As a result of operating at a very high temperature , 900 degree Celsius , the VHTR functions at 50 % higher thermal efficiency which allows it to generate more electricity .
+
+S Moreover , the processed heat that the nuclear reactor produces can also be used in other industrial areas such as hydrogen production , water desalination and the treatment crude oil ( Jacques , 2008 ) .
+A 28 28|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Despite the apparent benefits from harnessing energy through VHTR , the public continues to harbor doubts over the reliability and effectiveness of this technology .
+
+S Environmentalists claim that green energy such as solar , wind and hydro energy are the trusted technologies which we should focus our research and funds on in meeting the increasing energy needs .
+
+S While it is understandable that such technologies are everlasting , cheap and clean to adopt as resources used are free and renewable and the processes do not emit any harmful materials into the environment , we notice that these technologies can not be readily implemented throughout the world .
+
+S This is because they rely heavily on weather conditions which vary drastically according to location and time or may be even unpredictable at times .
+
+S On the other hand , with its simple design and high efficiency , it is fairly cheap to build and operate the VHTR .
+
+S The VHTR can be built anywhere on an empty plot of land .
+
+S The fact that uranium is also widely available in ample supply is in contrast with the trend of the rapidly depleting coal and natural gases reserves .
+A 14 15|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Henceforth , nuclear power has limitless potentials for us to look into and the cost of its usage is fairly cheap .
+
+S Anti-nuclear activists believe that as the waste from nuclear processes are being recycled to retrieve unused uranium , plutonium , a key ingredient of advanced nuclear weapons is also being separated and recovered .
+
+S In addition , the leftover waste is radioactive in nature and if not handled properly , it creates pollution and poses great threat to the ecosystem of the world .
+A 16 17|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Their concerns are valid but with the advancement in nuclear technology , the VHTR is able to counteract these effects .
+
+S Firstly , the VHTR does not recycle its leftover from the nuclear reaction ; instead , the waste is being discarded at the end of the nuclear process .
+A 13 16|||R:OTHER|||. Instead|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , plutonium is not recovered .
+
+S Secondly , new forms of reprocessing radioactive waste are being researched and developed to shorten their half-lives ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S This means their hazardous effects will only be short-lived .
+
+S Lastly , despite conventional beliefs that nuclear power causes pollution , the truth is that the VHTR actually produces less carbon emission as compared to power plants fueled by coal or natural gases .
+
+S Its effects on global warming are less prominent .
+
+S It can be seen that the usage of the VHTR is in fact environmentally friendly and responsible to the society .
+
+S In response to the mounting threat of terrorism , country leaders are concerned with the security and safety aspects of nuclear plants .
+
+S They are afraid that if terrorists are to sabotage these nuclear plants , their act will lead to a catastrophic disaster which will affect the nation 's economic and social health being .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 33|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to Thinkquest , their worries are not unfounded as the lapse in safety of nuclear reactors led to two devastating nuclear accidents which happened on Three Mile Island , Pennsylvania , in 1979 and at Chernobyl in Ukraine in 1986 .
+
+S To prevent the repeat of past events , the VHTR has enhanced safety features and components1 that do not rely on sophisticated backup systems or experienced operators to function .
+
+S In the event of an accidental power trip or a planned sabotage , the VHTR is able to cool itself with minimal or even zero human intervention .
+
+S Therefore , the VHTR is 'meltdown proof ' and it provides maximum safety and reassurance .
+
+S To conclude , nuclear energy is relatively cheap , environmentally and socially responsible and safe to use .
+A 13 13|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Most of the participating nations and organizations of the Generation IV International Forum are supportive of this new technology and they have pooled US $ 500 million over the next 5 years to fund its further research and development ( Jacques , 2009 ) .
+
+S It is imperative for us to accept and embrace this new form of technology in order to meet the world 's increasing energy demand .
+
+S References Butler , D. ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240 .
+
+S World Coal Institute ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Coal Statistics .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //www.worldcoal.org/resources/coal-statistics/
+
+S Jacques , B .
+
+S ( 2008 ) Generation IV Advanced Nuclear Energy Systems .
+
+S Nuclear Plant Journal .
+
+S 26 ( 5 ) , p. 3 .
+
+S Jacques , B .
+
+S ( 2009 ) Energy Focus .
+
+S A New Generation of Nuclear to Lead the Way .
+
+S pp 85-87 .
+
+S Thinkquest ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Nuclear Disasters and Accidents .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //library.thinkquest.org/17940/texts/nuclear_disasters/nuclear_disasters.html
+
+S An accident is often an unintended action which results in vast effects .
+
+S One example will be the Chernobyl disaster which occurred in 1986 during a non-routine operation .
+
+S There was a sequence of events that caused the explosion of reactor number 4 that led to the release of radioactive fission products to atmosphere .
+A 24 24|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This resulted in many deaths , including those that died from the accident , those firefighters and majority from those attributed to radiation .
+A 8 9|||R:PRON|||who|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 21|||R:OTHER|||who were exposed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Chernobyl.info ) There were a number of reports published that summarized this accident , concluding that the sequence of events was due to human error and design faults .
+
+S There are arguments that the lack of knowledge of the operators and the technical failure of equipments could not be solved with the application of psychology .
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||equipment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , it seems otherwise since psychology is a study of human mental or behavior .
+A 11 13|||R:OTHER|||the human mind|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This incident occurred during a non-routine operation to test ability of turbine , in times of power failure , to produce sufficient power .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For that , all backup systems were switched off to avoid disturbance .
+
+S One main factor that resulted in the explosion was the activating of the emergency button by operators .
+
+S The operators were inadequately trained .
+
+S They did not know that with the activation of the button , there will be a sudden surge of power before dropping reactivity .
+
+S It is thus argued that psychology may not be helpful in this case as the behavior of the operators is beyond the control of the design engineers .
+
+S However , considering the mentality of the operators , it was logical for them to do so since it was meant as an emergency action .
+
+S This shifted the responsibility to the design engineers .
+
+S A successful designed process is one that is foolproof .
+
+S The behavior of operators should be anticipated and thus engineers could have reduced the complexity of task by providing short and efficient procedure guidelines .
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The failure to do so showed that the engineers have overestimated operators ' knowledge of the process .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Wilpert.B , 2007 ) In other words , it is unfair to blame the operators as unskilled or inexperience when accidents happened .
+A 16 20|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 24|||R:OTHER|||happen|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , the testing of limits of the reactor was not a routine operations , thus the lack of knowledge to react is considerable and should be anticipated and counteracted .
+
+S Even so , many still think that psychology may not come in handy to prevent accidents from happening , especially when it is technical faults .
+A 13 14|||R:PART|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:FORM|||preventing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:OTHER|||due to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the Chernobyl case , the positive coefficient of the reactor is one major technical fault .
+
+S This characteristic will cause reactors to be unstable at low power level .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||levels|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It was due to the instability of the reactor that there was this rapid power increment resulting in explosions .
+
+S ( Engineering.com ) Despite this dangerous feature , engineers still chose this type of reactor as they deemed it as the best choice .
+
+S Another fatal technical fault is the chosen design of the control rods .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These control rods will cause a sudden surge in power before reducing reactivity .
+
+S It was thus argued that psychology is not useful as engineers were aware of the consequences but there was no better solution .
+
+S While it may be true that there was no better choice with the level of technology then , the engineers could have improved the designs .
+
+S According to Wolfgang Botsch , a similar error with the positive coefficient of the reactor had already occurred in Lithuania in 1983 .
+
+S However , sadly , this experience was not passed down to the design crew of Chernobyl .
+
+S Therefore , it is not right to say that the reactor was the best choice to be used in the plant .
+
+S If they had adopted the use of psychology , they might have review safety records of that type of reactor in the industry before deciding on it .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:FORM|||reviewed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , the typical approach by the engineers to find solutions often starts with a fixed plan with the application of their knowledge .
+
+S However , in this process , there may be partial failures in the system which the engineers failed to identify and thus unable to improve safety of the system .
+A 21 21|||M:VERB|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , a systematic thinking is recommended , where engineers constantly analyze one 's own approach and decisions so as to make corrective actions to improve the safety of whole system .
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB|||take|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN:NUM|||action|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 29|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By doing so , we are adopting the path of feedforward control of safety .
+
+S Such is preferred than making corrections only after accident occurred .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It will be too late .
+
+S This evaluation is also part of psychology application , where the mistakes from the engineers are reduced as much as possible to safeguard the complex high hazard system .
+
+S ( Wilpert.B , 2007 )
+
+S It should be evident that psychology plays a huge role in the design process in order to ensure the safety of the system .
+
+S A serious disaster is usually caused by a series of events such as the case with Chernobyl .
+
+S After the incident , corrective actions are done but these are feedback controls of safety .
+
+S The path of feed forward control of safety should be adopted instead .
+
+S This emphasizes much on the use of psychology in the design process .
+
+S Engineers should anticipate the end users ' behavior , reducing the complexity of the system while implementing safety measures .
+
+S With that , the disaster could have been prevented .
+
+S Why design safety should not be compromised in Skycar
+
+S Men have always wanted to fly freely since the realization of aeroplane , therefore , being able to travel great distances with freedom of route and comfort has since been the aim of the transportation industry .
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||R:PUNCT|||. Therefore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Back in 1940 , Henry Ford , chairman of Ford Motor Company , said , " Mark my words , a combination airplane and motor is coming .
+
+S You may smile , but it will come .
+
+S " ( Moller , 2008 ) In year 2008 , the prototype of Skycar , priced at over US $ 3million , was invented and put on sale via the auction site , eBay ( Techchee , 2007 ) .
+A 7 8|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Its developer , Moller International regarded the invention as the future of transport .
+
+S Being able to take-off and land vertically with very little noise , it soon attracted the attention of not just the US Army but also rich businessmen who can rely on it to travel to different places at ease ( Yahoo , 2009 ) .
+A 28 29|||R:VERB:TENSE|||could|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 38|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many factors have contributed to the costly figures of owning a Skycar .
+
+S However , should its design safety be compromised so as to balance out the other factors like performance , cost , environment and social requirement or needs ?
+A 8 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:MORPH|||environmental|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Safety is regarded as the most important factor in designing a vehicle ( SYL , 2006 ) .
+
+S On September 29th , 2009 , car manufacturing giant , Toyota Motors announced to recall 3.8million Toyota and Lexus vehicles due to a safety issue that resulted in the death of a family of 4 ( Post Chronical , 2009 ) .
+
+S From this incident , we can see the importance of safety and that it can not be tolerated .
+
+S Motorists consider performance as an important factor when purchasing a vehicle .
+
+S However , other interested buyers may think safety comes first .
+
+S Although it may be true that redundant safety systems can be removed and the Skycar still remains safe for usage but when accident happens , no one can ever be too safe .
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||will still remain|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides that , the loss of life and the cost of safety systems which could have prevented the accident can not be compared .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , the cars used in Formula One are much more heavily equipped with safety features since the death of driver , Ayrton Senna da Silva in 1994 , where his car was already very much equipped with safety precautions during his accident .
+A 30 31|||R:OTHER|||though|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since then , no one else has died in Formula One Races .
+
+S Some enthusiasts have voiced out that it is simply too costly to own a Skycar .
+A 3 5|||R:VERB|||remarked|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Equipped with 8 engines , 4 main and 4 for emergency , the Skycar stays on flight even if any engine fails .
+
+S This feature is just one of the many expensive systems that elevated the cost of the Skycar .
+
+S However , money spent on safety should not be counted in terms of figures but in terms of benefits .
+
+S If the benefit is to save a live , it is likely that anyone is willing to pay any amount .
+
+S Safety of bystanders is also considered where design safety is concerned .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The safety|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Skycar has its engine and fans enclosed in nacelles to prevent injury to bystanders .
+
+S Equipped with auto-releasing parachute , it allows enough time for bystanders to evacuate when the vehicle fails .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the year 2005 , of the 43443 people killed in vehicle accidents in the US , more than 5000 were innocent bystanders ( Stats , nd ) .
+A 1 3|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , paying more to get a vehicle with sufficient safety features is important not just to the owner , but also to the surrounding environment .
+
+S Some consumers commented that the structure and shape of the Skycar should be modified as it looks weird and seems to be out of logic .
+A 19 26|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , do these people know that the structure of the Skycar is designed to provide the best aerodynamic stability ?
+
+S Although the designers modified the airfoil at the expense of rising it 's cost , if the vehicle were to be less stable , will the consumer still be interested in the product ?
+A 10 11|||R:VERB|||raising|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From various examples and historical facts , we can safely say that most consumers will not purchase a product that does not have safety features that are up to standard .
+
+S Therefore , where design safety is concerned , it is of the utmost importance .
+
+S The Skycar has since passed it flight test and awaiting its approved from the Federal Aviation Administration to be recognised as commercial vehicle .
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:MORPH|||approval|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the market of such vehicle grows , mass production is likely to take place which will in turn lower its cost price .
+A 3 4|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In near future , we should be able to purchase one at the price of a regular car .
+
+S References
+
+S Moller International ( 2008 ) Official website , Quotes and Technonology Retrieved October 19 , 2009 , from { http : //www.moller.com } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.moller.com ]
+
+S TechChee.com Archive .
+
+S ( Nov , 2007 ) Development of Moller M400 SkyCar at risk of being discontinued ?
+
+S Retrieved October 19 , 2009 , from { http : //www.techchee.com/2007/11/21/development-of-moller-m400-skycar-at-risk-of-being-discontinued/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.techchee.com/2007/11/21/development-of-moller-m400-skycar-at-risk-of-being-discontinued/ ]
+
+S Yahoo Finance , Canada ( Oct , 2009 ) Moller International Skycar Could Let Army Do More in Afghanistan with Fewer Soldiers Retrieved October 19 , 2009 , from { http : //ca.news.finance.yahoo.com/s/08102009/34/biz-f-business-wire-moller-international-skycar-army-afghanistan-fewer-soldiers.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //ca.news.finance.yahoo.com/s/08102009/34/biz-f-business-wire-moller-international-skycar-army-afghanistan-fewer-soldiers.html ]
+
+S SYL.com ( Jan , 2006 ) Vehicle Safety Important to Consumers Retrieved October 19 , 2009 , from { http : //www.syl.com/motor/vehiclesafetyratingsimportanttoconsumers.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.syl.com/motor/vehiclesafetyratingsimportanttoconsumers.html ]
+
+S Post Chronical ( Sept , 2009 ) Toyota Recall ; 3.8 Million Vehicles Need Important Safety Fixes !
+
+S Retrieved October 19 , 2009 , from { http : //www.postchronicle.com/news/original/article_212259005.shtml } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.postchronicle.com/news/original/article_212259005.shtml ]
+
+S Stats at CarAccidents.com ( 2008 ) Fatal Car Accidents Statistics Retrieved October 19 , 2009 , from { http : //www.car-accidents.com/pages/fatal-accident-statistics.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.car-accidents.com/pages/fatal-accident-statistics.html ]
+
+S The rapid development of countries and expansion of population have created a world of increasing unable to meet the demand of energy.Additionally , fossil fuel is criticized as the main contributing factor for green house gas effect .
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||that is increasingly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As such , there is a pressing need to search for alternative renewable forms and energy which is comparative more eco-friendly and highly effective .
+A 18 19|||R:MORPH|||comparatively|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In such context , nuclear energy created by using the Generation IV ( Gen IV ) reactor is able to replace for fossil fuel that is believed to be the main cause for global warming .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:DET|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One such reactor is the Very High Temperature Reactor ( VHTR ) which can " supply electricity and process heat to a broad spectrum of high-temperature and energy-intensive processes " .
+
+S Some may argue , with skepticism , that the safety issues of this reactor is still imminent and hence , nuclear power should not be supported .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , in my opinion , on the whole , the benefits gained from VHTR will far exceed the problems created .
+
+S Some opponent raise the doubt of the performance of VHTR .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||opponents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have raised|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||doubts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , VHTR has proven itself as a high-efficiency system .
+
+S First , VHTR is performed under very high temperature , therefore allowing for more efficient conversion of heat to electricity .
+A 3 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||performs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:ADV|||thereby|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , Butler ( 2004 , p. 238 ) reported that it " could squeeze 50 % more electricity from the same amount of fuel compared with other conventional plants " .
+
+S Besides , VHTR can also be used to split hydrogen from water thermo-chemically .
+
+S Nowadays , there is an increasing demand for energy due to fast economic development , thus we need a power generator method that would be sustainable in the long term .
+A 14 16|||R:PUNCT|||. Thus|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:MORPH|||generation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Actually , fossil fuel is also possible but with the spike of in energy consumption in the past few decades , fossil fuel is predicted to deplete by 2040 .
+A 11 12|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:VERB:TENSE|||be depleted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , the fossil fuel 's emission of carbon dioxide which contributes to soaring green house gas would not happen with nuclear power .
+A 10 10|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:NOUN|||levels|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In short , I believe that with further research , the efficiency of the nuclear power can be increased , making it potential as our energy resource in the future .
+A 22 22|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 25|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some skeptics feel that the building of VHTR is a risky investment , complaining that VHTR is expensive source of energy , hence infeasible .
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:ADJ|||unfeasible|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Yet , although the fixed cost of building is high , it is myopic to merely look at the short run cost while neglecting the long run benefit .
+
+S Due to low maintenance , the fixed cost would be lower in a near future time .
+A 12 13|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Zheng L. reported that China is planning to install nuclear power capacity of 86 gigawatts by 2020 , up nearly 10 fold from the capactity it had by the end of 2008 .
+
+S The fact that China , one the world largest consumers of energy , is willing to spend high proportion of money for this project show the foresee long run benefit that nuclear power can bring about , especially since Chinese government has been always very pragmatic .
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:SVA|||shows|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 39|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The final argument advanced by the opponent is that while high temperature makes electricity and hydrogen production easier , it also poses a threat of explosion .
+
+S For example , two incidents-an accident in 1979 in which the reactor core lost coolant and partially melted , and the 1986 catastrophe in which a reactor exploded and released radioactivity into the atmosphere ( Sandra M ) greatly increased concerns about the safety of nuclear power .
+
+S Yet , VHTR is actually still safe and reliable to operate with improved accident management and mitigation and reduced off-side response with little human intervention .
+A 11 11|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Last but not least , some will question why helium with low thermal conductivity is chosen as coolant , given that some other coolant , for instance molten salt , allows better electric conversion efficiency than a helium-cooled VHTR operating at similar conditions .
+A 17 19|||R:OTHER|||its coolant|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the selection of coolant based on many factors .
+A 6 6|||M:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First , " helium gas provides a nonreacting cooling medium with a low nuclear cross section that can either directly drive a turbine for power production , or can be directed to process " ( Gen IV ) .
+
+S Second , VHTR uses helium as a coolant for safety purposes .
+
+S Helium is an inert gas , so it will not chemically react with any material , and exposing helium to radiation does not make it radioactive , unlike most other possible coolants .
+
+S Balancing all these factors , Helium is still the overall best coolant .
+
+S Hence , this selection proves the safeness of VHTR .
+
+S Thomas Malthus , a famous demographer , published a theory that population growth will eventually outstrip resources .
+
+S Hence , the research for alternative energy is necessary .
+
+S Although there is certain undenied limitation of VHTR , I am strongly convicted that with the current technology advances , the limitation will be solved .
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||convinced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With more fund channeled into research this area , the potential of VHTR could be maximized .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||funds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:PREP|||into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240 Generation IV Nuclear Reactor Comparisons .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //me1065.wikidot.com/generation-iv-nuclear-reactor-comparisons
+
+S Sandra M. Nuclear Energy .
+
+S Energy : Supplies , Sustainability , and Costs .
+
+S Alters .
+
+S 2009 Editon ed .
+
+S Detroit : Cengage/Gale , 2009 .
+
+S The Very-High-Temperature Reactor ( VHTR ) is a graphite-moderated , helium-cooled reactor with a thermal neutron spectrum .
+
+S Retrieved from { http : //www.gen-4.org/Technology/systems/vhtr.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.gen-4.org/Technology/systems/vhtr.htm ]
+
+S Zheng Lifei and Mao Lijun .
+
+S Nuclear power goal revised to 86 gW .
+
+S Retrieved from { http : //www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2009-07/02/content_8345808.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2009-07/02/content_8345808.htm ]
+
+S The merits of further research into VHTR technology
+
+S The most common method of power generation for close to 150 years requires the burning of fossil fuels such as oil or coal .
+A 12 13|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the byproducts from the burning of fossil fuels , greenhouse and acidic gases , have caused much devastation to our planet .
+
+S Perhaps a solution to save our planet will be to use a cleaner energy source -- nuclear power which does not emit any harmful gases .
+A 18 18|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Very High Temperature Reactor ( VHTR ) is a Gen IV reactor that shows great promise and potential .
+
+S However , detractors of nuclear power cited the risk of another catastrophic accident , the proliferation of nuclear arms , the lower thermal efficiency of nuclear plants and the high cost of building a plant .
+
+S This article will attempt to justify the merits of funding further research on VHTR through refuting the detractors ' claims in terms of safety , performance and cost .
+
+S Thesis Statement
+A 0 2|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The world is concerned with the safety of nuclear power plants and the possibility of nuclear arms proliferation.TS Past incidents at Chernobyl and Three Mile Island ( Bodansky , 2005 ) had left many in doubt of the technology .
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||proliferation .|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||R:PREP|||about|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In recent news , both North Korea and Iran have been told to step back on their plans of a nuclear power plant in fear that the same radioactive materials used for energy generation will be used in nuclear weapons .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||Recently ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 38|||M:VERB|||producing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The VHTR design does not include the controversial method of waste recycling , whereby plutonium is extracted in a pure form ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S Hence , this design reduces the probability of nuclear arms proliferation .
+
+S Within the VHTR reactor , the nuclear fuel is enclosed within pebbles of silicon carbide and pyro-carbon ( Olander , 2009 ) which are able to contain the radiation .
+
+S The coolant used is helium gas instead of water .
+
+S Helium gas is superior because it will not get irradiated and does not undergo volume expansion phase change .
+
+S Even if the reactor body is breached , there will be no explosive dispersion of radioactive materials .
+
+S Therefore , the VHTR design is safer than current nuclear reactors and less susceptible to nuclear arms proliferation ( Hylko , 2008 ) .
+
+S Moreover , detractors have argued that the high temperature generated in nuclear reactors is not fully utilized and conventional non-nuclear energy generation methods have better performance in terms of thermal efficiency.TS Existing nuclear plants have thermal efficiency of approximately 33 % ( Olander , 2009 ) compared to 70 % and above for non-nuclear power plants .
+A 30 31|||R:OTHER|||efficiency .|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , the VHTR operates at close to 1000 º C compared to 300-400 º C in current nuclear reactors .
+
+S This higher temperature translates to the extraction of 50 % more energy from the same amount of fuel ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S Improved engineering and design will further increase the thermal efficiency of the power plant in the future .
+
+S Secondly , although the thermal efficiency of nuclear plants is lower , the actual amount of power generated per unit mass of fuel is actually much higher than that of fossil fuels .
+
+S Hence the method of using thermal efficiency for comparison is not practical .
+
+S Lastly , because of the higher temperature , it is possible to produce hydrogen gas from water thermochemically ( Elder and Allen , 2009 ) .
+
+S There is a demand for hydrogen gas which may become a fuel for cars in the future .
+
+S Therefore , the VHTR design is superior as it produces more energy and hydrogen gas
+
+S Another objection is raised by the taxpayers ; they are not convinced with the heavy investment of building a nuclear plant.TS A nuclear plant costs on average , a billion dollars and is designed with a lifespan of sixty years ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+A 7 9|||R:PUNCT|||. They|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although the price is high , the nuclear plant will not produce any greenhouse or acidic gases .
+
+S Acid rain had caused deforestation and affected fisheries , the damages amounts to millions per year .
+A 8 10|||R:PUNCT|||. The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||amounted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Global warming has been linked to the more frequent occurrence of natural disasters .
+
+S These disasters created uncountable losses in terms of damage to infrastructure , economy and lives .
+
+S In rebuttal to the " limited lifespan " of the nuclear plant , in sixty years , this nuclear plant will have produced much cheaper electricity and caused less harm to the environment .
+
+S These two advantages are definitely significant .
+
+S In conclusion , funding for research on the VHTR must be supported .
+
+S This is because the VHTR is much safer due to its superior design and " proliferation-proof " process .
+
+S The VHTR will in fact produce more and cheaper energy than existing power plants .
+
+S In addition , the VHTR produces useful hydrogen gas and is environmentally friendly .
+
+S As such , there is no doubt that this technology is superior .
+
+S References
+
+S Bodansky , D. ( 2005 ) .
+
+S Nuclear Reactor Accidents ( pp.411-438 ) .
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , ( pp.238-240 ) .
+
+S Hylko , J.M. ( 2008,April ) .
+
+S Special Report .
+
+S Nuclear Power : Developing the next generation of reactors .
+
+S Power,152 ( 4 ) ,pp44 .
+
+S Retrieved October 21 , 2009 , from ABI/INFORM Global .
+
+S ( Document ID : 1470079211 ) .
+
+S Olander , D ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Nuclear fuels - Present and future .
+
+S Elsevier , Journal of Nuclear Materials 389 ( 2009 ) , ( pp.1-22 )
+
+S Rachael Elder , Ray Allen ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Nuclear heat for hydrogen production : Coupling a very high/high temperature reactor to a hydrogen production plant .
+
+S Elsevier , Progress in Nuclear Energy 51 ( 2009 ) ( pp.500-525 )
+
+S The Tenerife air disaster
+
+S On March 27 , 1977 , the world 's worst aviation accident happened in Tenerife , a Spanish island .
+
+S Due to the previous terrorism attack at another airport , excessive planes were diverted to the Tenerife airport .
+
+S The collision involved two Boeing 747s , KLM and Pan Am ; KLM took off while Pan Am was still on the runway .
+A 11 12|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many factors such as foggy weather contributed to the accident ; however , the most significant causes are considered to be the ambiguous phraseology in the comment " We are uh taking off " or " We are at takeoff " from KLM and the single channel radio which made the crucial readback for clearance lost in radio squelch ( Kilroy , n.d. ) .
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||. However ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since psychology is closely related to safety in design , whether the input of psychology could have prevented this accident is an interesting topic .
+
+S Psychology in design process involves both the study of human behavior at human-machine interface , and the analysis of organizational systems ( Wilpert , 2007 ) .
+
+S Hence the supporters argue that the improvement in regulations and equipment and an emergency plan could have prevented this disaster .
+
+S However , I do not think the use of psychology in design would have worked in this case since psychology could not prevent the human error factors effectively and there were too many haphazard factors .
+
+S The accident happened mainly due to the KLM pilot 's taking off without clearance ( Kilroy , n.d. ) .
+
+S Proponents may argue that with the input of psychology , the designers of the airport should have anticipated such possible dangers and stricter laws to insist on proper phraseology and check for clearance should have been put into use .
+A 22 22|||M:VERB|||imposed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Granted , emphasis on proper phraseology might have improved the situation .
+
+S However , since the staff were working in a stressful environment , it is highly likely that they would have used improper phraseology subconsciously .
+
+S According to Karl Weick , professor of psychology at the University of Michigan , people tend to depend on what they are first taught and use most frequently under pressure .
+
+S Applied to Tenerife , the captain was a training pilot who was most familiar with the ambiguous word " takeoff " and the controller was Spanish who spoke with a strong accent ( Weick , 1993 ) .
+
+S Hence miscommunication could still happen , having the tense situation of Tenerife in mind .
+
+S Moreover , even with the relatively stricter rules implemented after the accident , miscommunication still causes accidents such as the Garuda A300 Airbus crash in Sumatra ( McMillan , 1998 ) .
+
+S For takeoff regulation , it is the first officer 's responsibility to obtain ATC clearance and oversee the captain .
+
+S However , the first officer on KLM misunderstood the controller .
+
+S What is worse , the KLM captain wanted to take off without ATC clearance , and then took off before readback was completed after the suspension of his decision by the first officer to ask for clearance .
+
+S In addition , when the flight engineer doubted the clearance of the Pan Am on the taxiway , both the captain and the first officer ignored his query ( ALPA ( Air Line Pilots Association ) , n.d. ) .
+
+S With such poor cooperation between the aviators , the use of psychology might still have failed .
+
+S Other than human errors , the Tenerife accident is also a combination of various accidental factors .
+
+S Firstly , the terrorism attack was difficult to predict .
+
+S For the technical part , the centerline lights were out of operation which disabled the two planes from seeing each other ; the single channel radio made the response inaudible and there was no ground radar ( ALPA , n.d. ) .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB|||prevented|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||R:PUNCT|||. The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , the thick fog formed worsened the situation .
+A 5 6|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The adoption of psychology in design might have taken a few of the factors into consideration , but it was unlikely to have anticipated al and hence there would still be potential hazards .
+A 24 25|||R:OTHER|||all|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , the terrorism attack would reduce the effectiveness of improvements in equipment .
+
+S The airport was so crowded that the normal routines were blocked ( Weick , 1993 ) .
+
+S With the combination of the fact that the controllers were bad at English and unfamiliar with handling Boeing 747s ( Weick , 1993 ) , there was a high chance that accident would happen even with contingency plans .
+
+S In fact , the Pan Am was told to turn at exit C-3 which was impossible for a 747 so the captain decided to turn at C-4 and collided with KLM between C-3 and C-4 exits ( ALPA , n.d. ) .
+
+S To sum up , the use of psychology in design would not be very helpful in the special case of Tenerife accident due to the human errors and accidental factors that were difficult to anticipate and prevent .
+A 20 20|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S ALPA ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Aircraft Accident Report : Human Factors Report on the Tenerife Accident .
+
+S Washington.D.C .
+
+S : Engineering and Air Safety .
+
+S Retrieved October 20 , 2009 from http : //www.project-tenerife.com/engels/PDF/alpa.pdf
+
+S Kilroy , C. ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Special report : Tenerife .
+
+S AirDisaster.com .
+
+S Retrieved October 20 , 2009 , from http : //www.airdisaster.com/special/special-pa1736.shtml
+
+S McMillan , D. ( 1998 ) .
+
+S " ...Say again ? .. .
+
+S " Miscommunications in Air Traffic Control .
+
+S Retrieved October 20 , 2009 , from http : //www.scribd.com/doc/19647051/ Miscommunications-in-Air-Traffic-Control/
+
+S Weick , K. ( 1993 ) .
+
+S The Vulnerable System : An Analysis of the Tenerife Air Disaster .
+
+S In C. Stewart ( Ed .
+
+S ) , New challenges to understanding organizations ( pp.173-198 ) .
+
+S New York : Macmillan Publishing .
+
+S Wilpert , B .
+
+S ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Psychology and design processes .
+
+S Safety Science , 45 , 293-303 .
+
+S Nuclear energy benefits human beings
+
+S Human beings have come across severe energy problems in the 21 century .
+
+S Scientists have put in a lot effort to the development in nuclear energy which is one of the major modern energy resources nowadays .
+A 6 6|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nuclear energy is the kind of energy released by the splitting or merging together of the nuclei of atoms .
+
+S It is one of the clean and renewable energy which can help us solve the emergent problems of energy shortage .
+A 9 9|||M:NOUN|||sources|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , some accidents during the decades of the use of nuclear energy resulted in many people worrying about their safety with nuclear energy around them .
+
+S For example , on April 26th 1986 , the leak and explosion in the nuclear power plants of Chernobyl ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S There are still many problems remaining .
+
+S But from my point of view , I believe nuclear energy can make much more benefits than the lost .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB|||bring|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:DET|||those|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence we should pay great attention to and make rational use of nuclear energy .
+
+S The first reason some people are afraid of nuclear energy is because they can not get rid of the influence of accidents like Chernobyl and Three Mile Island ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S But , something they may not be clear about is in the half century of Nuclear Age , only about one or two deaths per year are attributed by nuclear energy accidents .
+
+S Compared with that , the number of coal mine accidents deaths is much largerit reaches 7530 per year .
+A 13 14|||R:SPELL|||llarger|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:FORM|||reaching|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides that , nuclear power plants are safer than coal mines due to the reason that designers and engineers use the high-tech in building nuclear power plant and there are strict rules of operation .
+
+S So it is easier to guarantee the safety of nuclear power plants because if workers follow the regulations , no accidents will be caused .
+A 22 24|||R:VERB|||occur|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Comparatively speaking , many illegal coal mines with simple and crude facilities are still running underground .
+
+S It is the real hazard trouble .
+A 5 6|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And consider with one of the six generation IV reactor ( A Technology Roadmaop , 2002 ) , lead-cooled fast reactors ; scientists are trying to use lead-bismuth as new coolant .
+A 0 32|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It can keep nuclear reactor operating under lower temperature and pressure .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus it will make the nuclear core even safer .
+
+S From the above reasons , we can see that nuclear energy is not as dangerous as people expect , contrarily , it is one of the safest energy humans being can use in modern society .
+A 18 20|||R:OTHER|||. Contrarily ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , as I mentioned above , the scientists are trying to develop the lead-cooled fast reactor , however , the enormous size of investment have prevented most countries from this kind of research .
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||R:OTHER|||. However ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And many countries are still wondering whether to build nuclear power plants because they cost a lot of money and citizens are not willing to pay their tax for that .
+
+S But the government should foresee the great benefits by building nuclear power plants .
+
+S Nowadays 442 nuclear power plants are working all over world , contributing about 19 percent of the world 's electricity supply .
+A 0 1|||R:ADV|||Currently|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another case in point is American , " They produce much of the electricity that fuels our economic growth .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||America|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They power new industrial technologies that boost our Gross National Product and improve our global competitiveness " ( Nuclear Energy : Benefits for All Americans , 2001 ) .
+
+S And with modern technologies , nuclear power plants can produce electricity more efficiently .
+
+S Statistics shows that , in 1996 , nuclear power produced 674 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity , which was more than the total electricity consumed in the early 1950s ( Nuclear Energy & Society , n.d. ) .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:SVA|||show|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus to sum up , nuclear power plants can produce electricity with higher efficiency and larger amount compared to fuel or coal burning electric generating plant .
+A 15 15|||M:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||amounts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:MORPH|||electricity|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:NOUN:NUM|||plants|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It can bring great economic benefit .
+A 0 1|||R:PRON|||They|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly , the lack of technology to deal with the disposal of nuclear plants which are radioactive and highly toxic is the last reason prevents countries from using nuclear energy .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN|||wastes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:FORM|||preventing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Officers are afraid of terrorists who acquire a substantial amount of nuclear waste could construct a so-called " dirty bomb " which may affect the country 's safety .
+A 13 13|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But the truth is technology is developing every day .
+
+S Scientists have found other ways to reuse the nuclear waste in order to make more benefits ( Safety of Nuclear Power Reactors , 2008 ) .
+
+S And if government can reinforce the management of where the nuclear waste goes after using , people do not have to worry about the attack from terrorists .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , nuclear energy is not dangerous to human being so that we should make full use of nuclear energy to benefit the whole of mankind .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||beings|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference :
+
+S BIBLIOGRAPHY D.Butler ( 2004 , MAY 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S NATURE .
+
+S BIBLIOGRAPHY A Technology Roadmaop for Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems .
+
+S ( 2002 ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 18 , 2009 , from US DOE NERAC/GIF,Washington DC : http : //gif.inel.gov/roadmap/pdfs/gen_iv_roadmap.pdf
+
+S BIBLIOGRAPHY Safety of Nuclear Power Reactors .
+
+S ( 2008 , June ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 18 , 20009 , from World Nuclear Association : http : //www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf06.html
+
+S Nuclear Energy : Benefits for All Americans .
+
+S ( 2001 , December 17 ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 18 , 2009 , from Nuclear Benefits : { http : //www.posse.net/ne_benef.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.posse.net/ne_benef.htm ]
+
+S Stone , I. L. ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Nuclear Energy & Society .
+
+S Retrieved October 18 , 2009 , from http : //www.umich.edu/ ~ gs265/society/nuclear.htm
+
+S It is said that the world 's population will expand from the current 6 billion to around 10 billion by the year 2050 ( GIF , 2002 ) , which will push us into an even more serious energy shortage position unless we successfully find new kinds of energy as soon as possible .
+
+S In fact , human beings have been seeking for the solution to energy issues for a long time .
+
+S So far we have already developed solar energy , wind energy , nuclear energy and many others .
+
+S However , none of these can be the ideal energy to us now due to the technological problems , economic concern , or potential dangers .
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||concerns|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Among all these new kinds of energy , nuclear energy is regarded as the most controversial one which has been the hotspot since its appearance .
+
+S Whether to develop and promote the use of nuclear energy has triggered firm discussion among both experts and common people .
+
+S In my opinion , we should give more support to nuclear development because of its high efficiency , none-greenhouse-gas emission and its valuable by-products during the reaction .
+
+S Some opponents may argue that other kinds of energy can also be environmentally friendly , such as solar energy and wind force .
+
+S There is no need spending so much on nuclear energy development .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:FORM|||to spend|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , in terms of efficiency and economic value , nuclear energy takes great advantages over both solar energy and wind force .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Generation reactors are expected to increase the efficiency of electricity production to as high as 50 % while the efficiency of solar energy is no more than 40 % in the lab ( U.S. Department of Energy , 2006 ) which means its actual efficiency of industrial application will be even lower .
+
+S Besides this , in the process of nuclear reaction , large amount of hydrogen can be generated for the use of petroleum refinement and also as new advanced fuel in transportation ( Vilim , 2007 ) .
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is said that for America the energy demand of transport alone will cause increase of oil imports by 78 % by the end of 2025 if it does not switch the dependence on oil to hydrogen ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+A 6 6|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So the Very-High-Temperature-Reactor ( VHTR ) is believed to play an important role in America 's energy crisis , because it can help to reduce the dependence on oil for its over 2 million normal cubic meters hydrogen production per day .
+
+S Though solar energy and wind force can also contribute to environment protection , nuclear energy indeed has its unique advantages which they can not rival with .
+A 25 26|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Apart from this , opponents may be worried that the nuclear reactors would become the target of terrorists because of disastrous consequences after its ruin .
+
+S However , the new advanced feature of VHTR can effectively protect itself from the damage of terrorists .
+
+S Normally , the terrorists attempt to make an accident by shutting off the coolant or power supply of the system .
+
+S But they will not expect that the meltdown proof in VHTR can cool them down when accidents happen and minimize the interaction with human beings ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+A 13 14|||R:PRON|||itself|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So nuclear reactor would not be a desirable target for terrorists any more .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides these two points , there is a common concern among both experts and common people .
+
+S It is the health damage triggered by radioactivity .
+
+S First , we need to know the fact that most radioactive mass called plutonium waste is mainly produced during the reprocessing step .
+
+S However , in the VHTR system , the waste will go to repository directly instead of undergoing the waste recycling .
+
+S This can reduce the radioactivity of plutonium to a certain extent .
+
+S Furthermore , nowadays most nuclear reactors are built quite far from cities , so people do not need to worry too much about the effect of radioactivity .
+
+S To sum up , the Generation reactors have made great improvements compared to the older generations in terms of both technology and safety features .
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||generation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:NOUN|||ones|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On one hand , nuclear energy has the advantage of high efficiency , none-greenhouse-gas emission and the by-product hydrogen which is supposed to be another ideal energy .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN|||non--greenhouse-gas|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , the fact that nuclear power plants contribute about 16 % electricity to the world , which is the largest share among all the new developed energy sources ( NEA , 2006 ) , indicates that nuclear power has become more and more essential to human beings .
+
+S Given both the advantages of nuclear energy and the current situation , it is practical and urgent for us to put concerted efforts to the development of nuclear energy .
+
+S Reference
+
+S GIF .
+
+S ( 2002 ) .
+
+S A Technology Roadmap for Generation Nuclear Energy Systems .
+
+S Retrieved October 26 , 2009 , from { http : //www.ne.doc.qov/qen/documents/gen_iv-roadmap.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.ne.doc.qov/qen/documents/gen_iv-roadmap.pdf ]
+
+S U.S. Department of Energy .
+
+S ( 2006 ) .
+
+S New World Achieved in Solar Cell Techonology .
+
+S Retrieved October 26 , 2009 , from { http : //www.energy.gov/news/4503.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.energy.gov/news/4503.htm ]
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240 .
+
+S NEA .
+
+S ( 2006 ) .
+
+S Nuclear Power Plant : Status and Operations .
+
+S Retrieved October 26 , 2009 , from { http : //www.nea.fr/html/general/profiles/canada.html # nppstatus } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.nea.fr/html/general/profiles/canada.html # nppstatus ]
+
+S R. B. Vilim ( 2007 ) .
+
+S { Interface Design Studies for the Production of Hydrogen Using the VHTR Coupled to the HTSE Process } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.inspi.ufl.edu/icapp07/program/abstracts/7529.pdf ] .
+
+S 2007 International Congress on Advances in Nuclear Power Plants ( ICAPP 2007 ) .
+
+S Electric vehicle ( EV ) is not new on the road ; in fact it has been on the road more than a century ago .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The electric|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||R:PUNCT|||. In|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S EV became unpopular since the birth of the gasoline powered vehicle which offers high performance and low cost .
+
+S However , the idea of EV is revived mainly due to peak oil and climate change .
+
+S EV is powered by huge rechargeable battery packs and propelled by only an electric motor .
+
+S For that reason , EV is also labelled as the zero-emission vehicle .
+
+S However , there were safety issues on the newly developed technologies that the electric vehicle carries such as the volatile Lithium ion battery , massive battery weight problem , and the silent electric motor that might cause unnoticeable hazard to the pedestrians .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Despite all the safety issues , improvements have been taken to enhance the safety of the EV .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN|||steps|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From my survey , in my opinion EV is safer than conventional gasoline vehicle .
+A 0 4|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:ORTH|||In|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although numerous news claims that EV is unsafe , there are evidences of improvements have been made to make EV safe to drive .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN|||articles|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:FORM|||claiming|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||evidence|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are claims and myths that the Lithium ion rechargeable batteries that power the EV will explode and cause massive damage to the vehicle and the driver .
+
+S To ensure safety , carmakers are rigorously testing their batteries .
+
+S Nissan and Mitsubishi , for instance , expose the batteries to extreme temperatures , continuously charge and discharge the batteries , and smash them to experiment real road accidents ( Rowley and Hall , 2009 ) .
+
+S Besides that , carmakers also improve the materials of the battery to minimize the risk of overheating .
+
+S Anti-impact cage is added to shield the battery from being crushed .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||An anti-impact|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order to prevent over charging and discharging , advanced microchips will be used to monitor the batteries capacity .
+A 18 18|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With these improvements , Osamu Masuko , president of the Mithubishi Motors says that gasoline is relatively far more dangerous than batteries .
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Electric vehicle carries large and heavy battery packs to increase the mileage per charge .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The electric|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These heavy batteries results in an EV being much heavier compared to an identical gasoline vehicle .
+A 3 4|||R:MORPH|||result|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , if the weight of the batteries in the vehicles is arranged correctly , the EV should be able to achieve higher stability .
+
+S Other than that , in a crash test , the occupants of a lighter vehicle will suffer from higher damage compared to a heavy vehicle ( insurance Institute for highway safety , 2009 ) .
+A 15 16|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:FORM|||suffered|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In comparison , an accident involved a 1400 Kg vehicle will cause about 50 percent fewer injuries than a 900 Kg vehicle .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:FORM|||involving|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the weight from the batteries brings safety benefits .
+
+S Recently , there are debates on electric vehicles pose hazard to pedestrians , especially to the blind or visually-impaired road users ( Nuckols , 2007 ) .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:FORM|||posing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S EV is propelled by an electric motor which torque is produced by electromagnetic forces .
+A 7 7|||M:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Vibration and noise is minimal compared to an internal combustion engine .
+
+S Therefore , EV travel on the road inaudibly , hence the EV could surprise or cause an unexpected danger to the road users .
+
+S Tests have shown that the noise level that the EV produces while operating below 30 km/h is not noticeable for all types of road user .
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN:NUM|||users|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Beyond that speed , more audible noise is formed by the air displaced by the body of the vehicle and frictional on the tired .
+A 20 21|||R:MORPH|||friction|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , the European Commission and the US Congress are taking the initiative to set up a minimum level of sound for the EV , and the Japanese may add noise to the quiet vehicle ( AFP , 2009 ) , so that the pedestrian and blind people are able to detect incoming EV .
+A 44 45|||R:NOUN:NUM|||pedestrians|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 52 53|||R:OTHER|||oncoming|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This shows that initiatives have been taken to make electric car safe for the drivers and the pedestrians .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From all the weaknesses of the EV mentioned above , we can actually see that those were no longer a threat to the EV drivers or pedestrians .
+A 15 16|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S EV batteries have been improved to prevent over-heating , controlled charging and discharging , and fortified the casing to ensure the batteries are not seriously damaged after a car crash .
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 18|||R:OTHER|||The casing has been fortified|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The weight problems were countered easily by properly aligned the batteries such that the weight will give more stability to the EV .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:FORM|||aligning|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Innovative idea such as adding artificial noise to the EV has effectively eliminated the hazard posed by the silent electric motor .
+
+S In conclusion , we can see that manufacturers had greatly improved the EV to a standard that EV is safer than the conventional gasoline vehicle .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S AFP .
+
+S ( 2009 , July 3 ) .
+
+S Japan may add noise to quiet hybrid cars for safety .
+
+S AFP Asian Edition .
+
+S http : //www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hzTLkVGM9BFWHt2SRaJTK2xlMLTA
+
+S Crowe , P. ( 2008 , July 21 ) .
+
+S Low rolling resistance tires save gas .
+
+S Automotive News .
+
+S http : //horsepowersports.com/low-rolling-resistance-tires-save-gas/
+
+S New crash tests demonstrate the influence of vehicle size and weight on safety in crashes ; Results are relevant to fuel economy policies .
+
+S ( 2009 , April 14 ) .
+
+S Insurance Institute for highway safety .
+
+S http : //www.iihs.org/news/rss/pr041409.html
+
+S Nuckols , B .
+
+S ( 2007 , October 3 ) .
+
+S Blind people : Hybrid cars pose hazard .
+
+S USA Today http : //www.usatoday.com/money/economy/2007-10-03-2698183585_x.htm
+
+S Rowley , I .
+
+S & Hall , K. ( 2009 , July 16 ) .
+
+S A future shock for electric cars .
+
+S BusinessWeek , Innovation & Technology .
+
+S http : //www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/09_30/b4140053494031.htm ? campaign_id = rss_innovate
+
+S Prototype : Heartmate II
+
+S The heart is the most vital organ for every human being .
+
+S This brings no surprise to cardiovascular diseases being one of the leading causes of death in the world today1 .
+
+S Patients with cardiovascular disease usually suffer from heart failure , where the heart ceases to work leading to a sudden heart attack .
+A 16 16|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Heart transplant was the only option to save these patients initially .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||A heart|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This process requires finding a suitable donor with a compatible heart at a short period of time .
+
+S Proving to be very difficult , the mortality rate of cardiovascular disease remains high .
+A 0 6|||R:OTHER|||This proves to be very difficult , and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As medical technology advanced , heavy amounts of research and development have been put to finding a better alternative for saving cardiovascular disease patients .
+
+S The research and development efforts gave rise to the creation of Heartmate II .
+
+S Like how a heart pumps blood to the rest of the body , Heartmate is attached to a patient 's heart to take over the role of the original organ .
+
+S Being readily available and sustainable , it is often used as a short-term replacement for patients waiting for a suitable heart donor to arrive .
+
+S Heartmate II is a battery operated electronic pump attached internally onto a patient 's heart inside his or her chest cavity .
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is connected to an external power source , running on batteries or a power console , carried by the patient .
+
+S Heartmate II is the successor of Heartmate , which was a previous prototype that needed to be improved .
+
+S However , even as Heartmate II solved issues of incompatibility and durability , there is still much to improve in terms of safety , performance and cost .
+
+S Currently Heartmate II is operating at a 70.6 % success rate with the remainder resulting with reoperation or mortality .
+
+S The causes of mortality were primarily due to sepsis , bleeding issues and device related complications2 .
+
+S I feel that there is much room for improvement for the design to enhance Heartmate II 's safety and performance and efforts should not stop till a much higher percentage success rate is achieved .
+
+S Battery life is one of the main concerns that need to be addressed for the Heartmate II .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:SVA|||needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Currently , the external battery pack of two AA sized batteries supports the Heartmate II for a good five hours3 .
+
+S Though extra batteries can be brought to sustain the appliance , this may be insufficient and can be an area where human error occurs to cause fatalities due to power shortages .
+
+S As such , I propose an improvement in battery life by having a better power source , one that would last for more than half a day so as to keep the changing of the battery as minimal as possible .
+
+S This would lessen the possibilities for power shortage accidents to occur .
+
+S However , an improved battery life could lead to a compromise in the size of Heartmate II .
+
+S The bulkiness of the device could reduce the mobility of a patient and in turn increase the possibility for bleeding issues internally .
+
+S Essentially , what needs to be achieved is a compact and less bulky battery with longer life span .
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||a longerr|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another factor to increase the safety of Heartmate II would be the alteration of the materials used to manufacture the appliance .
+
+S Firstly , it has been reflected that users are facing problems with regard to issues surrounding water resistivity externally3 .
+
+S Being caught in a rain would prove to be fatal to a Heartmate II user .
+
+S Upgrading the material 's water resistivity would make Heartmate II safer .
+
+S Furthermore , users could even enable the user to take a proper bath , instead of being restricted to just wiping themselves clean with a wet cloth .
+A 2 5|||R:OTHER|||changes could be made to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||users|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , the materials of the wall of the internal artificial ventricles and pump have to be made to have none or negligible resistance so as to ensure smoother blood flow rate .
+
+S Lastly , a lighter material should be preferable for the Heartmate II to reduce any strain whilst being attached to its users internally and externally .
+
+S All these elements are crucial to the performance and safety of the Heartmate II .
+
+S There exist many more avenues that can be explored to improve the Heartmate II and the invention of an artificial heart is still in early stages of its development .
+
+S Amidst this discussion , I feel that the cost should not be a determining factor in the construction and application for such health devices that could determines ones life and death .
+
+S Issues of security and performance hold the highest priority for medical prototype designs like the Heartmate II .
+
+S I strongly feel that the strife for more development and research should be done for the sake of creating a more durable and lightweight Heartmate III .
+
+S Reference
+
+S 1 .
+
+S Singapore Heart Foundation .
+
+S Accessed on 21 Oct 2009. http : //www.myheart.org.sg/ ? page_id = 51
+
+S 2 .
+
+S FDA panel recommends HeartMate II for approval , Cardiologytoday .
+
+S By Eric Raible .
+
+S Accessed on 21 Oct 2009. http : //www.cardiologytoday.com/view.aspx ? rid = 28754
+
+S 3 .
+
+S Mother of toddler lives without pulse , 1 Oct 2009 , The Straits Times .
+
+S By April Chong .
+
+S Accessed on 21 Oct 2009 .
+
+S Over the decades , mankind has improved tremendously in terms of technologies .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||the quality of life|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S People are now living in a world filled with technologies in every edge of the world powered by electricity .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||technology|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This shows the significance of electricity as compared to the past .
+
+S However , the days when people use more electricity than they produce are approaching .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||day|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to Butler , the global demand for energy is expected to double by 2050 ( Nature,2004 ) .
+
+S This forces people to resort into producing energy through nuclear reactors which have higher outputs .
+A 5 6|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the nuclear reactors of Generation-IV nuclear reactor concepts which are highly discussed is the molten salt reactor ( MSR ) .
+
+S Fundings should be allocated for further research of MSR as MSR is able to address the issues of safety,cost and performance which are the main public 's concerns .
+
+S Firstly , the public has always view that nuclear reactors are unsafe to use as they emit entities which are hazardous to people 's health and the environment .
+A 6 6|||M:OTHER|||held the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN|||substances|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S An example of nuclear explosion as quoted by Arlington National Cemetary Records : ''3 January 1961 : A reactor explosion ( attributed by a Nuclear Regulatory Commission source to sabotage ) at the National Reactor Testing Station in Idaho Falls , Idaho , killed one navy technician and two army technicians , and released radioactivity " largely confined " ( words of John A. McCone , Director of the Atomic Energy Commission ) to the reactor building .
+
+S However , this tragedy is very unlikely to happen for MSR .
+
+S MSR has a liquid fuel , the reactor has the unique safety advantage that in the event of an accident , the fuel salt is dumped to critically safe , passively cooled storage tanks .
+A 0 0|||M:PREP|||As|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , molten salts are effectively incompressible ; consequently , a failure of a heat exchanger in the chemical plant will not pressurize the plant .
+A 7 9|||R:PUNCT|||. Consequently|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In contrast , if helium or other gases are used in the heat transport systems , a heat-exchanger failure can pressurize the chemical plant , with the potential for large releases of toxic materials .
+
+S Also , the public is afraid that the nuclear reactor is misuse for development of nuclear weapon .
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||will be misused|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||weapons|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This does not concern MSR , as it is able to operate with non-weapon grade fissile fuel which makes it no chance for people to misuse the research to develop nuclear weapons .
+A 18 19|||R:VERB|||gives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These features make MSR exceptionally safe compared to other reactors .
+
+S Secondly , it has always been a general perception from the public that the cost incurred to build a nuclear reactor is always huge .
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This causes not many efforts are being taken to initiate a nuclear reactor project as they believe the project is not feasible .
+A 1 6|||R:OTHER|||results in not much effort|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another related concern is the amount of cost incurred from the maintainence of the reactor .
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , MSR is known to be among the cheapest nuclear reactor .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From the table shown by R.W.Moir ( Nucl .
+
+S Tech .
+
+S 139 ( 2002 ) ) the cost incurred by MSR is 31.3 $ for every megawatt of energy generated per hour which is the least compared to the current technologies used .
+
+S Also , MSR will be using thorium as fuel where thorium is so abundant in the world as compare to current technologies which mostly use coals as fuel where coals are expected to last just for another 146years according to Energy Information Administration ( EIA ) .
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:FORM|||compared|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:NOUN:NUM|||coal|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:NOUN:NUM|||coal|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These show that MSR are economical and should have cleared any doubts regarding further research on MSR as it is a feasible project in the long run as it makes use of resources which are abundant .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly , the public has doubts about the performance of MSR .
+
+S Among the issues highlighted were whether it has higher output than other reactors and the technologies required to fully utilize MSR .
+
+S As the power required to overcome heat-exchanger pressure drops in a molten-salt system is typically about one-twentieth of a helium system , MSR has higher efficiency than most reactors .
+
+S Also , the size of a molten-salt heat-transport loop is only a small fraction of those using helium and is small relative to those for other coolant which leads to usage of a smaller area .
+
+S If fundings are provided for researches on MSR , there is no doubt that MSR can be fully utilize .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:INFL|||funding|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:MORPH|||research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:MORPH|||utilised|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although MSR generally generate less energy as compared to other nuclear reactors , the lesser space it requires can make up for it .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||generates|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:ADJ:FORM|||less|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , the efficiency rate is still very comparable to other reactors of high efficiency rate .
+
+S In conclusion , it is evident that MSR is worth the fundings for the research given the attributes it possess .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:INFL|||funding|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If further researches are being done , there is no doubt that MSR will be able to improve its weakness in having higher output as well as further refine on its strong points which is economical and safe to use .
+A 2 3|||R:MORPH|||research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:OTHER|||economyl|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 38|||R:MORPH|||safety|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 40|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Bulter , D. ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240 .
+
+S R. Moir , Nucl .
+
+S Tech .
+
+S 139 ( 2002 ) 93-5 .
+
+S Charles W. Forsberg , Reactors with Molten Salts : Options and Missions Energy Information Administration ( EIA ) Nuclear Energy Agency
+
+S Essentiality to develop VHTR
+
+S Nuclear technology has been around in the world for many decades .
+
+S Due to its huge energy production and no emission of carbon dioxides , many nuclear power plants have been built .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||dioxide|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the controversy on the construction has been an issue since then .
+
+S People have been disputing about the safety problems and the cost brought by these plants for a long time .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||arguingg|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Despite the controversy , the nuclear power plants still find their ways back onto the table .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||way|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S During Generation IV International Forum , the concept of Very-high-temperature reactor ( VHTR ) is raised which is more efficient than the previous ones .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:PRON|||It|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Bulter , 2004 ) .
+
+S From my perspective , it is very meaningful to research on this , through which we can build more efficient and safer reactors so that the energy problem can be solved to a great extent .
+
+S First of all , the biggest advantage of VHTR over othert reactors is that it not only generates electricity but also Hydrogen .
+
+S The generation of Hydrogen brings about two improvements of the reactors .
+
+S The first one is that the efficiency of the conversion of the heat generated by nuclear fission increses a lot .
+
+S In other words , the heat is more fully used .
+
+S The other one is that the Hydrogen provides a good fuel to substitute petrol .
+
+S The Hydrogen powered cars remain the combustible engine .
+A 0 9|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Unlike elctrical cars ' battery engine which needs more time to be fully charged , the Hydrogen powered cars need much less time to be filled with hydrogen fuel .
+
+S Apart from this , the hydrogen fuel has higher combustion energy and lighter weight .
+
+S Acoording to scientific measurement , the energy genrerated by per unit hydrogen is about 2.6 times than fossil fuel .
+A 7 8|||R:SPELL|||generated|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:ADJ|||greater|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Hydrogen , 1995 ) Moreover , there are four realities suggesting that the current energy system is not sustainable .
+
+S The growing energy demand , the tense political situation caused , too much emission of carbon dioxide and the susceptible third world economies all point out this unstainbilty .
+
+S ( A sustainable energy economy , 2007 ) .
+
+S Things must be done to change this energy system .
+
+S And the huge generation of electricity and Hydrogen decides the essentiality to develop VHTR .
+
+S Some opponents will say that large sum of money may be spent on the research and be pessimistic about the result .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the cost is what we should not consider .
+
+S According to an American report , USA spent about 25 billion dollars only on the oil report last year .
+
+S ( Reducing America 's oil dependence,2008 ) .
+
+S That is to say about 385 dollars tax will be imposed on every person in America .
+
+S Comparing to the huge cost , the money spent in the research is negligible .
+
+S What is more , we should look at problem in the long term .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||over|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We must know clearly about the benefit VHTR will bring to us once the research is successfully done .
+
+S Henceforth , our energy supply can be guaranteed .
+
+S Safety may be the most controversial point .
+
+S Indeed , we can never deny that nuclear power is dangerous .
+
+S However , we can not discontinue the research on the VHTR just because it is dangerous .
+
+S Actually , in our modern world , many beautiful things are dangerous .
+
+S We enjoy the excitement brought by the roller coaster and the convenience and the enjoyment brought by cars .
+
+S They all have dangers .
+A 3 4|||R:MORPH|||dangerous|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Accoding to car crash states in America in 2005 , there were nearly 6,420,000 auto accidents and about 40,000 people are killed .
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Car accident statistics , 2005 ) .
+
+S However , we never forbid people from driving cars .
+
+S Instead , we make traffic rules to make drivers drive more carefully to avoid accidents .
+
+S Similarly , although we know the nuclear energy is too huge to be safe , the unstainable energy system forces us to make full use of it .
+
+S And because we know very clearly that it is dangerous , we devote very much effort to monitor the whole process in case accident happens .
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN:NUM|||accidents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:SVA|||happen|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , we can feel safe to use the electricity and drive cars powered by Hydrogen which is supplied by VHTR .
+
+S In conclusion , energy is the key to keeping our society and economy development sustainable .
+A 12 13|||R:MORPH|||economic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So far , the nuclear reactor especially VHTR maybe the best choice to supply the energy .
+
+S Undeniably , nuclear power is always dangerous .
+
+S However , we must realize that the probability is very low and many measures have been taken to guarantee the security .
+
+S Thus , it is essential to do research on VHTR and it will deserve the effort and the funds we spend in the future .
+
+S References :
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240
+
+S Car accidents statistics .
+
+S ( n.d ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 13 , 2009 from webpage http : //www.car-accidents.com/pages/stats.html
+
+S Hydrogen .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Retrieved from October 13 , 2009 from webpage http : //www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/progress/hydrogen.html
+
+S Hydrogen energy center .
+
+S The benefits of Hydrogen will help move us to a sustainable energy economy. ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 13 , 2009 from webpage http : //www.hydrogenenergycenter.org/
+
+S Safe , Strong and Secure : Reducinng America 's Oil Dependence .
+
+S ( n.d. ) Retrieved October 13 , 2009 from http : //www.nrdc.org/
+
+S The Promising of Very High Temperature Reactor
+
+S The world is much concerned about the CO2 emission because of global warming .
+
+S So people are trying to find cheaper cleaner and more sustainable fuels for the energy supply to replace the traditional oil and fuel which are the main source of carbon dioxide emission .
+
+S Besides , the demands for the energy is soaring , a more efficient way should be used to generate energy .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||demand|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||ways|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , nuclear power is a proper choice .
+
+S However , given the accidents of nuclear meltdown , people are worried about the safety issue of using new clear power .
+A 18 20|||R:ADJ|||nuclear|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S While , experts have found a new generation of new clear reactors are safer and more effective than the old generation .
+A 0 2|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:ORTH|||Experts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||R:ADJ|||nuclear|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Among these , the very high temperature reactor , which is " a graphite-moderated , helium-cooled with a once through uranium fuel cycle " , is the most promising one ( Very high temperature reactor , NA ) .
+
+S It has high-efficiency electricity production and hydrogen generation , safety and comparable economics .
+
+S The very high temperature reactor , belonging to the new generation , has a high efficiency of energy conversion and the applications can be extend to hydrogen generation .
+
+S Firstly , it uses graphite as a moderator , a substance which neutrons collide with , so that the efficiency is improved .
+
+S During the process , the moderator is one of the important ingredients .
+
+S A good moderator is the one that should not absorb too much energy when the neutrons bounce off nor absorb the neutrons before they split .
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Graphite is a good one compared with the ordinary moderator which is water since graphite is heat resistant .
+A 13 13|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So using graphite increases the efficiency of the usage of uranium and reduce the lost of energy .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:SVA|||reduces|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||loss|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , operating at very high temperatures , a much higher proportion of the energy from the core can be turned into electricity and a much higher proportion of the U235 can be split .
+
+S Besides , due to the high temperature , hydrogen , which can be used in transportation and other industry is also produced from water splitting ( Elder , 2009 ) .
+
+S While , People still wonder if safety is guaranteed after the accident related to the VHTR basic design which has a potential to cause the destruction of the reactor core ( Takeda , 2001 ) .
+A 0 2|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:ORTH|||people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , several factors can help ease people 's concern .
+
+S First is the choice for the coolant .
+A 4 5|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Helium , an inert gas , can reduce the risk from loss of coolant accidents .
+
+S Helium can be used at very high temperatures without concerns about corrosion and without affinity to a chemical reaction .
+
+S Additionally , when it is exposed to radiation , it will not be radioactive .
+
+S Besides , the graphite , used as the moderator , has large thermal inertia , a high heat capacity and a stable structure even at high temperatures .
+
+S Moreover , the fuel is coated uranium-oxycarbide , which permits high burn-up and retains fission products .
+
+S Therefore with these design , the risk could be lowered .
+A 2 3|||R:DET|||this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , now computational methods can be used for simulating air ingress in the VHTR to help prevent the accident ( Kim , 2009 ) .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||new|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Apart from safety issue , in order to implement the very high temperature reactor , people also concern about the economic factor .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||issues|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB|||worry|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Without arguing , it is more expensive to build a new clear plant , while , after the start-up , the operating cost is cheaper because of high-efficiency , lower-cost high-temperature reactor for electricity and hydrogen production .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||Obviously|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||R:ADJ|||nuclear|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||but|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reported by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission , the overall operating costs for nuclear power plants is roughly the same as the recent coal-fired plants and below the costs of operating most gas-fired generation units ( Forsberg , Peterson , Zhao , 2006 ) .
+A 0 8|||R:OTHER|||The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission reported that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , a technoeconomic optimization method has developed and can be applied to the power conversion system of a very high temperature reactor , taking both investment costs and operating costs into account ( Mansilla , 2008 ) Concerning over the energy resource availability , climate change , air quality , and energy security issue , nuclear power may take an important role in future .
+A 7 7|||M:VERB:TENSE|||been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||R:OTHER|||Due to concerns|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The very high temperature reactor , being one of the possible systems of new generation power , which is aim to achieve improvements in economic competitiveness , nuclear safety , is promising to be implemented in the future .
+A 16 17|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||R:OTHER|||aims|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference
+
+S Elder R. ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Progress in Nuclear Energy Nuclear Heat For Hydrogen Production : Coupling A Very High/high Temperature Reactor To A Hydrogen Production Plant 2009Vol.51 ( No.3 ) .
+
+S Retrieved on October 10 , 2009 , from http : //d.wanfangdata.com.cn/NSTLQK_NSTL_QK19778618.aspx
+
+S C. W. Forsberg P. F. Peterson H. Zhao ( 2006 ) .
+
+S Journal of Energy Engineering 2006Vol.132 ( No.3 ) Sustainability and Economics of the Advanced High-Temperature Reactor .
+
+S Retrieved on October 10 , 2009 , from { http : //d.wanfangdata.com.cn/NSTLQK_NSTL_QK13237497.aspx } [ HYPERLINK : http : //d.wanfangdata.com.cn/NSTLQK_NSTL_QK13237497.aspx ]
+
+S Mansilla , ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Nuclear Technology .
+
+S 2008vol.162 ( no.3 ) Using genetic algorithms to optimize the helium loop of a very high temperature reactor .
+
+S Retrieved on October 10 , 2009 , from { http : //d.wanfangdata.com.cn/NSTLQK_NSTL_QK17470263.aspx } [ HYPERLINK : http : //d.wanfangdata.com.cn/NSTLQK_NSTL_QK17470263.aspx ] Kim , ( 2009 ) Nuclear Technology 2009vol.166 ( no.1 ) development of gamma code as an integrated code analyzing gas-cooled reactor and hydrogen production plant .
+
+S Retrieved on October 10 , 2009 , from http : //d.wanfangdata.com.cn/NSTLQK_NSTL_QK18928952.aspx Very high temperature reactor , NA { http : //www.cogeneration.net/Very_High_Temperature_Reactor.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.cogeneration.net/Very_High_Temperature_Reactor.htm ]
+
+S A promising way to solve the energy problem
+
+S With not much fossil fuel left on earth , it is impossible to meet the increasing energy demand which is predicted to double by 2050 in the following years if the energy system keeps its current energy structure .
+
+S ( Declan Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S Under these circumstance , scientists have come up with the ideathe very high temperature reactor ( VHTR ) to make use of nuclear in a safer and more efficient way .
+A 9 11|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:OTHER|||energy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , its feature , very high temperature , leads to a lot of concerns from the public .
+
+S People wonder the existence of suitable material to build this reactor .
+A 2 5|||R:OTHER|||if there exists a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They concern about the probability of radioactivity leaking .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||are concerned|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And they think it is not a good business in terms of the cost to make this reactor run properly and safely .
+
+S Although some of the technological problems have not been conquered , the current research and data can tell us that we are not far from those aims .
+
+S Through more research , we can make this proposal come true .
+
+S Firstly , people wonder whether scientists can find a suitable material that can withstand such high temperature , more than 1000 , comparing to that of the current nuclear reactor which is less 330 .
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:FORM|||compared|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( World nuclear association , 2009 ) .
+
+S It is true that there is a huge jump between these two levels , but that does not necessarily mean impossible .
+A 20 20|||M:OTHER|||it is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In 2004 , Japan did a test on a nuclear plant in which the temperature reached 950 .
+
+S ( Declan Butler , 2004 ) Besides the encouraging practice experience , scientists also found some amazing ways to reach much higher temperature theoretically .
+
+S Scientists can use a certain way to significantly increase the thermal property .
+
+S They can even get a kind of materialZrCwhich has a melting point of 3540 .
+
+S ( James W. Sterbentz , n.d. ) .
+
+S It is estimated that the first VHTR can be built around 2020 .
+
+S If the research in the material is financially supported well , this material obstacle will be overcome by that time .
+
+S Secondly , some people concern about leaking of radioactivity after a period of running although the reactor maybe good enough to hold all radioactivity inside at the beginning .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||are concerned|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:MORPH|||leakage|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Scientifically speaking , this problem belongs to the life of material area .
+
+S As mentioned in the last paragraph , the material that will be used to build the reactor can withstand the high temperature .
+
+S Consequently , the only aspect left is the corrosion factor .
+
+S The most serious corrosion factor is due to the radiation .
+
+S That is why engineers have set the timeline to replace some certain parts of the reactor that maybe not safe after some years .
+A 17 19|||R:OTHER|||may not be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , the graphite should be replaced every 4 to 10 years .
+
+S ( U.S .
+
+S DOE nuclear energy research advisory committee , 2009 ) .
+
+S The other common aspect that may have some influence in the safety area is the reaction between coolant and the crust of the reactor which may directly results in radioactivity leaking and even explosion .
+A 29 30|||R:MORPH|||radioactive|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:MORPH|||leakage|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:NOUN:NUM|||explosions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , it is not a big problem for VHTR because the coolant of this reactor is helium , which is an inert gas .
+
+S It does not react with the crust even though it is under the high temperature .
+
+S That is to say , the possibility of radiation leaking closes to zero in the VHTR .
+
+S Thirdly , some people do not think that we can get enough benefit if we build this reactor at such high expense .
+
+S It is indeed quite expensive to build such a reactor but we can not look down upon the benefit that we will get after the reactor works .
+
+S According to the design , VHTR could squeeze 50 % more electricity from the same amount of fuel comparing to the traditional reactors and it also can produce hydrogen at the same time which is considered as an ideal energy .
+
+S ( Shuwen " Eric " Wang , 2005 ) .
+
+S VHTR is worth building .
+
+S In conclusion , the VHTR is a safe and efficient nuclear plant .
+
+S It is no doubt that scientists can overcome the obstacles to find a suitable material and make sure the reactor will never leak any radiation .
+
+S And the cost of building VHTR is likely to decrease since the technology and knowledge is improved .
+
+S Now the most important thing we should do is to support the research in this topic and make sure the schedule goes smoothly .
+
+S Reference
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240 .
+
+S James W. S. ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Low-Enriched Very High Temperature Reactor Core Design .
+
+S Idaho National Laboratory , United States .
+
+S U.S .
+
+S Doe nuclear energy research advisory committee .
+
+S ( 2002 , December ) .
+
+S A technology roadmap for generation IV nuclear energy system
+
+S World nuclear association .
+
+S ( 2009 , August ) .
+
+S Generation IV Nuclear Reactors .
+
+S Retrieved October 22 , 2009 , from http : //www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf77.html
+
+S Shuwen " Eric " Wang .
+
+S ( 2005 , December 6 ) .
+
+S Very high temperature reactor .
+
+S Retrieved October 22 , 2009 from http : //trinity.tamu.edu/ ~ burchill/609/Class % 2027/Wang % 20VHTR_Safety_EricWang.pdf
+
+S With the rapid industrialisation , the energy requirements of the world are increasing exponentially.It has increased to a point where the conventional sources of energy are no longer able to meet the demands.Not only this , but there is also the problem of pollution which is becoming graver everyday and threatens to eradicate life altogether on this planet .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 37|||R:OTHER|||demands .|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 38|||R:ORTH|||There|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This calls for rapid steps to be taken .
+
+S The present idea is to substitute these fuels to an extent with nuclear energy .
+
+S The problem with nuclear fuel is that it is extremely hazardous and painstaking research into effective tapping of the nuclear energy continues everyday .
+
+S After the Chernobyl disaster involving the radioactive substances escaping the nuclear reactors and killing several people , the world has realised it wants an effective , clean and safe way to tap this dangerous energy source .
+
+S Most of the present research into the nuclear reactor designs is being directed into perfecting the series of reactors called the GENERATION IV REACTORS .
+
+S All these reactors are still in the design stage and do not have operational status.They are aimed at providing energy in a more safe and efficient way.There are 6 types of reactors amongst the Generation 4 reactors each with its own advantages and disadadvantages.However , the type of reactor called the Very High Temperature Reactor ( VHTR ) seems really promising and has much greater potential than the other models .
+
+S The VHTR can not only supply heat to a broad range of high temperature and energy intensive processes but also produce electricity to meet the modern demands.Also in the end hydrogen is produced which clearly is a huge benefit as the energy required to produce pure hydrogen is really tremendous .
+A 30 30|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 33|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The coolant used in this type of reactor is not water but helium .
+
+S Helium is an inert gas , hence exposing it to radiation does not make it radioactive thus averting a major health hazard.Because of helium being used as the coolant very high temperatures such as 1000C are possible thus increasing its efficiency manifold .
+A 5 7|||R:PUNCT|||. Hence|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 37|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The fuel which is used in VHTR is uranium carbide pellets which are extremely heat resistant .
+
+S One of the major reasons for accidents in a nuclear power plant is the meltdown within a nuclear reactor .
+
+S With the fuel being so thermally inactive that it does n't break down even in the event of a meltdown clearly poses as a major safety advantage.Another advantage is that the VHTR does not require frequent refuelling which extracts a heavy toll on the human labour .
+
+S This takes care of a potential risk , human error .
+
+S Infact the refuelling in this type of reactor can be achieved when it is still running.It is so highly efficient that a single pebble can last upto three years .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||In fact ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( U.S Department of Energy )
+
+S One of the major problems related to generating energy from nuclear fuel is the disposal of the spent fuel which is highly radioactive .
+
+S In the case of the VHTR the spent fuel is literally infissionable .
+
+S The energy generation is so efficient that there is almost a negligible amount of fissionable substance left .
+
+S China , Canada , France , Japan , Euratom and the USA have already signed on the System Agreement for the VHTR under the Framework Agreement ( GIF Annual Report 2008 ) .The total budget for the research and development of the Generation 4 reactors is estimated to be 6 Billion USD according to a GreenPeace report of 2005 ( Butler ,2004 ) .
+
+S A hundred percent safe and efficient design for a nuclear power plant is theoretically impossible .
+
+S However with the present level of research we shall be safe to set our hopes on the Generation 4 reactors , with their advanced design and coolants .
+
+S The use of nuclear fuel has always been received with some scepticism , which is actually beneficial as it is n't yet a safe energy resource .
+
+S But with the fossil fuels drying up so fast , we do n't have any other choice .
+
+S With the green house effect threatening to cause severe climatic changes , it is really wise to switch from burning fossil fuels to nuclear fuel.Research still proceeds everyday in perfecting this , may be several years from now there will be an even more efficient way to tap the nuclear energy .
+A 31 32|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 34|||R:ORTH|||Maybe|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Till then let the innovations keep pouring in .
+
+S References :
+
+S Butler ( 2004 ) ,Nuclear Power 's New Dawn
+
+S DOE ( 2004 ) Nuclear Energy Initiative VHTR Program Plan GIF Annual Report 2008 retrieved on 21st October 2009 from { http : //www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf77.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf77.html ]
+
+S Idaho National Laboratory ( 2009 ) retrieved on 21st October 2009 from { https : //inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt ? open = 514&objID = 2251&parentname = CommunityPage&parentid = 13&mode = 2 } [ HYPERLINK : https : //inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt ? open = 514&objID = 2251&parentname = CommunityPage&parentid = 13&mode = 2 ]
+
+S Richard Wright , Joel Simpson , Alan Wertsching , and W David Swank ( 2008 ) , High Temperture Behaviour Of Candidate VHTR Heat Exchanger Alloys .
+
+S Arguments to support further research and development funding for Very High Temperature Reactor .
+
+S Nuclear power promises a viable source of energy which is far cleaner and more cost effective than conventional thermal power stations .
+
+S However , there have been strong differing views .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||strongly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is primarily due to safety , security and cost issues which can affect the public adversely .
+
+S The Very High Temperature Reactor ( VHTR ) is one of the new Generation IV reactors that is currently under research .
+
+S This new generation nuclear plant has been designed to deal with imminent concerns so as to prepare us for the nuclear power .
+A 22 22|||M:NOUN|||era|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , there are plausible reasons to fund research and development projects pertaining to this area .
+
+S Critics of nuclear power maintain that the production of nuclear power is dangerous as there is a dangerous possibility of a radioactive leakage .
+
+S However , due to technological advancements in the VHTR , this is no longer an area of concern .
+
+S The coolant used in VHTR is helium , an inert gas that does not react chemically with any material .
+
+S Exposing helium to radiation does not make it radioactive .
+
+S As such , a leakage would not be radioactive .
+
+S The VHTR is a safe reactor which has a 'pebble bed core' .
+
+S Spherical fuel elements are termed as 'pebble' .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN|||'pebbles'|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Each pebble , containing thousands of micro fuel particles , is essentially a mini nuclear reactor made of graphite .
+
+S These pebbles are coated with multiple layers of hard ceramic layer which results in the pebbles being extremely heat resistant .
+A 10 11|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If a meltdown were to occur , the pebbles will not crack easily or release harmful radiation or fission products .
+
+S As such , a leakage is unlikely to be radioactive in nature .
+
+S Some also argue that the production of nuclear power might give rise to more terror attacks .
+
+S Terrorists can extract plutonium from the nuclear waste for weapon production or simply use them as 'dirty bombs ' for terror attacks .
+
+S But improvements made to the containment structure and a new reactor technology will prevent the terrorist from succeeding .
+
+S The 5 feet thick containment vessel will protect the contents from inside and outside .
+
+S The layers of ceramic coated on the pebbles are also very hard and durable .
+
+S Hence it would be very difficult for anyone to extract the fissionable materials within the reactor core .
+
+S In addition , the spent fuel from VHTR contains an insignificant amount of fissionable materials , thus it would pose less of a threat if it were to end up in the hands of terrorists .
+
+S Another argument from the opponents of nuclear power is that nuclear waste is non-biodegradable and that radiation from the waste is deadly for those who are constantly exposed to it .
+
+S However , the amount of nuclear waste and its negative effects will be greatly reduced with the use of VHTR .
+
+S The VHTR has the ability of using existing nuclear waste to produce electricity .
+
+S This will considerably reduce the amount of nuclear waste produced .
+
+S The half-lives of these nuclear wastes will be shortened to just a few decades instead of the few millenniums with the existing technology .
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||millennia|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With future technological breakthroughs in the future , nuclear waste disposal problem will no longer be a concern .
+A 4 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly , the public is concerned about the high prices related to the production of nuclear energy .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||price|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The energy produced by the VHTR can be kept low due to the substantial amount of nuclear energy being produced compared to other energy sources such as coal , oil and wind .
+
+S According to statistics , the cost of producing per kilowatt-hour of nuclear power is only slightly above 2 cents in recent years , the lowest as compared to gas , coal and oil which are the three main energy sources in the world .
+
+S The implicit cost of pollution that we have to pay is also essentially zero .
+
+S This is because the only emission to the environment is steam , which does not pollute the environment in any manner .
+
+S Thus , cost should not be an area of concern for the general public .
+
+S It is therefore evident that safety and security issues have been well addressed by the 'new pebble bed core ' of VHTR .
+
+S The problem on disposal of nuclear waste is also solved by the ability of VHTR to consume existing nuclear waste and producing nuclear waste with shorter half-lives .
+
+S Finally , high cost of nuclear energy is not a valid argument as its cost has always been one of the lowest in terms of implicit and explicit cost .
+
+S Hence , I conclude that there must be further research and funding for the Generation IV reactors .
+
+S Reference
+
+S 1 ) Energy sources comparison http : //www.uraniumsa.org/esd/energy_comparison_table.htm
+
+S 2 ) Pebble Bed Core http : //www.popularmechanics.com/science/research/3760347.html ? page = 5
+
+S 3 ) Consumption of existing nuclear waste http : //www.ossfoundation.us/projects/energy/nuclear
+
+S Ever since the first robot was created in the 1950s , mankind has been trying to incorporate them into our lives .
+
+S From sending them to space in search of new habitats to deploying them deep in sea for research purposes , these new humanoids are being utilized to explore places which were previously inaccessible to humans .
+
+S However , it is only in the 1980s when robots were actually being developed to save lives ( Robotic Surgery , n.d. ) .
+
+S They come in the form of robotic doctors .
+
+S With the traditional mindsets the general public has , it is no wonder that the mentioning of robotic surgeons operating on a patient is strongly opposed .
+
+S Yet most researchers and experts beg to differ .
+
+S They believe that there are more benefits that can be obtained from robotic surgery as compared to conventional surgery , such as the reduction of recovery time .
+
+S Having said that , it may be too early to conclude that robotic surgery will replace conventional surgery , but based on current advancements to the system , it is foreseeable in the near future that people will turn to robots for all kinds of abscission .
+
+S The most defining issue regarding robots is the safety aspect .
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is not uncommon for people to experience a machine breakdown halfway through an important process , which can be frustrating and may sometimes lead to significant losses .
+
+S The breakdown may be a result of a mechanical part failure or a lack of power supply .
+
+S In the case of robotic surgery , a breakdown in the middle of the operation can be disastrous .
+A 13 14|||R:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The sudden discontinuation of the robot may hamper the proceedings of the operation , increasing the chances of infection and possibility of death .
+
+S To counter these problems , robotic systems like the Da Vinci System have in place a self-check mechanism that allows proper shutting down of the system in the event of a failure in either the self-check or the power source ( Safety , 2008 ) .
+
+S This allows the surgeon in charge to be able to continue on with the surgery conventionally .
+A 11 12|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this way , there would not be a huge time period where the patient is left with an open incision , thereby keeping any possible chances of infection to a minimum .
+
+S Another cause of concern has to do with the lack of expertise in this field of technology .
+
+S As robotic surgery is still considered new , not many doctors have the required savoir faire to make use of the device optimally and efficiently .
+
+S Together with the viewpoint of people considering robotic surgery the cutting edge technology now , hospitals are increasingly likely to obtain one even without a skilled doctor under its wings .
+
+S After spending a huge amount acquiring it , hospitals will be pressurized to make full use of it .
+
+S This spells danger as operating with inexperienced doctors is more pernicious than operating without the robot .
+
+S This is exemplified in a true story where a patient died because of complications after a robot-aided operation by an inexperienced surgeon ( Sherman , 2009 ) .
+
+S In order to rectify this problem , hospitals with the robotic systems have designed training packages for doctors and assistants ( Yarborough , 2008 ) .
+
+S With these preparations , the surgeons can have a better understanding and hands-on experience of the system , making it less likely for mistakes to happen .
+
+S Although there may be many doubts on robotic surgery , the benefits of it should not be overlooked .
+
+S As robotic surgery is also known as minimally invasive surgery , it does exactly what its name suggests .
+
+S The incision required for this operation is much smaller than traditional methods .
+
+S This signifies a massive improvement in recovery time and lesser pain endured by patients ( Young , 2007 ) .
+A 9 10|||R:ADJ:FORM|||less|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , as machines can be sterilized more effectively than humans , there is a lower chance of them being contaminated by external factors , which means lesser chance of the patient being infected .
+A 27 28|||R:ADJ:FORM|||less|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Robot for surgery is still in a developing stage .
+A 0 1|||R:MORPH|||robots|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is vital that the safety aspects of the system be ameliorated before they can be implemented on a wider scale .
+
+S With the constant upgrading of the robots and surgeons , the time is nigh for humans to embrace robots as the new generation of surgeons .
+
+S References :
+
+S Important Historic Robotic Companies and Systems .
+
+S ( n.d. ) Robotic Surgery .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //biomed.brown.edu/Courses/BI108/BI108_2005_Groups/04/history.html
+
+S Safety .
+
+S ( 2008 ) .Da Vinci Surgery .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //www.davincisurgery.com/davinci-surgery/davinci-surgical- system/safety.html
+
+S Sherman , D. ( 2009 , Sep 17 ) .
+
+S Medical societies push standards for robotic surgery .
+
+S Reuters .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //www.reuters.com/article/healthNews/idUSTRE58G7AV20090917
+
+S Yarborough , M.H .
+
+S ( 2008 , July 11 ) .
+
+S Robot expands capabilities for operating on children .
+
+S The Catalyst .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //academicdepartments.musc.edu/surgery/innovation/davinci/davinci.htm
+
+S Young , O .
+
+S ( 2007 , April 9 ) .
+
+S The surgeon may never have to touch his patient .
+
+S The New University .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //www.newuniversity.org/2007/04/features/the_surgeon_may_never31/
+
+S VHTR of Nuclear Power
+
+S Nowadays , people 's hearts are dragged by the price of petroleum .
+
+S As the consequence of the decreasing source of oil , people turned to find other powers to replace the petroleum .
+A 11 11|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN|||sources|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nuclear power became one of their choices , since it is clean and efficient .
+
+S Nuclear energy is defined as the energy comes from the nucleus of atoms due to the " nuclear fission , nuclear fusion , or radioactive decay " CITATION The05 \ l 2052 ( The American Heritage Science Dictionary , 2005 ) .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:FORM|||coming|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S People change the energy release from bonds between atoms to electricity .
+A 0 11|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , some accidents like the reactor core exploded and 31 people die in the 1986 scared many people ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+A 4 4|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:FORM|||exploding|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:FORM|||dying|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nevertheless , the new generation of reactor would make the process more efficient by using higher temperature , and there will be no waste go to the outside world .
+A 24 25|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I think that Very-high-temperature-reactors ( VHTR ) will become the most popular in the future , since there are lots of advantages .
+
+S In this essay I will talk about VHTR concept through three aspects : safety , economic problem , and technology requirement to support my stance .
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First of all , people who do not support the development of nuclear power are worried about the safety during the nuclear power 's processing .
+A 20 24|||R:OTHER|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Chernobyl accident gives people a big shock .
+A 0 0|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||gave|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , I think that people should not judge the thing by their own view .
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||things|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , even though the accident rate of train is much higher than that of airplane , many people are still afraid of travelling by air .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||trains|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:INFL|||airplanes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are two major safety problems of building nuclear plants .
+
+S First , the radioactivity released from the reactor core will harm public health .
+
+S Comparing to the other five generation concept , the waste in VHTR will go directly to repository so that we would not worry about the radiation .
+
+S Second , the big accident during the reactor processing will destroy " capital assets " , and people will lose confidence in nuclear power research CITATION The03 \ l 2052 ( The Future of Nuclear Power , 2003 ) .
+
+S It seems that VHTR might be very dangerous since it needs high temperature and high pressure .
+
+S However , the " inherent safety features of the fuel and reactor " make VHTR become more reliable CITATION SMM03 \ l 2052 ( Modro , 2003 ) .
+A 15 16|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In short , VHTR has good safety control
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||conttrol .|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , some people may think that nuclear reaction will spend a lot of money on building a large factory and using the high technology equipment .
+A 8 9|||R:MORPH|||reactors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB|||require|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:FORM|||to build|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 20|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB|||need|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Especially for VHTR , it will spend large amount of money on special materials that can afford high temperature and high pressure .
+A 0 11|||R:OTHER|||The VHTR will require large amounts of money to be spent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB|||provide|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , in the long round , nuclear factories will produce more profit than other reactor concepts .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN|||run|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S At first , since the VHTR has been arrange in to a direct cycle , it will save much money to build a waste recycler .
+
+S Second , the high efficiency up to 50 % , which is the highest among six generation IV reactor concepts , will bring a lot of economy profit to factory .
+A 26 27|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 29|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Last but not least , VHTR will not only produce the electricity but also the hydrogen .
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , we can get a lot of benefit through VHTR .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||benefits|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides the safety and economic issue , some people are worried about the performance of nucleus reaction .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||issues|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:MORPH|||reactors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The VHTR includes graphite-moderated process , helium-cooled reactor and uranium fuel cycle CITATION VHT09 \ l 2052 ( VHTR , 2009 ) .
+
+S It increases the temperature to 1000 degree by using " high core outlet temperature " .
+
+S This high-efficiency system is wildly used in the " high-temperature , energy-intensive and non-electric processes " .
+
+S Even though VHTR still needs further research in heat-resistant fuels and materials , it has developed fast though early cold fast neutron reactor and Pebble Bed Modular Reactor .
+
+S Considering the large economic benefit VHTR can bring , governments tend to put it to the first place to develop .
+A 14 20|||R:OTHER|||as top priority|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is predicted that this system can be performed by 2020 .
+
+S In conclusion , VHTR has a high-efficiency system that can produce electricity and hydrogen , and it has high rank of safety .
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the effort that the scientists and the engineers put into development of nuclear power , I believe that nuclear power will supplant the fossil-fuel and become a major power in our daily life .
+
+S References :
+
+S BIBLIOGRAPHY \ l 2052 Butler , D. ( 2004 May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S In Nature ( pp .
+
+S 238-240 ) .
+
+S Modro , S. M. ( 2003 ) .
+
+S The Generation-IV Economic , Safe and Proliferation Resistant Future Nuclear
+
+S Power Systems .
+
+S Retrieved October 15 , 2009 , from http : //manhaz.cyf.gov.pl/manhaz/strona_konferencja_2003/EPS2003_07en.pdf
+
+S The American Heritage Science Dictionary .
+
+S ( 2005 ) .
+
+S Houghton Mifflin Company .
+
+S The Future of Nuclear Power .
+
+S ( 2003 ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 15 , 2009 , from Massachusetts Institute of Technology : http : //web.mit.edu/nuclearpower/
+
+S VHTR .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 15 , 2009 , from Idaho National Laboratory : https : //inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt ? open = 514&objID = 2251&parentname = CommunityPage&parentid = 13&mode = 2
+
+S Advocates and committees formed around the world to reduce global warming have been very active in the recent years .
+
+S Looking into every single opportunity to decrease the greenhouse gases emitting into the atmosphere , energy sources may be one of the emphatic points to be revised .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB|||emittedg|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:OTHER|||we realise|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many of the energy producing sources produce inadmissible air pollutants and greenhouse gases which are very baneful to the environment .
+A 16 17|||R:ADJ|||harmful|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nuclear power is one of the alternate energy sources that are being considered to arbitrate these problems due to its efficiencies and environmental friendly processes .
+A 6 7|||R:MORPH|||alternative|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the new generation IV reactor concepts , Lead-cooled fast reactor is the paramount choice for producing nuclear power as it surpasses the other reactors in terms of different aspects ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S With further research and development , Lead cooled fast reactors will be the future energy source which make security , cost and performance problems precedent .
+
+S Nuclear reactors haven been mistook for a time bomb waiting to be exploded anytime because of the tremendous pressure contained inside .
+A 4 5|||R:MORPH|||mistaken|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||R:VERB:TENSE|||explode|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is also believed to cause a catastrophic accident that is very disastrous with any slight technical or human error .
+
+S Rebutting , it is actually not true as a power plant is too big to convert a part of its U-235 or plutonium into fission fragments and generate enough heat to fly apart .
+
+S On the contrary , a bomb is a compact object so the neutrons need not travel far to hit another fissionable atom which made it so powerful .
+A 23 24|||R:OTHER|||is what makes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is a fact based on the fundamental of physics on how fast fission neutron travels .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||fundamentals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||neutrons|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||travel|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( John , 1995 ) Lead-cooled fast reactors are also built with superior materials to resist strong knockings and vibrations to prevent any leakages of radioactive substances into the atmosphere .
+
+S Involving large amount of radioactivity had been a strain to convince the public to allow nuclear reactors existence in the past few decades .
+A 0 23|||R:OTHER|||It has been a strain to convince the public to allow nuclear reactors as they involve large amounts of radioactivity|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Accidents that had happened with casualties and affected people are evidence of the dangers involving nuclear reactors .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 10|||R:OTHER|||and serve as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , accidents involving nuclear reactors have been relatively small , compared to cave-ins in coal mines which often kill hundreds .
+
+S Nothing is perfectly safe but nuclear energy is definitely safe enough to be relied upon as an energy source .
+
+S ( John , 1995 ) Furthermore , lead-cooled fast reactor will be much safer compared to the conventional plants with a better and more comprehensive safety features .
+A 20 21|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It also operates at lower pressure compared to other contenders .
+
+S On top of that , according to Donald W.M .
+
+S ( 2004 ) , not only does low to moderate doses of ionizing radiation are not harmful , it stimulates the immune system and check oxidation of DNA through a process known as " radiation hormesis " , preventing cancer too .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:SVA|||stimulate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The costs of the nuclear power may be astronomical as it involves the construction cost , operating cost and cost of waste disposal from the plant .
+
+S Canny people may expect design flaws in the plants and calculated the maintenance to incur more costs in a long run .
+A 0 1|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nevertheless , nuclear power now is substantially cheaper and they are expected to be even lower in the near future through further research and development .
+A 9 10|||R:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It has been substantially proven from the improvement of the 2nd generation to the 3rd generation reactors by reducing the cost to produce per kilowatt of power from USD $ 1400 to below USD $ 1000 .
+
+S ( Nuclear info , 2009 )
+
+S Other favoured energy sources like solar panels and wind turbines are strongly encouraged by some .
+
+S They are claimed to be " safer " energy sources as the probability of being prone to accidents are deemed to be lower .
+A 13 17|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Altercating , they are much less efficient and less reliable compared to nuclear power produced by Lead-cooled fast reactors .
+
+S Having the need of finding the strategic locations and only producing energy only at certain time of the year , they are not preferred in reality .
+A 9 10|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , comparing to the 19 percent of the toal energy the nuclear reactors in US produced , solar panels and wind turbines contributed only 0.1 percent .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:FORM|||compared|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Donald W.M. , 2004 ) Recognising the efficiency , India also planned to raise the amount of power it generates from nuclear energy by a hundred times in a 3 stage strategy by 2050 .
+
+S ( Ravi , 2009 )
+
+S In " Nuclear power not ruled out " ( 2008 ) , Singapore 's Prime Minister , Mr Lee Hsien Loong said technology may evolve to resolve challenges faced by nuclear power .
+
+S From the popularity and possibilities , it is evident that nuclear power is a suitable energy source for the future .
+
+S Therefore , further research and development funding is very important to refine the safety , efficiency and costs of the lead-cooled fast reactors .
+
+S Engineering Psychology : A New Approach to Prevent Engineering Accidents
+
+S Engineers deserve more respect due to their outstanding contributions to the design and construction of the world .
+
+S However , with great power comes great responsibility .
+
+S Engineers do face a tremendous pressure every time when an engineering accident occurs .
+A 8 9|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As it is reported on Nuclear Science and Engineering ( 1987 ) , the primary causes of the Chernobyl Nuclear Reactor Plant Explosion are recorded as follows :
+A 4 5|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S 1Depletion of project integrity
+
+S 2Improper management and control
+
+S 3Lack of communication
+
+S 4Lack of experience
+
+S Obviously , the human factors occupy a large proportion .
+
+S In fact , according to a recent study conducted at the Swiss federal Institute of technology in Zurich analyzed 800 cases of structural failure , the human factors still constitute the largest proportion .
+
+S Therefore , it is natural for ordinary people who witnessed those tragedies to put all the blame on the engineers and even scold some faulty engineers .
+A 20 27|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Though engineers have been compelled to be the target of public criticism for a long time , few psychologists really decide to conduct a comprehensive study on human factors to reveal the truth .
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:TENSE|||decided|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Actually , the way of preventing engineering accidents should be innovated by taking psychology into consideration instead of expecting engineers to be perfect .
+A 4 5|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:FORM|||to prevent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Normally , the public criticize engineers for their carelessness and strongly suggest raising engineers ' level of responsibility .
+A 4 5|||R:MORPH|||criticises|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In my own opinion , it is absolutely right to be responsible and alert when controlling and handling .
+
+S However , in many cases , engineers ' carelessness results from their overworking .
+
+S For example , in Chernobyl 's case , on the day when the accident happened , most operators and machinists had been working for as long as 24 hours .
+
+S It is conceivable that any mistake could be made at that moment .
+
+S Actually , nowadays the rapid-developing technology and resultant economic effect over-focus on the improvement of the equipment and machines , which strictly requires human 's adaptation to them .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN|||rapidly-developing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 28|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From psychologists ' point of view , the engineers have to take on more pressure which finally causes all sorts of negative impact on them and certainly do nothing effective to their daily work .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||a psychologist 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:VERB:SVA|||does|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , in many countries , the governments usually do not pay enough attention to engineers except when one must come out to take the consequences .
+A 23 24|||R:OTHER|||bear/ face|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is unfair to engineers , the most important founders of modern world .
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As it is suggested by psychology , providing favorable working conditions and environment for engineers can be an important element in preventing accidents from happening .
+
+S Yet the design of environment of workplaces is just the very process which is neglected by most of the governments and industry directors .
+
+S The glare , noise , extreme temperature , vibration , high humidity , acceleration and other physical factors can seriously affect the performance of engineers and both their physical and mental health .
+
+S Therefore , psychologists can play an irreplaceable role in designing workplaces by analyzing the structure of users ' physical and mental system so as to guarantee that workers can perform in a good condition from start to finish .
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:NUM|||systems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Relieving fatigue and restores vitality should be the best way for engineers to prevent accidents .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:FORM|||restoring|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Third , the public criticism upon engineers needs to be more objective when referring to the theory of possibility .
+A 5 6|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Just like what B.Wilpert have illustrated in Psychology and design processes , engineers are human and it is possible for human to make mistakes , in other words , engineers need more understanding from the society in a sense .
+A 1 3|||R:OTHER|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 39|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In theoretical speaking , everything must eventually fail to perform its given function .
+A 0 1|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:MORPH|||Theoretically|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The possibility is there .
+
+S That is why accidents are called " accidents " and that is why human are called " human " not " god " .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||humans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , study of psychology regarding prevention of accidents is necessary under this people-oriented situation .
+
+S Engineers should not have been over-expected ; after all , engineers are also ordinary people and have limitations of human as well .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Excessively high expectations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 6|||R:OTHER|||be placed on engineers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 8|||R:PUNCT|||. After|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 20|||R:OTHER|||human limitations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As human , they need relaxing , they need working in sound conditions and they also need the understanding and recognition of the society as well .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||humans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:FORM|||to relax|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:FORM|||to work|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Only if the key players , engineers , are concerned and given due attention can the world of engineering run in the right direction .
+
+S That is the best approach to prevent accidents .
+
+S Fortunately , a new subject named " Engineering Psychology " has already started to boom recently , which is concerned with adapting the equipment and environment to people , based upon their psychological capacities and limitations .
+
+S From the development and achievements of this subject in not-too-distant future , the choice for a better design and the way to prevent accidents can be directly obtained .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The VHTR is Worth Further Research
+
+S Very-high Temperature Reactor ( VHTR ) is one of the six generation = 4 \ * ROMAN IV nuclear reactor systems selected by the Generation = 4 \ * ROMAN IV International Forum for further development in 2002 ( Preparing Today for Tomorrow 's Energy Needs , para.3 ) .
+
+S The VHTR uses graphite as the core material and helium as coolant of the reactor to generate nuclear heat with core-outlet temperature of 1000 degrees centigrade .
+
+S This system can be applied to hydrogen production , petrochemistry , electricity generation and so on ( U.S DOE Nuclear Energy Research advisory Committee and the Generation IV international Forum , 2002 ) .
+
+S Although the VHTR is promising , critics argue that it is not worth further research due to lack of suitable materials , potential safety hazard and high cost of construction .
+
+S However , these problems can be solved and the VHTR will benefit the society a lot .
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First , opponents claim that the VHTR requires materials to reach high standard and currently there is no suitable candidate .
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is true that the requirement for the materials is tough to meet .
+
+S Materials used in the internal core structure are required to withstand at least 1000 degrees centigrade which is much higher than the melting points of most materials .
+
+S In fact , there is still a small number of ceramic and metallic materials with high melting temperatures and they are the potential materials for VHTR , such as carborundum with a melting temperature of 2730 degrees centigrade and tungsten with a melting temperature of 3410 degrees centigrade ( Callister , 2007 ) .
+
+S Besides , aerospace materials are a source of reference for scientists .
+
+S The surface temperature of a space shuttle can reach more than 2000 degrees centigrade and certain materials have been successfully used .
+
+S Currently scientists are doing research to find new high-temperature-resistant materials .
+
+S In general , we are confident to develop suitable materials for VHTR .
+
+S Secondly , skeptics argue that there is potential safety hazard .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is reasonable that people concern a lot about the safety since the Chernobyl accident and Three Mile Island accident happened .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||to assume|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are concerned|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nuclear accidents are deadly disasters , causing economic losses as well as huge damage to the environment and people 's health .
+
+S According to McCarthy ( 2009 ) , the VHTR is quite safe due to its special design which is different from reactors of the Chernobyl type .
+
+S Having a negative temperature coefficient , the VHTR can automatically slow down the nuclear reaction inside the core when the temperature rises .
+
+S This feature ensures that the temperature in a VHTR core can never be high enough to trigger a meltdown .
+
+S With this special design , the VHTR can shut down itself once anything abnormal happens .
+
+S Therefore , safety can be ensured for the VHTR .
+
+S Accidents like the Chernobyl accident will never happen to the VHTR .
+
+S Thirdly , critics argue that the construction of the VHTR is too expensive .
+
+S Because of the new technologies applied in the reactor design and high standard for materials , new materials and vessels , which may cost millions of dollars , are used in the construction .
+
+S However , the benefit attained from the VHTR can cover the high cost .
+
+S Scientists pointed out that the VHTR is a highly efficient system .
+
+S It will produce electricity about 40 percent more efficiently than most reactors in America do now and its hydrogen production is about 50 percent higher than the existing methods .
+
+S Besides , the heat it generates is also useful for refineries , perochemistry and metallurgy ( The Generation IV and Nuclear Hydrogen Initiative Programs , para.3 ) .
+
+S Thus , although initially the construction expense is high , later more profit can be achieved .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:MORPH|||initial|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 16|||R:WO|||more profit can be achieved later|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , obstacles like lack of materials , safety problems and high construction cost all can be overcome .
+A 15 17|||R:WO|||can all|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The VHTR is a safe and profitable nuclear reactor with excellent prospect .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||prospects|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , the VHTR is worth further research .
+
+S Hopefully , it will be widely used within a decade .
+
+S References
+
+S Cillister , W.D .
+
+S ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Materials Science and Engineering : An Introduction ( 7th ed .
+
+S ) John Wiley & Sons
+
+S McCarthy , K ( 2009 ) .
+
+S New Tech Could Make Nuclear the Best Weapon against Climate change .
+
+S Retrieved October 23 , 2009 , from http : //discovermagazine.com/2009/jun/08-new-tech-could-make-nuclear-best-weapon-against-climate-change
+
+S Preparing Today for Tomorrow 's Energy Needs ( n.d. ) .
+
+S The Generation IV International forum .
+
+S Retrieved October 20 , 2009 , from http : //www.gen-4.org/
+
+S The Generation IV and Nuclear Hydrogen Initiative Programs ( n.d. ) .
+
+S The National Academic Press .
+
+S Retrieved October 23 , 2009 , from http : //books.nap.edu/openbook.php ? record_id = 11998&page = 31
+
+S U.S DOE Nuclear Energy Research advisory Committee and the Generation IV international Forum ( 2002 ) .
+
+S A Technology Roadmap for Generation IV Nuclear Energy systems .
+
+S Retrieved October 20 , 2009 , from http : //gif.inel.gov/roadmap/pdfs/gen_iv_roadmap.pdf
+
+S PrototypeRobotic Surgery
+
+S For decades surgery is operated by human force only , which is limited to the size of surgery tools and causes complicated procedures .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB|||performed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:PREP|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In 1985 , the emergence of a prototype " PUMA 560 " pointed out a new way to do surgery , and that is robotic surgery .
+A 13 14|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is a newly developed technology to help enhance the quality of surgery .
+
+S Today 's robotic surgery machines are usually equipped with 3D camera recording body image more clearly , and enable more precise operation .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||cameras|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||images|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:FORM|||enabling|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , controversies over robotic surgery also arise concerning the safety , high cost and performance .
+A 6 10|||R:OTHER|||have also raised concerns about|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The concerns are reasonable but there is evidence to show robotic surgery is worth trusting and developing .
+
+S Opponents of robotic surgery maintain that this surgery is of high danger , such as incorrect design and fault of its running program which can result in inevitable consequence .
+A 9 12|||R:OTHER|||highly dangerous .|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:ORTH|||Incorrect|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:ADJ|||disastrous|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:NOUN:NUM|||consequences|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Actually , safety issue is also the major factor for scientists doing research on robotic surgery to consider , since any tiny mistake means a life at risk .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||issues|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Before a robotic surgery machine is put into use , strict inspection will be exerted on it to ensure safety .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB|||done|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Meanwhile , the outcomes of robotic surgery also reveal that it is a safe surgery method .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||On the other hand|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In America , with the approval of FDA ( Food and Drug Administration ) Intuitive Surgical ( Mountain View , CA ) have studied the use of its robotic surgery system on 113 patients , and then compared it with those of 132 patients who undertook the conventional surgery .
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 45 46|||R:VERB|||underwent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 46 47|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Results have showed that robotic surgery was comparable to conventional one in safety and effectiveness , according to FDA .
+A 1 2|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Tracy , 2001 )
+
+S For the cost issue , robotic surgery indeed requires large cost on research and manufacture .
+
+S This is because extremely sensitive elements are used to capture the patients ' situation during the surgery .
+
+S In addition , to train surgeons how to operate the equipment is also a large expenditure .
+A 3 4|||U:VERB:FORM||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:MORPH|||training|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , robotic surgery has the advantages over conventional surgery which are worth the cost , such as precise cut , less blood loss and short recovery period .
+
+S As robotic surgery gains acceptance , the more manufacture of it will reduce the cost .
+A 6 11|||R:OTHER|||increased production of such machines|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There is a large market for robotic surgery and in the U.S , 80000 robotic surgery cases were completed in 2008 ( Reuters , 2009 ) .
+
+S According to Robin ( 2006 ) , hospitals have been picking up the difference in costs in order to get their staff trained on the systems so far .
+
+S Some people doubt the performance of robotic surgery .
+
+S They claim that robots lack flexibility and can only perform what the designers have put in the program .
+
+S So when unknown situation happens robots can not cope with it .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , the current robotic surgery system serves as assistance in surgery .
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||to assist|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The main role is still human surgeon who will make judgment , and the robot itself can not do anything without human operating .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN|||instructions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The completely artificial intelligent robot is not available at the moment .
+
+S So patients should not be worried about no human presence .
+
+S The future of robotic surgery is prospecting .
+
+S Continuous advances in technology on one had will bring down the possibility of error occurring , on the other hand allow the machine to shut down safely if any emergency happens .
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In Canada , with vast land and remote rural countries , government has been investing in remote robotic surgery to improve its healthcare level ( Robin , 2006 ) .
+
+S This is also a new orientation for robotic surgery development .
+
+S In summary , the opposing viewpoints are not valid .
+
+S On the contrary , many people have really benefited from robotic surgery .
+
+S It does not mean that robotic surgery will one day fully replace the conventional human surgery but it provides an alternative and attractive way of doing surgery .
+
+S The combination of the two will also make modern surgery up to a new level .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB|||bring|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to surgeons , patients ' feedback on robotic surgery has been very positive ( Tracy , 2001 ) .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , in my opinion , robotic surgery is worth developing and trusting .
+
+S References :
+
+S * Tracy A. Schaaf , ( 2001 , March ) .
+
+S Robotic Surgery : The Future Is Now .
+
+S Retrieved from : { http : //www.devicelink.com/mx/archive/01/03/0103mx024.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.devicelink.com/mx/archive/01/03/0103mx024.html ]
+
+S * Robin Hohman , ( 2006 , September 8 ) .
+
+S Robotic Surgery Gains Acceptance as Experimentation Continues .
+
+S Retrieved from : { http : //www.technewsworld.com/story/52148.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.technewsworld.com/story/52148.html ]
+
+S * Reuters , ( 2009 , September 19 ) .
+
+S Medical societies push standards for robotic surgery .
+
+S Retrieved from { http : //www.khaleejtimes.com/displayarticle.asp ? xfile = data/specialfeature/2009/September/specialfeature_September83.xml&section = specialfeature&col } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.khaleejtimes.com/displayarticle.asp ? xfile = data/specialfeature/2009/September/specialfeature_September83.xml&section = specialfeature&col ] =
+
+S * Matt Guidarelli , ( 2003 , March ) .
+
+S Robotic SurgeryA nextgen free-standing perspectives article Retrieved from : { http : //www.nextgenmd.org/vol2-5/robotic_surgery.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.nextgenmd.org/vol2-5/robotic_surgery.html ]
+
+S * Debra Sherman , ( 2009 September 18 ) .
+
+S Medical societies push standards for robotic surgery Retrieved from : { http : //www.reuters.com/article/scienceNews/idUSTRE58G7AV20090918 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.reuters.com/article/scienceNews/idUSTRE58G7AV20090918 ]
+
+S Nuclear power
+
+S On March 28 , 1979 , a partial meltdown happened at the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant .
+
+S The safe disposal of nuclear waste cost $ 1 billion and takes more than 10 years to complete .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||took|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( findingDulcinea Staff , March 2009 ) Since several other nuclear accidents happened and the threat of nuclear weapons grew , the nuclear industry has come to a standstill mostly due to the public opposition for three decades .
+
+S However , the upcoming Generation IV reactors have revived enthusiasm for nuclear power recently .
+
+S There are obvious problems for nuclear : accidents , nuclear waste , high expenditure of research and building , and the threat of nuclear weapons , but Supercritical-Water-Cooled Reactors ( Generation IV ) raise people 's hopes for the new process of the nuclear industry and the public should be justified in extension activities for the research into Supercritical-Water-Cooled Reactors ( SCWRs ) because of its efficiency , cleanness and developed technology .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||power|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 27|||R:PUNCT|||. But|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 52 53|||R:MORPH|||extending|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Charles Petit , April 2006 , para.6 )
+
+S Opponents of nuclear power claim that the funding for designing and operating a nuclear plant is huge and yet it is undeniably a fact , but they lose the sight of the crucial point of the highly efficient electricity generating system in a nuclear plant .
+
+S For example , according to WASHINGTON , over the first 14 days of August in 2007 , the average daily capacity factor of the nuclear power industry , 104 nuclear power plants in the U.S was 98.3 percent .
+
+S ( WASHINGTON , August 27 , 2007 ) More important , compared with 33 % efficiency for current Light water reactors , the high thermal efficiency ( about 45 % ) and considerable plant simplification makes SCWRs as promising advanced nuclear systems .
+A 9 10|||R:MORPH|||importantly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 38|||R:OTHER|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 42|||R:NOUN:NUM|||system|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Idaho National Laboratory , SCWR ) Cheaper and more efficient , the features of SCWRs are superior to others of Generation IV .
+
+S Another significant opposition to nuclear power is the potential nuclear leakage issue .
+
+S People have been confused with fears of reactor accidents , while the probabilities of reactor accidents have been determined and they are very small indeed .
+
+S ( Bernard L. Cohen .
+
+S The Nuclear power Advantage ) Loss of life expectancy ( LLE ) due to various risks in U.S. shows that compared with cancer 980 LLE ( days ) and heart disease with 2300 LLE ( days ) , nuclear is much safer and ranks the last with 0.04 LLE ( days ) .
+A 38 39|||R:NOUN|||danger|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A generally acknowledged fact of clean energy is another important advantage for nuclear energy .
+
+S No carbon dioxide emission and no contribution to acid rain or global warming , makes nuclear energy fully deserve energetic support .
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:FORM|||deserving|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||of energy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The last argument raised by opponents is about the prepotency of other sources , such as solar and wind .
+
+S Since wind and sunlight is free with zero-waste , it seems better to focus on the development of these green sources .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nevertheless we can not neglect the current technology of wind or solar power is not available to meet our needs for abundant energy .
+A 6 23|||R:OTHER|||fact that wind or solar power might not always be available.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , the facilities of wind and solar power are so expensive that they are even less competitive than coal and gas .
+
+S These renewable energies like solar heavily depend on the activity of the weather .
+
+S As for nuclear power , there will be power once uranium is supplied , which makes the anxiousness about interruptions to the electricity generation pale into insignificance .
+
+S ( Michael Ashcroft , Reliable ) Furthermore , SCWRs is the only one of Generation IV whose coolant will be water , which means that it will be more practical than others owing to the wide distribution of water .
+
+S In brief , the energy generation of SCWRs is the most operative mode .
+
+S Contrary to the opposition to nuclear power which is not convincing , nuclear power has advantages in many areas .
+A 7 7|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The form of the energy generation is the most efficient .
+
+S Nuclear power is also friendly to the environment .
+
+S Independence with the weather and more proven technique , the promising Generation IV reactor , SCWRs enable nuclear power as the most promising energy source .
+A 0 1|||R:MORPH|||Independent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:PREP|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S FindingDulcinea Staff .
+
+S ( March 28 , 2009 ) On This Day : Nuclear Meltdown Occurs at Three Mile Island .
+
+S from { http : //www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/March-April-08/On-this-Day--Nuclear-Meltdown-at-Three-Mile-Island.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/March-April-08/On-this-Day--Nuclear-Meltdown-at-Three-Mile-Island.html ]
+
+S Charles Petit ( April 2006 ) It 's Scary , It 's Expensive , It Could Save the Earth .
+
+S National Geographic Magazine .
+
+S from { http : //ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2006/04/nuclear-power/petit-text } [ HYPERLINK : http : //ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2006/04/nuclear-power/petit-text ]
+
+S WASHINGTON ( August 27 , 2007 ) Operating at 98 % Efficiency , U.S. Nuclear Plants Play Vital Role in Beating Sweltering Heat Wave .
+
+S from { http : //www.nei.org/newsandevents/newsreleases/operatingat } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.nei.org/newsandevents/newsreleases/operatingat ]
+
+S Prof. Bernard L. Cohen .
+
+S The Nuclear power Advantage .
+
+S from { http : //www.ecolo.org/documents/documents_in_english/nuclear_advantage_Cohen.en.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.ecolo.org/documents/documents_in_english/nuclear_advantage_Cohen.en.htm ]
+
+S Michael Ashcroft .
+
+S Advantages and Disadvantages of Nuclear power : Reliable .
+
+S from { http : //ezinearticles.com/ ? Advantages-and-Disadvantages-of-Nuclear-Power&id = 1494512 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //ezinearticles.com/ ? Advantages-and-Disadvantages-of-Nuclear-Power&id = 1494512 ]
+
+S Idaho National Laboratory .
+
+S SCWR - GEN-4 : Technology : Systems .
+
+S from { http : //nuclear.inl.gov/gen4/scwr.shtml } [ HYPERLINK : http : //nuclear.inl.gov/gen4/scwr.shtml ]
+
+S Very-High-Temperature Reactor
+
+S Nuclear power generation emits relatively low amount of carbon dioxide and its contribution to global warming is therefore relatively less .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||amounts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:ADJ|||smaller|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , the technology is readily available ( especially for the generation III reactors , to which category many of the current reactors belong ) and new theories and technologies are being researched and developed .
+
+S Thus , nuclear power generation is definitely one of the solutions to the energy challenge that we mankind are facing now .
+A 16 17|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to European Nuclear Society ( 2009 ) , at the end of September , 2009 there are 436 nuclear reactors in operation in 31 countries all over the world to provide a net output of 370,221 MW , supplying an important part of the world 's total energy consumption .
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The U.S. alone relies 20 percent of its energy on nuclear power.By now we have come up with 6 concepts for the Generation-IV reactors , which mean to produce more reliable energy at lower cost and risk .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB|||obtains|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||R:OTHER|||power.To date ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Among the 6 concepts , the Very-high-temperature reactor ( VHTR ) is more secure , reliable and efficient and should receive more funding .
+
+S Many people doubt the safety of nuclear plants and thus oppose the construction of new nuclear plants .
+
+S However , the VHTR has resolved many of the safety concerns and proved to be much safer.The VHTR can be a pebble-bed reactor like HTR-10 in China .
+
+S The fuel is in the form of small pebbles with uranium dioxide ( UO2 ) inside and a graphite coat .
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||coating|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Each pebble can perform as a " mini " reactor independently .
+
+S " The pebble-bed reactor has high safety and reliability grades due to the inherent safety features of the fuel and reactor .
+
+S It also gets good ratings for proliferation resistance and physical protection ( Hylko , 2008 ) " .
+
+S Furthermore , it has been proved that with all the supporting machinery failing , the reactor will not crack , melt or explode .
+
+S " It simply goes up to a designed " idle " temperature and stays there .
+
+S In that state , the reactor vessel radiates heat , but the vessel and fuel spheres remain intact and undamaged " .
+
+S ( FHSST Authors , 2005 ) .
+
+S " Even after decommissioning , the VHTR can still discharge surplus heat and do not need additional safety systems like other types of reactors do " .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:SVA|||does|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " The HTR-10 was subject to a test of its intrinsic safety in September 2004 when it was shut down with no cooling .
+
+S Fuel temperature reached less than 1600 ° C but there was still no failure " ( World 's First Commercial High Temperature Nuclear Reactor starts construction in China in 2009 , 2008 ) .
+
+S Efficiency is another problem that challenges many nuclear reactors .
+
+S But this is no problem because of the nature of the VHTR.Running at very high temperatures of about 700-900 ° C , the VHTR can supple energy to split water into oxygen and hydrogen , providing hydrogen for the nation 's industry .
+A 25 26|||R:OTHER|||supply|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to Hylko ( 2008 ) , the VHTR has relatively higher efficiency for heat transfer and hydrogen production .
+
+S " It can squeeze 50 % more energy from the same amount of fuel " ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S Moreover , bearing the property of running at such high temperatures , the VHTR can also realise " deep-burn " , during which up to 65 % of the initial fuel is burnt .
+
+S This shows great advantage over the conventional reactors who possess burn-up levels of around 5 % .
+A 8 9|||R:PRON|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " Moreover , instead of 95 % of the uranium going into nuclear waste , this kind of reactor would only turn 35 % of it into waste " ( TendersInfo , 2008 ) , which will help with the growing storage problem of hazardous radioactive wastes .
+
+S It is understandable that many people doubt if there is anyone willing to inject money into this new reactor since is costs great amounts of money and time .
+
+S However , as is mentioned , the VHTR adopts the design of pebble-bed , making it possible to realize the concept of " modular reactors " .
+
+S Modular reactors are reactors that can be deployed part by part and each part can work independently .
+
+S Therefore , the initial invest to build the reactor can be controlled at an acceptable level , so is the construction period .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||investmentt|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 23|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All these will make the VHTR more competitive in the fierce competition of today 's energy market ( Renkai , 2000 ) .
+
+S To sum up , the VHTR is highly safe and reliable .
+
+S It can perform high efficiency with an acceptable initial invest and construction period .
+A 9 10|||R:MORPH|||investment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , the VHTR is more favourable among the 6 Generation-IV concepts and further research and development funding should go for it .
+
+S Very-High-Temperature Reactor Will Be Built In The Future
+
+S Although the public is very concerned about the safe operation of nuclear reactors , the technological breakthrough and theory innovation shows that Very-High-Temperature Reactor ( VHTR ) will be built in the future .
+
+S Remember that in 1979 , the partial reactor meltdown at Three Mile Island , Pennsylvania ; in 1986 , the tragedy occurred at Chernobyl , Ukraine , in this case , the core of the reactor exploded , 31 people were killed on the spot and radioactive debris were spouted and spread over Europe ( NATURE , VOL429 , 2004 ) , opponents of nuclear reactors being built claim that it is very dangerous for nuclear reactors ' operation .
+A 0 2|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:ORTH|||In|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:OTHER|||there was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 30|||R:OTHER|||. In this case ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 48 49|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 61 63|||R:PUNCT|||. Opponents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to Philippe B & Dominique B ( 2004 ) , some specific studies have been launched in CEA in order to make sure that the operation of VHTR is safe .
+
+S These studies including dynamic behavior when working normally as well as accident happened the moment when machines and certain components are functioning .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:FORM|||include|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||accidents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Through these engineers can predict the impact of a possible defeated in current and faraway situation ; study about the Leak Before Break ( LBB ) technology ; making model for Vessel Cooling System ( VCS ) ; analyses of the moment when accident happened ; safety aspects of the way how to combine the reactor to the hydrogen production plant .
+A 2 2|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||defect|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||situations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:VERB:FORM|||make|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||R:NOUN:NUM|||analyse|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 43|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 46 46|||M:VERB|||explore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 50 51|||R:NOUN:NUM|||ways|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 51 52|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hopefully , through the realization of these studies , the dangerous of nuclear reactors ' operation will be reduced .
+A 10 11|||R:MORPH|||danger|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Opponents may insist that it is very expensive to build and operate nuclear reactors .
+
+S However , the new generation of nuclear reactor , VHTR , has improved the efficiency , which means reduce the cost of operation .
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:FORM|||reduced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The study ( R.B.Vilim , 2007 ) shows that using the Gas Plant Analyzer and System Simulator/Hydrogen ( Gas-Pass/H ) code , the requests of the hear at the interface between a High Temperature Steam Electrolysis ( HTSE ) plant combined to the Very High Temperature Reactor ( VHTR ) have been investigated .
+A 26 27|||R:NOUN|||heat|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 42|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , through the input deck , interconnections among components are supplied to the code .
+
+S Through this cycling process , the advanced design VHTR could produce 50 % more electricity than conventional plants ( NATURE , VOL429 , 2004 ) .
+
+S Moreover , compare to the price rising continuously fossil fuel , it is reasonable to using nuclear energy .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:FORM|||compared|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 10|||R:OTHER|||increasingly expensive fossil fuels|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:FORM|||use|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So we can say that it is economically feasible for VHTR 's operation .
+
+S Opponents may also say that such nuclear reactor 's performance is doubtful .
+
+S Nevertheless , according to Idaho National Laboratory 's study ( 2009 ) , the VHTR system should be high-efficiency .
+A 18 19|||R:ADJ|||highly-efficient|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S During different processes , the heat can be used circulatory .
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||re-circulated|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As to make the system performs better , electricity generating equipment may be added in .
+A 0 1|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||To|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:SVA|||perform|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The system can also adopt cycles for uranium/plutonium and minimize the waste .
+
+S Therefore , the VHTR provides a number of processes to use the heat and produce electricity in high-efficiency .
+A 16 17|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||efficiently|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Simultaneously it retains the safety properties provided by high-temperature gas-cooled reactors .
+
+S In short , the performance of VHTR is excellent through using so many advanced technologies .
+
+S Besides , considering the energy crisis we are facing nowadays , using nuclear energy is really a useful as well as practical method to handle the energy crisis .
+
+S Furthermore , compare to other energy resources like gasoline and nature gas , which produce greenhouse gases , nuclear energy is much more environmental friendly .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:FORM|||compared|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:MORPH|||natural|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:SVA|||produces|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Last but not least , the theories and technologies of Very-High-Temperature Reactor are quite mature already ; it is feasible to make it come true .
+A 16 18|||R:PUNCT|||. It|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So we should have faith that VHTR will be built in the future .
+
+S From the above mentioned , on the one hand , the worries of opponents of nuclear reactors being built all can be solved by scientists and engineers ; on the other hand , the need toward energy of the society and the develop of the related technologies have made it possible for VHTR to come true .
+A 3 4|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 37|||R:OTHER|||energy needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 43|||R:MORPH|||development|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , Very-High-Temperature Reactor will be built in the future .
+
+S Reference :
+
+S * NATURE , VOL429 .
+
+S ( 20 MAY2004 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Retrieved October 10 , 2009 , from { http : //www.nature.com/nature/journal/v429/n6989/full/429238a.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.nature.com/nature/journal/v429/n6989/full/429238a.html ]
+
+S * Philippe , B & Dominique , B .
+
+S ( 2004 ) .
+
+S VERY HIGH TEMPERATURE REACTOR ( VHTR ) THE FRENCH ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION ( CEA ) R&D PROGRAM .
+
+S Retrieved October 10,2009 , from { http : //www.iaea.or.at/inisnkm/nkm/aws/htgr/fulltext/htr2004_a01.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.iaea.or.at/inisnkm/nkm/aws/htgr/fulltext/htr2004_a01.pdf ]
+
+S * R. B. Vilim .
+
+S ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Interface Design Studies for the Production of Hydrogen Using the VHTR Coupled to the HTSE Process .
+
+S Retrieved October 10 , 2009 , from { http : //www.inspi.ufl.edu/icapp07/program/abstracts/7529.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.inspi.ufl.edu/icapp07/program/abstracts/7529.pdf ]
+
+S * Idaho National Laboratory .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Very-High-Temperature Reactor ( VHTR ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 10 , 2009 , from { https : //inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt ? open = 514&objID = 2251&parentname = CommunityPage&parentid = 13&mode = 2 } [ HYPERLINK : https : //inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt ? open = 514&objID = 2251&parentname = CommunityPage&parentid = 13&mode = 2 ]
+
+S Psychology and Chernobyl Accident
+
+S Chernobyl accident happened on April 26 , 1986 .
+A 0 0|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is known as the most famous nuclear power accident .
+
+S The accident causes total 56 fatalities as of 2004 , and some seven million Chernobyl victims suffering from the impact of Chernobyl accident ( World Nuclear Association , 2009 ) .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||caused|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||a total of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Profession Wilpert ( 2007 ) from Technical University of Berlin proposes that using psychology in the design process could prevent disasters like Chernobyl accident , while some people argue that psychology will not be useful in preventing accidents .
+
+S This essay proposes that the use of psychology in the design process is helpful to prevent the Chernobyl accident .
+
+S In The Engineering Design Process , Ertas and Jones ( 1996 ) notes that engineering design is the process of devising a component , system or process to meet desired needs , and it is a decision making process .
+
+S Design is a human activity , and human may make mistakes .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||humans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , designers may make mistakes in the design process .
+
+S Psychology is the scientific investigation of humans ' mental process and behavior .
+
+S ( Kowalski & Westen , 2005 ) Using psychology to analyze how the designers think can point out the flaws in their thinking process .
+
+S In this way , psychology could help designers to minimize their mistakes in the design process ( Wilpert , 2007 ) .
+
+S Thus , possible accidents may be prevented .
+
+S In The Truth about Chernobyl , the author , Medvedev ( 1991 ) , notes that one of the reasons which cause Chernobyl accident is the inadequate operators with insufficient knowledge operated the reactor inappropriately .
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:TENSE|||caused|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:VERB:FORM|||operating|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is true that the operation not happened in the design process .
+
+S However , the use of psychology in the design process could prevent inappropriate operations from happening .
+
+S In the design process , designers should consider the user of devices , components or systems under development , which includes people who maintain and repair the product as well as who operate it ( Ertas & Jones , 1996 ) .
+A 32 33|||R:VERB:SVA|||operates|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the high technical knowledge of the designers may make them overestimate competence of the users .
+
+S Therefore , they give insufficient instructions to the users to equip them with equivalent competence ( Wilpert , 2007 ) .
+
+S Obviously , in the case of Chernobyl accident , the operator did not have a well-designed instruction manual and was not adequately trained .
+
+S If psychology was used in the design process , it would point out this flaw and advise designers to provide an adequate instruction manual including the operations in emergencies so that operators would know how to operate the reactor when facing emergencies .
+
+S In this way , Chernobyl accident may be prevented .
+
+S Medvedev ( 1991 ) mentions in his book that the RBMK reactor in Chernobyl had a dangerously large positive void coefficient and a defect in the design of the reactor protection and control system .
+
+S The designers was aware of the defects of the reactors , however , they did not make efforts to correct them .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some people argue that these defects caused the Chernobyl accident , psychology can not solve them .
+
+S Technically , psychology could not solve the technical problem for engineers .
+
+S But , psychology could point out the potential danger and consequence of the problem so that engineers would search for better options .
+
+S If the designers know the severe consequence of the accident , they would try their best to prevent it .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||knew|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have tried|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Psychologists could also indicate the flaws in the design process and advise designers to lower the positive void coefficient and enhance the protection and control system in this case .
+
+S Thus , the disaster may be prevented .
+
+S In conclusion , Chernobyl is a result of flawed design of reactor and inappropriate operation by inadequate operators .
+A 5 6|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the use o f psychology in the design process would be helpful to prevent the Chernobyl disaster .
+
+S The errors in the design process and the operation process may be prevented with the help of psychology .
+
+S References :
+
+S Ertas , A .
+
+S & Jones , J.C. ( 1996 ) The engineering design process .
+
+S New York : John Wiley & Sons .
+
+S Kowalski , R & Westen , D ( 2005 ) Psychology .
+
+S Hoboken : John Wiley & Sons .
+
+S Medvedev , G. ( 1991 ) The truth about Chernobyl .
+
+S ( E. Rossiter , Trans ) .
+
+S USA : Basic Books .
+
+S ( Original work published in 1989 )
+
+S Wilpert , B .
+
+S ( 2007 ) Psychology and design process .
+
+S ScienceDirect , 45 , 293-303 .
+
+S World Nuclear Association .
+
+S ( 2009 ) Chernobyl accident .
+
+S Retrieved October 9 , 2009 from : http : //www.world-nuclear.org/info/chernobyl/inf07.html
+
+S Nowadays , developed countries and developing countries have invested huge fund to develop nuclear power as nuclear energy is deemed to be potential energy source for the future ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||funds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB|||regarded|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the large amount of R&D funding needed for Generation IV nuclear reactors has made the development of nuclear power a controversial issue .
+
+S From a long term perspective , there should be R&D funding for the development of Generation IV reactors since Generation IV reactors are safer , cheaper and cleaner .
+
+S First of all , nuclear power is a sustainable energy source in the long term when developed properly .
+
+S Generation IV reactors are much cleaner than previous generations .
+
+S It will help reduce carbon dioxide and subsequently reduce the effect of global warming ( Jacques & Ralph , 2008 ) .
+A 0 1|||R:PRON|||They|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Jacques and Ralph claimed in Generation IV Advanced Nuclear Energy Systems : " According to Princeton University 's Carbon Mitigation Initiative , increasing the number of nuclear power plants to 1000 worldwide-more than double what it is today could avoid one billion tons of carbon emissions per year by 2055 .
+
+S " The statistics has shown that the success of development of Generation IV reactors will bring a great improvement of living environment for human beings in the future .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||to the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the long term , fund should be given to support the development of Generation IV reactors at current stage .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||funds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some may argue that until now , the scientists and researchers are still researching new materials to reduce radioactive leak and wastage ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S The success seems to be too far for the public to feel .
+A 7 7|||M:ADV|||away|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , this is the reason why more funds must be given to support further research for Generation IV reactors .
+
+S Scientists and researchers should be given financial support to overcome difficulties they face during researches rather than give up half way .
+A 14 15|||R:MORPH|||research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the development of Generation IV reactors deserves R&D funding .
+
+S Secondly , from the economic perspective , Generation IV nuclear energy systems have lower cost than other energy sources .
+
+S Nuclei , as the source of nuclear reactants , are small and abundant in nature .
+
+S Thus once developed properly , the cost of nuclear power will be very low .
+
+S Thus , member countries of Generation IV International Forum actively invest in Generation IV reactors , hoping to get cheap energy and meanwhile , to remain energy independent ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S Thirdly , Generation IV nuclear energy systems operations will make further improvement in safety and reliability ( Michael , 2005 ) .
+
+S Safety issue is one of the most priorities by Generation IV International Forum ( GIF ) .
+A 1 2|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The revolution in fuel utilization in Generation IV reactors will reduce the radio toxicity by a large extent ( Jacques & Ralph , 2008 ) .
+
+S The public may not trust the ability of scientists and researchers to ensure their safety since they still remember the nuclear power accidents at Three Mile Island in Pennsylvania and at Chernobyl in Ukraine which caused many people to die ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S However , Generation IV reactors are designed to be safer than the previous generations .
+
+S Safety issue will be handled with extreme care by all GIF member counties .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||issues|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Researchers from different countries are doing collaborative research to achieve this common goal ( Jacques & Ralph , 2008 ) .
+
+S Thus , the public should look forward to Generation IV reactors ' performance rather than oppose it .
+
+S Given the advantages mentioned above , I believe that R&D funding should be given to Generation IV reactors .
+
+S Even though the fund is limited and by allocating funds for Generation IV reactors , we have to forgo other possible benefits such as spending the same amount of money to solve poverty or terrorism , I support to explore new and advanced technology , Generation IV reactors , to solve environmental and energy problems .
+A 35 36|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S Jacques , B. , & Ralph , B .
+
+S ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Generation IV Advanced Nuclear Energy Systems .
+
+S Nuclear Plant Journal , 26 ( 5 ) , 1-4 .
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240 .
+
+S Michael , G. ( 28 July 2005 ) .
+
+S Power and the people [ Review of the book Nuclear Renaissance : Technologies and Policies for the Future of Nuclear Power ] .
+
+S Nature , 436 , 461-462 .
+
+S { Generation IV reactors } [ HYPERLINK : http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generation_IV_reactors ] are a set of nuclear reactor designs being researched currently .
+
+S Current reactors in used around the world are considered 2nd or 3rd generation systems , with the 1st generation systems having been retired long time ago .
+A 3 4|||R:MORPH|||use|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S TheSupercritical water reactor ( SCWR ) is one of the generation IV reactors ; the concept is that uses { supercritical water } [ HYPERLINK : http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercritical_fluid ] as the working fluid .
+A 13 15|||R:PUNCT|||. The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Supercritical water-cooled reactors ( SCWRS ) are the most advanced nuclear systems ; it can generate high thermal efficiency .
+A 12 13|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:PRON|||They|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The main mission of the SCWR is producing of { electricity } [ HYPERLINK : http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity ] .
+
+S ( Nuclear power plants , 2009 ) .The proliferation of the new nuclear technology is causing considerable controversy and concern ; opponents say that nuclear reactor may be serious threat to the world populace as well as the environment .
+A 20 22|||R:PUNCT|||. Opponents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , there are two sides to the coin , in my point of view , the generation IV Supercritical water-cooled reactor is worth building in the near future by analyse the pros and cons .
+A 30 31|||R:VERB:FORM|||analysing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Opponents are apprehensive about the hazards of nuclear reactor .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are few nuclear reactors have been built in the past decades in many countries .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They cite examples of the nuclear devastations in Chernobyl and Japan atomic bomb at Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 .
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( The Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , 2008 ) .These areas are still adversely affected by radioactive contamination after decades , which is fatal to all flora and fauna .
+A 19 30|||R:OTHER|||, which is fatal to flora and fauna , after decades.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The meltdowns at Three Mile Island ( TMI ) in Pennsylvania and Chernobyl accident in 1986 both are caused by design errors ; it did not really the nuclear reactors ' fault .
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:VERB|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Backgrounder on the Three Mile Island , 2009 ) If the governments give up to develop the nuclear technology due to these accidents from human error , that is not a valid reason .
+A 13 17|||R:VERB:FORM|||reject developing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Everything has its disadvantages side , even for the new alternative energy , such as wind power , hydro power , and tidal power , they have their own drawbacks , no one is perfect in the world , the hazards could avoid if operate them in a proper way , so in my opinion , theSupercritical water reactor ( SCWR ) can does further research and develop .
+A 4 5|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 26|||R:PUNCT|||. They|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 39|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 40|||R:ORTH|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 43|||R:VERB:TENSE|||be avoided|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 44 45|||R:VERB:FORM|||operated|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 45 46|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 62 69|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Further more , opponents reckon that countries that embarked upon constructive use of nuclear technology tend to also develop nuclear weapons , therefore , opponents fear that nations like Iran and North Korea will also procure weapons of mass destruction ( WMD ) .
+A 0 2|||R:ORTH|||Furthermore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||R:PUNCT|||. Therefore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , North Korea performed their missile test few months ago to threat South Korea and other countries .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB|||threaten|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will seriously impact world peace and stability .
+
+S However , that is the bad way using of nuclear technology , the nuclear reactor can be used to develop cutting-edge medical technology , for instance , in cancer treatment , gamma camera , radiation therapy and so on .
+A 7 7|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||R:PUNCT|||. The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Nuclear power plants , 2009 ) .
+
+S TheSupercritical water reactor ( SCWR ) can does further research and develop and funding for it .
+A 6 17|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Finally , opponents also claim that nuclear reactor should not been built due to its high cost .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:FORM|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If the government spend so much money on building the nuclear plant , it will cut costs on education and health , and even raise taxes .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||spends|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But they ignore the enormous benefits of nuclear power There is one proverb saying that " No pain , no gain .
+A 14 15|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " In the near future , it is viewed that the world 's energy consumption will be heavily relying on nuclear power .
+A 18 19|||R:MORPH|||reliant|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Unlike its fossil fuel counterparts , that is petrol , gas and coal , nuclear energy does not cause pollution .
+
+S In addition , it is more efficient and productive .
+
+S The SCWR design is quite simpler than current designs , the nuclear reaction release a lot of heat can used to convert of water into steam .
+A 4 5|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||R:PUNCT|||. The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:SVA|||releases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To be environmental friendly , build theSupercritical water reactor ( SCWR ) may be costly in the short term , but will procure significant benefits in the long run .
+A 2 3|||R:MORPH|||environmentally|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 12|||R:OTHER|||( SCWR ) . It may|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government can not stop theSupercritical water reactor ( SCWR ) does further research and develop .
+A 11 17|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To sum up , the nuclear reactor is a necessary evil .
+
+S I feel that the Supercritical water reactor ( SCWR ) should be further researched and developed and help the whole world in the near future .
+
+S People have always concerned about the development of nuclear energy .
+A 3 3|||M:VERB|||been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Today , 104 reactors produce about 20 percent of the United States 'electricity ( World Nuclear Association , 2009 ) .
+
+S However , it is still a big question whether Generation IV Reactor projects should be funded .
+
+S In this case , I 'm confident that Generation IV reactors in general and the VHTR concept in particular deserve to be funded around the world .
+
+S For a very long time , many people have been worried about the safety of nuclear energy .
+
+S Accidents such as Chernobyl have destroyed the Chernobyl-4 reactor and killed 30 people , including 28 from radiation exposure .
+
+S However , if we look on the whole , there has not been a serious accident in the nearly 30 years since the Three Mile Island reactor in Pennsylvania experienced a partial core meltdown .
+
+S VHTR is the safest concept among other nuclear reactors , due to low decay heat and non-combustible nuclear-grade graphite , which is virtually impossible to be burnt .
+
+S Therefore , the use of VHTR is safe and we can believe in the further development of such GenIV nuclear reactor concept .
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:NUM|||concepts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , global warming is what we concerned about .
+A 7 7|||M:VERB|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It demands a profound transformation in the ways we generate and consume energy .
+
+S Our current sources of power like coal and gas are producing Carbon Dioxide , which make the global warming problem worse .
+
+S In addition , these sources of power are being used up and we should find the alternative sources of power .
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Scientific research concludes that the world must reduce global warming emissions by at least 80 percent by 2050 to avoid the most dangerous effects of global warming ( UCSUSA , 2009 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power could play a huge role in reducing global warming emissions because nuclear reactors emit almost no carbon while they operate and have low life-cycle emissions .
+
+S New generation of reactors such as VHTR will produce relatively cheap electricity while solving the threat posed by global climate change .
+
+S U.S power producers have proposed building more than 30 new nuclear reactors and some proponents have called for building as many as 300 plants by mid- century ( UCSUSA , 2009 ) .
+
+S Therefore , using GenIV nuclear reactors is a very efficient way to reduce the effects of global warming .
+
+S The third concern is whether nuclear power concepts such as VHTR can be widely applied to the whole world .
+
+S There are some barriers that may prevent nuclear energy from developing : it is expensive to build a plant , there may be human errors and it still produces radio-active wastes .
+
+S However , there are lots of positive features that we can count on such concept .
+A 12 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S VHTR produces a high-efficiency electricity production with a broad range of process heat applications , while retaining the safety characteristics in both normal and off-normal events .
+
+S VHTR is performed under very high temperature ( from 500 to 1000 degrees Celsius ) , therefore allowing for more efficient conversion of heat to electricity .
+
+S A single power plant can produce a large amount of energy compared to the amount produced by wind so in total , the nuclear energy is a cheap kind of energy .
+
+S After all , the energy power concept like VHTR helps prevent the effects of global warming .
+A 0 2|||R:ADV|||Finally|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is safe and efficient , so therefore can produce a lot of energy and be able to replace traditional sources of energy .
+A 8 8|||M:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is clear governments should fund the VHTR nuclear projects to develop it further , and nuclear energy will definitely be the energy of the future .
+
+S References
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240 .
+
+S Union of Concerned Scientists ( 2009 ) Resurgence of Nuclear Power Poses Significant Challenges Retrieved from : http : //www.ucsusa.org/nuclear_power/nuclear_power_and_global_warming/nu clear-resurgence.html
+
+S Union of Concerned Scientists ( 2007 ) Nuclear power in a warming world Retrieved from : http : //www.ucsusa.org/assets/documents/nuclear_power/nuclear-power-in-a- warming-world.pdf
+
+S World Nuclear Association ( 2004 ) Chernobyl Accident Retrieved from http : //www.world-nuclear.org/info/chernobyl/inf07.html
+
+S The Advantages of Gas-cooled Fast Reactors
+
+S Some people think that nuclear reactors are not safe .
+
+S Nuclear radiation can cause mutation in human cells , cancer , and other diseases .
+
+S Nuclear reactors are also expensive to build and maintain .
+
+S Hence , only a few countries have built nuclear reactor to produce electricity .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But now , scientists have developed six new type of nuclear reactor called Nuclear Reactor Generation IV which are said to be safer than previous generations .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||types|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of these reactors is the gas-cooled fast reactor ( GFR ) which has more benefits in terms of cost , safety , and performance than the other five reactor concepts , particularly the very-high temperature reactor ( VHTR ) .
+
+S Some people say that GFR is not safe because it produces plutonium waste which can be used to make nuclear weapons .
+
+S Plutonium in repository remains radioactive for several thousand of years ( " Energy Resources : Nuclear Power " ) .
+
+S Because of this , the development of GFR is obstructed .
+
+S Although GFR produces fuel waste that contains plutonium , it reprocesses its fuel waste such that the amount of waste produced can be cut by about 96 percent of its usual amount ( " Fuel Cycles " , page 33 , table 4.3 ) .
+A 28 32|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The plutonium produced from reprocessing of waste stays at a high temperature , making it too hot to be stolen .
+
+S In addition , as the fuel waste is recycled , there is no need to replace the fuel for a few years .
+
+S For comparison , VHTR can not reprocess their fuel waste , and because of that , the amount of fuel waste that it produces is getting bigger and bigger as the electricity 's demand increasing ( Rohrer , 2007 ) .
+A 7 8|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||U:NOUN:POSS||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:MORPH|||increases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These prove that GFR is safer and more environmentally-friendly than the VHTR .
+
+S Another group of people say that the performance of this reactor is still under VHTR .
+
+S Different from VHTR which can work on 1000 degrees Celsius , GFR can work only on 850 degrees Celsius .
+A 3 3|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They say it makes the energy GFR produces less than VHTR .
+A 2 11|||R:OTHER|||GFR produces less energy than VHTR.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In reality , there is no need for reactors to work on 1000 degree Celsius , because the chain reaction of the fuel ( in this case Uranium-233 's reaction ) can be done perfectly only within 850 degrees ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S This means that the amount of energy GFR and VHTR produce is almost the same , although there is 150 degrees difference in their temperature .
+
+S This proves that GFR works more efficiently than others such as VHTR .
+
+S One more important information that there is no need for GFR to be manually moderated because GFR has already used Thorium which can absorb fast neutrons and decay into Uranium-233 ( " Gas-cooled Fast Reactor " ) .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||is thatt|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This makes GFR is cheaper to maintain and safer than VHTR which is needed to be checked every time in order to make it operate safely .
+A 3 4|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , based on the above mentioned points , GFR is proven to be a better option for future development .
+
+S The reason is because GFR allows its waste to be reprocessed .
+
+S Thus , it produces less waste than the others , especially VHTR .
+
+S It is also more efficient than other reactors , because it can produce the same energy as VHTR with just 850 degrees for temperature .
+A 18 19|||R:PREP|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 25|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Bibliography
+
+S Rohrer , J .
+
+S ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Pros and Cons of Nuclear Power .
+
+S October 10 , 2009 .
+
+S < { http : //timeforchange.org/pros-and-cons-of-nuclear-power-and-sustainability } [ HYPERLINK : http : //timeforchange.org/pros-and-cons-of-nuclear-power-and-sustainability ] > .
+
+S Claranet .
+
+S " Energy Resources : Nuclear Power " .
+
+S October 10 , 2009 .
+
+S < { http : //home.clara.net/darvill/altenerg/nuclear.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //home.clara.net/darvill/altenerg/nuclear.htm ] > .
+
+S Fuel Cycles , The Future of Nuclear Power ( July 29 , 2003 ) : Massachusetts Institute of Technology .
+
+S October 10 , 2009 .
+
+S < { http : //web.mit.edu/nuclearpower } [ HYPERLINK : http : //web.mit.edu/nuclearpower ] >
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 ) .
+
+S Nuclear Power 's New Dawn , Nature ( May 20 , 2004 , Vol 429 , Page 238 ) , < { http : //www.nature.com/nature } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.nature.com/nature ] > .
+
+S " Gas-cooled Fast Reactor " , < { http : //www.cogeneration.net/Gas_Cooled_Fast_Reactor.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.cogeneration.net/Gas_Cooled_Fast_Reactor.htm ] > .
+
+S Nuclear power can be defined as any nuclear technology that is designed to extract usable energy from atomic nuclei via controlled nuclear reactions .
+
+S In 1951 , the world 's first experimental nuclear reactor station that produced usable amount of electricity from nuclear energy , Experimental Breeder Reactor I ( EBR-1 ) , was built ( Nuclear Technologies , n.d ) .
+
+S Since then , Nuclear power was often seen as the best alternative energy source as it has no carbon emission and can theoretically produce unlimited amounts of energy since nuclear fuel is inexpensive and abundant on earth .
+A 24 24|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:NOUN:NUM|||amount|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Currently , 15 % of the world 's electricity supply comes from nuclear power reactors ( World Nuclear Power , 2009 ) .
+
+S With the advancement in nuclear technology , the upcoming generation IV reactors , such as the Sodium-cooled fast reactors , will be even safer and more efficient , making nuclear power the best option in providing mankind with enough electricity for now and the future .
+
+S However , after major nuclear incidents such as the Chernobyl disaster , the general public have became skeptical about the safety of nuclear power .
+
+S Furthermore , nuclear power is often associated with terms like radiations , weapons of mass destruction , high maintenance cost , and targets for terrorism .
+
+S This stigma against nuclear power has led to people such as the general public and environmentalists to favor other alternative energies namely wind energy and solar energy , as they are deemed as better choices .
+A 7 8|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As such , even though mankind are in need of much more energy , the rate of further development and research on the generation IV nuclear reactor , such as the Sodium-cooled fast reactor , still depends heavily on factors such as cost efficiency , safety issues , and environmental friendliness .
+
+S The cost efficiency of a power plant is one of the major considerations in deciding whether a power plant should be built .
+
+S It is a common fact that nuclear reactors have high set up and maintenance cost .
+
+S The decommissioning cost of a nuclear reactor can sometimes be higher .
+
+S For example , the Chernobyl reactor requires lots of maintenance even though it is unable to produce any electricity as there are still lots of nuclear fuel left in the reactors .
+
+S Lots of money is also required for the clean up process during the decommissioning of a nuclear reactor ( More cash for Chernobyl , 2008 ) .
+
+S Many people would thus argue that this money would be better spent on other alternative energy sources such as wind farms and solar panels as these power plants would incur less economical cost .
+
+S However , many of these arguments are based on the short run expenditure that one would face when building a nuclear power plant .
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the long run , after considering the higher capital cost , financing costs and operating costs of a nuclear reactor , a nuclear reactor would still produce much cheaper electricity when compared with other alternative energy source such as wind energy .
+A 37 38|||R:NOUN:NUM|||sources|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is because a typical nuclear power plant would produce around 3 to 10 billion kWh per year ( World Nuclear Power , 2009 ) .
+
+S This amount of electricity produced is more than the total quantity of electricity produced by a collective of few thousands of wind turbines , since a typical wind turbine produces 0.5 to 3 million kWh per year ( Annual energy output , 2003 ) .
+
+S Furthermore , with the new generation IV nuclear power plants , more energy will be produced , increasing the cost efficiency of nuclear power .
+
+S In addition , nuclear power plants do not require specific areas for construction , unlike other alternative energies such as wind farms , which will require areas that have sufficient wind speeds , or hydroelectric plants , which will require a large river for the dam .
+
+S Having little restrictions on the construction site , the cost of building a nuclear plant is lowered , making it more competitive economically .
+
+S It is thus inevitable that nuclear power is much more cost efficient as we look towards the future .
+
+S Besides the cost of electricity , it is important for us to excogitate the safety issues regarding the nuclear power plant .
+
+S After the Chernobyl accident , one would commonly assume that nuclear reactors are extremely hazardous .
+
+S This is because the Chernobyl accident caused many direct fatalities in the explosion and future fatalities due to the effects of nuclear radiations .
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||radiation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The nuclear radiation caused genetic defects , leading to cancer , leukaemia and other body defects for current and future generations ( Pflugbeil & Claussen , 2006 ) .
+
+S Besides reactor accidents , nuclear reactors may also be easy targets for terrorism as many nuclear reactors appear to be vulnerable to any forms of terrorist attacks .
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN:NUM|||form|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , nuclear wastes are dangerous as well as they contains high levels of radiation and can be used for weapons of mass destruction as tons of plutonium nuclear waste are produced by nuclear reactors each year and are often recycled to make nuclear weapons .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:SVA|||contain|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , lots of secrets about nuclear power plants are often kept away from the public due to economic interest of government bodies and private companies , leading to people choosing other alternative energy as they are seemingly much safer .
+
+S On the other hand , since the Chernobyl accident that happened 23 years ago , there has not been any other major nuclear power plants accident .
+A 9 11|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN:NUM|||plant|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , the numbers of deaths caused by nuclear power plants accidents are much less compared to coal , hydro or natural gas power plants each year ( Safety of nuclear , 2008 ) .
+
+S Moreover , Generation IV nuclear reactions , such as the sodium-cooled fast reactors , excels in many safety aspects such as having the ability to withstand up to a magnitude of 8.2 on the Richter scale and to shut down safely if any accidents were to happen ( Nuclear Power Plants , 2009 ) .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:SVA|||excel|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These new reactors are also more reliable and resistant against proliferation , and are able to use its fuel more efficiently , thus producing less plutonium waste ( Generation IV , 2009 ) .
+A 17 18|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the technological advancement in nuclear power in mind , nuclear accidents and disasters would be a thing in the past as nuclear power plants will become safer in its operations .
+A 29 30|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As our earth suffers from the adverse effects of global warming , everyone would probably want to have clean and green electricity .
+
+S It is thus important for us to consider whether nuclear power plants are environmental friendly .
+
+S Environmentalists would often suggest the use of alternative energy such as wind , hydroelectric , thermal and solar energies as these energies are known to have little emissions of any forms of pollutants .
+A 30 31|||R:NOUN|||kind|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nuclear energy is often seen as a bad alternative as it produces lots of radioactive wastes .
+
+S These radioactive wastes require special storage areas , which can either take up land or sea space .
+
+S Areas used for containment will thus be subjected to contamination after some years if there is any leakage of radioactive waste , which could destroy ecosystems in the areas .
+
+S These environmentalists would thus believe that nuclear power 's benefits to the environment are insignificant ( Nuclear power undermining , 2008 ) .On the contrary , these beliefs is often bias against nuclear power .
+A 22 23|||R:OTHER|||.. On|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:VERB:FORM|||biased|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nuclear energy , like all other alternative energies , produces no air pollutants or greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide , sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides during its daily operations .
+
+S Although nuclear wastes will be produced , these are solid wastes that can be stored away safely with current technology .
+
+S Nuclear wastes are also under high surveillance that ensures safe transportation and storage ( Nuclear Power and the Environment , n.d ) .
+
+S Furthermore , the nuclear power plants require less land area when compared with other energy sources .
+
+S This allows more land areas to be conserved for wildlife and other purposes that benefit the environment .
+
+S As such , it is clear that nuclear power is environmentally friendly and should be used so that we can reduce our carbon emissions .
+
+S In conclusion , more research and development of Generation IV nuclear power plant should be done as the many benefits of nuclear power have clearly outweigh the disadvantages in many important factors such as cost efficiency , safety issues and environmental friendliness .
+A 23 24|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Generation IV sodium-cooled fast reactor will most likely be able to provide mankind with abundant and affordable clean and green energy with minimum risks , and thus removing the stigma on nuclear power .
+
+S Generation IV nuclear reactor will allow mankind to fully realize the potential of nuclear power , thus encourage further development on nuclear technology .
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:FORM|||encouraging|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S Nuclear Technologies Timeline .
+
+S ( n.d ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 9 , 2009 , from Great Achievements Web site : http : //www.greatachievements.org/ ? id = 3691
+
+S World Nuclear Power Reactors & Uranium Requirements .
+
+S ( 2009 , October 1 ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 9 , 2009 , from World Nuclear Association Web site : http : //www.world-nuclear.org/info/reactors.html
+
+S More cash for Chernobyl .
+
+S ( 2008 , July 15 ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 9 , 2009 , from World nuclear news Web site : http : //www.world-nuclear- news.org/newsarticle.aspx ? id = 18836&terms = chernobyl
+
+S Annual Energy Output from a Wind Turbine .
+
+S ( 2003 , September 19 ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 9,2009 , from Danish Wind Industry Association Web site : http : //www.talentfactory.dk/en/tour/wres/annu.htm
+
+S Pflugbeil , S. , & Claussen .
+
+S A .
+
+S ( 2006 , April 6 ) .
+
+S Only 50 deaths caused by Chernobyl ?
+
+S IPPNW Germany .
+
+S Retrieved October 9,2009 , Web site : http : //www.ippnw-students.org/chernobyl/research.html
+
+S Safety of Nuclear Power Reactors .
+
+S ( 2008 , June ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 9 , 2009 , from World Nuclear Association Web site : http : //www.world- nuclear.org/info/inf06.html
+
+S Nuclear Power Plants and Earthquakes .
+
+S ( 2009 , August ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 9 , 2009 , from World Nuclear Association Web site : http : //www.world- nuclear.org/info/inf18.html
+
+S Generation IV Nuclear Reactors .
+
+S ( 2009 , August ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 9 , 2009 , from World Nuclear Association Web site : http : //www.world- nuclear.org/info/inf77.html
+
+S Nuclear power : undermining climate protection .
+
+S ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 9 , 2009 , from Green Peace Web site : http : //www.greenpeace.org/raw/content/international/press/reports/nuclear- power-undermining-cl.pdf
+
+S Nuclear Power and the Environment .
+
+S ( n.d ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 9 , 2009 , from Energy information Administration , Official Energy Statistics from the U.S. Government Web site : http : //www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/nuclear/page/nuclearenvissues.html
+
+S With the sharp increase demand for fuel by emerging economies in the world , it was predicted by some analysts that the world will reach peak oil , the point where half of the world 's supply of oil is left , by 2012-2016 ( Peak Oil Netherlands Foundation , April 2009 ) .
+
+S As a result of fewer fossil fuel supplies left to be extracted , oil companies will either search for smaller oil fields that will inevitably increase the cost of production of oil or look for unconventional sources of oil such as tar sands that will increase the level of carbon dioxide emission and pollution ( World Oil , National Geographic , June 2008 ) .The increasing demand for oil and the raising level of carbon dioxide emission , which contributes to global warming , has prompted the energy market to search for alternatives energy sources .
+A 71 72|||R:VERB|||rising|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 84 85|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 92 93|||R:MORPH|||alternative|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nuclear power seems to be one of the promising solutions to the above problems .
+
+S The use of nuclear power also faces opposition from the public .
+
+S The public is very concern about the safety of nuclear power plants , the storage of radioactive waste and the cost they have to pay for nuclear power .
+A 4 5|||R:MORPH|||concerned|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||R:OTHER|||it has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In contrast to the public opinion on the adverse effect on building a nuclear power plant , the latest generation IV reactor , Very-High-temperature reactor ( VHTR ) , is designed to overcome these problems faced by the public .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The public is very concern about the safety of nuclear power plants and fears that any factors that trigger the explosion of a nuclear reactor will have devastating impact on the people living in the region .
+A 4 5|||R:MORPH|||concerned|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Ever since the partial reactor meltdown at Three Mile Island in 1979 and the Chernobyl nuclear accident in 1986 , the public feared that any similar incidents will have grave consequences to the people living around the nuclear power plant .
+A 27 28|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 40|||R:NOUN:NUM|||plants|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Pertaining to these concerns , the 'Defense-in-Depth ' approach adopted by VHTR consists of prevention and control of abnormal operation and failures , detection of failures , protection against accident progression and mitigation of the effects of severe accidents and substantial amount of released radioactive materials .
+
+S Through the implementation of 'Defense-in-Depth ' approach , not just safety barriers are protected , but also predicted types of accidents are prevented and mitigated ( Source : CEA ) .
+
+S In addition , the production of hydrogen during the process does pose hazards to the nuclear plant .
+
+S This is because the explosion of hydrogen could damage the nuclear reactor .
+
+S Consequently , safety measures such as implementing a maximum of 100kg storage of hydrogen near the nuclear reactor and transporting hydrogen gas in double-walled pipes away from the reactor to storage plant at a safe distance ( Satyen-Baindur , 2008 ) .
+
+S All these measures are implemented to meet the safety expectation of the operation of nuclear power plant .
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||plants|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore after 9/11 , nuclear power plants have become the target of terrorists .
+
+S Any successful terror attacks on these nuclear plants will have disastrous health and psychological impact on the surviving victims .
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Regarding the threat of terrorism on nuclear power plants , the Nuclear Regulatory Commission ( NRC ) has stepped up measures to tighten security around nuclear power plants .
+
+S These measures comprise regular 'force-on-force ' exercises to test the plant 's ability to react to attacks made on the plant , vehicles inspection at greater safety distance away from the plant , improve communication among different government organizations and stricter control to access of restricted sites ( Source : NRC , February 2005 ) .
+A 19 21|||R:OTHER|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||vehicle|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:VERB:FORM|||improved|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 43|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 44 45|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Other measures includes bullet-proof barriers in important areas , intruding detecting devices , detection zones that are illuminated , well equipped and trained security personals on duty daily and protection against intrusion of network by outsiders ( Nuclear Energy Institute ( NEI ) , July 2009 ) .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||include|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN|||personnel|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 28|||R:WO|||daily duty|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The purpose of these stepped up security measures are to deter any potential terrorist attacks on the nuclear power plants and to have contingency plan in the event of any attacks .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another reason that the public and environmentalist oppose to the building of nuclear power plants is that the radioactive waste produced by nuclear power plants will remain radioactive for hundred over years .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||why|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||environmentalists|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When the radioactive waste is not properly stored in location that are of safe distance away from people , the people may be exposed to harmful radiation resulting in serious health effects .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Without proper storage facilities , there are chances of leakage of radiation that will pollute the land and damage the ecosystem .
+
+S The public does not need to worry about the large amount of radioactive waste produced by the VHTR because the VTHR spent fuel is contained in repository that is very resistant to leaching of radioactive materials .
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also the recycling of used fuel also minimizes the production of radioactive waste .
+
+S Thus , the process in VHTR produced only electricity and hydrogen and radioactive waste is not disposed and buried underground ( A Technology Roadmap for Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems by US DOE Nuclear Energy Research Advisory Committee and the Generation IV International Forum , December 2002 , page51-53 ) .
+
+S The public is worried that nuclear power tend to have higher operating and maintenance costs which will result in them paying a higher price than that of coal and gas power plant .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||tends|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:NOUN:NUM|||plants|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Such worry is unfounded .
+
+S According to World Nuclear Association , the price of nuclear power is actually competitive with other types of power plants .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance in 2007 , the cost of electricity generated by nuclear plant is about 2.87cents per kilo-watt hour in comparison with 17.8cents per kilo-watt hour in the case of oil power plant in the United States .
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:ORTH|||17.8 cents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The cost of nuclear fuel is as low as 0.5 cents per kilo-watt hour which is one quarter of that of gas power plant .
+A 21 21|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As compared to conventional nuclear power plant , there is greater efficiency in generating electricity because VHTR can produce fifty percent more electricity output using the same amount of fuel ( The Economics of Nuclear Power by World Nuclear Association , July 2009 ) .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||plants|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The process heat can be provided by VHTR to support other industrial activities such as refining , manufacturing of fertilizers and plastics .
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the high operation cost of VTHR can be offset by extra revenue earn from these services ( Idaho National Laboratory , 2009 ) .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:FORM|||earned|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , VTHR does not require the disposal of radioactive waste and the cost required for radioactive waste disposal can be minimized .
+
+S As the future of oil prices continue to rise due to the scarcity of supply and increase in demand by emerging economies , this will inevitably led to a more competitive price of nuclear power .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||continues|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:VERB:FORM|||lead|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Indeed , there are many concerns from the public regarding the safety of nuclear power plants , the disposal of radioactive waste and the cost of electricity consumers will have to pay .
+
+S However with the designing of generation IV reactors such as VHTR , the problems of radioactive waste disposal and the high cost of electricity generated by nuclear power plant will be solved .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , there are many safety measures implemented to minimized potential dangers of operating VHTR .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:FORM|||minimize|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The prospect of nuclear power will remain optimistic and in the future more countries may consider substituting gas and coal power plants for nuclear power plants to generate electricity .
+
+S References :
+
+S * Less Oil , More CO2 ?
+
+S The interplay between Climatic Change and Peak Oil by Rembrandt Koppelaar , Kevin Bisdom , Peter Polder and translated by Nigel Harle , Pieter Cornelissen , Peak Oil Netherlands Foundation , April 2009 .
+
+S * Paul Roberts ( 2008 ) .
+
+S World Oil , page 86-91 , National Geographic , June 2008 .
+
+S * Very High Temperature Reactor ( VHTR ) by Philippe Billot and Dominique Barbier , The French Atomic Energy Commission ( CEA ) R&D Program , September 22-24 2004 .
+
+S Website : { http : //www.iaea.or.at/inisnkm/nkm/aws/htgr/fulltext/htr2004_a01.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.iaea.or.at/inisnkm/nkm/aws/htgr/fulltext/htr2004_a01.pdf ]
+
+S * SAFETY ISSUES IN NUCLEAR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION-WITH THE VERY HIGH TEMPERATURE REACTOR ( VHTR ) by Satyen Baindur , Ottawa Policy Research Associates , Inc. Ottawa ON K1P 1A1 Canada , June 1-4 2008 .
+
+S Website : { http : //www.ottawapolicyresearch.ca/Satyen-Baindur-CNS-2008-VHTR-NHP-Safety.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.ottawapolicyresearch.ca/Satyen-Baindur-CNS-2008-VHTR-NHP-Safety.pdf ]
+
+S * Safety and Security Improvements at Nuclear Plants , released by United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission , February 2005 .
+
+S Website : { http : //www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/fact-sheets/safety-security.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/fact-sheets/safety-security.pdf ]
+
+S * Nuclear Power Plant Security , released by Nuclear Energy Institute , August 2009 .
+
+S Website : { http : //www.nei.org/keyissues/safetyandsecurityfactsheetspowerplantsecurity } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.nei.org/keyissues/safetyandsecurityfactsheetspowerplantsecurity ]
+
+S * A Technology Roadmap for Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems issued by US DOE Nuclear Energy Research Advisory Committee and the Generation IV International Forum , December 2002 .
+
+S Website : { http : //www.ne.doe.gov/genIV/documents/gen_iv_roadmap.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.ne.doe.gov/genIV/documents/gen_iv_roadmap.pdf ]
+
+S * The Economics of Nuclear Power by World Nuclear Association , July 2009 .
+
+S Website : { http : //www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf02.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf02.html ]
+
+S * Very-High-Temperature Reactor ( VHTR ) by Idaho National Laboratory , 2009 .
+
+S Website : https : //inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt ? open = 514&objID = 2251&parentname = CommunityPage&parentid = 13&mode = 2
+
+S With the increase in global population the demand for energy is increasing .
+A 6 6|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to International Energy Agency ( January 2009 ) worldwide energy consumption on average will increase 2 % per annum and will double by the next 35 years .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the fuel prices soaring up , fossil fuel reserves dwindling and increased pressure to tackle climate change and global warming nuclear energy is back in the agenda of many countries .
+A 21 21|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In 2001 , amidst increasing debates about nuclear energy , the ten founding nations of Generation IV International Forum also known as GIF decided to work together , collaborating their research activities in the field of nuclear energy ( Butler D , 2004 ) .
+A 29 30|||R:OTHER|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These collaborative efforts resulted in building up six possible nuclear reactor concepts known as the generation IV reactors , however these concepts at that time were still untested and would require years of further extensive research before they can be used in the industry .
+A 18 20|||R:PUNCT|||. However|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||R:VERB:TENSE|||could|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although six possible concepts were developed I personally believe that molten salt fast reactor concept is the best solution amongst the six .
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nuclear energy is produced by splitting the nuclei of uranium atoms which in turn produce large amount of energy that is used to drive turbines which produce electricity .
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This procedure is extremely efficient so much so that one pound of uranium produces 20,000 times more energy compared to a one pound coal .
+A 20 21|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , according World energy council there are only 442 nuclear reactors to date and currently they provide only 11 % to 18 % ( March , 2008 ) of the world electricity requirements .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:ORTH|||Energy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:ORTH|||Council|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is mainly due to the fear and anticipation of possible accidents in nuclear power plants .
+
+S After the Chernobyl accident in 1986 and three miles accident in 1979 ( Think quest , May 2007 ) many people fear the word " nuclear energy " , but if we consider the number of accidents since the commencement of operations of the world 's first nuclear power plant in the year 1954 ( Think quest , May 2007 ) , it 's only a handful .
+A 7 8|||R:ORTH|||Three|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:ORTH|||Miles|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 63 64|||R:CONTR|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , the technology used in production of nuclear energy has significantly improved in past few decades and safety factors are analyzed thoroughly when a nuclear plant is designed following the three miles island and Chernobyl accidents .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:ORTH|||Three|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:ORTH|||Miles|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:ORTH|||Island|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We should also not forget that accidents do happen in other energy related industries for example statistics show that there is one accident taking place in a coal mines somewhere around the world every week ( Mining Industry Today , august 2008 ) .
+A 14 15|||M:PUNCT|||. For|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:NOUN:NUM|||mine|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 41|||R:ORTH|||August|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In contrast to other such accidents difference is that accidents related to nuclear accidents are given more media coverage sparking public disapproval .
+A 4 5|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The primary cause of many nuclear accidents is that overheating of water which is used as the coolant in nuclear fission reactions .
+A 8 9|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result of such overheating under high pressure immense amount of steam is produced if uncontrolled this causes the system to explode .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||M:PUNCT|||. This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , in molten salt reactors also known as MSR s fluoride salts are used instead of water as the coolant .
+A 9 11|||R:ORTH|||MSRs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Fluoride salts has boiling temperatures over 1300o Celsius which is about 13 times higher comparative to boiling temperature of water and they are not flammable ( Forsberg CW , 2007 ) .
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||than the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , most of the current reactors and generation IV concepts require high pressure and high temperature to optimize the energy output .
+
+S This further increases the probability of possible accidents , however MSR s operate at much lower pressure levels and with Min a relatively low temperature range of 750 o C to 800 o C. ( World nuclear Association , August 2009 ) .
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||. However ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||R:ORTH|||MSRs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus these enhanced features of MSRs further reduce any possibility of any nuclear reactor based accidents .
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||reactor-based|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition to safety many people are concerned with managing nuclear waste and avoiding probable proliferation of nuclear waste .
+
+S Nuclear waste is highly radioactive .
+
+S However , it can be reprocessed to a substance known as plutonium .
+
+S Although plutonium is about 96 % ( Butler D 2004 ) less harmful , many countries including United States do not carry out nuclear waste decomposition to avoid Plutonium proliferation .
+
+S Since plutonium is a key raw material for production of advanced nuclear weapons , these nuclear power plants could in turn be probable terrorist targets .
+
+S However , scientists argue that the current reprocessing method can be altered such that Plutonium produced can not be used for manufacturing of nuclear weapons .
+
+S One such example is the mixed oxide fuel process ( commonly known as MOX ) used in France where Plutonium is converted to a form stored under very high temperature so that they can not be used to produce nuclear weaponry Moreover more than 90 % of the energy in spent fuel can be reprocessed and reused leaving only about 3 to 4 percent as net waste ( Ling K , The New York Times , May 2009 ) .
+A 32 33|||R:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 42|||R:OTHER|||. Moreover ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , MSR S being closed fuel cycle nuclear reactors ( World nuclear Association , August 2009 ) reprocessing takes place minimizing nuclear waste .
+A 2 4|||R:ORTH|||MSRs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition nuclear waste produced by MSR s is not soluble in water thus reducing chances possible contamination .
+A 6 8|||R:ORTH|||MSRs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , through advance research cost of nuclear waste management can be reduced and the MSR technology can be enhanced to further minimize the harmful effects and to avoid nuclear waste proliferation .
+A 3 4|||R:MORPH|||advanced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another challenge faced by nuclear energy industry against other alternatives of energy is that building of nuclear power plants is very costly and time consuming .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Most nuclear reactors involve the use of fast breeder technique but the MSR s use a technology known as slow breeder or thorium fuel cycle breeder which has been proven to be less expensive ( Forsberg CW , 2007 ) .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||R:ORTH|||MSRs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , the operation costs involved in maintaining high temperature and pressure with in nuclear reactors during nuclear fission is notably low in MSRs since they operate at much lower temperature and pressure .
+A 12 14|||R:ORTH|||within|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also the concepts behind the MSR s are not completely new , several have been already constructed with simple validated designs , thus this will reduce the time required in designing larger nuclear reactors ( Forsberg CW , 2007 ) .
+A 5 7|||R:ORTH|||MSRs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 13|||R:OTHER|||New . Several|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another important advantage of MSR s is that they can be built in small scale first and can then be expanded gradually , so the plants could be easily built with several small reactors and from the income they can carry out expansions ( Forsberg CW , 2007 ) .
+A 4 6|||R:ORTH|||MSRs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This further reduces cost and additional financial burdens arising from interest expenses .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||burden|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , MSR s are highly cost effective and efficient .
+A 2 4|||R:ORTH|||MSRs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Uranium prices are currently much more stable than fuel prices and of all the uranium available less than 1 % is used up to date .
+
+S Compared to hydro or solar power nuclear energy does not change the ecology of a certain environment .
+A 6 6|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Unlike wind turbines nuclear energy does not require specific environmental conditions and compared to fossil fuels they do not produce green house gases However , future of nuclear energy depends on further research where these generation IV reactors have to tested , constructed and operated in such a way that they can provide competitive prices while maximizing the usage of natural resource and enhancing nuclear safety .
+A 3 3|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 40|||M:VERB:TENSE|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 61 62|||R:NOUN:NUM|||resources|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They also need to address the fears of the public so that people are more aware of the advantages of nuclear energy
+A 22 22|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion all earlier mentioned objectives can not be achieved without necessary funding .
+A 2 2|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In an era , where global warming is a burning issue , when the effects of extreme climate change are already evident , nuclear energy may be the ultimate solution to greener energy alternative , thus it is indeed time for us to move forward challenge our fears and support funding for research based on nuclear reactors .
+A 3 4|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 45 46|||R:OTHER|||by challenging|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 49 50|||R:VERB:FORM|||supporting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nuclear power , an evolutionary discovery that is capable of replacing conventional thermal power stations for decades or even centuries .
+A 2 3|||R:PUNCT|||--|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nuclear power makes use of a common element on Earth , which is Uranium .
+A 13 14|||R:ORTH|||uranium|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Uranium has an extremely long half-life of 4.5 billion years .
+
+S The atoms of the Uranium are shot against each other , which processes an incredible amount of gamma radiation and heat .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:ORTH|||uranium|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:FORM|||processing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is extremely efficient as compared to the conventional thermal power station methods .
+
+S Nuclear power plants have been around for decades and according to Brain and Lamb ( 2007 ) , 430 operating nuclear plants are providing power to the world as of July 2008 .
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nuclear plants have come a long way since the early days and the world have witnessed two major accidents , the Chernobyl and Three Mile Island Incident .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to Butler ( 2004 ) , Generation IV nuclear reactors comprises of six different types of reactors , Gas-cooled fast reactors , Lead-cooled fast reactors , Sodium-cool fast reactors , Supercritical-water-cooled reactors , Very-high-temperature reactors and lastly Molten salt reactors which will be discussed in this article .
+A 11 12|||R:MORPH|||comprise|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Generation IV nuclear reactors including the Molten salt reactors are designed to be safer and preventing similar incidents as the Chernobyl and Three Mile Island from happening again .
+A 15 16|||R:MORPH|||preven|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:ADJ|||such|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Molten-Salt-Reactor technology as one of the six Generation IV nuclear reactors are designed with these factors in mind , safe , environmentally friendly and low cost electricity , however with all the different concerns involved , this might not be the case .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:PUNCT|||--|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 26|||R:OTHER|||cheap in their use of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 29|||R:OTHER|||. However ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , Molten-Salt-Reactors ( MSRs ) are used to produce electricity .
+
+S In addition , MSR uses liquid fuel as compared to the other reactors that use solid fuel .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:INFL|||MSRs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||use|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S MSRs are high temperature reactors , depending on the choice of salt , it could range from 320 to 500 degrees Celsius .
+A 12 13|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the temperature rises , the heat transfer properties of the reactor rapidly improve .
+
+S In addition , the close helium or nitrogen Brayton power cycles were adopted thus allowing the high temperature generated by the MSR to be efficiently used .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:INFL|||MSRs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , there is an improvement of 15 percent in electrical power output without increasing the temperature of the fuel salt .
+
+S Secondly , with nuclear power being a dangerous source when explosions happen , safety has always been a concern throughout the world .
+
+S The MSR handles the situation by having excellent safety measures to handle emergencies .
+A 0 1|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:INFL|||MSRs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||handle|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When the situation calls for , there is a drainage system to cool the critical safe dump tanks using the liquid fuel .
+A 5 5|||M:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On top of that , the system can be initiated upon overheating of the coolant with the use of freeze valves and other techniques .
+
+S Workers are protected as well , thanks to the intelligent fuel system .
+
+S The refueling can be done online , therefore minimizing the danger of the workers .
+
+S However , if nuclear plants are to replace conventional thermal stations and be the world 's source of power , there are much more to be taken into consideration .
+
+S Firstly , despite the safety of Generation IV nuclear reactor , MSR , one can never forget the devastating Chernobyl incident in April 1986 .
+A 6 11|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:INFL|||MSRs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to World-Nuclear ( 2009 ) , the explosion happened during a test on how long the turbines would spin and supply power with the main power supply cut off .
+
+S Approximately 200,000 people were involved in the clean up from the accident and these people were exposed to the high radiation .
+A 18 19|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S More people were then evacuated from their homes as the radiation spreads widely and rapidly .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||spread|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The effects of a nuclear plant accident are devastating .
+
+S Currently there are people around the world that are still suffering from the after effects of the accident , living in pain where some develop cancer from the exposure to radiation .
+A 7 8|||R:PRON|||who|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:DET|||such an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even with the new safety pre-cautions which promise excellent safety measures and technology , no one can guarantee that such accidents would not cause more people to suffer .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN|||precautions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , the Titanic , she was the largest ship built then , and was equipped with the most advanced technology and safety measures then .
+A 6 8|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:OTHER|||at the time|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However a collision with an iceberg during her virgin voyage sends the enormous ship deep down onto the sea bed .
+A 0 1|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||A|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:ADJ|||maiden|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:ADV|||still|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||sent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , nuclear plants are said to be environmentally friendly , due to the fact that they do not produce Carbon Dioxide .
+A 10 11|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result it reduces greenhouse effect .
+A 3 3|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||helps reduce|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , the wastes produced by the nuclear plants are highly radioactive and can not be easily disposed .
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These wastes have to be transported to a storage pond filled with boric acid to absorb the radiation , or to a disposal site , for example the Yucca Mountains , where the wastes are buried underground .
+
+S During transportation , there might be leakage from the containers , and the effects of burying the waste underground is yet to be confirmed till years to come .
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , these wastes disposal process might become an open target to terrorists who are constantly keen on destruction .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||waste|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly , nuclear power might be more cost effective as compared to the conventional thermal power stations , however the cost of constructing the plant is significantly higher , as well as the operational and waste disposal costs .
+A 17 18|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:ORTH|||However|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The construction cost involves the research on the material so as to contain the radiation in the event of a nuclear meltdown .
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Operational and maintenance costs are made up of labor and overheads , for example , pension benefits and medical .
+
+S Labor costs include the labor from varies department in the nuclear plant .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:MORPH|||various|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||departments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These include maintenances , health , engineering and head-quarters .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:INFL|||maintenance|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN|||headquarters|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , maintenance consists of mechanics , instrument personnel , electricians and control personnel .
+
+S Secondly , health consists of doctors , nurses and physicians .
+
+S Thirdly , engineering consists of electrical , chemical , computer , radiology , nuclear and mechanical .
+A 11 12|||R:MORPH|||radiological|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:NOUN|||aspects|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly , head-quarters consist of mainly administrative personnel .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN|||headquarters|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , there are expendable license charges , emergency planning fees as well as other expendable costs .
+
+S Waste disposal cost of a nuclear power plant is higher than a conventional thermal station .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The waste|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The cost involves transportation of the waste to the various storage pond and dumping grounds , and the running costs of these sites .
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||ponds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This cost increases over the years , as more nuclear wastes are produced .
+
+S In conclusion , Generation IV MSR does provide the energy hungry cities with the amount of electricity needed and it reduces greenhouse effect due to the zero carbon dioxide emission , and lastly it is much safer than the previous Generation plants with the enhanced meltdown technology .
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 44|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , the danger of nuclear radiation , fear of terrorism and the high initial and running cost of a Generation IV nuclear plant , makes us consider if there are any other alternatives .
+A 28 29|||R:VERB:SVA|||make|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Brain .
+
+S M and Lamb.R .
+
+S ( 2007 ) .
+
+S How nuclear power works .
+
+S Retrieved October 11 , 2009 , from http : //howstuffworks.com/nuclear-power.htm
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new damn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240 Forsbery,C.W .
+
+S ( 2006 , June 4 ) .
+
+S Molten-salt-reactor technology gaps , vol ( 6295 ) , 8 .
+
+S Retrieved October 11 , 2009 , from http : //www.torium.se/res/Document/124670.pdf
+
+S History .
+
+S ( 1986 ) .
+
+S Nuclear disaster at chernbyl .
+
+S Retrieved October 11 , 2009 , from http : //www.history.com/this-day-in-history.do ? action = Article&id = 6879
+
+S World nuclear .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Chernobyl accident .
+
+S Retrieved October 11 , 2009 , from http : //www.world-nuclear.org/info/chernobyl/info7.html
+
+S World nuclear .
+
+S ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Waste management .
+
+S Retrieved October 11 , 2009 , from http : //www.world-nuclear.org/education/wast.htm
+
+S Revival of Nuclear Power
+
+S Nuclear power is not a new concept to the world .
+A 7 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Human beings have been using it for decades to generate electricity and currently 17 % of the world 's electricity is from this form of energy .
+
+S However , unlike the widely used coal and oil , the development of nuclear power is strictly restricted .
+
+S This is due to nuclear power 's close relation with nuclear weapon and the public 's concerns on the safety of nuclear reactors .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||weapons|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Frankly speaking , nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons share a same basic theoretic foundation-the chain reaction of uranium .
+A 9 10|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S What nuclear reactors do is to slow down the chain reaction to a controllable level and convert nuclear power to electricity .
+
+S Since nuclear power does not generate carbon dioxide , it was once regarded as the best replacement of fossil fuels .
+A 17 18|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But after the terrible partial reactor meltdown in 1979 at Three Mile Island and the 1986 accident at Chernobyl , the nuclear power gradually goes out of the public 's sight .
+A 20 21|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has gone|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The serious global warming and the booming energy demand give nuclear power a chance back to the stage .
+
+S The new generation reactors , namely generation IV reactors , have tremendous innovations in improving reactors ' efficiency and safety .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN|||potential|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Among different kinds of new designs of generation IV reactors , the Very-High-Temperature Reactors ( VHTR ) are the most promising ones .
+
+S Although VHTR still has a few technical problems to be solved , its inspiring advantages have indicated the revival of the nuclear power .
+
+S The design of VHTR has an abundance of advantages .
+
+S First of all , VHTR is designed to operate at 1000 which results in the more efficient conversion of heat to electricity .
+
+S From the same amount of uranium fuels , VHTR can squeeze 50 % more electricity than conventional plants .
+
+S The same reason of high operating temperature gives birth to VHTR 's second advantage which is the produce of hydrogen .
+
+S At temperatures of about 700-900 , hydrogen can be split from water thermochemically ( Nature , 2004 ) .
+
+S This by-product of nuclear power is also a kind of clean energy in place of oil the third advantage VHTR has is the practical experience .
+A 12 12|||M:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A similar test reactor of VHTR has already been operated in Japan and proven to be a success since it reached its operating goal of 950 .
+
+S Last but not least , VHTR does not have the problem of reprocessing of plutonium waste .
+
+S Many politicians are afraid that the reprocessing of plutonium waste , which is used in other generation IV reactors , may cause plutonium wars since plutonium is a key ingredient of advanced nuclear weapons .
+
+S VHTR will not cause such concern .
+
+S In spite of so many advantages VHTR has got , it still faces some technical challenges .
+A 0 1|||M:OTHER|||Nevertheless , in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of most essential ones is the high cost of a reactor , which will deeply affect the development of the whole nuclear industry .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Based on a report from U.S. Department of Energy , even a prototype , which is just a sample run of the practical reactor , will require $ 1.25 billion to build ( Korman , 2008 ) .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Meanwhile , the price of uranium is fast increasing , a 30 % increase in a single year from 2007 's $ 50 per pound to 2008 's $ 65 per pound ( DOE , 2009 ) .
+
+S These two factors result in a high cost of nuclear-generated electricity which disables nuclear power from competing with other clean energy technologies like solar energy and wind energy .
+
+S A second major challenge is to find suitable building materials .
+
+S Since VHTR is operated at a very high temperature and pressure condition , the materials must be able to resist continued high temperature , pressure , corrosive reagents and intense bombardment by neutrons .
+
+S Scientists still can not give a proper solution to this problem .
+
+S The last challenge is what the public concerns most-the safety issues .
+
+S The high temperature and pressure , which gives birth to the advantage of producing hydrogen , on the other hand , means a high risk of accident .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||give|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:SVA|||mean|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also VHTR has no waste recycling systems so that radioactive waste goes nowhere but directly to repository .
+
+S This potential danger of waste leak will affect generations .
+
+S However , challenges are just challenges , not impossibilities .
+
+S With the efforts of countless scientists and engineers , these challenges are expected to be solved in a few years .
+
+S In terms of high cost of a reactor , significant cost deduction can be achieved by design improvement , standardisation , better construction methods , reduced construction time and improving project management in building a reactor ( OECD , 2005 ) .
+A 38 38|||M:PUNCT|||)|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Meanwhile the high efficiency of fuel utilization in VHTR makes reactors use less fuels which in turn lower the cost of fuels ( OECD , 2005 ) .
+A 24 24|||M:PUNCT|||)|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For finding suitable materials , although the perfect solution has not been found yet , engineers do have some suggested materials that have promising potential to develop , such as silicon carbide , specific grades of graphite and high chromium steels ( Murty & Charit , 2008 ) .
+A 23 24|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly , the design of VHTR enhances safety features and excludes sophisticated backup systems or experienced operators so as to minimise the human intervention .
+A 21 22|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , VHTR 's ability of burning up 65 % of uranium fuel will vastly reduce the amount of nuclear waste to a tolerable level ( USDOE , 2005 ) .
+
+S To sum up , VHTR has many advantages that other generation IV reactors do not have .
+
+S It can do very well in converting nuclear power to electricity efficiently .
+
+S And it is relatively easier to build and it will not cause political concern on reprocessing of plutonium waste .
+
+S Also it produces useful hydrogen as a by-product .
+
+S After solving challenges in reactor cost , building materials and safety issues , VHTR will become a best choice for cheaper , cleaner and safer energy .
+
+S This promising design reveals the revival of nuclear power .
+
+S References :
+
+S DOE , U.S. Department of Energy .
+
+S ( May 26 , 2009 ) .
+
+S Average Price and Quantity for Uranium Purchased by Owners and Operators of U.S .
+
+S Civilian Nuclear Power Reactors by Pricing Mechanisms and Delivery Year .
+
+S Energy Information Administration .
+
+S Retrieved Oct 18 , 2009 from { http : //www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/nuclear/umar/table5.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/nuclear/umar/table5.html ]
+
+S Korman , R. ( April 7 , 2008 ) .
+
+S Nuclear Vision 's at the Idaho National Lab .
+
+S Energybiz Insider , Energy Central .
+
+S Retrieved Oct 18 , 2009 from { http : //www.energycentral.com/centers/energybiz/ebi_detail.cfm ? id = 487 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.energycentral.com/centers/energybiz/ebi_detail.cfm ? id = 487 ] Murty , K.L .
+
+S & Charit , I .
+
+S ( September 13 , 2008 ) .
+
+S Structural materials for Gen-IV nuclear reactors : Challenges and opportunities .
+
+S Journal Of Nuclear Materials .
+
+S Volume 383 .
+
+S Issue 1-2 .
+
+S December 15 , 2008 .
+
+S Pages 189-195 .
+
+S Nature .
+
+S ( May 20 , 2004 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature.Vol.429 .
+
+S Nature Publishing Group .
+
+S OECD , Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. ( 2005 ) .
+
+S Projected costs of generating electricity : 2005 update .
+
+S OECD Nuclear Energy Agency and International Energy Agency .
+
+S ISBN 92-64-00826-8 .
+
+S OECD Publications , page 163 .
+
+S USDOE , U.S. Department of Energy .
+
+S ( December 15 , 2005 ) .
+
+S Status of Physics and Safety Analyses for the Liquid-Salt-Cooled Very-High-Temperature Reactor ( LS-VHTR ) .
+
+S Technical Report from Oak Ridge National Laboratory ( ORNL ) .
+
+S Report Number : ORNL/TM-2005/218 .
+
+S Rising sea level , increasing in natural disasters , proliferating pandemic , which are the by-products of the industry development , along with the depletion of fossil fuel are demanding a new source of energy .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The rising|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:MORPH|||increase|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||the proliferation of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||pandemics|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||R:OTHER|||industrial|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 30|||R:OTHER|||demand|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the endeavor to meet this demand , the GIF ( Generation IV International Forum ) introduced new types of nuclear reactor in 2002 .
+
+S However , nuclear power always conjures up images of catastrophes , tremendous capital investment and wars .
+
+S To me , these thoughts on safety - daily danger , accidents and waste , cost and security can be completely expunged from our minds with the new reactor technology , specifically the lead-cooled fast reactor .
+A 18 18|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First , there are myriad benefits of nuclear power that the critics often overlook .
+
+S In terms of environment , nuclear plant operation by no means entails greenhouse gas emission .
+
+S Economically , the price of electricity generated from radioactive fuel would be much lower than that generated from fossil fuel due to the enormous energy churning out from fission reaction .
+A 25 26|||R:VERB:FORM|||churned|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , as the new nuclear reactor works at high temperature , scientists can utilize it to produce hydrogen from thermochemical reaction of water , which is the material for other industry .
+A 28 29|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:NOUN:NUM|||industries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S About the negative effects , the first argument of the opponents concerns the impact of radiation on humans due to the routine operation of nuclear plant .
+A 8 11|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , according to the Journal of the American Medical Association published by the National Cancer Institute , a major survey showed that there was no rising cancer rate in 107 US counties near 62 nuclear plants .
+A 26 27|||R:MORPH|||rise|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:NOUN:NUM|||rates|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , the amount of radiation that people living in the neighborhood of a nuclear plant expose to is really miniscule in comparison with that from natural sources .
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||are exposed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , burning coal in industries also emits radioactive elements .
+
+S According to the Atomic Energy Commission , the power plants using coal produced ash that contained 5.2 tons of uranium and 12.8 tons of thorium per year .
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:MORPH|||produce|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||contains|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Regarding the nuclear accidents , it is the modern reactor generation that is invulnerable to the meltdown incident .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Granted , we can not deny the impact of them , such as Chernobyl and Three Mile Island accidents , the new technology can eliminate the possibility of these accidents .
+A 6 7|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:CONJ|||but|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In Three Mile Island , indeed , there were still two defense lines along with the thick steel vessel containing radioactive fuel .
+
+S These safety criteria are improving in the lead-cooled fast reactor .
+
+S It has double-walled contained and a lot of core-cooling emergency systems .
+A 3 4|||R:MORPH|||container|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , since the accidents are mainly brought about by the leaking of cooling tube , lead is chosen to reduce this possibility .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lead vapor has low pressure .
+
+S Lead is a good heat conductor .
+
+S Lead is an inert substance preventing the corrosion .
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S What is more , lead has high shielding capability for gamma ray ( the most damaging radiation ) .
+
+S Besides , the effects of accidents in coal and oil industries are noticeable , such as oil spills , mining accidents , let alone the environmental effects by the toxic fumes they produce .
+A 27 28|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As far as the radioactive waste is concerned , lead-cooled fast reactor is designed best to cut back on the amount of high level waste .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It has a closed cycle and high operating temperature in order to increase the efficiency and lowering the radioactive waste .
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:FORM|||lower|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , the high level waste is turned into rock-like form before embedded into the deep rock layer whose lifetime is about one billion years .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:OTHER|||it is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , the emissions of coal and oil industries are still lingering in our atmosphere , which deteriorates the rate of respiratory disease .
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||impact on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN|||number|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , in terms of safety , the new lead-cooled fast reactor can really outweigh its counterparts , coal and oil plants .
+A 15 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another rationale behind the protests against nuclear plants is that it takes a huge capital investment to build up a nuclear plant ( from $ 3 to $ 5 billion dollars ) ( Nuclear Energy Information Service , 2004 ) , to research the new reactors ( approximate 1 billion US dollars for each prototype of generation IV reactors ) ( Nature publishing group , 2004 ) .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the viewpoint of the detractors , to gain such a sum , the government has to cut off their expenditure on necessary investment on education , health issue , etc , and raise taxes .
+A 0 1|||R:PREP|||From|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||those against|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 24|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In my opinion , it is essential to invest in the new nuclear power plant .
+A 10 11|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First , if the government fosters the research and development in nuclear industry , the cost for building and maintaining the new nuclear power plant will be reduced to an affordable extent .
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 30|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Second , the expenditure can be compensated by the profit since the nuclear plant is competitive in comparison with coal and oil industry in terms of productivity and environment .
+A 7 7|||M:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||industries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Third , the fossil resources are shrinking rapidly , so the cost for coal and oil would increase sharply in the future .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Last , if the country continues running the energy without reducing the burning of oil and coal , the health and social services expense will rise up .
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||producing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||service|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN:NUM|||expenses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Anyway , the government has to increase their expenditure .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||At any rate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For the lead-cooled fast reactor , it has new features to increase the longevity of core life , and the scientists came with the idea of creating the medium size reactor to reduce the cost .
+A 19 20|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB|||have come up|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Last but not least , the skeptics are worried about security .
+
+S They believe that the development of nuclear states might create opportunities to produce nuclear weapons from the plutonium reprocessing and uranium enriching .
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Terrorists can also have the chance to magnify the destruction by attack the nuclear plant and the freighters that convey radioactive substance .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||may|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:FORM|||attacking|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||plants|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB|||carry|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:NUM|||substances|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the new lead-cooled fast reactor , as I have mentioned , has many emergency systems that make the reactor " meltdown proof " even in case of human interference .
+A 27 28|||R:NOUN:NUM|||cases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The closed cycle will reduce the waste as well as the necessity of plutonium reprocessing .
+
+S The efficiency of the nuclear reactor also means the reduction of refueling , so it minimizes the frequency of radioactive substance transfer .
+
+S In addition , the development of nuclear power also improves the energy security of a country .
+
+S In other words , it reduces the amount of foreign energy import , so it can soothes the simmer atmosphere in disputes over energy , especially oil .
+A 16 21|||R:OTHER|||help solve|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the new generation IV nuclear reactor , in particular the lead-cooled fast reactor , is an optimal choice for future energy in three fronts : safety , cost and security though there are still many challenges lying ahead .
+A 27 28|||R:PUNCT|||-|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 33|||M:PUNCT|||-|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 40|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , the government should invest more in the nuclear power development to make these reactors construction a feasible feat .
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 17|||R:OTHER|||construction of these reactors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For the past few decades , the engineering field has developed drastically to a new degree of level .
+A 15 17|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S At the same time , the peril and hazard of the engineering installations and systems rise with respond to complexity .
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 18|||R:OTHER|||in response|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , these designs seem to be too complex and complicated for engineers to work with .
+
+S The result was a series of engineering accidentsThree Mile Island , Chernobyl , the Challenger accidents and more .
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||accidents : Three|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Interestingly , the analysis reports of those accidents invariably described human factors as the major cause of those accidents .
+A 6 7|||R:DET|||these|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , people start to argue the importance of psychology in engineering design process .
+
+S Supporters claim that psychology can help to reduce the probability of accidents and they emphasize on the value of human lives .
+A 13 14|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Opponents , mainly formed by engineers and operators , take more consideration about costs and somehow ignore the safety measure as it is reasonable for suppliers to produce at minimum cost .
+A 3 5|||R:OTHER|||composed of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 14|||R:OTHER|||consider costs more|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 29|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although engineers and operators tend to oppose the using of psychology in engineering design process , research results have shown the importance of psychology in preventing accidents by using their professional knowledge .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||use|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the most famous accidentsthe Chernobyl accident that occurred on 26 April 1986 in the Soviet Ukraine is a typical type of engineering accident .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||accidents -- the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:PUNCT|||--|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Frot ( 2000 ) 's studies showed two main causes of the explosion of the Chernobyl reactors : design errors and faults of management and errors committed by the operating staff .
+A 1 5|||R:WO|||'s ( 2000 )|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB|||gave|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S While psychology is described as a necessity in improving the safety measure during a design process , opponents are still sceptical about the validity and reliability of psychology research .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||measures|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Karanian ( 1988 ) research showed how the engineers think : " The content is considered repetitive and filled with slanted views and reflective of self-interest and personal bias " .
+A 4 5|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They claim that psychology tends to talk a lot but there are too few really good theories .
+
+S However , their disbelief is mainly due to their lack of knowing about the studies of psychology .
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||knowledge|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to International Ergonomics Association ( 2000 ) , engineering psychology is defined as " the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of interactions among humans and other elements of a system , and the profession that applies theory , principles , data and methods to design in order to optimize human well-being and overall system performance " .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is not merely the reflective of human thinking into solving human errors but it applies sophisticated theory and principles into it .
+A 1 11|||R:OTHER|||does not only reflect on how human thinking solve|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:ADV|||also|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB|||uses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , one famous psychology law Hick 's Law describes the amount of time that a person takes to make a decision , given several possible choices he or she has .
+A 7 10|||R:OTHER|||-- Hick 's Law --|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It can be seen that psychology is a professional field that has been accepted by the society and the theories and principles are useful in analysing the latent designing errors .
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Still , opponents argue that accidents are unpredictable as there are too many possibilities of causes .
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||possible|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , research showed that causes are basically formed by human errors .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has shown|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In Chernobyl accident , six human errors were identified ( Frot , 2000 ) .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The reactors were not well-designed and operators were not sufficiently trained .
+
+S Wickens , Gordon and Liu ( 1997 ) defined human errors as " mistakes made by human operating a system , humans who designed the equipment , who supervise the worker , and who trained or advised the worker " and those human errors can be categorized as psychological factors .
+
+S Psychology which deals with human behaviours is therefore the best preventive way to avoid engineering accidents .
+
+S During a design process , designers do not focus on human response to the design and there is frequent mismatch between the operators and the designed machines ( Wilpert , 2007 ) .
+A 21 22|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , psychology takes consideration into human behaviours while using the machines and they look into questions like " Are the machines too complex for the operators to deal with ?
+A 4 8|||R:WO|||human behaviours into consideration|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Or will the operators feel fatigued easily while using the machines ?
+
+S " Accidents are hard to predict , but psychology will definitely help to reduce the probability of occurrence of accidents .
+
+S A single error will usually not produce an accident but it arose from a number of failures ( Noyes , 1997 ) .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||arises|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Those latent errors mostly arise during the design process .
+
+S For Chernobyl accident , there are five major design errors ( Frot , 2000 ) .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These five design errors then led to the start of the accident .
+
+S Eventually , latent and active failures had come together to create this tragedy .
+
+S Why are there so many errors ?
+
+S Actually human errors are inevitable but can only be minimized to a tolerable extent ( Noyes , 1997 ) .
+
+S Psychology is useful in foreseeing latent errors and thus it is easier to come out with solution that will reduce the probability of accident .
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It can be done by designing a less complex device , give more useful information and practice for operators in charge , design better backup systems and so on .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:FORM|||giving|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:FORM|||designing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the aid of psychology which focuses on safety measure , accidents are more likely to be avoided .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||measures|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In brief , while engineering has become a much sophisticated field , safety measure has become more and more important at the same time .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||measures|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S People have incurred much loss in terms of money and lives in various engineering accidents and they will not want to experience any disaster anymore .
+
+S While research has shown that most of the causes are due to human error , people are able to solve this problem by using psychology .
+
+S Human errors are unavoidable , but psychology is meant to reduce the effect caused by human errors to the minimum point .
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||these|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 21|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although some engineers and operators still oppose the use of psychology , for human safety , it is worthwhile to include psychology in an engineering design process .
+
+S References :
+
+S Frot , J .
+
+S ( 2000 ) .
+
+S The causes of the Chernobyl event .
+
+S Retrieved October 3 , 2009 , from www.ecolo.org/documents/documents_in.../Causes.ChernobyJF.doc
+
+S Karanian , B.A .
+
+S ( 1988 ) .
+
+S Engineers react : how they think about psychology .
+
+S Frontiers In Education Conference , 466-470 .
+
+S Retrieved October 3 , 2009 , doi : 10.1109/FIE.1988.35027
+
+S International Ergonomics Association .
+
+S ( 2000 ) .
+
+S What is ergonomics .
+
+S Retrieved October 2 , 2009 , from { http : //www.iea.cc/browse.php ? contID = what_is_ergonomics } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.iea.cc/browse.php ? contID = what_is_ergonomics ]
+
+S Wickens , C.D. , Gordon , S.E. , & Liu , Y .
+
+S ( 1997 ) .
+
+S An introduction to human factors engineering .
+
+S United States : Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers Inc .
+
+S Wilpert , B .
+
+S ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Psychology and design processes .
+
+S Safety Science , 45 , 293-303 .
+
+S Noyes , J .
+
+S ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Engineering psychology : contribution to system safety .
+
+S Computing and control engineering journal , 8 ( 3 ) , 107-112 .
+
+S In the current world , Nuclear Technology has evolved significantly and researchers have come out with many prototypes and systems which can benefit the world .
+A 5 6|||R:ORTH|||nuclear|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:ORTH|||technology|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The latest systems are the Generation IV nuclear systems which were introduced since 2002 .
+A 12 13|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Now , the 6 nuclear energy systems are technologies which include advantages like reduced capital cost , enhanced nuclear safety , minimal generation of nuclear waste , and further reduction of the risk of weapons materials proliferation .
+A 34 35|||R:NOUN:NUM|||weapon|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:NOUN:NUM|||material|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Gen IV systems are designed to be highly sustainable because the energy they produced meets the aim of clean air , free of pollution and in the long term , they are beneficial to the environment .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||produce|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 24|||R:OTHER|||desire for clean air|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 34|||R:OTHER|||benefits|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Bouchard,J ) Each system has its own advantages in terms of performance , cost and security ( Generation IV International Forum GIF and U.S. Nuclear Energy Research Advisory Committee NERAC )
+A 3 3|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 32|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Lead-Cooled Fast Reactor ( LFR ) system is a system which uses lead as the coolant and the radioactive fuel used is the uranium .
+
+S It operate at 400 ~ 500 during its operation .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:SVA|||operates|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We measure performance by what is the output that the system can produce and the amount of power it can generate .
+A 4 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since lead-cooled fast reactor is not a large scale reactor , its output is not as much if we compare to reactors like Very High Temperature Reactor ( VHTR ) .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The VHTR is a helium cooled , graphite-moderated , thermal neutron spectrum reactor with a coolant outlet temperature of 1000 ° C or above .
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||helium-cooled|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S VHTR outperforms the other reactors because of its potential to produce hydrogen .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is possible to produce over 2 million cubic meters of hydrogen per day and this is the energy which is equal to over 16,000 gallons of gasoline per day ( Chapin et al,2004 ) .
+
+S From this , we can see that VHTR greatly outperform LFR .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:SVA|||outperforms|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Safety is one of the biggest concerns when it comes to nuclear powered reactors , because the result is grievous and devastating if a nuclear reactor accident were to happen .
+
+S In 26 April 1986 at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine , there was a nuclear reactor accident which resulted in the deaths of many due to radiation poisoning .
+A 0 1|||R:PREP|||On|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To prevent such accidents from happening again , much emphasis has been put into the safety aspect when nuclear reactors are being designed .
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The graphitic core structure , helium coolant , and coated fuel particles allow the VHTR to withstand accident temperatures without structural damage or fission product release .
+
+S The publication by MPR further added that these features of VHTR replaces the current safety systems in current reactors .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:SVA|||replace|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This feature is the enhanced version of the safety system .
+
+S Because of the very high temperature used in the reactions , hotspots are prevented from forming within the core because the graphite core of VHTRs has very high thermal conductivity .
+
+S Another promising safety feature of VHTRs is the helium coolant .
+
+S Helium is chemically inert , which means it is not very reactive .
+
+S This removes any possible corrosions or irradiation which could occur with the component materials .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:INFL|||corrosion|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , helium does not go through any phase change at or over reactor operating temperature ; this will improve the safety because the design and operation is being simplified .
+A 21 22|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S VHTRs are also designed to be proliferation resistant .
+
+S Due to the extremely hard reprocessing of its fuel , it deters any means to misusing them it since the process is very complicated .
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:FORM|||misuse|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although this feature does not really decrease the chance of reprocessing to zero , it does complicate the means to try to reprocess them .
+A 24 25|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Chapin et al,2004 )
+A 5 5|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , lead cooled fast reactors ( LFRs ) has various safety issues which are of concern when it comes to building a safe reactor .
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||lead-cooled|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are chances of corrosion of lead with its reactors ' component materials when temperature is increased .
+
+S ( Generation IV International Forum GIF and U.S. Nuclear Energy Research Advisory Committee NERAC ) This will pose as a threat for the workers at the reactors due to the corrosion of the materials .
+A 15 15|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As compared to VHTRs , because the Gen IV 's VHTR systems are built on the older generation of high temperature reactors , therefore many of the safety systems which already existed in the old reactors , are further being enhanced , therefore in this way , the safety systems in VHTR does exceed the ones in LFRs .
+A 0 6|||U:OTHER|||Because|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 44|||R:OTHER|||. In|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 52 53|||R:VERB:SVA|||do|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For the generation IV nuclear reactor systems , the cost of the individual reactors varies and some is far greater costly than the other .
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:ADV|||more|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 24|||R:OTHER|||others|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The estimated cost of building a 100MWE prototype of Lead cooled fast reactor in the U.S. is between $ 400- $ 700 million .
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||lead-cooled|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Brown,N.W .
+
+S ) As compared with this , the cost building a VHTR reactor is much higher , which has an estimated cost of about $ 1.1 billion .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 3|||U:PREP|||Compared|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||; it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Butler , D.2004,May 20 ) .
+A 3 4|||R:ORTH|||D.2004 , May|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is partially due to the reason that VHTR 's coolant , helium gas is much most costly than LFRs ' coolant , and because of the strong structure that VHTR consists , it cost more to build .
+A 14 14|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:ADV|||more|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:VERB:TENSE|||costs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , most importantly , the extra cost of the system must be valid and used in an effective way .
+
+S In the case of VHTR , though more costly than LFRs , its performance and safety systems exceed those of LFRs , which justifies the extra cost incurred in building VHTRs .
+
+S In conclusion , both Very high temperature and Lead cooled fast reactors have good performance and excellent safety system , but VHTRs is on a higher end as compared to LFRs due to the greater system performance and system safety it provides .
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||lead-cooled|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||systems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence VHTRs are , to an extent , better than LFRs .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:DET|||some|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Bouchard,J Nuclear Plant Journal , September-October Issue Volume 26 No.5 Plant Maintenance & Advanced reactor issues 20 October 2009
+
+S Brown,N.W .
+
+S High-Confidence Design Options for Lead-Cooled Fast Reactors March 30 , 2006 { http : //nuclear.inel.gov/deliverables/docs/early_lfr_option_rev4_1.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //nuclear.inel.gov/deliverables/docs/early_lfr_option_rev4_1.pdf ] 20 October 2009
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004,May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429,238-24 20 October 2009 Chapin,D. , Kiffer,s. , and Nestell,J. , The Very High Temperature Reactor : A Technical Summary MPR Assosciates , Inc. June 2004 { http : //www.mpr.com/news-and-publications/white-papers/very-high-temperature-reactor.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.mpr.com/news-and-publications/white-papers/very-high-temperature-reactor.pdf ] 20 October 2009
+
+S Generation IV International Forum GIF and U.S. Nuclear Energy Research Advisory Committee NERAC .
+
+S Introduction to Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems and the International Forum { http : //www.gen-4.org/PDFs/GenIVRoadmap.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.gen-4.org/PDFs/GenIVRoadmap.pdf ] 20 October 2009
+
+S GFR , a better nuclear reactor than SWCR
+
+S In the last century , most of the energy we consumed came from fossil fuels .
+
+S Usually we burned coal to generate vapor , then made the vapor drive the turbine to produce electricity .
+
+S This kind of energy producing method did make a big contribution to the industrialization of the world , but it also did a lot of harm to the natural environment .
+A 3 5|||R:OTHER|||energy-producing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nowadays , people are suffering from many types of environmental problems , such as global warming , acid rain , air pollution , etc .
+
+S However , there is no doubt that the energy demand will continue increasing , since human beings can not slow down the pace of technology development .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:FORM|||to increase|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this case , we have to consider more about new energy .
+A 9 10|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The recent research and development of generation IV nuclear reactor makes the large scaled use of nuclear energy more reliable and feasible , because of its sustainability , reliability , economics and proliferation resistance .
+A 13 14|||R:MORPH|||scale|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some may say that nuclear plant is dangerous , after seeing those nuclear accidents in the last few decades .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB|||experiencing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the generation IV reactors are quite different from the previous ones .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Here , we are going to discuss two of the generation IV reactors , Gas-cooled Fast Reactor ( GFR ) , which features a fast-neutron-spectrum , helium-cooled reactor and closed fuel cycle , and Supercritical Water Cooled Reactor ( SWCR ) , which is a high-temperature , high-pressure water-cooled reactor that operates above the thermodynamic critical point of water .
+A 35 37|||R:OTHER|||Water-cooled|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I think that GFR does a better job than SWCR , respectively in the aspect of efficiency , cost and security .
+A 10 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When talking about an energy generating method , efficiency will never be ignored .
+
+S Some people hold the view that SWCR has a higher efficiency .
+
+S Yes , they are right , but they are just comparing SWCR with the generation III reactors , not GFR reactor .
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to the statistics data given by Idaho National Laboratory , the thermal efficiency of SWCR is 43.8 % , which is lower than that of GFR , 48 % .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:MORPH|||statistical|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB|||provided|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S You may think that the difference is not that much , but as shown in a report by Kevan D. Weaver and Hussein S. Khalil , a typical GFR plant has a power level of 600 MWth .
+
+S In this case , after doing a simple calculation , we will find that the difference is quite considerable .
+
+S What is more , GFR also get Hydrogen production .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||gets|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:ORTH|||hydrogen|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The only production of combusting hydrogen is water and burning same amount of hydrogen or other fuels , we get much more energy from hydrogen .
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Due to all the reasons mentioned above , I think that GFR has a higher efficiency than SWCR .
+
+S Next , let us take a look at the cost of these two kinds of reactors .
+
+S After referring to most of the budget reports , which says that building a GFR plant will cost 1 billion while a SWCR plant only takes half a billion , many people believe that GFR is much more expensive than SWCR .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:SVA|||say|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Anyway , it is true , but please be noted that most of the budget reports are not able to take all the expenditure into consideration , which of course is not convincible .
+A 0 4|||R:OTHER|||This may be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 10|||R:OTHER|||note|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:SPELL|||convincing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When talking about cost issues , we should consider the long-run cost or the annual cost , which is more scientific and rational .
+
+S Although GFR costs more than SWCR according to the budget report , the life of GFR is also longer .
+A 9 10|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reports|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In another word , GFR plant can work a few decades longer than SWCR .
+A 1 3|||R:OTHER|||other words|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another factor is that SWCR only can react under the very high pressure .
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We all know that the higher pressure it is the higher risk the reactor will break down .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN|||possibility|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So the maintenance cost also should be taken into account .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , GFR has an effective fission of Pu and minor actinides , ability to operate on wide range of fuel composition and capacity for breeding excess fissile material ( Frank Carre , 2002 ) .
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , I hold the point that GFR is cheaper in an overall view of cost .
+
+S Last but not the least , is the security .
+A 5 6|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many people 's main scare of nuclear comes from the several nuclear accidents in the last few decades , such as the Three Mail Island one in 1979 and the Chernobyl one in 1986 .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN|||fear|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So now , people concern most about the security of any kinds of nuclear plants .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||are concerned|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||kind|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some think that SWCR is safer than GFR because once accident happen , the pressure of SWCR will decrease immediately , and then the plant will shut down automatically .
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:SVA|||happens|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Actually , it is not true because safety issue is not only about pressure inside .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The major R&D gaps of SWCR include in-core materials development and demonstration of adequate safety and stability ( Jacopo Buongiorno , 2002 ) .
+
+S I think that GFR is safer than SWCR .
+
+S The three reasons are as stated below .
+
+S First , the reaction pressure of GFR is much lower than that of SWCR , which obviously will reduce the risk of accident .
+
+S Second , the coolant of GFR is helium , a kind of inert gas , very hard to react with other reagent .
+A 15 18|||R:OTHER|||which hardly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:SVA|||reacts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Third , the radioactive reaction waste of GFR can be recycled , while SWCR 's can not .
+
+S In a conclusion , Gas-cooled Fast Reactor is better than Supercritical Water Cooled Reactor , respectively in the field of efficiency , expend and security .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||R:NOUN|||Water-cooled|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 19|||R:OTHER|||in the areas|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I believe that GFR is one of the most promising generation IV nuclear reactors , and its large scaled application is just around the corner .
+A 18 19|||R:MORPH|||scale|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference :
+
+S Kevan D. W. and Hussein S. K. ( November 18 , 2002 ) .
+
+S Gas-cooled Fast Reactor [ PDF slides ] .
+
+S Retrieved on October 16 , 2009 , from http : //gif.inel.gov/roadmap/pdfs/gas_cooled_fast_reactor.pdf
+
+S Frank .
+
+S C. ( June 25 , 2002 ) .
+
+S Gas-cooled Fast Reactor [ PDF slides ] .
+
+S Retrieved on October 16 , 2009 , from http : //gif.inel.gov/roadmap/pdfs/p_grns_june_25-27_presentation_gp27-00.pdf
+
+S Jacopo .
+
+S B .
+
+S ( November 18 , 2002 ) .
+
+S The supercritical Water Cooled Reactor ( SWCR ) .
+
+S [ PDF slides ] .
+
+S Retrieved on October 16 , 2009 , from http : //gif.inel.gov/roadmap/pdfs/supercritical-water-cooled_reactor.pdf
+
+S Generation IV International Forum .
+
+S ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Introduction of generation IV nuclear energy system and the international forum .
+
+S [ PDF slides ] .
+
+S Retrieved on October 21 , 2009 , from http : //www.gen-4.org/PDFs/GIF_introduction.pdf
+
+S Wiki-dot .
+
+S ( November , 2008 ) .
+
+S Gen IV Reactors .
+
+S Retrieved on October 21 , 2009 , from http : //me1065.wikidot.com/geniv
+
+S Chernobyl , Ukraine is the location of the most fatal nuclear accident that happened on April 26 , 1986 .
+
+S The accident caused many deaths and resulted in severe health impacts due to the radiation exposed by the population ( Cleveland , 2009 ) .
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 19|||R:OTHER|||the population 's exposure to radiation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There is a debate on whether the use of psychology during the design process would have prevented the Chernobyl tragedy .
+
+S The critics argue that the calamity took place due to human factors which were beyond the control of the engineers .
+
+S The use of psychology would be irrelevant .
+
+S On the other hand , the supporters claim that through the use of psychology , the engineers might have anticipated different scenarios that could happen and designed a safer and more stable plant .
+A 19 19|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In other words , the Chernobyl accident might be prevented and with those better safety measures in place , the effects of the accident would be minimized .
+A 7 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||could have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||R:OTHER|||if|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:VERB|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to Wilpert ( 2007 ) , human actions usually play a significant role in provoking accidents .
+
+S In the Chernobyl accident , the operators lacked the expertise of operating the nuclear power plant and were inadequately trained .
+
+S They also violated several operating and safety regulations ( Serrill , 1986 ) .
+
+S These led to the explosion of the power plant .
+
+S The engineers did not factor in the possibility of the operators switching off the security systems as its probability was close to zero ( Gorbachev , n.d. ) .
+
+S The use of psychology would be ineffective as the carelessness of the operators was beyond the control of the engineers .
+
+S However , psychology has a vital role in all human ventures ( Wilpert , 2007 ) .
+
+S The problem of psychopathology of design is a mismatch of the engineers ' and the operators ' theoretical model which happened in this case .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||refers to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||models|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The use of the occupational psychology might aid the engineers in understanding that the operators might not be equipped with the necessary skills and knowledge to operate the plant .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||could have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:FORM|||aided|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They might have implemented precautions such that unauthorized personnel could not shut down the emergency safety systems ( World Nuclear Association , 2007 ) .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||could|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:VERB|||exercised|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||precaution|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , there is a possibility that the use of psychology would have prevented the accident .
+
+S Otherwise , it would have at least weakened the severity of the consequences .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||At the very least|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:VERB:TENSE|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 7|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Human actions alone could not trigger the explosion .
+
+S The Chernobyl reactor was unstable due to the positive void coefficient which made a power exacerbation uncontrollable .
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It did not have a containment structure to reduce the amount of the radioactivity released ( World Nuclear Association , 2007 ) .
+
+S The poorly designed reactor contributed to the Chernobyl accident as well .
+
+S It may seem that the use of psychology would be irrelevant as the flawed reactor design was a technological fault .
+
+S However , this instead posed a challenge to psychology to help modify the plant design by the method of feed-forward safety controls which could be applied in the identification for safer designs phase ( Wilpert , 2007 ) .
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||through|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 33|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The engineers should be aware of the limitations of the reactor and the use of psychology might have led them to use a better reactor or install other measures to counter the weaknesses of the reactor .
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:TENSE|||could|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , there is a possibility that the use of psychology would have prevented the accident .
+
+S Otherwise , it would have at least weakened the severity of the consequences .
+
+S In addition to the operators ' actions and the flawed reactor design , there are external factors that made the explosion possible .
+
+S The operators were working under pressure overnight ( Stang , 1996 ) .
+
+S A study shows that irregular hours of work can decrease work performance and may result in errors or accidents ( Costa , 1999 ) .
+
+S Furthermore , when some reactor components failed to work correctly , the operators faced more stress ( Stang , 1996 ) .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||fail|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||face|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They might not be able to think properly and make the right decisions .
+
+S Such external conditions were not part of the design process and hence the use of psychology would not be helpful .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , occupational threats and individual work place misfortunes were the focus of psychology as they were influenced by the individual 's motivation , attitude and decision-making ( Wilpert , 2007 ) .
+A 6 8|||R:ORTH|||workplace|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The use of work and organisational psychology might aid the engineers in understanding how the environment could affect the operators ' performance .
+
+S The engineers might have implemented more safety measures to counter the failure of each component or the effects of the blunders made by the operators .
+
+S Therefore , there is a possibility that the use of psychology would have prevented the accident .
+
+S Otherwise , it would have at least weakened the severity of the consequences .
+A 0 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the main factors that resulted in the Chernobyl disaster are the negligence of the operators , the flawed reactor designed and other external factors such as the pressure faced by the operators .
+
+S On the surface , psychology appears to be irrelevant during the design process of the nuclear plant .
+
+S On the contrary , psychology might help the engineers foreseen possible problems during the operation and more safety precautions might be incorporated .
+A 5 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||could have helped|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:FORM|||foresee|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||precaution|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:VERB:TENSE|||could have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The use of psychology might have prevented the Chernobyl accident and the effects of the accident would be minimized .
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S Wilpert , B .
+
+S ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Psychology and design processes .
+
+S Safety Science , 45 , 293-303 .
+
+S Cleveland C. J .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Chernobyl , Ukraine .
+
+S Encyclopedia of Earth .
+
+S Retrieved September 26 , 2009 , from { http : //www.eoearth.org/article/Chernobyl,_Ukraine } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.eoearth.org/article/Chernobyl,_Ukraine ]
+
+S Serrill , M. S. ( 1986 ) .
+
+S Soviet Union Anatomy of a Catastrophe .
+
+S Time .
+
+S Retrieved October 03 , 2009 , from { http : //www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,962199,00.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,962199,00.html ]
+
+S Gorbachev , B .
+
+S I .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S The Causes and Scenario of the Chernobyl Accident , and Radioactive Release on the CHNPP Unit-4 Site .
+
+S National Academy of Sciences .
+
+S Retrieved October 03 , 2009 , from { http : //www.rri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/NSRG/reports/kr79/kr79pdf/Gorbachev.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.rri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/NSRG/reports/kr79/kr79pdf/Gorbachev.pdf ]
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Chernobyl Accident .
+
+S World Nuclear Association .
+
+S Retrieved October 03 , 2009 , from { http : //world-nuclear.org/info/chernobyl/inf07.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //world-nuclear.org/info/chernobyl/inf07.html ]
+
+S ( 2007 ) .
+
+S RBMK Reactors .
+
+S World Nuclear Association .
+
+S Retrieved October 03 , 2009 , from { http : //world-nuclear.org/info/inf31.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //world-nuclear.org/info/inf31.html ] Stang E. ( 1996 ) .
+
+S Chernobyl - System Accident or Human Error ? .
+
+S Oxford Journals .
+
+S Retrieved October 03 , 2009 , from { http : //rpd.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/68/3-4/197 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //rpd.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/68/3-4/197 ]
+
+S Costa G. ( 1999 ) .
+
+S The impact of shift and night work on health .
+
+S Science direct .
+
+S Retrieved October o6 , 2009 , from { http : //www.sciencedirect.com/science ? _ob = ArticleURL&_udi = B6V1W-3VV7332-2&_user = 10&_coverDate = 02 % 2F29 % 2F1996&_alid = 1040902200&_rdoc = 10&_fmt = high&_orig = search&_cdi = 5685&_sort = r&_docanchor = &view = c&_ct = 82&_acct = C000050221&_version = 1&_urlVersion = 0&_userid = 10&md5 = 6030572d1763bf6a9a13c51e95fcd5ed } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.sciencedirect.com/science ? _ob = ArticleURL&_udi = B6V1W-3VV7332-2&_user = 10&_coverDate = 02 % 2F29 % 2F1996&_alid = 1040902200&_rdoc = 10&_fmt = high&_orig = search&_cdi = 5685&_sort = r&_docanchor = &view = c&_ct = 82&_acct = C000050221&_version = 1&_urlVersion = 0&_userid = 10&md5 = 6030572d1763bf6a9a13c51e95fcd5ed ]
+
+S New Generation of Nuclear Energy
+
+S Nuclear power is a method to change matter into energy according to Einstein 's most famous equation E = mc2 .
+
+S That means with 1 kilogram decrease of mass , 9 , 000 , 000 billion kilojoules of energy will be produced .
+
+S Nuclear power , when harnessed , can support a 100w electric incandescent lampoon for 2 , 853 , 881 , 279 years .
+
+S Moreover , nuclear energy is environmental friendly because it has very low emission of green house gases .
+A 5 6|||R:MORPH|||environmentally|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , only " 16 % of the world 's electricity is produced from nuclear energy " CITATION Nuc091 \ l 2052 ( Nuclear Power Reactors , 2009 ) .
+A 17 22|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is because opponents of nuclear power claim that it is not safe .
+
+S One accident of nuclear is the Chernobyl accident in 1986 .
+A 1 4|||R:OTHER|||nuclear accident|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A total of 54 people die in this accident CITATION Che091 \ l 2052 ( Chernobyl Accident , 2009 ) .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||died|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , in recent years , scientists and engineers have developed six Generation VI reactors that are cost effective , safer , and minimize waste CITATION Joz09 \ l 2052 ( Misak , 2009 ) .
+A 25 30|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This essay will focus on sodium-cooled fast reactors ( SFR ) in comparison with supercritical-water-cooled reactors ( SWCR ) as in three aspects : performance , cost , and safety , and show that the SFR is a better concept than the SWCR .
+A 19 21|||R:PREP|||based on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On performance , proponents of the SWCR claim that the thermal efficiency of this reactor is 44 % , compare to the SFR 's 42 % CITATION Gen08 \ l 2052 ( Generation IV Nuclear Reactor Comparisons , 2008 ) .
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:FORM|||compared|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 31|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the difference is not very much and they fail to consider that the SWCR is working in the environment of very high pressure , while SFR is working in low pressure .
+A 14 15|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With higher pressure , the nuclear reaction will be more thorough and efficiency will increase .
+
+S However , with higher pressure , the possibility of an explosion is also greater since a larger force is exerted on the wall of the reactor .
+
+S On the other hand , the SFR is more sustainable because of its closed fuel cycle and excellent potential of actinide management .
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Actinide is the fuel .
+
+S ) It can recycle 99 % of the fuel , thus reducing nuclear waste .
+
+S Compare this to the SWCR , in a word , sodium-cooled fast reactors do well in performance .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In terms of cost , proponents of SWCR claim that SWCR has longer history of development while SFR is a newer concept that is just brought up recent years .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 25|||R:OTHER|||has just been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The research and development of SFR is very expensive .
+
+S People who are against nuclear reactors even claim that the existing method of generate electricity is good enough and new method is not necessary .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:FORM|||generating|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , these shortsighted people fail to realize that shortage of resource is already very serious among global .
+A 9 9|||M:ADJ|||global|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||resources|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , the thermal efficiency of thermal power generation is just about 30 % .
+
+S Hence , the invention of generation IV reactors can both generate electricity in a more efficient way and more fuel saving way .
+A 19 21|||R:OTHER|||fuel-saving|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For SFR , it saves costs in two main methods : the reactor vessel and fuel .
+A 6 7|||R:PREP|||through|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The usage of advanced materials , the loop type cooling system and innovative design options are all adopted to save the plant capital costs .
+A 15 15|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , it recovers and recycles 99.9 % of the actinides , which can both save the fuel and decrease the money spent on dealing with nuclear waste .
+
+S For SWCR , it does not recycle the waste ; the nuclear wastes management is also one concern of SWCR in terms of both cost and safety .
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||waste|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The third point to emphasis is that SFR has the earliest delivery year , 10 years earlier than SWCR .
+A 4 5|||R:MORPH|||emphase|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN|||time|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||which is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This means the time and money required to do the research for SFR is much less than that of SWCR .
+A 2 2|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We can conclude that SFR is also cost saving .
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||cost-effective|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Taking safety into account , opponents of nuclear reactors state the past year accident to prove it is not safe .
+A 10 14|||R:OTHER|||accidents in the past|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For this reason , SFR pay special attention to the safety issue .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:SVA|||pays|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||issues|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Its operating temperature is as low as the SWCR 's .
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides this , as mentioned in the previous paragraph , the operating pressure is almost the atmosphere pressure which is very safe .
+
+S SFR also recycle the radioactive materials thus decrease the risk of leakage of such dangerous materials .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||recycles|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||decreases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S SWCR does not recycle the waste which is not that safe .
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , to protect the workers in the nuclear power station , only low occupational radioactivity dose to workers and with minimal risk and health effects from severe accidents CITATION Mik05 \ l 2052 ( Corradini , 2005 ) .
+A 16 29|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 34|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Last but not least , for SFR , " about a 2/3 reduction in flow can be tolerated passively and that the time available to take control action is ample when larger flow reductions occur ( Stacey , etal , 2007 , p .
+
+S 48 ) .
+A 2 2|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " Hence , SFR is very safe .
+A 0 1|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , sodium-cooled fast reactor is rated better in performance , cost saving , and safety .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||capability to save cost|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is a good electricity generator and better than super-critical fast cool reactor .
+
+S Its research should continue as there is much use in the future .
+A 9 9|||M:OTHER|||of it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240 BIBLIOGRAPHY \ l 2052 Chernobyl Accident .
+
+S Retrieved October 12 , 2009 , from : http : //www.world-nuclear.org/info/chernobyl/inf07.html
+
+S Corradini , M. ( 2005 , February 19 ) .
+
+S Nuclear Power : Secure Energy for the for 21st Century .
+
+S Retrieved October 13 , 2009 , from The FIRE Place : http : //fire.pppl.gov/aaas05_corradini_nuclear.ppt
+
+S Misak , J .
+
+S ( 2009 , June 22 ) .
+
+S Sustainable Nuclear Energy in Europe .
+
+S Retrieved October 12 , 2009 , from EUROPA- European Commission : http : //ec.europa.eu/research/press/2009/pdf/fisa/misak.pdf
+
+S Stacey W. M. , Van Rooijen W. , Bates T. , Colvin E. , Dion J. , Feener J. , Gayton E., .
+
+S ( 2007 , May ) .
+
+S A TRU-Zr Metal Fuel , Sodium Cooled, .
+
+S Retrieved 0ctober 08 , 2009 , from Fusion Research Cente : http : //www.frc.gatech.edu/4232/2007-Design-Report.pdf
+
+S Thermal Systems ( 2008 , November 21 ) , Generation IV Nuclear Reactor Comparisons .
+
+S Retrieved October 13 , 2009 , from : http : //me1065.wikidot.com/generation-iv-nuclear-reactor-comparisons
+
+S World Nuclear Association ( 2009 , April ) .
+
+S Chernobyl Accident .
+
+S Retrieved October 12 , 2009 , from : http : //www.world-nuclear.org/info/chernobyl/inf07.html
+
+S World Nuclear Association ( 2009 , April ) .
+
+S Nuclear Power Reactors .
+
+S Retrieved October 12 , 2009 , from : http : //www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf32.html
+
+S Generation four nuclear reactor plants went into development in hope of creating a new nuclear reactor plant that can replace the current old generation three reactor plants .
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||with the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The new nuclear reactor maybe high in cost for research but it has better performance , safety and security factors than the old generator plants .
+A 4 5|||R:ORTH|||may be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN|||measures|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this new development , experts have look into 6 new nuclear reactor plant concepts like molten salt reactor ( MSR ) and Very High Temperature Reactor ( VHTR ) .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:FORM|||looked|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S MSR researchers did intensify research to ensure that it has superior safety standard and fuel cycle qualities than VHTR .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||standards|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the research in MSR cost about $ 1000 million as compared to VHTR 's research which will cost at $ 670 million as quoted from the report on " a technology roadmap for generation IV Nuclear Energy system " .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||costs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:SVA|||costs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||about|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The latter cost only 20 % lesser than the former and the difference in money spend is used to build a generation 4 reactor 's standards .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||costs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:ADJ:FORM|||less|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:FORM|||spent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From the report , Researchers for MSR distributed a lot of funds in areas like safety , reactor system and fuel cycle as compared to fund distribution in these areas of research in VHTR .
+A 4 5|||R:ORTH|||researchers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The areas of safety and reactor systems will be covered later in this essay .
+
+S Fuel cycle in MSR needs to have more attention as compared to VHTR is because there is a need to ensure that molten salt which is mixed with the nuclear material will still be functional after many rounds of usage in the system .
+A 13 14|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The idea of MSR is that it will produce less waste and able to recycle it .
+A 12 12|||M:VERB|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the effort put into this area of research is to make MSR a cleaner nuclear reactor plant that does reduce , reuse and recycle its waste .
+A 20 21|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:SVA|||reduces|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:MORPH|||reuses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:VERB:SVA|||recycles|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S MSR works better than VHTR in various ways .
+
+S It has a 24/7 circulating molten salt fuel mixture in the whole system to generate energy for the masses .
+
+S The molten fluoride salts used in the system helps to lower the vapor pressure , thus , reduce stresses on vessel and piping .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||salt|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:SVA|||reduces|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As compared to VHTR , it uses helium cooling to transfer heat to electric energy .
+
+S This system generates high temperature of up to 1000 degree Celsius .
+
+S Therefore , when there is high temperature the pressure in the system will also increase .
+
+S A highly pressurized system is dangerous and need to consistently monitoring to ensure safe operation as stresses acting on the pipes and vessel can cause the system to explode .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:VERB:TENSE|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:FORM|||monitored|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When MSR is operating at high temperature of ranging eight hundred degree and above , it can produce another good energy source .
+A 8 9|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||degrees|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This energy source is hydrogen .
+
+S Hydrogen can be use to generate power for machines like hydrogen powered car which is clean for the environment .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:FORM|||used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||hydrogen-powered|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||cars|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In VHTR , in order to produce hydrogen for similar usage , it requires another indirect cycle that consists of a heat exchanger .
+
+S This will further complicate the VHTR system and additional cost is incurred .
+
+S The Fuel used in MSR can be recycled as mentioned earlier .
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||fuel|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , in the case of VHTR , the fuel used is a one through fuel cycle and therefore , it requires proper disposal .
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Researchers have been looking into this area , to recycle VHTR fuel waste , so that it will be a clean nuclear reactor plant .
+
+S Molten Salt reactor as compared to Very High Temperature Reactor , the former is a lot safer in performance and operation .
+A 0 0|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:OTHER|||than the Very High Temperature Reactor|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S MSR works based on 3 independent sub stations and is a closed loop that interlink with each other to transfer heat energy to electric energy by turning the turbine generator .
+A 27 27|||M:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In any case of industrial accident in one of the system , operators can easily isolate that particular system and rectify the problem as quickly as possible without worrying that the problem might spread to other parts of the other two systems .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||systems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S MSR 's design works on fail-safe drainage , passive cooling , low inventory of volatile fission products in fuel .
+A 11 11|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As for VHTR , it has only one open loop system to produce the electricity from heat .
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On overall , MSR also operate at lower pressure than VHTR as low temperature results in lower pressure .
+A 0 2|||U:PREP|||Overall|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:SVA|||operates|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the reasons for development in Generation 4 nuclear reactor plants is due to security reason .
+A 13 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The waste products produced by the current old nuclear plants can not be recycle and need to be disposed at wasteland .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:FORM|||recycled|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These wastes are highly radioactive and suitable for making weapons of mass destruction .
+
+S If these wastes landed on the wrong hands like terrorists , the world will be in chaos as we live in fear of nuclear attacks by unknown enemies .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Wastes generated by these nuclear plants also bring problems to our future generations .
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As these wastes take very long to degrade , the land that holds them will become a wasteland which is not suitable for agriculture , residential and commercial usages .
+A 23 24|||R:MORPH|||agricultural|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the Generation 4 nuclear reactor plants like MSR , it recycle its waste products and does not need to dispose them .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:SVA|||do|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , in VHTR , as mentioned earlier , it produces wastes and researchers are trying to find solution to it .
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||solutions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , even though MSR cost more to research than VHTR , its benefits outshine VHTR .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||costs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:ADJ|||due|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Its performance in low pressure quality can help to reduce stresses on equipment and lesser chances of industrial accident than a high pressure system which induce high stress to the equipments .
+A 14 15|||R:ADJ:FORM|||less|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||accidents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:VERB:SVA|||induces|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:NOUN:NUM|||equipment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is safer than VHTR as it has better safety standard .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||standards|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly , in the area of security , MSR will not create chances of producing waste that will land on the wrong hands like the terrorist as compared to VHTR which have to deal with secured and proper waste disposal .
+A 25 26|||R:NOUN:NUM|||terrorists|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Recent years , we can see that nuclear power is one of the main sources for generating electrical energy .
+A 0 1|||M:PREP|||In recent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have seen|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As of September 2009 , there are 436 nuclear reactors worldwide and another 53 nuclear reactors under construction .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S An undeniable fact is that a total of 14 percent of the world 's energy was produced by nuclear reactors in 2008 ( Nuclear Energy Institute , 2009 ) .Another shocking fact is that 76.2 percent of electrical energy is generated by nuclear reactors in France ( Nuclear Energy Institute , 2009 ) .
+A 29 30|||R:ORTH|||. Another|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There were always concerns about the safe operations of nuclear reactors by the public , opponents of the supporters of nuclear reactors claimed that public 's irrational fears towards radiation .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:VERB|||note|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I have chosen the Supercritical water-cooled reactor to support the argument for further research and development funding for the generation IV reactors .
+A 18 19|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We understand that there are many influential factors to support further research and development funding such as security , cost and performance in the newer generation of nuclear reactors , also known as " Generation IV " reactors .
+
+S One of the most important factors to support further research development funding is security .
+
+S The public often have doubts when it leads to security and safety issues on nuclear reactors .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB|||comes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||concerning|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the Supercritical water-cooled reactor is one of the safest reactors comparing to current generation II and III reactors .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:FORM|||compared|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The SCWR has safety measures such as physical resistance against terrorist attacks .
+
+S For example , possibilities of an air attack by terrorist do occur .
+
+S However , the penetration of the containment for nuclear elements is not possible .
+
+S If any events that lead to the occurrence of such possibilities , it would probably not reach the nuclear vessel ( Carl & Mark , 2005 ) .
+A 0 2|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Ever since the Three Miles Island incident , many new safety regulations had been implemented and also in SCWR , emergency plans had been set up to prevent such things from happening again .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , the Nuclear Regulatory Commission ( NRC ) has set up a 10-mile Emergency Planning Zone ( EPZ ) to maintain warning zones and also set up sirens and conducted emergency evacuation exercises ( Carl & Mark , 2005 ) .
+
+S Such plans are to assist in protecting people within the 10- mile radius .
+A 10 12|||R:ORTH|||10-mile|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , cost is a major factor for all sectors including the private sector , the government and the community .
+
+S The economics for overall nuclear reactors are hard to estimate .
+
+S Normally , the economics of nuclear reactors are basic construction costs , operating cost , the life-time of the plant and the rate of return on capital ( Solar Energy Systems ) .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||costs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Critics often said that the overall cost for using nuclear energy had increased over the years and was relatively high ( Jack & Nicolas , 2008 ) .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In contrast , with the new SCWR , it is possible to decrease its cost since the SCWR is cheaper to build than existing nuclear reactors in the United States which consists of the Pressurized Water Reactors and Boiled Water Reactors .
+A 16 18|||R:OTHER|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:MORPH|||consist|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission concluded that the operating costs are lower for Light Water Reactors ( LWR ) compared to coal-fired operating plants and also considerably below the operating costs for gas-fired plants ( Solar Energy Systems ) .
+
+S Thirdly , the performance of the nuclear reactors also contributes to further support and development funding of nuclear reactors .
+
+S Performance is measured through the efficiency electricity produced , the production and recycle of waste disposal , the method and characteristics of the nuclear reactor .
+A 5 8|||R:OTHER|||efficient production of electricity|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Critics often said that nuclear reactors are unsafe , unpractical and low in performance .
+A 9 10|||R:ADJ|||impractical|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , this argument is not true .
+
+S The Generation- IV International Forum ( GIF ) has been formed in order to improve the current generation reactors , also improving the performance of the Generation IV reactors .
+A 1 3|||R:ORTH|||Generation-IV|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:ADV|||thus|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since SCWR is under the category of Generation IV reactors , it is also true that in terms of performance , it would be better than current Generation III reactors .
+
+S As for the characteristics of the SCWR , it operates above the thermodynamic critical point of water with high temperature and high pressure .
+
+S Statistics showed that the thermal efficiency has been increased by 45 percent compared to previous generation reactors ( Solar Energy Systems ) .
+
+S It should be evident that the arguments against to support further research and development funding for Generation IV reactors is not valid .
+A 8 10|||R:VERB:FORM|||supporting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the contrary , recent research also found that 74 percent of the U.S population favors nuclear energy ( Ann , 2009 ) .
+
+S Safety measures such as physical resistance and emergency plans have been implemented to improve the security of the SCWR .
+
+S Furthermore , the cost of the SCWR is lower compared to existing LWR reactors also plays an important role in further research on Generation IV reactors .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nonetheless , the formation of the GIF and the performance increase which has proven with SCWR is also another reason for further research and development of the nuclear reactor .
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||increase in performance|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the development of the Generation IV reactors will surely benefit mankind and cope with energy demands of the future .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB|||help|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Jack , S. and Nicolas , L. ( June 18 , 2008 ) .
+
+S Critics of Nuclear Power 's costs Miss the Point .
+
+S Retrieved October 13 , 2009 , from http : //www.heritage.org/Research/EnergyandEnvironment/wm1961.cfm
+
+S Ann , S.B. ( June , 2009 ) .
+
+S Job Creation , Energy Independence Concerns Boost Public Support for New Nuclear Power Plants .
+
+S Retrieved October 15 , 2009 , from http : //www.nei.org/resourcesandstats/documentlibrary/publications/persp ectiveonpublicopinion/june2009/
+
+S Nuclear Energy Institute .
+
+S ( September , 2009 ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 14 , 2009 , from http : //www.nei.org/resourcesandstats/nuclear_statistics/worldstatistics /
+
+S Carl , B. and Mark , H. ( February 04 , 2005 ) .
+
+S Nuclear Power Plants : Vulnerability to Terrorist Attack , Retrieved October 10 , 2009 , from http : //www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/crs/rs21131.pdf
+
+S Solar Energy Systems .
+
+S ( n.d ) .
+
+S Supercritical Water-Cooled Reactors .
+
+S Retrieved October 09 , 2009 , from http : //www.cogeneration.net/Supercritical_Water_Cooled_Reactor.htm
+
+S Nature Publishing Group .
+
+S ( May 20 , 2004 ) .
+
+S Nuclear Power 's New Dawn .
+
+S Nature , Volume 429 , pg 238-240 .
+
+S Retrieved October 1 , 2009 , from http : //www.nature.com/nature
+
+S In today 's operating theatre , it is not an uncommon sight to find 3 or more surgeons and nurses needed for a simple operation .
+
+S Most surgeries will require even more .
+
+S The need for surgical robots will eventually eliminate the number of surgeons and nurses in one operation theatre .
+
+S Surgical robots are machines performing operations by having surgeons control them using a computer .
+
+S Research shows that patients who undergo robotic surgeries will recover in a shorter time .
+
+S According to statistics from Morristown Memorial Hospital ( 2009 ) , prostate cancer patients can be discharged from the hospital after one day and return to their normal activities after one week .
+
+S Comparing this with the open human surgeries , patients can only return to their daily activities after 4 to 6 weeks .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Surgical robots definitely play an important role in operation theatres in terms of their advantages .
+
+S However , as surgical robots are still not widely used , there are some constraints in which patients are concerned about having surgical robots .
+A 15 16|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 24|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These constraints include the patients ' safety in using the system , benefits of the system , as well as the cost of the surgery and the system .
+
+S When it comes to the patients ' safety , some questions such as the reliability of surgical robots are raised by the public .
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Patients feel uneasy having robots operating on them without the presence of humans .
+
+S They feel that robots are not able to feel their 'pain ' and thus unable to detect any error during the operation .
+
+S According to New York Health Times ( 2009 ) , surgical robots have successfully helped a patient with a kidney transplant .
+
+S This is one of the many successful operations using surgical robots that are happening around the world .
+
+S A patient 's safety is the responsibility of a surgeon .
+
+S The surgeon will ensure that the robots are in good working conditions before having them in operation theatres .
+
+S Besides having the robot in the operating room , there will be at least one surgeon in the room to control the robot remotely .
+
+S Every movement of the robot arms is controlled by the surgeon ( Morristown Memorial Hospital , 2009 ) .
+A 5 5|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are official training centres available to train surgeons such as the H ô pitaux Universitaires de Gen è ve .
+
+S One issue often raised by the public is the need for surgical robots when compared to the traditional method .
+
+S The procedures for both robots and traditional surgeries are the same with the only difference of having robots doing the job and surgeons controlling them .
+
+S According to University of Geneva ( N.D. ) , patients who undergo robotic surgeries suffer significantly less pain and less scarring and have a shorter hospital stay .
+
+S Some patients chose robotic surgery is solely because of the shorter recovery time ( U.S. news , 2009 ) .
+A 5 6|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A research was carried out by Detroit 's Henry Ford Hospital ( 2003 ) states that 100 patients who undergo robotic surgery lost less blood than 100 who had traditional open surgery .
+A 2 3|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Robotic surgery is useful in some ways such as microscopic precision , saves manpower and ergonomics .
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||; it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The surgical robot has keyhole technique to reach previously untouchable tissue during surgery as compared to the traditional open surgery ( Bonsor , 2008 ) .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||techniques|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||tissues|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This precise cut will enable less blood loss and therefore , less scarring .
+
+S There will be a camera attached to each robot to provide three dimensional images and visual magnification ( Morristown Memorial Hospital , 2009 ) .
+
+S This provides safe operation for the surgeons and better control of the system .
+
+S Traditional surgeons used to spend long hours operating without changing their hand postures .
+
+S With the robot , surgeons can now seat comfortably controlling the robots , hands positioned in a natural forward position relieving stress as compared to the traditional open surgery ( Morristown Memorial Hospital , 2009 ) .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB|||sit|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 25|||R:OTHER|||unlike in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The final issue is the cost of the surgery and system .
+
+S According to an article ( The Journal of Urology , 2004 ) , the cost of each surgery ranges from a few hundreds to a few thousands depending on what surgery is performed .
+
+S The cost of the system is estimated at $ 120 000 with a yearly maintenance of $ 100 000 ( The Journal of Urology , 2004 ) .
+
+S Although the cost is high , it is definitely worth the money given the quality that the system can provide .
+
+S The extra cost from the elimination of surgeons can also be used for the maintenance fee of the robots .
+
+S The government will also subsidize for the cost of the system and also for people who is in need of financial help .
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , surgical robots play a very important role in hospitals .
+
+S The number of surgeons in each operating theatre is reduced .
+
+S Actual precision such as keyhole techniques can be achieved which produces less scarring and less blood loss .
+A 6 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Robots can also help to reduce hand stress of the surgeons from long hours of surgery .
+
+S Surgeons are well-trained before they can operate the robots .
+
+S This will enhance safety for patients .
+A 4 5|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although the cost of the surgery is high , given the high quality provided from the robots such as shorter hospital stays , faster recovery and safe operation , surgical robots is therefore encouraged worldwide .
+A 31 32|||R:VERB:TENSE|||should|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 33|||M:VERB:TENSE|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Ayal M. Kaynan .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Advantages of Robotic Surgery .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //www.roboticurologicsurgery.com/advantages-of-robotic-surgery.php
+
+S University Hospital Geneva .
+
+S ( N.D. ) .The da Vinci Surcical System .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //www.robotic-surgery-geneva.com/pageID_3943076.html
+
+S Bonsor.K .
+
+S ( 2008 ) .
+
+S How Robotic Surgery Will Work .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //science.howstuffworks.com/robotic-surgery5.htm
+
+S Jeffrey A. C. ( October 2004 ) .
+
+S THE NEW ECONOMICS OF RADICAL PROSTATECTOMY : COST COMPARISON OF OPEN , LAPAROSCOPIC AND ROBOT ASSISTED TECHNIQUES .
+
+S The Journal of Urology .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //www.jurology.com/article/S0022- 5347 ( 05 ) 61190-1/abstract
+
+S Michelle.A .
+
+S ( 2006 , 23 July ) .
+
+S A Guiding Hand .
+
+S U.S.News .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //health.usnews.com/usnews/health/articles/060723/31robot_4.htm
+
+S SFR versus VHTR
+
+S Energy is one of the biggest problems around the world .
+
+S What we are facing for the next few hundreds , or even tens of years is the negative side effect of using fossil fuel global warming , and its running out .
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||hundred|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 31|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Yet , regarding the topic of finding substitute energy , one of the solutions is to rely on nuclear energy .
+
+S Nuclear fuel can last longer than fossil fuel in power production and can provide much more energy .
+
+S Also , it is cleaner regarding the global warming problem .
+A 3 10|||UNK|||helps ease global warming|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the contrary , there are still some concerns on using nuclear energy : The most important one is about the safety of nuclear power plant its potential radioactive pollution .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||Nevertheless ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||about|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:NOUN:NUM|||plants|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:OTHER|||, especially|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another problem is the performance of nuclear power plant with respect to its cost .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||plants|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since it is much more expensive than usually used firepower plant , whether nuclear power plant can provide electricity efficiently with a reasonable cost became a rather essential problem .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||plants|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Considering the above three concerns : Safety , Cost and Performance , the Generation IV International Forum , formed by ten countries , puts forward six outstanding protocols into Research and Development .
+A 5 7|||R:PUNCT|||-- safety|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:ORTH|||cost|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:ORTH|||performance|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this essay , I will only compare two of the six reacting systems Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor ( SFR ) and Very- High-Temperature Reactor ( VHTR ) from aspects of safety , cost and performance to illustrate SFR is more superior to the other .
+A 14 14|||M:PUNCT|||--|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||R:ORTH|||Very-High-Temperature|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 30|||R:OTHER|||based on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 35|||M:NOUN|||considerations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 37|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , people may doubt the safety of SFR with respect to its coolant and waste , as VHTR almost does not have any waste , and its coolant is helium that is an inert gas .
+
+S Obviously , the coolant of SFR is liquid Sodium , which can react with air , water and many other things .
+
+S However , according to the design , SFR is an entirely closed system containing nuclear fuel and Sodium that can only touch with the inner surface of the reactor .
+A 21 22|||R:VERB|||reach|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Other from that , a secondary sodium system is designed as a Passive safety confirmation in case of emergency .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||Moreover|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If a sodium-water reaction happens , this securing system will act " as a buffer between the radioactive sodium and the steam or water " to prevent the release of recitative sodium ( " A Technology Roadmap for Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems , 2002 ) .
+
+S In addition , although the reaction involved in SFR is not complete and wastes like plutonium and actinide will occur consequently , the effective recovery and recycle of the " wastes " are designed in context of these problems .
+
+S According to the data given by Generation IV International Forum ( 2002 ) , the effectiveness of recovery and recycle of actinides can be as high as 99.9 % .
+
+S In contrast , although VHTR produces minimal wastes , it only involves one-circle reaction , which means the wastes can not be recycled ( " Nuclear Power 's New Dawn " , 2004 ) .
+
+S Therefore , safety is not a problem for SFR and it is safer than VHTR in some degree .
+
+S Another issue is about the performance , or economic evaluation of these two reactors .
+A 10 10|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Exactly , because of the temperature factor , the power supplier SFR can not be as efficient as VHTR , which can achieve efficiency higher than 50 % ( " A Technology Roadmap for Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems " , 2002 ) .
+A 0 3|||U:OTHER|||Because|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Yet , SFR is still quite efficient and economic-friendly in terms of its recycle of nuclear fuel and flexibility in the plant structure .
+A 8 9|||R:ADJ|||economical|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Accompany with its effective recovery and recycle of actinides , SFR can achieve converting 99 % of natural uranium energy into electricity .
+A 0 1|||R:VERB:FORM|||Accompanied|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , in the six protocols , SFR is one of the only two systems that have flexible options of building different sizes of power plant .
+
+S More specifically , its power supply can range from a few hundred MW ( e ) for Mid-Size plant to 1500- 1700 MW ( e ) for Large Monolithic plant ( " A Technology Roadmap for Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems " , 2002 ) .
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , VHTR only can be built as Large Monolithic plant .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S That means SFR is able to meet requirement of economic factors in different situations better than other reactors .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 11|||R:OTHER|||economic requirements|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , the SFR still can meet the performance and economist requirement in the future .
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:MORPH|||economic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||requirements|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thirdly , about cost , it is quite clear that SFR is among those low-cost Generation IV nuclear reactors no matter from Research and Development or from plant aspect .
+A 19 21|||R:OTHER|||, whether based on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:NOUN|||features|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Especially , with only 610M $ , the cost of Research and Development of SFR is exactly the lowest one comparing to the other five protocols ( " A Technology Roadmap for Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems " , 2002 ) .
+A 1 2|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:FORM|||compared|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , the effectiveness of its utilization of nuclear fuel also contributes to its low cost if it is launched into production .
+
+S Therefore , SFR benefits more with its lower cost than VHTR .
+
+S In conclusion , Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor has a more consummate security system than Very-High-Temperature Reactor to insure its safety .
+
+S And , the difference between the performance of SFR and VHTR is minimized .
+
+S In addition , the low cost of SFR exactly benefits a lot for its economic requirement and fetches up the difference of its performance .
+
+S Considering above aspects , SFR can meet the future requirement better .
+
+S References :
+
+S A Technology Roadmap for Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems .
+
+S ( Dec. 2002 ) .
+
+S U.S .
+
+S DOE Nuclear Energy Research Advisory Committee and the Generation IV International Forum .
+
+S Design challenges for sodium cooled fast reactors .
+
+S ( Sep. 2007 ) .
+
+S Journal of Nuclear Materials .
+
+S Vol .
+
+S 371 , Issues 1-3 .
+
+S High temperature reactors .
+
+S ( Dec. 2008 ) .
+
+S Journal of Nuclear Materials .
+
+S Vol .
+
+S 383 , Issues 1-2 .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S ( May , 2004 ) .
+
+S Nature .
+
+S Vol 429 .
+
+S Safety aspects of oxide fuels for transmutation and utilization in accelerator driven systems .
+
+S ( Jul .
+
+S 2003 ) .
+
+S Journal of Nuclear Materials .
+
+S Vol .
+
+S 320 , Issues 1-2 .
+
+S Nuclear energy is a new kind of energy generated from nuclear power plants .
+
+S Huge amount of nuclear energy will come out during atomic reactions .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||A hugeuge|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Because of its high efficiency and enormous quantity , nuclear power energy has gained its rapid development in these years .
+A 13 19|||R:OTHER|||developed rapidly in recent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , many negative aspects of nuclear energy , such as radiation pollution , waste heat , greenhouse gas emission etc , also cause people pay lots of attention to its reliability .
+A 25 30|||R:OTHER|||to question|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nowadays people argue about the safety issues and economic cost of nuclear power generation and they doubt about its ability to go against climate change as well , which is asserted by some scientists .
+A 6 7|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||R:OTHER|||help ease|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 30|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 31|||M:ADV|||specifically|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to the scientific observations for nuclear power generation and the positive effect of nuclear energy , there is no doubt that nuclear power is one of the best ways for energy generation , although there are some negative influences .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the most controversial issues is the safety problem of nuclear power plants .
+A 9 10|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a common knowledge , everyone knows that nuclear reaction produces a lot of radiation waste which will harm human health .
+A 0 6|||U:OTHER|||Everyone|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the past years , accidents did have happened .
+A 7 8|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:FORM|||happen|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One catastrophic example is the Chernobyl accident happened in 1986 in Russia which caused 28 deaths within 4 months and up to 56 fatalities by 2004 just because of the steam explosion and a slight waste release of the radiation of the reactors core ( Chernobyl Accident , April 2009 ) .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 43|||R:NOUN:POSS|||reactor 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Whereas , scientists found that nuclear power risks are actually tiny and it can also be further reduced through using the updated technological reactors .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Nevertheless|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Successful facts achieved in western world also indicated that the record of the operational safety for nuclear plants is much better than any other types of power plants ( debate on nuclear power , n.d ) .
+A 0 6|||R:OTHER|||Facts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , compared with other energy , nuclear energy actually is much safer !
+
+S The second controversial topic about nuclear power is its high cost .
+
+S Millions and billions dollars will have to spend to build a nuclear power plant .
+A 3 3|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||be spent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , in May 2008 the congressional budget office reported that the actual cost for the 75 existed nuclear power plants construction in USA is 45.2 billion dollars ; furthermore , it ended up to a cost of 144.6 billion dollars after taken the facilities into account ( { Benjamin K. S. } [ HYPERLINK : http : //scitizen.com/screens/usersPage/userSummary/sw_userDisplay.php ? idUserDisplayed = 899&sign = 08b456d033fcee27acbc8caf208135e8 ] Nov 2008 ) .
+A 17 24|||R:OTHER|||construction of 75 nuclear power plants in the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 37|||R:OTHER|||eventually|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 44|||R:VERB:FORM|||taking|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The astronomical cost is the reason why many people are against nuclear energy development .
+
+S But , the abovementioned argument only considered short term effect while they did n't pay attention to the long term impact .
+A 1 2|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||considers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||short-term|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||effects|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||does not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||R:OTHER|||long-term|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , compare to other forms of electricity generation , nuclear power is ascendant with lower cost .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:FORM|||compared|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The MIT has published a 2-year study on the prospects of nuclear energy in USA .
+
+S The results showed that the generation cost is 4.2 c/kWh , which is just the same as coal and eliminated all carbon cost .
+A 18 18|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||R:OTHER|||eliminating|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S An industry study for European electricity has made a comparison of the electricity costs among gas , coal and nuclear in 2005 .
+
+S The final data suggested that with its 5 % discount rate , nuclear is much cheaper than all the others expect the lowest cost gas with a slight spending on wasting clean ( The Economics of Nuclear Power , July 2009 ) .
+A 20 32|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the long run , the cost of nuclear power is much lower than others .
+
+S Another reason why people argue against nuclear power is that people doubt about its ability to go against the climate change .
+A 12 13|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 19|||R:OTHER|||help ease|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S People argue that nuclear is not emission free at all .
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||emission-free|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They argue that if we take emission in relation to plant construction , uranium mining , transportation radiation and the contamination storage into account , in the UK for example , its 23 nuclear reactors can only cut less than 8 % emissions .
+A 6 6|||M:OTHER|||into account|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 24|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the European Union stated that more achievement with 20 % reduction can be reach at zero net costs by 2020 ( Velloor R , 2009 ) !
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:FORM|||reached|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But the truth is nuclear power can do more than that have been mentioned .
+A 10 11|||R:PRON|||what|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Take France as example , its emission of nitrogen oxide and sulphur dioxide have been reduced by 70 % over 20 years .
+A 4 5|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:ORTH|||Its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In India , the government also state that it will sharply reduce the global warming gas to combat climate change ( Velloor R , 2009 ) !
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||stated|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There is no doubt that nuclear power can efficiently go against climate change with low cost .
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||help ease|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Generally speaking , nuclear power is getting more and more acceptable .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB|||becoming|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some countries which did n't support nuclear power before , like Australia , have started developing their nuclear power generation .
+A 4 5|||R:CONTR|||not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By an earlier survey , more than half of the Australian supports nuclear power now ; even 92 % of them think it is quite important approach to go against climate change ( Australian attitudes to uranium , 2007 ) .
+A 0 1|||R:PREP|||In|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Australians|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:SVA|||support|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 30|||R:OTHER|||help ease|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although , some technological problems still exist , nuclear power energy , as one of the further energy , will surely get more and more popular .
+A 1 2|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 18|||R:OTHER|||energies of the future|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB|||become|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S No doubt that nuclear power is listed top of the most powerful energy generations , and it will be accept by all the people in the future .
+A 0 28|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S Chernobyl Accident ( April , 2009 ) .
+
+S Retrieved from 12/10/2009 from : { http : //www.world-nuclear.org/info/chemobyl/info7.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.world-nuclear.org/info/chemobyl/info7.html ]
+
+S { Benjamin K. S. } [ HYPERLINK : http : //scitizen.com/screens/usersPage/userSummary/sw_userDisplay.php ? idUserDisplayed = 899&sign = 08b456d033fcee27acbc8caf208135e8 ] ( Nov 2008 ) .
+
+S How Much Will New Nuclear Power Plants Cost ?
+
+S Retrieved from 19/10/2009 from : { http : //scitizen.com/stories/Future-Energies/2008/11/How-Much-Will-New-Nuclear-Power-Plants-Cost/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //scitizen.com/stories/Future-Energies/2008/11/How-Much-Will-New-Nuclear-Power-Plants-Cost/ ]
+
+S The Economics of Nuclear Power , ( July 2009 ) Retrieved from 19/10/2009 from : { http : //www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf02.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf02.html ]
+
+S Velloor R , ( 2009 ) India turns to nuclear power .
+
+S Retrieved from 06/10/2009 from : { http : //www.straitstimes.com/Breaking % 2BNews/Asia/Story/STIStory-436168.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.straitstimes.com/Breaking % 2BNews/Asia/Story/STIStory-436168.html ]
+
+S ANOP .
+
+S Research Service .
+
+S ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Australian attitudes to uranium , Retrieved from 06/10/2009 from : { http : //docs.google.com/gview ? a = v&q = cache : OE0zyGngbGgJ : aua.org.au/DisplayFile.aspx % 3FFileID % 3D37 + 2007 + australian + attitudes + to + uranium&hl = en&gl = sg&sig = AFQjCNFgiZOyiZwJBs60FvQLWda7kZuRaw } [ HYPERLINK : http : //docs.google.com/gview ? a = v&q = cache : OE0zyGngbGgJ : aua.org.au/DisplayFile.aspx % 3FFileID % 3D37 + 2007 + australian + attitudes + to + uranium&hl = en&gl = sg&sig = AFQjCNFgiZOyiZwJBs60FvQLWda7kZuRaw ]
+
+S The notion of addressing the world 's power needs has never been more pressing as developing countries become more developed , population increases tremendously and demands for power supply escalate exponentially .
+
+S It is in time like this that drives mankind to innovate and churn out alternate solutions , hoping that coupled with existing ones , he can solve or at the very least tackle the problem effectively ; and in this case , an experimented , practical solution would be the further development of nuclear energy .
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||mankind is driven|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Due to the numerous advantages that nuclear energy brings about , it is very likely to be one of the most feasible solutions to the world 's energy crisis .
+
+S While there are public concern on the cost , security and safety issues involved , the new generation IV reactors are proposed to address these areas of concern .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||concerns|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:PREP|||about|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One particularly advanced concept is the Very High Temperature Reactor ( VHTR ) , which makes use of helium coolant , which is inert and not reactive , and produces electricity and hydrogen , which is in turn used for the formation of hydrogen cell .
+A 45 46|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( GEN IV International Forum , 2003 ) These advantages , along with other safety precautions in place , will definitely serve to tackle the energy problem of the world .
+A 8 8|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||precaution|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nuclear energy has never been a foreign subject to energy scientist .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||scientists|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Vast amount of resources , manpower and time have been invested in researches involving it .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||A vastast|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nuclear energy is most commonly produced by the fission of uranium , which produces 10 million times the energy produced by the combustion of an atom of carbon from coal .
+A 30 31|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( McCarthy , 2008 ) .
+
+S In light of this , nuclear scientists all over the world are hoping to harness this rich pool of energy .
+
+S With the exponential increase in energy consumption , nuclear energy will prove to be a good alternative , or even a primary source of energy .
+
+S Detractors argue that it is not cost effective to carry out such research .
+
+S The critique is that such costs may not even bear fruit .
+
+S However , this is a rather myopic view , as research generally entails foreseeable results in the long run .
+
+S The amount of money required for research is initially estimated at 6 billion over the next 15 years for the 6 Generation IV reactors , but one must realize that subsequently the cost of maintaining the nuclear plant as well as the raw materials are far cheaper that coal .
+A 47 48|||R:OTHER|||than|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 49 50|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( World Nuclear Association , 2008 ) .
+
+S The inexpensive fuel cost and the sheer volume of energy produced by the nuclear reactor far outweighs the cost of research and development .
+A 12 13|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The next key agenda on the minds of public is nonetheless the safety considerations and implications that these nuclear reactors can have .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S While we can gladly say that nuclear leakages are not rampant over the past few years , we can never forget the reactor meltdown back in 1979 at Three Mile Island , where lives were taken away ( Butler D , 2004 ) .
+
+S This not only serve as a reminder for generations but also for scientist to reflect upon and further enhance their research .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||serves|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||scientists|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , it is because of these very reasons that the Generation IV reactors were proposed ; to further improve on the safety aspect of existing reactors .
+A 17 18|||R:PUNCT|||--|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Most thoughts were put into the proposal to ensure highest level of safety and security in producing such a powerful reactor .
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We have realized how much a nuclear power plant is capable of , and a reactor of such magnitude should it land in the hands of the undesired will have grave consequences .
+
+S Security issues tied with nuclear power plant has been a very sensitive topic as political leaders have to account for the internal and international security of their country .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||plants|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the concept of a VHTR , one of the safest reactors proposed , encompassed this consideration and will prove hard to be a security breach due to the high temperature in which the nuclear byproducts are embedded in .
+A 40 41|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( EU and Energy research , 2007 )
+A 8 8|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Indeed , nuclear power development carries with them a social stigma ; being dangerous and harmful to the society even in the modern world as mankind are skeptical about its use and benefits , and instead are more wary on the few incidents whereby lives were lost .
+A 26 27|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 40|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , this societal stigma can be eradicated with the help of time , together with education on nuclear energy .
+
+S Nuclear energy does not produce greenhouse gases or acid rain , and thus government abiding by the Kyoto Protocol will definitely be looking at this to cut down on its greenhouse emission .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||governments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I definitely believe that it is too early to simply brush aside the whole concept and classify it as being unsafe .
+A 15 15|||M:OTHER|||of nuclear energy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S While we might have our reservations , given the test of time , nuclear energy will be able to prove its worth in our society .
+
+S GEN IV International Forum ( 2003 , Nov 6 ) .
+
+S Generation IV nuclear energy system .
+
+S Retrieved October 30 , 2009 , from GIF : { http : //www.gen4forum.org/technologies/vhtr.shtml } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.gen4forum.org/technologies/vhtr.shtml ]
+
+S McCarthy , J .
+
+S ( 2008 , October 17 ) .
+
+S Nuclear Energy is the most certain future source .
+
+S Retrieved October 30 , 2009 , from John McCarthy 's Home Page : { http : //www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/progress/nuclear-faq.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/progress/nuclear-faq.html ]
+
+S World Nuclear Association ( 20008 , August ) .
+
+S Generation IV Nuclear Reactors .
+
+S Retrieved October 30 , 2009 , from World Nuclear Association : { http : //www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf77.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf77.html ]
+
+S Declan Butler ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear Power 's New Dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429,238
+
+S EU and Energy research ( 2007 , September ) .
+
+S Reactor for processing heat , hydrogen and electricity .
+
+S Retrieved October 30 , 2009 , from EU and Energy research : { http : //ec.europa.eu/research/energy/fi/fi_cpa/other/article_3859_en.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //ec.europa.eu/research/energy/fi/fi_cpa/other/article_3859_en.htm ]
+
+S The devastating damage and long-term , " chronic " consequences of the two nuclear disasters at Hiroshima and Nagasaki are still reminding us about how dangerous this type of weapons is .
+A 19 20|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:FORM|||remind|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Greenpeace and a lot of volunteer groups , organizations around the world are trying their best to ensure that those calamities will never occur again .
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Though , the scenario of no fuel resources left and increasing extreme weather caused by global warming nowadays have pushed us to reconsider nuclear power .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Nevertheless ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Government and scientists support the wide use and development of nuclear power .
+A 0 1|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Governments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Obviously , to lessen the world 's thirst of energy in the long term , and to reduce the growing number of disasters , I am in favor of using nuclear power as a main resource of energy in the future .
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First of all , we have to ease the public worry .
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Consequences of nuclear disasters are still among the most fearful images of the human race .
+
+S With approval to widely use nuclear power , authorities have to be responsible for the safety of the entire process .
+
+S Mistakes are impermissible because it would kill several people and totally destroy a huge area .
+A 4 5|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are also a lot of nerve-racking matters , particularly the chronic disease cases many years after the disaster .
+A 6 7|||R:ADJ|||nerve-wracking|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 14|||R:OTHER|||chronic diseases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Security is the second issue when operating nuclear power plants .
+
+S Discriminations are widespread around the world such as terrorism , racism and religious belief system .
+A 0 1|||R:NOUN:INFL|||Discrimination|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||due to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 15|||R:OTHER|||religion|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some nations even publicize their support for these idealisms .
+
+S Because of that , any source of nuclear fuel , nuclear waste must be kept away from those bellicose ones .
+A 2 3|||R:DET|||this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 20|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Otherwise , the degree of destruction would be more fatal than those mistakes in operating nuclear power plants .
+
+S However , the shift from fossil fuels to nuclear power is inevitable .
+
+S Global warming and worldwide shortage of energy are main problems .
+
+S Typhoon Ketsana , hurricane Katrina , and tsunamis striking the South- and South-East Asia are some apparent consequences of global warming .
+A 3 4|||R:ORTH|||Hurricane|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , more difficult problems soon arise if we keep using fossil fuels .
+
+S Acidification , famines , and disappearance of permafrost , coastal areas and agricultural lands will threat our future offspring .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||famine|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB|||threaten|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The reserves for fossil fuels are running out .
+
+S Thus , nuclear energy is a prominent alternative .
+
+S Further research brought us the promising generation IV concept , the very-high-temperature reactor ( VHTR ) .
+
+S It not only generate 50 % more electricity more than conventional plants from the same amount of fuel , but can also split hydrogen from water , which is another fuel for the future .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||generates|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Then , we can use energy that is safe , abundant , reliable , inexpensive and yet proliferation resistant ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S First of all , it is possible to generate a large amount of electricity with just a plant .
+
+S The VHTR has the highest potential among the six generation IV reactor designs .
+
+S Many plants operating at the same time will give us more than enough electricity for industrial and city needs .
+
+S It 's a remarkable benefit of nuclear energy compared to other developing kinds of energy like solar energy and wind power .
+A 1 2|||R:CONTR|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Those types just meet the requirements of residential , office and hose needs .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN|||house|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Using nuclear power is a long-term solution to human need of energy .
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S That is why nuclear energy is said to be abundant .
+
+S Secondly , this technology has a long time of development while solar energy and wind power has just been developed recently .
+A 5 5|||M:VERB|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN|||process|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Human do n't need to invest too much on it comparing to other kinds of energy .
+A 0 1|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Humans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:CONTR|||not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:FORM|||compared|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , a large amount of money can be saved .
+
+S Thirdly , nuclear energy frees us from fossil fuels dependence .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||fuel|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S That means no monopoly of some oil-rich nations like present .
+A 9 9|||M:OTHER|||in the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It will prevent some countries to abuse fuels as a way of achieving political and economic purposes on the forming new world order .
+A 5 6|||R:PART|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:FORM|||abusing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||fuel|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN|||power|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 20|||R:OTHER|||to form|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In contrast with fossil fuels , uranium is evenly deposited around the world .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||fuel|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus there will be enough fuel for all nations , all regions .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With this fuel , nuclear power plants are no longer vulnerable to some unexpected scenarios , such as wars , natural disasters or economic disorders .
+
+S This is the reliability of nuclear energy .
+
+S Last of all , more procedures will help decrease the potential danger of nuclear energy .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||Lastly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nuclear waste can also be recycled and reprocessed .
+
+S Thanks to the rapid pace of technology development nowadays , new materials for reactor construction , ways of observing and controlling process , we can be assured that past accident like Chernobyl will never happen again .
+A 29 30|||R:NOUN:NUM|||accidents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , without nuclear disasters , no people died due to working inside nuclear power plants .
+A 0 6|||U:OTHER|||Without|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||die|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , each year , many people all over the world die from respiratory diseases because of the burning of coal , gas , oil , etc .
+
+S In conclusion , the advantages of nuclear energy outweigh the disadvantages .
+
+S Regulatory systems will create more strict safety measures .
+
+S As global energy demands predicted to soar and soar relentlessly , nuclear energy is a prominent resource .
+A 4 4|||M:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It will not only mitigate the consequences of global warming , but also help lessen the world 's thirst of fuel in a long period .
+A 19 20|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We , human beings have to adapt to a new age of nuclear power , have to fully exploit it rather than being uneasy and in doubt of this controversial type of energy .
+A 4 4|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 17|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 28|||R:OTHER|||be uneasy and doubtful about|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240 .
+
+S Nuclear Energy Agency .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Nuclear energy agency country profile .
+
+S Retrieved October 11 , 2009 , from www.nea.fr/html/general/profiles/canada.html
+
+S With increasing concerns over the impacts of global warming and oil prices , fossil fuels alone will not be able to meet the increasing world 's energy demand in the future to come .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||impact|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 26|||R:WO|||world 's increasing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 33|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S While oil will remain indispensible for transport for a long time , nuclear energy , with its large and cheap output of energy , has the potential to play a big role in supplying the rest of the world 's energy demands .
+
+S Nuclear energy is currently supplying 17 % of the world 's energy demand and however this number is projected to drop as old plants close more frequently than new ones open .
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Unless a new source of sustainable energy is discover , continual research and development of nuclear energy should be given in order to sustain the economies of the world .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:FORM|||discovered|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:ADJ|||continuous|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB|||conducted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Very High Temperature Reactor ( VHTR ) is one of the nuclear generation IV reactor concepts that should be given priority in its research and development .
+A 23 24|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Its uses helium , an unreactive gas as a coolant and operates at high temperature to achieve high efficiency .
+A 0 1|||R:PRON|||It|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It has the one of the earliest delivery date among the other generation IV reactors .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||dates|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many projects incurred high costs due to extended periods of research and development , thus it is economically more sensible to give priority to a project that has the earlier delivery date .
+A 28 29|||R:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , the VHTR does not require the reprocessing of nuclear waste , thus avoiding the separation of plutonium , a key ingredient in making advanced nuclear weapons .
+
+S The difference between the cost of nuclear and conventional power plants is perhaps the most important factor in the research and development of nuclear power plants .
+A 23 26|||R:OTHER|||the former|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The costs mainly comprised of twp components : the investment and generation cost .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:FORM|||comprise|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||two|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Typically , the investment cost of a nuclear power plant is much higher due to its design .
+
+S However , based on generation cost , nuclear power plants have a significant economic advantage over conventional power plants .
+
+S The high investment cost is offset by the generation cost , making nuclear energy a much cheaper form of energy .
+
+S According to Jones and Woite ( 1990 ) , in countries where raw materials for generation of energy is not readily available , nuclear electricity is significantly cheaper .
+
+S While on the other hand , for example in coal-rich regions of China , coal-based electricity is much cheaper .
+A 0 2|||U:PREP|||On|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many countries depend on the import of oil , gases and coal for generation of electricity , which means that cheaper electricity is only limited to countries with control over fossil fuels .
+A 31 32|||R:NOUN:NUM|||fuel|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since 1990 , oil prices have rise steadily as sources of fossil fuels decreases and demands for fossil fuels increases .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:FORM|||risen|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||fuel|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:MORPH|||decrease|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||fuel|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||increase|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is apparent that eventually nuclear energy will be significantly cheaper even in regions that are rich in fossil fuels .
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||fuel|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The main reason of public opposition to nuclear energy could be the lack of confidence in the safe operation of nuclear power plants is also one of the .
+A 3 4|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 28|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Chernobyl ( 1986 ) and Three Mile Island ( 1979 ) accident are frightening examples of how devastating a nuclear accident can be .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||accidents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even till today , people are still dying of the effects from the radiations of the accidents .
+A 1 2|||R:PREP|||until|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||R:OTHER|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||radiation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||caused by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S During World War II , the world also witnessed the large scale effects of radiation on both environment and humans when an atomic bomb was dropped over Hiroshima and Nagasaki .
+
+S It is to note that the nuclear power industry is still a relatively new one and the confidence in the safe running of the nuclear reactors comes only with experience over time .
+A 0 6|||U:OTHER|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Despite this , the nuclear industry has already an established safety system and stringent checks , and over time , the industry would be able to prove its safety records .
+
+S There has been a concern over the growth of nuclear power will contribute to nuclear proliferation .
+A 6 6|||M:ADV|||how|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The world now already has enough nuclear weapons to blow up the whole planet .
+
+S In addition , majority of the nations with nuclear plants own nuclear weapons as well and the nations with the most number of nuclear plants own most of the nuclear weapons worldwide .
+
+S Nuclear was first developed under a project codenamed " The Manhattan Project " and it was fueled by the competition with the Nazis todevelop the world 's first atomic bomb during the War World II .
+A 18 19|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:ORTH|||to develop|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The technology was later used to generate energy , thus it is inevitable the most countries own both nuclear weapons and plants .
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the introduction of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons ( NPT ) , majority of the nations have adhered to it and has since concluded that it is also in their security interest to remain without nuclear weapons .
+
+S In summary , nuclear energy will continue to play an important role in meeting the world 's energy demand .
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||demands|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However with increasing public opposition to nuclear technology due to the harmful effects of the radiation produced , in recent years more plants shut down than new ones open .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:MORPH|||opening|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The cause is due to concerns over the cost of nuclear plants and most importantly , the safe operation of nuclear plants and the issue of nuclear proliferation .
+
+S The concerns are uncalled for as continual research and development will bring about cheaper and safer operation of nuclear plants .
+A 6 7|||R:ADJ|||continuous|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Measures are also in place to keep nuclear proliferation in check .
+
+S As new reactor concepts develops , it is no surprise that nuclear energy is the " next big thing " .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||develop|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S New dawn of Molten salt reactor
+
+S Have you heard about the nuclear leak in Bhopal which led to more than 2000 deaths ?
+
+S Such disastrous events also happened in Pennsylvania and Chernobyl nuclear power plant in the Soviet Union .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The serious consequences caused by nuclear leaks make the experts consider over and over again before ordering new nuclear plants .
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB|||building|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nowadays , because of the desperate need of human societies for long term energy sources , the experts are forced to explore a safer and more economic reactor to generate nuclear power .
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:MORPH|||economical|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( NBF , 2007 ) .Under this scenario , Molten salt reactors ( MSRs ) are the best options for three reasons .
+A 5 6|||R:ORTH|||. Under|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the first place , Molten salt reactors are much safer due to the properties of the chosen salt mixture and the low pressure .
+A 21 24|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , it is more economic to develop MSRs .
+A 5 6|||R:MORPH|||economical|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Finally , most of the technology challenge can be overcome .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||challenges|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reactor Coolant technology cost safety breeding Gas-cooled fast good high Not very safe Ok Lead-cooled fast Not good high Relatively safe Ok Molten salt good Not very high safe Ok Sodium-cooled fast excellent high Not very safe Good Supercritical water cooled good Not very high safe Breeding ratio < 1 Very high Temperature good Quite high Not very safe Breeding ratio < 1 The table includes four most important factors .
+
+S ( Janne W. , n.d. )
+
+S First of all , according to the table , the MSRs are safer to operate and maintain than most of other reactors .
+A 20 20|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The neutron regulation in the core of MSRs is intrinsically safe under low pressure for two main reasons .
+
+S First is because the cores of MSRs are chemically inert .
+
+S { ( GIF , n.d. ) } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.gen-4.org/Technology/systems/msr.htm ] The chosen salt mixtures do not burn in air or water and the solubility of the fluorides salts with radioactive fission substances in water is zero .
+A 30 31|||R:NOUN:NUM|||fluoride|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The salts are also not easy to become radioactive products under neutron bombardment .
+
+S The other reason is that low-pressure molten salts can not cause a steam explosion in the core absolutely .
+A 17 18|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Charles W. F. , 2004 ) In addition , almost no excess reactivity of the fuel goes on in the reactor , since the fuel is added in as needed and the radioactive substances are removed on-line from the nuclear plant .
+A 7 7|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , Molten salt reactor costs less than other reactors under development which is indicated in the table .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Why fluorides are favored to be used as coolant is because fluorine does not need expensive isotope separation as chlorine does ( Per F. P. & HaiHua Z. , 2004 ) .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||Flourides|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S What is more , in the core of reactor , the pressure is relatively low .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus there is no need for the quite expensive high-pressure steam vessel .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||ThuThus ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Instead , the low pressure pipes built of thin sheets of metal are used .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since the metal pipes are thick , it costs less to construct and weld .
+A 7 8|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:SVA|||cost|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , the efficiency is raised effectively due to the high temperature , which accordingly reduces the use of fuel and the cost of complementary equipment by 50 % or more .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S { ( GIF , 2007 ) } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.gen-4.org/Technology/systems/msr.htm ] These properties imply that MSRs can work in small sizes , which reduces the cost of land and construction .
+A 25 27|||R:OTHER|||reducing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , some experts do not support MSRs for two constraints .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN|||reasons|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One is that the alloy Hastelloy-N can not match the high temperature of the reaction .
+
+S The other is the decay heat produced by noble metals which can damage the heat exchanger .
+A 16 17|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Paul P. , 2002 ) Nevertheless , these two limitations can be solved by carbon-carbon heat exchangers .
+A 6 6|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A series of experiments show that graphite-based materials can well match the temperature of molten salts which is as high as 700 to 800 Celsius .
+
+S Actually , the carbon-carbon heat exchangers are compatible with molten salts even at 1000 Celsius .
+
+S For the second constraint , graphite is not easy to be wetted by fluoride salts .
+
+S Therefore , the amount of plated out noble metals is significantly reduced and it is easy for trapping systems to remove those noble metal from the system .
+A 27 28|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Per F. P. & HaiHua Z. , 2004 )
+A 10 10|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , it is worthwhile to further develop the Molten salt reactor in order to fulfill the booming energy demands .
+
+S First is because MSRs are relatively safe among the other reactors under development .
+A 1 3|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||compared to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , MSRs provide the countries a much more economic way to develop nuclear plant .
+A 0 1|||R:ADV|||Secondly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:MORPH|||economical|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||plants|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Last but not least , the two main challenges of MSRs are solved by the new technology called carbon-carbon heat exchanger .
+A 0 4|||R:OTHER|||Lastly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , under current circumstance , the new dawn of Molten salt reactor will come soon .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||circumstances|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference
+
+S Generation IV technology .
+
+S ( n.d. ) The Molten Salt Reactor ( MSR ) system produces fission power from a molten salt fuel circulating in a fast or epithermal-spectrum reactor and contains an integrated fuel cycle .
+
+S Retrieved October 11 , 2009 from { http : //www.gen-4.org/Technology/systems/msr.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.gen-4.org/Technology/systems/msr.htm ]
+
+S Charles W. F. ( 2004 ) .
+
+S Safety and Licensing Aspects of the Molten Salt Reactor , ( pp .
+
+S 3-4 ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 11 , 2009 from { http : //www.ornl.gov/ ~ webworks/cppr/y2001/pres/120164.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.ornl.gov/ ~ webworks/cppr/y2001/pres/120164.pdf ]
+
+S Per F. P. & HaiHua Z .
+
+S ( 2004 ) .
+
+S An Advanced Molten Salt Reactor Using High-Temperature Reactor Technology ( pp3-7 ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 11 , 2009 from { http : //www.ornl.gov/ ~ webworks/cppr/y2001/pres/119930.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.ornl.gov/ ~ webworks/cppr/y2001/pres/119930.pdf ]
+
+S Paul P. ( 2002 ) .
+
+S Molten Salt Reactors ( MSRs ) ( pp .
+
+S 11-12 ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 11 , 2009 from { http : //gif.inel.gov/roadmap/pdfs/molten_salt_reactors.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //gif.inel.gov/roadmap/pdfs/molten_salt_reactors.pdf ]
+
+S Next big future ( Dec. 19 , 2007 ) .
+
+S Fuji Molten salt reactor .
+
+S Retrieved October 11 , 2009 from { http : //nextbigfuture.com/2007/12/fuji-molten-salt-reactor.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //nextbigfuture.com/2007/12/fuji-molten-salt-reactor.html ]
+
+S Janne W. ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Generation IV reactors .
+
+S Retrieved October 11 , 2009 from http : //www.neutron.kth.se/courses/GenIV/GenIVreactors.pdf
+
+S There have been many major engineering accidents occurring around the world such as the Three Mile Island and Chernobyl .
+A 0 3|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:ORTH|||Many|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have occurred|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:NOUN|||accidents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some feel that the incorporating psychology in to the design process can help to avoid such accidents from occurring .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 8|||R:ORTH|||into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB|||happening|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This could be one of the reasons why Psychology is now being taught in the design graduate programs of many institutes , such as Chicago 's Institute of Design and it is also used in some design firms ( Psychology by design , n.d ) .
+A 29 30|||R:OTHER|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Psychology is , in short , the scientific study of human mind and its functions , especially those affecting behaviour .
+
+S By understanding psychology one would be able to enhance his or her thinking style and creativity , therefore would be able to come up with a better solution during the design process .
+A 25 26|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:NOUN:NUM|||solutions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore the use of psychology in the design process would help to prevent major engineering accidents from occurring .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||happening again|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As stated by Wilpert ( 2007 ) , the train accident in Eschede ( Germany ) , in the year 1998 , is one of the major engineering accident that had occurred .
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:NOUN:NUM|||accidents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It has been documented that the crack in the wheel of the train caused it to derail and meet with an accident .
+A 17 23|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Eschede train disaster , n.d ) .
+
+S As every design process involves more than one engineer , some people might argue that this accident occurred due to poor team work and effort .
+
+S They suggest that if there had been a better team of engineers involved in the design process , they would have worked in an effective and productive manner and would have been able to come up with a better piece of design for the wheel thus , preventing the accident .
+A 45 47|||R:WO|||, thus|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , these people are not aware that the use of psychology helps one to understand the people around him as well as know their strength and weaknesses .
+A 25 26|||R:NOUN:NUM|||strengths|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In that way , during the design process they would have been able to split themselves up into smaller groups and work on the part of the design process they are strong at .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This would help them to specialize in the area they are strong at and hence the entire process would be conducted more effectively , resulting in a better solution or design for the wheel .
+
+S Therefore , if psychology had been used in the design process , the accident would not have happened .
+
+S Opponents of the use of psychology would argue that if a prototype of the wheel had been built and tested at a high speed it would have prevented the accident .
+
+S Khandani ( 2004 ) also states in his article that building of a prototype , which is the last step , is very important as it helps us to know if the design is reliable to be brought into use .
+A 3 3|||M:PUNCT|||)|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 39|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , it was noted that Germany did not have sufficient facilities to facilitate the prototype then ( German ICE Accident , n.d ) .
+
+S Therefore , even if a prototype had been built it would not have been possible to test it out with the real conditions .
+A 20 21|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The use of psychology on the other hand , would have helped to prevent the accident .
+A 4 4|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Design process places a very high demand on the creativity of the engineers involved , which is closely related to the thinking ability .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The design|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the use of cognitive psychology would have helped to prevent the accident .
+
+S According to , cognitive psychology focuses on the essence of human thinking .
+A 2 2|||M:OTHER|||Wanger ( n.d. )|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Wanger,K.S .
+
+S n.d ) The usage of cognitive would enhance the style of thinking and creativity in the design process , encouraging the engineers to come up with an effective and safe design .
+A 3 4|||R:MORPH|||use|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:NOUN|||psychology|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are a group of people who might strongly feel that if proper research had been done , the engineers would have come up with a better design such that any faulty in the wheels would have detected and hence preventing the train from moving .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:OTHER|||at Eschede|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:OTHER|||fault|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 37|||M:VERB:TENSE|||been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 41|||R:VERB:FORM|||prevented|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With high technology research on this aspect of design would have been possible and hence would have prevented the accident .
+A 0 2|||U:PREP|||High|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the study of psychology focusing on the Human Computer Interaction ( HCI ) helps one to use the rapidly advancing telecommunication and research facilities to their advantage .
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As mentioned , " modern information and communication technologies drastically change the nature of the design process " ( Wilpert , 2007 p.297 ) .
+
+S Therefore , the study of HCI would better enable the engineers to analysis the information they gather and would hence e able to come with innovative designs which looks into the safety of the design .
+A 12 13|||R:MORPH|||analyse|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:VERB|||to be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:PART|||up|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:VERB:SVA|||look|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore the use of the psychology would have helped to prevent the accident .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:VERB:FORM||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , incorporating psychology into the design process would help to enhance the creativity and style of thinking of the engineers and it would also help the engineers to better interact with the advanced technologies and modern information .
+A 33 34|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Psychology also helps team work to be effective and therefore the use of psychology would have prevented the accident .
+A 3 5|||R:ORTH|||teamwork|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||. Therefore ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S Wilpert.B ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Psychology and design processes .
+
+S Safety Science , 45 , 293- 303
+
+S Khandani,S ( 2005 ) .
+
+S Engineering design process .
+
+S Retrieved June 29 2009 from lisme.org/etp/Hs % 20 Engineering % 20 Engineering pdf .
+
+S Beson , E.S. ( 2006 ) .
+
+S Psychology by design .
+
+S Retrieved October 10 , 2009 , from http : //www.psychologicalscience.org/observer/getArticle.cfm ? id = 1916
+
+S Wanger , K.S. ( n.d .
+
+S ) What is Cognitive psychology .
+
+S Retrieved October 10 , 2009 , from http : //psychology.about.com/od/cognitivepsychology/f/cogpsych.htm
+
+S German ICE accident .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 10 , 2009 from http : //www.artech.se/ ~ sandblom/archive/eschede.html
+
+S Molten Salt Reactor of Nuclear Power
+
+S The world 's population is predicted to expand from about 6 billion people to 10 billion people by the year 2050 CITATION ATe02 \ l 1033 ( A Technology Roadmap for Generation IV Nuclear , 2002 ) .
+A 21 26|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And global energy demand is expected to double at that time CITATION Nuc04 \ l 1033 ( Nuclear Power 's New Dawn , 2004 ) .
+A 11 16|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Today 's energy use has caused adverse environmental problems so the energy supply will be far from sufficient for future demand .
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||demands|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Now the whole world has the same goals of sustainable development .
+A 4 9|||R:OTHER|||works towards|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Then should we concern over environmental pollution , climate change , and energy availability so the use of energy supplies which clean , safe and economically effective is necessary .
+
+S Currently , a general recognition suggests that nuclear power is a good sustainable energy .
+
+S However , the public is very concerned about the safe operation of nuclear reactors , economic costs , technical risks , waste disposal of the nuclear energy systems .
+A 21 21|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To solve these problems , six generation IV reactor concepts are planned .
+
+S Compared with the other five concepts , the Molten Salt Reactor ( MSR ) advances in safety , reliability , performance and economics .
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||is most advanced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In my point of view , people should support the farther research on MSR technology to fulfill human 's energy consumption in the future .
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||more|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||s '|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Given the memories of previous nuclear reactor accidents , the public concerns a lot about the safety of nuclear plants .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is concerned|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , since to ensure safety is the primary goal of MSR , it has good safety factors .
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN|||measures|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Molten salt reactor systems use liquid salts as a coolant and a fuel together .
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It has an integrated fuel cycle , taking advantage of the great heat transport properties of molten salt CITATION Mal09 \ l 1033 ( Malten Salt Reactor ) .The reaction process keeps low pressure , low chemical reactivity .The mobile fission products are removed continuously .
+A 18 23|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:ORTH|||. The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||R:ORTH|||. The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The cooling is very fast and they can cool down almost automatically when accident happens CITATION Cha04 \ l 1033 ( Forsberg , 2004 ) .
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 20|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The simplified safety features do not rely on sophisticated backup systems or experienced operators CITATION Nuc04 \ l 1033 ( Nuclear Power 's New Dawn , 2004 ) .
+A 14 19|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This can prevent any deliberate accident and minimize damage of accidents .
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||caused by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Consequently , we should further develop these techniques , conduct more tests in different situations and do enough precaution measures .
+A 16 17|||R:VERB|||carry out|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:MORPH|||precautionary|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Then safety can be ensured or even though accident happens , the loss can be eliminated .
+A 5 5|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , another main concern from the public is the performance and radiation during reaction process .
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But the fact is that the MSR will be advanced enough to solve these problems .
+
+S The MSR system offers an integrated fuel cycle .
+
+S This implies that to build a MSR could be smaller than other reactor concepts and that the efficiency of thermal power output would be higher CITATION Cha04 \ l 1033 ( Forsberg , 2004 ) .
+A 5 6|||R:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 30|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S At the same time it can split hydrogen from water , which can be alternative fuel for transport to deal with oil shortage CITATION Nuc04 \ l 1033 ( Nuclear Power 's New Dawn , 2004 ) .
+A 4 4|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 28|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So its performance is quite advanced among the six concepts .
+
+S Since the MSR allows for more efficient conversion of heat to electricity and shorter-lived radioactivity , the radiation can be minimized .
+
+S The waste is recycled and now new technology is planned to isolate waste from the biosphere .
+
+S CITATION Lui09 \ l 1033 ( Echavarri , 2009 ) As the result , radiation and waste will not be a significant problem anymore .
+A 10 10|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , opponents argue that the use of nuclear plants would be too expensive to compete with other resource such as coal and gas .
+A 0 3|||U:OTHER|||Opponents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||resources|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But we should realize that even though currently coal and gas are widely used because they are cheaper , they will be used up one day .
+
+S Then how will our children and grand children live on ?
+
+S So now we should not only consider the economic profit but the sustainable development of the human society .
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The MSR use thorium as fuel .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||uses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thorium is more abundant than uranium and its price is quite cheap .
+A 10 11|||R:ADV|||relatively|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is well developed energy source .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore compared with the other reactors , MSR has Economical and social advantages .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:ORTH|||economical|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S MSR can convert heat to electricity with high efficiency .
+
+S The 4th generations are enhanced to longer lifetimes .
+
+S All these increase its economic competitiveness .
+
+S Moreover , as the development of this new technology , costs can be cut down gradually .
+A 3 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:VERB|||develops|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the future , it can compete favorably with other energy source .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||sources|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Today the principal challenges are using green resources and energy to get a radical reduction of CO2 emissions to deal with climate change and to pursue sustainable development .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 16|||R:OTHER|||radically reduce|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:OTHER|||help ease|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The MSR can produce nuclear energy with high safety and efficiency .
+
+S Even though lots of problems still need to be solved , the benefits are far greater than disadvantages .
+
+S So further research on the MSR should be supported .
+
+S Reference
+
+S BIBLIOGRAPHY A Technology Roadmap for Generation IV Nuclear .
+
+S ( 2002 , 12 ) .
+
+S Retrieved 10 14 , 2009 , from http : //nuclear.energy.gov/genIV/documents/gen_iv_roadmap.pdf
+
+S Echavarri , L. E. ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Nuclear energy : Towards sustainable development .
+
+S Retrieved 10 14 , 2009 , from http : www.oecdobserver.org/news/printpage.php/aid/2076/Nuclear_energy : _Towards.. .
+
+S Forsberg , C. ( 2004 ) .
+
+S Safety and Licensing Aspects of the Molten Salt Reactor .
+
+S Retrieved 10 14 , 2009 , from http : //www.ornl.gov/ ~ webworks/cppr/y2001/pres/120507.pdf
+
+S Malten Salt Reactor .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Retrieved 10 16 , 2009 , from Generation IV International Forum : http : //www.gen-4.org/Technology/systems/msr.htm Nuclear Power 's New Dawn .
+
+S ( 2004 ) .
+
+S Nature , 238 .
+
+S In recent years , oil has become very important to many people by providing fuels for cars and most importantly , generates electricity .
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||fuel|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:FORM|||generating|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We are using more tools that require electricity with technological advancements .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||advancement|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This means that we need more oil to meet our rising energy demands , causing the oil price to increase due to depleting oil reserves .
+
+S At the same time , burning oil to generate electricity also releases large amount of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This has caused many environmental problems like global warming .
+
+S Thus , there is a need for us to find other ways of generating electricity .
+
+S One alternative we have is nuclear power .
+
+S However , there are many who oppose to this idea because they feel that this choice is expensive , unsafe and can not perform as well as others like renewable energy .
+A 7 8|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , scientists have come out with the idea of Generation IV Reactors , which will be safer , cheaper and better in terms of performance .
+
+S The Very High Temperature Reactor ( VHTR ) is one of these reactors .
+
+S Since it is the Generation IV Reactor expected to have one of the earliest deliveries with the highest power output ( Butler , 2004 ) , the research on it should be supported and continued .
+A 1 3|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:OTHER|||that is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , many people opposed the use of nuclear power as a form of energy because it is expensive to research and build a nuclear reactor .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||oppose|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 26|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , they did not realise that nuclear power is expensive only at the early stage .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||do|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the long run , nuclear power still a cheaper alternative fuel as VHTR can generate fifty percent more electricity from the same amount of fuel in the current coal-powered power plants ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+A 7 7|||M:VERB|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides that , the rising price of oil will eventually become much more expensive than the radioactive materials used .
+A 1 2|||R:DET|||this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the long run , the cost of setting up the plant and researching can be offset .
+
+S Thus , nuclear power is not expensive compared to other sources .
+
+S Secondly , people may argue that nuclear power is not safe to human because of the radiation that radioactive materials give out .
+A 11 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Three Mile Island accident and Chernobyl accident are evidences of their claims .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||evidence|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the Chernobyl accident alone , there are a total of fifty-six deaths ( World Nuclear Association , 2004 ) .
+A 7 11|||R:OTHER|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , they feel that nuclear power is dangerous .
+
+S Yet , according to the World Nuclear Association ( 2008 ) , the most serious case of nuclear reactor accident is the Chernobyl accident with fifty-six deaths while a recent coal mine methane explosion in China has caused seventy-eight deaths .
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , nuclear power is not as dangerous as we thought .
+
+S Furthermore , in the new concept of VHTR , it will be " meltdown proof " so it will be still be safe if accidents happen ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+A 19 20|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , nuclear power is not as dangerous compared to other sources of energy and the VHTR can be made safer with modern technologies .
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN:NUM|||technology|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly , people claimed that nuclear power can not perform as well as other sources of energy since it is not sustainable ( Langwith , 2009 ) .
+
+S The radioactive materials will run out one day like oil and coal , bringing us the problems that coal and oil are giving us today .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB|||giving|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , they feel that we should use renewable resources like solar and wind for power .
+
+S However , nuclear power is actually a better choice over other sources of energy because it has the best output for its cost and land area occupied .
+
+S Many renewable resources like solar and wind require a lot more land mass to generate sufficient energy ( Mckenna , 2007 ) .
+
+S Thus , the amount of electricity generated per land area is not as much as nuclear power .
+
+S So , if we use renewable resources , we will have to clear more land , which is harmful to the environment .
+
+S Furthermore , nuclear power is one of the cheapest powers to generate now ( The Royal Academy of Engineering , 2004 ) .
+
+S Thus , even though nuclear power can not perform for a long time like other renewable powers , but it is the best performing power that we can rely on now for its efficiency per land area and cost .
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , coal and oil are no longer sources of energy that we should rely on because of their rising costs and environmental impacts .
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN:NUM|||impact|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , there is a need for other sources of power .
+
+S Currently , generating power using nuclear reactor , VHTR , will be our best choice since it has zero emission , cheap , safe and efficient .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , the research on VHTR should be continued and funded to get ourselves ready before the demand for energy increase by one fold in year 2050 as predicted ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||increases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 26|||R:OTHER|||much more in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240 .
+
+S Langwith , J .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power is not renewable .
+
+S Retrieved October 8 , 2009,from Opposing View Points Resource Center .
+
+S Mckenna , P. ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Renewable energy could 'rape ' nature .
+
+S Retrieved October 12 , 2009 , from http : //www.newscientist.com/article/dn12346-renewable-energy-could-rape- nature.html
+
+S The Royal Academy of Engineering .
+
+S ( 2004 ) .
+
+S The cost of generating electricity .
+
+S Retrieved October 12 , 2009 , from http : //www.raeng.org.uk/news/publications/list/reports/Cost_ Generation_Commentary.pdf
+
+S World Nuclear Association .
+
+S ( 2004 ) .
+
+S Chernobyl accident .
+
+S Retrieved September 27 , 2009 , from http : //world-nuclear.org/info/chernobyl/inf07.html
+
+S World Nuclear Association .
+
+S ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Safety of nuclear power reactors .
+
+S Retrieved October 12 , 2009 , from http : //www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf06.html
+
+S Fund the development of Generation = 4 \ * ROMAN IV Nuclear Reactors
+
+S As noted in " Nuclear power 's new dawn " , Butler said that the public is concerned about the safe operation of nuclear reactors .
+
+S Public opposition was one reason why few nuclear reactors have been built in the past few decades in many countries .
+
+S However , nuclear energy is more efficient and gives a new future for future energy consumption , especially after the use of generation = 4 \ * ROMAN IV nuclear reactors ( Hill , 2008 ) .
+A 13 14|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 28|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In my perspective , it is a good choice to support and fund the development of generation = 4 \ * ROMAN IV nuclear reactors for future energy consumption .
+A 17 22|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The first reason about why it is good to fund and support the development of nuclear energy for future energy consumption is about the limitation of energy resources .
+A 3 4|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The main energy resources human beings consumed today is coal , oil , natural gas and some other non-renewable resources .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:FORM|||consume|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S People may argue that we still have enough resources in the following centuries , however , according to the survey done by the world geographers , the oil will be used up 40 years later if human beings continue using oil like they do now .
+A 13 14|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 41|||R:OTHER|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The natural gas will last 60 years and the coal can last a little longer time , 160 years .
+A 0 2|||U:DET|||Natural|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The nuclear energy now is hot and it will show its great use in the next few centuries ( Gerstner , 2009 ) .
+A 0 1|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||Nuclear|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Scientists in Taiwan plan to build a nuclear reactor and here are some data they made public .
+
+S If they build a power plant that can produce 17.8 billion kilowatt-hour of electricity , they need 81 ton uranium , or 4.34 million ton oil , or 6.51 million ton coal and the generation = 4 \ * ROMAN IV reactors can even perform better .
+A 32 47|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From this it can be seen that the uranium can produce more energy per kilogram and it can partly solve the issue about the limitation of energy resources .
+A 22 24|||R:OTHER|||concerning|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this case it will be a good choice to fund the development of nuclear energy , especially the generation = 4 \ * ROMAN IV nuclear reactors .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN|||decision|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 25|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides the advantage mentioned before , the nuclear energy also does not produce any greenhouse gases , like carbon dioxide .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||advantages|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||earlier|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many people think green house gases have nothing to do with nuclear energy .
+
+S Nevertheless , from a news report in 2008 , " Nuclear power gets green light from UK government " , the UK government decided to use nuclear energy to reduce the production of carbon dioxide .
+
+S The generation = 4 \ * ROMAN IV reactors can really reduce the production of green house gases ( Butler , 2004 ) .People may argue that there are many accidents happened related to nuclear reactors .
+A 2 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:ORTH|||. People|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 29|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 31|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We can not deny it and for example , on 26th of April , 1986 , the nuclear reactor in Chernobyl , Ukraine leaked and exploded and caused extremely serious accidents .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 31|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although the possibility of accidents exist , under strict management and a more and more perfect technology , the number of accidents will reduce and nuclear energy will be a kind of energy that environmental friendly and the public should fund its development .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:SVA|||exists|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 16|||R:OTHER|||better|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:TENSE|||be reduced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 34|||M:VERB|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 38|||R:OTHER|||. The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For a single country , they can also benefit a lot from nuclear energy .
+A 0 6|||R:OTHER|||A country|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Not because it is a kind of future energy but also it can enhance the speed of economic development ( Hill , 2008 ) .
+A 11 11|||M:PREP|||because|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S People always say the economic development will depend on the comprehensive national strength , or the national power , not the nuclear energy , however , they may not see the importance of nuclear energy in improving it .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 25|||R:PUNCT|||. However|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 38|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to a report made by OPEC , in 2009 , China consumed oil 8.27 million barrels a day , which is 0.29 million barrels more per day than 2008 .
+A 13 17|||R:OTHER|||8.27 million barrels of oil|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And China will rely almost 50 % of its whole energy consumption on oil .
+
+S The money for oil import is a huge number and that money can do many other infrastructure constructions .
+
+S As mentioned before , the material for nuclear energy can produce much more energy per kilogram .
+
+S Hence , China will reduce a lot of its oil import if nuclear energy is widely used and accepted by the public .
+
+S The generation = 4 \ * ROMAN IV reactors will perform very satisfying in this aspect .
+A 2 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||well|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If we can support and fund the nuclear energy for future development , it will enhance the speed of economy development .
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:MORPH|||economic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , it will be a good choice to fund the development of generation = 4 \ * ROMAN IV nuclear reactors for future energy consumption .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN|||decision|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 20|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nuclear energy has three main advantages , its high rate of energy production , and its property of environmental friendly , and also it can enhance a country 's economic development .
+A 6 7|||R:PUNCT|||--|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 18|||R:OTHER|||its being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 25|||R:OTHER|||its ability to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are some other advantages for nuclear energy and it will be a good choice if we can fund and support its development .
+A 0 24|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240. doi : 10.1038/429238a
+
+S Gerstner , E. ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Nuclear energy-The hybrid returns .
+
+S Nature , 460 , 25-28. doi : 10.1038/460025a
+
+S Hill , D. J .
+
+S ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Nuclear energy for the future .
+
+S Nature Materials , 7 , 680-682. doi : 10.1038/nmat2247
+
+S Nuclear power gets green light from UK government .
+
+S ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Nature , 451 , 235. doi : 10.1038/451235a
+
+S As we advance into the age of technology , we witness many breakthroughs .
+
+S It is significant that nuclear power has marked a new era of science and technology .
+
+S However , some people have lost their confidences to nuclear power development after the occurring of nuclear disasters in Three Mile Island and Chernobyl .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||confidence|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:MORPH|||occurrence|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But the generation IV reactors that are currently under research and development have been greatly improved and hence they are much safer than conventional plants .
+
+S The six generation IV reactors , of which the Very High Temperature Reactor ( VHTR ) has the most potential to be selected for further R&D funding .
+A 0 1|||M:PREP|||Of the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 8|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Specifically , compared with Molten Salt Reactor ( MSR ) , the VHTR is safer , incurs low operation and maintenance costs and modular construction costs .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The MSR operates at the temperature of 700-800 º C and low pressures .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||pressure|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , the VHTR requires a very high pressure since inert helium is used to keep the reactor cool .
+
+S Thus , the VHTR would incur higher cost of installing since it needs thicker pipes to sustain the high pressure .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the VHTR which operates at a higher temperature is highly efficient in conversion of heat to electricity compared to the MSR .
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , the VHTR could squeeze 50 % more electricity from the same amount of fuel compared to conventional plants ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S Therefore , with economy of scale , the cost of installing and maintaining the VHTR increase less than proportionately with the plants ' generating capacity due to its high efficiency .
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:SVA|||increases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , additional technologies R&D for the VHTR includes high temperature alloy , fiber reinforced ceramics and composite materials can further improve the efficiency and cut down the costs ( U.S. Department of Energy Nuclear , 2002 ) .
+A 3 5|||R:OTHER|||R & D technologies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:FORM|||includeing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , an optimized approach for dealing with graphite is currently under research .
+A 6 7|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , the VHTR is much cheaper than the MSR in overall costs .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||cost|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some people might have wrong assumption that the MSR have higher performance than the VHTR since it is a fast reactor that relies on fast neutrons while the later one is a thermal reactor that relies on moderators to slow neutrons first .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 30|||R:OTHER|||latter|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , this is not true because the reactors ' performances are also depends on the temperature and pressure .
+A 11 12|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:SVA|||depend|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , the overall plant efficiency of the VHTR is more than 50 % whereas compared to MSR around 44 -50 % .
+A 15 16|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||R:ORTH|||44-50|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is because the VHTR is operating at a higher temperature , thus its thermal power output is up to 600 MW .
+
+S In addition , the VHTR is operating in a midsized plant as compared to the MSR which is a large in size .
+A 18 19|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , it is true that the VHTR has higher performance .
+
+S Research shows that the MSR is safe to operate and maintain as the molten fluoride salts used are mechanically and chemically stable at sea-level pressures ( DestinationScience.com ) .
+
+S However , the MSR is operating with closed fuel cycle while the VHTR is operating with an open fuel cycle system .
+
+S Thus , the VHTR is neutral in sustainability and this means that VHTR spent fuel that could be disposed of in a geological repository or conditioned for optimum waste disposal .
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the VHTR is definitely safe to be used because the encapsulation for the spent fuel fission products has been further improved so it is extremely resistant to leaching in a final repository ( U.S. Department of Energy Nuclear , 2002 ) .
+
+S Furthermore , the MSR discard larger amount of waste compare to the VHTR .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||discards|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:FORM|||compared|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even though the waste from the MSR is then undergoing recycling , but this process is unsecure as this bypasses the stage where plutonium , an active ingredient for nuclear weapons , is produced .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 10|||R:OTHER|||undergoes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , the plants might become the targets for terrorist .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , the cost of recycling is very expensive and a lot of fuels still end up as waste .
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||fuel|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:SVA|||ends|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , the VHTR enhance minimization through fuel recycling .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||enhances|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From analysis , the VHTR will spend fuel in a symbiotic fuel cycle that can achieve significant reductions in waste quantity and radio toxicity because of its ability to accommodate a wide variety mixture of fissile and fertile materials without significantly modification of the core design ( U.S. Department of Energy Nuclear , 2002 ) .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 33|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:NOUN:NUM|||mixtures|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 43|||R:OTHER|||modifying|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , in term of safety and security , the VHTR is actually much safer than the MSR .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||terms|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the VHTR provide an economically competitive nuclear heat source and hydrogen production capability ( Idaho National Laboratory Idaho Falls , 2006 ) .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:SVA|||provides|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , unremitting efforts and funding should be put into its research and development so it would give a fresh impetus to enhance the development of nuclear power .
+A 15 15|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S * A Technology Roadmap for Generation IV Nuclear Energy System , December 2002 , issued by the U.S. Department of Energy Nuclear Energy Research Advisory Committee and the Generation IV International Forum .
+
+S { http : //www.nuclear.gov } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.nuclear.gov/nerac/FinalRoadmapforNERACReview.pdf ] .
+
+S * Butler , D. ( 2004 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240. www.nature.com/nature .
+
+S * Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems Ten Year Program Plan .
+
+S ( 2006 ) .
+
+S Idaho National Laboratory Idaho Falls .
+
+S { http : //nuclear.inl.gov/deliverables/docs/volume_i_ten_year_program_plan_fy06_final_external.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //nuclear.inl.gov/deliverables/docs/volume_i_ten_year_program_plan_fy06_final_external.pdf ]
+
+S * Is Fluoride Really As Safe As You Are Told ?
+
+S DestinationSience.com .
+
+S { http : //www.destinationscience.com } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.destinationscience.com ]
+
+S * Generation IV Nuclear Reactors ( 2009 ) .
+
+S World Nuclear Association .
+
+S { http : //www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf77.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf77.html ]
+
+S Should funding be given to the Supercritical Water Cooled Reactor over the other Generation IV reactors ?
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There has been much debate on whether to develop Generation IV reactors , or to continue using Generation III reactors , which are much safer ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S However , with the rising need for energy , going ahead to develop the Generation IV concepts is a logical choice .
+
+S Among the six chosen concepts for Generation IV reactors , the Supercritical Water Cooled Reactor ( SCWR ) is one of the more popular choices ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S The SCWR has a much simpler design compared to the other chosen reactors , and would be cheaper to build and operate ( Cogeneration Technologies , 2002 ) .
+
+S This will fulfill the nuclear reactors main purpose of generating affordable and reliable electricity ( Buongiorno , 2003 ) .
+A 6 6|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , the SCWR is developed from existing technologies that work , which will result in a reduction in the cost of building it and also an increase in its reliability ( Buongiorno , 2002 ) .
+
+S Therefore , the SCWR is the most feasible choice among all the other generation IV reactors .
+
+S The main reason for choosing the SCWR over the other reactors is the low cost of development ( Buongiorno , 2003 ) .
+
+S The SCWR requires the least to develop , compared with the other reactors .
+
+S This is due to the SCWR being developed from existing technologies , and some of its core components can be recycled .
+
+S In addition , the coolant , water , used by the SCWR is the cheapest among the chosen Generation IV reactors .
+
+S The SCWR also creates hydrogen , which can be sold to the hydrogen economy , resulting in the reduction of operating costs ( Buongiorno , 2003 ) .
+
+S Opponents of the SCWR would argue that water is a precious resource , and the amount of clean water available is decreasing .
+
+S This problem can be solved by using other methods to generate the water needed for the coolant .
+
+S One of the methods available to date is the distillation of sea water .
+
+S As the Earth is made up of mostly water , there will be enough water to be used for the coolant of the SCWR .
+A 4 4|||M:ADV|||mostly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , with the low cost needed to develop and run the SCWR , it will be an apt choice for more funding and development .
+
+S People who favor other reactors may argue that the SCWR 's performance may not match with other reactors .
+
+S However , in terms of performance , the SCWR can match the thermal efficiency of the other reactors ( Idano National Library , 2009 ) .
+
+S The thermal efficiency of the SCWR is 45 % , an improvement from the 33 % of the light water reactors ( LWR ) , which the SCWR is developed from .
+
+S This thermal efficiency can match up to that of the Very-High-Temperature Reactor ( VHTR ) , which has an estimated thermal efficiency of 50 % .
+
+S The VHTR has the highest thermal efficiency among the generation IV concepts ( Idano National Library , 2009 ) .
+
+S The VHTR runs at a temperature of 1000 degree Celsius , which is twice the temperature of the SCWR , which meant higher risks of a reactor meltdown ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S Therefore , with lower risks and a thermal efficiency that can match the other reactors , the SCWR is clearly a more superior choice , compared with the other Generation IV reactors .
+
+S Research and development has to be done before any of the Generation IV reactors can be implemented ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S In terms of the research needed , the SCWR has the least amount of research needed .
+
+S The only areas that require more research are mainly security and safety ( Buongiorno , 2003 ) , which mainly require new materials that can withstand high temperature and also radiation at the same time .
+
+S Materials that can withstand corrosion at high temperatures are also required ( Buongiorno , 2003 ) .
+
+S To date , several suitable materials have been identified .
+
+S Materials such as ferritic-martensitic steels and lowswelling austenitic steels for parts exposed to high neutron doses , high-strength austenitic steels and nickel-based alloys parts exposed to low neutron doses were some of the materials indentified .
+
+S These materials are currently being tested for their suitability ( Buongiorno , 2003 ) .
+
+S As for security , all reactors have to address the same problem of preventing terrorist attacks and sabotages .
+
+S Therefore , without any other major problems , the SCWR is the more logical choice to place more emphasis on .
+
+S The SCWR is clearly the reactor to receive more funding , as it requires the least cost and research to be developed .
+
+S In addition , the SCWR is one of the two reactors that does not reprocess plutonium waste ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S This further supports the case of more funding for the SCWR .
+
+S In conclusion , the SCWR should receive more funding , as it is the most promising concept out of the six chosen concepts .
+
+S References
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240 .
+
+S Buongiorno , J .
+
+S ( 2002 ) .
+
+S The Supercritical-Water-Cooled Reactor ( SCWR ) .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //gif.inel.gov/roadmap/pdfs/supercritical-water-cooled-reactor
+
+S Buongiorno , J .
+
+S ( 2003 ) .
+
+S Progress Report for the FY-03 Generation-IV R&D Activities for the Development of the SCWR in the U.S. Retrieved from http : //nuclear.inl.gov/gen4/docs/scwr_annual_progress_report_gen-iv_fy-03.pdf
+
+S Cogeneration Technologies ( 2002 ) .
+
+S Supercritical Water-Cooled Reactor .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //www.cogeneration.net/Supercritical_Water_cooled_Reactor.htm
+
+S Idano National Library ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Supercritical-Water-Cooled Reactor ( SCWR ) .
+
+S Nuclear Energy in the Energy of Innovation .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //inlportal.inl.gov
+
+S Generation IV nuclear reactor Very high Temperature Reactor versus Sodium Cooled Fast Reactor
+
+S The rapid decrease in the amount of fossil fuels is leading to development of alternative energy sources .
+
+S Nuclear power is one of the frontier alternative power technologies that people have huge interest in .
+
+S However , converting nuclear power into usable energy is not a simple process .
+
+S Unfortunately , the development is not aided by nuclear disasters , such as Chernobyl disaster in 1986 , Three Mile Island disaster in 1979 , which are two of the most serious accidents happened in nuclear power plants .
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 33|||M:DET|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The current nuclear power plants use generation II reactor , for example , Pressurized Water Reactors , boiling water reactors .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the efficiency , security , economic and sustainability of generation II nuclear reactor are not up to the mark .
+A 7 8|||R:MORPH|||economics|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S New nuclear technology definitely needed to be developed to achieve a broader application in power industry .
+A 3 3|||M:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , generation IV international forum ( GIF ) , initiated in 2000 , is currently developing six new nuclear technologies for deployment between 2020 and 2030 .
+
+S We will discuss two out of the six new nuclear technologies---Very High Temperature Reactor ( VHTR ) and Sodium Cooled Fast Reactor ( SFR ) .
+
+S Then we will decide which one will better meet the energy demand of the future .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN|||deman|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S VHPR is a good reactor for utilization in the future .
+
+S It offers the potential for the cogeneration of electricity and hydrogen , alongside process heat .
+
+S Moreover , VHPR is expected to achieve an even higher efficiency than SFR due to its higher operating temperature .
+
+S However , after considering sustainability and practicality factors , SFR is better .
+
+S It is proven scientifically that hydrogen could be generated in the VHPR system .
+
+S However , it is not important , as no research have proven that the method of generating hydrogen can achieve a higher efficiency compared with generating electricity .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , from a practical point of view , electricity is more widely used than hydrogen .
+
+S Most of the devices and appliances we are using today use electricity as a source of energy .
+
+S There is a rather mature and secure electricity transit and selling system in the world , while hydrogen transit is still a problem waiting to be solved .
+
+S Although it is not wrong to assume that under a higher temperature VHPR can achieve a higher efficiency than SFR .
+A 0 2|||U:PREP|||It|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , VHTR 's aim of operating above 1000 ° C presents significant challenges in terms of current scientific technology .
+
+S There is still a lot of research to be done before putting VHPR into service , which may bring many uncertainties in development and unpredictable cost .
+
+S In contrast , SFR has already benefited from considerable technological advancement .
+
+S As a result , it is easier for SFR to achieve its intended goal of providing energy to the world and SFR system has the potential to be developed into achieving a higher efficiency rate .
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||. Similarly ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||R:OTHER|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 30|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:VERB:FORM|||achieve|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to an article in Nature Magazine , the earliest delivery of VHTR is estimated to be in 2020 , while SFR can be delivered by 2015 , five years earlier ( Nuclear Power 's New Down .
+
+S Nature .
+
+S 20 May 2004 ) .
+
+S Additionally , " SFR offers the potential to operate with a high conversion fast spectrum core , with the resulting benefit of increasing the utilization of fuel resources " .
+
+S ( " The Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor ( SFR ) " .
+
+S Generation iv technology forum .
+
+S )
+
+S Last but not least , SFR has an obvious advantage over VHTR .
+A 0 4|||R:OTHER|||Lastly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S SFR is supposed to be safer and more environmentally friendly than VHTR .
+
+S " SFR have the capability to efficiently and nearly completely consume trans-uranium as fuel , which would reduce the actinide loadings in the high-level radioactive waste it produces .
+
+S Such reductions would bring benefits in the radioactive waste disposal requirements associated with the system and enhance its non-proliferation attributes " .
+A 21 22|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( " The Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor ( SFR ) " .
+
+S Generation iv technology forum .
+
+S ) Such feature increases sustainability of SFR and makes it easier to ease public anxiety about the security of new nuclear power technology .
+A 15 16|||R:PREP|||over|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , it will be much easier to put nuclear power plants into service .
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||to work|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nuclear power is a good substitution of fossil fuel .
+A 6 7|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The utilization of nuclear power is going to change the world and people 's way of living much in the future .
+A 17 18|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S At present , it is necessary for people to decide out of the six new nuclear technologies which one is of the highest value to our power needs .
+A 10 24|||R:OTHER|||which one of the six new nuclear technologies is most valuable|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is reasonable to choose Sodium Cooled Fast Reactor instead of Very High Temperature Reactor since SFR has a narrower technology gap , safer and more environmentally friendly , can achieve a high efficiency rate and has the potential to be developed to reach a higher efficiency level beyond the hypothesis .
+
+S Work cited :
+
+S * " Nuclear power 's new dawn " .
+
+S Nature .
+
+S 20 May 2004 : VOL429 .
+
+S * " The Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor ( SFR ) " .
+
+S * " Very High Temperature Reactor ( VHTR ) " .
+
+S Generation iv technology forum .
+
+S 19 Oct. 2009 .
+
+S < { http : //www.gen-4.org/Technology/systems/sfr.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.gen-4.org/Technology/systems/sfr.htm ] >
+
+S * " Sodium Cooled Faster Reactor " .
+
+S * " Very High Temperature Reactor " .
+
+S indaho national laboratory .
+
+S 19 Oct. 2009 .
+
+S < { http : //nuclear.inl.gov/gen4/sfr.shtml } [ HYPERLINK : http : //nuclear.inl.gov/gen4/sfr.shtml ] >
+
+S 6 .
+
+S M. J. Lineberry and T.R. Allen " THE SODIUM-COOLED FAST REACTOR ( SFR ) " .
+
+S Argonne National Laboratory .
+
+S filesfolders/1654/download.aspx >
+
+S The first nuclear reactor was invented by Dr Fermi in 1934 .It produced plutonium for the world 's first atomic bomb ( " World first nuclear reactor , " 2008 ) .
+
+S The bomb , dropped in Japan during the World War II , killed more than 200,000 people .
+
+S In 1986 , the worst nuclear accident in history broke out in Chernobyl .
+
+S The meltdown of the nuclear plant caused 30 immediate deaths along with 100,000 cases of fatal cancers in the years that follow ( Greenpeace UK , 2006 ) .
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:TENSE|||followed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Seventy years into the nuclear age , we are being constantly reminded of its power and danger .
+
+S However , the world today has come to a crossroad where we might have to reconsider the role of nuclear power .
+
+S In many instances , nuclear power could be a solution to problems we are facing now .
+
+S For example , fossil fuel combustion which emits greenhouse gases can be substituted with nuclear power to produce electricity .
+
+S Nevertheless , with the high cost and the inadequately safe nuclear technology that we are having now , convincing people to embrace nuclear power will not be possible without safer and cheaper technology .
+A 14 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Out of the various fourth generation nuclear reactors currently in research , the Very High Temperature Reactor , also known as the VHTR is one of the most promising ones .
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:FORM|||researched|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Conventional nuclear reactors utilize heat produced from nuclear fission to boil water .
+
+S This water becomes steam and drives a turbine which produces electricity .
+
+S The VHTR on the other hand , utilizes the heat to boil helium , an inert gas , which drive the turbine directly .
+A 2 2|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:SVA|||drives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This brings up the efficiency of the reactor by as much as 50 percent ( Hecht , 2008 ) .
+
+S Besides efficiency , VHTR also shows its potential in two other aspects .
+
+S The first aspect is in its inherent safety design .
+
+S In conventional nuclear reactors , the radioactive fission products remain in the reactor core .
+A 13 13|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the event of an explosion , these products will dissipate into the surrounding .
+
+S The VHTR however , is designed such that the fission products are trapped inside the fuel particles .
+A 2 2|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These fuel particles , coated with layers of uranium oxycarbide , have the ability to absorb the radioactivity and withstand a temperature of 2000c , way above the working temperature of 1600c ( Hecht , 2008 ) .
+
+S People may be concerned that the high temperature of VHTR can trigger an explosion .
+
+S However , the worry is unnecessary because the VHTR is able to shut down itself in a situation of abnormal high temperature .
+
+S When above normal working temperature is reached , the VHTR reactor is able to catch the highly accelerated neutrons and stop the chain fission reactions completely , thereby shutting down the whole system .
+
+S This is evidenced by the test carried out on one of the VHTR prototype , HTR-10 in 2004 .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||prototypes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The helium coolant was cut off from the system and the reactor was able to shut down automatically without leakage of any radioactive particles ( Hecht , 2008 ) .
+
+S The second aspect lies in its economics .
+
+S Most people are aware that building a nuclear plant is expensive .
+
+S According to a report by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( 2009 ) on cost of nuclear power , the overnight cost ( cost without interest incurred ) of building a nuclear plant is US $ 4000 / kwh ( kilowatt hour of electricity produced ) .
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A coal-fuelled plant of the same scale only cost US $ 1300/ kwh .
+
+S While its initial cost is high , VHTR makes up for its efficiency and versatility .
+
+S Besides electricity , VHTR also produces heat and hydrogen which can be harnessed for other industrial applications .
+
+S For example , heat can be used for petrochemical reprocessing while hydrogen can be used as fuel in fuel cell plant to produce even more electricity .
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||plants|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence VHTR is actually more profitable to operate as electricity , heat and hydrogen can be obtained altogether .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , the non monetary economics should be considered at the same time .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 5|||R:ADJ|||non-monetary|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Traditional coal-fuelled power plants produce 20 % of the world 's emissions of greenhouse gases ( " Coal and climate change fact " , n.d. ) while VHTR does not produce any of such gases .
+
+S The environmental damage done , though not measurable in dollars and cents , should also be taken into account as the cost .
+A 20 21|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this context , VHTR is much cheaper than coal-fuelled plants .
+
+S To conclude , VHTR is not only safe , but it is also more efficient than existing reactors .
+
+S With further research , it is possible that the cost of VHTR can be lowered further and will appeal as a better alternative to existing nuclear systems .
+
+S References
+
+S Coal and climate change ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Pew centre on climate change .
+
+S Retrieved October 25 , 2009 , from http : //www.pewclimate.org/global-warming- basics/coalfacts.cfm
+
+S Greenpeace UK .
+
+S ( 2006 April 18 ) .
+
+S Health impact of Chernobyl grossly underestimated .
+
+S Retrieved October 25 , 2009 , from http : //www.greenpeace.org.uk/media/press-releases/health-impact-of- chernobyl-grossly-underestimated-says-greenpeace
+
+S Hecht , M.M. ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Modular High Temperature reactors can change the world .
+
+S [ Electronic version ] .
+
+S 21st Science and technology , Fall-winter , 36- 37 .
+
+S Massachusetts Institute of Technology .
+
+S ( 2009 , May 1 ) .
+
+S Update on cost of nuclear power .
+
+S Retrieved October 25 , 2009 , from http : //dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/45666/2009- 004.pdf ? sequence = 1
+
+S World 's first nuclear reactor now a U.S. landmark .
+
+S ( 2008 , August 25 ) .
+
+S USA today .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2008-08-25- landmark_N.html
+
+S Nobody expected it .
+
+S In less than a minute , a six-storey building was reduced to a pile of rubbles .
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:INFL|||rubble|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This was one of the deadliest Singapore 's civil accidents , known as the Hotel New World collapse which happened on 15 March 1986 and according to the Singapore Civil Defence Force ( 2009 ) , this misfortune took away the lives of 33 .
+A 6 10|||R:OTHER|||civil accidents in Singapore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 26|||R:OTHER|||. According|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 44|||R:OTHER|||33 lives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S An article on Hotel New World collapse , Tan ( 1999 ) claimed that investigations showed the collapse was due to under design made by the engineers , shoddy workmanship and cost cutting made by the contractors ( Tan , 1999 ) .
+A 0 1|||M:PREP|||In an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 6|||R:OTHER|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this example of Hotel New World collapse , National Geographic ( n.d. ) also showed that warning signs of structure integrity failure surfaced 16 hours well before the collapse ( National Geographic , n.d. ) .
+
+S There are some special scenarios where no amount of logical preventive measures could prevent accidents from happening , but as far as this study is concern , the devastating loss of human life and the collapse of Hotel New World could have all been avoided with the use of psychology during the design process , eliminating the errors done by humans in the design and maintenance phase .
+A 25 26|||R:VERB:FORM|||concerned|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 58 59|||R:VERB|||committed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All modern buildings are designed to support what the experts called the dead load and the life load .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||call|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The dead load is the weight of the building itself and the life load consisting of people and objects like furniture which the building has to support .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:FORM|||consists|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Calculations made by the draughtsman of Hotel New World in the designing phase was so badly wrong that he only considered for the life load and had forgotten about the dead load .
+A 21 22|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It was destined to collapse from the moment they designed the drawings .
+
+S Separating the submission of dead and life load calculations could ensure both loading types were being considered in the designing phase , to take an even further precautionary measure , safety factor can be introduced to the designed calculations to make way for any unprecedented human calculation errors .
+A 11 11|||M:VERB:TENSE|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||R:PUNCT|||. To|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:NOUN:NUM|||factors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 34|||R:VERB:TENSE|||could have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 38|||R:MORPH|||design|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In summary , this accident could have been prevented right from the beginning , taking human errors into considerations in the design phase .
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||consideration|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S No doubt engineers and contractors had to play a role in erecting the building and also ensuring the safe operation of the civil structure , more importantly , the users or patrons must not assume ignorance .
+A 24 26|||R:PUNCT|||. More|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Upon completing the construction of the building , the building goes into the maintenance phase , making the building operational .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||went|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The building showed signs of failure in the structural integrity 16 hours well before the collapsed , yet people who witnessed the failure did not react appropriately , staff of the building was alerted but did not know what to expect , whereas the management overlooked and had repair workers to fix the cracks in concrete by bracing it with timber .
+A 15 16|||R:MORPH|||collapse|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 29|||R:PUNCT|||. Staff|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:VERB:SVA|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This event would turn out differently if the management teams of the building were psychologically prepared , in other words , educated or briefed on such issues , the building would have been evacuated almost immediately , even having a buffer time of 16 hours on hand to do it , saving the life of 33 and even possible to conduct remedy to the building .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have turned|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 18|||R:PUNCT|||. In|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 53 54|||R:NOUN:NUM|||lives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 56 65|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In short , this accident could be prevented with the aid of psychology during the design process in the maintenance phase .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As an additional pointer , the maintenance phase could act as a second safety net to catch if any remaining human errors left unsolved in the previous designing phase .
+A 17 18|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Risks are an integral part of our life , every day we are making risky decisions unknowingly , it is just a matter of the degree in the risk taken ; walking on the open street itself would also means exposing to the risk of aircrafts crashing down on you .
+A 8 10|||R:PUNCT|||. Every|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||R:PUNCT|||. It|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:PUNCT|||:|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 40|||R:VERB:FORM|||mean|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 41|||R:VERB:TENSE|||being exposed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 45|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , it is acceptable to take calculated risks , those that do not bring about serious consequences or those which we are satisfied by the rewards that are truly justified .
+A 0 32|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Freak accidents referring to unanticipated natural disaster , such as unforeseen or illogical scenarios like the tsunami that swept across Sri Lanka in year 2004 , which no amount of logical preventive measures taken could had prevented the disaster from happening .
+A 2 3|||R:MORPH|||referr|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||disasters|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 27|||R:OTHER|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:ORTH|||No|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:VERB:TENSE|||hav|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are no absolute measures to an accident-free world , what can be done is to minimize the risk as much as possible , preventing the occurrence of accident close to nil and learning from past mistakes and improve if an accident had occurred , as mentioned in an article on Keeping Building Engineers Well Grounded , Lee ( 2008 ) claimed that Hotel New World is iconic of the construction challenges in the 1970s ( Lee , 2008 ) .
+A 9 11|||R:PUNCT|||. What|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:NOUN:NUM|||accidents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||R:VERB:FORM|||improving|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 43|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 44 45|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 45 48|||U:OTHER|||In|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To conclude , it is evident that the arguments involving psychology during the design process in the design and maintenance phase would have prevented the accident in this particular study , in coherence to the author of Hotel New World Collapse , Hon ( 1987 ) concluded the design was bad , the construction was bad and the maintenance was bad ( Hon , J. , 1987 ) , it was human errors which caused the failure of Hotel New World .
+A 30 31|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 34|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:ORTH|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 46 46|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 47 47|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 61 61|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 61 69|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 69 71|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 71 72|||R:ORTH|||Human|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 73 74|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nuclear Reactors
+
+S Nuclear energy was once regarded as a major future energy source which would provide cheap and clean energy .
+
+S Even though it gained popularity in the 1970s , the partial meltdown of the nuclear power plant 's core on Three Mile Island in 1979 and Chernobyl explosion in 1986 had a serious taint on the popularity of the use of Nuclear energy as an energy source .
+A 41 42|||R:ORTH|||nuclear|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Chernobyl explosion caused less than 60 radiation-related death and required resettlement of over 336,000 people .
+A 0 0|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||deaths|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although more serious incident is yet to occur , people are increasingly concerned about the potential hazardous threat posed by the nuclear plants .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nuclear reactors produce harmful or even deadly radiation while radioactive nuclear wastes are extremely difficult to handle and may even explode with no warning .
+
+S Nuclear reactors also produce plutonium as a by-product which can be used in the nuclear weapons .
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It raises a global concern that terrorists or aggressive countries may have easier access to the nuclear weapons and may threaten the world peace .
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , nuclear reactors are operational only for around fifty years , requiring regular costly replacements
+A 16 16|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , with increasing demands for energy due to industrialization and the rising price of oil and fossil fuels , nuclear energy remains as an important source of energy despite all the controversies .
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||fuel|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Currently , there are mainly six different types of reactors .
+
+S Among them , very-high- temperature reactor ( VHTR ) and sodium-cooled fast reactor ( SFR ) are considered the two most advanced and reliable systems .
+
+S The VHTR has an open fuel cycle and can supply electricity , hydrogen and heat at a highly efficient level .
+
+S The core reactor is connected to an intermediate heat exchanger to process heat and is able to output the temperature up to 1000 degree Celsius with more than 50 % efficiency ( " Very- High-Temperature Reactor " , 2003 ) .
+
+S On the other hand , the SFR has a closed loop fuel cycle and is designed to reduce wastes .
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||waste|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It demands less space of repositories as it recovers and recycles 99.9 % of the actinides and has the thermal efficiency of about 40 % ( " GEN-4 : Technology : Systems " ) .
+
+S With regards to safety , the VHTR has certain desirable safety measures under both normal and extreme conditions .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||regard|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the need to operate the VHTR above 1000 degree Celsius puts the limitations on the effectiveness of the safety measurement .
+
+S For the SFR system , safety measures consist of a long thermal response time , a huge margin to coolant boiling and a main mechanism that works near atmospheric pressure .
+
+S However , sodium reacts chemically with air or water and is a major safety drawback .
+
+S Nevertheless , with some innovations , a buffer can be introduced to prevent water vapor from reaching the radioactive sodium in the primary system .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||innovation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , the SFR offers other safety measures such as automatic shutdown function and cooling function in case of accidents ( " Jordi , Todd , Lineberry " , 2002 ) .
+
+S The cost of a reactor varies with various factors .
+
+S For the VHTR , the cost is mainly associated with the heat exchanger size and the installation expenses which usually total to about US $ 781.5 millions .
+A 26 27|||R:OTHER|||million|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For the SFR , the cost can be reduced considerably by using some innovative methods to make a modular design or to remove a primary loop or to integrate the pump and the heat exchanger .
+
+S Although the cost of building a nuclear reactor is great and there are concerns about safety , there are several advantages of using nuclear energy as an energy source .
+A 21 22|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The small size of the nuclear power plants allows them to be integrated in the already developed regions and makes the long- distance power transfer unnecessary .
+A 21 23|||R:ORTH|||long-distance|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , the nuclear energy does not produce pollution directly into the atmosphere in the form of greenhouse gases .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , a large amount of energy can be produced in the nuclear power plants within a relatively short period of time .
+
+S The use of nuclear energy is also advantageous in a sense that it will never run out while oils reserves and fossil fuels are likely to be used up at some time .
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||oil|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With more research and investments in the nuclear technology , the SFR can become a viable energy source in the future .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||investment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The safety measures can be improved and the hazardous by-products can be reduced with the advancement of technology .
+
+S With the rising demand for energy and the increasingly visible harmful effects of the use of oil and fossil fuels to the environment , the nuclear energy offers an alternative and is regaining some of its popularity and early successes of 1970s .
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||fuel|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 41|||R:OTHER|||in the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Bibliography
+
+S Generation IV International Forum ( 2004 ) .
+
+S Very-High-Temperature Reactor .
+
+S 6 November 2003
+
+S http : //gen4.inel.gov/technologies/vhtr.shtml
+
+S Generation IV International Forum .
+
+S GEN-4 : Technology : Systems
+
+S http : //www.gen-4.org/Technology/systems/sfr.htm
+
+S Nuclear Energy ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Environmental Literacy Council .
+
+S 8 April 2008
+
+S http : //www.enviroliteracy.org/subcategory.php/28.html
+
+S Jordi Roglans , Todd Allen and Michael Lineberry , 2002 .
+
+S ANS winter Meeting Washington , D.C. , 18 November 2002
+
+S Nuclear technology ISSN 0029-5450 CODEN NUTYBB ( 2002 ) .
+
+S An innovative concept of a sodium-cooled reactor to pursue high economic competitiveness .
+
+S http : //cat.inist.fr/ ? aModele = afficheN&cpsidt = 13964683
+
+S On 20 April 2004 , the contractors and workers were having their usual tea break when they heard a loud thud from the structure that they were working on for the past few months .
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The retaining wall of the tunnel for the Mass Rapid Transit ( MRT ) Circle Line at Nicoll Highway had collapsed ( MOM , 2005 ) .
+
+S Four men were immediately killed .
+A 5 6|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( MOM , 2005 ) .The Nicoll Highway that links Kallang to Central Business District has collapsed. ( Ahmad,A.,2004 ) .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Now , it was damaged as a result of the collapse of the tunnel construction for the circle line .
+
+S The collapse of the Nicoll Highway was a controversial issue where everyone has his or her own views .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:TENSE|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Could the use of psychology have prevented the accident ?
+
+S There were views from engineers as well as the parties involved , saying that the collapse was not due to mistake in design as they followed the code of practice in their design and the safest bottom- up construction method were used .
+A 20 20|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 38|||R:ORTH|||bottom-up|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 41|||R:VERB:SVA|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There were no occupational hazard influenced by the decisiveness and attitude of the project managers .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||hazards|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The parties involved take pride in their work .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||took|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In my opinion , I felt that the collapse was due to mistake in the design , the lack of integrity as portrayed by the parties involved and the management team was not decisive about the situation .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 31|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 34|||R:OTHER|||indecisiveness|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Indecisiveness and negligence of the management team , design mistake and lacking in integrity are three factors of psychology which I felt were lacking in the design process which had resulted in the engineering accident .
+A 11 12|||R:MORPH|||lack|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The reason for the collapse of Nicoll Highway was not solely due to mistake in the design .
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Safety factors were taken into consideration in the design of the loads according to the Code of Practice .
+A 18 19|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( LTA , Sep1 , 2004 ) .
+
+S Furthermore , the commonly and safest bottom-up method were used , said a civil engineer working in LTA.It was definitely a mistake in design as the investigation revealed that there were an error in the design of the strut support system and that they were under-designed ( MOM , 2009 ) .
+A 3 4|||R:MORPH|||common|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:SVA|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:ORTH|||LTA . It|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:VERB:SVA|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 45|||R:OTHER|||it was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , it was under-designed by a safety factor of 2 ( SCOSS , SC/06/102 ) .
+
+S There were omission and misintepretation of the code of practice ( SCOSS , SC/06/102 ) .Therefore,the use of phsychology could have prevented the accident if the parties involved had not make any errors in the design .
+A 15 16|||R:ORTH|||.Therefore , the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:VERB:FORM|||made|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Land Transport Authority were decisive throughout the whole project as they shored up the surrounding ground to prevent further collapse of the repair work .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If they were indecisive , they would not be able to decide what were the steps to be taken to prevent further collapse .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , there were evidence showing that the management teams had neglected their roles .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The management teams failed to provide adequate instrumentation and monitoring works , lack of competenet personnel to carry out specified works , failed to identify adverse trends and implement corrective work ( Ministry of Manpower , 2005 ) .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:FORM|||lacked|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:SPELL|||competent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The management team did not make the right decision about the situation .
+
+S There were signs of structure failing but they were ignored .
+A 10 11|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( 17 May 2005 , Ministry of National Development ) .
+
+S The above evidence showed that there were human errors such as the negligence of the responsibilities from the management team which had resulted in the collapse of Nicoll Highway .
+A 14 17|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 29|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The parties involved in the construction of the Nicoll Highway were carefully selected and one of them was the Land Transport Authority ( LTA ) .
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since it is under severe guidance by the government , there should not be any problems involving integrity or dishonesty .
+A 12 15|||R:OTHER|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||no|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , there was evidence showing that there was dishonesty and lacking in integrity in the party involved .
+A 11 12|||R:MORPH|||lack|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:PREP|||among|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||parties|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From the book on Nicoll Highway Collapse , extracted from New Civil Engineer ( 2005 ) , Nishimatsu-Lum Chang ( NLC ) being the party involved in the project , was negligent , reckless and dishonest during design and construction of the retaining wall .
+A 22 22|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 37|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S He cut costs by using scrap material as a replacement of stiffener plates as stated by Shanmugan ( New Civil Engineer , 2005 ) .
+
+S If the parties involved had integrity and knew that by cutting costs would result in many casualties , the engineering accident would have been prevented .
+A 9 10|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It was due to the parties lacking in integrity , which was one of the psychological factor that they failed to portray , had resulted in the collapse .
+A 6 6|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:MORPH|||lack|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||factors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB|||demonstrate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:OTHER|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the use of psychology could have prevented the accident if they were careful about the design and make sure that it was not under-designed as in the case of the Nicoll Highway .
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||the parties involved|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:TENSE|||made|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It was due to the carelessness and negligence of the management team that have caused the accident .
+A 0 5|||U:OTHER|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If there were no cutting of costs in this case , the structure would n't have collapsed .
+
+S In many cases , structures failed due to the dishonesty of the parties involved in the construction process , not just Nicoll Highway but also the collapse of the Hotel New World .
+
+S Therefore , I felt that the use of psychology could have prevented the accident .
+
+S Nuclear energy generally refers to electrical power from controlled nuclear reactions .
+
+S Some people think nuclear energy is good but there are still people thinks we should not develop nuclear energy .
+A 12 12|||M:PRON|||who|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:SVA|||think|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Two sides support their on views on pro and cons to nuclear energy .
+A 4 5|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In my opinion , we should further develop nuclear energy .
+
+S In Butler 's ( 2004 ) article , there are 6 type of generation IV reactor .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||types|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If we look at Supercritical-water-cooled reactors , it is cheap and requires low temperature to generate electricity .
+
+S This mean it is safer to use this kind of reactor .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:SVA|||means|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This reactor can generate large amount of energy and can have waste recycling .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB|||undergo|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We can see that future reactor is much cheaper , safer and more environmental friendly .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||environmental-friendly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We should further develop nuclear power energy since the cons of nuclear energy can be minimizing by developing it .
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:FORM|||minimized|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some people feel that radioactive waste is the main problem of nuclear energy source which cause cancer to life form and eventually lead to death .
+A 14 25|||R:OTHER|||because it causes cancer|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although radioactive waste last for a few thousand of years until it is completely gone , fossil fuel will cause more serious damage to the earth because of emission of natural gas that lead to global warming .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||lasts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:VERB:SVA|||leads|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Global warming affect the whole world and nuclear waste only affect a certain area .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||affects|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:CONJ|||but|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:SVA|||affects|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If we maximize the effect of Global Warming , all the life form on earth will extinct eventually .
+A 6 7|||R:ORTH|||global|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:ORTH|||warming|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||forms|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:VERB|||become|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If we compare with nuclear waste , the waste will finally disappear after a long period .
+A 0 9|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , today , after the accident when a nuclear bomb landed on Hiroshima , it manages to rebuild its city , and has a population of more than 2 million today .
+A 0 34|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Kowner and Rotem , 2002 ) .
+
+S From the example of Hiroshima , we can see how fast a city able to rebuild after the nuclear warfare .
+A 13 13|||M:VERB|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:PRON|||itself|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , the probabilities of it happening again can be further reduced if we put more effort in research and develop the technology of nuclear energy .
+
+S Furthermore , nuclear waste is not a problem for future generation IV reactor like the Supercritical-water- cooled reactor ; because it has the function of recycle waste .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:ORTH|||Supercritical-water-cooled|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 26|||R:OTHER|||recycles|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many people think that we should not waste money on nuclear energy because the cost of handling or building a nuclear power plant is very high ; we can use the money to contribute to research to find alternative energy or in the development of alternative energy source like solar and wind energy .
+A 36 38|||R:OTHER|||on finding|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 42|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 47 48|||R:NOUN:NUM|||sources|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If we see the energy demand each year , it is rapidly increasing every year and I don think alternative energy source like solar and wind energy can meet that need .
+A 0 5|||U:OTHER|||Energy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||do not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:NUM|||sources|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nuclear energy contributes almost 15 % of the world 's electricity ( Leipoldt , E , 2006 ) , if we do n't use nuclear energy , what we going to use to replace the 15 % of the world 's electricity ?
+A 3 3|||M:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||R:PUNCT|||. If|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since there is already a solution to meet energy demand in the future , why do n't we just use it ?
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||demands|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , the future generation IV reactor like the Supercritical-water-cooled reactor can produce much more electrical energy than older generation reactor , so we should develop it .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There is a discovery that there is a much better nuclear source compare to uranium , which is helium-3 that is located in the moon ( Lasker , J , 2006 ) .
+A 0 33|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Helium-3 produce much less waste and has half-life that is 12 years only .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:SVA|||produces|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If we use helium-3 we do n't really need to spend a lot of money in handling nuclear energy waste .
+
+S A lot of country is racing to go to the Moon to get this helium-3 that is why they keep improving their astronomy technology .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||countries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 14|||R:OTHER|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN|||space|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lasker , J .
+A 1 4|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( 2006 ) states that NASA is planning to go and harvest it in 2024 years and they are developing high technology to harvest it .
+A 15 16|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:VERB|||achieve|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We should improve our nuclear technology first while waiting for the nuclear source from the moon .
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||sources|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Using nuclear energy can decrease the emission of natural gas , generate large amount of energy to meet future need and has more potential advantages in the future .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 28|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The disadvantages of nuclear power energy can be further reduced by research and development in nuclear technology .
+
+S In addition , we should prepare for helium-3 isotopes by developing better nuclear technology .
+
+S Since developing higher technology can reduce its disadvantages and increase its benefit , we should develop nuclear energy ; hence we should support further research and development in nuclear energy .
+
+S Reference :
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240 .
+
+S Ishikawa , E & David , L. ( 1981 ) .
+
+S Hiroshima and Nagasaki : The Physical , Medical , and Social Effects of the Atomic Bombings .
+
+S New York : Basic Books .
+
+S Kowner & Rotem ( 2002 ) .
+
+S Hiroshima .
+
+S Encyclopedia of Urban Cultures ( Vol .
+
+S II ) , 341348 .
+
+S Lasker , J .
+
+S ( 2006 , December 15 ) .
+
+S Race to the moon for nuclear fuel .
+
+S Retrieved October 7 2009 , from http : //www.wired.com/science/space/news/2006/12/72276
+
+S Leipoldt , E. ( 2006 ) Nuclear Energy .
+
+S Retrieved October 7 2009 , from http : //www.alternate-energy- sources.com/advantages-of-nuclear- energy.html
+
+S The Britain 's Road to 2010 strategy states that nuclear power , which generates low carbon electricity , is affordable , dependable and safe ( Nuclear Power In The United Kingdom , 2009 ) .
+
+S Like Britain , many countries have considered nuclear power to be the best solution to foster electricity as well as the energy industry .
+
+S However , after two significant accidents , Three Mile Island and Chernobyl , most people are worried about the safety factor of nuclear reactor plans .
+
+S Therefore , Generation IV reactors are researched based on technological goals , especially nuclear safety .
+
+S Among these reactor designs , Supercritical-water-cooled reactor ( SCWR ) is the most suitable concept for funding and developing due to its usage of advanced material , safety and economical design and high security .
+A 18 19|||R:MORPH|||development|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S People who oppose nuclear power plant think that SCWR is not safe enough because it has potentially hazardous requirements .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||plants|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The SCWR operates at high temperature ( 510-550 Celsius degree ) and very high pressure .
+
+S As a result , it needs technological characteristics to prevent physical phenomena such as corrosion and stress ( Butler , 2004 , p. 239 ) .
+
+S However , recent studies about materials show a lot of success in finding out a lot of materials that satisfy these requirements .
+
+S For example , INCOLOY alloy MA956 that " combines excellent strength fabric ability with outstanding resistance to prolonged exposure up to 1300 Celsius degree " ( INCOLOY alloy MA956 , 2004 , para .
+
+S 1 ) is one of the candidate materials .
+
+S Other promising material , 9Cr-1Mo-1V , can be used under corresponding maximum service temperature at 650 Celsius degree and has several characteristics for resistance to radiation .
+
+S Since the materials are guaranteed to rigorous safety standards , SCWR should be supported further research and development funding .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB|||subjected|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:PREP|||through|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One point in favour of SCWR is that scientists plan to manufacture it with simple and economical design .
+
+S Some people still doubt the safety of SCWR 's design ; in their opinion , a simple design may lack specifications that cause unexpected accidents .
+
+S In fact , on the contrary , the balance of SCWR plant design utilizes a relatively simple direct cycle power conversion system , which also allows for the incorporation of passive safety features .
+A 0 4|||U:OTHER|||On|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , compared to the Light-water reactor ( LWRs ) , it provides a simplified , reduced volume system with higher thermal efficiency .
+
+S SCWR 's efficiency is achieved about 45 % while this one in advanced LWRs is 33 % ( Supercritical-Water-Cooled Reactor ( SCWR ) , 2007 ) .
+A 4 5|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another advantage of SCWR is very cost-effective because it involves only one cycle .
+A 4 4|||M:OTHER|||that it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , because of similarities in primary system design between the SCWR and LWRs , it is expected that some of the current LWRs technology will be applied in this area .
+
+S So the overall simple design of the SCWR will also cut down the construction cost .
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Finally , while it 's true to say that reprocessing nuclear waste is still controversial , the general characteristics of the SCWR make it an attractive candidate for addressing Generation IV safety goals against terrorism .
+
+S The attack on September 11 in 2001 has provided a wake-up call for facing the threat of nuclear terrorism .
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Freely circulating plutonium in the global market is really a huge threat to countries around the world , especially the US .
+
+S According to Li ( 2008 ) , the Molecular and Cellular Biology concentrator in Cabot House , the United States Congress has decided to use 555 billion USD in formation of an " international fuel nuclear bank " ( p. 54 ) to prepare for the safe reprocessing .
+A 29 29|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 45 46|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , improved technology used in the SCWR " allows plant operators to shut down the reaction completely at the slightest sign of trouble " ( pp .
+
+S 53-54 ) , said Li .
+
+S That means human intervention will be reduced to minimum to prevent potential terrorist attacks on nuclear reactors .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , in his research , Butler ( 2004 ) also reported that scientists of the SCWR would add more steps to lengthen the stored time of long-lived waste , especially plutonium , the " key ingredient of advanced nuclear weapons " ( p. 240 ) .
+
+S Taking everything into account , because of its achievement in research in advanced materials , effective design and security , the SCWR should be so highly appreciated to pursue the GEN-IV goals that it can be continuously developed and funded .
+A 31 36|||R:OTHER|||through|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||R:MORPH|||continuous|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 38|||R:MORPH|||development|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 40|||R:MORPH|||funding|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Jacopo ( 2002 ) argues that electricity generated by SCWR may cost 2.9 cents per Kilowatt hour , much lower than the recent electricity rate .
+
+S So if successfully improved and deployed , the SCWR reactor would effectively generate low-cost electricity .
+
+S References
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2009 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240 .
+
+S INCOLOY alloy MA956 .
+
+S ( n.d ) .
+
+S Special Metals .
+
+S Retrieval October 11 , 2009 , from { http : //www.specialmetals.com/documents/Incoloy % 20alloy % 20MA956.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.specialmetals.com/documents/Incoloy % 20alloy % 20MA956.pdf ]
+
+S Jacopo , B .
+
+S ( 2002 , November 18 ) .
+
+S The Supercritical-Water-Cooled Reactor ( SCWR ) .
+
+S Outline .
+
+S Li , D. ( 2009 , September 2 ) .
+
+S Commentary .
+
+S The Thorn N A Rose Green Energy 's Nuclear Future , 52-54 .
+
+S Nuclear Power In The United Kingdom .
+
+S ( 2009 , October ) .
+
+S World Nuclear Association .
+
+S Retrieval October 25 , 2009 , from { http : //www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf84.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf84.html ]
+
+S Supercritical-Water-Cooled Reactor ( SCWR ) .
+
+S ( 2007 , October 22 ) .
+
+S INL Idaho National Laboratory .
+
+S Retrieval October 11 , 2009 , from { http : //nuclear.inl.gov/gen4/scwr.shtml } [ HYPERLINK : http : //nuclear.inl.gov/gen4/scwr.shtml ]
+
+S Our natural resources are rapidly consumed to supply energy for the society .
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This exploitation of natural resources will result in a shortage of energy in the next few decades .
+
+S Therefore , the search for a quick and powerful new source of energy is urgent and vital .
+
+S One of the most promising technologies available today is nuclear energy .
+
+S Although the construction of new nuclear power plants is strictly restricted , a new concept for the next generation of nuclear power plants have been announced .
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This concept , known as Very-High-Temperature-Reactor ( VHTR ) , is capable of improving our energy supply , clearing all doubts about the efficiency and safety of nuclear power .
+
+S Firstly , although the efficiency of nuclear power has been proven by older models , the new VHTR promises an even more effective production .
+
+S Despite critics about its safety , over the past decades , while still undergoing many restrictions , a small number of nuclear plants alone located in North America and Europe provide 15 % of global total power .
+A 1 2|||R:MORPH|||criticism|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has been providing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some countries such as France rely solely on nuclear power for 80 % of its nation 's energy supply ( Gerstner , 2009 ) .
+
+S This shows how powerful nuclear energy was in the past .
+
+S Today , with the upcoming VHTR technology , the amount of electricity produced will be increased by 50 % ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S With the prediction about the US 's shortage of fuel by 2025 and VHTR expected delivery by 2020 ( Butler , 2004 ) , if this new generation of reactors receive enough funding , it would be available at the right time to ease the lack-of-fuel crisis .
+A 2 5|||R:OTHER|||predicted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:NOUN:POSS||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:VERB:SVA|||receives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The second advantage of VHTR is that it does not only produce electricity but at the same time create hydrogen fuel as well ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S The concept of hydrogen fuel is not new and its efficiency is of course nothing to be doubted .
+
+S Being the lightest element of all , Hydrogen is capable of producing the highest ratio of energy-to-mass ratio ( Schlapbach , 2009 ) .
+
+S The public may argue that the conversion from petroleum- fuelled to hydrogen-fuelled would be very complicated and costly .
+A 8 10|||R:ORTH|||petroleum-fuelled|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the investment in hydrogen fuel will bring us more pros than cons .
+
+S The design for hydrogen vehicles is not similar to that of petroleum vehicles .
+
+S Car runs on hydrogen does not need heavy materials and much space for its fuel tank .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||A car|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , it would be much more lightweight than a petroleum car .
+
+S This allows a higher safety level for drivers and lower production cost ( Schlapbach , 2009 ) .
+
+S Although the mass conversion to full hydrogen- fuelled vehicles might be costly , it will bring more advantages as a long- term strategy .
+A 6 8|||R:ORTH|||hydrogen-fuelled|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||R:ORTH|||long-term|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Finally , other than nuclear , there is still one source of energy that is believed to bring us an abundant amount of energy , solar power .
+A 24 25|||R:PUNCT|||--|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Evironmentalists argue that solar power is not just unlimited but also safer .
+
+S However , our solar power technology is not that advanced yet .
+
+S No one can understand the current situation of global power supply better than oil- supplying countries themselves , and these global oil providers are hurried towards an IAEA 's admission for producing nuclear energy in the Gulf ( Brumfiel , 2008 ) .
+A 13 15|||R:ORTH|||oil-supplying|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 34|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These oil-rich nations include Saudi Arabia , the United Arab Emirates ( UAE ) , and Bahrain .
+
+S With the pessimistic view about the current global oil supply , these countries hope to quadruple their energy supply using nuclear plants .
+A 1 2|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , they are willing to pay up to $ 7 billion for each plant .
+
+S We can see how urgent these equatorial nations need nuclear power and not solar energy .
+
+S A vast area of solar panel can only provide energy for 6000 houses ( Shukman , 2007 ) .
+
+S With a VHTR constructed on the same amount of area , the UAE can expect an amount of energy far outweighs that created by solar energy .
+A 12 16|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the whole , the concept of VHTR can clearly benefit the society much more than any other sources of power .
+
+S The development of VHTR ensures us a safe and abundant source of energy for the next centuries , before solar power technology is that advanced to meet our energy demand .
+A 23 24|||R:OTHER|||becomes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:NOUN:NUM|||demands|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S Brumfiel , G. ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Gulf states plan for nuclear future .
+
+S Nature , 445 , 438- 439 .
+
+S Butler .
+
+S ( 2004 ) .
+
+S Nuclear 's power new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240 .
+
+S Gerstner , E. ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Nuclear energy : the hybrid returns .
+
+S Nature , 460 , 25- 28 .
+
+S How long till the light goes out .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S The Economist .
+
+S Retrieved October 29 , 2009 , from
+
+S http : //www.economist.com/displayStory.cfm ? story_id = 14167834
+
+S Kuwait 's biggest field starts to run out of oil .
+
+S ( 2005 ) .
+
+S AME Info .
+
+S Retrieved October 29 , 2009 , from http : //www.ameinfo.com/71519.html
+
+S 'Nuclear ' is not the question .
+
+S ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Nature Materials , 7 , 679 .
+
+S Nuclear test .
+
+S ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Nature , 448 , 387 .
+
+S Schiermeier , Q .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Going nuclear .
+
+S Nature , 459 , 124-125 .
+
+S Schlapbach , L. ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Technology : hydrogen-fuelled vehicles .
+
+S Nature , 460 , 809-811 .
+
+S Shukman , D. ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Power station harnesses sun rays .
+
+S BBC News .
+
+S Retrieved October 20 , 2009 , from http : //news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6616651.stm
+
+S Generation IV ( Gen IV ) reactor are theoretical nuclear reactors designs that are undergoing researching and is to be completed in 2030 .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:MORPH|||theoretically|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactor|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:MORPH|||research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They are projects initiated by Generation IV International Forum ( GIF ) which aims to come up with nuclear reactors that is more desirable for human use .
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , government 's policies to promote nuclear energy are still met with resistance from the public .
+A 3 4|||U:NOUN:POSS||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This can be attributed to the fact that the public are not well informed about nuclear energy .
+
+S Many of them still see nuclear energy as it was decades ago , when it was expensive , low performing and might lead to nuclear arms proliferation .
+A 21 22|||R:VERB|||deemed to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As such , we must find a reactor design that eliminates all these concerns of the public .
+
+S Out of all gen IV reactors , only the supercritical water cooled reactor ( SWCR ) can fulfill these requirements , thus it should receive funding for research .
+
+S One of public 's concerns is the proliferation of nuclear arms .
+
+S A nuclear powered nation can also be a nuclear armed nation .
+
+S If nuclear arms fall into the hands of rouge states , regional security will be jeopardised .
+
+S An example will be North Korea , which threatens East Asia 's stability .
+
+S Thus opponents argue that we should stop investing in nuclear energy for security issue .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN|||reasons|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , they fail to realise that nuclear arms can be produced only with recycled nuclear waste .
+
+S If the nuclear reactor runs on opened loop fuel system , nuclear waste will not be recycled .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:ADJ:FORM|||open|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The SWCR is able to operate on open looped fuel system which does not recycle nuclear waste ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If nuclear waste is managed well , nuclear waste from SWCR can not be use for nuclear arms .
+A 7 8|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:FORM|||used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , funding for SWCR should be increase .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:FORM|||increased|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another drawback of nuclear energy is the cost factor .
+
+S Public perceive that nuclear energy is more expensive than conventional energy sources ( Hughes , 1999 ) and thus opposed the use of nuclear power .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The public|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:TENSE|||oppose|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , they did not consider the fact that fossil fuel is depleting quickly ( How much Fossil fuel are left ?
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||do|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When will fossil fuels run out ?
+
+S n.d ) .
+
+S Moreover , the cost of nuclear energy can be lower by research and adopting nuclear energy in a large scale .
+A 9 9|||M:VERB|||made|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||through|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although nuclear energy is expensive now , we should be far-sighted and considered the potential of nuclear energy becoming an affordable energy source in the future .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:FORM|||consider|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With high thermal efficiency , SWCR is able to produce electricity at a price comparable to fossil fuel reactor ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , by investing in SWCR , we are paying to secure an affordable energy source in the future .
+
+S For the sustainability of our modern lifestyle , funding for researching SWCR should increase .
+A 10 11|||R:MORPH|||research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many people opposed developing nuclear energy because of the large amount of money required for its infrastructure ( Wald , 2008 ) .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||oppose|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They argue that by allocating majority of available fund for nuclear power 's development , funding for other potential energy sources like solar power is reduced .
+
+S Opponents of nuclear energy propose that we should look at energy sources that are cheap to start up instead of expending our available fund for nuclear energy .
+
+S Although their concerns about the diversion of funding are valid , they fail to realise that nuclear power has the greatest potential to meet our demands .
+
+S Unlike the green energy , which is unstable and can not be produced on demands ( Wald , 2008 ) ; nuclear power is dependable at all time .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||demand|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , nuclear power is cheaper than alternative energy ( Wald , 2008 ) .
+
+S Thus , it is logical that nuclear power receives the lion 's share of funding as it is our best option .
+
+S An example will be SWCR that is efficient and cheap to run ( Butler , 2004 ) , making it worthwhile to fund its research .
+
+S In conclusion , funding for SWCR 's research should be increase as it is the best investment for energy .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:FORM|||increased|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , public reject nuclear energy for fear of nuclear arms proliferation , the perception that nuclear energy is expensive and the thinking that nuclear reactor is costly to build .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the use of opened loop fuel system in SWCR can prevent the proliferation of nuclear arms .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:ADJ:FORM|||open|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With technological advancement , SWCR can reduce the cost of nuclear energy .
+
+S Moreover , nuclear energy has the greatest potential of fulfilling our demands .
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As such , it is logical that we support the research of SWCR .
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Butler.D .
+
+S ( 2004 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240 .
+
+S Matthew .
+
+S L .W .
+
+S ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Can nuclear power complete ?
+
+S Scientific American Earth 3.0 , December special edition December 2008 , 26-33 .
+
+S Hughes .D .
+
+S ( 1999 ) .Forum Nuclear Power-unsafe , dirty and expensive .
+
+S Retrieved October 20 , 2009 from { http : //www.post-gazette.com/forum/19990328edhughes7.asp } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.post-gazette.com/forum/19990328edhughes7.asp ] How much fossil fuels are left ?
+
+S When will fossil fuels run out ?
+
+S ( n.d ) Retrieved October 20 , 2009 from { http : //green-energysaving.com/carbon-emissions/fossil-fuels/how-much- } [ HYPERLINK : http : //green-energysaving.com/carbon-emissions/fossil-fuels/how-much- ] fossil-fuels-are-left-when-will-fossil-fuels-run-out/
+
+S John.M.D & ErnestJ.M ( 2006 ) .The Nuclear Option .
+
+S Scientific American , September special edition September 2006 , 76-83 .
+
+S Psychology behind the Chernobyl Nuclear Accident
+
+S In 1986 , the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine exploded , resulting in a massive power excursion and many deaths caused by radiation poisoning .
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN|||explosion|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is considered the most damaging nuclear accident in human history .
+
+S By later research , the accident was caused by multiple reasons .
+
+S Among all the reasons of the explosion , there were three main causes , which led to the function failure of the nuclear power plant .
+A 13 14|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These mistakes were either due to machine design flaws or humans ' instantaneous errors , and all of them could have been prevented by application of psychology .
+
+S Some people may not agree , because they believe that some design problems of the nuclear plant system could not be properly solved at the condition of technology at that time .
+A 2 8|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , no matter how advanced and well-designed of the control system was , the machine was processed by man and it could never predict the human errors , which occurred by chance and were dependent on people 's emotions at particular time .
+A 8 9|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 43|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First of all , water channels ran through the core of the reactor vertically instead of horizontally .
+
+S So the top most position of the core was not properly cooled in the process of nuclear reaction .
+
+S It was overheat of the reaction core that made the plant explode .
+
+S By iteration of analysis and systematic feedbacks to the machine , the mistake could have been detected early even before the machine was built .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:INFL|||feedback|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the tragedy could not have happened .
+
+S Even with technology at that time , this simple mistake could definitely have been corrected , if the psychology of evaluation was applied in the design engineering stage .
+
+S Secondly , the control rods of the reaction section were not properly built .
+
+S Only the tips of the rods were covered with the regulated material .
+
+S On the contrast of slowing down the rate of the reaction , it sped up the separation of atoms , which caused such a serious explosion .
+A 0 13|||U:OTHER|||It|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The psychology behind this is that the workers who built the rods had no idea of consequences of the grossly built rods .
+
+S However , if psychology was applied , there would have been better understanding between workers and the design engineers .
+
+S The workers , who were in charge of the building of engineering segments , would be aware of the uses of their product and more careful when making important parts of machines .
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Then , the accident could have been avoided .
+
+S The information of designing and processing would be better channeled and translated to all the people related , if they input psychology into the process engineering stage .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||concerned|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB|||iincorporated|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , the main nuclear reactor in the plant had been constructed without any secure containment , which led to radial active containment freely escaped into atmosphere .
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:FORM|||escaping|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to the research of a 2005 report by the Chernobyl Forumeight U.N. organizations , the nuclear plant was designed by Soviet experienced engineers ( West , 2005 ) .
+A 2 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These engineers were very aware of the damaging results of the containment without secure protection .
+
+S Most of them had participated in the design of first generation nuclear reactor .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Chernobyl was the second generation , but it merely had nothing different from the first generation .
+
+S The psychology of the engineers was that they were not willing to accept the design flaws of the first generation , which was their several years ' work .
+
+S They had no motivation to correct their mistakes .
+
+S The bias blinded their eyes .
+
+S In this case , if a psychologist was employed , he would have seen the engineers ' dilemma and used psychological approach to help them overcome their bias .
+A 20 20|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , although human errors were also accounted for the nuclear explosion , they were not totally unpreventable .
+A 10 10|||M:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Behind every mistake , there is a psychology leading to the mistake , and there is another psychology which could have been used to correct it .
+
+S To sum up , if psychology was applied in the design engineering stage , feedback loops would function to minimize human errors in the process .
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have functioned|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Psychology can reduce misunderstanding between designers and processors , helping information better channeled and decreasing the probability of misunderstanding problems .
+A 11 11|||M:VERB:TENSE|||to be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Psychologists can see through the problems in a different aspect and contribute to the solution by an integrated approach ( Wilpert , 2007 , P300 ) .
+
+S In conclusion , psychology approach could prevent engineering accident , regardless of different possible mistakes which may occur in the process .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||accidents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference :
+
+S * Amabile , T.M. , 1983 .
+
+S The Social Psychology of Creativity .
+
+S Springer , New York .
+
+S * Lewin , K..1951 .
+
+S Field Theory in social Science .
+
+S Harper & Brother , New York .
+
+S * SFEN , " Chernobyl : truths , falsehoods and uncertainties , " April 1996
+
+S * West , Larry ( 2005 ) Chernobyl NuclearAccident , Retrieved on Oct 18th 2009 , from http : //environment.about.com/od/chernobyl/p/chernobyl.htm
+
+S * Wilpert , Bernhard , ( 2007 ) Psychology and design processes , Safety Science45 ( 2007 ) 293-303
+
+S The bright future of Very High Temperature Reactor
+
+S The world can not forget what happened in the Three Mile Island in 1979 .
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A cooling malfunction of the nuclear power plant in USA caused part of the core to melt in the second reactor .
+
+S Some radioactive gas was released a couple of days after the accident .
+
+S ( World Nuclear Association,2001 ) The incident raised the fears of the public over the nuclear power .
+A 3 4|||R:ORTH|||Association , 2001|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the engineers design Very High Temperature Reactor to make it safer .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , there comes some controversies that the VHTR requires very complicated technologies and very high cost construction compared to the Sodium Cooled Fast Reactor .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||come|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:OTHER|||concerning the issue|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Though many people criticize the VHTR for its great cost and immature technology , the VHTR should be popularized and the essay will discuss about it on three aspects : security , performance and cost .
+A 19 19|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||U:CONJ|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:OTHER|||why based|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S People still worry about the radioactivity a reactor sends out and they think the sodium cooled reactor is safer .
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I agree with this idea that the safety issue should always be first concerned .
+A 3 4|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||a concern|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Sodium is very chemically active and it can react with the core material and then the lifespan of the reactor will be less .
+A 12 23|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , the sodium will get radioactive and we can not imagine what it will be when the coolant is exposed to the outside .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||ge|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:PREP|||like|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The VHTR has great advantages of security over other reactors like the sodium cooled fast reactor .
+A 5 6|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First of all , it uses helium as coolant .
+
+S Helium is an inert gas , it will not chemically react with any other materials .
+A 5 6|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||material|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Meanwhile , helium is radioactive when it is radiated , unlike the other coolants .
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even if all helium comes out of the reactor , it still causes little effects on the environment .
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||effect|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We control the speed of the atoms to slow down the speed of the reaction .
+
+S If the system loses control , its core temperature will rise and finally it melts .
+A 13 14|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The possibility of a sodium cooled reactor to melt is about per reactor per year .
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||one|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The one of a VHTR is aboutper reactor per year .
+A 0 3|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:ORTH|||A|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||about one|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Baidu,2007 ) When the system finds something wrong , it will automatically stop working and cool down the temperature to a safe level .
+A 3 3|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some people think the cost of the sodium cooled reactor is much cheaper .
+
+S Apparently , the cost of VHTR is really high .
+
+S But the economic rent of the reactor does not only depend on the cost to build the plant , but also depends on the efficiency of the reactor .
+
+S We spend more money initially , but we can get more interests as it runs , so we still benefit .
+
+S The VHTR has an average heat efficiency of 40 % , and the one designed by ESKOM company in South Africa even has efficiency of 47 % .
+A 27 28|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Baidu Baike,2007 ) The heat efficiency of sodium cooled reactor is only 20 % .
+A 4 4|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , one spends 1 billion dollars to build a 200MW VHTR and one builds a 100MW sodium one that costs 0.5billion dollars .
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||while|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The price of 1kw.h electricity is 8 cents .
+
+S Then a 200MW VHTR will have an advantage of 1 billion dollars after 20 years run over the sodium cooled reactor .
+
+S Then , the overall benefit of the sodium reactor is too little compared to the Very High Temperature Reactor .
+A 0 1|||R:ADV|||Thus|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another group of people think the sodium cooled reactor will cause less problems to the materials than the VHTR .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||thinks|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It may be true that many materials can not endure such high temperature .
+
+S However , the sodium cooled reactor needs high quality materials to prevent the corrosion of sodium , which is even harder .
+
+S Then they still need good materials to prohibit the radioactivity of the sodium when it flows out to heat the water .
+
+S Experts use graphite and pottery material to make the main structure for VHTR .
+
+S Both materials can stand more than 1000 degrees and have stable properties .
+
+S So the high temperature will not be a problem .
+
+S To sum up , comparing the Very High Temperature Reactor with the Sodium Cooled Fast Reactor , the VHTR really does better in security and long-term performance .
+
+S Some technology problems proposed by the opposing views can be soon solved as the science develops very fast .
+
+S The Very High Temperature Reactor will definitely have a bright future and everyone can benefit from it .
+
+S References :
+
+S World Nuclear Association .
+
+S Three Mile Island : 1979 .
+
+S Retrieved October 18 ,2009 from { http : //www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf36.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf36.html ]
+
+S The development of the nuclear power .
+
+S Retrieved October 18 , 2009 from { http : //gh.u9u8.com/u/article_show.asp ? id = 12177&q_id = 24687 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //gh.u9u8.com/u/article_show.asp ? id = 12177&q_id = 24687 ] .
+
+S Wu Z.X .
+
+S & Zhang Z.Y .
+
+S ( 2004 ) .The advanced nuclear system and very high temperature reactor .
+
+S Beijing , Tsinghua University Press .
+
+S High temperature gas-cooled reactor .
+
+S Retrieved October 18,2009 from { http : //baike.baidu.com/view/1107175.html ? tp = 0_01 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //baike.baidu.com/view/1107175.html ? tp = 0_01 ]
+
+S The graphite-moderated nuclear reactor .
+
+S Retrieved October 18,2009 from http : //baike.baidu.com/view/302177.html
+
+S The ability to experience something that we can not naturally experience is indeed a blessed feeling .
+
+S With the advancements in technology humans can now have the joy of swimming long hours inside deep waters or even step on the far away moon .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||advancement|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB|||experience|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Well to have the opportunity for those is great ; but unlike many of us with flawless senses , for those with impairments in senses , a blessed feeling would be to see a flower , smell its fragrance , hear a bird or sing along to a song .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Fortunately those with the talent and education required to invent such things are using existing technologies and extending them to suit human purposes .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One such innovation is the Haptic chair .
+
+S The chair is named using the word " Haptic " which is a derivative of a Greek word to mean " touch " .
+
+S The haptic chair depends on tactile senses to deliver the musical experience to the receiver .
+
+S The basic idea is to allow the receiver to feel the musical beat , tone and volume as vibrations of different strengths and frequencies .
+
+S For the complete understanding of the invention , it is important we learn the exact built of it .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The haptic chair is a cushioned wooden chair with five contact speakers attached at the back of the chair .
+
+S The speakers are connected to a single music source which carries the music from the source to the receiver .
+
+S To make the experience livelier , the chair is accessorised with a screen which displays visuals that correspond to the music depending on the characteristics of the music .
+
+S The screen displays are of two types : one with visual of an individual enjoying the music corresponding to the beat or a mosaic of lines and circles triggered by the music .
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Speaking of the technology behind this innovation , it is one simple rule that applies .
+
+S It is the fact that sound travels through matter as vibrations .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||vibration|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The hearing impaired can not detect sound that travel through air but their skin , bone and muscle can detect sound vibrations that travel through solid matter such as wood and cotton .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:SVA|||travels|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The studies conducted to test the effectiveness of the chair show that the chair indeed has great potential .
+A 0 2|||U:DET|||Studies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The tests have been done on forty three participants including those who are fully deaf , partially deaf and those who lost hearing later in their life .
+A 22 22|||M:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Comparisons of results obtained from all different groups allow measuring the accuracy of the tests as well .
+
+S The developers of this chair have previously been involved in the study of " echolocation " of dolphins .
+
+S This is whereby dolphins locate themselves in sea and travels .
+
+S Even though a direct correlation is unseen here , it is the study of sound that inspired the thesis to this design .
+A 19 20|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the promising results the studies have shown , it is safe to deduce that in the future we shall see a row of haptic chairs for the hearing impaired in concert halls .
+
+S This will provide them the opportunity to live a more normal life and enjoy the joys of life as any other citizen .
+
+S Still there are stepbacks in the technology .
+
+S Speaking in plain terms would be to admit that their music experience is not fully compatible with that of one with normal hearing where they hear the lyrics etc .
+A 28 28|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The musical understanding would be limited to beat , tone and volume alone .
+A 0 2|||U:DET|||Musical|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since it is a new technology , there are still many refinements that could be made .
+A 7 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:ADV|||still|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The chair could be upgraded from time to time , involving technicians from other disciplines and not just engineers .
+
+S Currently the chair is not in mass production .
+
+S This means the chair would come with a heavy price tag .
+
+S Given that it is also equipped with many speakers , heavily cushioned chair , and accessories , the chair uses much space and has quite limited mobility .
+A 10 11|||R:MORPH|||heavy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:MORPH|||cushion|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This makes the usage very inconvenient and could discourage the use .
+
+S This indirectly could lead to the suspension of the development and upgrading of the technology which finally could terminate its usage .
+
+S Since there are foundations for the benefit of the hearing impaired , one step that could be taken is to unite these institutes with the developers of this technology to make ensure the research continues .
+A 23 24|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 29|||M:ADV|||together|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:OTHER|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This innovation is for the better living of the hearing impaired and with the help of those currently involved ; the developers could create an advanced version in the near future .
+A 19 20|||R:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Innovations are for the betterment of the living conditions of humans , comfort and convenience in their life .
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||especially|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This technology can be extended to animals such as dolphins which are facing threats of extinction .
+
+S Nuclear Power 's New Dawn
+
+S Nowadays , our society has to face a very serious problem which has actually existed for a long time .
+
+S That is the energy problem .
+A 0 1|||R:PRON|||It|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , although the problem came into being long time ago , we start to pay enough attention to it just in recent days .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||started|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 25|||R:OTHER|||recently|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We all know that the world 's energy reserves are limited , especially the fossil fuels widely used all the time .
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||fuel|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is said that by the end of this century the fossil fuels , which consist of gas , coal and oil , will be used up .
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||fuel|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:SVA|||consists|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In other words , we do not have any fossil fuels to use in nearly ninety years ' time from now on .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||fuel|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 22|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This leads to quite a tough situation where we have to find some other ways which are even more efficient to provide energy for the whole society .
+
+S Due to some kinds of research , people pointed out that maybe nuclear power is a good solution .
+
+S Thus nuclear reactors started being built in some countries .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , these days fewer and fewer nuclear reactors are planned to be built for the reason of public opposition .
+A 10 10|||M:VERB:TENSE|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 17|||R:OTHER|||because|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As far as I am concerned , it is not the truth .
+
+S Here we just use the supercritical-water-cooled reactors to illustrate for the reason that in all the generation IV reactors it is the only one which only use water as its coolant and the wastes are optionally recyclable .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:PREP|||among|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:VERB:SVA|||uses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , it do not need very high temperature and can produce large amount of electricity , the only obvious weak point may be the high pressure needed .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||does|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 18|||R:PUNCT|||. The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It seems to be the best one in the six reactors in my mind .
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||among|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S People are firstly concerned about the safe operation of nuclear reactors .
+
+S They think it is very possible to have some accidents in the nuclear plants .
+A 2 9|||R:OTHER|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:OTHER|||are possible|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even a quite small mistake may lead to a great disaster to the people around .
+
+S For example , one of the reactors in Chemobyl plant , Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic , once exploded .
+A 8 9|||R:SPELL|||Chernobyl|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S What was worse , further explosions and the resulting fire sent a plume of highly radioactive fallout into the atmosphere and cover an extensive geographical area which in fact became a nightmare for the local people .
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:TENSE|||covered|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This of course makes people scared .
+
+S However , the truth is that in more than 12700 cumulative reactor-years of commercial operation in 32 countries , there are only two major accidents happened including the one we have mentioned above .
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There is actually no need to be that worried .
+A 7 8|||R:ADV|||very|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To achieve nuclear safety furthermore , we also need to develop high-quality design& construction and invent equipment to prevent operational disturbances developing into problems .
+A 12 13|||R:ORTH|||design &|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Redundant and diverse systems are also needed to detect problems , control damage to the fuel and prevent significant radioactive releases .
+
+S Provisions are needed to confine the effects of severe fuel damage to the plant itself .
+
+S Of course , some people may say that high risk of nuclear reactors may make them become the target of terrorists .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Just recall the coordinated suicide attacks happening on September 11 , 2001 .
+
+S It is such a disaster that leads to over 6000 deaths even though it has nothing to do with nuclear .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||led|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:NOUN|||power|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Imagine if the attack happened in a nuclear plant , what will the consequence be ?
+A 11 12|||R:VERB|||would have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , we do not need to be that scared because of this point .
+A 9 10|||R:ADV|||very|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Tests have shown concrete structures used in reactor domes can withstand battering .
+A 3 3|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , governments have emphasized the importance of hardening nuclear power reactor .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Most countries have cooperation in defence against nuclear terrorism .
+
+S Therefore , it is not that easy for the terrorists to attack the nuclear reactors .
+A 5 6|||R:ADV|||very|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When it comes to the cost , many people may think building the nuclear reactors is quite an expensive process .
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the conclusion is exactly reversed .
+
+S Nuclear power is quite an economical choice for countries with limited natural resources .
+
+S For example , nearly 80 percent of the energy used in France is generated from nuclear plants .
+
+S Although the building cost may be high , the whole cost also includes waste disposal cost and decommissioning cost .
+
+S While in fact , a successfully operated nuclear plant is much more environmentally friendly than coal or gas power stations , which means a relatively lower waste disposal cost .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||Moreover|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Just as what I have mentioned above , nuclear reactors have its own advantages on both cost and performance .
+A 0 7|||R:OTHER|||Indeed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , what people worry about , like security , is actually not that bad .
+A 13 14|||R:ADV|||very|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , further research and development funding for nuclear reactors is necessary for our society since it is a good way to solve the energy offering problem .
+A 25 26|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the world 's energy demand is on the rise , the world has to look into alternatives to solve this issue .
+
+S At the same time , the alternatives have to be cleaner so that current global warming situation will not be aggravated ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They also have to be cheap and safe , which is beneficial for the users ( Buongiorno , 2002 ) .
+
+S To address this situation , a variety of Generation IV nuclear reactors is developed .
+
+S One of the nuclear reactors , the Supercritical Water Cooled Reactor ( SCWR ) has been proven to be one of the excellent methods to generate cheap and safe power for consumption .
+A 14 14|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although there are criticism cited about its flaws , it is still a reactor which is worth to be developed ( Idaho National Library , 2009 ) .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||criticisms|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , the SCWR design concept is one that requires lower cost for development .
+
+S Among the Generation IV nuclear reactors , the SCWR has the lowest development cost which is based on the economics , safety and sustainability factors ( Cogeneration Technologies , 2003 ) .
+A 18 19|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:MORPH|||economic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Comparing with other forms of Generation IV reactors , the SCWR does not require high development cost as it is using existing technologies such as Light Water Reactors ( LWRs ) and supercritical fossil-fired boilers .
+A 19 21|||R:VERB:TENSE|||uses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The coolant used , which is water , is considered the cheapest source of coolant in comparison with others used in the Generation IV reactors .
+
+S Although there are critics highlighted that further research and development is required for the systems components ( such as vessel and pressure tubes ) , which in turn demands for more funds .
+A 1 3|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the contrary , this could support SCWR systems in yielding better efficiency ( Buongiorno , 2002 ) .
+
+S Secondly , the SCWR systems are able output great performance with its unique characteristics .
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||to produce|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is able to produce high thermal efficiency of about 45 % versus about 33 % efficiency for current LWRs , which evaluates to greater energy output ( Danielyan , 2003 ) .
+A 22 23|||R:VERB|||translates|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is due to its ability of operating at higher pressure and temperature ( at 550 degree Celsius ) with a single phase operation , unlike the current LWRs that need recirculation of heat and components like jet pumps and steam generators .
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||to operate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Critics of SCWR think otherwise .
+
+S Other Generation IV reactor , such as Very High Temperature Reactor ( VHTR ) , is also to output high thermal efficiency at about 50 % and at a high temperature of 1000 degree Celsius ( Butler , 2009 ) .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The other|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||R:OTHER|||produce|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With such performance , the VHTR can also have high energy output when compared with SCWR .
+
+S However , the high temperature produced may cause a reactor meltdown ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S Hence , this shall attribute to a good reason why SCWR should be used instead of other Generation IV reactors .
+A 2 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly , research and development ( R&D ) is crucially needed as this is the most important aspect needed as part of the implementation of any Generation IV reactors ( Butler 2004 ) .
+A 28 29|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactor|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , VHTR requires research to be done on the reactors ( specifically pebble bed type core and prismatic block core ) , power conversion unit , and its production on hydrogen ( supply for future energy source ) .
+A 31 32|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These are very complex researches that could take a long period of time and requires collaboration with partners across the world ( Carre , 2006 ) .
+A 4 5|||R:MORPH|||research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||undertakings|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In contrast , the SCWRs require the least amount of R&D for its implementation .
+
+S The area of research is on the materials that could withstand high temperature , stress corrosion cracking , radiation and creep resistance .
+
+S Although Dr Buongiorno highlighted that this " was not easy " to be done , he and his research team collaborated with researchers from University of Michigan , the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Westinghouse to do a research by testing new materials under the supercritical condition ( Buongiorno , 2003 ) .
+A 37 38|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , there should be funding allocated for the Research and Development of SCWR .
+
+S This is a much promising system to be invested for its benefits in terms of low development cost , better performance and least research and development processes .
+A 6 9|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 15|||R:OTHER|||potential for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although there are odds in proving the system 's efficiency , it is said to be a great investment for a better future ( Idaho National Library , 2009 ) .
+A 13 16|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Buongiorno , J .
+
+S ( 2002 ) .
+
+S The Supercritical-Water-Cooled-Reactors Retrieved from http : //www.cogeneration.net/Supercritical_Water_Cooled_Reactor.htm
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240 .
+
+S Cogeneration Technologies ( 2003 ) .
+
+S Supercritical Water-Cooled Reactor Retrieved from http : //www.cogeneration.net/Supercritical_Water_Cooled_Reactor.htm
+
+S Carre , F. ( 2006 ) .
+
+S Generation IV Forum - VHTR Research Plan Retrieved from http : //www.docstoc.com/docs/5198655/Very-High-Temperature-Reactor- ( VHTR ) - Research-Plan
+
+S Danielyan , D. ( 2003 ) .
+
+S Supercritical-Water-Cooled Reactor System-as one of the most promising type of Generation IV Nuclear Reactor Systems Retrieved from http : //www.tkk.fi/Units/AES/courses/crspages/Tfy- 56.181_03/Danielyan.pdf
+
+S Idaho National Library ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Supercritical Water Cooled Reactor Nuclear Energy .
+
+S The Energy of Innovation Retrieved from http : //inlportal.inl.gov
+
+S Assessing Gas-cooled Fast Reactors for Generation IV Services To meet the energy demand in the 21st century , a new generation of nuclear reactors termed as Generation IV , are being developed .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||demands|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the most popular concepts of the Generation IV is gas-cooled fast reactors ( GFR ) , which uses a direct-cycle helium turbine for electricity generation or hydrogen production with a high efficiency CITATION Hej05 \ l 1033 ( Hejzar , Pope , Williams , & Driscoll , 2005 ) .
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:SVA|||use|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 39|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , there are concerns about its impact of its radioactive waste on environment and its safety in operation CITATION But04 \ l 1033 ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+A 6 7|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 24|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although GFR has certain deficiencies at this stage ; further R&D funding should be supported because it has three main advantages in terms of sustainability , safety and industrial applications .
+A 8 9|||R:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Opponents of GFR point out that it is inevitable for nuclear reactors to produce radioactive waste which has destructive effects and due to the high cost of pollutant management , it seems impossible to install nuclear reactors without any radioactive emissions .
+A 20 20|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , a research conducted by the MIT GFR development team CITATION Hej05 \ l 1033 ( Hejzar , Pope , Williams , & Driscoll , 2005 ) shows that it is possible to develop a closed fuel cycle with full transuranics ( TRU ) recycling so that all TRU will be recycled with losses of 0.1 % or less .
+A 11 16|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 49 50|||R:NOUN:INFL|||TRUs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The long-term waste will be substantially reduced with a core with a conversion ratio to be close to 1.0 CITATION Gir08 \ l 1033 ( Girardin , et al. , 2008 ) .
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||in the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 24|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Consequently , GFR has a significant improvement on radioactive waste minimization over the previous generations .
+
+S Hence the GFR system is highly-ranked in sustainability among all the nuclear reactors and this makes it a favorable energy supply in the future .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are also worries about the accidents caused during processes of coolant depressurization and decay heat removal because GFR has to be operated in an environment of both high pressure and temperature .
+
+S Fortunately , under Generation IV International Forum , a number of researches are dealing with this safety problem using " passive decay heat removal options " CITATION Gir08 \ l 1033 ( Girardin , et al. , 2008 ) .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||deals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 31|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the design of GFR system , combined systems of both active cooling and passive cooling is applied : active systems are used to remove the decays of heat at high power level then passive systems will take over after 24 hours when decay heat is reduced to 0.5 % .The active part defends the system at the first place and the passive part only dues with the pressure achieved after depressurization .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 33|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 56 57|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 65 66|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this way , less human labor is involved into the operation of GFR and thus accident risk in minimized .
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||risks|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some also claim that GFR can hardly change the energy supply scenario in the globe because the nuclear energy today is mainly utilized to generate electricity , which only accounts for 16 % of the total energy consumption CITATION Her09 \ l 1033 ( Herranz , Linares , & Moratilla , 2009 ) .
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 43|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , except for electricity generation , the future GFR is predicted to achieve an excellent thermal performance based on a direct Brayton cycle configurations .
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN:NUM|||configuration|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Herranz , Linares , & Moratilla ( 2009 ) predicts that GFR can use a few hunderds MWs to produce heat at a very high temperature.This will satisfy most heat applications of industrial processes .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:SVA|||predict|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:SPELL|||hundred|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , some scientists suggest that the thermal efficiency of GFR can probably be increased from the present level 30 % to higher than 50 % with no additional economic penalty CITATION Her09 \ l 1033 ( Herranz , Linares , & Moratilla , 2009 ) .
+A 31 36|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , this will reinforce the competitiveness of GFR in the energy market of most industries .
+
+S To summarize , GRF can be a favorable energy supply because it can achieve wider range of industry application with minimized radioactive waste .
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||applications|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , it better ensures the safety during operation so that accident risk is lowered .
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , to make such energy supply possible in the future , the development of GFR system should be funded .
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S BIBLIOGRAPHY \ l 1033 Butler , D. ( 2004 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 238-240 .
+
+S Girardin , G. , Rimpault , G. , Morin , F. , Bosq , J. , Coddington , P. , Mikityuk , K. , et al .
+
+S ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Development and characterization of the control assembly system for the large 2400 MWth Generation IV gas-cooled fast reactor .
+
+S Annals of Nuclear Energy , 2206-2218 .
+
+S Hejzar , P. , Pope , M. , Williams , W. C. , & Driscoll , M. ( 2005 ) .
+
+S Gas cooled fast reactor for generation IV service .
+
+S Progress in Nuclear Energy , 271-282 .
+
+S Herranz , L. , Linares , J. , & Moratilla , B .
+
+S Y .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Power cycle assessment of nuclear high temperature gas-cooled reactors .
+
+S Applied Thermal Engineering , 1759-1765 .
+
+S Nuclear power is widely used around the world today .
+
+S There are more than 400 nuclear power plants operating in 30 countries , which supply almost 17 percent of the world 's electricity .
+
+S Scientists debate whether using large amount of nuclear power as an energy resource might bring human benefits .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although some scientists argue nuclear power has negative effects in environment , it is unsafe or security , there are some evidences which show nuclear power yields great benefits such as protecting environment , safer than using traditional power .
+A 4 4|||UNK|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 17|||UNK|||( it is not safe or secure )|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:OTHER|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:NUM|||evidence|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:SVA|||shows|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 32|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 34|||M:OTHER|||and is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , the appearance of nuclear weapon can not be avoided when nuclear power was developed .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||weapons|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Opponents of using nuclear power claim that it has negative impact on the environment because of some accidents which had happened before .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||the use of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , it is inconclusive .
+
+S Despite the fact that the nuclear power plants accidents real pose environmental contamination , it is still relatively not so bad by contrasting with the pollution which is produced by traditional power generation .
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||plant|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:MORPH|||really|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||result in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:ADV|||very|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||R:OTHER|||contrasted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 28|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nuclear power plants produce electricity by using Uranium , but not burning of fuels .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||fuel|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , no air pollutants are released such as nitrogen oxides , sulfur oxides , dust or greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide .
+
+S A research report from University of Michigan ( Ilan Lipper&Jon Stone , 2009 ) shows that USA 's nuclear power plants reduce electric generating emissions of greenhouse gases by 20 percents , or 128 trillion tons per year .
+A 30 31|||R:NOUN:NUM|||percent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Without nuclear power plants , electric generating emissions of NOX would be 2 million tons per year higher and sulfur dioxide would be 5 million tons per year higher .
+
+S Also in France , SO2 and NOX emissions produced in the electric generating were reduced by 71 % and 60 % respectively .
+
+S In addition , nuclear power alleviates the global carbon dioxide producing which is one of the major contributors to the global warming .
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:MORPH|||production|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If 16 percents of the world 's electricity generated by nuclear power plants are replaced by generating using coal , 1,600 million tons of CO2 will annually produced .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||percent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:VERB:TENSE|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Using nuclear power to generate electricity really helps to protect environment .
+
+S Opponents also maintain that nuclear power is not safe .
+
+S They say that the accidents caused by nuclear power plants caused huge harm to human .
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||humans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , such an argument completely ignores the fact that only two accidents happened in the half century of the nuclear age and only a small number of people died due to the accidents .
+
+S At Three Mile Island ( World Nuclear Association , 2009 ) , no people died and no one injured .
+A 18 18|||M:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S At Chernobyl ( World Nuclear Association , 2009 ) , about 50 people died , and 1,500 people got disease from the radioactive emission .
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||suffered from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||diseases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||R:OTHER|||due to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the disease can be treated successfully and less than ten people died .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||diseases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||could|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Comparing with people died in coal mining disaster , this number is very small .
+A 0 1|||R:VERB:FORM|||Compared|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 3|||M:PRON|||who|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||disasters|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to the State Work Safe Supervision Administration ( 2009 ) , 4,749 Chinese coal miners were killed in 2006 .
+
+S The total number of people died during the coal mining accidents is obviously far more than this number .
+A 5 5|||M:PRON|||who|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The final argument advanced by opponents of using nuclear power is that nuclear power can be used to create mass destruction nuclear weapon .
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||the use of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||weapons|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , it is true that whenever a new technology is developed , it is always used for war .
+
+S For example , powder was created in the 9th century .
+
+S At the beginning , it was only applied in acrobatics and later it was used as the energy source for shooting weapons .
+
+S In addition , in the project Apollo 13 , a huge number of new technologies was developed and applied to the spacecraft .
+A 20 21|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Later Americans used those new technologies to create new powerful missiles .
+A 3 4|||R:DET|||these|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , the appearance of nuclear weapons can not be avoided when nuclear power was developed .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , it should be evident that the arguments against using nuclear power are not valid .
+
+S In contrast , nuclear power can replace traditional energy resources very well .
+
+S Moreover , it can help to protect environment and is much safer than using traditional energy resources .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , in my opinion , using large amount of nuclear power as an energy resource can bring human benefits .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:PART|||about|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference :
+
+S Lipper , I & Stone , J .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Nuclear Energy and Society .
+
+S Retrieved October 23 , 2009 from { http : //www.umich.edu/ ~ gs265/society/nuclear.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.umich.edu/ ~ gs265/society/nuclear.htm ]
+
+S State Work Safe Supervision Administration .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S The State Administration of Coal Mine Safety .
+
+S Retrieved October 23 , 2009 , from { http : //www.gov.cn/english/2005- 10/20/content_80531.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.gov.cn/english/2005- % 20 % 20 % 2010/20/content_80531.htm ] World Nuclear Association .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Chernobyl Accident .
+
+S Retrieved October 23 , 2009 from { http : //www.world-nuclear.org/info/chernobyl/inf07.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.world-nuclear.org/info/chernobyl/inf07.html ]
+
+S World Nuclear Association .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Three Mile Island : 1979 .
+
+S Retrieved October 23 , 2009 from { http : //www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf36.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf36.html ]
+
+S The upcoming generation IV reactor
+
+S Global warming and increasing energy demands revive the nuclear energy .
+A 8 8|||M:OTHER|||need for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Aiming at providing " safe , abundant , reliable , inexpensive and proliferation resisitant " , generation IV nuclear reactors ( six concepts ) would operate at high temperatures that enhance productivity and efficiency .
+A 13 14|||R:SPELL|||resistant|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Despite the huge economic and social benefits , the technical hurdles involved in building the reactors are difficult to overcome .
+
+S Furthermore , recycling nuclear waste and producing hydrogen power are under dispute .
+
+S In spite of the controversies , the " very-high-temperature reactors " which is independent of reprocessing nuclear waste and generates hydrogen as by-product , is the most feasible one among the six .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactor|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " With no effective method of disposal , radioactive nuclear waste , such as Caesium giving off Cherenkov radiation , has to be stored on site .
+
+S " says Ed Gersterner , a senior editor of nature Physics .
+A 9 10|||R:ORTH|||Nature|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In recent years , reprocessing nuclear waste has become an alternative.Reprocessing nuclear waste could cut the final amount of waste produced ; meanwhile all the uranium and plutonium could be recovered and reused .
+A 10 11|||R:ORTH|||alternative . Reprocessing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 25|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , the supporters believe that the new generation of nuclear reactor should make use of this technology .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the opponents suggest that recycling nuclear waste is not an effective method .
+
+S " Fuel recycling may look exciting on paper ; in practice , it is part of the problem , not the solution .
+
+S " they argues .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||argue|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reprocessing the nuclear waste endures great economic and political cost .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB|||requires|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First of all , the recovered plutonium and uranium are too active and unstable to be stored safely , and this storage costs a lot .
+
+S The Energy Department of US recently released an industry estimate that a reprocessing plant with an annual capacity of 2,000 metric tons of spent fuel would cost up to $ 20 billion to build while the cost premium for reprocessing spent an extra $ 3 to $ 4.5 billion per year .
+A 6 10|||R:OTHER|||estimated|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 41|||R:VERB|||would need|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , the action endangers global security , which includes deterring terrorism and nuclear weapon proliferation .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB|||engenders|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB|||preventing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " International research effort in advanced reprocessing would itself spread expertise in the chemistry and metallurgy of radioactive elements ; moreover , the recycle would separates out plutonium , a key ingredient of advanced nuclear weapons .
+
+S " says Declan Bulter ( WA2R ) .
+
+S " We ultimately need to put all uranium enrichment and nuclear reprocessing , if any is done , under multinational control .
+
+S " Says John Holdren , US President Barack Obama 's science adviser .
+
+S To safe the environment , we need nuclear energy urgently , excludes nuclear reprocessing .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB|||save|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||UNK|||excluding|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , among six of the new concepts , only VHTR and SCWR fit the condition .
+A 3 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:OTHER|||six|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The main difference between VHTR and SCWR is that the former generates hydrogen as a by-product .
+
+S Hydrogen is a carbon-free and non-toxic fuel that could probably replace oil , especially for transport applications .
+
+S However , the advanced generation and application of hygrogen have not yet been fully developed .
+
+S Due to current technology , hydrogen produced by nuclear reactors is not enough to completely replace gasoline for transport demands , the opponents argues .
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:SVA|||argue|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They also raise concerns about the corresponding infrastructure such as " hydrogen-fuelled cars " and " hydrogen-stations " which have not yet been widely implemented .
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||infrastructures|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " To complete a worldwide , fundamental energy overhaul , we need to exploit the vast , unfulfilled opportunities for fuel efficiency in electric motors , light bulbs , appliances and home heating and cooling .
+
+S " words from Jeffery.D.Sachs , director of the Earh Institute at Columbia Universtiy , implies that gasoline is replaced not only by hydrogen , but also electricity , biofuels , solar energy .
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||. This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:NOUN:INFL|||biofuel|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 30|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The more hydrogen put into use , the better the situation could be .
+A 3 3|||M:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , the hydrogen technology is developing rapidly .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " Hydrogen-powered buses in Germany and Japan have already been successful , and about 50 prototype cars both thermal-combustion and fuel-cell types have so far been tested , with good results .
+
+S " says Louis Schlapbach , a scientist from the National Institute for Materials Science of Japan .
+
+S Hence , the generation of hydrogen is an advantage of VHTR .
+
+S In conclusion , the Very-high-temperature reactors is the most practical and efficient one among the six concepts .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactor|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Because it does not include waste recycling and produces both electricity and hydrogen .
+
+S REFERENCE LIST :
+
+S 1 .
+
+S Gerstner.E ( 2009 ) .
+
+S " Nuclear energy : The hybrid returns " retrieved from { http : //www.nature.com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/news/2009/090701/full/460025a.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.nature.com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/news/2009/090701/full/460025a.html ]
+
+S 2 .
+
+S Nature 's editorial ( 2009 ) " recycling the past " retrived from { http : //www.nature.com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/nature/journal/v439/n7076/full/439509b.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.nature.com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/nature/journal/v439/n7076/full/439509b.html ]
+
+S 3 .
+
+S Lyman.E. ( 2008 ) .
+
+S " Nuclear Reprocessing : Dangerous,Dirty and Expensive " retrieved from { http : //www.ucsusa.org/nuclear_power/nuclear_power_risk/nuclear_proliferation_and_terrorism/nuclear-reprocessing.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.ucsusa.org/nuclear_power/nuclear_power_risk/nuclear_proliferation_and_terrorism/nuclear-reprocessing.html ]
+
+S 4 .
+
+S Butle.D. ( 2004 ) .
+
+S " Nuclear Power 's Dawn " retrieved from { http : //www.nature.com/nature } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.nature.com/nature ]
+
+S 5 .
+
+S Holdren.J. ( 2009 ) .
+
+S " Jhon Holdren " retrieved from { http : //www.nature.com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/news/2009/090408/full/news.2009.346.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.nature.com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/news/2009/090408/full/news.2009.346.html ]
+
+S 6 .
+
+S Sachs .
+
+S J.D. ( 2009 ) " Patronize the Carbon Strategy " retrieved from " Scientific American oneline database " { http : //web.ebscohost.com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/ehost/pdf ? vid = 8&hid = 3&sid = 9f3a7526-9ee8-4509-b7d7-1ee788bc3ce2 % 40sessionmgr4 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //web.ebscohost.com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/ehost/pdf ? vid = 8&hid = 3&sid = 9f3a7526-9ee8-4509-b7d7-1ee788bc3ce2 % 40sessionmgr4 ]
+
+S 7 .
+
+S Schlapbach.L ( 2009 ) .
+
+S " Technology : Hydrogen-Fuelled Vehicles " retrieved from { http : //www.nature.com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/nature/journal/v460/n7257/pdf/460809a.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.nature.com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/nature/journal/v460/n7257/pdf/460809a.pdf ]
+
+S The feasibility and necessity of VHTR
+
+S Nowadays , as industry develops much faster , more energy is needed .
+
+S However , because of more used resources for producing energy , the environmental issues are more serious , for example , the global warming and water pollution .
+A 3 11|||R:OTHER|||more resources are used to produce|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , resources which are used to produce energy are usually not renewable .
+
+S We may have nothing to provide energy in the future .
+
+S For solving these two serious issues , nuclear energy has been proposed as the solution for many years .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||To solve|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many countries have built up nuclear plants which have developed to generation IV .
+A 4 5|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S VHTR is one of plants of Generation IV .
+
+S I think it is necessary and feasible to build VHTR to solve energy issues , although some people hold opposite ideas .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||our|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Opponents always think that building VHTR is very costly .
+
+S They say that related department have to spend too much money on the plants and the revenue can not cover the cost .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||departments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||revenues|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So they think it is not deserved .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||worth it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the cost for VHTR is not as costly as we thought .
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||think it is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It costs only 670 Million dollars .
+A 4 5|||R:ORTH|||million|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This cost can not be considered as high cost to most countries .
+
+S Furthermore , according to " A Technology Roadmap " ( 2002 ) , the VHTR can generate electricity with high efficiency , over 50 % at 1000 ° C , whereas , other reactors can normally have an efficiency of 33 % -50 % .
+A 21 22|||R:PUNCT|||(|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 29|||M:PUNCT|||)|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Hydrogen produced can be used as fuel for vehicles , which can bring another benefit .
+
+S A 600 MWth VHTR dedicated to hydrogen production can yield over 2 million normal cubic meters per day .
+
+S On the whole , VHTR is not only relatively cheap but also can make much profit .
+
+S So , financially it is feasible .
+
+S Opponents hold another opposite ideas that building VTHR is not safe .
+A 1 5|||R:OTHER|||also argue|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They set the Chernobyl nuclear accident as an example to show how dangerous it is to build such plants .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB|||give|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But I think by now they can stop being concerned .
+
+S First , VHTR use helium as coolant .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||uses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Helium is an inert gas , so it does not chemically react with other materials .
+
+S Additionally , in " Thermal Performance and Flow Instabilities " ( n.d. ) , it is said that exposing helium to radiation does not make it radioactive , unlike most other possible coolants .
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||n..d.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Second , there are also some new safety designs to secure the plants .
+
+S For instance , Reactor and gas turbine system is separated from hydrogen production plant in order to isolate the hydrogen plant from reactor system during the abnormal events of hydrogen production plant .
+A 3 4|||M:DET|||the reactor|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 24|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:OTHER|||at a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , also from " A Technology Roadmap " ( 2002 ) , the ongoing 30-MWth HTTR project in Japan is intended to demonstrate the feasibility of reaching outlet temperatures up to 950 ° C coupled to a heat utilization process .
+
+S Plenty of safety designs are put into practice to secure the plants .
+
+S So there is no need to be concerned about the safety of VHTR .
+
+S Some people think that VHTR is not environmental friendly .
+A 7 8|||R:MORPH|||environmentally|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They consider that plants can pollute the environment and waste can not be dealt with well .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB|||argue|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , they do not realize building VTHR is mainly for solving environmental problem .
+A 6 6|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If we utilize traditional resource , such as coal , gas and petrol , there will be much more emission of carbon dioxide .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||resources|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The problem of global warming will be more serious .
+
+S On the other hand , VHTR discharge no carbon dioxide and its product of hydrogen is the cleanest fuel ever found .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||discharges|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 15|||R:OTHER|||the hydrogen it produces|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , Shropshire and Herring ( 2004 ) said that the waste of VHTR will be reprocessed according to the form and will meet the acceptance criteria of the repository .
+A 7 7|||M:PUNCT|||)|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 14|||R:OTHER|||VHTR 's waste|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So , compared with traditional manner , building VHTR is much more environmental friendly .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN|||way|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:MORPH|||environmentally|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To sum up , it is better to build VHTR for solving the energy problem .
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||to solve|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:DET|||our|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , it is necessary and feasible .
+
+S Engineers have overcome the difficulties on cost , safety and environment .
+A 5 6|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So , it is high time to carry out this grand engineering project .
+
+S Hope we can benefit a lot from the VHTR .
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference
+
+S * A Technology Roadmap for Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems ( 2002.December ) retrieved October 18,2009 from { http : //www.ne.doe.gov/genIV/documents/gen_iv_roadmap.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.ne.doe.gov/genIV/documents/gen_iv_roadmap.pdf ]
+
+S * Thermal performance and flow instabilities in a multi-channel , helium-cooled , porous metal divertor module ( n.d. ) retrieved October 18th ,2009 from { http : //cat.inist.fr/ ? aModele = afficheN&cpsidt = 849696 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //cat.inist.fr/ ? aModele = afficheN&cpsidt = 849696 ]
+
+S 3 .
+
+S David E. Shropshire & J. Stephen Herring ( 2004 , October 4th ) .
+
+S Fuel-Cycle and Nuclear Material Disposition Issues Associated with High-Temperature Gas Reactors .
+
+S retrieved October 19th,2009 from { http : //www.osti.gov/bridge/servlets/purl/839371-0esDmO/native/839371.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.osti.gov/bridge/servlets/purl/839371-0esDmO/native/839371.pdf ]
+
+S Dealing with the current increasing demand for energy and the threat of global warming by worldwide nation , the Generation IV International Forum ( GIF ) came up with six generation IV nuclear reactors which were believed to be able to deal with the problems by 2025 ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+A 14 17|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 43|||R:OTHER|||help address|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Based on studies ( Elder & Allen , 2009 ) , these nuclear reactors were capable of replacing gasoline with hydrogen in the long run with its enhanced efficiencies .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the public possessed strong opposition against the building of nuclear reactors .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB|||professes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Despite the concern by the public over the safe operation of the nuclear reactors being built , there is strong evidence that very-high-temperature reactors ( VHTR ) , one of the six generations IV nuclear reactors , could bring positive results for further research and development funding .
+A 0 16|||R:OTHER|||Nevertheless|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactor|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:NOUN:NUM|||generation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 47|||R:OTHER|||through funding further its research and development|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to Butler ( 2004 ) , further research and development funding for the VHTR would mean there will be increasing demand to build a lot more nuclear power plants in hope to replace the gasoline with hydrogen .
+A 8 8|||UNK|||funding for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 14|||R:OTHER|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 31|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:PART|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:VERB:FORM|||replacing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This would results in an especially high cost for the government to bear .
+A 2 3|||R:MORPH|||result|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Yet , the opposing argument ignores the fact that building more nuclear power plants will need time and good management to achieve full results in a long run ( Greenwald , 1991 ) .
+A 25 26|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Supporters argue that with the nuclear power plants being built , it will contribute to the nation by the use of hydrogen being produced for other important usages such as a direct fuel or as feedstock ( Farbman & Brecher , 1975 ) .
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||countries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:NOUN|||uss|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , the nuclear power plants offer life-cycle cost advantage over other energy resources ( Perera , 2004 ) .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It was believed that the nation will profit with the effort and large investments being made to build the nuclear power plants .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||countries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Next , Butler ( 2004 ) states that incident such as the Chernobyl and Three Mile Island which have occurred years ago , left public to be highly traumatized , thus having doubts against the performance of the new generation IV nuclear reactors being proposed by the GIF .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||incidents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 29|||R:OTHER|||highly traumatized the public|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:VERB|||casting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to Butler ( 2004 ) , it was researched that VHTR had the abilities to convert the heat and generate 1.5 times of the electricity compared to the previous generation nuclear power plants being used currently .
+A 8 10|||R:VERB|||has been found|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The high operating temperature VHTR made use of helium as its coolant , as compared to those current normal water coolants being used ( Farbman & Brecher , 1975 ) .
+A 0 31|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Then , another opposed argument being raised states that building of nuclear power plants will make the country more vulnerable to terrorist attack as plutonium is a key ingredient to nuclear weapon ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:FORM|||opposing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 18|||R:OTHER|||countries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||attacks|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:NOUN:NUM|||weapons|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , destruction of nuclear plant will emit radioactive substances which will be detrimental the public of the country and its neighbouring countries ( Elder & Allen , 2009 ) .
+A 14 23|||R:OTHER|||to the whole world|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , research studies ( Butler , 2004 ) shows that VHTR do not undergo waste recycling for which the waste being produced will go directly to repository and this lead to the possibility of obtaining of plutonium ingredients to make nuclear weapons to be low and in turn , increased the security of the nation .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:SVA|||show|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:SVA|||does|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||R:OTHER|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 31|||R:OTHER|||leading|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:OTHER|||less|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 49|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 50 50|||M:OTHER|||thus ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 54 56|||R:OTHER|||countries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the point of view between opposition and the experts and supporters , the new generation nuclear reactors proved to be more effective in terms of cost , performance and its security .
+A 0 14|||U:OTHER|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:TENSE|||prove|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the doubts being raised by public opposition , supporters and experts believed that the nuclear hydrogen production by VHTR has the potential to meet the future 's needs with the nuclear energy .
+A 0 10|||U:OTHER|||Supporters|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:TENSE|||believe|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 33|||R:OTHER|||nuclear energy needs of the future|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , it was reiterated that VHTR , one of the generation IV reactor concepts could be supported for further research and development funding .
+A 2 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||should|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240 .
+
+S Farbman , G.H. , & Brecher , L.E .
+
+S ( 1975 ) .
+
+S Process applications of a very high temperature nuclear reactor ( VHTR ) .
+
+S Conference : 10 .
+
+S Intersociety energy conversion engineering conference , Newark , Delaware , USA , 17 Aug 1975 .
+
+S Perera , J .
+
+S ( 2004 ) .
+
+S Fuelling Innovation - Countries look to the next generation of nuclear power .
+
+S Retrieved October 8 , 2009 from { https : //www.iaea.org/NuclearPower/Downloads/INPRO/Files/INPRO-Publications/IAEABulletin_46_1_ % 202004.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : https : //www.iaea.org/NuclearPower/Downloads/INPRO/Files/INPRO-Publications/IAEABulletin_46_1_ % 202004.pdf ]
+
+S Greenwald , J .
+
+S ( 1991 , April 29 ) .
+
+S Nuclear Power : Time to Choose .
+
+S Time .
+
+S Retrieved October 8 , 2009 from { http : //www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,972823-8,00.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,972823-8,00.html ]
+
+S Elder , R. , & Allen , R. ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Nuclear heat for hydrogen production : Coupling a very high/high reactor to a hydrogen production plant .
+
+S Progress in Nuclear Energy , 51 , 500-523 .
+
+S Nuclear-related issue has always been one of the most important issues of the contemporary system of justice .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||issues|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 17|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The word " nuclear " has always confused the minds of people for years .
+
+S As early as after World War II has ended ; the fear for nuclear research will bring about nuclear weapons has created a situation whereby nuclear researches are kept under strict government regulation .
+A 7 8|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , the nuclear accident which happens on Three Mile Island causes the people to lose confidence for nuclear research .
+
+S According to a report " World population may reach 9.2 billion by 2050 " from the Associated Press , the world 's population is expected to expand from 6.2 billion to 9.2 million people by the end 2050 which will lead to an increase in the demand for energy .
+A 33 34|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 37|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But the current nuclear industry can only maintain its current position of generating 17 % of the world 's electricity .
+
+S Therefore groups of international experts were organized to take up research job to develop a new concept on nuclear reactors .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||concepts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus by comparing the Generation IV reactor concept with the previous generations , we can discover significant advantages .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They are manageable nuclear waste , recognized safety performance and secure nuclear energy .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||better|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Within the concept , the most beneficial reactor will be the Molten Salt Reactor ( MSR ) compared to the Very-High-Temperature Reactor ( VHTR ) and other 4 .
+A 0 1|||R:PREP|||Among|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||concepts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB|||seems to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to the Roadmap for Generation IV from the e-book , VHTR is equipped with a Back-Up emergency core cooling system .
+A 8 9|||R:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This means that it is able to provide makeup water to cool the reactor in the event where lack of coolant and therefore there will not be a significant rise in the temperature easily .
+A 0 35|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S MSR on the other hand is proved to be much safer compared to VHTR .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the process reacting , no high pressure steam is required within the core which means that there will not be very temperature involved compared to VHTR with a 1000oC which will result in a lower risk of explosion .
+A 3 3|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 39|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , MSR uses the Passive emergency core cooling systems .
+
+S In the event of overheating , instead of using additional coolant , the fuel salt will be forced to overflow and the overflow will be safely stored in a tank with cooling system .
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 31|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Because VHTR operate at very high temperature which is near to 1000oC , it is proven to the ability to convert the heat energy to electricity efficiently .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||operates|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:VERB|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition to its process , it is able to produce hydrogen gas which is useful because of hydrogen 's role in emission-free hydrogen fuel cells that can be used in transportation .
+A 2 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But because of the high operating temperature , it means that the materials being use must have the ability to withstand extremely high temperature in order to sustain the process and therefore additional cost is need to research and purchase these materials .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:FORM|||used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:VERB:FORM|||needed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S MSR uses a multi-reheat helium Brayton cycle which is a simplified balance of plant with lower cost and improved efficiency .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||plants|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Because of the low cost , a utility could easily build several such reactors with reduced interest expense and business risk .
+A 6 22|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The improved efficiency is able to reduce fuel waste and emission thus reducing the cost by 50 % .
+
+S Studies have shown that the VHTR is able to produce up to 600MWt which is about 27 times larger compared to MSR with 22MWt .
+
+S The overall plant efficiency of the VHTR is also greater than that of a MSR .
+A 13 14|||R:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But from 2 reports naming " { Very high temperature gas-cooled reactor could burn 65 % of uranium } [ HYPERLINK : http : //nextbigfuture.com/2008/07/very-high-temperature-gas-cooled.html ] " of July 25 , 2008 and " Fuji Molten Salt Reactor " of December 19 , 2007 , clearly states the MSR has a better deep burn capability which is able to fully utilize the fuel .
+A 0 64|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The attractive feature of this MSR fuel cycle is that the fission products has shorter-lived radioactivity .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Generally , modern small reactors for power generation are expected to have greater simplicity of design , economy of mass production , and reduced sitting costs .
+
+S These requirements greatly fit the bill for the MSR .
+
+S Therefore I conclude that MSR has a better stand over the other reactors .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN|||chance|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S E-book-- http : //gif.inel.gov/roadmap/pdfs/gen_iv_roadmap.pdf
+
+S Website-- http : //nextbigfuture.com/2007/12/fuji-molten-salt-reactor.html
+
+S Website-- http : //nextbigfuture.com/2008/07/very-high-temperature-gas-cooled.html http : //www.msnbc.msn.com/id/17605186/
+
+S The consumption of electricity in the world is increasing continually .
+
+S In the long run , there will be a shortage of non-renewable sources of energy that we are using .
+A 15 19|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This raises a need to apply new technology to create power , and building new nuclear reactors such as the very-high- temperature reactors would be a choice to consider .
+A 20 22|||R:ORTH|||very-high-temperature|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the safety and the efficiency of the new generation power plants raise many opposing public concerns .
+
+S Should countries , especially developing ones , sacrifice the funding that would possibly solve poverty and unemployment in order to build new nuclear reactors ?
+
+S The answer , to me , is no .
+
+S Supporters of the new nuclear power plants claim that building new plants will provide unemployed people with job opportunities , both in the construction phase and operation phase .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to DePillis ( 2009 ) , constructing a power plant would require 2,000 people while operating it would involve approximately 500 technicians , reactor operators , engineers , security guards , and administrators .
+
+S However , building new power plants only provides workers with temporary works .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||work|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , the new generation reactors oblige skilled engineers to operate .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB|||require|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , the unemployment rate of China in 2009 is 4 % , which is equal to more than 52 million people ( Central Intelligence Agency , 2009 ) .
+
+S Substantiably , new power plants can not thoroughly solve unemployment .
+
+S If the governments spend the funds on building nuclear power reactors , which , according to The U.S. Department of Energy 's Office of Nuclear Energy ( 2009 ) , is approximately US $ 70.0 million in Fiscal Year 2009 , to do research on agriculture or some other necessary matters , they could help decreasing famine and poverty and providing works for millions of people .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 60 61|||R:VERB:FORM|||provide|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 61 62|||R:NOUN:NUM|||work|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another claim of the supporters is that the new generation would reduce the green house effect , which is worsened by the smoke of the traditional coal-fired power plants .
+
+S Although it is substantiable that smoke released from burning coal is the largest contributor to the human- made increase of CO2 in the air , there are still several unpolluted and renewable replacement such as solar , wind , and tidal energy .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||has been substantiated|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 18|||R:ORTH|||human-made|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:NOUN:NUM|||replacements|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They are free and environmental-friendly sources of energy that we can apply in the future .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB|||use|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , new nuclear power plants still threaten possible leakage of hazardous waste , which could result in a catastrophic accident whose effect could last for decades .
+
+S One typical example is the Chernobyl accident in Ukraine in 1986 , resulted from a flawed reactor design .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Within 4 months , 28 people died from radiation or thermal burns ; another 19 have subsequently died , and there have been around 9 deaths from thyroid cancer apparently due to the accident .
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:TENSE|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As of 2004 , a total of 56 fatalities have been recorded ( World Nuclear Association , 2009 ) .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In a journal in 2004 , Butler showed that the radioactive waste of the very-high-temperature reactors is not recycled ; instead , it goes directly to the repository .
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This raises such awareness that the waste may be leaked either inadvertently or purposefully , any of which would cause another disastrous catastrophe .
+A 2 3|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 4|||M:OTHER|||of the possibility|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 18|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:TENSE|||may|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nuclear energy is a promising source of energy that can replace the traditional power that we are using nowadays .
+A 16 18|||R:VERB:TENSE|||use|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , it is still in researching process , which means that many other problems comprising of health matters and the efficiency of the concept could arise before it can reach the final stage .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||concerning|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , developing countries should first focus on dealing with poverty and unemployment before they can shift the funds on building new nuclear reactors .
+A 16 18|||R:OTHER|||use|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:PART|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:FORM|||build|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Only when the issue is solved and the process of researching the generation IV reactors reaches a stable state should those countries channel the funding into developing the generation IV reactors .
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:DET|||these|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240 .
+
+S Central Intelligence Agency .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S The world factbook .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //www.cia.gov
+
+S DePillis , L. ( 2009 ) .
+
+S A nuclear power plant with a view .
+
+S Slate .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //www.slate.com
+
+S The U.S. Department of Energy 's Office of Nuclear Energy .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Next- generation nuclear energy .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //www.nuclear.energy.gov
+
+S World Nuclear Association .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Chernobyl accident .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //www.world-nuclear.org
+
+S Engineering psychology is defined as the analysis of how man behaves in the designing or constructing of equipment or man-made environments for better usage to meet the demands of its users .
+A 24 31|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On March 27 1977 at Los Rodeos airport , a massive shockwave shook the control towers as the airport witnessed the collision of 2 Boeing 747s , PA1736 and KLM4805 , taking the lives of 522 people .
+A 3 3|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 4|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some argue that the cause of this accident was mainly the result of human errors , thus it would be inevitable even with the best procedures and equipment in place .
+
+S However , in my opinion , the implementation of psychology can help to anticipate some events that led to the accident ; therefore allowing designers to prepare for such emergencies .
+A 10 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||could have helped|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This might have changed the course of action of the pilots and thereby preventing the accident .
+
+S Two major areas that psychology could have helped include the design of the airport and the communication equipment and procedures .
+
+S Skeptics claim that the region usually sees few people and thus there is no need for a larger airport that can accommodate larger planes to be built .
+
+S On the contrary , the construction of the Tenerife south airport in 1978 suggests that more people , rather than less , were visiting the region .
+
+S Still , designers failed to improve the airport to accommodate larger planes such as the Boeing 747 , even when was widely used at that point in time .
+A 20 20|||M:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The use of psychology in this case can help designers to anticipate that the airport would eventually see a Boeing 747 and thus make the necessary preparations .
+A 7 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||could have helped|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One step that can be taken would be to remove sharp 148- degree turns that the PA1736 , a 747 , would not be able to take .
+A 3 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||could have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||R:ORTH|||148-degree|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This might have allowed the PA1736 to make an earlier exit rather than stay on the runway and hence prevent the accident from ever occurring .
+
+S Skeptics also suggest that one main cause of the accident was the Air Traffic Controller 's ( ATC ) choice to use non-standard words in communicating with the pilots despite the fact that radio conventions were already in place at that time .
+
+S It is undeniably true that although psychology can help to produce the best procedures , the accident would have still happened if the ATC chose not to abide by it .
+
+S However , the convention that was used at that time could have been improved to avoid confusion amongst the pilots .
+
+S One way to do so is by the implementation of psychology in the compilation of the radio convention .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S During the accident , the words 'take off ' resulted in a serious misunderstanding between the pilot and the co-pilot of the KLM4805 .
+
+S The pilot mistook the phrase 'take off ' as a clearance rather than a request between the co-pilot and the ATC .
+
+S Moreover , aviation governing bodies such as the International Civil Aviations Organization [ ICAO ] were quick to revise their phrasing convention , replacing all traces of 'take off ' before the actual take off itself to 'departure' .
+
+S Should proper psychology be used in the development of the phrasing convention initially , the pilot would not have executed take off before the clearance was given and hence preventing the accident .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The failure of the respective designers to consider several crucial factors in the airport design and communication phraseology indirectly caused the accident to happen .
+
+S The use of psychology in the design process could have helped the designer to consider these issues more thoroughly and perhaps influencing his decision .
+
+S The result of any of these minor changes could perhaps have prevented the accident from ever occurring .
+
+S References
+
+S Air Line Pilots Association .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S [ Electronic version ] .
+
+S The third left .
+
+S Retrieved 20 October , 2009 , from http : //www.project- tenerife.com/engels/PDF/alpa.pdf
+
+S Aviation Safety Network .
+
+S ( 2009 , 2 March ) .
+
+S Accident description .
+
+S Retrieved October 20 , 2009 , from http : //aviation- safety.net/database/record.php ? id = 19770327-0
+
+S Netherlands Aviation Safety Board ( n.d. ) .
+
+S 1.1 History of the flight .
+
+S Retrieved October 20 , 2009 , from http : //www.project- tenerife.com/nederlands/PDF/finaldutchreport.pdf
+
+S Supercritical-water-cooled Reactor
+
+S Nuclear energy is known as atomic energy .
+
+S It is the energy produced by fusion of atoms in the nucleus .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since long ago , scientists and engineers have made use of nuclear energy in the production of electricity and explosive weapons .
+
+S Infinite nuclear power is combining in the nucleus due to extremely strong force inside every atom in it .
+A 3 5|||R:OTHER|||forms|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From that atomic bomb was developed in the Alamogordo close to the desert on July 16 , 1945.The energy produced by nuclei explosion will cause a lot of heat .
+A 1 2|||R:DET|||this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It can be transformed into water vapor and the water vapor can be used to create electricity .
+
+S Nuclear reactors are being built by the engineers who make and distribute out the nuclear energy .
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S That has to be relatively cheap , safe and that produces greater output efficiency .
+A 0 1|||R:DET|||This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 4|||R:VERB:FORM|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Generation IV International Forum ( GIF ) has been research in the six different types of nuclear reactor methods which they think that it will be the prospect way of producing nuclear energy .
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||researched|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 31|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will produce|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Among this six reactor technologies , I am going to argue why people should make further research and development on one of the reactors called Supercritical-water-cooled reactors ( SCWR ) .
+A 20 25|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After the Three Mile Island Explosion people had a bad impact in production of nuclear energy since they have been suffered from the accident .
+A 7 7|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN|||impression|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 24|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However in recent century according to the survey done by Nuclear Energy Institute on September 29 , 2008 it shows that 74 percent of American is supported for nuclear energy while 24 percent opposed .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 4|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 21|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Americans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 27|||R:VERB:TENSE|||support|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:VERB:FORM|||oppose|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , nuclear energy has been the second largest source of electricity in America 's after coal .
+
+S In addition it did not produce carbon dioxide which can lead to global warming .
+A 2 2|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||does|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Then there are still technical problem in inventing the next generation of reactor .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S That is why if researcher can overwhelm that problem , then new generation will have energy which is " clean , secure , plentiful , dependable , cost-effective , secure from terrorist attacks and proliferation resistant " .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||researchers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB|||overcome|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Among the six reactor technologies , four of the systems have been achieved the most significant operating experience , it have been deducted that it did n't release plutonium waste .
+
+S Thus they will be operated as a commercial reactor in earlier 2030.The SCWR is among them .
+
+S In order to produce efficient thermal energy , it needs to operate over the cutting point of water ( 374 degree C , 22MPa ) .Therefore we called it supercritical water-cooled reactor .
+
+S The supercritical water ( 510-550 degree C ) is used to protect the water from boiling at temperature up to 500 degree C which directly drives turbine , without any secondary steam system .
+
+S There are two designs called pressure vessel and pressure tube are involved .
+
+S All the common safety is same to simple boiling water reactors .
+
+S Moreover it is open fuel cycle option , use uranium oxide as fuel can improve in production .
+
+S Due to the uncomplicated design and efficiency , it is low cost in construction and use is said by ( Jacopo Buongiorno , 2004 ) .
+
+S The only thing we need to make research is on the corrosion and stress , water chemistry , ultra strong non-brittle materials which all can be least to the safety .
+
+S Since it is hard to create a technology which is 100 percent safe , if nuclear engineers can overcome this problem , the world will have new energy which is cheap , clean , safe and proliferation resistant .
+
+S Moreover Japan , Erratum and Canada have signed on to System Arrangement ( SA ) for the SCWR under the Framework Agreement .
+
+S That 's why people should make further research and development on the Supercritical-water-cooled reactors ( SCWR ) which will be one of our future electricity fuels .
+
+S Accident at Three Mile Island , a Retrospective Introspection .
+
+S The main feed-water pumps ceased running , owing to a technical failure , and caused the reactor to heat up and pressurize .
+
+S The pilot operated relief valve opened , but contrary to what the operators assumed , it did not close .
+
+S Nobody knew that coolant water was leaking out of the reactor , since there was no clear signal indicating the status of the valve .
+
+S The subsequent series of action of the operators only made conditions worse , until the hydrogen exploded , consequent of the complete meltdown of the reactor ( U.S.NRC , 2009 ) .
+
+S The meltdown at Three Mile Island ( TMI ) can be considered as the biggest engineering accident in the U.S. nuclear history ( U.S.NRC , 2009 ) .
+
+S Technical errors of the system , combined with human errors , led to a series of wrong decisions , confusion , and subsequently aggravations .
+
+S In the article " Psychology and the Design Process " , Bernhard asserts that the accident at TMI was caused by the 'little understood interaction of factors ' from different system levels ; rather than a 'single component failure ' or technical error ( Bernhard 2007 ) .
+A 32 33|||R:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S He calls this 'interaction of factors ' the consequent of the lack in consideration of psychology during the design process .
+
+S In other words , should we have better understood this interaction of factors , and anticipated the possible errors during the design process ; we could actually prevent the accident at TMI from happening .
+A 23 24|||R:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This stand is highly debatable , and we will be basing our debate on 3 out of 5 of Bernhard 's major areas of psychological consideration during the design process .
+
+S We will see that it was the lack of consideration in terms of preparatory work obtained from commitment , identifying safer options , and monitoring and evaluating implementations ( Bernhard , 2007 ) that caused the accident at TMI .
+
+S We assert that if these factors were more holistically considered , then the outcome could have been reversed .
+A 6 9|||R:OTHER|||had more holistically been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We will also consider various objections to the effectiveness of psychology to prevent the accident , and assert that such objections are falsifiable .
+
+S One of the most heated objections is that the cause of error actually lies in the technical malfunctioning of the relief valve , not out of the lack of safety considerations ( U.S.NRC ) .
+
+S The valve was designed to close automatically , but remained open for various reasons which we still do not know .
+
+S Proponents of the man-machine view believe that it was ultimately a freak error , and not a psychological error , that resulted in the inability to close the valve and prevent overheating .
+
+S However , such claims tend to be speculative and over focused .
+
+S Yes , it 's true that initially it was due to the malfunction of the instrument , but it had been asserted that even so , the accident could still be prevented at that point in time .
+
+S Rather , " It was the subsequent series of baffling and contradictory information that made plant operators shut off the emergence water system that would have cooled the core ( Chana Gazit 1999 ) , turning the problem into a mishap .
+A 29 29|||M:PUNCT|||"|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The meltdown was not caused by a single event , but rather by a series of wrong decisions and actions .
+
+S Should the operators have a better schema on emergency response , or if the information output by the reactor was designed to be more conclusive , then such confusion would not arise , and the meltdown would have been prevented .
+
+S Opponents may also maintain that the reason why the use of psychology could not have changed the situation is because of its subjective and inconclusive nature .
+
+S They assert that the use of psychology is no more than a whimsical 'what if ' speculation after witnessing a real-life situation goes wrong .
+
+S Indeed , there is always room for criticism of 'why did n't you think of a better mousetrap ' after a particular design failure .
+
+S Similarly , we could retrospect the accident at TMI to see that there is always room for improvement , and then conveniently tag one of Bernhard 's safety design process to claim that the meltdown could have been prevented with a little extra attention in psychology during the design process .
+
+S However , due overwhelming possibilities for error , such introspection for potential sources of error is almost practically impossible during the design process .
+A 3 3|||M:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This premise leads to their conclusion that nothing could have been done , on the part of psychology , to change the situation should things went wrong .
+A 25 26|||R:VERB:FORM|||go|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To this , we must look at the nature of psychology .
+
+S Indeed , psychology has its roots from speculations , primarily owing to its roots in the philosophy of mind .
+
+S Structuralism , the first movement of psychology , banks its primary research tool on introspection , literally 'looking within ' ( Kosslyn/ Rosenberg 2006 ) .
+
+S However it has since evolved as an empirical science to include realistic models and hypotheses .
+
+S Such models were set to ensure that there is no chance for an accident to occur , and if it did , be quickly resolved before it becomes a catastrophe .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:TENSE|||does|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Psychologist James Reason 's Swiss Cheese Model was adopted by the US department of defense to conclusively pin-point the four possible stages of error during the designing , planning and execution phases ( Department of Defence 2005 , qtd by Illinois 2008 ) .
+
+S Many multinational corporations have also employed psychologists to scientifically monitor the psychological states of their employees .
+
+S For a fact that such models were not considered during the design process at TMI , instead shows the lack of preparatory work from commitment ( Bernhard 2007 ) , one of Bernhard 's major areas of psychological consideration .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Now , one of the ways the use of psychology could have possibly prevented the accident at TMI would be if it had identified safer options during the design process ( Bernhard 2007 ) .
+A 20 26|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This included the consistent functional review of instruments and constant search question identifications ( Bernhard 2007 ) .
+
+S Indeed , we have to admit that there were existing safety considerations in place , since there were instruments to allow feedback of reactor status to the operators .
+
+S But we can claim that such psychological considerations for occupational safety were not holistic enough- since there was evidently nothing to indicate the valve 's actual position .
+
+S Such a fact can be succinctly summarized as a failure in consideration of identifying safer options during design .
+
+S Should greater consideration be place on the designing of the valve to ensure accurate feedback ( and potential safety ) when the reactor core is not functioning as per normal , it can be argued that the problem would have been identified by then , and a meltdown would not have occurred then .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:FORM|||placed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , it was evident that there was inadequate monitoring and evaluating of Implementations at TMI ( Bernhard 2007 ) .
+A 13 14|||R:ORTH|||implementations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After the initial failure to identify the status of the valve , subsequent reactions by the operators were what one could be described as 'firefighting' .
+
+S According to the account provided by the World Nuclear association , the operators reduced the flow of replacement water because their training told them that the water level as the only indication of the amount of cooling water in the reactor .
+A 28 29|||R:OTHER|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Then , when the pressure kept increasing , their training made them assume that the reactor was too full of water , instead of the actual truth that it was lacking in water ( World Nuclear Association , 2001 ) .
+
+S This leads rise to the psychological concept of Schemas or a human 's collection of information and practiced evocation of knowledge , behavior or required action... ( Illinois 2008 ) .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB|||gives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this case , the designed Schema that compliments the design of the reactor itself , imparted by the designers ( engineers ) to the operators , was insufficient and not properly planned for mishap .
+
+S Failure in safety design is not restricted only in terms of instruments , but also in the design of accompanying operating instructions .
+
+S Such monitoring and evaluation of implementations were fundamentally lacking .
+
+S Implementations in this context , would be the contingency plan should the reactor go awry .
+
+S From the above arguments , we can see that the considerations of psychology are much more than a convenient 'tag-along ' during both the design and execution process .
+A 26 26|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In summary , it was the failure to identify safer options during the design process , to monitor and evaluate these implementations , and the lack of preparatory work from commitment , as seen from the failure to consider safety models , that had brought about the accident at TMI .
+
+S Systems are designed by humans , and for humans .
+
+S Hence , design considerations have to be constantly tied into the man-machine interface to ensure that both man and machine are at ease during operation and contingent when problems arise .
+A 26 27|||R:OTHER|||prepared|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Such a list is not exhaustive , and much more detailed considerations could be introduced .
+
+S But in the meantime , we have definitely proven that the use of psychology is mandatory , and could definitely have prevented the TMI accident , had relevant safety considerations be made during its design process .
+A 30 31|||R:VERB:FORM|||been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Argumentative Essay for the Supercritical-Water-cooled Reactor
+
+S Nuclear power plants , which produce minimum global warming emissions when they operate , give a relatively high thermal efficiency .
+
+S Therefore , nuclear power is considered as potential energy options to ease the deteriorating energy problem we are facing today .
+
+S For example , the United States now acquires roughly 20 percent of its electricity from 104 nuclear plants ( Butler , D. 2004 ) .
+
+S However , the further research and development of nuclear power plants could also raise widespread concern for human safety that results from worries about both massive radioactive releases due to power plant meltdown or terrorist attack and the access these nuclear reactors provide to the materials that can be used to make nuclear weapons .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In spite of the growing concern , the Supercritical-Water-cooled Reactor ( SCWR ) , representing advances in sustainability , economics , safety , reliability and proliferation-resistance ( Idaho National Laboratory , 2007 ) , is the proper concepts for further research and development .
+A 37 38|||R:NOUN:NUM|||concept|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although this nuclear reactor concept faces issues of high requirement of materials , past record of cost overruns , and nuclear safety threat , it still prevails because of the promising research on needed materials , simplified design , and advanced design features in proliferation and safety .
+
+S The most obvious controversy over the Supercritical-Water-cooled Reactor is about the materials .
+
+S Opponents claim that the Supercritical-Water-cooled Reactor is supposed to operate at superior thermodynamic condition , which refers to the operating pressure as high as 25MPa and the maximum temperature of more than 500 ° C .
+
+S Compared with current Light-Water-cooled Reactors , the Supercritical-Water-cooled Reactor raises the operating temperature in outlet coolant from 300 ° C to 500 ° C .
+
+S Furthermore , the supercritical water environment may also cause some compatibility issues in practice .
+
+S The materials used in this reactor must be capable to withstand various supercritical water conditions that range from the low temperature inlet at 280 ° C to the outlet at above 500 ° C , and from a compressed liquid to a fluid nearly an order of magnitude less dense than ordinary water as the supercritical water traverses the core from bottom to top .
+
+S Besides the wide range , in extreme conditions , the operating temperature can reach 840 ° C ( Idaho National Laboratory , 2007 ) .
+
+S Opponents of the Supercritical-Water-cooled Reactor claim that the existing materials are not qualified for the Supercritical-Water-cooled Reactor and the advanced materials under current research are not economic enough .
+
+S According to Alain Bugat , who heads France 's Atomic Energy Commission , there is a considerable gap in the fundamental research .
+
+S " This is a long-term research ; if we have a working demo of some of the designs by 2030 we will be doing well .
+
+S " said Alain Bugat ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S However , the research on advanced materials is promising .
+
+S Japan 's Atomic Energy Research Institute based in Kashiwa already managed to operate a similar high-temperature engineering test reactor at Oarai .
+
+S The reactor is reported to have reached the maximum operating temperature of 950 C for the first time in research ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S On the hand , the cost-effectiveness is inconclusive .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||However|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Climate 2030 : A National Blueprint for a Clean Energy Economy , the recent UCS report has pointed out that nuclear plants are not the most economical approach to realize our ambitious targets for cutting global warming emission through 2030 ( " Nuclear Power : a " , n.d. ) .
+
+S Nevertheless , it also shows that it remains difficult to predict the cost-effectiveness of using nuclear power as electricity supply to homes and businesses after 2030 when no projections are made on technology advances past that point .
+
+S Therefore , we can still expect the cost to fall during further research and development in finding the material qualified for the Supercritical-Water-cooled Reactor .
+
+S Opponents also maintain that building nuclear plants is likely to induce cost overruns .
+
+S They say that there are several records of cost overruns of building nuclear plants and the high construction costs have been and will continue to be the " economic Achilles ' heel of the nuclear plants " .
+
+S For instance , in the article Nuclear Power : a Resurgence We ca n't Afford ( 2009 ) , the scientists from the Union of Concerned Scientists stated that utilities ' cost overruns of building nuclear power plants during the 1970s and 1980s averaged more than 200 percent .
+
+S In October 2008 , the cost of building one nuclear plant is estimated to be roughly S $ 9 billion .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In 2009 , the cost overruns of Olkiluoto plant in Finland have reportedly topped 50 percent ( Kanter 2009 ) .
+
+S However , opponents of the Supercritical-Water-cooled Reactor have neglected the fact that this new nuclear plant is not completely the same as any nuclear plants that have ever been constructed .
+
+S According the Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems Ten-year Program Plan prepared by the Idaho National Laboratory ( 2007 ) , the Supercritical-Water-cooled Reactor is designed upon two proven technologies .
+
+S One is the Light-Water-cooled Reactors , which are the most widely deployed nuclear reactors generating power in the world ; the other is supercritical fossil-fired boilers , many of which are applied in industry throughout the world .
+
+S Additionally , since the Supercritical-Water-cooled Reactor uses supercritical water as coolant , its design features considerable simplification by reducing the containment volume and eliminating the need for recirculation and jet pumps , pressurizer , steam generators , steam separators and dryers ( Idaho National Laboratory , 2007 ) .
+A 32 33|||R:NOUN:NUM|||pressurizers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , because of the above simple design features and proven technology basis , it is possible to run the Supercritical-Water-cooled Reactor at relatively low cost .
+
+S The final argument held by opponents of the Supercritical-Water-cooled Reactor is that the nuclear power plants provide access to materials that can be used to make nuclear weapons and the potential massive radioactive releases are threat to human safety and security .
+
+S Despite the public 's growing concerns over nuclear safety , the Supercritical-Water-cooled Reactor can clear people 's doubt due to its safety features .
+
+S According to the roadmap of the Generation IV Reactors , to which the Supercritical-Water-cooled Reactor belongs , the new nuclear reactors , unlike any of the current Generation III Reactors , are the representatives of advancement in sustainability , safety , and reliability .
+
+S They are resistant to diversion of materials for proliferation and secure from terrorist attacks , too .
+
+S Moreover , the simplified safety features of the Supercritical-Water-cooled Reactor are independent of all the sophisticated backup system or experienced operators .
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||systems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , these features are all " meltdown proof " due to the reactors ' basic principles .
+
+S According to Butler , D ( 2004 ) , the Supercritical-Water-cooled Reactor can cool down all by itself when it encounters an accident without any technical support from experienced operators .
+
+S Thus , terrorist attacks to the Supercritical-Water-cooled Reactor may be the last concern for the public and nuclear weapon proliferation may be effectively controlled due to the new reactors ' safety features coupled with enhanced strategies to manage the nuclear fuels and materials in the international markets .
+
+S To sum up , I firmly reckon that the Supercritical-Water-cooled Reactor is the most suitable nuclear reactor concept for further research and development , despite the issues of high requirement of materials , the potential cost overruns , and the threat of nuclear safety and nuclear proliferation , because the Supercritical-Water-cooled Reactor 's advantages of promising research on advanced materials , simplified designed factors , safety design features and resistance to nuclear proliferation overweigh the problems it faces today .
+
+S Reference
+
+S International Atomic Energy Agency .
+
+S ( 2008 ) .
+
+S The Role of Instrumentation and Control Systems in Power Uprating Projects for Nuclear Power Plants .
+
+S Vienna : IAEA .
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240 Idaho National Laboratory .
+
+S ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems Ten-year Program Plan.Volume I , External Release .
+
+S Retrieved from https : //inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt ? open = 514&objID = 2604&mode = 2
+
+S Idaho National Laboratory .
+
+S ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems Ten-year Program Plan.Volume I , External Release , Appendix 2.0 Supercritical-Water-Cooled Reactor .
+
+S Retrieved from https : //inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt ? open = 514&objID = 2604&mode = 2
+
+S Idaho National Laboratory .
+
+S ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems Ten-year Program Plan.Volume I , External Release , Appendix 9.0 Materials .
+
+S Retrieved from https : //inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt ? open = 514&objID = 2604&mode = 2
+
+S Gronlund , L. , Lochbaum , D. , & Lyman , E. ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power in a warming world .
+
+S Assessing the Risks , Addressing the Challenges .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //www.ucsusa.org/assets/documents/nuclear_power/nuclear-power-in-a-warming-world.pdf
+
+S Union of Concerned Scientists .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Nuclear Power : A Resurgence We Ca n't Afford .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //www.ucsusa.org/assets/documents/nuclear_power/nuclear-economics-fact-sheet.pdf
+
+S Schlissel , D. , Mullett , M. & Alvarez , R. ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Nuclear Loan Guarantees , Another Taxpayer
+
+S Bailout Ahead ? .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //www.ucsusa.org/assets/documents/nuclear_power/nuclear-loan-guarantees.pdf
+
+S Nuclear energy is a source of energy which originates from the splitting of uranium atoms in a process called fission .
+
+S At the power plant , the fission process is used to generate heat for producing steam , which is used by a turbine to generate electricity .
+
+S ( Westinghouse Electric Company LLC , 2009 ) Nuclear energy started in 1942 .
+
+S Till date , there are 436 active nuclear power plants and they generate more than 370,221 Megawatts of electricity which constitute to 16 % of the world 's total energy consumption .
+A 21 22|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nuclear energy is used because it does not produce carbon dioxide which causes greenhouse effect .
+
+S Also , nuclear energy does not rely on oil and coal which are limited resources and its energy generation is the most concentrated compared to other sources of energy .
+
+S Despite the benefits of nuclear energy , few nuclear reactors have been built in the past few decades in many countries due to public opposition .
+
+S Nuclear leak is the fear that most people have after the Bhopal incident which occurred in 1984 .
+
+S It continues to evoke strong emotions even after 25 years later .
+
+S ( Union Carbide Corporation , 2001 ) However , as time goes by , new reactor concepts have been developed and the aspects of safety and performance have been improved .
+
+S Therefore , I feel that we should allow further research and development funding for nuclear energy so that it can our future source of energy .
+A 20 20|||M:VERB|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are 6 new generation IV reactor concepts which have been developed : gas-cooled reactor ; lead-cooled reactor ; molten salt reactor ; sodium-cooled fast reactor and very-high-temperature reactor .
+A 15 16|||R:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this essay , I will be using the " very-high- temperature reactor " ( VHTR ) due to several deciding factors .
+
+S Firstly , the concept of VHTR is the most practical among the 6 reactor concepts .
+
+S Similar concept has been tested out in Oarai , Japan and the test run was successful as it reached its operating goal of 950 Degree Celsius .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||A concept similar to that of VHTR|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the reactor operates at such a high temperature , it can be use to split hydrogen from water thermochemically .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:FORM|||used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hydrogen can be used as fuel cells to convert the gas into electricity for cars and homes .
+
+S VHTR can also operate without having to depend on the controversial reprocessing of plutonium waste which will deter terrorism and prevent nuclear weapon proliferation .
+
+S ( Nature , 2004 )
+
+S Terrorism has became the world 's concern after the " 911 " incident which happened in New York City , USA .
+
+S As nuclear weapon can be very destructive and deadly , people are afraid that nuclear power plants will be a potential target for terrorists .
+
+S Therefore , security at the nuclear plants must be able to counter nuclear weapon proliferation as well as terrorist attacks .
+
+S VHTR concept has handled the issue on security .
+
+S As the waste recycling is not needed in the operational process , plutonium , which is a key ingredient of advanced nuclear weapon , will not be easily obtained from reprocessing waste .
+
+S Thus , counter nuclear weapon proliferation .
+
+S Furthermore , terrorist attacks on nuclear plant will not be of great destruction as compared to the 911 incident .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||plants|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The percentage of destruction on nuclear plant by a large aircraft being used to attack a nuclear facility with the purpose of releasing radioactive materials is close to zero .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The US department of energy concluded that reactor structures are robust and would protect the fuel from impacts of large commercial aircraft .
+
+S ( Hardy & Haven , 1999 ) .
+
+S Critics may argue that there is no foolproof plan to deter terrorism .
+
+S Despite the lesson learnt after the 911 incident , several terrorist attacks were still conducted such as the Bali and London bombings .
+
+S However , news of nuclear terrorism is very rare as compared to other acts of terrorism .
+
+S Nuclear plants have counter terrorism structures and systems to prevent terrorist attacks .
+
+S As terrorist attacks are becoming more sophisticated and deadly , we will need the help of research and development to come out with new systems and structures to counter terrorism .
+
+S Operational safety is a prime concern for people working in nuclear plants .
+
+S Workers working in a nuclear plant are prone to radiation doses .
+
+S However , workers need not worry about it as radiation doses are controlled by the use of remote handling equipment , physical shielding and limiting the time workers spend in nuclear plant .
+A 7 8|||R:PRON|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 30|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Levenson , M. & Rahn , F. 1981 ) Others may argue that accidents are inevitable .
+
+S However , based on statistics , the number of fatalities in nuclear plants caused by operational accident is the lowest compared to other energy plants .
+
+S ( Ball , Roberts & Simpson , 1994 ) Therefore , we can say that nuclear plant is the safest to work in compared to other energy generation plants .
+A 16 18|||R:OTHER|||plants are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S New equipments that will protect workers from radiation doses can be obtain through research and development .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:FORM|||obtained|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Bhopal nuclear incident which was due to worker 's carelessness has fear among people .
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||still induces|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The educational and experience level of the workers working in nuclear plants need to be of certain standard .
+
+S As nuclear accidents can be devastating such as the Chernobyl incident , we need to carefully select people to work in nuclear plants .
+
+S However , critics may argue that human error can not be avoided if human is involved in the process .
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||humans are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Then , to minimize human error , one way is to minimize manual labor and computerize the whole operating process .
+
+S Therefore , we need research and developments to explore the possibility of computerize the operating process .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||development|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:FORM|||computerizing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Cost and performance of nuclear plant is two of the main factors that people will look into before deciding whether to invest in it .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||plants|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:PRON|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Cost will include the operating and maintenance cost and performance is determined by the amount of output energy it can achieve .
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||a nuclear plant|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Based on an article published by U.S .
+
+S DOE Nuclear Energy Research Advisory Committee and the Generation IV International Forum on December 2002 , the estimated cost of building and maintaining VHTR nuclear plant is one of the lowest compared to the other generation IV reactor concepts .
+A 12 13|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The article also stated that the efficiency of VHTR exceeds fifty percent which is the highest among the six reactors .
+A 12 12|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We can not deny that the advantages of having VHTR are through years of research and development .
+A 11 11|||M:VERB|||gained|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , we can not stop the research and development process if we want to continue to have a better energy source
+A 22 22|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , I support further research and development funding for nuclear power as a source of energy for the future .
+
+S Research and development is an important process that will bring up the standard of human life .
+
+S As we traced the history of nuclear power since 1942 till today , we can see that there is a vast improvement in the field of nuclear energy in terms of global security , operational safety , automating the process , cost and performance .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||trace|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 38|||R:OTHER|||automation of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We can not be contended with the result that we currently have .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||results|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Research and development needs to be done consistently so that we can better improve the concept of nuclear reactor in the future .
+
+S From the trend and progress of nuclear energy , I can predict that the future will rely very much on nuclear energy to power the world .
+
+S Reference ( s )
+
+S 1 .
+
+S Ball , Roberts & Simpson , Research Report # 20 , Centre for Environmental & Risk Management , University of East Anglia , 1994
+
+S 2 .
+
+S Carbide Corporation , 2001 .
+
+S http : //www.bhopal.com/
+
+S 3 .
+
+S Levenson , M. & Rahn , F. 1981 .
+
+S http : //www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf06.html
+
+S 4 .
+
+S Nature , 2004 .
+
+S www.nature.com/nature
+
+S 5 .
+
+S Westinghouse Electric Company LLC , 2009 .
+
+S http : //www.westinghousenuclear.com/Community/WhatIsNuclearEnergy.shtm
+
+S Generation IV reactors
+
+S The funding for generation IV reactors has always been a controversial issue .
+
+S One of the Generation IV concepts include sodium-cooled fast reactors .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The controversy is that some people believe that all nuclear reactors bring disasters after the accidents in Chernobyl in 1986 and the accident in the Three Mile Island in 1979 .
+
+S However , the funding for the research and development for the generation IV reactors is a must as there is an increasing need for energy these days .
+
+S Furthermore , the issue of global warming also arises and nuclear power would help reduce the greenhouse gases that cause global warming .
+
+S In addition to that , generation IV nuclear reactors also reduce the waste produced after the generation of the energy .
+
+S However , opponents may argue that the funding for such reactors may not be useful as it is expensive to construct and the resources used in the funding of the nuclear reactors could be used to further enhance renewable resources currently available .
+A 16 18|||R:OTHER|||they are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They also argue that nuclear reactors are not safe as there had been previous accidents in nuclear plants .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The two main accidents cited by the opponents are the Chernobyl accident and the accident in the three-mile Island .
+
+S For this case investing in the nuclear reactors would not go to the waste .
+
+S However , opponents might argue that resources could be diverted to research more into renewable resources .
+A 11 13|||R:WO|||more research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , research had been done and there was no potential into further improving the process of tapping renewable energy but there is potential in nuclear power and hence the funding is required to carry on .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 11|||R:OTHER|||no potential has been reported|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||M:PUNCT|||. But|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , the world today require more energy and the energy demand is not met with the existing renewable resources as they have their own limitations .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:SVA|||requires|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For , example , wind energy can not be tapped on non-windy days and solar energy can not be tapped at night .
+
+S This causes a country to lose out its profits as the production in industries could not be carried out if there is not enough energy supply .
+
+S Hence , due to our growing energy needs we need to concentrate on the generation IV Reactors .
+
+S Italy initially constructed 4 nuclear reactors but shut all of them down after the Chernobyl accident .
+
+S However the Prime Minister of Italy , Berlusconi , and the President of France , Nicolas Sarkozy , signed an agreement which states that that the both countries would work together to bring back nuclear power in Italy .
+A 24 25|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:OTHER|||two|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Initially , Italy had no back up energy source on its own and need to depend on other countries .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:FORM|||needed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S CITATION Ita09 \ l 1033 ( Italy , 2009 ) In fact , Italy had more than 80 % of its energy supplied by other countries CITATION nuc08 \ l 1033 ( Italy n. , 2008 ) .
+A 0 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 37|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Italy now plans to build nuclear reactors as it does not want to depend heavily on other countries for energy .
+
+S If the country supplying power to Italy decides to stop importing power to it , Italy 's economy would come to a halt .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB|||exporting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , it would destabilize the society and would potentially cause political instability as people would be unhappy with no electricity in the country .
+
+S For example , citizens living in the village Banthara did not participate in the elections in India as they were upset over having little access to electricity CITATION Kam09 \ l 1033 ( Hajela , 2009 ) .
+A 27 32|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , nuclear power is required for social peace and to meet the increasing energy demand .
+
+S Therefore , research and funding would be necessary for generation IV reactors .
+
+S Opponents might also argue that nuclear reactors are expensive to construct .
+
+S However , the claim is not true .
+
+S Nuclear suppliers reported that the newer plants actually only require 10 to 40 % of the price needed to build the first plant .
+
+S Also , the generation IV reactors are researched as a consortium .
+
+S Hence , the countries can benefit from Economies Of Scale and create Monopoly .
+
+S This would cause profit for the reactors .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB|||bring|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , if nuclear power is not used , then the world 's economy could not progress as the energy input is not met .
+
+S Hence , there would be more loss to the world if production stops .
+
+S Therefore , research and funding for Generation IV reactors is necessary .
+
+S CITATION joh06 \ l 1033 ( madslein , 2006 ) .
+
+S Funding for generation IV nuclear reactors would be useful as they help reduce greenhouse gases .
+
+S The Massachusetts institute of technology reported that more than 40 percent of the greenhouse gases produced would be attributed to the burning of fossil fuels by 2020 CITATION Lau08 \ l 1033 ( Sullivan , 2008 ) .
+A 2 5|||R:ORTH|||Institute of Technology|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 32|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , using the generation IV nuclear reactors would reduce the emission of greenhouse gases as a method known as nuclear fission is applied to tap energy .
+
+S The energy after the uranium is burnt in the fission process is used to vaporize water to produce steam which is then used to turn turbine to produce electricity CITATION Gab07 \ l 1033 ( Gache , 2007 ) .
+A 29 34|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , if power from six nuclear reactors is used in Australia instead of fossil fuels , the greenhouse emission in Australia alone would reduce by 4 % .
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:TENSE|||be reduced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , further research and funding is necessary for generation IV concepts as they help reduce the effect of global warming .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , opponents backtrack to the accidents on Chernobyl and the three-mile island and argue that funding should not be given for generation IV reactors .
+
+S However , the accidents happened in the past .
+
+S Furthermore , the new generation IV reactors are more safe and also help combat future climate changes .
+
+S The generation IV reactors are not only safe to operate as they are machine operated , but also reduce greenhouse gases that the current energy sources produce .
+A 17 17|||M:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To sum it all , funding for the generation IV concepts is necessary as there is an increasing energy demand today .
+
+S Also , a country can not depend solely on other countries for its energy as it would cause socio-economic problems .
+
+S Furthermore , nuclear power helps reduce greenhouse gases and help combat climate change .
+
+S Also , the plant is not very expensive to construct as the opponents claim .
+
+S Hence , the funding for the Generation IV nuclear reactors is a useful one .
+
+S References
+
+S Gache , G. ( 2007 , November 2 ) .
+
+S Better Computers are Needed to Run the Nuclear Reactors .
+
+S SOFTPEDIA .
+
+S Retrieved November 2 , 2007,from http : //news.softpedia.com/news/Better-Computers-are- Needed-to-run-the-Nuclear-Reactors-69850.shtml
+
+S Hajela , K. ( 2009 , April 13 ) .
+
+S Shortage of electricity provokes UP villagers to boycott polls .
+
+S Breaking News 24/7 .
+
+S Retrieved April 13 , 2007 , from { http : //blog.taragana.com/n/shortage-of-electricity-provokes-up-villagers-to-boycott-polls-28195/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //blog.taragana.com/n/shortage-of-electricity-provokes-up-villagers-to-boycott-polls-28195/ ]
+
+S Italy is back to nuclear power .
+
+S ( 2008 , May 22 ) .
+
+S Italy to 'Revive nuclear Power' .
+
+S BBC NEWS .
+
+S Retrieved May22,2008 , from { http : //news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7415496.stm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7415496.stm ]
+
+S Italy 's nuclear venture .
+
+S ( 2009 , April15 ) .
+
+S Nuclear Europe : Country Guide .
+
+S BBC NEWS .
+
+S Retrieved April15 , 2009 , from C : \ Users \ AdminNUS \ Desktop \ BBC NEWS Europe Nuclear Europe Country guide.mht
+
+S Madslein,J .
+
+S ( 2006 , July 10 ) .
+
+S Invertors to calculate nuclear returns .
+
+S BBC NEWS .
+
+S Retrieved July10,2006 , From C : \ Users \ AdminNUS \ Desktop \ BBC NEWS Business Investors to calculate nuclear returns.mht
+
+S Sullivan , L.O .
+
+S ( 2008 , April1 ) .
+
+S Lowering Greenhouse Gas Emission.Suite101.com.Retrieved April1,2008 , From http : //environmentalism.suite101.com/article.cfm/lowering _greenhouse_gas_emissions
+
+S People usually have the misconception of nuclear power .
+
+S Whenever people heard of the word " nuclear " , they usually associate this word with nuclear warfare , radiation emitted by nuclear and all the possible detrimental impacts that nuclear can cause ( Donald , 2004 ) .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||hear|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 31|||M:NOUN|||power|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S People have this misconception because they think that nuclear is actually a very lethal " weapon " .
+A 9 9|||M:NOUN|||power|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the public usually forgets the fact that nuclear can actually be a rich source of energy and is able to have a substantial effect on the reduction of cost and environmental pollution .
+A 10 10|||M:NOUN|||power|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , with the advancement of technology , nuclear fission and waste disposal of nuclear can be assured of safety ( Partha , n.d ) .
+A 15 15|||M:NOUN|||energy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Indeed , nuclear energy should be funded for further research and development .
+
+S With the numerous benefits of nuclear energy , there is no doubt that nuclear energy should be used .
+
+S Researchers are currently researching and finding ways to further reduce the cost and enhance the safety of generation IV reactor concepts .
+
+S One of the most advanced concepts is the Very-High-Temperature Reactor ( VHTR ) which incorporates maximum safety features and produces more energy than expected ( Burtler , 2004 ) .
+
+S More research should be done on the VHTR reactor because currently , the expected cost of operating this VHTR reactor is still relatively high .
+
+S However , the cost is still cheaper in contrast to using fossil fuels to generate energy .
+
+S For example , the cost of nuclear energy per kilo watt hour ( KWh ) is just 1.68 cents only .
+
+S This is much cheaper compared to using oil which cost 18 cents per KWh or using coal which cost about 4 cents per KWh ( Economics of Nuclear Power , 2009 ) .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||costs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:TENSE|||costs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The low cost of nuclear energy is mainly due to the abundance of uranium which can be mined at a low cost and just a tiny amount of uranium can provide a huge amount of nuclear energy for usage .
+
+S However , for fossil fuels , the most optimistic estimate on the lasting for fossil fuels is about two hundred years ( Enzler , 1998 ) .
+A 11 13|||R:OTHER|||their remaining years|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 16|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Cost is definitely an issue for people .
+
+S With low cost of electricity , people will enjoy the benefits .
+
+S In addition , if further research is done on VHTR reactor , the cost of using nuclear energy may even be lower .
+
+S As for the environmental factor with regards to using nuclear energy , opponents of nuclear energy may argue that nuclear power plant produces waste that is not environmental friendly .
+
+S It is a fact that nuclear power plant does produce waste known as spent fuel .
+
+S This spent fuel has different radiation level and requires special handling .
+
+S However , the US Department of Energy , just like France , has vowed to ensure the safe disposal of nuclear waste by transmuting problem components of nuclear fuel into less harmful components and buried it deep into the ground ( Nuclear Power and the Environment , n.d ) .
+A 34 35|||R:VERB:FORM|||burying|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:PRON|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The strict regulation of nuclear reactors by the government and together with the current technology is enough to ensure the safe disposal of nuclear waste .
+
+S Furthermore , in the aspect of zero pollution by nuclear energy , opponents of nuclear energy will have no choice but to agree with this fact .
+
+S If we were to compare the amount of greenhouse gases and poisonous gases emitted by fossil fuels in contrast to nuclear energy when operating the reactors , there is an astonishing statistics showing the huge amount of harmful gases emitted by fossil fuel .
+A 20 20|||M:OTHER|||that by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S 2249 pounds of carbon dioxide and thirteen pounds of sulphur dioxide is being produced in the production of 1MWh of electricity ( Nuclear Power and the Environment , n.d ) .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This amount of carbon dioxide definitely expedites the process of global warming .
+
+S Comparing the amount of gases produced by fossil fuels and by nuclear power plant , the latter will definitely be the wise choice for energy purpose because it produces zero carbon dioxide and zero poisonous gases .
+A 0 14|||R:OTHER|||When the amount of gases produced by fossil fuels is compared with that by nuclear power plants|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:NOUN:NUM|||gas|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Only with the usage of nuclear reactor we are then able to claim the title of environmental friendly .
+A 7 9|||R:WO|||are we|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:VERB|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Opposition of nuclear energy may also claim that nuclear reactors pose a security threat because terrorists may target nuclear reactors , hence causing mass destruction to the country and its citizens .
+
+S The fear of using nuclear reactors as a cover up for making nuclear bomb is even more prominent .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||bombs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , with the generation IV reactors coming up , especially the VHTR , maximum security is assured .
+
+S VHTR is designed in such a way that in the event of accident occurring , there will be a temperature control sensor to switch off the nuclear reactor automatically .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Very High Temperature Reactor , n.d ) Though people may still be worried that the temperature control sensor may fail , all these safety features can be enhanced by having a back up sensor in the event of breakdown .
+
+S Security guards and camera can also be used to monitor the safety operation of nuclear power plant and ensure that the power plant is free from terrorists .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||cameras|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All the research and funding for the VHTR is definitely worth the money and effort with regards to the security issue of nuclear power plant ( Nuclear Energy Information Centre , 2006 ) .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN:NUM|||plants|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There is definitely no question that producing an increased share of electric power using nuclear fuel in lieu of fossil fuel will reduce greenhouse gases emissions .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:FORM|||increasing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||fuels|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Substantial replacement of fossil fuels would result in substantial decline in global warming and greenhouses gases .
+
+S Furthermore , the cost of operating nuclear reactors is low in compared to fossil fuel power plant .
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||comparison|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:VERB|||operating|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||plants|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Cost will definitely be an issue for the people when using electricity .
+
+S There is no doubt that more research and funding should be allocated to generation IV reactors , especially VHTR which opens a new arena for nuclear energy as VHTR incorporates the safety of nuclear reactors and also provides low cost of nuclear energy for users .
+A 19 19|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nuclear energy is definitely the one and the best choice of energy .
+
+S References
+
+S Burtler , D. ( 2004 ) .Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240 .
+
+S Donald , W.M .
+
+S ( 2004 ) .Advantages of nuclear power .
+
+S Retrieved September 30 , 2009 , from { http : //www.printthis.clickability.com } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.printthis.clickability.com ]
+
+S Energy Information Administration .
+
+S ( n.d ) .Nuclear power and environment .
+
+S Retrieved September 30 , 2009 , from { www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/nuclear/page/nuclearenvissues.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/nuclear/page/nuclearenvissues.html ]
+
+S Enzler , S.M .
+
+S ( 1998 ) .
+
+S Fosssil fuel .
+
+S Characteristics , origin , applications and effects of fossil fuels .
+
+S Retrieved October 12 , 2009 , from { http : //www.lenntech.com/greenhouse-effect/fossil-fuels.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.lenntech.com/greenhouse-effect/fossil-fuels.htm ]
+
+S Gen IV international forum .
+
+S ( n.d ) .
+
+S Very High Temperature Reactor .
+
+S Retrieved October 12 , 2009 , from HYPERLINK " http : //www.gen4forum.org/technologies/vhtr.shtml " http : //www.gen4forum.org/technologies/vhtr.shtml
+
+S Nuclear Energy Information Centre .
+
+S ( n.d ) .Effects of nuclear power .
+
+S Retrieved October 2 , 2009 , from { www.nucleartourist.com/basics/environl.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.nucleartourist.com/basics/environl.htm ]
+
+S Partha , D.S .
+
+S ( n.d ) .Nuclear energy and nuclear power plant .
+
+S Retrieved October 12 , 2009 , from { http : //Knol.google.com/k/partha-das-sharma.com } [ HYPERLINK : http : //Knol.google.com/k/partha-das-sharma.com ]
+
+S The Economics of Nuclear Power ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Retrieved September 25 , 2009 , from { www.world-nuclear.org/info } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.world-nuclear.org/info ]
+
+S In the near future , nuclear power has an important role to play to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases which cause global warming .
+
+S In the video Inconvenient Truth ( 2004 , Al Gore ) , statistics showed that 650,000 years ago , carbon dioxide levels never reached 300 parts per million .
+
+S However , in recent years the level of carbon dioxide emission doubled and could increase even further if carbon dioxide continues to be produced without any restriction .
+
+S This results in a high amount of heat being trapped in the Earth and thus makes the world an impossible place to live in .
+
+S New generation IV reactors address these serious issues and bring new hope to mankind .
+
+S However , critics reject the new concepts of nuclear reactors due to concerns about security , costs and environment .
+
+S Anna Aurilio , Legislative Director for the U.S. Public Interest Research Group claimed that " ... nuclear power is too dangerous ...and should not be part of a global warming solution " .
+
+S But with the use of sophisticated technology , generation IV reactors are safer .
+
+S Moreover , accidents pertaining to nuclear power are already rare .
+
+S Hence , it is imperative to set aside funds for researching and developing generation IV reactors such as the very-high-temperature reactors ( VHTR ) to improve on the past reactors and solve global warming .
+
+S Firstly , for security reasons , opponents of the new reactors insist that terrorists could easily make nuclear reactor one of their targets .
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Shelly ( 25 March 2002 ) reminded us that the terrorists who attacked the world trade centre could have easily attacked the Indian Point 's twin reactors and the United States would agree with Shelly that they were somehow fortunate .
+
+S However , one could question why did the terrorists not fly the plane into the twin reactors ?
+A 6 9|||R:WO|||the terrorists did|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Could it be that the twin reactors were more difficult to hit or the terrorists knew that the twin reactors were well protected or prepared to handle terrorists attacks ?
+
+S In fact , the core of the present nuclear plants are already well protected by strong materials and there is a safety plan ( Goldstein , 23 September 2009 ) .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since researchers would also be finding suitable high heat-resistant materials for the VHTRs to prevent the plant from melting down , the extra protection would make the future plants almost impossible to penetrate in the future .
+
+S Secondly , detractors argue that consumers would prefer to use other forms of energy due to their cost competitiveness .
+
+S According to Russell ( June 2008 ) , the price of one unit is estimated to be US $ 12 billion .
+
+S The operating costs after paying off building fees for around 12 years are still higher than those of solar and wind power by 4 cents per kilo-watt hours .
+
+S Why would one choose to pay more for the same amount of energy used ?
+
+S It is because the new reactors could produce hydrogen as well which is an important source of fuel ( Butler , 2004 ) but expensive to produce .
+
+S Moreover , wind and solar power depend on inconsistent factors such as sunlight and wind respectively .
+
+S Hence , nuclear power has the advantage in terms of higher output and consistent energy production as it runs 90 per cent of the time ( Kurt , 24 September 2008 ) .
+
+S With much more consistent energy production , factories and companies that rely on consistent energy to be productive would certainly choose performance over costs as disruptions might incur losses higher than paying for nuclear power .
+
+S Lastly , disputers argue that nuclear waste storage is a problem as nuclear waste remains reactive even after a long time .
+
+S This causes citizens oppose strongly against the nuclear waste being stored near them .
+A 3 3|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the U.S. , Mr Obama also questioned whether nuclear waste could be stored in a safe place ( Steve , 10 November 2008 ) as the search for a suitable place to store nuclear waste in the U.S. continues .
+
+S However , he explained that the U.S. could store the waste near the reactors .
+
+S Naturally , that is possible as the waste is about 33 tonnes per year ( Wald , August 2009 ) and this relatively small amount of waste should find the space at those nuclear sites .
+
+S Moreover the impact of global warming is growing and is of immediate concern to the world and nuclear power help solve the problem by reducing the emission of carbon dioxide by a total of 31,243 MtC in 2050 in France and Canada alone .
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:SVA|||helps|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Cochran , 23 April 2008 ) .
+
+S It is without doubt that the world needs to solve global warming or else the Earth might perish first .
+
+S In conclusion , the Earth 's temperature is increasing rapidly towards a level that causes widespread heatstroke .
+
+S If the world do not cooperate to support VHTR or nuclear power , it is difficult to find an alternative that could produce energy that is clean and affordable in the long run .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||does|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , the world might see an increasing number of casualties due to glebal warming .
+A 15 16|||R:SPELL|||global|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Al Gore ( 2004 ) An Inconvenient Truth Retrieved 9 October 2009 , from http : //ivle.nus.edu.sg/bank/media/viewmedia.aspx ? MediaItemID = be615cfe-d826-4e34-837e-9b850270b6cc&ChannelID = 09b40234-c6fe-43d0-ae31-9b85026faec4
+
+S Shelley Smithson ( 2002 , March 26 ) .
+
+S How secure are U.S. nuclear power plants ?
+
+S Retrieved 9 October 2009 , from { http : //www.grist.org/article/dance1/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.grist.org/article/dance1/ ]
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238- 240 .
+
+S Retrieved 9 October 2009 , from { www.nature.com/nature } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.nature.com/nature ]
+
+S Nuclear Power : No Solution to Climate Change ( 2005 , June 16 ) .
+
+S Nearly 300 Groups Reject Nuclear Energy as a Global Warming Solution .
+
+S Groups Urge Congress to Choose Clean Energy Path , Not Embrace Dangerous and Dirty Nuclear Power .
+
+S Retrieved 10 October 2009 , from { http : //www.nirs.org/press/06-16-2005/1 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.nirs.org/press/06-16-2005/1 ]
+
+S Daniel J. Goldstein ( 2009 , September 23 ) .
+
+S NRC Chairman Says U.S. Nuclear Plants Protected from Airplane Attack Retrieved 10 October 2009 , from http : //www.cleanskies.com/articles/nrc-chairman-says-us-nuclear-plants-protected-airplane-attack
+
+S Pam Radtke Russell ( 2008 , June ) .
+
+S Prices Are Rising .
+
+S Nuclear cost estimates under Pressure 22 .
+
+S Retrieved 10 October 2009 , from { http : //a4nr.org/library/economics/may.june-energybiz } [ HYPERLINK : http : //a4nr.org/library/economics/may.june-energybiz ]
+
+S Kurt Kleinerr ( 2008 , September 24 ) .
+
+S Nature Reports Climate Change Nuclear energy : assessing the emissions ( para 9 ) .
+
+S Retrieved 10 October 2009 , from http : //www.nature.com/climate/2008/0810/full/climate.2008.99.html
+
+S Thomas B. Cochran ( 2008 , April 23 ) .
+
+S Environmental , Safety and Economic Implications of Nuclear Power ( pg2 ) .
+
+S Retrieved Retrieved 10 October 2009 , from http : //docs.nrdc.org/nuclear/files/nuc_08042301A.pdf
+
+S STEVE TETREAULT ( 2008 , November 10 ) .
+
+S YUCCA MOUNTAIN : Waste site critics see opening Obama 's victory might keep repository out of state ( para 7 and 8 ) .
+
+S Retrieved 11 October 2009 , from { http : //www.lvrj.com/news/34191604.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.lvrj.com/news/34191604.html ]
+
+S { Matthew L. Wald } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.scientificamerican.com/author.cfm ? id = 666 ] ( 2009 , August ) .
+
+S Scientific American Magazine .
+
+S Is There a Place for Nuclear Waste ?
+
+S ( pg 2 ) .
+
+S Retrieved 11 October 2009 , from http : //www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm ? id = is-there-a-place-for-nuclear-waste&page = 3
+
+S In the recent years , oil prices have been soaring new heights and this reflects the high energy demands all over the world and the limited supply of fossil fuel .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:NOUN:NUM|||fuels|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This sounds the siren for us to find an effective source of alternative energy before the fossil fuel that we depend so much on runs out .
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||fuels|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:FORM|||run|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Today we have candidates such as the solar energy , wind energy and the nuclear energy .
+
+S Since energy harvested from nuclear reactors are highly efficient and have low material cost , they are seen as a good source of alternative energy .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||it is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A nuclear reactor is very similar to a typical coal burning power plant where they heat water into pressurized steam which drives the turbine generator .
+A 14 17|||R:OTHER|||water is heated|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Only difference is the type of fuel used to heat up the water .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The only|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nuclear reactors use energy generated from nuclear fission which has a very high output to material used ratio .
+
+S The Generation IV International Forum ( GIF ) was initiated in 2000 and formally chartered in mid 2001 to come up with more advanced nuclear reactors called the Generation IV reactors .
+
+S ( Gen IV Reactors,2009 ) By far , six designs of generation IV nuclear reactors have been finalized which the GIF believed to represent the shape of future nuclear energy .
+
+S ( Butler , 2004 ) But public opposition due to several factors such as terrorism , safety , renewability and environmental issues caused few reactors to be built over the past decade .
+A 22 22|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although nuclear energy should not be seen as the only solution to depleting fossil fuel , due to its ability to generate huge amount of energy using small amount of resources , its development should be encourage .
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||fuels|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||R:VERB:FORM|||encouraged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Further research and development and funding for generation IV reactors such as the Molten Salt Reactor ( MSR ) have benefits outweighing the disadvantages it has in the aspects of security , cost and environmental concerns .
+A 24 26|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 30|||R:OTHER|||with respect to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Oppositions have very good reasons to go against nuclear reactor development especially after the 911 incident and the Chernobyl disaster .
+
+S After the 911 incident , Nuclear Regulatory Commission ( NRC ) enforced strict rules and regulations on the nuclear power plants .
+
+S ( Order Code RS21131 , 2005 ) These include having all nuclear plants licensed by NRC to be protected by layers of physical barriers and a highly trained security force .
+
+S Another benefit that comes with this heighten security is the generation of more jobs helping to ease unemployment rate .
+A 6 7|||R:MORPH|||heightened|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S NRC also requires the power plants to conduct regular security and evacuation exercises which will be closely monitored by NRC and the Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) .
+
+S ( Order Code RS21131 , 2005 ) Furthermore , a decades-long test and analysis portrayed that actual radioactivity escaping from molten fuel is less than initial assumption as the nuclear activity slows down a lot when it is not in the internal structure of the reactor .
+
+S Also the containment structures of modern reactors were designed to effectively prevent the escape of radioactivity even if it sustained severe damages .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:TENSE|||sustains|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Safety , 2008 ) These factors would certainly ease the minds of people worrying about the security and safety issues of nuclear reactors .
+
+S In contrast to the two other alternative sources of energy , the cost of building a nuclear reactor is higher than a wind turbine or solar panel .
+
+S Also since a wind turbine or solar panel are more unlikely to be in a terrorist 's hit list than a nuclear plant , cost of maintaining security of them are relative less .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But in contrast to what many people would think , even a generation III reactor used today have structures that can sustain a plane crashing into it .
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , a MSR uses an integrated fuel cycle system where it uses its molten salts as its fuel as well as its coolant .
+A 12 17|||R:OTHER|||molten salts are used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( GIF , 2007 ) MSR has lower fissile inventories and no need to spend on ways to handle solid fuels .
+
+S ( Gen IV reactors , 2009 ) Moreover , newer advanced reactors have simpler designs which further reduce capital cost and they are more fuel efficient and safer .
+
+S ( Advanced Reactors , 2009 ) The construction of wind turbines and solar panels are very space consuming because of their low energy efficiency and they are unreliable as they are weather dependent .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Gibson , 2007 ) Although nuclear reactors too need large area of land space , the great energy output it has compensated for it .
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:FORM|||compensates|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:OTHER|||its use of space|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All the alternative energy mentioned are green compared to the burning of fossil fuels in terms of emission to environment .
+A 4 4|||M:NOUN|||sources|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But some still feel that wind and solar energy are greener than nuclear energy due to the nuclear waste .
+
+S Since the first generation of nuclear reactors , advancement in technology has greatly increased the fuel efficiency thus cutting down on the waste .
+A 17 17|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Gen IV Reactors , 2009 ) Furthermore , MSR 's fuel doubles up as its coolant due to the good heat transportation properties of molten salts further reduce on the waste produced .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:FORM|||doubling|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:VERB:SVA|||reduces|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Due to the nature of MSR , its waste has lower amount of radioactivity , safer due to passive cooling up to any size and very low fuel usage .
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:VERB|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:VERB|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The French self-breeding variant claims 50kg of thorium and 50kg U-238 per billion kWh .
+
+S ( Gen IV Reactors , 2009 )
+
+S There is certainly a need to find a replacement for the depleting fossil fuel and any feasible energy source could be a potential candidate .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||fuels|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All the possible should not be conveniently ignored .
+A 3 3|||M:NOUN|||candidates|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus nuclear energy alike should not be dismissed .
+
+S Considering that the benefits nuclear energy brings outweigh the disadvantages , further research and development and funding should be done for more advance reactors that could be safer , more powerful and lower costing .
+A 19 20|||R:VERB|||provided|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:MORPH|||advanced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 27|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 34|||R:OTHER|||less costly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S * Butler , D. ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240 .
+
+S * Behrens,C .
+
+S & Mark,H .
+
+S ( 2005 , Feb 4 ) Order Code RS21131 , Nuclear Power Plants : Vulnerability to Terrorist Attack .
+
+S * World Nuclear Association ( 2009 , August ) Generation IV Nuclear Reactors .
+
+S Retrieved from { http : //www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf77.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf77.html ]
+
+S * Generation IV International Forum ( 2007 ) Molten Salt Reactor .
+
+S Retrieved from { http : //www.gen-4.org/Technology/systems/msr.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.gen-4.org/Technology/systems/msr.htm ]
+
+S * World Nuclear Association ( 2009 , September ) Advanced Nuclear Power Reactors .
+
+S Retrieved from { http : //www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf08.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf08.html ]
+
+S * World Nuclear Association ( 2009 , June ) Safety of Nuclear Power Reactors Retrieved from { http : //www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf06.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf06.html ]
+
+S * Gibson,L .
+
+S ( 2007 , October 8 ) Greeendaily.com This or That : Nuclear power vs. alternative energy sources .
+
+S Psychology in Nuclear Industry
+
+S Nowadays , the energy shortage problem tends to be more serious as the demand for energy increases significantly , while most conventional energies are limited because of limited sources , especially oil and coals .
+A 23 29|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:NOUN:NUM|||coal|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:OTHER|||, are limited because of limited sources|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In such situation , the appearance of nuclear energy becomes so important , for the nuclear power has great advantages over other conventional energies .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:ADJ|||many|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , to produce same amount of energy , a nuclear power plant consumes much less fuel ( uranium fuel ) than that a normal coal-fired one consumes .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S What 's else , the nuclear power plant almost does not release any greenhouse gases or exhaust gases .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||more|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In other words , it is highly friendly to the environment .
+
+S Since the nuclear energy seems so perfect , it is a bit surprise that there are only 439 nuclear power plants around the world .
+A 12 13|||R:MORPH|||surprising|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Why is it not so widely used like oil , even in the counties with the ability to deal with nuclear energy ?
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN|||countries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Regardless of the technical difficulties , the main reason is obvious , that is the consideration of safety .
+
+S The nuclear power reactor is a high hazard system that requires extremely high reliability and safety .
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||highly hazardous|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If it is out of control , a nuclear explosion is very likely to happen and the leakage of radiation will make horrible harm to the environment or people around .
+
+S This kind of great disasters did happen in the history ( Three Mile Island and Chernobyl ) , and resulted in many people 's losing confidence on the nuclear energy .
+A 23 24|||U:NOUN:POSS||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since 1986 when the Chernobyl accident happened , the America even has n't set up any new nuclear power plants .
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order to make full use of the advantages of nuclear energy , the primary task for the engineers is to improve the safety .
+A 17 18|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Every time before we try to improve , we should first find out what has gone wrong and where is the disfigurement .
+A 17 22|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So let us take Chernobyl as an example , and have an insight of this nuclear industrial accident .
+
+S About that disaster , some later investigations showed the design of the nuclear reactor existed defects and someone insisted that the causes were all about technical problems .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , it is proved to be one-sided now .
+
+S Actually if there was only the design defects , the final explosion was completely avoidable .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Most the investigators have come to a consensus that the primary cause for the Chernobyl is the failure of human management .
+A 1 1|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Because of the staff 's breach of duty , the operators detected the reactors ' problem very late and even took erroneous actions .
+
+S What 's worse , the makeup of the working team was not adequate , for they did n't have timely backup system .
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a consequence , the emergency shut-down mechanism totally failed .
+
+S All these small human errors came together and finally led the Chernobyl explosion happen .
+A 10 14|||R:OTHER|||to the Chernobyl explosion|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For the sake of avoiding the failure of human factors , some engineers and sociologists bring up the idea of applying psychological methods to engineering design process , which is really necessary and effective in my opinion .
+
+S However , some engineers hold the opinion that embed social psychology into the Engineering processes seems crazy and funny .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB|||incorporating|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:ORTH|||engineering|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is usually known that human factors mean the characteristic at the efficient and effective man-machine interface .
+A 7 17|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In their conservative view , they always care more about the how productive and reliable of the machines are and neglect to focus on the role of humans in safeguarding .
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB|||refuse|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 30|||M:NOUN|||security|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But from the previous analysis of the Chernobyl nuclear accidents , we can see that correct human actions are indispensable in preventing the disaster .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||accident|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Indeed , the overall system 's reliability and safety in a nuclear power plant is more often dependent on humans instead of the machines Why is that ?
+A 22 23|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:OTHER|||on machines .|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Once the equipments be put into use , the maximum reliability are already fixed .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Afterwards , we need well-trained and experienced operators to maintain the performance of the machines and always keep track of the status of the equipments .
+
+S In addition , in a hazard industrial plant , well-organized working team is also very necessary , which has orderly shifts system , immediate backup , and so on .
+A 4 8|||R:OTHER|||an industrial plant with potential hazards|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Without any of the above measures of human resource management , the reliability of the whole system will not be easy to be ensured .
+A 11 24|||R:OTHER|||it will not be easy to ensure the reliability of the whole system|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some conservatism may still oppose that " you insist human management is important .
+A 1 2|||R:MORPH|||conservatives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Ok , I can hire good managers to improve the effectiveness of human actions , still no need of applying psychology " .
+
+S On the contrary , focusing on improve the management in the engineering processes is already a way of applying social psychology .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:FORM|||improving|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But it 's not enough .
+
+S In the high hazard industry like nuclear power plant , everyone should be responsible and devotional instead of automatically working under the management of the manager or chief engineer .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||highly hazardous|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||plants|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:MORPH|||devoted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 29|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Applying psychology in engineering design processes is to let everyone work efficiently , such as set-up couches for psychotherapeutic sessions for the operators and staff , can reduce the stress of the workers who work for long time under high pressure and help them relax .
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||arranging|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 38|||R:NOUN|||hours|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All in all , human errors are avoidable , and psychology in engineering is meant to reduce the risk of occurrence of nuclear industry failure caused by human errors .
+A 20 22|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Anyway , all the efforts done by the investigator and engineers are to make the nuclear power plants much safer and can be more widely used to meet the great demand of energy today .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB|||made|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:OTHER|||the resultant measures|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Applying psychology provide us a new option to effectively improve nuclear industry 's safety and reliability .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||provides|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 4|||M:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Maybe some engineers still oppose the use of psychology , it is worthwhile to include psychology in an engineering design process .
+
+S I 'm confidence that with the help of psychology , the usage of nuclear power will have a brighter future .
+A 2 3|||R:MORPH|||confident|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference :
+
+S * NEA Issue Brief : An analysis of principal nuclear issues .
+
+S No.2 , January 1998
+
+S * Wilpert .
+
+S B .
+
+S ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Psychology and design processes .
+
+S Safety Science , 45 , 293-303
+
+S * Chernobyl : Ten Years After Causes , Consequences , Solutions .
+
+S 3rd Version - April 1996
+
+S * George J. Annas , JD , MPH .
+
+S Nuclear Power : Psychology and Statistics .
+
+S AJPH November 1983 , Vol .
+
+S 73
+
+S * Donald W. Miller , Jr. MD .
+
+S ( April 14 , 2004 ) .
+
+S Advantage of Nuclear Power .
+
+S As the worlds ' population grows ever larger , the worlds ' energy consumption also increases ; hence a sustainable energy source needs to be found to supply developing countries and others with enough energy .
+
+S The world 's natural resources are depleting and a clean and renewable energy source is required .
+
+S 16 % of the world 's electricity is supplied by nuclear power plants , and 30 % of the worlds fossil fuels are used to produce electricity .
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:POSS|||world 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A clean energy source like Nuclear power seems to be the ideal solution for the energy crisis .
+A 5 6|||R:ORTH|||nuclear|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The generation 4 nuclear reactors are much safer , more efficient and more secure .
+
+S However the scars left from the Chernobyl disaster and the Three Mile Island catastrophe has changed the public opinion on Nuclear reactors for the worse .
+A 20 21|||R:ORTH|||nuclear|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( US DOE Nuclear Energy research advisory committee and the generation IV international forum )
+
+S On April 26th 1986 , the Chernobyl nuclear reactor exploded , the whole town was evacuated and almost all of them never returned .
+A 10 12|||R:PUNCT|||. The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Around 30 people died and a several thousand were exposed to radiation .
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||thousands|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The radiation spread , contaminating tens of thousands of square miles in northern Ukraine , southern Belarus , and Russia 's Bryansk region .
+
+S Today the area is still abandoned and highly radioactive .
+
+S This coupled with the Three Mile Island accident has left the public to view the nuclear reactors as highly dangerous .
+
+S However the Generation 4 reactors tackle these problems with various methods .
+
+S Two of the popular Generation 4 reactors , the Very High Temperature reactor ( VHTR ) and Sodium Fast cooled reactor ( SFR ) , are reviewed below .
+
+S ( Stone,R )
+
+S Safety is a major point , and it is important for the Generation 4 reactors to prove its safety .
+
+S The SFR has a passive cooling system ; this is because the thermal difference between the coolant boiling temperature and the operational temperature is quite large .
+
+S Hence in case of a meltdown or any terrorist activities the system can avoid a meltdown without any human interaction .
+
+S On the other hand the VHTR has an active cooling system , which means a human interaction is required in case of an emergency .
+
+S This works in the favor of the VHTR , a scenario where a fast response is needed , the VHTR would be suitable and safer .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:PREP|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The SFR boasts a recycling system where 99.9 % of the actinides are recycled back to as fuels , such as plutonium and since the SFR is a closed fuel system , fuel can be used again in the system .
+A 15 16|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Unlike the SFR , the VHTR has no waste recycling system and hence It goes directly into the repository where the nuclear waste has a half life about a few centuries only ( research is currently going on to reduce the half life ) .
+A 27 27|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition nuclear waste is not plutonium , in the SFR the recycled plutonium could be a security threat .
+A 2 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This could be a serious security flaw ; in case the plutonium is stolen it could be used to fuel nuclear weapons .
+
+S In the case of the VHTR this major security flaw is completely eliminated .
+
+S ( Roglans , J. , Allen , T. and Lineberry,M .
+
+S )
+
+S Finally , the SFR operates under relatively low temperatures and hence Sodium is chosen as its coolant .
+
+S This coolant is highly reactive unlike the inert Helium used in a VHTR .
+
+S This is coolant makes the VHTR significantly much safer since it makes its core highly stable and unreactive .
+A 1 2|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Southworth ,F ) In order to provide electricity to the masses at an affordable rate , performance of the nuclear reactor is very important .
+
+S Notably , the SFR operates on a closed fuel system where 99.9 % of the actinides are recycled ; this significantly reduces the wastage and also enhances its performance .
+
+S Even though the SFR has the above mentioned , it only has a thermal efficiency of less the 40 % whilst the VHTR has an efficiency of above 50 % .
+A 8 8|||M:NOUN|||features|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , unlike SFR , the VHTR produces Hydrogen gas in addition to electricity .
+
+S Hydrogen is also a clean fuel ( does not emit and green house gasses when it is burned ) and also is an alternate fuel which could be used to power vehicles in the future .
+A 6 19|||R:OTHER|||as it does not emit green house gasses when it is burned .|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 22|||R:OTHER|||It is also|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Southworth ,F )
+
+S The cost is a major is issue in constructing a nuclear power planet .
+
+S The SFR , due to its relatively low operating temperature and pressure , is much cheaper when it comes to material cost and building , hence has a lower capital cost .
+A 24 26|||R:OTHER|||; hence , it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand the VHTR is more expensive to build ; materials have to withstand high temperatures as well as high pressures .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Though the capital cost of the VHTR is high the operational cost is comparatively less since the VHTR is highly efficient at higher temperature and hence is a good solution to get cheaper electricity .
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN:NUM|||temperatures|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some may argue that the VHTR has too high a capital cost , a prototype would cost 1Billion US dollars , and hence it is expensive , but many countries have shown great interests in the development of the VHTR , and the cost of Research and Development , therefore will be split amongst several countries .
+A 13 13|||M:PREP|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 27|||R:OTHER|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:ORTH|||But|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 50 50|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Butler , D )
+
+S In conclusion , the VHTR is much superior to the SFR in several ways ; this has made it the most popular choice amongst the Generation 4 reactors .
+
+S The VHTR is a clean source of energy and could be the solution to the energy crisis .
+
+S Hopefully by 2025 we would have a dependable , safe , clean and relatively inexpensive energy source .
+
+S References
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240
+
+S Stone,R .
+
+S ( 2006 , April ) .
+
+S The Long Shadow of Chernobyl ( 22 Oct 2009 ) http : //ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2006/04/inside-chernobyl/stone-text/1 US DOE Nuclear Energy research advisory committee and the generation IV international forum ( 2002 ) , A technology road map for GenIV Nuclear energy systems , ( 22 Oct 2009 ) { http : //www.ne.doe.gov/genIV/documents/gen_iv_roadmap.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.ne.doe.gov/genIV/documents/gen_iv_roadmap.pdf ]
+
+S Southworth ,F. ( 2002 ) .
+
+S Very High Temperature Gas Cooled Reactor Systems , Idaho National Engineering & Environmental Laboratory , ( 22 Oct 2009 ) { http : //gif.inel.gov/roadmap/pdfs/very_high_temp_gas_cooled_reactor_sys.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //gif.inel.gov/roadmap/pdfs/very_high_temp_gas_cooled_reactor_sys.pdf ]
+
+S Roglans , J. , Allen , T. and Lineberry,M .
+
+S ( 2002 ) .Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor ( SFR ) Systems , ( 22 Oct 2009 ) http : //gif.inel.gov/roadmap/pdfs/sodium-cooled_fast_reactor.pdf
+
+S In the society nowadays , people have high expectations in the development of new technologies .
+
+S Due to the speed of advancement of technology , people have taken it for granted and are expecting more for less .
+
+S This is evident when we look at the issue regarding new nuclear power plants to be built .
+
+S People are very performance orientated and yet safety and cost conscious .
+A 4 5|||R:MORPH|||oriented|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus it is a common contradiction faced by most engineers nowadays .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN|||dilemma|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S People expect the new and upcoming Generation IV nuclear power plants to be efficient and at the same time expecting engineers and researchers to make it safer and cheaper .
+A 25 26|||R:PRON|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus with this in mind , I would strongly advocate further research and development on the Very-high-temperature reactors ( VHTR ) as it suits the " requirements " of the public the most .
+A 22 24|||R:OTHER|||they suit|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I feel that if ample time is spent in researching this model of nuclear reactor , it will yield the best return and result and it will also address public concerns .
+
+S Firstly , the VHRT had an earlier expected delivery date than most other designs and that was the reason behind why I supported it .
+A 7 8|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to a table published in an article ( NATURE , 2004 , Vol 429 , p. 239 ) , it showed that the VHTR could be delivered in 2020 while many other designs could only manage 2025 .
+
+S This is because the basic technology envisioned in the VHTR is already in use by several current high temperature gas reactor plants based in countries like Japan , China and the USA ( U.S .
+
+S DOE Nuclear Energy Research Advisory Committee and the Generation IV international Forum , 2002 , p. 49 ) .
+
+S This means that the technology is already quite well established and thus less time is needed to research on the basic technology that will be used in VHTR as compared to the other power plants that may involve the use of totally new technologies .
+
+S In times like this where the price of fossil fuel and coal is sky rocketing , an earlier delivery date of 5 years for an efficient energy alternative is very crucial .
+A 4 5|||R:ADV|||when|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||fuels|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If the VHTR can be realized as soon as possible , public concerns about the hefty pricing on carbon tax and fossil fuel can then be addressed earlier .
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||fuels|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , the high temperature generated by the VHTR is advantageous in many different ways .
+
+S It allows for high-thermodynamic efficiency of up to 48 % currently ( AREVA , 2009 ) and it is one of the most efficient designs among others .
+
+S Thus it translates to higher electrical production efficiency meaning that it can produce more electrical energy .
+A 8 8|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The huge amount of heat produced from the nuclear cores can also be used in refineries , for petro chemistry , metallurgy and hydrogen production ( U.S .
+
+S DOE NERAC & GIF , 2002 , p. 48 ) .
+
+S With hydrogen generation made possible , the VHTR can replace future coal fueled hydrogen production plants , taking over the role of supplying other hydrogen intensive industries and may also be able to generate hydrogen as a source of fuel .
+A 23 23|||M:OTHER|||energy for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore the implementation of the VHTR can offer a wide range of solution to the fuel crisis that is currently troubling the public .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||solutions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thirdly , the use of helium in VHTR has several advantages that can address the public 's safety concerns .
+
+S Helium is an inert gas and thus it does not react chemically with any material .
+
+S This means that it will not cause any corrosion or react with any of the power plant 's structure to cause damage .
+
+S Thus the use of helium will not compromise the overall integrity of the power plant .
+
+S In addition , unlike other coolants considered for other Gen IV power plants , helium also does not become radioactive when it comes into contact with radioactive materials .
+
+S Therefore , even if there is a leak in the coolant gas pipes , it will not pose any harm or danger to the public .
+
+S With these advantages , it is definitely an asset that helium is being used for the VHTR as the coolant because it is confirmed that it will not pose safety threats and cause any possible safety breaches in the long run .
+
+S However , there are also constraints and problems to be solved before the VHTR can be commercially implemented .
+
+S This includes extensive research on materials that can withstand high temperature , that are stronger and corrosion resistant .
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Materials such as alloys , composite , fuel coating and ceramic based materials ( Fraser , 2006 ) need to be improved on in order to make the power plant safer .
+
+S Mechanisms and processes to cool the cores down in the event of an accident have to be reinvented or improved on as well .
+
+S In all , I feel that VHRT would be the best bet as a clean , safe and cheaper alternative in the long run .
+
+S It is because it can co-generate hydrogen and electricity with superior efficiency , tackling the fuel crisis issue head on .
+
+S It is also relatively safer than the rest of the Gen IV nuclear power plants as it uses an inert gas , helium as the coolant .
+A 23 23|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Finally , the cost should not be an issue because it has been reported that the pricing of nuclear energy is comparable or if not lower than those generated by coal and oil fired plants ( Nuclear Energy Institute , 2001 ) .
+
+S References
+
+S AREVA ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 17 , 2009 from { http : //www.areva-np.com/scripts/info/publigen/content/templates/show.asp ? P = 1534&L = US&SYNC = Y } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.areva-np.com/scripts/info/publigen/content/templates/show.asp ? P = 1534&L = US&SYNC = Y ] .
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S NATURE , 429 , 238-240 .
+
+S Fraser , J .
+
+S ( 2006 , November 05 ) .
+
+S The Energy Blog : VHTR Reactor Pursued in U.S. With Priority .
+
+S Retrieved October 17 , 2009 from { http : //thefraserdomain.typepad.com/energy/2006/11/vhtr_reactor_pu.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //thefraserdomain.typepad.com/energy/2006/11/vhtr_reactor_pu.html ] .
+
+S Nuclear Energy Institute .
+
+S ( 2001 , January 09 ) .
+
+S Nuclear Energy Surpasses Coal-Fired Plants as Leader in Low-Cost Electricity Production .
+
+S Retrieved October 17 , 2009 from { http : //www.nei.org/newsandevents/nuclearsurpassescoal } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.nei.org/newsandevents/nuclearsurpassescoal ] .
+
+S U.S .
+
+S DOE Nuclear Energy Research Advisory Committee and the Generation IV international Forum .
+
+S ( 2002 ) .
+
+S A Technology Roadmap for Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems .
+
+S P. 49-52 .
+
+S Nowadays , people are arguing about the research and development for the generation IV reactors .
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are many people support this while others do not .
+A 0 3|||U:OTHER|||Many|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||further research and development for generation IV reactors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The most heated argument is the how to ensure the safety of the operation of the nuclear reactors .
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From my point of view , I agree with the continuous research and development on the Very-High-Temperature-Reactor ( VHTR ) , which is one of the generation IV concepts , because it is the technology that brings us solution .
+A 38 39|||R:NOUN:NUM|||solutions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 39|||UNK|||to the current energy crisis|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Opponents of development of nuclear reactors claim that why we should put so much money and efforts on such a dangerous plant .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||developing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 11|||R:OTHER|||we should not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||effort|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Safety is the factor that the most people worry about .
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are two nuclear power plant accidents in the history .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Chernobyl accident caused a huge number of death and radiation-related health impacts .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||deaths|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||R:NOUN|||injuries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , the accident occurred because of the inappropriately operation of the nuclear power plant and the reactor was not placed in the well-protected area neither .
+A 7 16|||R:OTHER|||the nuclear power plant was inappropriately operated|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Three Mile Island accident was due to a meltdown of partial core in unit 2 .
+
+S As it is well controlled , the releasing of radioactive gases was less than the particularly dangerous iodine-131 and no death caused .
+A 6 19|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||deaths|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nowadays , when building a nuclear plant , the safety issue is considered .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:FORM|||needs to be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The nuclear plants are always built far from the public community .
+
+S If an accident occurred , it will still prevent the public from the impact of the accident .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||occurs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 11|||R:OTHER|||the public will be prevented|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides safety , the cost , performance and environmental issues are also popular in today 's argument .
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||arguments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is true that to develop and build a nuclear plant will cost a lot of money , but the cost is reasonable .
+
+S Nuclear power technology is much more well-rounded and practical technology when compared to solar power or bio-power technology .
+
+S A lot of money is also spent on developing these technologies which are still in experimental stage .
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to a recent report of nuclear plants ( European Nuclear Society , 2009 ) , until 24 September 2009 , there are 436 nuclear power plant units in 31 countries are in operation and 53 plants in 15 countries are under construction .
+A 21 23|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S About 17 % of the world 's electricity came from nuclear plants .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||comes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is obvious that spending more money on development of nuclear power is quite reasonable .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , the performance of a nuclear plant is very significant compared to conventional thermal power station .
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||stations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They both used the same principle to generate electricity .
+
+S Finally , under normal operation , nuclear power plants are environmental-friendly .
+A 10 11|||R:ADJ|||environmentally-friendly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It does not emit any carbon dioxide gases or other pollutions .
+
+S The only thing to care about is the radiation .
+
+S The plant can ensure there will be no radiation emitted out of the reactor under normal operation .
+
+S The generation IV reactor concepts bring a brighter future to the nuclear reactors .
+
+S One of them is the VHTR concept .
+
+S It has many advantages compare to the existing technology .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:FORM|||compared|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With this technology , the efficiency of the system can be brought to a new level .
+
+S It enables an output temperature up to 1000oC unlike the existing reactors can only produce a heat temperature about 300oC ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||is able to produce|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S VHTR is more than three times powerful to the existing reactors .
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||more powerful than|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S That means it will generate much more power during the same period of time .
+
+S Besides , the VHTR can produce not only heat but also hydrogen productions .
+
+S This is a valuable process because hydrogen-production can be further processed to other types of fuel which is suitable for use in vehicles .
+
+S If VHTR is widely used , the amount of hydrogen-production could be enough to become a major fuel that can be another solution to the vehicle power system .
+
+S Moreover , VHTR is the lowest risk technology .
+
+S The safety characteristics of a helium-cooled , graphite-moderated core are taken by VHTR .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB|||employed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S VHTR benefits from the high heat capacity and structural stability of the graphite together with the single phase and inert of the Helium coolant .
+A 20 20|||M:NOUN|||material|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The fuel allows high burn-up and remains fission as the characteristics of the cooled uranium-oxycarbide .
+A 6 8|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||because of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The high operating temperature of core in the VHTR allows emissions-free process .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , this technology also provides an enhanced waste minimization .
+
+S We have strong evidence to show that with the improvement of technology , the concerns about operation of nuclear plants will fade away .
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In comparison with the current technologies , nuclear power has its advantages .
+
+S It is clean and high efficient .
+A 4 5|||R:MORPH|||highly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the appearance of the generation IV reactors , it will become more and more clean , efficient and safe .
+
+S The most important thing is to ensure the safety of the nuclear power plant to prevent it from the attack of terrorism .
+
+S In conclusion , the generation IV reactor concept brings new stage to the development of nuclear power .
+A 8 12|||R:OTHER|||opens a new chapter in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S VHTR is one of them .
+
+S It provides high-efficiency operation ; produces not only heat but also hydrogen productions ; has lower risk ; offers enhanced waste minimization .
+A 4 5|||R:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||, and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With all these advantages , the generation IV reactors will be one of the best solutions to the world 's energy shortage conjuncture .
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN|||problem|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference :
+
+S Adams , R. ( 2008 , July 3 ) .
+
+S China 's second pebble bed reactor steam plant , world 's third
+
+S commercial HTGR .
+
+S Retrieved October 11 , 2009 , from
+
+S http : //www.cleantechnica.com .
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nature publishing group .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn,
+
+S 238-240 .
+
+S Retrieved October 11 , 2009 , from http : //www.nature.com/nature .
+
+S European Nuclear Society .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power plants , world-wide .
+
+S Retrieved October 21 , 2009 , from
+
+S http : //www.euronuclear.org/info/encyclopedia/n/nuclear-power-plant-world-
+
+S wide.htm .
+
+S Idaho National Laboratory .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Very-High-Temperature reactor .
+
+S Retrieved October 11 , 2009 , from
+
+S https : //inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt ? open = 514&objID = 2251&
+
+S parentname = CommunityPage&parentid = 13&mode = 2 .
+
+S International Atomic Energy Agency .
+
+S ( 1996 ) .
+
+S High-temperature-gas cool
+
+S reactor technology development .
+
+S Retrieved October 11 , 2009,
+
+S from http : // www.iaea.org/inisnkm/nkm/htgr/fulltext/29026666.pdf .
+
+S US.NRC .
+
+S ( 2009 , August 11 ) .
+
+S Backgrounder on the Three Mile Island Accident .
+
+S Retrieved
+
+S October 11 , 2009 , from http : //www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/
+
+S fact-sheets/3mile-isle.html .
+
+S The robotic surgery is usually defined as the surgery performed with the use of robot .
+
+S This technology has been in use since 1985 with the invention of PUMA 560 robot ( Savatta , 2007 ) .
+
+S Robotic surgery is beneficial because it is precise and accurate such that it minimizes the incisions , decreases the blood loss and reduces the healing time .
+
+S However , there are several concerns about robotic surgery especially in terms of safety , cost and efficiency .
+
+S First of all , most people are questioning about the safety when talking about robotic surgery .
+
+S As robotic surgery is a new medical technology , most patients may not be familiar with it .
+
+S Thus they have no doubt on the robots and feel uneasy during the surgery with no human present .
+A 3 4|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||humans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In case of emergency , it will be even harder for the surgeon , who controls the robot , to know the feeling of the patient and handle the situation .
+
+S Thus , some people prefer surgery done by surgeon as they believe such surgery will have lower risk level .
+A 8 8|||M:OTHER|||a human|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , this is not true and in fact , robotic surgery has a relative low risk level than conventional surgery .
+A 14 15|||R:MORPH|||relatively|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:ADJ:FORM|||lower|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As mentioned before , robotic surgery is more precise and causes smaller incision .
+
+S For example , according to Livingston ( New York Health News , 2009 ) , the all-robotic kidney transplant surgery is easier and less painful with its tiny robot incision and the patient is able to be back to normal activities within few weeks .
+
+S Furthermore , to avoid the risk , the professional engineers are required to check and maintain the system before and after every surgery to ensure the functionality of robot .
+
+S Surgeons are also well trained before they actually use the robot in performing the surgery .
+
+S The robot is designed in the way that in case of emergency , it will stop operating immediately and the surgeon will take over the surgery himself .
+
+S In this way , the safety of the patients is not more an issue .
+A 10 12|||R:ADV|||no longer|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another concern by the general public is the cost of surgery .
+
+S According to Sherman ( Science News , 2009 ) , the prices of da Vinci Surgical Systems , one of the newest robotic surgery systems , range from $ 700,000 to $ 2.25 million per system .
+
+S Hence , the public are afraid that the poor patients can not afford the robotic surgery .
+
+S Although it is true that the cost of the robotic surgery system is high , we have several solutions to solve this problem .
+
+S The most important part is government subsidy .
+
+S The robotic surgery is expensive because the robot is costly .
+
+S Hence , if the government could subsidize the hospital in purchasing the system , the cost of robotic surgery will dramatically drop to an affordable price to the general public .
+
+S Also , according to an article ( Bonsor and Strickland , 2009 ) , the number of surgeons and nurses required for robotic surgery will be much less than conventional surgery and the hospital stays are generally shorter due to quicker healing time .
+
+S These will also cut the cost of robotic surgery .
+
+S In addition , more and more patients prefer robotic surgery as they agree that robots will perform more accurate surgeries with shorter healing time .
+
+S Thus , even the cost of robotic surgery is relatively higher than conventional surgery ; most people believe that the money is worthy spent .
+A 3 3|||M:PREP|||if|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Last but not least , people may concern about the efficiency of robotic surgery .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||be concerned|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are doubts about whether the surgeons will be able to perform robotic surgeries effectively .
+A 3 4|||R:PREP|||as to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Recently , there was one case that one patient died from complications during the robotic surgery because the surgeon was not familiar with the system and could not perform effectively ( Science News , 2006 ) .
+
+S This concern is reasonable because if the surgeon is not familiar with the system , he may take longer time for the surgery and thus create a risk .
+A 23 26|||R:OTHER|||, thus creating|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To avoid this kind of risk happening in Singapore , a training center should be set up in each hospital .
+
+S Professional engineers and foreign experts are invited to train the local surgeons with certain hours of practicing to ensure the surgeons are fully familiar with the system and will be able to perform in real situation .
+A 35 36|||R:NOUN:NUM|||situations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Now , if the surgeons are well trained , the robot will eventually increase the efficiency of the surgeons .
+
+S According to Wiley ( ScienceDaily , 2009 ) , if the surgeon is well trained , using robots could help him perform many surgical tasks without other human assistants .
+
+S This is beneficial especially in case of Singapore as there are limited skilled assistants available in hospital .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , with the help of robots , the fatigue of the surgeon will reduce as most work is done by robot and time taken for each surgery is generally shortened .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||be reduced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:NUM|||robots|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All these will increase the efficiency of robotic surgery .
+
+S In conclusion , robotic surgery is a safe and effective prototype with a worthy cost .
+
+S In the future , with our advanced innovations of technology , most patients will be able to enjoy benefits of robotic surgery in the setting of minimal pain , low blood loss and early recovery .
+
+S Savatta , M.D .
+
+S ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Local doctor uses mechanical arms in surgery .
+
+S Patient Stories and Media .
+
+S Retrieved October 9 , 2009 , from { http : //www2.njurology.com/_roboticsurgery/robotic-expert.php } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www2.njurology.com/_roboticsurgery/robotic-expert.php ]
+
+S Livingston , N.J. ( 2009 ) .
+
+S New Robot Technology Eases Kidney Transplants .
+
+S New York Health News .
+
+S Retrieved October 9 , 2009 , from { http : //wcbstv.com/health/da.vinci.robot.2.1055154.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //wcbstv.com/health/da.vinci.robot.2.1055154.html ]
+
+S Sherman , D. ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Medical Societies Push Standards for Robotic Surgery .
+
+S Science News .
+
+S Retrieved October 9 , 2009 , from { http : //www.newsdaily.com/stories/tre58g7av-us-surgery-robotics/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.newsdaily.com/stories/tre58g7av-us-surgery-robotics/ ]
+
+S Bonsor , K. , & Strickland , J .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S How Robotic Surgery Will Work .
+
+S Retrieved October 9 , 2009 , from { http : //science.howstuffworks.com/robotic-surgery1.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //science.howstuffworks.com/robotic-surgery1.htm ] Wiley , B .
+
+S ( 2009 , January 21 ) .
+
+S Robo-surgery : As Safe And Capable As Human Assistant In Key-hole Gallbladder Removal .
+
+S ScienceDaily .
+
+S Retrieved October 10 , 2009 , from { http : //www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/01/090120204921.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/01/090120204921.htm ]
+
+S Supercritical water cooled reactors
+
+S Supercritical water cooled reactors ( SWCR ) are one of the generation IV reactors designs that are still undergoing research .
+
+S They will need two or three decades before any construction of commercial generation IV reactors .
+
+S ( GIF , n.d. , para .
+
+S 2 ) In fact , the idea of having SWCR may be perceived as a double-edged sword .
+
+S Until today , opponents of nuclear power have argued on the potential dangers which might cause by nuclear reactors in the light of major engineering accidents such as partial rector meltdown at Three Mile Island and the explosion of reactor core at Chernobyl in Ukraine .
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||be caused|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nevertheless , influential factors in terms of security , performance and environment should be looked into to show how and why the funding contributed to the areas of research and development for SCWR are beneficial .
+
+S Security is one of the primary factors that need to be addressed when monetary support is involved in the advancement of nuclear plants .
+
+S Unlike the rest of generation IV reactor concepts , SCWR is capable of running the operation without relying on the process of reusing plutonium waste .
+
+S ( Butler , 2004 ) This could reduce the misuse of nuclear waste which can threaten the world peace as seen in the case of recent North Korea nuclear saga .
+
+S Under the concept of SCWR , Butler ( 2004 ) also states that SCWR have simple safety features that do not depend on well-trained operators and complex backup systems .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:INFL|||SCWRs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , they are able to solve the heat emission by cooling themselves down if accidents do happen .
+
+S Opponents of nuclear energy might argue that the radioactive waste which will be produced by the nuclear reactors is susceptible to accidents due to human intervention .
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , researchers could only suggest better solutions for the nuclear plants to produce less radioactive waste but not to the extent of eliminating radioactive waste till today .
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , engineers and researchers are not the only ones who are responsible for the security of the nuclear reactors .
+
+S Military protection in nuclear plants is another factor that should be considered in the security of the nuclear plants .
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With strong ground and air defence within the nuclear reactors , the plants would be well-protected and could deter any forms of terrorist threats .
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It has been popularly argued that the the performance of SWCR could play a major factor in the financial contribution for the development of SWCR .
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to Butler ( 2004 ) , if the concept of SCWR is successful , it could compete with other elements such as coals and gases in terms of the prices in producing electricity .
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN|||fuels|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN:NUM|||coal|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With this statement , proponents of nuclear power would highlight the economical benefit in generating electricity using nuclear power .
+
+S Since SCWR and other Generation IV designs are reactors which can produce electricity as well as high temperature , they can also provide process heat for industrial purposes .
+
+S In addition , Bouchard ( 2008 ) mentions the uses of process heat for various types of industries such as chemical plants , petroleum refineries and hydrogen production .
+
+S Of course , some might be doubtful over the advantages gained through the performances of SWCR in the upcoming decades due to the slow development process .
+
+S However , Heber ( 2008 ) has explained that fact of the slow process in the new designs of SWCR is due to the great emphasize over the overall safety performances of the nuclear plants .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN|||progress|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:MORPH|||emphasis|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the implementation of SCWR , they could tackle some of environmental issues faced by modern man today and in the near future .
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , SCWR would improve on current designs by recycling all the actinides used in plutonium and its nuclear waste .
+
+S This could eliminate the toxicity of the radioactive substances and the heat produced by the waste by converting it to low-lived fission products .
+
+S ( Bouchard , & Bennett , 2008 ) Furthermore , the use of nuclear power to generate electricity would not increase the risks of global warming .
+
+S Unlike coal , the process used by nuclear power does not emit carbon dioxide to the environment .
+
+S Similarly , Schiermeier ( 2009 ) explains the fact that the nuclear energy is seen as an important alternative source of energy with the growing concern of global warming from the over-reliance of fossil fuel and the future energy security .
+A 34 35|||R:NOUN:NUM|||fuels|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Critics may argue that the environmental effects caused by the nuclear accidents are dangerous and harmful .
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The land at the nuclear accident site would eventually transform into a wasteland .
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||become|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nevertheless , with the ongoing research and development in the Generation IV reactors designs , it could ensure the environmental effects caused by any nuclear accident by new reactors will be minimal compared to Chernobyl incidents .
+A 26 27|||R:PREP|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 36|||R:OTHER|||the Chernobyl accident|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is evident that the funding in the area of research and development of SWCR will provide benefits in the aspects of security , performance and environment .
+
+S With strong performance in the SCWR concept , mankind would experience better protection with the construction of new nuclear plants .
+
+S In the long run , the development of SWCR could also provide solutions to the environmental issues Ultimately , mankind need to accept new technology confidently and ethnically that might bring about unexpected improvements to the world .
+A 17 17|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:SVA|||needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 28|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S Bouchard , J. , & Bennett , R. ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Generation IV Advanced Nuclear Energy Systems , Nuclear Plant Journal , 26 ( 5 ) , 42-45 .
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240 .
+
+S Heber , J .
+
+S ( 2008 , September ) .
+
+S Nuclear energy Safe and secure ?
+
+S Nature Materials , 7 , 686-687 .
+
+S Schiermeier , Q .
+
+S ( 2009 , May 7 ) .
+
+S Going Nuclear .
+
+S Nature , 459 , 124-125 .
+
+S The Generation IV International Forum ( GIF ) .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S The Generation IV International Forum ( GIF ) Frequently Asked Questions .
+
+S Retrieved Undated , from http : //www.gen-4.org/GIF/About/faq/faq-definition1.htm
+
+S One of the world 's most devastating gas leak accidents occurred on December 3 , 1984 , in Bhopal , India .
+
+S The accident caused thousands of death and many are still suffering from its aftermath effect .
+
+S Methyl isocyanate ( MIC ) gas escaped from a pesticide producing plant owned by the Union Carbide India Limited ( UCIL ) and intoxicated the people in Bhopal .
+
+S After investigation , it was found that someone deliberately added water into the storage tank of the highly reactive MIC , causing a runaway reaction , pressure built up and caused large volume of toxic gas to escape and intoxicate the area .
+A 29 30|||R:OTHER|||, which then|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 31|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Safety systems such as the alarm system , a refrigeration unit ( for cooling down the storage tank ) , a caustic soda scrubber ( to neutralized the toxic gases ) , and the flare system ( to incinerate excess gases or toxic gases ) were all not in operation at that time .
+
+S According to Psychology and design processes ( Bernhard.W .
+
+S 2007 ) , the article defines design as a strategy allowing the final product to meet the user requirements in many different areas and accidents usually occurs when there are miscommunications , inadequate organization or errors contributed by individuals .
+A 26 27|||R:VERB:SVA|||occur|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Summing up , accidents occur when the outcome is not within the expectation of the designers .
+
+S Bernhard suggests idea of adopting psychology during the design phase of a project , because engineers are humans and humans are prone to mistakes .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Implementing psychology in the design does have advantages .
+
+S It can be use as a reminder to engineers if there are any areas neglected during the process , allowing better communication to take place within the team and reduces the possibility of problems arising from miscommunication or individual 's action .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:FORM|||used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:VERB:FORM|||reducing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 40|||U:NOUN:POSS||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 41|||R:NOUN:NUM|||actions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , instead of having the traditional feedback controls of safety , use of psychology predicts the consequences of having mistakes in design and take corrective actions immediately , this will greatly reduce the probability of accidents occurring due to design errors .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 33|||R:OTHER|||thus greatly reducing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Adopting psychology in the initial or design phase of the project seems to benefit in short term , however , it may not be beneficial in the long term .
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is because most of the design changes over time due to expansion , maintenance and more .
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||designs change|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In most cases , the root cause of accidents is due to human errors example operational error ( BI-ME , 2009 ) and usually arises during operation instead of the designing phase .
+A 14 14|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||For example ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||errors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:SVA|||arise|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , the Bhopal incident occurs due to lack of maintenance work for the plant and the workers neglected the importance of the safety in plant operations .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||occurred|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The main cause of accident is due to a worker 's mistake of adding water to MIC causing a runaway reaction .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , implementing psychology in the design does not help , regardless how well the plant is constructed or having many safety devices installed , as long as the operators neglect the importance of working safely , possibility of accidents occurring is definite .
+A 12 12|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 23|||R:OTHER|||how many safety devices have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 26|||R:PUNCT|||. As|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 41|||R:OTHER|||the occurrence of accidents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Psychology can be use in areas to promote safety within workers or reinforce the importance of it .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:FORM|||used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another factor that often leads to accidents is the approach the company or supervisors take on .
+
+S In the case of Bhopal incident , the plant manger should have immediately rectified the problem like failure of safety device systems .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It was later discovered that the storage tank alarm system has not been working for four years and flare system is down for five months ( E.Ingrid , 2004 ) Therefore , if a superintendent of a company shows no concern about safety , it is very likely that workers will take on the similar stand in long run .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:TENSE|||had been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 52 53|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 53 54|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 55 56|||R:NOUN|||attitude|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 57 57|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In spite of having detailed and careful design , if the company decided to cut edges especially in safety , it is very likely that accidents can still occur .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:TENSE|||decides|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In current engineering practices , a method has already been use to update and reinforce safety , known as Hazard and Operability studies or HAZOP .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:FORM|||used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S HAZOP is conducted every 3 years ( varies with different company ) and it is used to update the design of the plant or equipment in case of any changes .
+A 7 7|||M:OTHER|||but it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||companies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It allows the representative from different departments to collaborate and discuss the best possible solution to enhance safety in the plant .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||representatives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , psychology in design phase maybe unnecessary and replaced by a set of regulations obliged by the company .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:ORTH|||may be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB|||enforced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , adopting psychology does have benefits in the initial phase , as it reduces accidents arise from design errors .
+A 17 19|||R:OTHER|||due to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the usage maybe limited to the design phase , as root causes like operation error , human behavior and company 's stand are common causes for accidents .
+A 4 5|||R:ORTH|||may be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||errors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , psychology maybe use in areas like promoting safety issues among the workers , reduce the behavior of bad practices in workplace and enhancing the communication between the different departments .
+A 3 4|||R:ORTH|||may be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:FORM|||used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:FORM|||reducing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Bernhard Wilpert ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Psychology and design processes .
+
+S Science Direct .
+
+S Retrived 23 September 2009 , from { www.sciencedirect.com } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.sciencedirect.com ]
+
+S BI-ME staff ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Human error is involved in over 90 % of all accidents and injuries in a workplace .
+
+S Bussiness Intelligence Middle East .
+
+S Retrieved 10-Oct-2009 , from { http : //www.bi-me.com/main.php ? c = 3&cg = 1&t = 1&id = 40507 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.bi-me.com/main.php ? c = 3&cg = 1&t = 1&id = 40507 ]
+
+S Solomon , C. H and Knowlton , E ( n.d ) .
+
+S Hazard and Operability studies ( HAZOP ) .
+
+S University of Florida , Process Improvement Engineering .
+
+S Retrieved 10-Oct-2009 , from { http : //pie.che.ufl.edu/guides/hazop/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //pie.che.ufl.edu/guides/hazop/ ]
+
+S BBC ( 2004 ) .
+
+S US firm 'knew of dangers ' at Bhopal plant .
+
+S BBC News .
+
+S Retrieved 10-Oct-2009 , from { http : //news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/file_on_4/4062611.stm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/file_on_4/4062611.stm ]
+
+S Union Carbide Corporation ( n.d ) .
+
+S Statement of Union Carbide Corporation Regarding the Bhopal Tragedy , Union Carbide Corporation .
+
+S Retrieved 3-Oct-2009 , from { http : //www.bhopal.com/ucs.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.bhopal.com/ucs.htm ]
+
+S Eckerman , Ingrid ( 2004 ) .
+
+S THE BHOPAL SAGA - Causes and Consequences of the World 's Largest Industrial Disaster , Universities Press ( India ) Private Limited .
+
+S Retrieved 8-Oct-2009 , from { http : //www.dnsy.se/_upload/lfm/presentationer/bhopal % 20gas % 20tragedy % 20march % 202008.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.dnsy.se/_upload/lfm/presentationer/bhopal % 20gas % 20tragedy % 20march % 202008.pdf ]
+
+S The Solar Car
+
+S World Resources Institute showed that transportation sector contributed 13.5 % of the total greenhouse gas emission .
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||emissions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Of this , 9.9 % are due to road ( cars , trucks , and so forth ) activities [ 1 ] .
+
+S On the average , fossil fuels powered cars emit 6 tons of carbon dioxide each year [ 2 ] .
+
+S Hence , there is much interest in research and development of solar powered cars which produce zero harmful emission .
+
+S Since 1987 , the World Solar Challenge has been showcasing latest advances in solar cars .
+
+S Subsequently , the first prototype solar car that travelled 52,000 kilometers across 38 countries was developed and driven by a Swiss school teacher in 2008 [ 3 ] .
+
+S He demonstrated that this concept is indeed viable .
+
+S Unfortunately , solar cars are not too safe compared to conventional cars .
+
+S The first fatal accident of a solar car occurred on August 12 , 2004 due to a head-on collision with a Chrysler minivan .
+
+S The driver of the solar car died instantly while the minivan 's driver was unhurt [ 4 ] .
+
+S There are numerous reasons why the solar car is unsafe .
+
+S The best solar panel in the market today is less than 30 % efficient at converting solar energy to usable electrical power .
+
+S Hence , solar cars must be made of very light materials .
+
+S Unfortunately , in any collision , a lighter car would suffer greater damages than a heavier car .
+
+S Ever since that fatal accident in 2004 , organizers of solar racing have imposed safety regulations on the cars .
+
+S Safety aspects include the design of the steering wheels , roll bars for the cockpit , safety belts , brakes , tyres , electrical insulation of the car and others [ 5 ] .
+
+S Unfortunately and much surprisingly , there are no requirements for airbags .
+
+S It is important that such an idea is explored as the concept of these prototype solar cars will one day be translated to cars of the future .
+
+S Having airbags is a common safety feature in cars today .
+
+S However , there is an opposing view stating that airbags can cause major injuries [ 6 ] .
+
+S Fortunately , since the introduction of the first airbag , the technology has advanced .
+
+S Today , scientists are studying on " smart airbags " which can tell the size of a person in the seat and how fast the airbag inflates , so as to minimize injuries [ 7 ] .
+A 5 6|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 27|||R:OTHER|||the speed of the airbag inflation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For comparison , safety belts which have widely been accepted on all cars including solar cars , can also cause injuries such as sternal fracture , bowel trauma or spinal injuries [ 8 ] .
+
+S A study done by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration showed that the seat belt contributed 16 % while the airbag only 8 % of the injuries sustained in the vehicle [ 9 ] .
+
+S So , what is the reason airbags can not be accepted as a safety device in solar cars too ?
+A 6 6|||M:ADV|||why|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In recent studies , airbag deployment with or without seat belt used , has shown to decrease the risk of head , thorax and spine injuries [ 10 ] .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||belts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In another study , airbags have reduced fatal injuries by an overall 11 % for drivers and a reduction of fatalities of 31 % for purely frontal crash [ 11 ] .
+
+S Like conventional fossil fuel driven cars , the airbag can be installed in the steering wheel or dashboard of the solar car , although some research still needs to be done on the exact location of the airbag , the crash sensors and the inflators .
+
+S Last but not least , I believe that an addition of a few airbags would not vary the cost of the solar car too much .
+
+S Just like in conventional cars , the addition of airbags only cost an increase by two to five hundred dollars at the most .
+
+S Of course , this also has to depend on branding and quality of the car and the airbag .
+
+S Also , the airbag weighs less than one kilogram [ 12 ] and hence should not affect the performance of the solar car significantly .
+
+S Thus , I stand strong on my point of view that solar cars should be improved and designed with airbags to enhance safety .
+
+S References :
+
+S * Kevin Baumert , Timothy Herzog , Jonathan Pershing ( 2005 ) .
+
+S Navigating the Numbers : Greenhouse Gas Data and International Climate Policy .
+
+S World Resource Institute .
+
+S US .
+
+S * Car Talk Interview : Global Warming and Carbon Offsets .
+
+S { http : //cartalk.com/content/features/carbon/interview.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //cartalk.com/content/features/carbon/interview.html ]
+
+S * Solar car completes round-the-world trip .
+
+S The Sydney Morning Herald .
+
+S ( Dec 5 , 2008 ) .
+
+S { http : //www.smh.com.au/articles/2008/12/05/1228257303283.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.smh.com.au/articles/2008/12/05/1228257303283.html ]
+
+S * Anatomy of Solar Car Crash : How Eco-Racing Buckled up .
+
+S { http : //www.popularmechanics.com/science/earth/4227209.html ? page = 1 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.popularmechanics.com/science/earth/4227209.html ? page = 1 ]
+
+S * Technical Regulations of World Solar Challenge 2009 .
+
+S { http : //www.globalgreenchallenge.com.au/assets/pdfs/wsc/2009.technical.regulations.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.globalgreenchallenge.com.au/assets/pdfs/wsc/2009.technical.regulations.pdf ]
+
+S * Smock W.S and Nichols G.R ( 1995 ) .
+
+S Airbag module cover injuries .
+
+S The Journal of Trauma : Injury , Infection , and Critical Care .
+
+S Vol .
+
+S 38 , No .
+
+S 4 .
+
+S 489 - 493 .
+
+S * General Accounting Office ( 2001 ) .
+
+S Vehicle Safety : Technologies , Challenges , and Research and Development Expenditures for Advanced Air Bags .
+
+S Report to the Chairman and Ranking Minority Members , Committee on Commerce , Science , and Transportation , U.S. Senate , June 2001 .
+
+S Washington DC .
+
+S : GAO .
+
+S * Greingor J.L , Lazarus , S ( 2006 ) .
+
+S Chest and abdominal injuries caused by seat belt wearing .
+
+S Southern Medical Journal .
+
+S { http : //www.thefreelibrary.com/Chest + and + abdominal + injuries + caused + by + seat + belt + wearing-a0146844368 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.thefreelibrary.com/Chest + and + abdominal + injuries + caused + by + seat + belt + wearing-a0146844368 ]
+
+S * Anna Maria Eigen and Wassim Najm ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Problem Definition For Pre-Crash Sensing Advanced Restraints .
+
+S National Highway Traffic Safety Administration .
+
+S Springfield , Virginia .
+
+S * Cummins J.S , Koval K.J , Cantu R.V and Spratt , K.F ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Risk of Injury Associated with the Use of Seat Belts and Air Bags in Motor Vehicle Crashes .
+
+S Bulletin of the NYU Hospital for Joint Diseases .
+
+S Vol.66 , No.4 , 290 - 296 .
+
+S * NHTSA ( 1996 ) .
+
+S Effectiveness of Occupant Protection Systems and Their Use .
+
+S Third Report to Congress .
+
+S Washington , DC .
+
+S * Gary Chamberlain ( Oct 5 , 1997 ) Airbags : Materials make a difference .
+
+S Design News .
+
+S { http : //www.designnews.com/article/8731-Airbags_Materials_make_a_difference.php } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.designnews.com/article/8731-Airbags_Materials_make_a_difference.php ] .
+
+S The challenger accident
+
+S The challenger accident , happened on the morning of January 28 , 1986 , was a rooted accident in history for its catastrophic consequence and the great depression it brought to people .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 18|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:NOUN|||trauma|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Orbiter challenger , the launch of the 25the space shuttle into space , was also well-known as the first time that a school teach had the chance to go into space .
+A 4 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:OTHER|||it was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN:NUM|||teacher|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , only after seventy three seconds into flight , the Challenger exploded and all seven of its crew were lost .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:VERB|||died|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As reported officially , " the Space Shuttle 's Solid Rocket Booster problem began with the faulty design of its joint and increased as both NASA and contractor management first failed to recognize it as a problem , then failed to fix it and finally treated it as an acceptable flight risk " .
+
+S ( Dick , 1986 ) The cause of the accident therefore lies in technical deficiencies in design and human factors .
+
+S Some expert ( Robert E. , 1997 ) claimed that the challenger accident was mainly caused by the mechanical failure due to the flaw of the original design .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||experts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In my opinion , deficiency in psychology guidance were the main causes , as the accident would be prevented if decision makers act more rationally and the concerns of engineers from { Morton Thiokol } [ HYPERLINK : http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morton_Thiokol ] and Rockwell International were recognized .
+A 4 8|||R:OTHER|||human factors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||cause|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:TENSE|||had acted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 48|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From the mechanical point of view , the direct cause for the explosion was " the failure of the right solid rocket booster aft joint sealing , most likely because of the extremely cold temperature in the morning .
+A 1 2|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " ( Dick , 1986 ) Data and reviews also showed that there were actually essential design flaws of the Challenger , especially lying in the fact that the O-rings in the SRB could not seal the joint when it was very cold .
+A 21 28|||R:OTHER|||. In particular ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a consequence , the hot exhaust gas leaked through the joint and burned everything up .
+
+S Hence , it seemed that the technological deficiency was essentially the cause of the accident , as argued by Robert E. ( 1997 ) .
+
+S Despite the technological deficiency doomed that the challenger was not safe to launch , psychology could be implemented to stop the disaster from happening .
+A 0 13|||R:OTHER|||Although technological deficiency was behind the failure of the Challenger|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Before the launch of the challenger , what concerned the chief managers most were the preceding 24 successful space shuttle launch .
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||launches|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There was probably too much pressure from the public .
+
+S If the managers handled the pressure well , rechecked and tested the challenger carefully and decided not to launch the challenger until every safety concern was eliminated ; the challenger accident could have been prevented .
+A 27 28|||R:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , although the challenger was designed with severe flaws , with the right decision of the chief managers , the challenger would never have been launched .
+
+S In addition , reviews of the accident reported , " before the launch , the low temperature had prompted concern form engineers at Morton Thiokol .
+
+S " ( Dick , 1986 ) Thiokol engineers found that the temperature was colder than 53 ° F ( 12 ° C ) and they did not have enough data and experience to determine if the O-rings would work properly to seal joint .
+
+S ( Website ) Unfortunately , even though the engineers told the supervisors of Morton Thiokol this potential failure , their concern did not draw the full attention of the supervisors .
+A 15 15|||M:PREP|||about|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN|||pitfall|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If the supervisors of the company were more alert and far-sighted , they would have reported this concern and stopped the launch .
+
+S Critics may say that since the SRBs already could not work in cold weather , the happening of the accident was just a matter of time .
+
+S However , what they would get was precious time , and they would detect the problem and cancel the launch instead of just delaying it .
+A 11 11|||M:OTHER|||with more time|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have detected|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:TENSE|||cancelled|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Meanwhile , some engineers at Rockwell International also noticed that a significant amount of ice built up on the fixed service structure that stood beside the shuttle .
+A 15 15|||M:VERB:TENSE|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These engineers feared that during launch , ice might be shaken loose and harm the challenger 's thermal protection tiles .
+
+S Likewise , the engineers warned their mangers about this concern , and once again it was neglected .
+
+S If still this concern had drawn close attention of the decision makers , the accident would have been prevented .
+
+S Some people may argue that the ice beside the shuttle was actually not the cause of the problem , so it would not make a difference even if the launch was delayed and the ice was removed .
+
+S Again , this claim was invalid , because more inspections would be conducted and the real problem would be found out with enough care .
+
+S To sum up , even though the Challenger was designed with some serious flaw and destined to fail in such a cold environment , appropriate psychology could still be implemented to prevent the accident from happening , as long as decision of the launch was made with surety and the potential dangers found by the engineers were cleared up .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||flaws|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 40|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 47 48|||R:NOUN|||confidence|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the case of the Challenger accident , lack of psychology education was indeed the main cause .
+
+S And not just in that case , the use of psychology should always be marked as a necessity in future engineering designs to enhance safety .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB|||required|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Steven J .
+
+S Dick , NASA Chief Historian , 1986 .
+
+S Report of the presidential commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident , Chapter VI .
+
+S Allinson , Robert E. , 1997 .
+
+S The Challenger Launch Decision , Risky Technology , Culture and Deviance at NASA .
+
+S Steven J .
+
+S Dick , NASA Chief Historian , 1986 .
+
+S Report of the presidential commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident , Chapter III .
+
+S Website retrieved on 20 , Oct , 2009 { http : //www.msnbc.msn.com/id/11031097/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.msnbc.msn.com/id/11031097/ ]
+
+S Website retrieved on 20 , Oct , 2009 http : //www.fas.org/spp/51L.html
+
+S Nuclear power is any nuclear technology designed to extract usable energy from atomic nuclei via controlled nuclear reactions .
+
+S The heat produced during nuclear reactions is used to boil water to produce the steam used to turn the turbine generator .
+
+S According to the Nuclear Energy Institute ( 2009 ) , as of September 2009 , " 30 countries worldwide were operating 436 nuclear reactors for electricity generation and 53 new nuclear plants under construction .
+
+S The nuclear power plant provided about 14 percent of the world 's electricity production in 2008 " .
+
+S Although there are certainly dangers in nuclear power plants , I believe that its potential benefits will certainly outweigh its dangers .
+
+S The Chernobyl accident in 1986 and Three Mile Island in 1979 had led to serious concerns about the safety of Nuclear power plant .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:ORTH|||nuclear|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||plants|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , Sweden is moving out of the nuclear power industry within the next 10 years .
+
+S Sweden is even committed by law to phase out its existing nuclear power plants ( Fred Guterl , 2002 ) .
+
+S This indicates that the public support has declined in the recent years .
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the main reasons of the decline is due to the fact that the nuclear power plant might cause dangerous consequences when it malfunctions , due to its unstable nature .
+A 5 6|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , the amount of radioactive waste emitted by the nuclear power plant is also harmful to the earth , and yet , these nuclear plants release large amounts of highly radioactive compound .
+
+S Thirdly , the challenge faced by the countries to isolate the leftover , highly radioactive material discharged by the nuclear power plant is also a main reason why it is in decline .
+
+S The wastes produced are required to be isolated from humans and the environment for about 100,000 years before it is deemed safe and harmless to humans .
+
+S Although nuclear power plant has its disadvantages , it also has its advantages too .
+
+S The warming of the Earth is partly due to the emission of carbon dioxide gas from power plants that burn coal , oil or natural gas .
+
+S The September 11 attack has also provided valid political reasons for cutting down on the reliance on fossil fuels .
+
+S Actually , Nuclear power plants emit one hundredth times less greenhouse gases as compared to coal or gas power plants .
+A 2 3|||R:ORTH|||nuclear|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The cost of Uranium Ore is a very small portion of the operating cost of a Nuclear power plant .
+A 16 17|||R:ORTH|||nuclear|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Fourth Generation Nuclear plants can fully utilize all the energy in Natural Uranium .
+A 11 13|||R:ORTH|||natural uranium|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The amount of uranium accessible on Earth is able to support fourth generation nuclear power plants for hundred of centuries .
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||hundreds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In short , nuclear power plants are more environmental friendly than coal power plants .
+
+S Secondly , Coal which is believed to be responsible for more quotidian problems such as acid rain and greenhouse gases emission .
+A 2 3|||R:ORTH|||coal|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , wastes emitted by coal powered plants are essentially more radioactive than wastes produced by nuclear power plants ( Mara Hvistendahl , 2007 ) .
+
+S In fact , the wastes produced by coal powered plants are 100 times more radioactive than a nuclear power plant generating similar amounts of energy .
+A 16 16|||M:OTHER|||those produced by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Current Generation III reactors are only able to produce 5 % of useful energy in uranium where there are plenty of radioactive leftovers .
+
+S The introduction of fourth generation nuclear power plant allows a new way of disposal of nuclear waste .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||plants|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The experiments with Deep-Burn where fuels originating from reprocessed nuclear waste would use to power Very High Temperature Reactor ( VHTR ) .
+A 0 23|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S VHTR not only solves the nuclear waste problem and current wastes are of very valuable source of energy to power VHTR as it can burn plutonium , neptunium and other materials that Generation II and III reactors left behind ( Smith , 2009 ) .
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||, but its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 38|||R:VERB:FORM|||leave|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In summary , VHTR will solve the nuclear waste problems if it is implemented as a Generation IV reactor .
+
+S " A common theme of future reactors is to make them simpler so there are fewer systems to monitor and fewer systems that could fail , " says Revis James , director of the Energy Technology Assessment Center at the Electric Power Research Institute , an independent power-industry research organization .
+
+S Another safety concern is how effectively a nuclear power plant can deal with a terrorist attack .
+
+S Generation III reactors are built within a double concealment which will protect the reactor even the outer layer is penetrated .
+A 15 15|||M:ADV|||when|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore Generation IV reactors use different fuels and coolants than previous generators that are built to be more efficient in absorbing heat through using better coolants , with improved circulation and larger containment structures .
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||. The new reactors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly , the cost of building nuclear power plants has greatly reduced over the years .
+A 11 11|||M:VERB:TENSE|||been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Current reactors will still be usable for a long time thus the construction cost will be spread over the years .
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||; thus ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S New plants are easier to build and maintain , thus reducing construction cost .
+
+S Current Generation III reactors are around $ 2000 per KW which is lower than $ 2300 per KW for coal power plant .
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To reiterate , it is not true that nuclear power plants are much more costly than coal power plants .
+
+S In conclusion , the advantages of nuclear power plants have outweighed the dangers involved .
+
+S Very High Temperature Reactors concept , which is based on the lowest risk technology developed , achieves the need for commercial functional requirements to provide an economically competitive nuclear energy ( Idaho National Library , n.d ) .
+
+S Furthermore , there is the capability of VHTR to consider , the ability to use current wastes left behind as a source of energy .
+
+S Nuclear energy 's breakthrough
+
+S From the first nuclear reactor plant was built in Obninsk , a city in Russia , in 1954 .
+A 0 2|||U:PREP|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The debate on whether we should use the nuclear energy has never been cooled down .
+A 0 1|||M:OTHER|||Since then , the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although nuclear energy was famous for its cleanness and abundance , the public was anxious about its safety .
+
+S The catastrophic nuclear accidents such as three mile island event and Chernobyl accident put a shadow into people 's eyes .
+A 6 9|||R:ORTH|||Three Mile Island|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 20|||R:OTHER|||have cast a shadow over the safety of nuclear plants|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , can we draw a conclusion that nuclear energy is not the suitable energy that human beings can use ?
+
+S The answer is no .
+
+S Beginning in 2000 , ten countries including US , UK , Canada , France , Brazil , Japan and so on started to cooperate in the research on a future generation of nuclear energy system , known as Generation 4 .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||Since|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After two years ' great effort they came out a concrete and significant report about Generation 4 reactor concepts .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have come|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||up with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this report the concepts of very-high-temperature-reactor ( VHTR ) are attention-getting because the new features of VHTR will greatly improve nuclear energy 's popularity , thus resetting opponents ' conservative views .
+A 27 28|||R:OTHER|||forcefully rejecting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the main opposing views is that nuclear energy has big potential safety hazard because once nuclear leakage happens people 's health and the environment will be seriously threatened ( Cohen ) .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To solve this problem , the VHTR is designed to be able to cool itself down in the event of an accident with minimal human intervention , which is called passive safety ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S In the past the reason why the nuclear accidents usually were very serious was that the fuel had the tendency to heat up automatically .
+
+S So a small inducement can cause huge disaster .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As VHTR has this important feature , disastrous event can be efficiently avoided and the prevention does not depend on sophisticated backup systems or experienced operators any more .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||events|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:ADV|||effectively|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , VHTR has a goal to essentially eliminate the need for offsite emergency response .
+
+S The strategy for meeting this goal is to identify severe accidents that lead to offsite radioactive releases ( New clear agency , 2002 ) .
+
+S So we do not need to worry big catastrophes like Chernobyl accident will repeat again .
+A 7 7|||M:PREP|||about|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Opponents were not satisfied with the performance of the nuclear reactor because The efficiency of current LWRs is 33 % and heat engines 20 % to 30 % .
+A 12 13|||R:ORTH|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:OTHER|||that of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Lozanova , 2008 ) Now the situation has been changed .
+A 9 10|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The efficiency of the VHTR can reach to 50 % because it adopts a very high operating temperature which is 1000 ( the generation 4 international forum , 2002 ) .
+
+S At this high temperature the rate of the reaction will dramatically increase and much more energy will be released from the same amount fuel .
+A 23 23|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another great benefit under the extremely high temperature reactors can be used to split hydrogen from water thermochemically .
+A 9 9|||M:OTHER|||is that the reactors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As we all know , hydrogen is clean energy which has a very high calorific value .
+
+S It is widely used in the space industry and metallurgical operation .
+
+S This feature makes VHTR outstanding from all the reactors .
+A 5 6|||R:PREP|||among|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The opponents thought that it was not worthy to generate electricity by nuclear energy because the cost of building nuclear power plants will be an astronomical figure .
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although the cost of building a nuclear power plant is much higher than that of a traditional power plant , some evidence shows that it 's possible to reduce the price difference .
+
+S First , scientists have been studying how to recycle used nuclear fuel to recover its energy content .
+
+S VHTP will use this kind of fuel , thus reducing the cost .
+
+S Second , research has been done to extend the tenure of use of the facilities .
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The nuclear facilities of VHTP will be used for about 50 years ( the generation 4 international forum , 2002 ) .
+
+S The long life span of equipment helps save cost .
+
+S Third , the traditional energy like coal and petroleum are getting more expensive because they are non-renewable-resources and will be exhausted one day .
+A 5 5|||M:NOUN|||sources|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the contrast with the development of the nuclear technology and application of nuclear energy on a large scale , the efficiency of nuclear reactors will be improved gradually and the price of nuclear energy will decrease .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 3|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The above three points prove that it is worth to build VHTRs because it will pay back in the long run .
+A 13 14|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Through taking a look at the current energy situation and analyzing the special advantages of VHTR , the Generation 4 nuclear reactor , it should be evident that VHTR concept is advanced and VHTR will gear to actual circumstances .
+A 17 18|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:OTHER|||be useful|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The three outstanding characters of VHTR are passive safety , high efficiency and having byproduct hydrogen .
+A 13 16|||R:OTHER|||clean energy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These distinctive features are significant in the nuclear industry because they can avoid miserable nuclear accidents , raise the efficiency of nuclear reactor to a new peak and decrease the cost of nuclear industry .
+A 12 12|||M:VERB|||help|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:NOUN|||level|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , further research and development funding are essential for the VHTR concept .
+
+S Reference
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn [ Electronic version ] .
+
+S Nature , 429 .
+
+S Cohen , B.L .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S risks of new clear power .
+
+S Retrieved October 14 , 2009 , from { http : //www.physics.isu.edu/radinf/np-risk.htm/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.physics.isu.edu/radinf/np-risk.htm/ ]
+
+S Lozanova , S. ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Power plant efficiency has n't improved since 1957 .
+
+S Retrieved October 15 , 2009 , from { http : //cleantechnica.com/2008/06/26/electricity-generation-efficiency-its-not-about-the-technology/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //cleantechnica.com/2008/06/26/electricity-generation-efficiency-its-not-about-the-technology/ ]
+
+S New clear agency ( 2002 ) .
+
+S Nuclear Safety : Advanced Nucelar Reactor Safety Issues and Research Needs ( 1st ed. ) .
+
+S Paris : OECD publications .
+
+S The generation 4 international forum ( 2002 ) .
+
+S A technology roadmap for generation 4 nuclear energy systems .
+
+S Retrieved October 13 , 2009 , from { http : //www.gen-4.org/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.gen-4.org/ ]
+
+S " Nuclear energy would be dominant source of energy by now if it had n't been Chernobyl and Three Miles island .
+
+S " ( Our Energy , 2007 ) Without the public fear and reluctance to accept nuclear power , the world may now be enjoying the abundant electricity and accelerating economic growth , especially in some developing countries like India and China .
+A 24 25|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Now , human beings are facing a series of harsh realities : greenhouse emission , depletion of non-renewable resources , increasing thirst for energy .
+
+S As expected , every possible ways of generating energy is under research .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , only nuclear reactors can generate electricity at high efficiency and is viable for long period of time .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , it is obvious that nuclear power will be undergone immense research and development .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:FORM|||undergoing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Amongst the six most probable concepts at present stage , the Super-Water-Cooled Reactor ( SCWR ) is relatively the most suitable and worth extensive research , after comparing its properties with the other five .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 30|||R:OTHER|||after its properties are compared|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 31|||M:OTHER|||those of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First issue concerned is the performance of reactors .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The first|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Opponents of SCWR point out that its thermal efficiency is not the highest among the 6 concepts .
+
+S To maximize level of energy output , it seems that the Very-High-Temperature Reactor ( VHTR ) , which could achieve 50 % efficiency level when deployed , is a better choice .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , it operates under super high temperature of 1000 .
+
+S This results in the increase in temperatures of the whole system and the whole area .
+
+S Energy is needed to run the cooling machine to maintain the temperature at the safe level .
+
+S Furthermore , the disparity between the two efficiencies is not huge .
+A 7 7|||M:OTHER|||reactors ( VHTR and SCWR )|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||in terms of efficiency|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is attributed to the existing light water reactor technology which SCWR is developing upon .
+A 10 10|||M:OTHER|||on the basis of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||developed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With modifications , the efficiency can be increased by one third , reaching a high value of at least 44 % ( A Technology Roadmap for Generation IV Nuclear Energy System , 2002 , p. 6 ) .
+
+S On the other hand , the electric efficiency of a conventional thermal power station , considered as saleable energy , is typically 33 % to 48 % efficient .
+A 27 28|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , SCWR is able to provide a consistently high level of energy output .
+
+S In addition , the system does not require steam-water separation , which reduces the flow path of the coolant , water , and subsequently minimizes the heat loss to surroundings .
+
+S Hence , it is reasonable to further develop SCWR system , since its overall performance excels .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Opponents also claim that constructing nuclear power reactor is a huge capital-intensive project , which requires intensive investment of money and research .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After the deployment of nuclear plant , more funds are needed for insurance coverage , maintenance and labor .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , nuclear energy may not be worth it .
+
+S In the case of SCWR , due to the presence of high pressure and possible corrosion , the expenditure on research and maintenance will be high .
+
+S However , the other reactors also face challenges that require substantial technological and financial supports .
+
+S If the ratio of energy output and all inputs is considered , the rate of return of SCWR is faster than the others , not mentioning the low price of the electricity when the design is successful .
+A 21 21|||M:OTHER|||that of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Then the traditional oil or coal generators will be disadvantaged because of the rarity of these non-renewable resources .
+
+S Moreover , comparing with the other five ideas which use inert gas , liquid compound or metal as coolants , water is much easily accessed and present in relative abundance .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN|||concepts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , the manufacturing process of coolant is simpler for SCWR , and also cheaper .
+A 13 13|||M:OTHER|||thus it is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , due to the presence of light water reactors , there is already extensive worldwide experience in constructing and operating this sort of reactor .
+
+S This saves a lot of experiments and provides information for scientists .
+A 6 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The experience minimizes the chances of any experimental failure and in turn saves the research funds .
+
+S The final design proposed a reduction in the size of the reactor coolant pumps , piping , and associated equipment .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:FORM|||proposes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So SCWR is economically favorable .
+
+S As mentioned at the beginning of the essay , safety is always the most essential concern in the whole designing process .
+
+S Opponent views are that the very high pressure SCWR required may impose risks , which is indeed a realistic concern .
+A 0 1|||R:NOUN:POSS|||Opponents '|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:FORM|||requires|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB|||pose|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , this potential peril can be avoided by testing and choosing suitable materials which can withstand huge pressure and corrosion .
+
+S Consequently , they help prevent formation of cracks or explosion .
+
+S Furthermore , the proposed design of SCWR is much less sophisticated than the present reactors .
+
+S It is greatly simplified after discarding away the step of steam-water conversion .
+A 6 7|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It reduces the probability of making mistakes and level of seriousness of accidents .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , the safety measures are executed to the maximum for every design .
+
+S It is hardly , as what many nuclear research associations have asserted , to have a second Chernobyl incident .
+A 3 3|||M:ADJ|||possible|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another advantage of SCWR is that waste generation is optional .
+
+S This feature limited the extent of its nuclear pollution which leads to health problems like birth defective .
+A 16 17|||R:MORPH|||defects|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , although there are inevitable risks that we have to bear for every type of design , we can still choose appropriately the one that can minimize this risk .
+A 28 30|||R:OTHER|||those risks|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , SCWR reactor is more perfect in the aspects of performance , cost and safety .
+A 5 8|||R:OTHER|||excels|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Its advantages make it the suitable one to help the world transit into a new era of energy .
+
+S As nuclear energy is taking over the world , the development on SCWR will be the step stone and lead us to a " new dawn "
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:FORM|||stepping|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:VERB:TENSE|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nuclear Power 's New Dawn
+
+S Nuclear power is the up and coming alternative green energy source which will tackle global and environmental issues such as depleting natural resources , escalating energy consumption and global warming .
+
+S Nuclear technology has always been a controversial issue , with much public opposition arguing their concerns , such as high cost , security problems and safety issues .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB|||expressing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Researchers had proposed new generation IV reactors , which is targeted at answering these pressing concerns .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S An example is the Very High Temperature Reactor ( VHTR ) which boasts a super helium coolant which is much more effective than water , and yet it is both inert and unreactive ( Teri Ehresman , 2009 ) .
+A 27 28|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It also has ultra hard ceramic materials which are heat resistant and very safe if meltdown were to occur .
+
+S The by-products of VHTR are hard to extract and the usable amount is of insignificant amount .
+
+S These generation IV reactors can only be realized if everyone sees the benefit of nuclear energy and supports the research for it .
+
+S Nuclear reactor produces a large amount of energy relative to the average fossil fuel combustion .
+
+S The amount of nuclear energy given off is huge in a typical nuclear reaction , amounting to an average of 3.4 thousand billion joules per kilogram of fuel , which is about one hundred thousand times as much energy as the combustion of fuel ( Gene Smith , 1999 ) .
+
+S With human population rising at an exponential rate , peaking at an estimated 9.1 billion in 2050 , energy consumption is too expected to rise proportionally .
+A 21 22|||R:OTHER|||, too ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nuclear is definitely a viable option that can meet this demand .
+A 1 1|||M:NOUN|||energy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nuclear energy can be utilized to relieve the world 's demand for depleting fossil fuel .
+
+S Fossil fuel is the main source of energy worldwide , contributing up to 95 percent of world 's energy demands ( David Johnston , 2008 ) .
+
+S As this natural resource is being used up at an approximated rate of 6.2 billion tons annually , it is calculated to last for a maximum of four more decades ( Bob Williamson , 2009 ) .
+
+S In addition , burning of these fuels emits harmful greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and nitrogen dioxide , whereas the nuclear technology is clean and green .
+
+S Opposition parties are always concerned about the safety of having nuclear reactors .
+
+S As seen from the recent Chernobyl accident , many people were killed and injured , and many were adversely affected by the nuclear materials that were left behind for close to a decade .
+
+S Therefore , research for a new generation of reactors is needed to address this problem .
+
+S As seen from the introduction above , the VHTR has many new additional and improved safety aspects , thus being much safer as compared to the ones we have currently .
+
+S Thus , all the safety concerns that the opposition party has are answered to and nuclear reactors can be an option to take over the current fuel intensive reactors .
+
+S Another argument against nuclear power is the security concern .
+
+S As nuclear technology is known for its vast and massive destruction , much policies and measures are taken to ensure that this nuclear technology does not fall into the wrong hands .
+A 12 13|||R:ADJ|||many|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many had also argued that terrorists were able to collect these by-products and use them as a weapon .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This new generation IV reactor has also been improved to work on this problem .
+
+S The by-product now is embedded in an ultra hard material , and also heated up to very high temperature , which is almost impossible to be extracted out .
+
+S All these measures taken will deem the by-products safe from terrorist 's reach .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB|||keep|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As one can see from the argument above , security issues are considered seriously and the risk of it being breached will be very minimal .
+
+S It is clear that nuclear technology is the best alternative to the current fossil consumption as it produces a relative larger amount of energy .
+A 14 14|||M:NOUN|||fuel|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is also able to meet the increasing demand for energy consumption , without the expense of the environment .
+
+S In a long run , nuclear technology is definitely going to be more efficient and beneficial to the society .
+
+S Even though it may be costly as extensive research has to be carried out and expensive construction is required , the benefits and advantages will definitely outweigh this hefty price .
+
+S Importantly , global issues such as greenhouse effect and depleting non-renewable resources are being addressed and can be solved .
+
+S Although nuclear technology has a few disadvantages , many changes had been proposed to minimize them .
+
+S As we know that we have a technology gap between now and the proposed Generation IV reactors , it is important that research commences as soon as possible so that implementation of nuclear technology will not be distant .
+
+S Annex A
+
+S Gene Smith , ( 1999 , April 16 ) .
+
+S Gene Smith 's Astronomy Tutorial Nuclear Reactions Retrieved October 20 , 2009 , from Centre for Astrophysics and Space Sciences { http : //cass.ucsd.edu/public/tutorial/Nukes.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //cass.ucsd.edu/public/tutorial/Nukes.html ]
+
+S Teri Ehresman , ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Very High Temperature Reactor ( VHTR ) Retrieved October 22 , 2009 , from Idaho National Laboratory { https : //inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt ? open = 514&objID = 2251&parentname = CommunityPage&parentid = 13&mode = 2 } [ HYPERLINK : https : //inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt ? open = 514&objID = 2251&parentname = CommunityPage&parentid = 13&mode = 2 ]
+
+S David Johnston , ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Energy in Green Building Retrieved October 22 , 2009 , from Green Building { http : //www.greenbuilding.com/knowledge-base/energy-green-building } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.greenbuilding.com/knowledge-base/energy-green-building ]
+
+S Bob Williamson , ( 2008 ) .
+
+S ZERO Greenhouse emission Retrieved October 22 , 2009 , from Centre for Twilight Earth { http : //www.twilightearth.com/politics/carbon-capture-and-storage/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.twilightearth.com/politics/carbon-capture-and-storage/ ]
+
+S United Nations Population Division , ( 2005 ) .
+
+S World Population will reach 9.1 Billion by 2050 .
+
+S Retrieved October 22 , 2009 , from Over Population { http : //www.overpopulation.com/articles/2005/latest-un-projections-world-population-will-reach-91-billion-by-2050/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.overpopulation.com/articles/2005/latest-un-projections-world-population-will-reach-91-billion-by-2050/ ]
+
+S With the global growth in population and economy , energies needed for either manufacturing industries or home appliances are increasing , hence developing nuclear power becomes an important issue .
+A 20 22|||R:OTHER|||; hence ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nuclear power is a power obtained from controlled nuclear reactions in a nuclear reactor ; generally electricity can be produced after the reaction as the output power .
+
+S Among the six generation IV reactors , compared to other similar reactors which are able to generate both electricity and hydrogen power , the Lead-cooled fast reactor requires relatively lower temperature and low pressure with the support of recycling of the waste .
+A 32 33|||R:ADJ:FORM|||lower|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although a large scale of energy can be obtained by generating nuclear power , there are criticizing views over the use of it in terms of safety concerns and environmental pollutions .
+A 16 18|||R:OTHER|||critical voices|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , there are solutions provided to avoid nuclear accidents and in fact nuclear energy does not contribute any pollution .
+
+S Hence , nuclear energy is definitely a safe and reasonable approach to solve the problem of producing enough energy currently and also for the future needs .
+A 19 23|||R:OTHER|||for both the present and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , the critics claim that the operation of nuclear plant is dangerous because of the only one accident happened in Chernobyl in history .
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The radioactivity escaped from one overheated core into the atmosphere , and caused 28 people to die , 134 people to sick and about 70 cases of thyroid cancer in children .
+A 21 21|||M:VERB|||fall|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , such an accident will not happen again , that is because nowadays all nuclear reactors that are currently in operation worldwide are placed inside a containment building .
+A 9 11|||R:PUNCT|||. That|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Unfortunately , the reactor in Chernobyl was not in such an infrastructure .
+
+S The containment building helps to keep the radiation inside in the case of the faulty operation of the reactor .
+A 13 14|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Its ability to prevent the leak of radiation was proved in 1979 , at Three Mile Island , the reactor core meltdown .
+A 13 22|||R:OTHER|||during the reactor core meltdown at the Three Mile Island|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It should have cause major impact to people living there , but in fact , no injuries or deaths occurred because of the presence of the containment building .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||caused|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Donald W. Miller,2004 ) .
+
+S If talking about the accidents , coal mining is more dangerous , 100 miners are dead per year in the U.S and other 100 die in transporting it .
+A 0 5|||R:OTHER|||As far as accidents are concerned|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:PREP|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||die|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:OTHER|||in mining|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:OTHER|||another|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , from an environmental standpoint , the opposing views think that the life-cycle emissions of the nuclear energy are the great pollutants .
+A 20 21|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , several analyses have shown that the life-cycle emissions are far less than those of coal or natural gas-fired power plants ( Nuclear Energy : A key tool in reducing greenhouse gas emissions , n. d ) .
+
+S Furthermore , in fact 15 % electricity globally which generated by nuclear power greatly reduces the amounts of carbon dioxide emitted into the atmosphere every year by 2.1 billion tonnes ( Position Paper , n.d ) .
+A 7 13|||R:OTHER|||which is generated by nuclear power globally|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And the nuclear plants emit hardly any key agents for acid rain and photochemical air pollution , the sulphur dioxide or nitrogen oxides .
+
+S About 4.8 million tonnes of sulphur dioxide and 2.6 million tones of nitrogen oxides are avoided each year in European countries ( Position Paper , n.d ) .
+A 10 11|||R:MORPH|||tonnes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thirdly , people oppose the development of nuclear power due to the problem of long termed radiation influence caused by nuclear wastes .
+A 15 16|||R:MORPH|||term|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , it is not an issue that could not be solved .
+
+S Several physicists in Germany claim to find out a way to speed up the decay process of radioactive waste on timescales of a few tens of years and make it harmless .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have found|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The technique could avoid burying the waste in deep repositories , which may cost a lot for the government .
+
+S ( Physics World , July 31 2006 ) .
+
+S Same goes for the discovery of Nuclear Solution inc. , its president and CEO Dr. Paul M. Brown claims that they have a technology to make the nuclear waste a safe energy by burning it .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The same|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 11|||R:OTHER|||Inc. Its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Spirit of Ma'at Online Magazine Feb 2002 ) .The six generation lead-cool fast reactor also provides a function of waste recycling to handle the waste , this will again ease the work of disposing the waste ( Butler .
+A 26 27|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S D,2004 ) .
+
+S To sum up , nuclear energy is safe to develop and use with the continuing evolution of the nuclear plants and reactors , and it is also an emission- free energy source which can significantly reduced carbon dioxide gas and acid rains .
+A 17 18|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:VERB:FORM|||reduce|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The waste produced by it can be recycled and reused to reduce the radiation influence to the environment and our society , as a result , cost will be also reduced in total .
+A 21 22|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 33|||R:OTHER|||on the whole|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , in my opinion nuclear energy can be used to solve the problem of increasing energy demand in various industries , because it is safe to both human being and environment , and it is capable to provide relatively larger amounts of energy than other sources .
+A 30 31|||R:MORPH|||beings|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 32|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S Butle,D .
+
+S ( 2004,May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature 429,238-240 .
+
+S Donald W.M .
+
+S ( 2004,April 14 ) .
+
+S Advantages of Nuclear Power .
+
+S Retrieved October 26,2009 from http : //www.lewrockwell.com/miller/miller13.html
+
+S Nuclear Energy Institute .
+
+S ( January 2007 ) Policy Brief .
+
+S Nuclear energy : A key tool in reducing greenhouse gas emissions .
+
+S Retrieved October 26,2009 .
+
+S Position paper on nuclear energy 's contribution to a post-2012 climate policy ( 2008,July ) .
+
+S Issue No .
+
+S 21 summer .
+
+S Physics World ( 2006,July 31 ) .
+
+S A cool solution to waste disposal.Retrieved October 26,2009 from http : //physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/25446
+
+S Spirit of Ma'at Online Magazine ( 2002,Feb ) .
+
+S Nuclear waste may become a safe energy source .
+
+S Vol 2 .
+
+S Retrieved October 26,2009 from http : //www.netmar.com/ ~ maat/archive/feb2/nuclear.htm
+
+S Design , as Wilpert ( 2007 ) defines , is a human activity that produces something in the future which does not currently exist .
+
+S The most fundamental pursuit of any design is the guarantee of the product to be usable , functional , safe and competent .
+
+S For many cases , safety is the most important aspect of a product , since it may be connected with countless lives .
+
+S On the morning of June 3 , 1998 , a tragic train accident happened in a small town in Germany .
+
+S The passengers on the fast travelling Inter City Express were comfortably enjoying the journey when they felt an unusual shaking sensation .
+
+S After a while , the whole train was pulled away from the railway and the bridge , bringing the road down onto itself .
+
+S ( Eschede , n.d. ) The tragedy happened just like that .
+
+S When people try to analyze the causes of the train accident , many believed that the use of psychology during the process of design could have prevented it .
+
+S ( Wilpert , 2007 ) They claim that human actions , which tightly related to psychology , play a major role in the process of design .
+A 12 12|||M:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , some people oppose this argument .
+
+S In their point of view , psychology is not the deciding factor of the design process , and it is certainly not only the design process that contributes to the accident .
+A 12 13|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As far as am concerned , the use of psychology may help prevent the tragedy , but it 's far from enough .
+A 3 3|||M:PRON|||I|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Rather , developing high technology and taking proper safety precaution when the accident happened are more important .
+A 11 12|||R:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||happens|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Design engineers can make mistake .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||mistakes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Their design errors eventually would result in the malfunction of the products , thus cause accidents .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:FORM|||causing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some people accuse that the design engineers of ICE did n't handle the safety design of the train in a careful way .
+
+S They claim that the engineers were being unprofessional ( Eschede , n.d. ) , because the engineers were concerning more about the interior facilities of the train .
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:FORM|||concerned|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to them , the facilities of ICE trains are second to none .
+
+S Passengers could enjoy the radio , the newspaper as well as refreshment , including wonderful meals provided from the luxurious dinning car .
+A 20 21|||R:MORPH|||dining|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The design engineers were said to put so much effort into these trivial factors rather than the safety concern .
+A 16 19|||R:OTHER|||safety issues|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , some people defend the engineers .
+
+S They believe that the engineers should not take the responsibilities and be blamed for the accident .
+
+S Germany adopted high speed trains and made some changes to them .
+
+S Soon , ICE were travelling across the whole Germany and were favored by passengers .
+
+S It is not wrong if the engineers decided to make the train more comfortable and attractive .
+
+S In fact , over the years ICE expanded throughout Germany , the safety record was perfect .
+A 11 11|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( NASA , 2007 ) What went wrong when the train accident happened would rather be the construction and the maintenance of the track and the bridge .
+
+S The maintenance of the track was poorly done , as well as the maintenance of the bridge .
+
+S They are unprotected by any form of crash barrier .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Eschede , n.d. ) If only the work had been done well , countless lives would have been saved .
+
+S Some people always claim that engineers tend to focus on component failures , but they lack the understanding of the breakdown of the whole system .
+
+S Moreover , they blame the design engineers for not coming up with the plans against system breakdown .
+
+S In other words , they did not take the safety issues into account when they were designing the train .
+
+S ( Wilpert , 2007 ) However , some people argue , it is not fair to the engineers .
+
+S The train , ICE , did have adequate protection system as well as warning system .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Actually , the tragedy can be attributed to the flawed emergency operation procedures instead .
+
+S ( NASA , 2007 ) Passengers would have pulled the emergency break to stop the train as soon as they witness the wheel failure .
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:TENSE|||witnessed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is the key reason why the accident was so serious .
+
+S In face , one passenger sensed something is wrong , and tried to remind the driver of the hazard .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN|||fact|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The driver , nevertheless , chose to ignore the report until it was too late .
+
+S ( NASA , 2007 ) One way and the best way to prevent the accident may be taking the appropriate safety precaution and applying correct methods to deal with the accident .
+
+S Many people believe that the use of heritage also contributed to the accident .
+
+S ( NASA , 2007 ) The ICE engineers just followed whatever had already been designed , neglecting the current situation .
+
+S In addition , ICE was insufficiently tested before it was put into use .
+
+S However , it was not the case at all , according to others .
+
+S Technology at that time limited the designing of ICE , thus caused the design failure .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:FORM|||causing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If high technology had been used , and sufficient testing was performed , the accident would have been avoided .
+
+S ( Eschede , n.d. )
+
+S To conclude , the use of psychology during the design process is important .
+
+S The key factors to prevent the train accident from happening are safety precaution , the proper actions taken during the accident and the use of high technology .
+
+S Reference :
+
+S Eschede , E. ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Danger ahead !
+
+S Special feature .
+
+S From http : //danger-ahead.railfan.net/textonly/eschede.htm NASA .
+
+S ( March , 2007 ) .
+
+S System failure case studies .
+
+S Wilpert , B .
+
+S ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Psychology and design process .
+
+S Safety Science , 45 ( 2007 ) , 293-303 .
+
+S Molten salt reactor , a promising energy supply
+
+S For decades , people have been searching for better energy sources .
+
+S Nuclear power is always a controversial choice .
+
+S Although nuclear power is effective and efficient , it can be incredibly dangerous .
+
+S Now nuclear reactors come to their forth generation , including six different types of safety enhanced reactors .
+
+S The molten salt reactor is one of the generation IV reactors .
+
+S It uses fluoride salts as coolant and the uranium fuel is reacting in a liquid environment ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S The prospect of molten salt reactor is promising as its safety is enhanced within the reaction system as well as out of the system and it can profit in a long run .
+
+S Due to these reasons , it is worthy of supporting the research on the molten salt reactor .
+
+S Many people believe that nuclear power plant is dangerous as reaction cores have the potential to explode and fuels can release radioactivity which may be fatal to creatures .
+
+S People oppose research on nuclear power because they do not want to see the Chernobyl tragedy happening again .
+
+S However , for the molten salt reactor , this is definitely not a problem .
+
+S Compared to the old generation reactors which use light water as coolant , the molten salt cooled reactor operates at low pressure which prevents explosion caused by steam .
+
+S Due to the low pressure , a high-pressure steel vessel is not necessary for a molten salt reactor ( " Molten salt reactor , " 2009 ) .
+
+S This makes the reactor smaller and lighter so that plant controlling and emergency handling will be easy .
+
+S In addition , the inert property of fluoride salts and the liquid reacting environment further prevent core explosion ( Gat and Dodds , 2006 ) .
+
+S For radioactivity leakage , it is unlikely to happen in a molten salt reactor as the salts will freeze to prevent dispersal ( Gat and Dodds , 2006 ) .
+
+S Moreover , the on-line reprocessing reduces fission products .
+
+S The long-term radioactive waste generated in a plant with reprocessing is a thousand times less than that in an ordinary plant ( " Molten salt reactor , " 2009 ) .
+
+S In a word , the probability of major accidents is significantly reduced in a molten salt reactor .
+
+S Besides the major accidents , security in the reprocessing is another concern of opponents .
+
+S They worry that plutonium , which is the material used for producing nuclear weapons , can be stolen during reprocessing .
+
+S In fact , this problem can be solved and prevented .
+
+S In a molten salt reactor , plutonium is separated from nuclear waste and added back to the reactor as fuel .
+
+S This indicates that the separated plutonium will not be discarded but can be well monitored .
+
+S Besides , the amount of weapons-grade fission generated in the molten salt reactor is small ( " Generation IV nuclear reactor , " 2009 ) .
+
+S Furthermore , scientists have been developing reprocessing technologies that maintain high proliferation resistance .
+
+S Currently , there are technologies like Plutonium and Uranium Recovery by Extraction ( PUREX ) , Uranium Extraction ( UREX ) and Mixed Oxide ( MOX ) .
+
+S The PUREX and the MOX both can handle the weapons-grade plutonium as the reactors-grade plutonium is hard to be stolen due to lethal radioactivity .
+
+S The UREX can ensure relatively high proliferation resistance which results in high radioactivity ( " Nuclear reprocessing , " 2005 ) .
+
+S In France , the plant at La Hague deals with more than one thousand metric tons of spent nuclear fuel per year by adopting an improved version of the PUREX ( Kingery , 2009 ) .
+
+S If there is more research being carried out , better outcomes can be achieved .
+
+S Lastly , opponents point out that reprocessing costs a lot of money and there is research demanding expenses too .
+
+S In fact , despite the fact that reprocessing and research cost too much money , the molten salt reactor is profitable in a long term and it is economy compared to other reactors .
+A 28 29|||R:MORPH|||economical|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , the molten salt reactor does not need the high-pressure steel vessel which is expensive .
+
+S There is no requirement for fuel fabrication .
+
+S All these can compensate part expense on the reprocessing and research .
+A 4 4|||M:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||of the expenses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , the molten salt reactor is highly effective and efficient .
+
+S With less fuels , it produces electricity and hydrogen four to six times greater than high temperature reactors do ( " Generation IV nuclear reactor , " 2009 ) .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||fuel|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus it is worthy of investment .
+
+S With the demand for energy increasing , it is urgent to find an economy and efficient energy source .
+A 13 14|||R:MORPH|||economical|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nuclear power is inevitably becoming one of the most important supplies .
+
+S As a generation IV reactor , the molten salt reactor has outstanding safety advantage in both reactor and reprocessing , and it is profitable in a long run .
+
+S Hence , it will be reasonable and wise to support the research .
+
+S References
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240 .
+
+S Gat , U. , & Dodds , H. L. ( 2006 , October 27 ) .
+
+S Molten salt reactorssafety options galore .
+
+S Energy from thorium .
+
+S Retrieved October 23 , 2009 , from http : //thoriumenergy.blogspot.com/2006/10/molten-salt-reactors-safety-options.html
+
+S Generation IV reactors .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S In Encyclopedia world nuclear association .
+
+S Retrieved October 23 , 2009 , from http : //www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf77.html
+
+S Kingery , K. ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Rusty Nanoparticles Learn New Trick .
+
+S Power engineering .
+
+S Retrieved October 23 , 2009 , from whttp : //pepei.pennnet.com/display_article/355043/140/ARTCL/none/none/1/Rusty-Nanoparticles-Learn-New-Trick/
+
+S Molten salt reactors .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S In Encyclopedia absolute astronomy .
+
+S Retrieved October 23 , 2009 , from http : //www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Molten_salt_reactor
+
+S Nuclear reprocessing methods .
+
+S ( 2005 ) .
+
+S In Encyclopedia spiritus-temporis .
+
+S Retrieved October 23 , 2009 , from http : //www.spiritus-temporis.com/nuclear-reprocessing/methods.html
+
+S As the developing countries build more factories and cities throughout the years , the global energies consumption is rapidly increasing over the years .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are building|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||energy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is a concern as at the rate countries are consuming energies it is a matter of time before the earth run out of natural resources .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||energy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:SVA|||runs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The alternative way to generate electricity is the use of nuclear technology according to Butler,D .
+
+S Countries are spending large amount of money to develop the Generation IV reactors to meet the demand of energy consumptions .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||consumption|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There is a need for this development as currently nuclear reactors are not that safe and efficient .
+
+S The objectives of Generation IV reactors are to improve safety features , minimise waste output and to decrease the construction and operating cost of nuclear reactors .
+A 16 17|||U:VERB:FORM||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The VHTR ( Very High Temperature Reactor ) and ( MSR ) Molten Salt reactor are Generation IV reactors currently under development .
+
+S Although there are many risk hazard involving the VHTR , it is still one of the most promising model , many countries are keen on adopting this model as the future reactor .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||hazards|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||models|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Ogawa,M .
+
+S and Lensa , W.V .
+
+S )
+
+S One of the most practical issues concern is the cost .
+A 6 6|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Countries want to build reactors that are cheap in cost and that are efficient in producing electricity and hydrogen gases .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||All countries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For the VHTR Model when compared to the MSR , the construction of the plant is costly and takes up a relatively large space .
+
+S The construction of the plant is costly as it requires materials that can withstand the extreme heat and corrosive operating condition of the reactor .
+
+S The molten salt is preferred as it operation system is less complicated which means that it is cheaper to construct and it does not need to run on very high temperature or pressure .
+A 6 7|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , in term of the overall development cost , the Very High temperature Reactors is still much cheaper than the Molten Salt reactor .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||terms|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactor|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The cost is 679 million dollars compared to the 1000 million required by the MSR ( NERAC ) .
+
+S This is so as the VHTR is simply the upgrading of existing high temperature reactors while the MSR is a relative new technology .
+A 20 21|||R:MORPH|||relatively|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence VHTR need less testing and less time to develop whereas extensive testing is required for the MSR .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In term of efficiency , there is criticism regarding the high fuel burn up and the need to periodically change the graphite core .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||terms|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The initial design of the VHTR also does not allow the system to produce electricity directly as modification are required to be make to the plant to achieve generation of electricity .
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||modifications|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:FORM|||made|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Whereas for the MSR it is considered a better choice as it is safer to operate at lower pressure and temperature .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||In comparison ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 5|||R:OTHER|||the MSR|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||pressures|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||temperatures|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The efficiency of the MSR will improves in the near future as scientists are working to increase the output of hydrogen and electricity ( NERAC ) .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:FORM|||improve|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Despite the negative points of the VHTR , it is still way ahead of the MSR and all other generation IV models , only VHR has an efficiency of more than fifty percent .
+A 23 23|||M:PREP|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Not only it produces more electricity , the high temperature generated is actually not useless .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||does it produce|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:CONJ|||but|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The extreme heat produced can be used for heat application process such as the petrochemical industries ( Billot,P .
+
+S and Barbier , D ) .
+
+S The final issue brought up by people opposing the usage of VHTR is related to the safety aspect of the system .
+
+S This is due to the fact that the VHTR runs on very high temperature and it will have a higher chance of failure of parts due to creep .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||temperatures|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 28|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The isolation of the reactor when failure occurs is another issue being widely debated .
+
+S For VHTR the safety features are manned manually by safety officers and it is not as reliable as human will make mistake .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB|||maintained|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||humans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:NUM|||mistakes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Then for the MSR about 200 million dollars were spent on safety testing .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since the safety of the system is tested intensively , it is unforgivable if failure occurs .
+
+S Although the safety aspect is being widely debated , the safety feature of VHTR is improving with time ( INL ) .
+
+S In conclusion , the VHTR is still one of the better choices when compared to the MSR .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is so as it will be ready in the year 2025 , five years earlier than the MSR .
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the operation of the VHTR five years ahead , the revenue generate by the VHR will provide more funds for further research and improvement .
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:FORM|||generated|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Then in term of efficiency it is ahead of the MSR and there is no guarantee that after intensive research the efficiency will improve .
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence VHTR has the potential to be the main provider of electricity of the future .
+A 12 13|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240
+
+S Ogawa,M .
+
+S and Lensa , W.V .
+
+S ( 2002 , June 25 ) .
+
+S Very high temperature gas cooled reactor .
+
+S Billot,P .
+
+S and Barbier , D. Very high temperature reactor the French atomic energy commission R and D program .
+
+S Idaho National Laboratory .
+
+S Very high temperature reactor .
+
+S { https : //inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt ? open = 514&objID = 2251&parentname = CommunityPage&parentid = 13&mode = 2 } [ HYPERLINK : https : //inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt ? open = 514&objID = 2251&parentname = CommunityPage&parentid = 13&mode = 2 ] U.S .
+
+S DOE Nuclear Energy Research Advisory Committee and the Generation IV International Forum .
+
+S ( 2002,December ) A Technology Roadmap for Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems .
+
+S { http : //www.ne.doe.gov/genIV/documents/gen_iv_roadmap.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.ne.doe.gov/genIV/documents/gen_iv_roadmap.pdf ]
+
+S With the fast development of high-technology , more energy is needed both for industrial use and for home use .
+
+S Nuclear energy as a more efficient method to produce electricity attracts many scientists ' attention .
+
+S In 2000 , The Generation IV International Forum ( GIF ) , an international collective representing government of 13 countries , was initiated .
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||cooperative project|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||governments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Scientists from these countries cooperate to get the development of the next generation of nuclear technology , the Generation IV Nuclear Reactor ( World Nuclear Association , 2008 ) .
+A 6 10|||R:OTHER|||develop|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Six concepts are put forward .
+
+S William Magwood ( 2004 ) , chairman of GIF 's board , predicts that no more than three of these six concepts will become research prototypes and be put into practice .
+
+S In my point of view , among all the six reactors , the Sodium-cooled fast reactor ( SFR ) is the one should be chosen as one of the prototypes .
+A 22 22|||M:DET|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The generation IV SFR is a new concept which is safe not only when it operates for electric producing , but also when it meets the problem of nuclear weapons and the terrorism attack .
+A 16 17|||R:PREP|||during|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:MORPH|||production|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , by now the research on reducing the cost of this reactor has received significant achievement and the research is still undergoing .
+
+S Scientists are still looking forward to more research findings in the coming years .
+
+S Many people think that comparing with traditional ways of producing electricity , using nuclear reactor is not safe .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:FORM|||compared|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , the SFR is a very safe nuclear reactor operating under low pressure , at low temperature as well .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 21|||R:OTHER|||pressures and low temperatures|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The operating temperature of the SFR ranges from 500 to 550 , one of the two reactors with the lowest temperature among all the six together with Supercritical-water-cooled reactor .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||temperatures|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||range|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||temperatures|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 29|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover the sodium-cooled technique was started to use since the year 1951 .
+A 4 7|||R:OTHER|||has been in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " It builds on more than 300 reactor-years experienced with sodium-cooled fast neutron reactors over five decades and in eight countries ( World nuclear association , 2008 ) " .
+
+S Scientists from Japan also concerned about the chemical reaction between sodium and water .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||have also been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They add double-wall piping to their Japanese sodium-cooled fast reactor ( JSFR ) to improve the security of the reactor .
+
+S Nuclear weapon and terrorism are always sensitive topics to both government and ordinary people .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||governments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Because the waste of the nuclear reactor can be used by terrorists to produce nuclear weapons , many people doubt whether it can provide true safety if scientists can only promise that the reactor is safe during the operation .
+
+S However , this is not a problem for SRF .
+
+S New design for SRF is likely to have all the neutron action in the core .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The new|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S That is to say " the new processing technologies will enable the fuel to be recycled without separating the plutonium ( World Nuclear Association , 2008 ) " .
+
+S In this case , the waste will all be recycled in the reactor and terrorists will not get a chance to reach the nuclear raw materials .
+
+S Closing the nuclear fuel cycle through the use of advanced reprocessing and fast reactor technologies is a good way to improve the security of the reactor and avoid duplication of effort at the same time .
+
+S Opponents say that comparing with the other five generation IV reactors , the cost of the SFR is relatively high .
+
+S Yes , this is a drawback of the SFR ; however , scientists are working hard on it to find out the way to reduce the capital cost of the SFR and they have already received some achievements .
+A 35 36|||R:VERB|||made|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On November 27-28 , 2006 , Mr. Kazuo Mukai , from the Advanced Nuclear System Research and Development Directorate Japan Atomic Energy Agency ( JAEA ) , had an international seminar on " Coolants and Innovative Reactor Technologies " in Cadarache which is a research center for nuclear energy in France .
+A 41 41|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this seminar he talked about the JSFR and the achievements Japanese scientists got to reduce the cost of the SFR .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB|||had made|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Kazuo ( 2006 ) said that by adopting high chromium steel with higher strength and lower thermal expansion , the capacity of the heat exchangers and the heat exchangers and the flow rate in the pipe got enlarged , so that the piping could be shortened and the loop number also got reduced .
+A 25 29|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this way , the capital cost of the SFR was reduced .
+
+S This is just an example of the received achievements .
+A 7 8|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The research is still undergoing and scientists have confidence that they will have more findings in the future .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||ongoing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to The U.S. Department of Energy ( DOE ) , the sodium-cooled fast reactor technology is one of the most advanced nuclear technologies being researched to date and could potentially be used as an advanced recycling reactor ( " U.S. , France " , 2008 ) .
+
+S With the participation of the experts from 13 countries , more achievements will be received during the next decade .
+
+S The advanced technology of the SFR will benefit people all around the world in the not far future .
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||too distant|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S World Nuclear Association .
+
+S ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Generation IV nuclear reactors .
+
+S Retrieved October 27 , 2009 , from http : //www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf77.html
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240 .
+
+S Kazuo , M. ( 2006 ) .
+
+S Development of sodium-cooled fast reactor in Japan .
+
+S Retrieved October 27 , 2009 , from http : //www.gedeon.prd.fr/ATELIERS/27_28_novembre_2006/exposes/Devlopment_Fast_Reactors_Mukai.pdf
+
+S U.S. , France , Japan Increase Cooperation on Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor Prototypes .
+
+S ( 2008 , February 7 ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 27 , 2009 , from http : //energy.ihs.com/News/nuclear-power/2008/sodium-cooled-fast-reactor-020708.htm
+
+S The Importance of Psychology in Design Process
+
+S The Chernobyl disaster was one of the worst engineering accidents ever happened in history .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:OTHER|||that has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Not many people died that day but thousands of people were exposed to radiation that caused them to suffer severe health problems ( BBC News , 2000 ) .
+
+S Unfortunately , the cause of this incident was found to be unnecessary mistakes made by the nuclear plant operators .
+
+S People usually say that mistakes are inevitable and nuclear is in fact extremely dangerous so that working with it will always involve a high chance of accidents .
+A 9 9|||M:NOUN|||power|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , there are ways to reduce the possibility of this human-caused accident .
+
+S Including psychological factors consideration during the design process is found to be one of the ways to improve safety which might have prevented the Chernobyl incident .
+A 3 4|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Opponents claim that as a human being , we make mistakes and it can not be avoided .
+
+S I agree to the point that human can make mistakes .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||humans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , it does not mean that mistakes can not be avoided .
+
+S This includes the mistakes made by the Chernobyl nuclear plant operators .
+
+S They did not request to maintain the power which caused it to run down rapidly until it was below the permitted safety level ( Onisawa and Nishiwaki , 1988 ) .
+
+S This mistake was actually unnecessary since this was not their first time doing the safety test .
+
+S The problem lies on the behavior of the plant operators .
+A 3 4|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They took light of their task since for them this was just another safety test .
+
+S They did not have any sense of responsibility and were not aware of the consequences if anything went wrong .
+
+S Therefore , during the design process , these plant operators are supposed to be 'designed ' as well .
+
+S They should be given the required knowledge and should also be warned about the worst thing that may happen if they make even a simple mistake .
+
+S In this way , they will be more careful in doing their task and as a result able to avoid making mistakes .
+A 14 17|||R:OTHER|||will as a result be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Opponents also state that nuclear power is indeed dangerous for that reason , it is impossible not to have accident while working with it .
+A 4 4|||M:PREP|||while|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||accidents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Accident is a situation when there is a failure in the interaction between man and machine ( Stoop , 1995 ) .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||An accident|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , even though nuclear power is certainly dangerous , it can still be safe to work with as long as the interaction between man and machine is designed carefully so that it will not fail .
+
+S Again , this shows the importance of considering psychological factors in design process .
+
+S Most of the times , while designing a system , engineers are likely to overestimate the ability of the user ( Wilpert , 2007 ) .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||time|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , most users are not able to properly use the equipments .
+
+S In the case of Chernobyl , the plant operators failed to make the right decision which then caused the reactor to explode .
+
+S Instead of following the safety procedure , the plant operators even blocked the reactor 's protection system ( making it impossible for automatic shut down ) in order to keep the test running ( Onisawa and Nishiwaki , 1988 ) .
+A 19 25|||R:OTHER|||automatic shut down impossible|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If the plant operators were familiar with the system and the procedure , they would have known which one was more important and would definitely have prioritized safety rather than keeping the test running .
+
+S Thus , in designing a system engineers alone are not enough .
+
+S The final argument proposed by the opponents is that psychologists are also humans who can make mistakes just like engineers .
+
+S Hence , even with their help mistakes are still inevitable .
+
+S The point of involving psychologists in the design process is not because they are better than engineers .
+
+S It is rather to balance the engineers ' point of view which is usually machine-centered .
+
+S Since man and machines are equally important to achieve safety in design , psychologists ' role is to concern about the human resources which are usually neglected by engineers .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||men|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||be concerned|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If both machines and man are well designed , safety will definitely improve and the possibility of accidents will be reduced .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||men|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , carefully designing a system 's safety is useless unless psychological factors are also considered .
+
+S Without considering psychological factors , there is a big possibility that there will be a bad interaction between man and machine which will then results in an accident such as Chernobyl 's .
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:FORM|||result|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , psychological factors play an important role in reducing the possibility of accident as well as improving the system 's safety .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||accidents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S BBC News .
+
+S ( 2000 , June 5 ) .
+
+S The Chernobyl Accident : What happened .
+
+S Retrieved October 15 , 2009 , from { http : //news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/778477.stm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/778477.stm ]
+
+S CBBC News .
+
+S ( 2006 , April 26 ) .
+
+S What happened at Chernobyl ? .
+
+S Retrieved October 15 , 2009 , from { http : //news.bbc.co.uk/cbbcnews/hi/newsid_4940000/newsid_4943800/4943866.stm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //news.bbc.co.uk/cbbcnews/hi/newsid_4940000/newsid_4943800/4943866.stm ]
+
+S Onsisawa , Takehisa & Nishiwaki , Yasushi .
+
+S ( 1988 ) .
+
+S Fuzzy Human Reliability Analysis on the Chernobyl Accident .
+
+S Fuzzy Sets and Systems , 28 , 115-127 .
+
+S Spencer , Jack & Loris , Nicholas .
+
+S ( 2009 , March 27 ) .
+
+S Three Mile Island and Chernobyl : What Went Wrong and Why Today 's Reactors Are Safe .
+
+S Retrieved October 15 , 2009 , from http : //www.heritage.org/Research/EnergyandEnvironment/upload/wm_2367.pdf
+
+S Stoop , J .
+
+S A .
+
+S ( 1995 ) .
+
+S Accidents - In-Depth Analysis ; towards a method AIDA ? .
+
+S Safety Science , 19 , 125-136 .
+
+S Wilpert , B .
+
+S ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Psychology and design processes .
+
+S Safety Science , 45 , 293-303 .
+
+S The world has been searching for different sources of energy to reduce its dependence on fossil fuels .
+
+S In some countries , they have turned to nuclear power .
+
+S Despite producing less carbon footprints , nuclear power is a relatively dangerous source of energy .
+
+S One unmistakable example is the 1986 Chernobyl disaster .
+
+S Some psychologists have wondered whether the use of psychology in the design process would have prevented the accident .
+
+S While opponents reasoned that there is no distinctive link between psychology and engineering design process , the use of psychology could theoretically have prevented the accident through its intervention in the controls and the safety mechanisms design .
+
+S Also , use of psychology could counter the underestimation of the number of errors that will form inevitably .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Opponents argue that the use of psychology would not be useful as the chief cause for the accident is the lack of knowledge of the operators .
+A 3 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to Rich ( 1986 ) , the accident was the fault of not complying with strict operating regulations governed by the reactor designers .
+
+S However , one way of how psychology could have averted the accident is that the designers could have anticipated that the operators might not understand the physics behind the reactor .
+
+S They might have been trained to operate but do not understand the principles behind it .
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||even though they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The design could have incorporated automated controls to reduce the number of errors that could be made .
+
+S Leptak ( 2009 ) suggests that to maintain a safe operation , there should be fewer autonomous control and more 'redundant automated safety interlocks' .
+
+S This is to prohibit safety controls from being bypassed .
+
+S This could prove to be an essential part of the design as Stellman ( 1998 ) provides evidence that the chief engineer involved actually approved the shutting down of the Emergency Cooling System .
+
+S This move compromised the safety of the plant .
+
+S Thus , psychology could have indeed changed the reactor plant to a vastly safer environment .
+
+S On the other hand , other opponents blame the heavy politico-military factors attached to the Chernobyl reactors .
+
+S In Chernobyl ( 2006 ) , the writer points out that the reactors were designed and adapted for the production of plutonium for military businesses .
+
+S This dual function could have compromised safety of the reactor .
+
+S Psychology or the employment of psychologists to assist the design process would thus be futile .
+A 8 8|||M:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , this may not be the case .
+
+S Psychology understands that almost every action has a causal history which leads up to the root of the problem .
+
+S This concept is evident when accounts of the accident reviewed that the operator indifferently disregarded safety protocols .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB|||revealed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , Stang ( 1996 ) notes that running the reactors at low operating standards was commonplace .
+
+S Hence , designers could have could have brought in psychologists to evaluate the design to inhibit such unauthorized practices and to ensure the safety standards are kept high .
+A 3 5|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In short , the use of psychology could have been used to uphold the safety of the reactors and hence might have prevented the accident .
+
+S In contrast , other opponents may argue that the design process is beyond the domain of psychologists .
+
+S Instead , only the designer and the engineers have the expertise to partake in the design process .
+
+S However , this perception could be wrong as designers make human errors .
+
+S Psychology could be used to minimize these errors .
+
+S According to Wilpert ( 2007 ) , the design process encompasses both social science and the engineering .
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In Reason ( 2000 ) 's article , he notices a distinctive element that separates high reliability organizations from others .
+
+S This element is the consensual agreement that errors can occur anywhere and every stage in should be treated meticulously .
+A 14 15|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Stang and Liptak have deduced that the designers involved in the Chernobyl reactor did not understand certain aspects of the reactor .
+
+S This implies that the design was not given scrupulous care .
+
+S Therefore , psychology could be used in the design process and perhaps have minimized the possibilities of accidents .
+A 11 11|||M:VERB:TENSE|||could|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To sum up , use of psychology could have been used in some phases of the design process .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Psychology could have helped in automating several safety controls , improving safety and enhancing the reliability of the reactor design .
+
+S Though the use of psychology could have aided the design process in these three areas , whether the use of psychology would have prevented the accident is really hard to say .
+
+S Many factors contribute to the accident .
+
+S However , current reactor designers should take the Chernobyl accident as a valuable lesson and do their utmost efforts to prevent such painful and costly incidents from happening again .
+
+S References :
+
+S Rich , V. ( 1986 ) .
+
+S Chernobyl accident is blamed on human error .
+
+S Nature , 322 , 295 .
+
+S Stellman,J .
+
+S ( 1998 ) .
+
+S The ILO Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety .
+
+S Location : International Labour Office .
+
+S Lipt á k,B. ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Good Process Control Could Have Prevented this Historic Meltdown .
+
+S Control .
+
+S Retrieved September 27 , 2009 , from { http : //www.controlglobal.com/articles/2009/Chernobyl0907.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.controlglobal.com/articles/2009/Chernobyl0907.html ]
+
+S Stang , E. ( 1996 ) .
+
+S Chernobyl-System accident of human error ?
+
+S Oxford University Press , 68 , 197-201
+
+S Anonymous ( 2006 ) .
+
+S Chernobyl , the accident scenario and its global impact .
+
+S European Nuclear Society Retrieved September 27 , 2009 { http : //www.euronuclear.org/e-news/e-news-12/presidents-contribution.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.euronuclear.org/e-news/e-news-12/presidents-contribution.htm ]
+
+S Reason,J. ( 2000 ) .
+
+S Human error : models and management .
+
+S BMJ , 320 , 768-770 Wilpert , B .
+
+S ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Psychology and design processes .
+
+S Safety Science , 45 , 293-303 .
+
+S Since the introduction of nuclear-powered generators , public opposition was one of the reasons why only limited nuclear reactors have been built in the past .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The public is against the idea of constructing nuclear reactors because they are concerned about the safe operation of nuclear reactors .
+
+S Their concern arose because of a few incidents that have happened in the past which includes a partial reactor meltdown in 1979 at Three Mile Island , Pennsylvania and also the 1986 accident at Chernobyl in Ukraine , which the reactor core exploded and caused the death of 31 people and spewed radioactive debris across Europe ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||arises|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||R:OTHER|||where|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , I believe that previews of the nuclear reactors should not influence the decision to fund the research and development of the generation IV reactors as people will be more careful not to let the same incidents happen again with the advancement in technology .
+
+S Therefore , I feel that generation IV reactors such as the Supercritical-water-cooled reactors ( SCWR ) should be funded for their research and development .
+
+S Nevertheless , the first reason that the public is concerned over the funding of generation IV nuclear reactors is that the nuclear reactors will not reduce the greenhouse-gas emissions as compared to natural gas and oil use ( Nature , 2008 ) .
+A 26 27|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , this is not the case as there are countries constructing nuclear reactors because it can indeed improve the environment .
+A 15 16|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , reducing greenhouse-gas emissions is the main reason for the endorsement of the construction of nuclear reactors by the UK government ( Nature , 2008 ) .
+
+S Furthermore , according to Butler ( 2004 ) , the SCWR does not emit carbon dioxide , which is a greenhouse-gas that is soaring because of natural gas and oil generated power plants .
+
+S Therefore , such generation IV reactors will certainly improve the environment and should be funded for their research and development .
+
+S Another concern from the public opposition is that nuclear reactors should not be used in medical research because they pose a danger to the people using nuclear power for their medical researches .
+
+S According to Ruth ( 2009 ) , medical isotopes used in the cancer research can be supplied using accelerators instead of nuclear reactors as it is a safer and cheaper method .
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:OTHER|||using accelerators|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , nuclear reactors should continue to be used to supply the medical isotopes as it can produce the isotopes much faster than the accelerators .
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , the idea of accelerators to supply the medical isotopes has still not been put to practical use as it still requires further research and development unlike the nuclear reactors , which is already vastly used in medical researches .
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:SVA|||require|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 35|||M:VERB:TENSE|||been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This can be shown as many researchers were lamenting on the shutdown of the nuclear reactor located in chalk river , Ontario , and their medical research has to be put to a halt ( Nature , 2008 ) .
+A 27 28|||R:VERB:TENSE|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , generation IV reactors will be more stable to maintain the medical research process and should be funded for their research and development .
+
+S The last concern from the public opposition is that nuclear reactors are not safe enough to be built as they are under-designed for earthquakes as the earthquake in Japan killed at least 9 , injured 1000 and caused the evacuation of further 10,000 people and sparked a fire and caused radiation- contaminated water from the nuclear reactor to spill into the sea ( Nature , 2007 ) .
+A 36 37|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 44 45|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , damages done from an earthquake on a nuclear reactor is inevitable no matter how well a building is designed and such damages done are already considered very minimal even though the nuclear reactor in Japan was under-designed to deal with an earthquake of magnitude 6.8 .
+
+S Furthermore , due to technology advancement , the new generation IV reactors are designed to deal with an earthquake of magnitude 8.0 ( Nature , 2007 ) .
+
+S Therefore , the concern of the public opposition over nuclear reactors which are under-designed for earthquakes is unnecessary because the generation IV reactors are strong enough to handle tough conditions already .
+
+S To wrap up , I believe that the new generation IV reactors such as SCWR is nothing like their previous generation of nuclear reactors because technology is constantly improving each day to make the nuclear reactors safer to be built .
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , the public opposition should look at the new generation IV reactors in a different light and not just based on some of the incidents that had happened in the past .
+A 20 20|||M:VERB:TENSE|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240. doi : 10.1038/429238a
+
+S Cyranoski , D. ( 2007 , July 17 ) .
+
+S Japanese nuclear reactor under-designed for earthquakes ?
+
+S Nature News .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //www.nature.com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/news/2007/070717/full/news070716 -3.html doi : 10.1038/news070716-3
+
+S Hoag , H. ( 2007 , December 12 ) .
+
+S Nuclear-reactor closure hits cancer tests .
+
+S Nature 450 , 926-927 .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //www.nature.com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/news/2007/071212/full/450926b .
+
+S html doi : 10.1038/450926b
+
+S Nature .
+
+S ( 2008 , January 16 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power gets green light from UK government .
+
+S Nature 451 , 235 .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //www.nature.com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/news/2008/080116/full/451235a .
+
+S html doi : 10.1038/451235a
+
+S Nature .
+
+S ( 2007 , July 25 ) .
+
+S Nuclear test .
+
+S Nature 448 , 387 .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //www.nature.com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/nature/journal/v448/n7152/full/44 83 87a.html doi : 10.1038/448387a
+
+S Ruth , T. ( 2009 , January 28 ) .
+
+S Accelerating production of medical isotopes .
+
+S Nature 457 , 536-537 .
+
+S Retrieved from http : //www.nature.com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/nature/journal/v457/n7229/full/45 75 36a.html doi : 10.1038/457536a
+
+S Computers , television sets and air-conditioners , all these household appliances require electricity to work .
+
+S In most countries , fossil fuel power plants are the main generators of electricity .
+
+S However , fossil fuels are not a renewable source of energy and will be depleted one day .
+
+S Furthermore , according to the recent energy outlook , energy demands in the United States are expected to grow by 0.5 % per year ( EIA 2009 ) .
+
+S Governments are well aware of this and have been looking at alternative sources of energy such as solar , wind and particularly , nuclear energy .
+
+S However , nuclear power plants pose a danger to the surrounding as a target of terrorists and in the event of a nuclear accident .
+
+S Nevertheless , with the new generation IV reactors , especially the sodium-cooled fast reactor ( SFR ) which will be the first generation IV reactor to be completed and more efficient in the usage of the nuclear fuel , nuclear energy will definitely be one of the main sources of energy in the future .
+
+S There is no denying that nuclear energy is a dangerous source of energy and an example is the Chernobyl accident in 1986 .
+
+S It was caused by an error during a safety test and resulted in over 4,000 deaths and many more may die due to the radiation from the accident ( Nature 2006 ) .
+
+S In recent years , there are also fears that nuclear reactors may be the targets of terrorist attacks .
+
+S As a result , the public has been reluctant about the use of nuclear power as a source of energy .
+
+S Nonetheless , there are still over 400 nuclear reactors around the world which make up for 17 % of the world 's electrical consummation ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S All of which have improved safety precautions and higher security levels to ensure the safety of the public .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||these reactors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , the new SFR will be equipped with better coolant system to prevent a reactor meltdown and stronger containment structures to guard against terrorist attacks ( Smith , 2009 ) .
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Out of the six generation IV reactors , SFR is expected to be the first reactor to be developed .
+
+S Therefore , we can tap on the use of safer nuclear energy earlier .
+
+S This is mainly thanks to the fact that sodium-cooled reactors are already in operation in Japan and Russia ( US DOE NERAC/GIF 2002 ) .
+
+S Thus , less research will be required for the SFR , which also means that the research cost will be reduced .
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , by choosing the SFR 's proven method of cooling the nuclear core , it removes the uncertainties of using new and untested technology which are present in the other reactors .
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN:NUM|||technologies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The SFR is also chosen by the United States as their front runner for generation IV fast reactors due to its strong technology basis ( US DOE/NE 2006 ) .
+A 0 1|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On top of its technological readiness , the SFR is designed for high efficiency as well .
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It recycles nuclear fuel through a process whereby a group of chemical elements called actinides is produced .
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Plutonium is also included in this group and it can be used for production of nuclear weapons .
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , to ensure the nuclear non-proliferation , the SFR is designed such that the plutonium can not be extracted from the nuclear core .
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , 99.9 % of the actinides will be recycled again .
+
+S The SFR will also be using spent thermal reactor fuel from other older nuclear reactors as its initial fuel ( US DOE NERAC/GIF 2002 ) .
+A 0 1|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All these designs will lead to a more efficient usage of the nuclear fuel and it also helps solve the current problem of the disposal of nuclear wastes .
+A 15 16|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:SVA|||help|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The truth is , we will one day run out of fossil fuels , hence , we must plan ahead and look for other sources of energy .
+A 13 14|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And despite its risks , nuclear energy has its significant benefits as well .
+
+S Nuclear power plants maybe hazardous , but the new SFR boosts many new safeguards .
+A 3 4|||R:ORTH|||may be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It also allows us to utilize more capable generation IV reactors sooner and helps reduce the amount of nuclear wastes .
+
+S Therefore , governments should continue to fund these nuclear research projects so as to ensure that we can continue with our way of life even after our fossil fuels run out .
+
+S References
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240 .
+
+S Retrieved October 9 , 2009 , from { http : //www.nature.com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/nature/journal/v429/n6989/full/429238a.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.nature.com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/nature/journal/v429/n6989/full/429238a.html ]
+
+S Smith , R. ( 2009 , Sep 08 ) .
+
+S The New Nukes .
+
+S The Wall Street Journal .
+
+S Retrieved October 9 , 2009 , from { http : //online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204409904574350342705855178.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204409904574350342705855178.html ]
+
+S A Technology Roadmap for Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems , 38-40 .
+
+S ( 2002 ) .
+
+S U.S. Department of Energy , Nuclear Energy Research Advisory Committee and the Generation IV International Forum ( US DOE NERAC/GIF ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 9 , 2009 , from { http : //www.ne.doe.gov/genIV/documents/gen_iv_roadmap.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.ne.doe.gov/genIV/documents/gen_iv_roadmap.pdf ]
+
+S The U.S. Generation IV Fast Reactor Strategy .
+
+S ( 2006 ) .
+
+S U.S. Department of Energy , Office of Nuclear Energy ( US DOE/NE ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 9 , 2009 , from { https : //inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt/gateway/PTARGS_0_2_3310_277_2604_43/http % 3B/inlpublisher % 3B7087/publishedcontent/publish/communities/inl_gov/about_inl/gen_iv___technical_documents/gen_iv_fast_reactor_rpt_to_congress.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : https : //inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt/gateway/PTARGS_0_2_3310_277_2604_43/http % 3B/inlpublisher % 3B7087/publishedcontent/publish/communities/inl_gov/about_inl/gen_iv___technical_documents/gen_iv_fast_reactor_rpt_to_congress.pdf ]
+
+S Annual Energy Outlook 2009 .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Energy Information Administration ( EIA ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 9 , 2009 , from { http : //www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/aeo/index.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/aeo/index.html ]
+
+S Nature .
+
+S ( 2006 Apr 19 ) .
+
+S Special Report : Counting the dead nature .
+
+S Nature 440 , 982-983 .
+
+S Retrieved October 9 , 2009 , from { http : //www.nature.com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/nature/journal/v440/n7087/full/440982a.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.nature.com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/nature/journal/v440/n7087/full/440982a.html ]
+
+S Nuclear Power has been a controversial issue ever since the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki during World War II .
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||power|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Over the years , Nuclear power has evolved with the help of technological advancement .
+A 4 5|||R:ORTH|||nuclear|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Today , scientists have gone a further step in developing what we know as the Fourth Generation Reactors .
+A 5 8|||R:OTHER|||step further|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Out of the six new reactors , Very High Temperature Reactor ( VHTR ) is the most favorable .
+
+S It is known for being more environmental friendly and less hazardous .
+
+S Nuclear power is encompassed by four main factors .
+
+S These factors are economic benefits , security , safety and effects on the environment .
+
+S Firstly , the cost of operating and starting cost of a VHTR is truly subjective .
+A 6 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some may feel that the costs are too high .
+
+S According to a survey done by researchers from the Keystone Center , the cost of building a new reactor varied from $ 3600 to $ 4600 per installed kW and the operating cost would be about 30 cents per kWh ( Benjamin , 2008 ) .
+
+S Naturally , The public would have an impression that VHTR would be much more expensive , comparatively to renewable energy such as solar and wind .
+A 16 17|||R:MORPH|||compared|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , this is not the case .
+
+S VHTR will be cheaper as cost incurred on transportation of nuclear waste is redundant .
+
+S This is because the nuclear waste goes directly to a respiratory which is located within the nuclear plant ( Clayton 2009 ) .
+
+S Furthermore , VHTR produces cheaper energy compared to solar and wind energy .
+
+S Barry ( 2009 ) cites that the capital cost of building a solar plant is 25 times more than nuclear plant and the land area solar plant occupies is 400 times more than nuclear plant .
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||that of building a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 33|||M:OTHER|||that of a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With cheaper energy , more people are able to afford electricity .
+
+S Countries going through industrialization will also benefit from the cheap energy .
+
+S In addition , building of VHTR will boost the economy as it creates job opportunities in the areas surrounding the power plant .
+A 4 5|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , ever since the September 11 attack on the World Trade Center in 2001 , the world has heightened global security against terrorism .
+
+S Nuclear plants have become prime targets of terrorists .
+
+S This is because the plutonium waste that the nuclear reactor produces are ingredients for making nuclear weapons .
+
+S Hence , security of nuclear plants is strengthened as well to prevent proliferation of nuclear weapons .
+
+S If nuclear weapons were to fall in the hands of terrorists , it would pose a great threat to the safety of the public .
+
+S However in VHTR , plutonium are spiked with heat producing and radioactive elements ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These elements cause the plutonium waste to increase in temperature such that it is too hot to handle and therefore prevent anyone from stealing them .
+A 24 25|||R:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , the public does not need to worry about nuclear waste falling in the hands of the terrorists .
+
+S Thirdly , safety of the employees working at the nuclear plant and the residents near the plant has to be taken into consideration .
+
+S The VHTR is actually an evolution from the present High Temperature-grouped reactor ( HTGR ) .
+
+S In the VHTR , heat resistant materials are used to build the nuclear reactor so that the heat is carefully contained .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , the heat produced during the processing of uranium is used for hydrogen production and desalinization ( Very High Temperature Reactor , n.d. ) .
+
+S Also radioactive leakage is prevented with the use of corrosion resistant materials .
+
+S For example , helium is used as a cooling agent in VHTR as helium is an inert gas and does not provide and hazardous effect .
+A 22 23|||R:OTHER|||any|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Finally , as global warming becomes more perilous , governments and several communities are placing greater emphasis on being environmental friendly .
+
+S The main environmental concern is the disposal of radioactive wastes .
+
+S It is known that these radioactive wastes have very long live shelf and will not decay until a few hundred years later .
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||shelf life|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Most importantly , the radioactive emission is harmful to human body .
+
+S However , in VHTR , an additional processing step is taken to shorten the live span of the wastes and these wastes are carefully contained .
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||life|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , VHTR produces less nuclear wastes .
+
+S This means that there will be minimal chance of weapon proliferation and reduced pollution to the environment .
+
+S Compared to other solar plants , nuclear plants actually produce less carbon dioxide .
+A 2 3|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Barry ( 2009 ) writes that solar plants produce 25times more carbon dioxide than nuclear plants .
+A 9 10|||R:ORTH|||25 times|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , VHTR is much safer , more environmental friendly , more efficient and is much cheaper .
+A 15 16|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , we should abandon those pessimistic views on nuclear power and embrace this new source of power .
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN|||energy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference :
+
+S Barry , B .
+
+S ( August 16 , 2009 ) , Solar power realities- supply-demand , storage and costs .
+
+S Benjamin , K.S .
+
+S ( November 2 , 2008 ) , How much will new nuclear power plant cost , retrieved on 1 October 2009 , from HYPERLINK " http : //www.scitizen.com " http : //www.scitizen.com
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 ) , Nuclear power 's new dawn , Nature , 429 , Pg238-240 Clayton , M. ( August 13 , 2009 ) , Nuclear power 's new debate : Cost , issues of safety and waste make way for a focus on funding .
+
+S Very High Temperature Reactor ( n.d. ) , retrieved on 1 October 2009 , from { http : //www.cogeneration.net/Very_High_Temperature_Reactor.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.cogeneration.net/Very_High_Temperature_Reactor.htm ]
+
+S Safety in Design
+
+S Nuclear energy has been a hot topic since several decades age .
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||ago|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is clear and powerful .
+A 2 3|||R:ADJ|||clean|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As Declan Butler ( 2004 ) said that nuclear energy is not a source of carbon dioxide , and with the emissions of the green-house gas now soaring , and the energy demands predicted to double by 2050 , the nuclear option is a finding its way back onto the table .
+A 0 8|||R:OTHER|||According to Butler ( 2004 ) ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 20|||R:OTHER|||. With|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:NOUN:NUM|||gases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 44|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , nuclear reactors are great power output of electricity and hydrogen .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||produce a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , some opposing controversies appear .
+A 2 6|||R:OTHER|||the use of nuclear energy is not without opposing voices|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some people hold the opinions that nuclear energy is very dangerous and building nuclear plants requires a large amount of money , etc .
+
+S Nevertheless , at present , there is a safe nuclear reactor which is called sodium-cooled fast reactor .
+
+S Because of its safety , no waste and powerful output , I support further research and development funding for it .
+A 8 9|||R:ADJ|||high|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 20|||R:OTHER|||funding for its further research and development|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With memories of the partial reactor meltdown in 1979 at Three Mile Island , Pennsylvania , and of the 1986 accident at Chernobyl in Ukraine , during which the reactor core exploded , killing some 31 people immediately and spewing radioactive debris across Europe , the public consider nuclear reactors as something extremely dangerous and imperils their lives .
+A 54 58|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , sodium-cooled fast reactors are rather safe because they can react under relatively low temperature of 550 degrees in contrast with the above 700 degrees of other reactors ; it also reacts under low pressure .
+A 26 27|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The low temperature and pressure lower the demands of the equipment and the conditions of the reaction ; as a result , the reactor becomes safer .
+A 5 5|||M:NOUN|||requirements|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , in order to make the reaction safer , in Japan , the engineers have found out the methods to prevent the chemical reactions of sodium itself and the leak of sodium by using double-wall piping method , high reliable equipment with double-wall tube and sensitive leak detector .
+A 10 15|||R:OTHER|||the engineers in Japan|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 40|||R:MORPH|||highly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thereby , sodium-cooled fast reactors are very safe and also safer than the other reactors in the fourth generation .
+A 0 1|||R:ADV|||Therefore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some pacifists are sceptical about the safety of nuclear energy also because that reprocessing nuclear waste is controversial as it separates out plutonium , a key ingredient of advanced nuclear weapons .
+A 10 11|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , they are worried about that nuclear reactors would become a terrorist target because of the radioactive waste .
+A 5 6|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nevertheless , these terrible things wo n't happen in sodium-cooled fast reactors , because the reaction is within the core and the recycling is closed which means the recycling is not separated out .
+A 25 25|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , the percentage of plutonium in the waste is reduced effectively .
+
+S Besides , the reprocessing can cut the final amount of waste produced .
+
+S Moreover , the systems based on mixed uranium-plutonium oxide fuel are primarily under development in Japan , and their preferred recycle option is an advanced aqueous process ; and metal-fuel cycle systems are under development in the United States which use a pyroprocessing recycle as the preferred fuel cycle option .
+
+S As a consequence , people do not need to worry about the radioactive waste during the producing .
+A 16 17|||R:MORPH|||production|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Except the problem of the safety , the second one is the cost .
+A 0 1|||R:PREP|||Besides|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 10|||R:OTHER|||another problem|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The cost of nuclear reactors which consists of the construction cost , operating cost and decommissioning cost are very high .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||costs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is the fact that several billion dollars is needed to get a nuclear reactor going and the sodium-cooled fast reactors are even more expensive than other ones .
+A 0 6|||U:OTHER|||Several|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , in order to make the nuclear energy more powerful and safer , the money spent is worthy .
+
+S Seen the value of the sodium-cooled fast reactors , many countries are investing in the sodium-cooled fast reactors .
+A 0 1|||M:VERB:TENSE|||Having seen|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Meanwhile , many engineers are looking for the methods to cut the cost of nuclear reactors .
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S New plants are designed to be much simpler and quicker to build , reducing financing costs by potentially hundreds of millions of dollars .
+
+S In details , the cost can be reduced by reducing the refuelling outages ' number , compacting the reactor vessel , sampling the vessel internals , reducing the loop number , shortening the pipes , integrating the primary components and so on .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||Specifically|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 15|||R:OTHER|||number of refuelling outages|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , we should believe in the bright future of the reducing of the sodium-cooled fast reactors ' cost .
+A 11 19|||R:OTHER|||cost-effective sodium-cooled fast reactors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nuclear energy , the most powerful energy in the world , will attract more and more research and develop further and further .
+
+S As one of the fourth generation of nuclear reactors , sodium-cooled fast reactor has its own advantages .
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It has more factors of safety and it is now under further improvement in many developed countries .
+A 1 6|||R:OTHER|||is safer|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Briefly , sodium-cooled fast reactors are with brilliant prospects and the public do not need to be much concerned about its safety .
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Everything you want to know about nuclear power .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Retrieved from { http : //nuclearinfo.net/Nuclearpower/WebHomeCostOfNuclearPower } [ HYPERLINK : http : //nuclearinfo.net/Nuclearpower/WebHomeCostOfNuclearPower ]
+
+S Rebecca , S. ( September 8 , 2009 ) .
+
+S The New Nukes .
+
+S Retrieved from { http : //online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204409904574350342705855178.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204409904574350342705855178.html ]
+
+S Kazuo , M. ( November 27 , 2006 ) .
+
+S Development of Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactors in Japan .
+
+S Advanced Nuclear System Research and Development Directorate Japan Atomic Energy Agency ( JAEA ) , 71 , 32-67 .
+
+S Declan , B .
+
+S ( 20 , May , 2004 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240 .
+
+S Nuclear power plants across the globe are producing about 16 percent of the world 's electricity .
+
+S However , no nuclear reactors have been built for the past 30 years .
+
+S This was partly due to the 1979 incident at Three Mile Island , Pennsylvania where a partial reactor meltdown and the reactor core exploding in 1986 at Chernobyl in Ukraine which resulted in casualties and spewing harmful debris across Europe ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+A 19 19|||M:OTHER|||occurred ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 30|||R:OTHER|||1986 incident at Chernobyl in Ukraine , where the reactor core exploded ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This was the result of inadequately trained personnel operating a flawed reactor design without proper regard for safety .
+
+S However , the fourth generation nuclear reactors can broaden the opportunities of nuclear energy for use .
+
+S Also , the new reactors are designed with the following objectives in mind ; economic competitiveness , enhanced safety , minimal radioactive waste generation and proliferation resistance .
+A 13 14|||R:PUNCT|||:|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In particular , the Very High Temperature Reactor ( VHTR ) and the Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor ( SFR ) are outstanding in safety , cost and performance ; but the SFR has more benefits than the VHTR .
+
+S SFR uses liquid sodium as coolant to lower coolant volume fractionre outlet temperature to approximately 600 ° C ( Roglans , et al 2002 ) .
+
+S As for VHTR , it produces both electricity and hydrogen from only heat and water by applying the steam reformer technology .
+
+S This way , temperature at the core outlet temperatures can reach more than 1000 ° C ( Corwin , 2003 ) .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So , this design is significantly more thermally efficient as its reactor core is able to withstand higher temperature ( VHTR 's 1000 ° C to SFR 's 600 ° C ) .
+
+S It can be therefore be used as a significant source of electrical power and hydrogen generation or as a heat source .
+A 2 3|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , helium is used as the coolant in the VHTR system .
+
+S Not only is it advantageous to sodium because it can be subjected to high temperature , it is also efficient in transfer of thermal energy .
+A 21 21|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Helium will not become radioactive and will not react with other materials .
+
+S Therefore in my opinion , VHTR is rated better only in terms of physical protection and performance as compared to SFR .
+A 9 10|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Safety is another major concern about nuclear power .
+
+S The main safety concern has always been the possibility of an uncontrolled release of radioactive material , leading to contamination and consequent radiation exposure off-site ( Lacy , 2009 ) .
+
+S Active and passive safeguards features against accidents are to be carefully considered .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||safeguard|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To reduce the probability of radioactive elements leaking to the atmosphere or damage to the plants , there must be an emphasis on the human factors pertaining to plant operations .
+A 11 16|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S VHTR employ the method of burying waste into the floor bed of deep oceans in the middle of inactive oceanic tectonic plates .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:SVA|||employs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , geologists and biologists have expressed concern .
+
+S They do not believe this idea of seabed disposal will work .
+
+S Even with deep trenches used , it is possible that life forms living in it would bring back the still harmful nuclear waste back into contact with other life forms .
+A 14 15|||R:PRON|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , it might be very difficult to safely recover the waste once it has been placed in the seabed .
+
+S As this is not the case for SFR , it is rated higher in terms of waste disposal .
+
+S SFR is designed for management of high-level wastes .
+
+S The systems increase performance requirements by employing a fully closed fuel cycle to reduce repository space ( Lineberry , et al ) .
+
+S This is considered a very effective actinide management strategy .
+
+S Next , the cost of new reactors must be competitive in a changing market place of energy demand .
+
+S Nuclear energy has to be economically comparable to other energy sources in order for it to be a competitive energy source .
+
+S Nuclear energy plants need to be modular or with standardized technical specifications so that plant parts can be duplicated and replaced .
+
+S This would be more economical than if each plant is uniquely designed .
+
+S As is the case for both the reactor and the fuel cycle , technology development to achieve cost competitiveness is necessary .
+
+S A key issue on the SFR system is reduction of cost to competitive levels .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S None of the SFRs constructed to date have been economical to build or operate ( Lineberry , et al ) .
+
+S With innovations to reduce capital cost , it can extend to electricity production , given the proven capability of sodium reactors to utilize almost all of the energy in the natural uranium .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||be extended|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this way , SFR can competitively serve markets for electricity .
+
+S In conclusion , plant design should be streamlined for technically sound , robust , passively safe , and low-cost production .
+
+S Despite challenges within steps of the nuclear fuel cycle that do exist , it can be solved with improvements in technology and with global cooperation .
+A 9 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although the advantages of VHTR are the high fuel burn up , SFR performs better in area such as having low maintenance and operating cost , passive safety and potential modular construction .
+A 1 6|||R:OTHER|||VHTR has the advantage of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||areas|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The tradeoff of increased capital cost against cycle efficiency , VHTR must overcome these challenges , particularly in reactor safety and costs in order to be comparable with SFR system .
+A 0 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In 1986 , the world 's worst nuclear accident Chernobyl took place in Ukraine .
+
+S The explosion of the Unit 4 reactor core had spread radioactivity across many areas , claiming lives of some 50 emergency workers and leaving health problems , such as thyroid cancer , and psychological trauma on over 5 million people .
+
+S ( ElBaradei , 2005 ) Critics have found out that mechanical errors such as the building of Unit 4 was not up to its highest standards and that some of its safety devices were faulty ; while the human management of the whole plant was questionable .
+A 35 36|||R:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( North , 2006 ) This , therefore , boils down to the question as to whether the use of psychology , both in technical and human terms , during the design process of the reactor would have prevented this accident .
+
+S In any design process , the use of psychology covers the areas of safety , usability , functionality and requisite user competencies .
+
+S ( Wilpert , 2007 ) Thus , if psychology were to be used in the design process of the Chernobyl reactor , it would have considered the possible technical failures and had used different materials for the construction , such that the radioactivity of the nuclear explosion would have been kept within the plant .
+
+S However , in the 1986 Europe , the level of technology and knowledge available was limited and the understanding of the use of psychology was constrained .
+
+S This resulted in flaws of the construction in its cooling system and containment structure of the plant itself , leading to the escapade of the harmful radiation into the environment when everything collapsed .
+
+S ( BBCNews.com , 2000 )
+
+S Introducing psychology in the design process can foresee the possible human errors , such as the operators ' incompetent mental state of mind during the operation of the plant .
+
+S Safety measures , for example installing auto power shut-off for the reactors in the event of an accident or overlook , would have been taken to assist the operators should any human error occurs .
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||oversight|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:VERB:TENSE|||occurred|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Having said that , the use of psychology during the process is done on the basis of an ideal situation , where the human labour is of the highly skilled and high capabilities .
+A 31 31|||M:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , psychology during the design process fails to consider the lack of appropriate skills and training of the labour employed during the time of operation .
+
+S For the case of Chernobyl , the designers admitted that they had not taken into account the possible user-machine interactions , thus leaving this area undetermined .
+
+S ( Munipov , ND )
+
+S Critics have brought out the point that the explosion of Unit 4 was due to the poor management of the whole plant , from the failure to follow certain safety standards , to the design flaws of the reactor and structure to the incompetency of the labour .
+A 41 41|||M:OTHER|||, and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( BBCNews.com , 2000 ) Even if psychology were to be used in the design process of the Chernobyl plant , it would still have overlooked the national culture and working style then .
+
+S In the old Soviet Union , the people were taught to be obedient and politically correct .
+
+S There were hardly rebuttals from the lower ranks to the senior management even if the former had found anything amiss with the machines or operating procedures .
+
+S ( North , 2006 ) Furthermore , the state was practicing the policy of secrecy for 35 years , such that only certain information on safety standards were made known and approved , while the design flaws were always hidden from the light .
+A 27 28|||R:VERB:SVA|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Munipov , ND ) Psychology is the study of the mind and if included in the design process , it would be seen from the user 's perspective and thus , coming up with an effective design for the end product .
+A 14 14|||M:OTHER|||it is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||the design|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 42|||R:OTHER|||the end product would have an effective design|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The use of psychology during design process would have minimize the effects of the accident , but would not have prevented it from happening because accidents happen due to the combination of errors on multiple levels , such as the context of time and national culture .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:FORM|||minimized|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:OTHER|||the accident|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:VERB:TENSE|||happened|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Chernobyl accident was inevitable due to the various faults made in the different levels of the management of the plant and political factors , and this accident did provide an important lesson for both the human engineering and nuclear power world .
+
+S References :
+
+S 1 .
+
+S Wilpert , B .
+
+S ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Psychology and design processes .
+
+S Safety Science , 45 , 293-303 .
+
+S 2 .
+
+S UN Chernobyl Forum .
+
+S ( 2006 ) .
+
+S Chernobyl 's Legacy : Health , Environmental and Socio-economic Impacts .
+
+S International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 1 , 2009 , from { http : //www.iaea.org/Publications/Booklets/Chernobyl/chernobyl.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.iaea.org/Publications/Booklets/Chernobyl/chernobyl.pdf ]
+
+S 3 .
+
+S Richard D. North .
+
+S ( 2006 ) .
+
+S The world 's most famous accident , April 1986 .
+
+S Chernobyllegacy.com .
+
+S Retrieved October 5 , 2009 , from { http : //www.chernobyllegacy.com/index.php ? cat = 1 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.chernobyllegacy.com/index.php ? cat = 1 ]
+
+S 4 .
+
+S Mohamed ElBaradei .
+
+S ( 2005 ) .
+
+S Major Impacts on the Chernobyl Accident .
+
+S International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 5 , 2009 , from { http : //www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/Statements/2005/ebsp2005n008.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/Statements/2005/ebsp2005n008.html ]
+
+S 5 .
+
+S BBCNews.com .
+
+S ( 2000 , June 5 ) .
+
+S The Chernobyl accident : What happened .
+
+S BBC News .
+
+S Retrieved October 9 , 2009 , from { http : //news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/778477.stm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/778477.stm ]
+
+S 6 .
+
+S Vladimir M. Munipov .
+
+S ( ND ) .
+
+S Disregarding ergonomics design principles : Chernobyl .
+
+S Retrieved , October 1 , 2009 , from { http : //www.ilo.org/safework_bookshelf/english ? content&nd = 857170353 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.ilo.org/safework_bookshelf/english ? content&nd = 857170353 ]
+
+S Title : Could the use of Psychology as described in " Psychology and Design Processes " during the design process have prevented the collapse of Nicoll Highway ?
+
+S On the 20 April 2004 at about 3.30pm in the afternoon , a major construction incidence occurs in Singapore , the collapse of Nicoll Highway .
+A 15 16|||R:MORPH|||incident|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:TENSE|||occurred|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This caused soil subsidence of the immediate surrounding area which resulted in substantial damages on the Nicoll Highway carriageway .
+
+S This incidence had also resulted in 4 fatalities and 3 casualties .
+A 1 2|||R:MORPH|||incident|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The incidence is mainly due to the collapse of a deep excavation work alongside Nicoll Highway .
+A 1 2|||R:MORPH|||incident|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The main contractor for these works is Nishimatsu-Lum Chang Joint Venture and the client for this Circle Line project is the Land Transport Authority of Singapore ( LTA ) .
+
+S What could have caused this incidence ?
+A 5 6|||R:MORPH|||incident|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And who should be responsible for it ?
+
+S According to the committee of inquiry ( Press Release 2005 , Ministry of Manpower ) , it was concluded that the incidence was due to inadequate temporary works and design construction errors .
+A 21 22|||R:MORPH|||incident|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Very often , such mistakes are always link to the negligence and carelessness of human .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:FORM|||linked|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||humans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Psychological factors play an importance role in the root of this incidence .
+A 4 5|||R:MORPH|||important|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:MORPH|||incident|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It was reported ( New Civil Engineer May 2005 ) that the main contractor , Nishimatsu-Lum Chang used an inappropriate soil analysis model in the early stages of the temporary work design on the highly plastic marine clays area .
+
+S The use of such model then leads to serious false predictions of forces and hence undersign in the temporary work which resulted in the fatal catastrophe .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||led|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 20|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The consequences were due to the carelessness of the engineers then .
+A 1 3|||R:OTHER|||incident was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to Land Transport Authority 's counsel K- Shanmugam ( 2005 ) , he stated that Nishimatsu-Lum Chang maintained that designs were satisfactory even after discovery of minor designs faults and pressure LTA to allow them to continue their excavation activities .
+A 13 16|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:VERB:TENSE|||pressured|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It was observed that the main contractors wanted to avoid troubles and further expenses for rectifications of minor faults , and hence resulted in the negligence .
+A 20 23|||R:OTHER|||hence resulting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The committee inquiry ( press Release 2005 , Ministry of Manpower ) stated that Nicoll Highway collapse was initiated by the failure of the strut- waler support system for the excavation .
+
+S However , the committee also highlighted that there were deficiencies in the project management that perpetuated and aggravated the design errors .
+
+S Psychological factors in the design processes such as negligence , impatience and carelessness leads to inadequate instrumentation and monitoring works , improper handling of the instrumentation data .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||led|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From the analysis of major accidents , we learnt that human 's actions always plays a major role in triggering accidents as well as mitigating their consequences .
+A 11 12|||U:NOUN:POSS||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:SVA|||play|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S B. Wilpert ( Psychology and Design Processes ) .
+
+S According to the Committee , it was also discovered that there was a lack of competency of persons carrying out specialized work which resulted in the incapacity of the project management team and supervisory personnel to identify adverse trends in the construction process and implement corrective measures .
+
+S The committee of inquiry for the incidence had also pointed out that the temporary works pertaining to deep excavation were not regulated to the same degree as permanent works .
+A 7 8|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many of the considerations in the aspect of safety were more leniently treated as compared to those required for permanent works .
+
+S As such , the designs of diaphragm walls were not strong enough to support the deep excavation and hence failures occurred .
+
+S The lower standards often lead designers to underestimate in their design .
+
+S They tend to have a psychological effects of letting down their guards in the designs where the standards are not as strict and often lead to carelessness , negligence and eventually accident .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||effect|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 25|||R:OTHER|||, often leading|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:NOUN:NUM|||accidents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many of the workplace incidences such as the collapse of Nicoll Highway have been traditionally categorized as a single component failure Design error .
+A 4 5|||R:MORPH|||incidents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , these are often the results of human errors .
+
+S Occupational hazards and individual workplace accidents were very often influenced by individual constructs like motivation , perception , attitude and decision- making ( Fahlbruch and Wilpert , 1999 ) .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The problem is not simply based on design faults , the root of these design faults are usually psychological factors such as carelessness , lousy moods , tired , fatigue and unable to stay focus .
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||due to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:PREP|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 29|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:OTHER|||inability|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:MORPH|||focused|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Psychological factors such as accountability , responsibility and professionalism play an important role in every design process .
+
+S Potential in major accidents can in fact be recognized through the use of hazard identification and risk analysis .
+
+S This allows the designs to be robust , independently checked and regularly reviewed .
+
+S When there is a strong safety psychological awareness culture , accidences could have been prevented !
+A 10 11|||R:MORPH|||accidents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S REFERENCES
+
+S An extract from New Civil Engineer May 2005 : http : //www.ies.org.sg/cset/docs/NCE_Nicoll_Highway_Collapase.pdf
+
+S K-Shanmugam ( New Civil Engineer May 2005 )
+
+S Committee of Inquiry ( Press Release 2005 , Ministry of Manpower ) http : //www.mom.gov.sg/publish/momportal/en/press_room/press_releases/20 05/20050513- CommitteeofInquiryconcludesstringofcriticaldesignerrorscausedcollapseat NicollHighway.html
+
+S B. Wilpert .
+
+S Psychology and Design Processes
+
+S Fahlbruch and Wilpert .
+
+S Safety Science ( 1999 )
+
+S The Nicoll Highway collapse was caused by the failure of the overloaded temporary structure connection on the level 9 strut-waler .
+
+S This resulted in the death of 4 workers .
+
+S There are three main reasons for this incident cutting cost on the temporary structure , the lack of concentration at work and negligence in checking the design of the structure due to its temporary identity .
+A 8 8|||M:PUNCT|||:|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 10|||R:WO|||cost cutting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Catastrophic incidents always take a series of mistakes to happen where human errors usually play a main part ( B.Wilpert , 2007 ) .
+
+S Thus , the problem lies in whether psychology is important to fuse into the design process .
+
+S One of the major reasons for the temporary structure to collapse is the use of a cheaper material which made the structure unable to withstand the capacity to cater for the loads .
+
+S Erroneous individual action is crucial link in this chain .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order to avoid the delay penalty of S $ 25M , Nishimatsu-Lum Chang ( NLC ) , the contractor company for constructing Mass Rapid Transport under Nicoll Highway , did not seek their client Singapore 's Land Transport Authority ( LTA ) 's for approval on replacement of material .
+A 44 45|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 47 47|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the intention to complete the project on time , NLC replaced lower- priced material to build the remaining temporary structure when the original raw material had depleted .
+
+S Dysfunctional relations with the other organizational party created this problem .
+
+S If both NLC and LTA can communicate and negotiate efficiently by extending the deadline , NLC may not resort to risk compromising safety for fines .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||could|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||on the extension of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 19|||R:OTHER|||might not have resorted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this case , this incident might not have happened .
+
+S Workers are required to work overtime to ensure timely completion of the project .
+
+S Although the standard legal law sets by Employment Act states that each employee can only work 44 hours per week ( Foreign , 2003 ) , NLC did not oblige to the law .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:FORM|||set|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 31|||R:OTHER|||obey|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , it is necessary to forbid the company from making the workers to work overtime .
+A 13 14|||U:VERB:FORM||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Excessive overtime causes them to lose concentration and eventually wear out .
+
+S As a result , workers tend to pay less attention to the details and surroundings and are more incline to erroneous action which , in this case posed great dangers .
+A 18 19|||R:MORPH|||inclined|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If anyone is alert , there will have enough time to evacuate everybody from the site before it actually collapsed since it took 1 hour for the first failure of the connection to the total collapse of the excavation ( Design , 2005 ) , the incident might not have happened .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would have had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 45 45|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There was no law stating safety rule for temporary structure in 2004 , thus it was not significant to make the temporary structure a very well-built one .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||rules|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||structures|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||; thus ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:ADJ|||compulsory|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Problems arise where individual organismic perspectives come to play a part .
+A 4 5|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Assumption has always been made when personnel are doing the 'assuring ' job .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||some people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition with inadequate work team activities make the design process worse .
+A 2 3|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 7|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First , the LTA personnel thought that the contractors 'will ' do a good job on designing the structure and do the calculations to ensure it is acceptable and 'assume ' that the contractors already did the proper checking for the design .
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 31|||R:OTHER|||assumed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Assumptions are made in between both parties .
+
+S As a result , they missed out 2 mistakes that can be easily spotted .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||could|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First mistake is the contractors used the wrong soil analysis at the early stages of the design process .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The first|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 3|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Second mistake is the contractors miscalculated the capacity of the loads for the temporary structure .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The second|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 3|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , when NLC 's engineer brought out an alternative analysis models , LTA 's engineer rejected because he/she thought that it was overcautious .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||engineers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||engineers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:PRON|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||the latter|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Second , the LTA 's personnel , due to slothfulness , did not do his/her job on ensuring the safety of building works by performing checks on construction work .
+A 14 15|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Currently , there already has a set of Safety Control Process ( Seetoh Hon Hoy , 2005 ) for temporary structure to prevent this from happening again .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even though this incident looks like a system or technical problem , it all boils down to human faults .
+
+S Humans are responsible for designing the system , creating and enforcing laws , rules and regulations and regrettably , making mistakes during work .
+
+S By having certain degree of psychology knowledge , we are able to understand human weaknesses so that design processes can incorporate with technical knowledge to improve the system .
+A 21 22|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||UNK|||psychological|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This can greatly reduce human errors made during work which may able to lessen accidents from happening .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB|||reduce|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S 1 .
+
+S B.Wilpert ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Psychology and design processes .
+
+S Safety Science , 45 , 293-303 .
+
+S 2 .
+
+S Design and construction failures caused Singapore tunnel ( May , 2005 ) .
+
+S The Institution of Engineers Singapore .
+
+S Retrieved October 7,2009 , from
+
+S http : //www.ies.org.sg/cset/docs/NCE_Nicoll_Highway_Collapase.pdf
+
+S 3 .
+
+S Foreign Labor Trends Singapore ( 2003 ) .
+
+S Singapore : U.S. Department of Labor , Bureau of International Labor Affairs and U.S. Embassy , Singapore .
+
+S Retrieved October 9 , 2009 from http : //www.dol.gov/ILAB/media/reports/flt/singapore-2003.htm # d08
+
+S 4 .
+
+S Seetoh Hon Hoy ( August , 2005 ) .
+
+S Safety News .
+
+S Special Edition , ISSN 1793- 1665 Retrieved October 9 , 2009 from http : //www.lta.gov.sg/projects/doc/SafetyNews-SpecialIssue.pdf
+
+S " Times are exciting for nuclear , " says Ronaldo Szilard , director of nuclear science and engineering at the Idaho National Lab , a part of the U.S. Energy Department ( Smith , 2009 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power , a breakthrough discovery that was celebrated at the end of nineteenth century , is ironically feared as a tool of destruction today .
+
+S Acting like a double edged sword , scientists hailed it as the wonder that can solve current energy crisis while critics believed incidents such as 1986 Chernobyl accidents in Ukraine and 1976 Three Mile Islands reactors meltdown may occur again .
+A 7 10|||R:OTHER|||it is hailed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:TENSE|||believe|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , due to worldwide soaring increase in carbon emission , a series of new generation IV nuclear generators concepts were proposed .
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lead cooled fast reactor ( LFR ) was presented as one of them .
+A 7 10|||R:OTHER|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Among the six proposed generation IV reactors , three of them belonged to fast reactors .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||belong|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So what are fast reactors ?
+
+S Fast reactors utilized neutrons of much higher energy to cause fission , which differs to present types of reactors that slowed down neutrons using moderator such as water .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:FORM|||utilize|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:PREP|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:TENSE|||slow|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN:NUM|||moderators|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S LFR is a type of fast reactors that relied on lead as coolant in the reactor .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||rely|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The ability of it to provide reliable safety , efficient waste management and effective cost minimization enabled itself to have a competitive edge over other energy sources .
+A 0 4|||R:OTHER|||Its ability|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:TENSE|||enables|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Skeptics believed that if nuclear energy replaces oil to further increase its current 21percent contribution of electricity in United States , the nuclear reactors may posed as potential targets for terrorist groups .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||believe|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 27|||R:OTHER|||become|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , there is still no safe guarantee that these new LFR operate without any malfunction as they have not been presented to the National Regulatory Council for review .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:INFL|||LFRs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Despite all these factors , general public may not aware of the refined safety measures that these new reactors possessed .
+A 9 9|||M:VERB|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:TENSE|||possess|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First of all , all generation IV nuclear reactors included passive design that relies on law of nature , which simplifies the current nuclear generator design that has redundant valves and control system .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||include|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , during any emergency process , the required human intervention was minimized .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , LFR has a comparative safety advantage compared to the other nuclear reactors designs .
+A 5 6|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Calculation were done to show that LFR has a better safety design mainly because lead served as a better coolant that does not react as readily as compared to sodium and air .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||serves|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 29|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Kamil Tuek , 2006 ) In fact , the numbers of accidents that may lead to severe accidents were declining in recent years .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||number|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN|||incidents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( U. S. NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION , 1998 ) Thus , with these years of experience in improving the safety aspects of nuclear energy , the new design is deemed to be safe to provide service to mankind .
+
+S The waste management was another problematic issue in current generation III nuclear reactors .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S An ordinary thermal nuclear reactor was only to extract approximately only 5 percent energy contained in uranium .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Smith , 2009 ) That shows the other 95 percent of the energy would ended up as waste and needed to be store in safety for thousands year .
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:FORM|||end|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:MORPH|||need|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:FORM|||stored|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:OTHER|||of years|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Million tons of radioactive materials are currently sitting somewhere in this world .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Millions of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Instead of waiting them to lose their radioactivity , fast reactor is able to utilize most energy from the remaining 95 percents energy .
+A 3 3|||M:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:NUM|||percent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With current nuclear energy wastes sitting in the storage sites , GE Hitachi Company believe the power extracted would be able to meet 70 years energy demands in USA .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:SVA|||believes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( GE Reports , 2009 ) By supporting the research on LFR , not only it would provide tremendous energy power to the world , it would also solve the headache waste issue that every OECD nations faced .
+A 15 17|||R:WO|||would it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:CONJ|||but|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||R:NOUN:NUM|||nation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 38|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is facing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Feasibility also needed to be analyzed in our discussion .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the current LFR research , SSTAR ( Small , Sealed , Transportable , Autonomous Reactor ) offers a good solution in minimizing the capital cost of building a nuclear reactor .
+A 1 3|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Its main concept is to develop portable nuclear reactors that are able to provide their services in developing countries .
+
+S ( Rennie , 2004 ) " With SSTAR , countries wo n't need a large nuclear reactor industry to benefit from nuclear energy , " says Craig Smith , a nuclear engineer in Livermore 's Energy and Environment Directorate .
+
+S Cost of manufacture including materials , expertise requirement and manpower were effectively lessened with this concept .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||Manufacturing costs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||have effectively been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The future is unknown .
+
+S We do not know which researches may ripen before the others .
+A 5 6|||R:MORPH|||research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Any research may come to a dead end due to strained resources .
+
+S LFR , a highly feasible solution for earth 's energy crisis , has a clear direction and promised future .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:MORPH|||promising|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It deserves more human and financial resources in order for it to reach maturity stage .
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Safe , less waste and more affordable , these are the characteristic of our future energy .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||characteristics|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , we should give our fullest support , as this technology may turn out to be essential for our future generation .
+
+S The VHTR : A Promising Generation IV Nuclear Reactor
+
+S On April 26 , 1986 , one of four nuclear reactors at the Chernobyl power station , Ukraine , exploded .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The explosion went with large amounts of radioactive poison , causing 30 deaths and hundreds of illnesses ( World Nuclear Association , 2009 ) .
+
+S This disaster raised great public concern about the safety of nuclear power .
+A 2 2|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although we still could not tell whether such accidents would happen in the future , the Very- High-Temperature Reactor ( VHTR ) , one of the very recent concepts of the generation IV nuclear reactors , can possibly be a promising plan for the nuclear energy innovation because of its safe design , small environmental impact and relatively low cost .
+
+S Opponents argue that the VHTR would have a great explosion potential since the VHTR operates in an extremely high temperature of more than 1000 ° C .
+
+S However , there is subtle safety design in the VHTR to reduce the potential of explosion .
+
+S One good design is the utilization of helium as the coolant .
+
+S Helium is aninert gas .
+A 2 3|||R:ORTH|||an inert|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It will not chemically react with other materials ( International Atomic Energy Agency , 1996 ) .
+
+S Unlike water and most other coolants , helium can maintain its non-radioactive property even when it exposes ( Institute for Scientific and Technical Information , 2000 ) .
+
+S Another safety design is the temperature-resistant material .
+
+S Some promising materials like zirconium carbide can allow the plants perform at the temperature up to 1800 ° C ( U.S .
+A 10 10|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S DOE Nuclear Energy Research Advisory Committee , 2002 ) .According to Butler ( 2004 ) , a similar high-temperature engineering test reactor in Oarai , Japan , has already successfully operated at the temperature of 950 ° C .
+
+S The success of this reactor suggests that more advanced temperature-resistant material can be developed in the near future .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||materials|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides these , other safety designs like the passive heat removal system can also enhance the safety factor of the VHTR .
+
+S It can not only cool the nuclear plants fast , but also protect plants from seismic and other external events ( Eul , 2006 ) .
+
+S Besides the concern about safety design , sceptics also doubt the environmental impacts of the VHTR .
+
+S They say that the non-recyclable radioactive waste in the VHTR reactor can harm the environment and people 's health .
+
+S Although the waste of nuclear reactors is indeed radioactive , the VHTR reactor design minimises the possibility for radioactive elements to harm the environment .
+
+S According to research , the radioactivity for VHTR waste is relatively small compared with other reactors .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The VHTR produces " less heavy metal radioactive waste " and " less plutonium per unit of energy produced " because of the VHTR 's high thermal efficiency ( Shropshire and Herring , 2004 ) .It has a high thermal efficiency of over 50 % , while other reactors only have a thermal efficiency of 33 % -50 % ( U.S .
+A 0 1|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S DOE Nuclear Energy Research Advisory Committee , 2009 ) .Thus , the VHTR is less harmful to the environment .
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some opponents may think that the VHTR would be very costly .
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , recent research supports exactly the opposite conclusion .
+
+S The cost for VHTR including fuels and materials , reactor systems , balance of plant , safety , design & evaluation and fuel cycle is relatively low .
+
+S The total cost would be around 610 million US dollars , which is the second cheapest among the six Generation IV reactors .
+
+S Furthermore , hydrogen produced in VHTR can be commercialised as clean fuel for transportation to make profits ( U.S .
+
+S DOE Nuclear Energy Research Advisory Committee , 2009 ) .
+
+S In conclusion , the arguments against VHTR reactor can not be valid .
+
+S As Mr. Butler ( 2004 ) said , " Global warming and rising energy needs are rehabilitating the concept of nuclear power .
+
+S But if it is the figure in the energy equation , it will need to be cheaper , cleaner and safer " ( p.238 ) .
+
+S The VHTR has the advantage of meticulous safety designs , small environmental impact and relatively low cost .
+A 0 1|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the VHTR could be a promising nuclear reactor for the " Nuclear power 's new dawn " .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 , May ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240 .
+
+S Eul , R.C .
+
+S ( 2006,September ) .
+
+S The impact of passive safety system on desirability of advanced light water reaction .
+
+S Massachusetts Institution of Technology .
+
+S Retrieved October 20 , 2009 , from { http : //dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/41267/213434956.pdf ? sequence = 1 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/41267/213434956.pdf ? sequence = 1 ]
+
+S Institute for Scientific and Technical Information .
+
+S ( 2000 ) .Thermal performance and flow instabilities in a multi-channel , helium-cooled , porous metal diverter module Retrieved October 20 , 2009 , from { http : //cat.inist.fr/ ? aModele = afficheN&cpsidt = 849696 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //cat.inist.fr/ ? aModele = afficheN&cpsidt = 849696 ]
+
+S International Atomic Energy Agency .
+
+S ( 1996 , November ) .
+
+S High temperature gas cooled reactor technology development .
+
+S Retrieved October 20 , 2009 , from { http : //www.iaea.org/inisnkm/nkm/aws/htgr/fulltext/29026666.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.iaea.org/inisnkm/nkm/aws/htgr/fulltext/29026666.pdf ]
+
+S Shropshire , D.E .
+
+S and Herring , J.S .
+
+S ( 2004 , October ) .
+
+S Fuel-cycle and nuclear material disposition issues associated with high-temperature gas reactors .
+
+S Retrieved October 20 , 2009 , from { http : //www.osti.gov/bridge/servlets/purl/839371-0esDmO/native/839371.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.osti.gov/bridge/servlets/purl/839371-0esDmO/native/839371.pdf ]
+
+S U.S .
+
+S DOE Nuclear Energy Research Advisory Committee and the Generation IV International Forum .
+
+S ( 2002 , December ) .
+
+S A Technology Roadmap for Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems .
+
+S Retrieved October 20 , 2009 , from { http : //www.ne.doe.gov/genIV/documents/gen_iv_roadmap.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.ne.doe.gov/genIV/documents/gen_iv_roadmap.pdf ]
+
+S Nuclear energy for tomorrow 's needs
+
+S The world 's energy consumption is increasing every year .
+
+S With rising economic powers such as China and India , the burning of fossil fuel to meet new energy demand simply will not solve the problem of depleting resources on a long term basis .
+
+S An alternative to fossil fuel is nuclear energy which has been used since the 1960s .
+
+S Still , after many years , there are several factors against building new nuclear reactors .
+
+S The nuclear accident in Chernobyl and nuclear weapon proliferation are just two reasons why few reactors have been built in recent years .
+
+S However , with more than 40 years of knowledge and experience in nuclear reactors , scientists and engineers have developed research in safe and high performance nuclear reactors known as Generation IV reactors .
+
+S Six reactors concepts have been selected for further research by the Generation IV International Forum ( GIF ) .
+
+S Of the six reactors , the Very High Temperature Reactor ( VHTR ) and the Molten Salt Reactor ( MSR ) are often debated among scientists .
+
+S Although VHTR is designed to be a high-energy-efficient system , there is evidence that proves MSR is the better concept .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB|||shows|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Safety features are one of the main considerations when designing a nuclear reactor .
+
+S Proponents of VHTR claim that it has an inherent passive safety features for both the fuel and the reactor ( Goethem 2008 ) .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||feature|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , the core of the reactor will be able to withstand temperatures way above the normal operating temperatures .
+
+S In the event of an accident , the probability of a meltdown occurring is minimized .
+
+S However , passive safety features are present in the MSR too .
+
+S Unlike the VHTR which produces high pressure steam at the core , MSR produces low pressure .
+
+S This is due to the nature of molten fluoride salts , which is used as coolant and is mechanically and chemically stable at sea-level pressures ( Forsberg 2004 ) .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In other words the MSR 's core can not have a steam explosion , thus it eliminates the need for additional advance technology to control the high pressure .
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||; thus ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:MORPH|||advanced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Due to VHTR 's high temperature and corrosive operating conditions , the materials used must have high dimensional stability and be able to withstand high pressure .
+
+S New ultra hard materials that can resist continued high temperatures and intense bombardment by neutrons have to be developed ( Butler ) .
+
+S Practical advantages of MSR 's high temperature low pressure cooling result in higher efficiency in removing heat from the core ( Fosberg 2004 ) .
+
+S This also implies that MSR does not need to spend additional money developing new materials to withstand the high pressure .
+
+S Uranium is the main source of fuel for the VHTR 's main system of operation .
+
+S A once-through uranium fuel cycle allows the reactor to produce high temperature at the outlet core .
+
+S But unlike the VHTR , the MSR uses another kind of fuel cycle called thorium , which is much more abundant in nature than uranium ( David.S 2007 ) The first advantages of using a thorium fuel cycle are the ability to burn up most of the actinides which produces radioactivity .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 29|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:NOUN:NUM|||advantage|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 49 50|||R:VERB:SVA|||produce|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Radioactivity is unwanted as it can remain active for hundreds of years if it is not properly contained .
+
+S ( David.s 2007 ) The second advantage is an enhanced nuclear weapons proliferation resistance .
+
+S Due to the nature of a thorium based fuel cycle , essential elements for nuclear weapons like enriched uranium can not be chemically separated from thorium .
+
+S Unlike thorium , enriched uranium used in the VHTR and it can potentially produce a bomb .
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover uranium is limited in supply and not as abundant as Thorium .
+A 11 12|||R:ORTH|||thorium|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The need for expensive fuel-enrichment facilities is unnecessary when Thorium is being used as the main fuel cycle too .
+A 9 10|||R:ORTH|||thorium|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Both MSR and VHTR are state-of-the-art nuclear reactors .
+
+S Automation throughout the reactors and passive safety features are just some of the technology implemented to make the Generation IV reactors safer .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||technologies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S MSR 's high temperature , low pressure cooling technologies will ensure a safe operation .
+
+S With the combination of Thorium being used as the main fuel cycle , MSR is a safe reactor with an abundant source of fuel .
+A 4 5|||R:ORTH|||thorium|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In terms of safety and fuel technologies used , the MSR stands in a better position than the VHTR .
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Todosow.M , Galperin.A , Radkowsky.A ( 1998 ) A competitive Thorium Fuel Cycle for Pressurized Water Reactorsof Current Technology 22 October 2009 http : //www.iaea.org/inisnkm/nkm/aws/fnss/fulltext/te_1319_11.pdf
+
+S Goethem.V ( 2008 ) Innovation in Nuclear Fission , and Education & Training 19 October 2009 { http : //www.laradioactivite.com/fr/site/pages/RadioPDF/Generation % 20IV % 20RDDD % 20ENEN % 20GVG % 20June08.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.laradioactivite.com/fr/site/pages/RadioPDF/Generation % 20IV % 20RDDD % 20ENEN % 20GVG % 20June08.pdf ]
+
+S Forsberg.C ( 2004 ) Safety and Licensing Aspects of the Molten Salt Reactor 20 October 2009 http : //www.ornl.gov/ ~ webworks/cppr/y2001/pres/120507.pdf
+
+S Butler.D ( 2004 ) Nuclear Power 's New Dawn Nature Vol.429 , 17 October 2009 { www.nature.com/nature } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.nature.com/nature ]
+
+S David.S , Huffer.E , Nifenecker.H ( 2007 ) Revisiting the thorium-uranium fuel cycle euro physics news Vol.28 number 2 25 October http : //www.europhysicsnews.org/index.php ? option = article&access = standard&Itemid = 129&url = /articles/epn/pdf/2007/02/epn07204.pdf
+
+S Gas-Cooled Fast Reactor System
+
+S Nuclear Energy The world 's population will expand further in the next few decades .
+A 0 2|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Countries around the globe are all working for a better quality of life , this drives the demand for energy on the hike .
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||driving|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 23|||R:OTHER|||up the demand for energy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are various ways generating electricity .
+
+S However , if a mixture of energy production options is continued , it will impact the environment adversely and cause climate change in long term .
+A 23 23|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore we need to produce energy which is clean , safe , abundant and cost-effective .
+
+S Nuclear power plants are providing 16 % of the electricity in the world which are the largest share provided by non- greenhouse-gas-emitting source ( A Technology Roadmap for Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems , 2002 ) .
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It has significantly decreased the environmental impact of energy generation .
+
+S Nuclear energy can generate hydrogen which is important for petroleum refinement and can be used as an oil alternative in transportation .
+
+S Many countries of the world , both industrialized and developing , believe that nuclear energy can be used to meet their demand because of its sustainability in long-term and absence of environmental impacts .
+A 25 28|||R:OTHER|||long-term sustainability|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The concept of Generation IV Nuclear Energy System ( NES ) is able to meet this demand and is inevitable in implementation .
+A 18 22|||R:OTHER|||its implementation is inevitable|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In 2001 , founding members of the GIF selected six best designs as reactor prototypes for the future ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S The GFR ( or Gas-Cooled Fast Reactor ) system is one of them .
+
+S The GFR is primarily developed to produce electricity and is able to support hydrogen production from water .
+
+S There are different models and the reference reactor is a 600-MWth/288-MWe , helium-cooled system operating with an outlet temperature of 850 ° C using a direct Brayton cycle gas turbine for high thermal efficiency ( A Technology Roadmap for Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems , 2002 ) .
+
+S With ongoing Research & Development ( R&D ) for its related technology , the GFR is predicted to be delivered by 2025 .
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Though questions have been raised on its pending features of development , the GFR should be chosen as the research prototype due to its performance , safety and economics features .
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Features of GFR There has been doubt on the safety of the GFR system .
+A 0 3|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " The fundamental safety objective is to protect people and the environment from harmful effects of ionizing radiation " ( Fundamental Safety Principles , 2006 ) .
+
+S Another aspect of safety is the Proliferation Resistance and Physical Protection ( PR and PP ) .
+
+S It is also one of the objectives of a Generation IV NES is to " increase the assurance that they are a very unattractive and the least desirable route for diversion or theft of weapons-usable materials , and provide increased physical protection against acts of terrorism " ( A Technology Roadmap for Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems , 2002 ) .
+A 12 13|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To address this , GFR system has involved measures to enhance PR & PE and has adopted an actinide management to ensure nuclear waste utilization and availability of fuel in long term .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 30|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some people argue that the reprocessing of waste is unsafe .
+
+S However , there has not been solid proof of accidents .
+
+S Furthermore , new forms of reprocessing will be improved .
+
+S Technologically , research on the core design , materials , and fuels is still ongoing .
+
+S With the effort of scientists and researchers , the GFR will be safely deployable if the technical hurdles are overcome .
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Supporters of other reactors believe that they have better performance .
+
+S Research has shown that the GFR system ranks the top for its sustainability ( Gas-Cooled Fast Reactor , 2005 ) .
+
+S Like the VHTR system , GFR uses helium as coolant which has a high outlet temperature of 850 ° C , making it able to split hydrogen from water .
+
+S This is ideal for countries largely dependent on oil import because hydrogen is an important oil alternative used in fuel cells .
+
+S Reprocessing also enhances the performance as it could cut the final amount of waste up to 96 % ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S The elements with long half-life are extracted and reused .
+
+S Only a small volume of waste is left behind .
+
+S Another debatable issue is the cost of building the GFR system .
+
+S Each of the six prototype costs about US $ 1 billion ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||prototypes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However in long term , the cost is justified by the economics-of-scale .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is also a research emphasis to achieve low system cost ( Khalil , n.d ) .
+
+S For the gas- cooled reactors , this might be done by considering other coolants such as the S-CO2 , replacing the cladding materials and so on .
+
+S In conclusion , the deployment of Generation IV nuclear power is inevitable and the GFR system should be chosen as the research prototype because of its safety , performance and cost features .
+
+S Technical challenges to the system still exist .
+
+S If addressed , it will be able to meet the Generation IV goals .
+
+S Generation IV Nuclear Reactor : A need or A Catastrophe ?
+
+S The world population is increasing rapidly .
+
+S At the same time , the quality of living is also higher as the standard rises .
+
+S These have caused the demand for energy rising fast .
+
+S International energy outlook predicted in 2008 that the world energy demand will increase 60 BTU per year .
+
+S According to World Nuclear Association ( WNA ) , the current energy mainly comes from oil and gas .
+
+S These fossil fuels are non-renewable energy sources .
+
+S As the current fossil fuel reserve is running low , the price of the energy is running high .
+
+S Based on data collected by WNA , the production cost of energy from oil is the highest , followed by gas , and the nuclear energy is the lowest among all .
+
+S Hence , as the demand for the energy will go up , the research for alternative energy is inevitable .
+
+S The current alternative energy sources include solar , wind , nuclear , and biomass .
+
+S Judging from the current demand , the only energy which can provide high power output is the nuclear energy .
+
+S Hence , scientists are researching the fourth generation nuclear reactor which can provide higher power output , at the same time reduce risks .
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , many people still concern about the risk of the nuclear energy and aftermath consequences which last long to disperse as what happened in the World War II .
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||are still concerned|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In my essay , I shall discuss about the key features of nuclear reactor and its comparison with other alternative energy sources .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , develop argument on whether there is a need for the research of generation 4 nuclear reactor .
+
+S The main misconception about nuclear energy is its possibility to explode once it is under attack and its radiation .
+A 8 19|||R:WO|||radiation and its possibility to explode once it is under attack|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , the nuclear reactor does n't produce the weapon grade reaction .
+
+S Hence , it wo n't explode even when it is under attack .
+
+S Moreover , the structure of the nuclear reactor is designed to be able to sustain high collision and prevent radiation .
+
+S Hence , even it is under attack , the radiation will not leak .
+
+S In the history , there were only two accidents occurred , the Three Mile Island and Chenobyl incident .
+A 4 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The former did not cause any leakage and was well under control .
+
+S The latter caused explosion and the radiation is still affecting people until now .
+
+S However , we need to know that the latter incident happened at the generation I nuclear reactor , and it did n't follow the safety regulation then , hence caused the accident .
+A 29 30|||R:VERB:FORM|||causing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since then , the WNA has imposed strict regulations and most of the reactors in operation now are generation II and III reactors which are safer and more efficient .
+
+S It is highly notable that since Chenobyl incident there is no more any accident .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This shows that the nuclear reactors now are reliable .
+
+S According to WNA , the current safety standard for nuclear reactor is 1 in 10000 core damage , which means that the core will possibly damage once in 10000 operation years .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The United States reactors now have the safety standard of 1 in 100000 , much better than requirement .
+A 17 18|||R:MORPH|||required|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , in comparison with other energy sources , the nuclear energy has the lowest fatality , as shown on the figure below : Source : Applied Energy 75 ( 2003 ) 7986
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is shown that the fatality of Nuclear Power Plant ( NPP ) is 11.9 per TeraWattHour energy produced , much lower than the other conventional energy sources .
+
+S Another thing to mention about the nuclear power is its green approach .
+
+S The nuclear power will not produce any byproduct which can damage the atmosphere like CO2 .
+
+S Hence , it is a green energy .
+
+S However , people are worried about the waste of the conventional reactor which takes million years to decay .
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||millions of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The new generation 4 nuclear reactor promises excellent solution with its byproduct will decay in just decades .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||decaying|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , it will produce hydrogen to use it as another type of fuel .
+A 6 9|||R:OTHER|||which can be used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , the new reactor is more environmentally friendly at the same time reduces people 's fear of the waste .
+A 9 9|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Finally , given that people are worried about the nuclear power , it is much needed that we should research on it so that it will be safer and more efficient for us .
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is a fact that there are thousands of nuclear reactors in operation in the world now .
+
+S Hence , we should research a new generation of reactor even more to replace the old ones .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||conduct research on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the nuclear power is the solution for the current energy crisis .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By researching the new generation of nuclear reactor , we can enjoy more efficient and safer energy around us .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Further research and development funding for Generation IV nuclear reactor , particularly the Very- High-Temperature Reactor ( VHTR ) , should be supported .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Ever since Mankind has started using fossil fuels for energy , 400 billion tonnes of carbon is released and eventually would raise world temperatures by 13 degrees Celsius ( Zoe,n.d. ) .
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Global warming became an inevitable issue .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has become|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Mankind 's hunger for energy is ever increasing , most experts agree that fossil fuels might deplete within the next 50 years ( John,2006 ) .
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nuclear energy was proposed to be the solution to this critical issue .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are however , concerns about nuclear power with respect to its safety , economic viability and waste disposal .
+A 2 2|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nonetheless , the advantages Generation IV nuclear power , specifically Very-High- Temperature reactor ( VHTR ) , could provide can offset its high start up cost and overcome its disadvantages .
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , further research and development funding for VHTR should be supported.Thesis
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||supported .|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There was a partial meltdown in 1979 at Three Mile Island and 1986 at Chernobyl , causing casualties and spewing radioactive waste across Europe .
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||there was also an accident in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Such accidents dealt a great blow in the public 's confidence in generating nuclear power ( Butler,D .
+
+S , 2004 ) .
+
+S It will take a lot of convincing for the public to accept nuclear power as a safe source of energy.TS However , such incidents are anomalous .
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||energy .|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , for the case of Chernobyl , the cause of the incident was due to human negligence and not the inadequacy of the technology itself .
+
+S The technology has since improved and many new safety and monitoring features were included .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even though there have been several instances of leaks and other safety incidents , there are no major accidents incurred and no known deaths were resulted ( The Economist , 2009 ) .
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , the coolant used in VHTR is helium .
+
+S Helium is a noble gas and will not react with other materials even at high temperature which makes the model safer ( Butler,D .
+A 16 16|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S , 2004 ) .
+
+S The start up cost of nuclear power plant is expensive .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many might argue that it is more economically viable to continue using fossil fuels for energy.TS However , continual burning of fossil increases the emission of greenhouse gases .
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||energy .|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:NOUN|||fuels|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will not improve the current situation as greenhouse gases are the main culprit of global warming .
+
+S Since global warming is a pressing issue now and even more so in the future , heavy carbon taxes should be preempted .
+
+S The " Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) , a United Nations-appointed group of scientific experts , reckons that fossil fuels should carry a tax of $ 20-50 for every tonne of carbon dioxide they generate " ( The Economist,2008 ) .
+
+S Furthermore , fossil fuel is a rapidly decreasing limited resource .
+A 3 5|||R:OTHER|||fuels are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The price of fossil fuel will increase exponentially in the near future due to increasing demand and fast decreasing supply .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||fuels|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This would make VHTR model the more viable choice for energy since its high efficiency and stability would offset the high start up cost .
+
+S Some would say nuclear power plants are a source of nuclear weapons and might become potential terrorist targets.TS Some other concepts for the reactor might involve waste reprocessing and recycling which separates out plutonium , a main ingredient of advanced nuclear weapon ( Butler,D .
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||targets .|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S 2004 ) .
+
+S This might be true to some Generation IV reactor concepts , but not so for VHTR as VHTR model does not involve the waste recycling process .
+
+S VHTR will have many safety features included to make it terrorist proof as well .
+
+S Therefore , the VHTR is a safe model and would eliminate any of such concerns .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the increasing demand of energy would mean that fossil fuels would deplete in the near future .
+
+S In addition , continual usage of fossil fuels would increase the emission of greenhouse gases which causes global warming .
+
+S The VHTR would be an ideal model to supply nuclear energy to resolve the problems .
+A 0 1|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are concerns about producing nuclear energy with regards to its cost , security and performance .
+
+S However , the VHTR includes features and benefits that would offset its disadvantages .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the VHTR model should be given more funding for further research and development .
+
+S References
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240 .
+
+S Retrieved October 1 , 2009 from http : //www-scopus- com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg John Pickrell ( 2006 ) .
+
+S Instant Expert : Energy and Fuels .
+
+S Retrieved October 1,2009 from http : //www.newscientist.com/article/dn9984-instant-expert-energy-and- fuels.html ? full = true
+
+S The Economist ( 2008 ) .
+
+S The power and the glory .
+
+S Retrieved October 16,2009 from
+
+S http : //www.economist.com/specialreports/displayStory.cfm ? story_id = 11565685 The Economist ( 2009 ) .
+
+S The Critical Issue Of Safety .
+
+S Retrieved October 16,2009 from http : //www.economist.com/world/international/displaystory.cfm ? story_id = 13325 552&source = login_payBarrier
+
+S Zoe Noonan ( n.d. ) .
+
+S The Depletion Of Fossil Fuels .
+
+S Retrieved October 1 , 2009 from
+
+S http : //www.annesley.sa.edu.au/amep/energyconservation_solarenergy/depletion % 20of % 20energy % 20research % 20paper.htm
+
+S Whenever nuclear power is concerned , accident is always the first thing that comes into the picture .
+
+S However , people seldom think about how nuclear energy will benefit the world by providing a solution to global warming .
+
+S Increasing energy needs and Global warming are restoring the idea of nuclear power .
+A 4 5|||R:ORTH|||global|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to Butler ( 2004 ) by 2050 the carbon dioxide level in the air is expected to double causing severe global warming .
+A 19 19|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , new sources of green energy are needed to prevent this from happening .
+
+S There are many different green energy such as solar energy , turbine generated energy from wave and wind but nuclear energy especially Very High Temperature Reactor can be the most reliable source of energy in the future when security , safety and cost of nuclear power could be resolve .
+A 6 6|||M:NOUN|||sources|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 48 49|||R:VERB:FORM|||resolved|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Security issue against terrorist and use of nuclear weapon is a major concern when we think about nuclear power .
+A 4 4|||M:NOUN|||attacks|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 9|||R:OTHER|||the use of the energy for nuclear weapons|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The destructive power of nuclear bombs can be seen in the history of World War 2 , when two atomic bombs are used on Japan killing 220000 people .
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As technology become more advance , hydrogen bombs which are deadlier are now available and the world would be in trouble if it is in the wrong hands and effects worst than September 11 may happen .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||becomes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:MORPH|||advanced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 24|||R:OTHER|||these bombs are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 30|||R:OTHER|||as incidents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:ADJ:FORM|||worse|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However this is only possible when we try to integrate the process of recycling nuclear waste , which is not available for Very High Temperature Reactor .
+
+S During the process of recycling , plutonium a key ingredient for advance nuclear weapon is produce .
+A 7 7|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:FORM|||produced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Most countries including The United States has refrain from reprocessing waste and discourage other from doing so too .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:FORM|||refrained|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:ADJ|||nuclear|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has discouraged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since the very high temperature does not recycle waste the problem that people may misuse the technology will be resolve .
+A 5 5|||M:OTHER|||of VHTR|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||allow the waste to be recycled ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:FORM|||resolved|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even if there is recycling of waste convectional reprocessing does not generate weapon grade plutonium and chemical could be use to spike the plutonium to make it too hot to steal or transport .
+A 7 7|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||chemicals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:FORM|||used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Safety issue is definitely a concern as the history of the Three Mile Island in 1979 and the Chernobyl incident in 1986 leave a long lasting bad impression of nuclear plant .
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has left|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:NOUN:NUM|||plants|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S During the Chernobyl incident the plant was blew apart in a very short time and cause 31 immediate deaths .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:FORM|||blown|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 19|||R:OTHER|||31 deaths were caused immediately|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The worst thing when nuclear reactor like the nuclear bomb was not the immediate death but the exposure of human to radiation .
+A 3 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||humans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After the explosion the land was to be vacant and non usable and is believed to have increase the number of cancer cases in Europe .
+A 8 9|||R:MORPH|||vacated|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||would no longer be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 23|||R:OTHER|||the number of cancer cases is believed to have increased|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However comparing the number of death cases to those in cave in land mine the number is minimal as cave in usually result in hundred and thousand of death .
+A 1 2|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 7|||R:NOUN|||deaths|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 18|||R:OTHER|||is much smaller for nuclear accidents than that for coal mining ones|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:OTHER|||cave-in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:SVA|||results|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 27|||R:OTHER|||hundreds and thousands|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the reasons of the accident was due to the staff inexperience but for the newer plant there will be more advance safety enhancement and inbuilt automatic safety features that will cool themselves in times of emergency .
+A 4 5|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:NOUN|||Chernobyl|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:ADJ:FORM|||advanced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although the cost of building a nuclear plant is very high and the price of the energy generated is higher than those we have in the market , development on nuclear plant is still a necessity .
+A 21 22|||R:DET|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:NOUN:NUM|||plants|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the long run the price of the energy generated by coal and oil would skyrocket as the tax for carbon emission increase exponentially .
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:NUM|||emissions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:VERB:TENSE|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The development of nuclear plant would prevent this especially the Very High Temperature Reactor .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||plants|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 8|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:OTHER|||, would prevent this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The very high temperature reactor can generate both electricity and hydrogen and it is 50 % more effective than the conventional reactor and it allow countries to be self sustainable in term of energy .
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:SVA|||allows|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:ADJ|||sufficient|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:NOUN:NUM|||terms|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , nuclear power is definitely one of the better choices when we are looking for a green source of energy .
+
+S Nuclear power is one technology that must be accelerated promoted and relied upon if the world is to stabilize carbon emission at an acceptable level .
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||increasingly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||emissions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nuclear power plants are not nuclear bombs waiting to go off .
+
+S References
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240 .
+
+S Anonymous ( 2009 , October 06 ) .
+
+S Climate study comes early this year .
+
+S Retrieved 2009 October 08 from { http : //www.world-nuclear-news.org/default.aspx } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.world-nuclear-news.org/default.aspx ]
+
+S Anonymous ( 1996 , August 10 ) .
+
+S Rare film documents devastation at Hiroshima .
+
+S Retrieved 2009 October 08 { http : //www.academicinfo.net/histbomb.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.academicinfo.net/histbomb.html ]
+
+S Anonymous ( 2009 , April ) Chernobyl Accident .
+
+S Retrieved 2009 October 08 from { http : //world-nuclear.org/info/chernobyl/inf07.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //world-nuclear.org/info/chernobyl/inf07.html ]
+
+S Anonymous ( 2005 September ) .
+
+S Outline history of nuclear energy .
+
+S Retrieved 2009 october 08 from { http : //world-nuclear.org/info/default.aspx ? id = 570&terms = hydrogen + bombs } [ HYPERLINK : http : //world-nuclear.org/info/default.aspx ? id = 570&terms = hydrogen + bombs ]
+
+S The discussion of the generation IV reactor
+
+S In the modern world , nuclear power is widely used There are more than 400 nuclear power plants operating in 30 countries , which supply almost 17 percents of the world 's electricity .
+A 10 10|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:NOUN:NUM|||percent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , without successful generation IV concepts , the nuclear industry will struggle to maintain its current position of generating 17 % of the world 's electricity .
+
+S " There are six types of generation IV reactor .
+
+S Many people believe that the sodium-cooled fast reactor is the best of them .
+
+S However , after the research , I support the Gas- cooled fast reactor is the better one .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB|||think|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First , for the sodium-cooled fast reactor , it is top-ranked in sustainability because of its closed fuel cycle and excellent potential for actinide management .
+
+S Actually , it can make the use of 99 % of fuel .
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The outlet temperatures in the range of 510-650 makes the resulting thermal efficiencies range from 39 % to 47 % .
+
+S The performance of sodium-cooled fast reactor seems so perfect , however , compared with the Gas-cooled fast reactor , these data is not perfect anymore .
+A 9 10|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 21|||R:OTHER|||performance of the gas-cooled fast reactor , that of sodium-cooled fast reactor|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For gas-cooled fast reactor , it is also a closed fuel cycle and the use of fuel can reach 99 % as well .
+A 0 1|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The outlet temperatures in the range of the gas-cooled fast reactor is around 850 , so it makes the theoretical value of its thermal efficiency is 50 % .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 19|||R:OTHER|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This limit of the sodium-cooled fast reactor is just 47 % .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||That|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Second , safety is another important factor .
+
+S For the sodium-cooled fast reactor , it is a primary system that operates near atmospheric pressure and important features of the system include a long thermal response time which is a large margin to cool the boiling .
+
+S It also offers a high level of safety reliability .
+
+S This fact is based on active safety countermeasures for self-controlled shutdown function and cooling function .
+
+S However , dynamic simulations indicate that an accidental reduction of flow up to 2-3 can be tolerated ( with no control action ) without sodium boiling or fuel melting .
+
+S From it we can find the most significant part for safety features of sodium- cooled fast reactor is the control action .
+A 0 5|||R:OTHER|||Obviously ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||of the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , no matter which kind of generation IV reactor , if its system has control action , it is also relatively safety .
+A 5 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:VERB|||is used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:MORPH|||safe|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , the gas-cooled fast reactor also has its own control action of the system .
+A 12 13|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This control makes the gas-cooled fast reactor can be as safe as the sodium-cooled fast reactor .
+A 7 9|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Third , the cost of the fast reactor is also significant .
+
+S Some evident shows the sodium-cooled fast reactor can reduce the cost of the raw material by changing it .
+A 1 2|||R:MORPH|||evidence|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||UNK|||the materials used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , as the sodium-cooled fast reactor was developed later than the other kinds of factors , especially later than the gas-cooled fast reactor , the cost of research and investigation of the sodium-cooled fast reactor is so huge .
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN|||reactors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Just because of it , many developed countries do not have enough money to afford this expense .
+A 0 2|||U:ADV|||Because|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:PRON|||this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 17|||R:OTHER|||build a sodium-cooled fast reactor|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , it obstructs the application of the sodium-cooled fast reactor .
+A 2 4|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:VERB|||is hindered|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Compared with sodium-cooled fast reactor , the gas-cooled fast factor is an old one which has been developed and widely used since 1979 .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Its cost of development is far less than the sodium-cooled fast reactor .
+A 8 8|||M:OTHER|||that of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It does not need to be changed or improved so much .
+
+S The main cost of it is just the annual depreciation which is far less than the development cost of the sodium- cooled reactor .
+A 0 5|||R:OTHER|||Its main cost|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , we should consider the cost of time of the reactors .
+
+S The gas-cooled fast reactor can be used directly at once .
+
+S However , the sodium-cooled fast reactor should be checked for several years by the fact .
+A 12 15|||R:OTHER|||before it could be used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the gas-cooled fast reactor is better than the sodium-cooled fast reactor by cost .
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||in terms of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , even though the sodium-cooled fast reactor is a good type of generation IV reactor , the gas-cooled fast reactor is a much better one .
+
+S Compared with the sodium-cooled fast reactor , the gas-cooled reactor has its obvious advantages of performance and cost .
+
+S It has the larger thermal efficiency and less cost of expense and time .
+A 7 8|||R:ADJ|||lower|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even though the safety of sodium-cooled fast reactor may be better than the gas-cooled fast reactor , it can not change the fact that the gas-cooled fast reactor is better than the sodium-cooled fast reactor in contemporary time , because there is still no way to make the nuclear power totally safe by now .
+A 12 12|||M:OTHER|||that of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 38|||R:OTHER|||at the present stage|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 52 53|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the gas-cooled fast reactor is better than the sodium-cooled fast reactor .
+
+S Nuclear energyhuman 's future
+
+S According to the latest energy consumption statistics in 2008 , the majority of energy consumption was still made up of oil , coal and natural gas 34.8 % , 24.2 % and 24.1 % respectively .
+A 26 26|||M:OTHER|||, which constituted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 34|||M:OTHER|||of the total energy consumption|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the fact behind the door is that under the current consumption pace , no more than 50 years the oil and natural gas will use up and the coal reserve can also only sustain 120 years more .
+A 4 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 20|||R:OTHER|||within no more than 50 years ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:VERB:TENSE|||be used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:OTHER|||whereas|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Faced with the unprecedented energy crisis , finding an alternative energy resource has naturally become the top priority issue .
+A 0 1|||M:OTHER|||When we are faced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For the present , nuclear energy is gradually playing increasingly vital role in the energy supply due to its high efficiency and abundant raw materials .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , some of the public are still concerning some of the issues associated with the nuclear energy , for example the cost , safety and performance .
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||concerned about|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The concern is understanding , since the nuclear catastrophe happened in Chernobyl on 26 April 1986 is still fresh in our mind .
+A 0 1|||R:DET|||Their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:MORPH|||understandable|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But those disasters are mainly result from the human 's wrong operation .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:FORM|||resulted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 10|||R:OTHER|||humans '|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:ADJ|||improper|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , as Declan Butler said : Global warming and rising energy needs are rehabilitating the concept of nuclear power .
+A 6 7|||R:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , with the six generation IV reactor concept coming out , especially the VHTR , I firmly believe all the difficulties will be settled in the near future .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||concepts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:VERB|||resolved|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To begin with , some of opponents will argue that the cost of building a nuclear reactor is too high and the cost mentioned above generally comprises of research , development , regulation , construction costs , and the contribution to the nuclear waste fund .
+
+S Frankly speaking , some of this problem does really exist , but we can view it from another perspective , which means comparing its cost with other kind of power plant under all the same factors .
+A 3 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:OTHER|||that of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:NOUN:NUM|||kinds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:NOUN:NUM|||plants|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:NOUN|||conditions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , the cost of constructing a nuclear reactor is at most 2 to 3 times than the cost of building a heat-energy reactor with the same output .
+
+S But the raw material like uranium enrichment used for nuclear reactor is much cheaper both in transport and price under the same amount of energy output .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 19|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , unlike the heat-energy reactor , the gas emitted during the operation has a little influence on the environment and global warming .
+A 11 11|||M:OTHER|||by the nuclear reactor|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly , the achievement obtained from the research can also be applied into other fields .
+
+S Secondly , numerous public are holding the view that the nuclear reactor is still existing huge potential safety risk .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 15|||R:OTHER|||still holds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||risks|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reviewing the history , the Chernobyl and Three Mile Island catastrophe indeed witnessed the enormous harm the nuclear reactor could cause .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||catastrophes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S While the investigation report showed that the direct cause was a series of wrong operations , the result actually did n't have much relation with the nuclear reactor itself .
+
+S Currently , the materials applied in VHTR are more advanced and steady compared to the past .
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||those used in previous reactors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , the Carbon-Fibre reinforced Carbon can bear the highest temperature which the VHTR could generate .
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , due to the tri-structure-isotropic and its multi layer , the waste will become difficult to crack and release harmful radiation and fission products .
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||will not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the wastes become concentrated and then easily to deal with .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||waste|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||becomes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||easy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly , lots of objector still doubts the performance of nuclear reactor .
+A 2 5|||R:OTHER|||many opponents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||doubt|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Until now , the nuclear energy is indeed only taking up at most 8 % of the total consumption energy .
+
+S Nevertheless , this kind of worry is still needless .
+
+S As we all know , the reactor fuel is possess of small in size while large in energy output .
+A 7 8|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , the energy generated by one kilogram uranium is equal to the energy generated by 2400t coal .
+A 9 9|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||2400 tons of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , a study showed last year by a group of scientist and economist looked at the potential for the power generated by nuclear energy to triple by 2050 .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB|||done|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 14|||R:OTHER|||scientists and economists|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:OTHER|||believed that the production of nuclear energy will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the nuclear energy can take the duty in supplying more energy and decreasing the emission of greenhouse gas generated by the fossil fuel burning .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN|||lead|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||gases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 26|||R:OTHER|||burning of fossil fuels|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , I firmly believe that the huge potential benefits the nuclear reactor creates will no doubt attract more support not only from the government but also public and once the VHTR construction completed , I think the dawn of nuclear energy has also already come .
+A 28 28|||M:OTHER|||from the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 34|||R:OTHER|||construction of VHTR|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 34|||M:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 44|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 45 46|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference :
+
+S Butler , Declan ( D ) Nuclear power 's new dawn publish on 2004-May
+
+S { http : //blogs.princeton.edu/chm333/f2006/nuclear/2007/01/the_very_high_temperature_reactor_vhtr.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //blogs.princeton.edu/chm333/f2006/nuclear/2007/01/the_very_high_temperature_reactor_vhtr.html ]
+
+S { http : //www.bp.com/productlanding.do ? categoryId = 6929&contentId = 7044622 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.bp.com/productlanding.do ? categoryId = 6929&contentId = 7044622 ]
+
+S HYPERLINK " http : //blogs.princeton.edu/chm333/f2006/nuclear/2007/01/the_very_high_temperature_reactor_vhtr.html " http : //blogs.princeton.edu/chm333/f2006/nuclear/2007/01/the_very_high_temperature_reactor_vhtr.html
+
+S Global warming has been the main concern of the governments around the world for the past decade .
+
+S High carbon dioxide emission has been one of the main culprits for global warming .
+
+S Thus there is a need to find alternatives to produce energy instead of relying on the conventional ones .
+
+S Although it is not commonly seen , some countries are already using nuclear reactors to produce energy .
+
+S These nuclear reactors unlike the conventional power plants , they do not produce greenhouse gases ( Gerstner , 2009 ) .
+A 3 3|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , these nuclear reactors also have their own disadvantages such as producing radioactive wastes , high cost and safety issues .
+
+S Research has shown that it is possible to have a nuclear reactor that is cleaner , safer and cheaper ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S Thus , there should be funding for research and development for Generation IV nuclear reactor .
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some people think that the radioactive wastes produced by the nuclear reactors are more dangerous than the greenhouse gases .
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The radioactive waste could be used as an ingredient for nuclear weapons ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S Furthermore , the nuclear plant produces a large amount of waste ( 12,000 tonnes ) , thus disposal became an issue ( Gerstner , 2009 ) .
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||; thus ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:TENSE|||becomes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , these problems could be solved by the new Generation IV reactors .
+
+S Currently , most of the nuclear reactors use nuclear fission to produce energy and large volume of radioactive wastes is produced .
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It was found that through thermonuclear fusion , it could reduce the radioactivity and volume of wastes produced by nuclear fission ( Gerstner , 2009 ) .
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus by combining the nuclear fission and fusion , the waste produced will be less and less radioactive .
+
+S With less amount of wastes produced , it would mean that less plutonium is produced .
+
+S In a way it does reduced the threat that the wastes would be used for developing nuclear weapons .
+A 1 2|||R:DET|||this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||reduces|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It also solved the problem of disposal .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||solves|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence there should be funding to further into the research and developing the hybrid concept in the Generation IV reactors
+A 6 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:FORM|||develop|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some people think that it is too costly to set up and maintain the nuclear reactor .
+
+S This would not have happen if there have been funding for research and development to produce a cheaper reactor .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:FORM|||happened|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The new reactor would be able to produce 50 % more energy with the same amount of fuel ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S According to studies .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||studies,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S the nuclear reactors now produce electricity at 6.7cents per kWh after considering the set up cost , cost of fuel , operating cost and cost of disposal , when compared with gas and coal which range from 3.8 to 5.6 cents per kWh ( Giles , 2006 ) .
+A 27 37|||R:OTHER|||. This is comparable as gas and coal plants produce electricity at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After a 50 % more energy is reduced the reduced by 50 % and it would be cheaper that of power plants using coal and gas .
+A 8 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||the nuclear reactor|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This shows that the new reactor will be able to produce cheaper energy .
+
+S Hence there should be funding for R&D for the Generation IV reactors
+A 12 12|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some people have the impression from the two major incidents which happened in Chernobyl , Ukraine and Three Mile Island , Pennsylvania that nuclear reactors are dangerous and are against the idea of having nuclear reactors .
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:ADV|||so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The two incidents happened due to high temperature , which leads to the partial meltdown .
+
+S This would not happen in the new reactors as they have better cooling systems that will allow the plants to cool down faster when they reached too high a temperature ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+A 25 26|||R:VERB:TENSE|||reach|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , there should be funding for research and development for Generation IV reactors .
+
+S It helps in coping with global warming by not producing greenhouses gases unlike the conventional power plants .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Nuclear energy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:NOUN|||energy sources|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although it produces large amount of radioactive wastes , as long as the hybrid reactor could be produced , the wastes would not be a problem .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 12|||R:OTHER|||if|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore Generation IV reactors are able to produce more energy , thus the cost of the energy would be cheaper .
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||; thus ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly it has better system which would prevent similar incidents of meltdown of the nuclear power reactor to happen .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||systems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus there should be funding to develop Generation IV reactors .
+
+S Reference list :
+
+S Butler , Delcan ( 2004 ) .Energy : nuclear power 's new dawn.Nature , 429. doi : 10.1038/429238a
+
+S Gerstner , Ed ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Nuclear energy : the hybrid returns .
+
+S Nature , 460. doi : 10.1038/460025a
+
+S Giles , Jim ( 2006 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power : chernobyl and the future : when the price is right .
+
+S Nature , 440. doi : 10.1038/429238a
+
+S Very High Temperature Reactor
+
+S Very high temperature reactor is one of the six Generation IV reactor concepts , which is designed to be a high-efficiency system so that it can supply electricity and process heat to a broad spectrum of high-temperature and energy-intensive processes .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The very|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some of its excellent features had inspired United States to do a lot of research on Very high temperature reactor .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||M:DET|||the very|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Now , the very high temperature reactor is still in developing .
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||under development|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , there is much debate over the development of the very high temperature reactor .
+
+S Opponents argue mainly about the security and cost of the very high temperature reactor .
+
+S Even the opposite opinions exist , it is still necessary to develop the very high temperature reactor .
+A 1 1|||M:ADV|||when|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Opponents argue mostly about the huge destructiveness in an accident and the hidden radioactive pollution .
+
+S Some accidents of nuclear power plants , such as the Chernobyl disaster occurred on 26 April 1986 at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant , caused huge panic about the new clear power plant .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 31|||R:ADJ|||nuclear|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , during that time the nuclear reactors were not well developed .
+
+S Researches done by the experts in United State showed that the security of the very high temperature would be improved quite a lot .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First , since the core is composed of helium , whose coolant is dingle phase , and graphite whose thermal inertia is very large , the core becomes very steady and safe .
+A 13 15|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , fuel of the very high temperature reactor is designed to cycle from ore extraction of final waste disposal and radioactive wastes will be sent to repositories for final geologic disposal which will reduce both the lifetime and toxicity of the radioactive waste .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 24|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the safety of the very high temperature reactor is improved a lot .
+
+S Another reason for opposition is the high cost of the very high temperature reactor .
+
+S Given that the cost of the nuclear power plant including very high temperature reactor is very high and it will take several decades to recover from the cost , the opponents think it is not reasonable to use very high temperature reactor .
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 38|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , according to the research done by the experts , the very high temperature reactor will be designed in condition that the generation cost will be competitive when compared with other energy sources and the capital investment cost will be low enough for a large number of countries .
+A 19 21|||R:OTHER|||such|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , the very high temperature will provide competitive economics .
+A 7 10|||R:OTHER|||prove to be competitive in pricing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Finally , the performance of the very high temperature reactor will reduce the energy crisis in the future .
+
+S According to the goal of the design of the very high temperature reactor , besides electricity , the very high temperature reactor can also provides heat which can be used for industry processes .
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:SVA|||provide|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another significant performance of the very high temperature is that it can generate hydrogen from water , which can be used in seawater desalination .
+
+S During the procedure , the heat generated when hydrogen becomes water can also be used in industry processes .
+
+S All these energy generated by the very high temperature reactor will reduce the usage of the fossil fuel .
+A 1 2|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , the excellent performance of the high temperature reactor will benefit human beings a lot .
+
+S In conclusion , the reasons against the development of the very high temperature are debatable .
+
+S The safety and cost of the high temperature reactor should not be used to limit the development of the very high temperature reactor , on the contrary , they should be considered as challenges to be overcome .
+A 23 24|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Anyway , the research about the very high temperature reactor shows that the very high temperature is beneficial to the society .
+A 16 16|||M:NOUN|||reactor|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the very high temperature should be developed .
+A 6 6|||M:NOUN|||reactor|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S 1 , James W. Sterbentz .
+
+S Low-Enriched Very High Temperature Reactor Core Design ( 2004 )
+
+S 2,Pilipple Billot & Dominique Barbier .
+
+S ( 2004 ) .Very High Temperature Reactor .
+
+S The French Atomic Energy Commission .
+
+S 3.An EcoGeneration Solutions LLC .
+
+S Company. ( 2002 ) .
+
+S Very High Temperature Reactor .
+
+S Retrieved October 19,2009 from http : //www.cogeneration.net/Very_High_Temperature_Reactor.htm
+
+S 4,Idaho National Laboratory .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .Very High Temperature Reactor.Retrieved Octover 19,2009 from https : //inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt ? open = 514&objID = 2251&pare ntname = CommunityPage&parentid = 13&mode = 2
+
+S In the twenty-first century , the world is developing in a rapid pace that has never occurred in the past .
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||such|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Countries like China and India keep their GDP up to 8 % increase almost every year .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB|||enjoy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 13|||R:OTHER|||an up to 8 % increase of their GDP|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides the increase of GDP , carbon dioxide emission is also reaching the highest level compare to the past .
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:FORM|||compared|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Obvious climate change experienced in many countries and regions remind us that the green house effect is really dangerous to the earth .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||changes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We should stop destroying our earth by continue mining and generating electricity through the coal plants .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:FORM|||continuing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nuclear power seems to be a suitable solution .
+
+S However , the opponents feel that nuclear power is not acceptable mainly due to safety , cost and its pollution issue .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 21|||R:OTHER|||pollution|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , by using Generation Four nuclear power plant in coming future , these problems can be solved definitely .
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And among all types of the Generation IV nuclear power technology , very-high-temperature reactor ( VHTR ) would be the best choice due to its safeness , efficiency and environment friendliness .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:MORPH|||safety|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , opponents of using nuclear power plants argue that nuclear power is not a safe technology .
+
+S The reactor meltdown in 1979 at Three Mile Island , Pennsylvania seems that nuclear power technology is extremely dangerous to use .
+A 12 12|||M:VERB|||to show|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I do admit that some of the public has lost their confidence and trust after this accidence happened .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:MORPH|||accident|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , we should understand that the TML used pressurized water reactor which is Generation Two model , the safety concern on that model is much lesser comparing to VHTR which is a Generation Four model .
+A 17 19|||R:OTHER|||and that it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 27|||R:OTHER|||is less safe|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 29|||R:OTHER|||than|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S VHTR make use of helium , an inert gas , as coolant .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:SVA|||makes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It will not react with the VHTR materials nor become radioactive itself .
+
+S Hence , it is very safe to use .
+
+S Secondly , any supports of traditional power plants argue that the cost of building nuclear plants is much higher than for the coal plants .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||supporters|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||that of building|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Actually , the construction cost of nuclear power plants keeps on reducing in the past few years .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB|||decreasing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , the construction cost for the first third generation reactor , ABWR , built in Japan was 2000 per KW , while the Chinese Nuclear Power Industry has built new plants of their own design at capital costsreported to be $ 1500 per KW and $ 1300 per KW at sites in South-East and North-East China recently .
+A 39 40|||R:ORTH|||costs reported|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , the VHTR could even produce 50 % more electricity from the same amount of fuel compared with other nuclear plants .
+
+S In addition , the maintenance and labor cost of VHTR is much less than the coal plants .
+A 14 14|||M:OTHER|||that of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the low maintenance fees , low labor cost and the high output of electricity , the total cost of the VHTR is actually less than the coal plants after a few years of operation .
+A 26 26|||M:OTHER|||that of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thirdly , the opponents of nuclear power plants worry that the disposal of radioactive waste from the plants will cause serious illness or even death to people live or work near the place .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:PRON|||who|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the VHTR has a reactor core made of graphite , which possess high stability even in high temperature .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:SVA|||possesses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||temperatures|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And by using uranium dioxide fuel particles coated with graphite , the reactors will not release radioactive substances even in extreme high temperature .
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||temperatures|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It has zero waste .
+
+S In addition , VHTR is capable of producing hydrogen gas by breaking the molecular bond of H2O .
+
+S As hydrogen gas has zero carbon dioxide emission , it has a potential to replace petroleum as a clean fuel for transportation .
+
+S So VHTR is environment friendly and the most optimized solution towards green house effect .
+
+S In conclusion , it should be evident that the arguments against nuclear power plants are not valid .
+
+S Among the generation IV reactors , the very-high-temperature reactor is most likely to be the best choice due to its safeness , efficiency and environment friendliness .
+A 20 21|||R:MORPH|||safety|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a good solution towards green house effect , we expect to see a bright future of nuclear power technology and it will be adopt in more countries in next few decades .
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:FORM|||adopted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Tenerife runway accident involved the collision of two airplanes , the Pan American ( Pan Am ) Boeing 747 and the Koninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij ( KLM ) aircraft .
+
+S The accident was caused by the lack of the use of psychology during the design process , and could have been prevented , had more psychological considerations been into the aircraft designs .
+A 28 28|||M:VERB|||taken|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Both the KLM and Pan Am aircrafts were designed to work under normal conditions .
+
+S As such , the aircrafts were not made to be ready for unforeseen circumstances .
+
+S The plane could operate , lift off and function , but only under predictable conditions .
+
+S Here , we could see that aircraft designers were capable and technically competent in creating aircrafts .
+
+S However , the designers failed to understand that aircrafts were to be piloted by humans , and not some fearless beings .
+
+S When the aircraft personnel suddenly found themselves in a panic situation , they could not respond appropriately because the aircraft was never built to be put in tricky situations .
+
+S However , some people say that the accident was caused due to human error .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||errors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Upon realising that there was a crisis , the aircraft crew of each vessel responded without much consideration as to what their actions might lead to .
+
+S People then blamed the cause of the accident on the aircraft crew of both sides for badly managing the situation .
+
+S Still , the reason behind the cause of the accident can not be blamed on the aircraft crew .
+
+S The aircraft crew reacted the way they reacted because the plane was not built with all the necessary functions for them to react in an unexpected situation .
+
+S For example , under low-visibility conditions , there was no way the Pam Am officer could differentiate between a stationary and a vibrating aircraft nearby .
+
+S Had strong light-emitting devices been installed on the KLM aircraft , an unambiguous signal would have been sent , leaving the Pan Am officer with a clear signal .
+
+S In this situation people can not say that the Pan Am officer did not do his job because he a kept lookout on the surroundings , but in the midst of the fog , the presence of the KLM aircraft signaled an ambiguous message .
+A 19 20|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , had proximity sensors been installed within the Pan Am aircraft , the whole accident could have been prevented .
+
+S The Pan Am officer saw the KLM through the fog and noticed its apparent static state when it was in fact still moving .
+
+S If an alarm was sounded upon when safety distance between the Pan Am and KLM aircraft was breached , the Pan Am crew would have steered their aircraft away from hazard .
+A 5 6|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The undetected KLM aircraft collided with the Pan Am aircraft because by the time the Pan Am officer realised that the KLM was nearing their aircraft , it was too late .
+
+S Had he been warned by the ringing alarm of a proximity sensor , he would have gotten enough time to respond and not panic when the impending collision was apparent .
+A 23 23|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , psychology has been recognized as an integral part of the design process today .
+
+S Students enrolled in the engineering courses in Ngee Ann Polytechnic nowadays are required to study interdisciplinary subjects , one of which includes introductory psychology .
+
+S For these reasons , we conclude that the accident in the Tenerife runway could have been avoided , had the use of psychology been applied in the designing .
+A 28 28|||M:NOUN|||process|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If designers still persist that psychological considerations are of hardly any importance , then the users of their products may well be put in situations where accidents are bound to occur .
+
+S References
+
+S Klempner , G. ( 2005 October 25 ) .
+
+S Philosophy for business .
+
+S No .
+
+S 23 .
+
+S Ngee Ann Polytechnic ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Diploma in Mechanical Engineering ( N41 ) .
+
+S Retrieved on October 12 , 2009 from http : //www.np.edu.sg/soe/courses/me/Pages/me.aspx
+
+S Wilpert , B .
+
+S ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Psychology and design process .
+
+S Safety Science , 45 , 293- 303 .
+
+S Future of VHTR
+
+S At the beginning of 2002 , 438 nuclear power plants were in operation in 31 countries around the world , generating electricity one billion people .
+A 22 22|||M:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They account for approximately 17 percent of worldwide installed base load capacity for electricity generation and provide half or more of the electricity in a number of countries .
+
+S These reactors are generating electricity in a reliable , environmentally safe and affordable manner without emitting noxious gases into the atmosphere .
+
+S ( Cogeneration Technologies , An EcoGeneration SolutionsLLC .
+
+S Company )
+
+S We have achieved so much .
+
+S However , nuclear power plants sometimes could cause disasters .
+
+S Three Mile Island accident in Pennsylvania ; Chernobyl accident happened in Ukraine .
+A 0 0|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||occurred|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We bear while using nuclear power .
+A 1 2|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , a new generation of nuclear power- The six generation IV reactors concepts were raised to solve this problem .
+A 10 11|||R:ORTH|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Among all these six generation IV nuclear reactor plants , I think Very-high-temperature reactor is the most promising one .
+A 12 13|||M:DET|||the very-high-temperature|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We can use this kind of reactors to solve our energy problems .
+
+S Security has always been the most concerned problem which is also biggest trouble in using nuclear power .
+
+S For the last few years , very few new nuclear power plants were built .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We are not only concerning the shortage of technology but also considering the danger of terrorists .
+A 2 5|||R:OTHER|||worried about not only|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nuclear power could be easily used as weapon because we do not need to consider controlling the bomb , but if we use nuclear power as energy , then we should make it safe for us to operate it .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The big danger hidden in nuclear power plant also makes it as a target for those who want to destroy .
+A 11 12|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From " Baidu " dictionary , we know that the power released in Chernobyl Accident was about 400 times as big as the atom bomb which US threw in Hiroshima .
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We must make sure that there is not a little danger in our building and using nuclear power .
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||when|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Our new technology used in VHTR nuclear power plant includes simplified safety features that do not rely on sophisticated backup systems or experienced operators .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||plants|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " Meltdown proof " and can cool themselves down even if anyone shuts off the coolant or power supply .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||VHTR is 'meltdown|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Nuclear power 's new dawn ) Different form the caution we must take in using traditional nuclear power plants , now we can make the most of nuclear power .
+A 7 14|||R:OTHER|||Instead of taking great caution|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nuclear waste is full of radiation which can easily destroy our body .
+
+S The half-life of these radio elements lasts for thousands of years or even longer .
+
+S They become potential safety hazard .
+
+S Therefore , the second advantage which stands out the VHTR is because that VHTR does n't produce any nuclear waste .
+A 5 8|||R:OTHER|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S VHTR could even generate hydrogen at the same time under its high temperature .
+
+S We may cut the cost spending using in nuclear waste when we use VHTR .
+A 7 8|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hydrogen generated values because of its high thermal value and can also be used without any pollution .
+A 1 5|||R:OTHER|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S VHTR uses Helium as its coolant instead today 's water-cooled reactor and transfers energy into hydrogen surely save the source .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:SVA|||saves|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In summary , VHTR is the best in using nuclear power which surely will bring us a new energy stream .
+
+S Just like Abraham said , " we will have energy that is safe , abundant , reliable , inexpensive and proliferation resistant .
+
+S "
+
+S References
+
+S Bulter,D .
+
+S ( 2004,May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 338-240 Cogeneration Technologies An EcoGeneration SolutionsLLC .
+
+S Company Retrieved from : http : //www.cogeneration.net/Very_High_Temperature_Reactor.htm
+
+S The Energy of Innovation Idaho International Laboratory Retrieved from : https : //inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt ? open = 514&objID = 2251&parentname = CommunityPage&parentid = 13&mode = 2
+
+S Baidu Dictionary http : //baike.baidu.com/view/56188.htm ? fr = ala0
+
+S In the society today,there are many ideas or concept that are currently in the stages of research and development .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||concepts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some of the ideas and new creations which falls into this category are robotics and hybrid cars .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:SVA|||fall|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are many reasons amounting to the factors which results in the delaying of mass production in the market .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:SVA|||result|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These include lack of technology as well as funding from the appropriate ministries or bodies .
+
+S With regards to hybrid cars , prior to the mass production and usage of it , there are some factors with respect to the construction of the vehicle that we have to factor in in order to increase the safety aspects of usage .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||regard|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some of the vito factors leading to increased safety levels requires the addition of new features into the vehicle as well as modifications being made to current existing design .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:SVA|||require|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to Smith ( N.D ) , hybrid cars are cars that run on electricity source via internal conversion of kinetic energy into electricity .
+
+S As it depends mainly on electricity to operate , the cost of a hybrid car is thus not cheap , as compared to vehicles that function on petrol or diesel .
+
+S Basically , as stated earlier , it works on the principle of conversion of kinetic energy into charging of batteries .
+
+S This is done when cars applied brakes and come to halt .
+
+S Upon applying of brakes , the kinetic energy which would otherwise be converted into heat energy due to the presence of friction will be converted into electricity instead and stored in the batteries .
+
+S When it stops , no energy is consumed as the engine will switch off by itself and operate upon motion of the vehicle .
+
+S The tyres have low resistance with the aim of drafting or cutting air resistance .
+
+S The weight of a hybrid car tends to be lighter than a normal petrol-powered car as it is made of materials that are of low density .
+
+S Given the structure of the present hybrid cars , there are indeed some areas of safety aspects that are neglected and should be included to increase the safety of users .
+
+S However , there are some limitations regarding the improvement of structure for the vehicle to increase safety levels .
+
+S These considerations are mainly with respect to the monetary cost of the improved version of hybrid cars as well as the capability of it after the restructure .
+
+S According to Weston ( N.D ) , the cost of hybrid car is usually more expensive as compared to normal cars .
+
+S In terms of cost and fuel savings , it will take several years before one can see the effects of the savings .
+
+S Hence , by introducing new features into hybrid cars , it will then increase the costs of the car itself , making it more expensive than the current design models .
+
+S As a result , it will decrease the quantity demanded by potential consumers and manufactures may not find it profitable to mass produce it .
+
+S Also , according to Robinson ( 2007 , September 29 ) ,with the introduction of more features into the hybrid car , this would means that more electricity would be required to operate the car .
+
+S This would then add up to the existing large amount of electricity present in the engine .
+
+S We must acknowledge the fact that there is a certain limit to how much electricity can be dissipated in the engine or stored in the batteries .
+
+S Too much electricity would pose a danger to the vehicle as a whole in the event of an accident and will also affect the performance of the car itself .
+
+S As the design of hybrid cars is in such a way that the motor and batteries are located at the back , too much electricity would also means that larger batteries would be needed .
+
+S This would then inevitably increase the size of the vehicle making the back heavier than the front , which is something undesirable as it may lead to unstability of the vehicle .
+
+S Some of the measures that could be introduced and implemented to increase the safety aspects of future hybrid cars include using higher resistance tyres or tyres with more grooves .
+
+S Currently , the tyres of hybrid cars are of low resistance to draft air resistance .
+
+S This poses a danger especially on rainy days or on wet surfaces .
+
+S A scientific and logical explanation was given by Serway,&Jewett ( N.D ) , whom explained that on rainy days or on wet surfaces , static and kinetic friction would be reduced greatly .
+
+S Static and kinetic friction depends greatly on its coefficient , which usually ranges from 0.5 to 1.5 .
+
+S However,on wet surfaces , the coefficient would be greatly reduced and vehicles would be more prone to skidding or swerving off-course .
+
+S Hence , by using tyres of higher resistance , it will increase the friction between the tyres and road surfaces thus reducing chances of skidding or instability of vehicles .
+
+S The inclusion of airbags into hybrid cars are also detrimental to the safety of its users .
+
+S In the present market , the size of a hybrid car is small .
+
+S Hence , they do not have airbags fitted inside the car .
+
+S This poses danger to the driver as well as passengers because in the event of an accident , when the driver jammed down hard on the brakes , the effects of inertia will be very large .
+
+S Thus , without the aid of an airbag , the driver and front passenger especially may just crashed straight through the windscreen and incurred serious injuries .
+
+S But , with the aid of an airbag , these will be prevented as the effects of inertia which caused the driver and front passenger to crash straight through the windscreen will be cushioned by the airbags .
+
+S Installation of earthing device is also necessary to increase the level of safety .
+
+S As claimed by Robinson ( 2007,September 29 ) , there is a large amount of electricity present in the motor of the hybrid car .
+
+S Should an accident or collision occurs , it may caused the batteries to be damaged severely .
+
+S There is also a danger of leaking or overflowing of electric charges as the batteries are damaged .
+
+S As the amount of electricity with respect to our subject is of a substantial amount , hence , it would then pose life dangers to the passengers on board , as well as rescuers .
+
+S By installing an earthing device within the vehicle itself , it would then ensure that excess charges are earthed safely to the ground and will not pose life danger to anyone .
+
+S The weight of the car also plays a part in ensuring the safety aspect of the hybrid car .
+
+S The present hybrid cars are designed light as they use mainly materials of low density to construct the whole vehicle .
+
+S This may not be desirable because if the vehicle goes too fast , it may tend to lose its centre of gravity and hence , lose stability .
+
+S So , by increasing the weight of the vehicle , the vehicle will be tougher and have a lower centre of gravity .
+
+S It will then ensure stability of the vehicle .
+
+S The weight of the car can be increased by adopting the several measures mentioned in the previous paragraphs .
+
+S In conclusion , there are pros and cons regarding the improvements to hybrid cars in order to increase its level of safety .
+
+S However , we must recognize that our safety is of utmost importance and take precedence above anything else .
+
+S I hope that in the near future , we are able to do our part for our mother Earth by driving such hybrid cars as it reduces greenhouse gases since it is not driven by petrol or diesel , but at the same time not compromising our personal safety .
+A 45 46|||R:VERB:FORM|||compromise|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S * Alden , S. ( N.D ) .Hybrid cars-environmentally friendly vehicles .
+
+S Retrieved October 5,2009 , from { www.doityourself.com/sty/eviromentally-friendly-vehicles } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.doityourself.com/sty/eviromentally-friendly-vehicles ]
+
+S ( b ) Joseph,O .
+
+S ( 2008,April 27 ) .Hydraulic hybrid cars-no batteries required .
+
+S Retrieved October 5,2009 , from { www.designnews.com/article/7232-hydraulic_hybrid_cars_no_batteries_required } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.designnews.com/article/7232-hydraulic_hybrid_cars_no_batteries_required ]
+
+S ( c ) Serway,&Jewett.Physics for scientists and engineers,6th edition volume 1 ( pp.132 )
+
+S ( d ) Sheile,R .
+
+S ( 2007,September 29 ) .Hidden dangers in hybrid cars-love to know safety .
+
+S Retrieved October 5,2009 , from { http : //safety.lovetoknow.com/hidden_dangers_in_hybrid_cars } [ HYPERLINK : http : //safety.lovetoknow.com/hidden_dangers_in_hybrid_cars ]
+
+S ( e ) Liz Puilliam , W. ( N.D ) .
+
+S The costly secrets of hybrid cars-MSN Money .
+
+S Retrieved October 5,2009 , from { http : //articles.moneycentral.msn.com/SavingsandDebt/SaveonaCar/TheCostlySecretsOfHybridCars.aspx } [ HYPERLINK : http : //articles.moneycentral.msn.com/SavingsandDebt/SaveonaCar/TheCostlySecretsOfHybridCars.aspx ]
+
+S Nowadays , people are living longer than in the past and the growth of the world 's population is increasing expectedly to around 10 billion by the year 2050 .
+
+S Therefore , there is an increasing demand for energy usage throughout the world .
+
+S According to the article of Nuclear Power/Nuclear Dawn ( The Economist , 2007 ) , the global electricity consumption is expected to double in the next few decades [ 1 ] .
+
+S Furthermore , due to the depletion of unrenewable energy such as coal and fossil fuel , the scientists in many countries start to seek for a new source of energy , which is nuclear energy .
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||, scientists|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
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+
+S Although the potential for the uses of nuclear power energy is great , there are a number of opponents with anti-nuclear sentiment , preventing the construction of nuclear plants in the past few decades in many countries .
+A 21 23|||R:OTHER|||sentiments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Such issues include the safe operations of nuclear reaction As a result , the generation IV nuclear energy system was introduced , which was an improved design from their predecessors , Generation IV reactors are offering significant advances such as clean , safe and cost effective .
+
+S Therefore , The very-high temperature reactor ( VHTR ) was introduced to meet global energy demands .
+A 2 3|||R:ORTH|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , VHTR generates energy in a much simpler way compared to other types of reactors .
+
+S It is because it makes use of the thermo-chemical iodine- sulfur ( I-S ) process , so that hydrogen can be generated from heat and water .
+
+S A 600 MW VHTR can produce hydrogen which can supply over 2 billion cubic meters every day .
+
+S In addition , the use of steam reformer technology to core outlet temperature allows the temperature reach above 1000 ° C [ 2 ] .
+
+S Therefore , the thermal efficiency of the VHTR is 50 percent more compared to the Generation II and Generation III reactors .
+
+S With this high core outlet temperature , VHTR enables applications like hydrogen production or electricity cogeneration for petrochemical industries [ 3 ] .
+
+S Moreover , VHTR is graphite-moderated and uses helium as a coolant for supplying heat and generate electricity ) .
+
+S In addition , VHTR system is flexible to adopt uranium or plutonium fuel cycles with the enhanced waste minimization .
+
+S As a result , it offers various heat processing applications for higher- efficiency electricity production , while preserving the desirable safety characteristics offered by modular high temperature gas-cooled reactors .
+
+S In addition , VHTR systems are economically cheap , safe and reliable due to its high hydrogen production efficiency and inherent safety features of the fuel and reactors [ 4 ] .
+
+S The application of open fuel cycle in VHTR system makes VHTR good at proliferation resistance and its physical protection .
+
+S With advanced electricity and capabilities , there are many countries like China , USA and Japan have chosen to develop VHTR systems as its priority .
+
+S By adopting the experiences from those countries , VHTR can be upgraded with a lower cost of the implementation .
+
+S It is because the construction of more advanced nuclear energy systems often addresses their economics in a variety of changing markets in order to overcome the high construction cost , the VHTR system reflects its potential economically and safely generating power energy such as electricity and hydrogen at a high efficiency without the emission of toxic gases .
+
+S Unlike other reactors in Generation IV reactors such as the gas-cooled fast reactors ( GFR ) and the lead-cooled fast reactors ( LFR ) , although the LFR and GFR can generate electricity and hydrogen , the power output efficiency is not as high as the VHTR .
+
+S Furthermore , the sodium-cooled fast reactors ( SFR ) and the supercritical-water cooled reactors ( SCWR ) are able to produce electricity only as their power output [ 5 ] .
+
+S Last but not least , in addition to hydrogen production , recycling of radioactive fuel in a fuel cycle helps to reduce the amount of nuclear waste compared to those produced by current reactors and generating high quantities of electricity makes the use of VHTR more economically in our daily life .
+
+S However , even if there are several advantages for the use of VHTR , a number of disadvantages are still present in Generation IV reactors .
+
+S For example , the high overall cost of nuclear reactors and the production of toxic waste are to be mentioned .
+
+S The construction of each nuclear plant can cost several billion dollars due to changing regulatory delays , safety scares and multiple subcontractors working on cost plus basis .
+
+S All these will lead to huge cost overrun for building a plant .
+
+S Moreover , after three year of use , the long-lived toxic radioactive wastes are produced and accumulated .
+
+S These radioactive materials can not be burned compared to conventional reactors .
+
+S Instead , these materials are stored near the nuclear plant until it is moved to a permanent facility .
+
+S As a result , it is more likely to endanger human life and the environment once the toxic wastes are leaked out .
+
+S In conclusion , there are 439 nuclear reactors in 31 countries which supply 15 % of the world 's electricity .
+
+S According to the chief economist of International Energy Agency ( IEA ) , " the world wide generating capacity of nuclear power plants will probably increase from about 370GW today to 520 GW in 2030 " ( The Economist , 2007 ) .
+
+S Most nuclear plants have longer lifespan of more than 40 years according to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission .
+
+S Hence , if the plants can still perform well , it gets extra 20 years extension once 40-year plant licenses expired .
+
+S Therefore , these will lead to the high energy outputs which can cater for an increasing demand on the electricity consumption .
+
+S A speech given by Lewis Strauss , the head of America 's Atomic Energy Commission , stated that " One day nuclear power would be too cheap to meter " [ 6 ] .
+
+S This goes to show that how great the potential of nuclear power .
+
+S Although there are some disadvantages present and the time for the earliest delivery of Generation IV still has years to go , they are just minority problems .
+
+S In order to cater for more electricity consumption in the future , there is a need to look for another source of energy , " Nuclear Power " .
+
+S With this in mind , more researches and development have to be carried out especially for VHTR system which has been described as a prototype for next generation nuclear plants [ 4 ] .
+
+S Therefore , I do agree with nuclear power is a new dawn for the next generation and the main focal point for research and development ( R&D ) should be focusing on VHTR .
+
+S Therefore , with the advantages offered by VHTR in terms of security , cost and performance , people should support the construction of Generation IV and further research and development funding are also required for VHTR to be developed .
+
+S Reference
+
+S [ 1 ] The Economist Newspaper Ltd. ( 2007 , September 08 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power/nuclear dawn .
+
+S Retrieved October 15 , 2009 , from http : //www.westinghousenuclear.com/docs/EconomistSeptember2007.pdf
+
+S [ 2 ] U.S .
+
+S DOE Nuclear Energy Research Advisory Committee and the Generation IV International Forum .
+
+S ( 2002 , December ) .
+
+S A technology roadmap for generation IV nuclear energy systems : Ten nations preparing today for tomorrow 's energy needs .
+
+S Retrieved October 15 , 2009 , from http : //www.gen-4.org/Technology/roadmap.htm
+
+S [ 3 ] Idaho National Laboratory .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Very-high-temperature reactor ( VHTR ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 16 , 2009 , from https : //inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt ? open = 514&objID = 2251&parentn ame = CommunityPage&parentid = 13&mode = 2
+
+S [ 4 ] The Energy Blog .
+
+S ( 2006 , November 05 ) .VHTR reactor pursued in U.S. with priority .
+
+S Retrieved October 16 , 2009 , from http : //thefraserdomain.typepad.com/energy/2006/11/vhtr_reactor_pu.html
+
+S [ 5 ] Butler , D. ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238- 240 .
+
+S Retrieved October 12 , 2009 , from Nation University of Singapore , IVLE Workbin
+
+S [ 6 ] John W. Schoen .
+
+S ( 2007 , January 26 ) .
+
+S Does nuclear power now make financial sense ?
+
+S Retrieved October 16 , 2009 , from http : //www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16286304/ns/us_news-power_play/
+
+S After the catastrophe that happened at Chernobyl , Russia 1986 , the World start to concern more carefully about the safety and security of nuclear power reactors .
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||be concerned|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A majority of public have been opposing the development of nuclear plants around their living areas .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , nuclear industry has stepped into the degradation , causing the world energy crisis .
+A 15 15|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , nowadays the scientists have proved that with measured cautions , nuclear power could be used to supply alternated energy to the world as the fossil fuels would come to an end soon .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
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+
+S At the same times , there are many evidences show that nuclear power could be considered as the best suggestion to mitigate global warming .
+A 3 5|||R:OTHER|||time|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
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+
+S This era is 'Nuclear Renaissance ' , and the reasons for the renaissance of nuclear are due to the advanced technology and innovation of human to make nuclear power safer , cleaner with better cost effectiveness .
+
+S Hence , with the security systems , modern technology and intelligence of the manpower , I strongly believe that building of nuclear power plant should not be stopped .
+
+S First of all , public are against the proposal of building nuclear power plant to supply electrical energy as they are very concerned with safety of the plant .
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+
+S Questions that come to their mind will be .
+
+S " What is going to happen to us if the nuclear plant exploded ?
+
+S " , " Do they contain the deadly radioactive particles ? " .
+
+S The Chernobyl disaster is one of the nuclear power plant accidents that remind people about how dangerous nuclear reaction can be .
+
+S But we have to look at other things like passenger aircrafts .
+
+S Accidents happened every now and then , and through these accidents , people learnt and things were improved to prevent the same accidents from happening once again .
+
+S For example , the windows of the planes used to have square shape in the past but engineer have changed all of them to round shape to improve the safety of airplanes .
+
+S Because of accidents and people found out the solutions to improve safety .
+
+S Similarly , new designs nuclear power reactors are there to reduce off-site radioactivity to the minimum if there is accident .
+
+S The latest nuclear power plant accidents happened in 1999 , which is more than 10 years ago .
+
+S In 10 years , technology is advancing rapidly .
+
+S Therefore , I believe that nuclear power plant is very much safer than it was in the past .
+
+S The second factor that concerns public is whether nuclear energy is the main contribution to the Global warming and causing climate change .
+
+S Researchers stated that at the rate of consumption , fossil fuel can only last for another thirty to forty years .
+
+S In deed , the time needed for fossil fuel to regenerate requires million of years under high pressure .
+
+S Due to the fact that we are consuming more fossil fuels , natural gas and destroying more trees , it leads to Global warming that caused by the amount of carbon dioxide trapping heat in the atmosphere and the depletion of ozone layers .
+
+S However , as evidenced by scientists , although nuclear energy still produce some greenhouse gas emissions associated with the life cycle of uranium , but this is significantly less than the emissions associated with the burning of fossil fuels .
+
+S Moreover , nuclear power might be " carbon- zero " if the uranium could be utilize in more effective way .
+
+S Additionally , Nuclear power is cheap compare to fossil fuel and produces little pollutants compare to fossil fuel .
+
+S Therefore , nuclear power can be considered as the best solution as it produce amount of energy but produce little amount of waste .
+
+S Some people think that a nuclear power plant is expensive to build due to the advanced technology and the quality of the structures it requires .
+
+S In fact , comparing to coal fired and natural gas fire , though nuclear plant initially is expensive to build but it is less expensive to run and has more proven longer-term benefits .
+
+S There have been numerous improvements in construction methods in the last few decades and that is fully applicable to the construction of a nuclear power plant .
+
+S However some methods required early investment to secure the longevity and security of the plant in the long term .
+
+S For a country that does not yet use nuclear power , the introduction and development of nuclear power is a major undertaking .
+
+S It requires the country to build the necessary infrastructure so it can construct and operate a nuclear power plant ( NPP ) profitably in a safe , secure and technically sound manner .
+
+S The sustainability of climate , land , energy and water must be secured and managed so that a NPP can be operable profitably and securely throughout its entire life cycle .
+
+S In order to ease the worry of public about safety issues of nuclear power , scientists are working hard to come up with the next generation of nuclear reactors which excels in enhanced safety , cost-effectiveness and better performance .
+
+S Sodium Cooled Fast Nuclear Reactor ( SFR ) is chosen here as the model for fast nuclear reactor because of its significant benefits .
+
+S SFR has high percentage of the burn - up which means they can " breed " a higher percentage of the fuel than they consume roughly 70-80 percent , compared to 55 per cent for the current generation .
+
+S At the same time , SFR concept is significantly good at making full use of uranium effectively .
+
+S Beside , SFR has advantage in disposal requirement , in which it is designed to reduce the amount of actinide in order to well manage the high level waste .
+
+S Furthermore , another benefit that makes SFR concept a better choice is its safety features .
+
+S SFR has higher boiling point , meaning that it requires longer thermal response time , thus it will be a large margin to coolant boiling that minimize the probability of accidents happening at boiling phase .
+
+S Last but not least , with the innovative design structure and modern materials , SFR therefore has lower power plant capital cost with higher effective productivity .
+
+S In conclusion , I believe there is no reason to delay the developing of this new generation of nuclear reactor concept in order to serve the urgent need of energy all over the World .
+
+S From all of the above pros and cons of nuclear energy and nuclear power reactor , we realize that these issues involved developing of these modern techniques are not impossible to solve and why not to commit renewed effort and fresh innovations to get these nuclear power plant get up and going ?
+
+S The world energy crisis has already taken place , climate change has become the reality ; more than six billions people have to deal with the shortage of food supply... As to all energy generation technology , there are advantage and disadvantages with nuclear power .
+
+S The world therefore can not afford to ignore the potential source of low carbon energy provided by these fast nuclear reactors .
+
+S The Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant accident that occurred on 26 April 1986 in Ukraine was not the only major accident that gave devastating impact to Russia .
+
+S In September 2009 , another accident gave Russia a huge hit .
+
+S Russia 's biggest hydroelectric power plant in Sayano-Shushenskaya had a big explosion accident .
+
+S 75 workers were killed and one person was reported missing in the accident .
+
+S The top industrial safety official in Russia stated that human 's negligence was the major factor in the devastation of the accident .
+
+S One part of an overstrained turbine unit which weighted 1,500 tons snapped off from its restraining bolts and flow 14 meters into the air , causing floods .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB|||weighed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:TENSE|||flowed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Due to flooding in the plant , short circuits crippled the plant and exploded .
+
+S It is said that the cost of repairing the damage would be over $ 1.2 billion and the duration to recover the damage would take two years .
+
+S Accidents are events that involve unintended harms .
+
+S Could this hydroelectric power plant accident be prevented if the design of the plant was given more thought about safety ?
+
+S Many engineers and experts are debating whether psychology in design processes could prevent accidents from occurring .
+
+S Although some contend psychology used in designing can prevent accidents , there are some reasons and evidences to oppose the theory of psychology in design processes can prevent accidents .
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||evidence|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Proponents of psychology in design processes claims that psychological thinking is very important in the design processes .
+
+S They stated that when engineers or designers design with human psychology in through , they could produce a design that can prevent accidents from taking place .
+
+S As Bernhard Wilpert pointed in his article on psychology and design processes ( 2007 ) , " a crucial problem of design is to match the designer 's mental modal of the object or system to be designed with the mental model of the future user requirements " .
+
+S For example , in the case of the hydroelectric power plant accident , humans negligent the warning of the system .
+
+S If the system was design in a way that it automatically shuts down when there was a default in the system , the plant 's operation would have been stopped and the accident would not have occurred .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:FORM|||designed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many studies from different accidents such as nuclear and chemical industry showed that between 20 % and 50 % of accidents are caused by design errors ( B. Wilert , 2007 ) .
+
+S Therefore , the proponents think that psychology in design processes could be a solution for accident prevention .
+
+S However , this statement is in conclusive .
+
+S Accidents can not be prevented .
+
+S Accidents can only be reduced .
+
+S Even when engineers and designers design with psychology , accidents tend to happens .
+
+S When systems or objects are developed using high technology , they are not purely safe .
+
+S People are the one who design safety into the systems .
+
+S Humans are not perfect in everything they do .
+
+S In the psychology and design processes article ( B.Wlpert , 2007 ) the author has stated that engineers can make mistakes in their design as engineers are also humans .
+
+S Hence , it is not possible to prevent accidents .
+
+S But contentants pointed that accidents are unaccepted event that happens .
+A 1 2|||R:SPELL|||contenders|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So , they are mainly due to human 'errors' .
+
+S If engineers can predict human 's behavior , they will be able to design according to human 's nature .
+
+S The Technique for Human Error Rate Prediction ( PHERP ) is a technique used for works of Human Reliability Assessment ( System Reliability Center , n.d ) .
+
+S The purpose of THERP is to evaluate the probability of a human 'error ' taking place throughout the completion of a job .
+
+S Predicting human actions during thee operation of object or system , designers and engineers can design corresponding to human actions .
+
+S For example , when a worker accidentally places his or her hand into a cutter , the worker will get hurt .
+
+S If the engineers and designers can predict that humans can be careless at work sometimes , they will design a cutter that can detect human 's hand when placed inside and stop the operation immediately .
+
+S Hence engineers can produce better design with more safety if they predict human 's behaviors .
+
+S Even though predicting human 'error ' can help in design processes , but that can not prevent accidents .
+
+S Engineers and designers can not predict behavior s of every human .
+
+S During the prediction , engineers may predict human actions wrongly .
+
+S 80 % and more accidents are caused by human 'error ' rather than fully machines or systems .
+
+S In the Sayano-Shushenskaya 's hydroelectric power plant accident , the main factor that leads to the accident was human 'error' .
+
+S The system showed many warning signs about the failure in it .
+
+S The bolts that hold the turbines were 90 % teared out .
+
+S Since the bolts were fatigued , the system was producing noise .
+
+S Although the system showed signs of damage , humans were negligent about the damage .
+
+S There had been three other major accidents excluding this accident since the construction of the plant .
+
+S The previous accidents in 1979 , 1985 and 1988 were caused by spring floods that overwhelmed the dam 's capacity .
+
+S This shows that the design of the power plant was not stable for generating energy .
+
+S Therefore , during the psychological process of thinking , mistakes can occur which results in poor design and lead to accidents .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||result|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To close up the arguments , accidents are mistakes with bad consequences .
+A 2 3|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Sayano-Shushenskaya 's hydroelectric power plant accident would be avoided if the humans had not negligent the warning given by the system .
+
+S But psychology can only play a part in design processes to create a better design but not prevent accidents from occurring .
+
+S Humans can never work without making error .
+
+S With psychology , engineers and designers can design only to reduce human 'error ' but can not prevent human 'error' .
+
+S Therefore , accidents can not be prevented but can be reduced by psychology in the design processes .
+
+S References
+
+S Engineering Ethics Blog .
+
+S ( 2009 , September 24 ) .
+
+S Lessons from Russian Hydroelectric Plant Accident .
+
+S Retrieved October 9 , 2009 , from http : //engineeringethicsblog.blogspot.com/2009/08/lessons-from-russian-hydroelectric.html
+
+S Industrial Plant Safety .
+
+S ( 2009 , August 18 ) .
+
+S { Russian Hydroelectric Power Plant Accident } [ HYPERLINK : http : //industrialplantsafety.com/russian-hydroelectric-power-plant-accident.html ] .
+
+S Retrieved October 9 , 2009 , from http : //industrialplantsafety.com/russian-hydroelectric-power-plant-accident.html
+
+S RIA Novosti .
+
+S ( 2009 , August 14 ) .
+
+S Safety failures blamed for Siberian power plant accident .
+
+S Retrieved October 9 , 2009 , from http : //en.rian.ru/russia/20090914/156121388.html
+
+S Robert J. Latino .
+
+S ( 2008 , January ) .
+
+S Briefings on Patient Safety .
+
+S The cost and truths of human error Retrieved October 9 , 2009 , from http : //www.reliability.com/healthcare/pdf/articleshcp/jan_08_Cost % 20and % 20Truths % 20of % 20Human % 20Error.pdf
+
+S R West University College London .
+
+S ( 2004 , March ) .
+
+S The Psychology of Accidents .
+
+S Retrieved October 9 , 2009 , from http : //www.rjwest.co.uk/slides/accidentshandout2004.pdf Steve Gutterman .
+
+S ( 2009 , October 4 ) .
+
+S Negligence factor in Russian power plant accident .
+
+S Retrieved October 9 , 2009 , from http : //sg.news.yahoo.com/ap/20091003/twl-eu-russia-plant-accident-c8e2916.html
+
+S System Reliability Center .
+
+S ( n.d ) .Technique for Human Error Rate Prediction ( THERP ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 9 , 2009 , from http : //src.alionscience.com/pdf/TechHumErrorRatePred.pdf
+
+S Psychology should be used in the Design Process
+
+S Some bad memories will never fade away , like the Challenger accident , which took place in January 28 , 1986 , killing all the 7 astronauts just 72 seconds after being launched into the sky ( Challenger STS 51-L Accident , n.d. ) .
+
+S The common explanation for this painful accident is that O-ring joint problem leads to the leakage of fuel and eventually results in the explosion of space shuttle .
+
+S ( NASA-STS-51L , n.d ) However , this technical failure is only the surface reason .
+
+S What causes the failure of the O-ring is due to the irresponsibility and ignorance of the person in charge .
+
+S Hence , by applying psychology to the design process , which means individuals involved in the design process can make commitments to their tasks and make decisions out of consideration , the chance of accident prevention might be largely enhanced .
+
+S To begin with , the leading person in the design process should consider the practicability of the whole system , and hence makes the pragmatic plan and approach .
+
+S In the case of Challenger accident , the management committee made an inaccessible schedules and 'modify the technical and procedural standard ' for the engineers ( Craig L. Howe ) .
+
+S Without sufficient time given , how could those managers expect the high qualitative component parts of the space shuttle to be produced ?
+
+S Even though some of them would probably argue that they were not familiar with engineering process , they could not refuse to take the blame .
+
+S In this respect , the use of psychology during design process requires them to make a schedule based on practicability after consultations with engineers , which will help to guarantee each individual process of the system to operate well .
+
+S The second perspective to illustrate why psychology is an essential factor to avoid the occurrence of the accident is that engineers who produce numerous tiny component parts could minimize 'erroneous actions ' by applying psychology in their design ( Wilpert.B , 2006 ) .
+
+S For instance , because of the limited time , the engineers working for Challenger space shuttle failed to comply with the criteria of producing individual high qualitative parts of the space shuttle ( R. P. Feynman , 1996 ) .
+
+S In order to finish their tasks promptly , engineers threw away their occupational ethic .
+
+S The basis of psychology is completing one 's own task in high quality , yet this basic requirement is sometimes ignored by people , and consequently , extremely painful accident is triggered .
+
+S The contrary viewpoints tend to attribute the O-ring problem to a simply technical failure that the 'factual account ' of the accident is " frozen , brittle O ring " which causes the leakage of fuel and induces the exploration of the space shuttle Challenger ( D.Vaughan , 1996 ) .
+
+S However , it is just the surface cause of the accident .
+
+S The deep reason behind is the insufficient low-temperature testing of O-ring which conceals the potential risk from engineers .
+
+S It is not an excuse for them to quibble that they have no idea of the quality of O-ring because they have not collected sufficient data to prove that the O-ring can not stand low temperature .
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is a problem of engineers ' attitude that no one bothers to detect that 'apparent ' problem .
+
+S Unfortunately , the launch date of the Challenger space shuttle was extremely cold and this error turned out to be fatal ( McConnell , M , 1987 ) .
+
+S Apart from the engineering errors , psychology should also be taken into account with respect to safety issue .
+
+S The management committee of the Challenger space shuttle actually got a warning report about the high risk before the launch .
+
+S They were informed that the O-ring might fail to seal the fuel tank due to the low temperature .
+
+S However , in response to such a crucial warning report , they put it aside and left it to chance ( The Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster , 2009 ) .
+
+S It was a totally irresponsible action .
+
+S Conceding that officials in NASA may have been used to high risk operation and there are certain times when the system needs to operate at high risk ( Feynman , Richard Phillips,1992 ) , the managers can not straightaway ignore the problem just because the chance for the accident to take place is slim .
+
+S Their underestimation of the danger resulted in the Challenger accident directly .
+
+S If psychology could been used in their decision , if they could have thought more about their work which related to the safety of other people and the outcome of the entire program , if they really have had the sense of responsibility which results from the essence of their job , they would not rush their work and make irresponsible decision .
+
+S Thus psychology helps to evaluate the danger of the event correctly and avoid the accident to occur .
+
+S In sum , instead of technical shortcomings , the accounts of the Challenger disaster are largely due to the ignorance and irresponsibility of both the engineers and programme managers .
+
+S Conceding that all human beings may make mistake in the unfamiliar field , and certain constraints may affect people 's actions and decisions , however , we can not deny that the importance of psychology during the design process .
+
+S By applying psychology , we can avoid certain mindset and learn to be more responsible and considerate .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , psychology helps to prevent the engineering accident and design failure .
+
+S References :
+
+S Challenger STS 51-L Accident .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S NASA history division .
+
+S Retrieved on 25th of September from { http : //history.nasa.gov/sts51l.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //history.nasa.gov/sts51l.html ]
+
+S NASA-STS-51L .
+
+S ( n.d. ) Retrieved on 15th of October from { http : //www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-51L.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-51L.html ]
+
+S Craig L. Howe .
+
+S ( 2004 ) .
+
+S Institutions Create and Condone Risk .
+
+S Retrieved from September 23 , 2009 from { http : //www.amazon.ca/review/REMYNCY2JV4ML/ref = cm_cr_pr_viewpnt/189-7468146-4163158 # REMYNCY2JV4ML } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.amazon.ca/review/REMYNCY2JV4ML/ref = cm_cr_pr_viewpnt/189-7468146-4163158 ]
+
+S Wilpert.B. ( 2006 ) .
+
+S Psychology and design processes .
+
+S Institute of Psychology and Ergonomics , Technical University of Berlin , Marchstrasse 12 , D-10587 Berlin , Germany .
+
+S R. P. Feynman .
+
+S ( 1996 ) .
+
+S Feynman 's Appendix to the Rogers Commission Report on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident .
+
+S Retrieved on September 25 , 2009 from { http : //www.ralentz.com/old/space/feynman-report.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.ralentz.com/old/space/feynman-report.html ]
+
+S D.Vaughan .
+
+S ( 1996 ) .The Challenger Launch Decision : Risky Technology , Culture , and Deviance at NASA .
+
+S London .
+
+S McConnell , Malcolm , Challenger : a major malfunction , Doubleday , Garden City , N.Y. , 1987 .
+
+S The Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster .
+
+S ( n.d ) Department of Philosophy and Department of Mechanical Engineering of Texas A&M University .
+
+S Retrieved on Sep 25 , 2009 from { http : //ethics.tamu.edu/ethics/shuttle/shuttle1.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //ethics.tamu.edu/ethics/shuttle/shuttle1.htm ]
+
+S Feynman , Richard Phillips , { What Do You Care What Other People Think , : Further Adventures of a Curious Character } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0553347845/qid = 967153415/sr = 1-1/102-9108494-1260950 ] , Bantam Doubleday Dell Pub , ISBN 0553347845 , Dec 1992 .
+
+S Reference added by request of Sharath Bulusu , as being pertinent and excellent reading - 8-25-00 .
+
+S Owing to the public 's concerns about the safe operation nuclear power , research and development , funding for nuclear power was rather minimal .
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S More recently , environmental concerns and rising energy demands are putting nuclear power back into the energy equation .
+
+S However , if nuclear power is to win the approval of the previously disapproving public , it will have to be more cost-effective , environmentally-friendly and almost void of security concerns .
+
+S Keeping this in mind the pioneer nations of nuclear power have come up with a few generation-IV reactor concepts ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S The earliest concept that is going to be introduced is the Sodium- Cooled fast reactor concept , which requires relatively new low pressure and temperature to operate and recycles its nuclear waste .
+
+S Examining the public 's concerns with respect to the Sodium-Cooled fast reactor will give us a useful insight on the potential of nuclear power .
+
+S However , nuclear power would never be a major source of energy simply because its drawbacks far outweigh its advantages .
+
+S One of the most critical factors while considering the various power sources is cost .
+
+S The general public will only approve of a power source if it is cost-effective .
+
+S An obvious advantage of nuclear power is the massive amounts of energy it can generate .
+
+S For instance , a single nuclear plant can generate four times as much energy as a coal-powered plant in its lifetime ( Max , 2009 ) .
+
+S Sodium-Cooled fast reactors are also able to recycle spent fuel rods .
+
+S Moreover , analysts have estimated Uranium to last us for at least another century ( Leipoldt , 2007 ) .
+
+S Uranium is not so expensive to mine as its ores are found near the surface of the earth .
+
+S All these suggest that nuclear power is actually very energy-efficient and cost effective .
+
+S However , the capital needed to set up a nuclear plant is extremely high .
+
+S This can be attributed to a few factors .
+
+S Firstly , nuclear plants , according to the safety standards set by authorities , must have a 'cordon area ' of at least 30km .
+
+S Setting aside such a vast amount of land just for one nuclear plant is clearly not feasible .
+
+S Secondly , machinery required in nuclear plants is extremely costly because it has to be constructed with high precision to prevent any form of nuclear leak .
+
+S Thirdly , substantial testing that needs to take place to prevent any accidents will also add to the escalating costs .
+
+S Governments under-insure nuclear plants to make it cost- effective so as to cater to the public .
+
+S Nuclear plants are indeed high-risk considering the huge capital outlay by the authorities .
+
+S Therefore , nuclear power , in terms of cost , is not exactly a viable option even though its very energy- efficient .
+
+S Another critical factor that needs to be considered is how environmentally- friendly the energy source is .
+
+S Although this factor does not involve the public , recent studies have shown that the public is increasingly aware of the environmental problems and are prepared to take measures to arrest the slide .
+
+S Nuclear power is usually lauded as the " environmentally-friendly " energy and rightly so too .
+
+S Nuclear energy does not emit toxic pollutants in the atmosphere nor does it emit combustion by-products like carbon dioxide , a greenhouse gas that punctures our ozone-layer further , giving rise to global-warming .
+
+S Carbon dioxide is the reason for about half of the global warming experienced by Earth ( Kallen , 2005 ) .
+
+S In comparison with burning fossil fuels , it has to be said that nuclear power is far more environmentally-friendly .
+
+S The final factor that we are considering is the safety of the public .
+
+S Firstly , it is almost impossible to build something that is perfectly safe .
+
+S The chance of a failure , although minute , is still present .
+
+S The consequences of any accident are vast .
+
+S If there is a leak , these radioactive substances can kill at high doses and cause cancer and birth defects at low doses .
+
+S Sodium-Cooled reactors recycle the nuclear waste so it is highly improbable that nuclear waste will end up in the wrong hands .
+
+S However , one can never be too sure .
+
+S The information on creating " dirty nuclear bombs " is readily available in the Internet and in several books too .
+
+S So there could be mass destruction if terrorists somehow get hold of uranium and decide to make nuclear bombs .
+
+S Finally , nuclear power might give rise to strained relation between nations .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||relations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , if a country is utilizing nuclear power , neighbouring countries might view that country as a military threat .
+
+S Therefore , nuclear power , although very environmentally- friendly , invokes many security concerns amongst the public .
+
+S In conclusion , the public might be tempted to switch to nuclear energy because nuclear energy , like wind energy and light energy , is environmentally friendly and very energy-efficient .
+
+S However , nuclear power still raises many concerns with regards to cost and security .
+
+S Until these concerns are eradicated , other safer and cheaper sources of energy would be preferred ahead of nuclear power .
+
+S References :
+
+S Becker , Dan ( 2004 ) .
+
+S " Nuclear Power Is Expensive and Unsafe .
+
+S " Opposing Viewpoints : America in the Twenty-First Century .
+
+S Ed .
+
+S Andrea C. Nakaya .
+
+S Detroit : Greenhaven Press , 2006 .
+
+S Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center .
+
+S Gale .
+
+S Self-Access English Learning Facility .
+
+S 11 Oct. 2009 http : //find.galegroup.com/ovrc/infomark.do ? &contentSet = GSRC&type = retrieve&ta bID = T010&prodId = OVRC&docId = EJ3010444211&source = gale&srcprod = OVRC&userGroupNa me = nusself&version = 1.0
+
+S Kallen , Stuart ( 2005 ) .
+
+S " Nuclear Power Is Efficient and Safe for the Environment .
+
+S " At Issue : What Energy Sources Should Be Pursued ?
+
+S San Diego : Greenhaven Press , 2005 .
+
+S Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center .
+
+S Gale .
+
+S Self- Access English Learning Facility .
+
+S Retrieved on 11 Oct. 2009 from http : //find.galegroup.com/ovrc/infomark.do ? &contentSet = GSRC&type = retrieve&ta bID = T010&prodId = OVRC&docId = EJ3010331206&source = gale&srcprod = OVRC&userGroupNa me = nusself&version = 1.0
+
+S Pietro , Nivola ( 2006 ) .
+
+S " Nuclear Power Is More Costly than Other Energy Sources .
+
+S " Current Controversies : Alternative Energy Sources .
+
+S Ed .
+
+S Darrin Gunkel .
+
+S Detroit : Greenhaven Press , 2006 .
+
+S Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center .
+
+S Gale .
+
+S Self-Access English Learning Facility .
+
+S Retrieved on 11 Oct. 2009 from http : //find.galegroup.com/ovrc/infomark.do ? &contentSet = GSRC&type = retrieve&ta bID = T010&prodId = OVRC&docId = EJ3010426225&source = gale&srcprod = OVRC&userGroupNa me = nusself&version = 1.0
+
+S Ritch , John ( 2006 ) .
+
+S " Nuclear Power Is the Energy of the Future .
+
+S " Opposing Viewpoints : Energy Alternatives .
+
+S Ed .
+
+S Barbara Passero .
+
+S Detroit : Greenhaven Press , 2006 .
+
+S Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center .
+
+S Gale .
+
+S Self-Access English Learning Facility .
+
+S Retrieved 11 Oct. 2009 from http : //find.galegroup.com/ovrc/infomark.do ? &contentSet = GSRC&type = retrieve&ta bID = T010&prodId = OVRC&docId = EJ3010220244&source = gale&srcprod = OVRC&userGroupNa me = nusself&version = 1.0
+
+S Leipoldt , John ( 2007 ) .
+
+S " There are Advantages of Nuclear Energy As There are
+
+S Challenges .
+
+S " Alternate Energy Sources .
+
+S Retrieved 11 Oct 2009 from
+
+S http : //www.alternate-energy-sources.com/advantages-of-nuclear-energy.html
+
+S Max ( 2009 ) .
+
+S " Nuclear Energy : Pros and Cons " Recent Entries .
+
+S Retrieved 11 Oct. 2009
+
+S from
+
+S http : //www.biofuelswatch.com/nuclear-energy-pros-and-cons
+
+S Nuclear Power : Energy for the Future
+
+S Nowadays , with the threat of green house effect and the increasing need for energy , people are urgently looking for new energy resources .
+
+S Nuclear power , as a powerful new energy , stands out with its high energy-generating potential and relatively low emission of green house gas , such as carbon dioxide .
+
+S However , considering the nuclear plant accidents happened in the past few decades , the public is very concerned about the security issues and high cost of nuclear plants .
+
+S Some people are even calling for a stop on the usage of nuclear power .
+
+S Arguments rise on whether we should continue researching on nuclear energy or not .
+
+S In my opinion , we should not stop the research and development on this powerful new energy resource .
+
+S Instead , we should believe that nuclear power has a bright future .
+
+S Some people may say that nuclear plants have very high risks .
+
+S They say that it is technologically impossible to build up a 100 % secure nuclear plant .
+
+S Every nuclear plant must have a possibility to face operation failure ; with the number of nuclear plants increases , the sum of the possibility increases as well .
+
+S If there is a nuclear leak or an exposure , the harmful radiation will kill a lot of people1 .
+
+S Their argument seems to be persuasive , but they forget the fact that every energy workspace has a chance to face failure .
+
+S According to Davis ( 2006 ) , the average death in coal industry in only one country , China , has reaches 8,000 per year , not to mention the death and injury rate all over the world2 .
+
+S Additionally , Cohen ( 2009 ) made a calculation to show that nuclear plant accidents were not serious and the probability of nuclear plant accidents was very low : only if there were 25 fuel melt-down per year , might nuclear power become as dangerous as coal burning , but the fuel melt-down rate was actually less than 0.00005 % .
+
+S Moreover , the Generation = 3 \ * ROMAN III reactors which we are using now and the Generation = 4 \ * ROMAN IV reactors which are under research and test , use the design called ''defense in depth " .
+
+S Every reactor has several back-up systems .
+
+S If there was something wrong , the first back-up system would start to work to limit the harm .
+
+S If the first back-up system failed , another back-up system would take the place , etc .
+
+S Certainly , it is possible that all the back-up systems fail in the same accident , but the probability is extremely small3 .
+
+S Therefore , we should believe that modern science and technology can ensure the security of nuclear plants .
+
+S In addition , there are people worrying about the sustainability of nuclear power .
+
+S According to the theory , uranium is the necessary energy source , yet the quantity of the element uranium on the earth is very limited .
+
+S If we keep using the current technology , the supply of uranium may only last 30 to 60 years depending on the needs for energy1 .
+
+S However , this kind of calculation is not accurate .
+
+S It is because the heat efficiency in current nuclear plants is only 1 % , which means 99 % of the energy generated by nuclear plants is wasted4 , but Scientists have already found out ways to increase the heat efficiency .
+A 34 35|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In VHTR 's prototype , the electricity generated is 50 % more than the current nuclear plants5 .
+
+S Furthermore , a Chinese engineer , Wang Hongqing , has found out the technology to increase the heat efficiency from 1 % to over 60 % 4 .
+
+S As a result , we can extend the life of nuclear power by at least several hundreds of years .
+
+S Another concern about nuclear power is that the radioactive waste is very hard to be dealt with .
+
+S The waste needs to be carefully kept away from people for several thousand years .
+
+S In addition , nuclear waste may become tools for terrorists , which is very dangerous .
+
+S However , one of the concepts of the Gen = 4 \ * ROMAN IV reactors , very-high-temperature reactors ( VHTR ) , can solve this problem .
+
+S In the design of VHTR system , the radioactive uranium and plutonium will run automatically into the recycle so that it can offer an enhanced waste minimization6 .
+A 26 27|||R:NOUN|||typo|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , there will be no need to worry about the nuclear waste reprocessing .
+
+S Furthermore , it is much easier for us to develop nuclear technology than explore other new energy resources .
+
+S People have already had a relatively mature technology on nuclear power .
+
+S We have known the theory and been aware of the process .
+
+S What should we do is to develop the technology other than spend much more time and money exploring a totally new field .
+
+S This turns out to be the truth .
+
+S Within a few years , people have come up with the concepts of the Gen = 4 \ * ROMAN IV reactors .
+
+S These concepts overcome many difficulties and make a lot of improvements which can make nuclear power " safe , abundant , reliable , inexpensive and proliferation-resistant " 5 .
+
+S In addition , the Gen = 4 \ * ROMAN IV reactors will achieve more than what we expect .
+
+S The new nuclear plants will not only generate huge amount of electricity , but also a considerable amount of hydrogen which is also a prosperous and useful green energy .
+
+S In conclusion , we should not be afraid of the failures or difficulties .
+
+S Instead , we need to try our best to overcome any difficulties and improve our technology .
+
+S We should have faith in ourselves and believe that nuclear power 's new dawn is coming .
+
+S References :
+
+S * Pros and cons of nuclear power ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 19th , 2009 , from { http : //timeforchange.org/pros-and-cons-of-nuclear-power-and-sustainability } [ HYPERLINK : http : //timeforchange.org/pros-and-cons-of-nuclear-power-and-sustainability ]
+
+S * Davis,W .
+
+S ( January 5th , 2006 ) .
+
+S US mining safety under scrutiny .
+
+S BBC News , Washington .
+
+S Retrieved October 19th , 2009 , from { http : //www.minesandcommunities.org/article.php ? a = 1155 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.minesandcommunities.org/article.php ? a = 1155 ]
+
+S * Bernard L. Cohen , Sc.D ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Risks of nuclear power .
+
+S Retrieved October 19th , 2009 , from { http : //www.physics.isu.edu/radinf/np-risk.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.physics.isu.edu/radinf/np-risk.htm ]
+
+S * Chinese engineer Wang Qinghong overcome technique difficulties improving heat efficiency ( November 12th , 2008 ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 19th , 2009 , from { http : //www.wefweb.com/news/20081112/0932513270_0.shtml } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.wefweb.com/news/20081112/0932513270_0.shtml ]
+
+S * Butler , D. ( May 20th ,2004 ) Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S [ Electric version ] Nature , 429 , 238-240 .
+
+S * Very-High-Temperature Reactor ( VHTR ) ( n.d. ) , Retrieved October 19th , 2009 , from { https : //inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt ? open = 514&objID = 2251&parentname = CommunityPage&parentid = 13&mode = 2 } [ HYPERLINK : https : //inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt ? open = 514&objID = 2251&parentname = CommunityPage&parentid = 13&mode = 2 ]
+
+S There are many engineering accidents happened in the past and now they are still not avoided .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Chernobyl nuclear plant explosion is one of the incidents occurred on 26 April 1986 .
+
+S This accident killed 30 people and the radioactive effect has caused 56 fatalities till the year of 2004 ( WNA , 2009 ) .
+
+S The main cause of the most accidents is directed to operators ' error .
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
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+
+S It can be insufficient knowledge of operators , inadequate training of operators , poor design and poor communication among team members .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||due to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , further investigations showed that these could be prevented at the initial stage which was at the design stage .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have shown|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the journal written by Wilpert ( 2007 ) , the use of psychology in the design process could help to prevent accidents from happening or at least minimize the damage from the accidents .
+
+S It is currently encouraged to all design process especially in engineering design to have psychology knowledge involved .
+
+S A design engineer is also a human , thus he/she may make mistakes at the design stage too .
+
+S This could be noticed from the design being corrected after an accident and even including the operation manual .
+
+S In Chernobyl nuclear plant , reactor unit 4 had a very high positive void coefficient which led to a rapid increase of power when there was steam generated ( Chernobyl , n.d. ) .
+
+S This was very dangerous when excess steam was produced ; especially this system was not incorporated with good safety features .
+
+S After the incident occurred , the reactor was modified to have much lower positive void coefficient .
+
+S From this point , it showed that the reactor was an error design product .
+
+S Furthermore , the accident could have been prevented if designer had done it right at the beginning .
+
+S As Wilpert ( 2007 ) suggested , psychology , in fact , could help the design process to consider on how human mistakes could be prevented or at least reduced .
+
+S If the designer could have thought the fatal effects from the reactor explosion , he/she would have thought the possibility causes and conditions , thus the designer might not use such a high positive void coefficient and more appropriate safety features would be integrated .
+
+S Wilpert ( 2007 ) also mentioned that the most common problem encountered in everyday design product including engineering product is the different perspective between designer and user .
+
+S Designer usually thinks that user may know how to use the product by reading through the manual provided .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The designer|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is also experienced by design engineers .
+
+S They make assumption that operators would know how to handle the equipments when the process is offset , thus a potential safety features are not necessary .
+
+S On the other hand , operators assume that designers have set all the equipment in such a way that is easy and safe for operation .
+
+S In worse condition , alarms would be triggered and equipments would be shut down .
+
+S As a result , in most accidents , operators would be pointed as the main cause of the accident .
+
+S Insufficient knowledge and training of operators result in panic under offset condition and also violating the normal procedures .
+
+S It occurred in Chernobyl disaster where the operators shut down the cooling system and removed control rods in order to maintain the power level for carrying out the test .
+
+S When there was a surge of power , they tried to put back control rods , hoped that power level could be lowered .
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:FORM|||hoping|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , it did not happen as expected ; the power increased dramatically and explosion occurred .
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When psychology is incorporated in design engineer 's thoughts , this accident could be prevented .
+
+S Psychology could lead the design engineer to be aware of others either in physical or mental behaviour ( Wagner , n.d. ) .
+
+S Design engineer would try to see the situation from the perspective of operators .
+
+S As a result , easy-understood manual will be provided , more accurate safety systems would be installed and sufficient training and sharing session between design engineers and operators would be conducted to have common opinions instead of assumptions .
+A 4 5|||R:ADJ|||easily-understood-understood|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||manuals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , psychology had been used in the past for improving human behaviours by selecting , training and motivating the operators in industries .
+
+S However , this might have been avoided due to time constraints and financial limit which result in insufficient time for design engineers to analyse the design and looking for other cheaper materials for substitution .
+
+S As a result , one small mistake of a worker could lead to a huge damage to the plant and also to the surrounding environment especially for nuclear plant .
+
+S Therefore , nowadays there is an encouragement to have human scientists ( psychologists ) in the design team ( Wilpert , 2007 ) .
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Psychologist is not only a scientist seeking knowledge for others to use , but also a technologist who is actively involving in the planning and design man-operated system ( Taylor , 1957 ) .
+
+S In other words , system design is an applied psychology because of its human reference ; by converting design engineers to psychologists or at least having psychology knowledge may help in design process as they would take into account of human behavior .
+
+S A correct design at the beginning stage is very important to prevent accident .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||accidents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Most of the accidents occurred because of human errors either done by operators or even designer at the design stage .
+
+S As design engineers and operators are human beings , psychology could have been integrated in the design process to analyse possible errors from the design and human behaviours .
+
+S Moreover , with psychology knowledge , a design engineer would be capable of predicting the situation under worse condition .
+
+S Hence , system would be incorporated with proper safety features to prevent accident .
+
+S REFERENCES
+
+S Chernobyl ( n.d ) .
+
+S Retrieved September 20 , 2009 , from http : //www.engineering.com/Library/ArticlesPage/tabid/85/articleType/Article View/articleId/71/Chernobyl.aspx
+
+S Wilpert , B .
+
+S ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Psychology and design processes .
+
+S Safety Science , 45 , 293-303 .
+
+S Wagner , K. V. ( n.d. ) .
+
+S 10 Ways Psychology Can Improve Your Life .
+
+S Retrieved October 7 , 2009 , from http : //psychology.about.com/od/psychology101/tp/applying-psychology.htm
+
+S Chernobyl Accident ( 2009 ) .
+
+S World Nuclear Association .
+
+S Retrieved October 6 , 2009 , from http : //www.world-nuclear.org/info/chernobyl/inf07.html
+
+S Taylor , F.V .
+
+S ( 1957 ) .
+
+S Psychology and The Design of Machines .
+
+S Retrieved October 7 , 2009 , fromhttp : //www.peterhancock.ucf.edu/Downloads/humanfactors_2/Origins % 20of % 20 Human % 20Factors % 20Lecture/Taylor.pdf
+
+S With the introduction of the Generation IV reactors in 2001 , a fresh wave of debate on Nuclear Power was brought up .
+
+S The common topics like safety , security and cost and performance are once again discussed .
+
+S The goals of Generation IV reactors are set towards sustainability , economical viability , safety and reliability , resistance to proliferation risks and protection from external attacks ( Cogeneration Technologies , 2002 ) .
+
+S With these goals , six new models are introduced ( see Table 1 ) , of which Very High Temperature Reactor ( VHTR ) should be further developed comparative to the other .
+
+S The reasons being that VHTR addresses the worries of public against nuclear power , such as safety , pollution and cost and performance issues .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:FORM|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There is a need for our world to move towards nuclear energy due to three reasons .
+
+S Firstly , the tremendous increase in consumption of energy due to growing population and development of nations .
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , the depletion of natural resources is at a much faster rate due fore mentioned reason .
+
+S Lastly , the increased concern for global warming in recent years .
+
+S With these three reasons , it is thus wise for us to move towards relying on nuclear power for energy and support it , especially with advance technology where Generation IV reactors are so well developed as shown below .
+
+S Currently there are only about 400 nuclear plants worldwide and one of the most important concerns that hinder the development of nuclear power is its safety problem .
+
+S Nuclear plant operates at extremely high temperatures and it relies heavily on coolants to reduce temperature .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||A nuclear|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Any malfunctioning of the cooling agent will have devastating consequences when the nuclear plant melts .
+
+S However , VHTR addresses this problem by using helium as its coolant , which can reach extremely low temperatures ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S As such , the temperature of the core is maintained at a low temperature to deter melting .
+
+S In addition , Helium itself is an inert gas , which will not react with the radioactive waste or substances in reactor .
+
+S This is much safer compared to Sodium-Cooled reactor , since Sodium is explosive in contact with air or water .
+
+S Therefore , VHTR is operating safer compared to other reactors .
+
+S However , one concern would be that Helium is a natural occurring element with limited quantity that would soon deplete pushing price higher ( James , 1996 ) .
+
+S Hence the research and development of VHTR should also look into other alternatives so that the reactor can continue to function in the event of Helium 's depletion .
+
+S VHTR is also an environmentally friendly plant as its main emissions are electricity and hydrogen , in fact , it does not produce any material waste as compared to other reactors .
+
+S Hence , it does not contribute to the worsening of Global Warming .
+
+S Hydrogen produced is recycled within the plant itself for further production and there is also a maximization of resources .
+
+S Therefore , VHTR makes a cleaner Nuclear Energy .
+
+S Although the VHTR is environmentally friendly , there is an unavoidable leakage of radioactive waste .
+
+S These effects are serious as it can cause extreme damage to the human body and environment .
+
+S Such wastes can affect the environment for as long as 100 decades .
+
+S For instance , the meltdown of the Three Mile reactor in USA has resulted in the land being inhabitable for more than 20 years ( Butler , 2006 ) .
+
+S However , it is known that for VHTR , such waste will stay in the atmosphere for a few decades compared to the norm of about a millennium .
+
+S VHTR is thus a better reactor .
+
+S Apart from safety and environmental issues , Nuclear Energy should be encouraged due to its lower costs in the long run .
+
+S Although the initial startup cost of building a plant is high , the cost is spread over a larger consumption area .
+
+S For example , the world 's largest nuclear plant can produce electricity to 16 million households , which is the equivalent of 16,000 largest wind turbines ( Hans , 2006 ) .
+
+S Hence energy costs are reduced when spread over a larger consumption area , which is especially important in the light of rising oil prices .
+
+S A possible problem to lower energy costs could surface as the price for raw materials for Nuclear Energy increases .
+
+S Uranium , which is used to power Nuclear Plants , is a naturally occurring element .
+
+S Hence , it may deplete and that would push prices up .
+
+S At the moment , the price has increased by more than 3 times to US $ 168/kg ( Sevior ) .
+
+S The R&D group of VHTR must then look into this issue so that the benefits that Nuclear Plants bring do not end up being a liability .
+
+S In conclusion , I feel that the development of VHTR should not be hindered by the problems mentioned above .
+
+S Although there may be many valid concerns , VHTR is the best in safety and performance .
+
+S However we should not be complacent and continue to improve and foresee future problems that the VHTR may develop in the future , so that Nuclear Energy continues to be viable and safe .
+
+S Presently , they should look into the problem of cooling agents , as well as other alternatives for Uranium .
+
+S These reactors are likely to be relied on as a possible source of energy for at least the next two to three decades ( James , 1996 ) .
+
+S Other than such technical problems we should also look into the possible human misuse in Nuclear Energy and take caution not to let any disaster happen .
+
+S Table 1 ( 7 )
+
+S Reference :
+
+S 1 .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn , Nature Butler , 2004 2. http : //www.cogeneration.net/Very_High_Temperature_Reactor.htm , Cogeneration Technologies , 2002 3. http : //ncseonline.org/nle/crsreports/natural/nrgen-11.cfm , James E. Mielke , 1996
+
+S 4. http : //nuclearinfo.net/Nuclearpower/WebHomeAvailabilityOfUsableUranium , The Market for Uranium : An overview of supply , demand and prices , International Nuclear Inc. , 2004
+
+S 5. http : //timeforchange.org/pros-and-cons-of-nuclear-power-and- sustainability , Time for Change , 2007
+
+S 6. http : //www.lutins.org/nukes.html , U.S. Nuclear Accidents , Allen Lutins , 2009
+
+S 7 .
+
+S Table of data , http : //www.eoearth.org/article/Generation_IV_nuclear_reactors
+
+S 8 .
+
+S Our Energy , http : //www.our- energy.com/nuclear_technology_produces_high_amount_of_energy.html
+
+S 9 .
+
+S ICJT , Nuclear Training Centre , http : //www.icjt.org/an/tech/jesvet/jesvet.htm
+
+S VHTR - The nuclear reactor of tomorrow
+
+S For quite some time now , there has been concern among the pubic over the safe operation of nuclear reactors .
+
+S This has caused us to oppose new nuclear plant projects .
+
+S Our dependence on fossil fuels necessarily needs to reduce because of its depletion and possible exhaustion in the near future and also due to the harmful effects on the environment by using them .
+
+S This makes shifting to alternative sources of fuel inevitable .
+
+S Newer ideas and technological improvements are possible if the necessary funding is directed towards the research of nuclear power and technologies like them .
+
+S Since , nuclear power does not affect the environment as drastically as fossil fuels , if its waste is well managed , and provides much higher ration of power to the amount of fuel used , it is the most feasible fuel source available to us .
+
+S Of the various nuclear power plant technologies , the Very-High-Temperature Reactor ( VHTR ) is the safest .
+
+S Implementing this reactor for power production is an achievable goal to set for a sooner transformation to nuclear power .
+
+S Since the VHTR uses helium as a coolant , it can go to temperatures of up to 10000C as compared the 3000C of the earlier reactors as the earlier reactors use high pressured water as their coolant .
+
+S Another fascinating fact is that the VHTR 's waste goes back to its repository and that it can produce hydrogen from water due to its high working temperature .
+
+S The above mentioned facts distinguish the VHTR from the Generation III reactors and define reactors like the VHTR and the VHTR itself as a " model of the Generation IV reactors " ( Clair , 2005 ) .
+
+S Even after these many safety features , as mentioned above , it is hard for lay men to get over the dreadful accidents that took place in the Three Mile Island in 1979 and Chernobyl in 1986 .
+
+S Moreover , the possibility of being able to make nuclear warheads and other weaponry from the active plutonium created in the power plants coupled with the trouble of nuclear waste disposal has maintained the our dilemma .
+
+S This has setback the testing and case-based application of new nuclear technologies , though they actually can make a difference .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||This has set|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
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+
+S The first opposing factor is that , there have been accidents in many technologies that man has developed through time .
+
+S The Chernobyl and Three Mile Island incidents are no different from a normal technical error .
+
+S These errors are prone to happen in any technology with the level of complication as the nuclear technology .
+
+S But , it is to be noted that these errors are fatal and long lasting .
+
+S This has been taken into consideration always by scientists , but mistakes happen .
+
+S But in the Generation IV reactors safety is as important an issue as implementation of new technologies .
+
+S The VHTR , being " passively safe " ( Hansen , 2008 ) , is self sustained in case of emergency by shutting itself down safely .
+
+S The present scientific advancements and engineering precision ensure the above mentioned safety feature of the VHTR .
+
+S There will be no more of nuclear spill , loss of human lives or even an injury for workers within the nuclear plant in case of in-plant emergency .
+A 5 6|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
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+
+S The second opposing factor is the problems that are anticipated if high grade plutonium is being produced .
+
+S In the conventional reprocessing method , uranium and plutonium are separated effectively .
+
+S This is costly and also gives manageable weapons grade plutonium as an outcome , which is not desired .
+
+S The new form of reprocessing adds more steps to the earlier process ; " converting long-lived wastes to elements with shorter half-life periods " ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S This reduces storage time .
+
+S Along with the above , it also promises to " create plutonium spiked with heat-producing radioactive elements to make it too hot to handle " ( Hansen , 2008 ) .
+
+S The third concern considered , is the nuclear waste disposal .
+
+S The above re-processing method actually converts the long lived isotopes to elements with lower half lives .
+
+S This is advantageous for waste management too .
+
+S These short lived elements need to be stored only for a few centuries compared to the three hundred or more centuries the earlier waste needed to be stored for .
+
+S In VHTR however , since waste is sent back to the repository , there is absolutely for the waste recycling process .
+
+S The recycling is done only for the completely used uranium fuel .
+
+S The above mentioned facts state that the newer technologies are much ahead of the older ones .
+
+S Accidents are sure to be a thing of the past .
+
+S There will not be the problem of terrorism due to stolen plutonium or induced accidents in nuclear power plants .
+
+S Moreover , there is a requirement of research in these technologies , as there is the risk of exhaustion and harmful effects due to the excessive use of fossil fuels .
+
+S Amongst the available technologies , the VHTR is the safest as mentioned above .
+
+S Thus , it is evident that by funding the research of VHTR and the technologies that VHTR needs , there can be a turnover in nuclear technologies .
+
+S This is the most feasible short term option open to the world .
+
+S Works Cited
+
+S BIBLIOGRAPHY Butler , M. ( 2004 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , pp .
+
+S 238-240 .
+
+S Clair , R. S. ( 2005 , November ) .
+
+S Summary of the MIT-Tokyo Tech Symposium on Innovative Nuclear Energy Systems .
+
+S Retrieved October 29 , 2009 , from MIT Web site : http : //web.mit.edu/canes/pdfs/summary.pdf
+
+S Hansen , D. J .
+
+S ( 2008 , December 21 ) .
+
+S 4th Generation Nuclear Power - OSS Foundation .
+
+S Retrieved October 29 , 2009 , from OSS Foundation Web site : http : //www.ossfoundation.us/projects/energy/nuclear
+
+S McCarthy , J .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Frequently asked questions about Nuclear Energy .
+
+S Retrieved October 29 , 2009 , from Stanford University Web site : http : //www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/progress/nuclear-faq.html
+
+S Waste Management .
+
+S ( 2007 , November ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 29 , 2009 , from World Nuclear Organization Web site : http : //www.world-nuclear.org/education/wast.htm
+
+S The Next Generation Nuclear Power Plant : Very High Temperature Reactor
+
+S Nuclear power plant technology started from 1950s .
+
+S Even though it developed very fast in the past decades , it is facing a big problem now that nuclear output is worldwide shrinking .
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+
+S This is partially because of horror left by the disasters of 1979 at Three Mile Island , Pennsylvania , and of 1986 at Chernobyl , Ukraine ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Now people are more concerned about the safety instead of the benefits of nuclear power .
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+
+S Therefore they keep on object against nuclear technology .
+
+S In order to change the negative situation of nuclear power , in 2001 , the Generation IV International Forum ( GIF ) leaded a new starting of developing next generation nuclear energy systems which are " safe , abundant , reliable , inexpensive and proliferation resistant " ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S There are six designs are believed to be the best prospects ( see Table 1 ) .
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+
+S Based on the goals for Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems , Very High Temperature Reactor ( VHTR ) is expected to be a better choice than other five reactors .
+
+S This essay will evaluate this new reactor focus on three aspects : safety , sustainability and economics .
+
+S neutron spectrum ( fast/ thermal ) coolanttemperature ( ° C ) pressure * fuelfuel cyclesize ( s ) ( MWe ) usesGas-cooled fast reactorsfasthelium850highU-238 + closed , on site288electricity & hydrogenLead-cooled fast reactorsfastPb-Bi550-800lowU-238 + closed , regional50-150 * * 300-400 1200electricity & hydrogenMolten salt reactorsepithermalfluoride salts700-800lowUF in saltclosed1000electricity & hydrogenSodium-cooled fast reactorsfastsodium550lowU-238 & MOXclosed150-500 500-1500electricitySupercritical water-cooled reactorsthermal or fastwater510-550very highUO2open ( thermal ) closed ( fast ) 1500electricityVery high temperature gas reactorsthermalhelium1000highUO2 prism or pebblesopen250hydrogen & electricity Table 1
+
+S First , VHTR has very good safety features .
+
+S But only from the table , Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor ( SFR ) system seems to be the safest among the six reactors , because of its not very high temperature and low pressure .
+
+S Especially the primary system operates at essentially atmospheric pressure ( Lineberry & Allen , 2004 ) .
+
+S There is another safety feature of SFR that a secondary sodium system is a buffer between the primary system 's radioactive sodium and the power plant 's energy conversion system .
+
+S It is true that these two safety features provide SFR operating safety , but it is still dangerous when core exposures or coolant does not work .
+
+S For VHTR , safety is definitely guaranteed because of its inherent safety characteristics which can cool itself down in the event of an emergency .
+
+S Since VHTR has refractory core , low power density , low excess reactivity uninsulated steel vessel , it is easy to remove passive decay heat from core through the natural processes of radiation , conduction and convection ( McCreery & Condie , 2006 ) .
+
+S Therefore the VHTR 's limit core temperatures are retained in the ceramic fuel particles without the necessity for operator Intervention .
+
+S Secondly , VHTR is environmental friendly and sustainable .
+
+S There is still some experts ' stance on Lead-Cooled Fast Reactor ( LFR ) System .
+
+S On one hand it can minimize the waste of fuels since it has a closed fuel cycle .
+
+S On the other hand , LFR has a long-life battery as the refueling interval usually is 15 to 20 years ( Generation IV Nuclear Reactors , 2009 ) .
+
+S Nevertheless VHTR will be more sustainable than LFR as the Ultra-long life VHTR systems can be developed with minor actinides ( MA ) .
+
+S MA is a fuel component , which can help develop new fuel cycles and keep sustainability of a fuel source .
+
+S As a result , VHTR can keep on operation for long lifetime without intermediate refueling .
+
+S Furthermore the environmental impact of VHTR is positive , since both roust fuel and coolant ( Helium ) do not release significant radiation .
+
+S Last but not the least , VHTR is designed to be a highefficiency reactor , meaning that it can help to make great economic profit .
+
+S On the other hand , scientists support Molten Salt Reactor ( MSR ) because both its coolant and fuel can use same liquid salts to save materials .
+
+S And MSR operates in closed fuel cycle to avoid waste the fuel and coolant .
+
+S Unfortunately , MSR has a death-blow , the resulting corrosion of reactor components after long-term chemistry and handling of molten salt .
+
+S As mentioned that VHTR acts as high efficiency design , besides normal production of electricity it also supplies heat with core outlet temperature of 1000 Celsius ( Forsberg , 2008 ) .
+
+S With the heat , it is efficient to process petrochemical industry or sea water desalination .
+
+S And the most important application is hydrogen production .
+
+S Since hydrogen is one of the clearest energy in the world and it is not easy to produce , the heat produced by VHTR can help to solve this big problem .
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+
+S In addition , compared with conventional plants , VHTR also can produce 50 % more electricity from the same amount of fuel ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S As a result , VHTR can provide a more economic energy to meet the demand of the world .
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+
+S In general , it is valuable to research and develop VHTR to meet the goals of new generation in future , since it has significant advantages among the six Generation IV reactors .
+
+S First it has advanced safe design , which can automatically cool itself down when accident without additional operating system .
+
+S Secondly , VHTR has high sustainability and is also environmental friendly .
+
+S Last it provides a more efficient system , thus the economic benefits from it can not be neglected .
+
+S Therefore , choosing VHTR to be a new energy supply is the best choice .
+
+S References
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 , MAY 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , Volume 429 , Issue 6989 , pp .
+
+S 238-240 .
+
+S Forsberg , C. W. ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Molten Salt Reactor Technology Gaps .
+
+S Oak Ridge National Laboratory .
+
+S Generation IV Nuclear Reactors .
+
+S ( 2009 , Aug ) .
+
+S Retrieved Oct 21 , 2009 , from Worl Nuclear Association : http : //www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf77.html
+
+S Lineberry , M. J. , & Allen , T. R. ( 2004 ) .
+
+S THE SODIUM-COOLED FAST REACTOR ( SFR ) .
+
+S Argonne National Laboratory .
+
+S McCreery , G. E. , & Condie , K. G. ( 2006 ) .
+
+S Experimental Modeling of VHTR Plenum Flows During .
+
+S Idaho National Laboratory .
+
+S Two years ago on 1st August , 2007 , an accident that shocked the world happened .
+
+S The I-35W Mississippi River Bridge in the US state of Minnesota collapsed suddenly , " killing at least 7 people " .
+
+S There were at least 60 casualties and 50 vehicles thrown into the water .
+
+S ( BBC News , 2007 ) .
+
+S The bridge was built in 1964 and officially opened to traffic in 1967 .
+
+S It consists of 8 lanes moving in two directions and is used by 140,000 cars a day ( Minnesota Department of Transportation , 2007 ) .
+
+S The bridge " had been inspected annually since 1993 " and " the last fracture critical inspection was in 2006 " ( Minnesota Department of Transportation , 2007 ) .
+
+S With regards to this incident , many might argue that the use of psychology would have prevented the accident .
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+
+S Psychology is defined as " the science of mind and behavior " ( Psychology , n.d ) .
+
+S Hence , supporters to the use of psychology might argue that the use of psychology during the design process means to improve the thought process and reinforce engineering ethics .
+
+S This might have reduced the chance of the accident happening .
+
+S However , to say that it would have prevented the whole accident , I would see it as too extreme .
+
+S Firstly , supporters to the use of psychology may argue that " a deficiency in engineering ethics is found to be one of the root causes of an engineering failure " ( Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of New York at Stony Brook , 2008 ) .
+
+S The use of psychology during the design process might be able to improve engineering ethnics , thus , reducing the chance of an engineering accident happening .
+
+S However , there are many other causes which might lead to an engineering accident .
+
+S Below are some statistical data on the causes of failure :
+
+S 1 ) Insufficient knowledge ............................... 36 %
+
+S 2 ) Underestimation of influence ......................... 16 %
+
+S 3 ) Ignorance , carelessness , negligence .................. 14 %
+
+S 4 ) Forgetfulness , error ................................. 13 %
+
+S 5 ) Relying upon others without sufficient control ....... 9 %
+
+S 6 ) Objectively unknown situation ........................ 7 %
+
+S 7 ) Imprecise definition of responsibilities ............. 1 %
+
+S 8 ) Choice of bad quality ................................ 1 %
+
+S 9 ) Others ............................................... 3 % ( Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of New York at Stony Brook , 2008 )
+
+S For the above data , we can classify them under two categories of factors - psychology or non-psychology .
+
+S Base on the definition of psychology mentioned in paragraph 1 , Factors 2 , 4 , 5 , 7 and 8 can be classified under psychology and it adds up to 40 % .
+
+S Supporters to the use of psychology might argue that this is a high percentage ; hence the use of psychology in the design process would have prevented the accident .
+
+S However , this is not true .
+
+S Non-psychology factors add up to 60 % which is more than psychology factors .
+
+S Moreover , the use of psychology during the design process will not reduce these 40 % to 0 % .
+
+S Therefore , we can see that the use of psychology might reduce the chance of an accident caused by engineering failure but would not prevent it .
+
+S Secondly , supporters to use of psychology may argue that the use of psychology in the design process will improve the thought process of an engineer , thus improving the design and safety of the product which could prevent accidents from happening .
+
+S However , I would like to make use of an analogy .
+
+S To say that the use of psychology during the design process would have prevented the accident would be as good as saying that if you studied hard and memorised everything , you would be able to prevent mistakes during the exam .
+
+S However , we all know that this can not be true .
+
+S By studying more , it only reduces the chance of making mistakes during exam but definitely not prevent it .
+
+S Similarly , the use of psychology might reduce the chance of engineers making mistakes in their design .
+
+S However , it does not mean that they will not make mistakes as they are still factors like human error which can not be eliminated through the use of psychology .
+
+S In the article Psychology and design processes , the author mentioned that all human beings make mistakes , including engineers .
+
+S " Design engineers may make mistakes , too , namely in their designs " ( Wilpert , 2007 ) .
+
+S Therefore , whether or not there is the use of psychology during the design process , it is inevitable that engineers make mistakes .
+
+S Hence , it is inevitable to prevent accidents from happening .
+A 4 5|||R:ADJ|||impossible|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly , many times in life after an incident has happened , be it serious or minor , the two words that are most commonly heard would be 'if only' .
+
+S However , no one can guarantee that the incident would not have happened even if more precautions had been undertaken .
+
+S Instead of thinking whether accidents of the past could have been prevented , why not think of how to greatly reduce the chance of future accidents happening ?
+
+S The use of psychology might be one direction to go towards .
+
+S However , no matter how safe the end product of an engineering design may be , unforeseen circumstances will still occur .
+
+S Hence , I believe that the use of psychology during the design process would not have prevented the accident .
+
+S In conclusion , I do not deny the fact that the use of psychology to improve engineering ethics and refine the thought process involved in the design stage helps in reducing the occurrence of accidents .
+
+S However , there are still many factors that can not be eliminated through the use of psychology .
+
+S Therefore , I believe that the use of psychology during the design process would not have prevented the collapse of the Mississippi River Bridge on 1st August 2007 .
+
+S Supercritical Water Reactor-One of the Most Practical Generation IV Reactors
+
+S The supercritical water reactor is one type of generation IV reactors .
+
+S Till now , all the six types of generation IV reactor are under the research of Generation IV International Forum ( GIF ) , which consists of thirteen countries all over the world ( U.S .
+
+S DOE Nuclear Energy Research Advisory Committee , 2002 ) .
+
+S As one of the most practical generation IV reactors , the supercritical water reactor has many advantages over the generation III reactors such as the higher efficiency .
+
+S However , there are still a lot of concerns mainly about the safety issue , the complicated configuration and the waste production .
+
+S But in my opinion , the supercritical water reactor is actually simpler , safer and has less nuclear waste compared to the generation III reactor which we widely use nowadays .
+
+S Many people may think that the generation IV reactor is much more complicated and expensive to build .
+
+S Furthermore , all of them use the quite new concept which is not practical at all ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S Actually , for the supercritical water reactor , it is not correct .
+
+S The supercritical water reactor is based on the light water reactor we use nowadays and becomes simpler in the configuration because that it uses the supercritical water as the moderator and the coolant ( Mori , 2005 ) .
+
+S The supercritical water is the light water under the great pressure above its critical point .
+
+S In this condition , the steam of the light water will have the same density and can be mixed with the light water .
+
+S In the lighter water reactor , the light water will boiling in the core vessel so that it produce a lot steam as bubbles in the light water , so that the light water reactor needs a lot of equipments to control these bubbles such as steam generators , steam separators and dryers ( Idaho National Laboratory , 2007 ) .
+A 39 40|||R:NOUN:NUM|||equipment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the supercritical water reactor , all these components can be eliminated so that the supercritical water reactor can be much simpler and easier to build .
+
+S Another concern about the safety issue is very common .
+
+S The supercritical water reactor is working at much higher temperature ( 500 º C ) and pressure than the generation III reactor ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S It is a dangerous operating temperature in the concept of today .
+
+S In fact , due to the higher temperature and pressure , the reactor can , however , be safer .
+
+S At first , the whole concept of the supercritical water reactor is based on the light water reactor which has already used for years .
+
+S The technique is already mature .
+
+S The supercritical water is also used in different areas for a long time , so that the supercritical water reactor can be a practical innovation and it is very safe .
+
+S Secondly , as I mentioned above , the steam has the same density and can be mixed with the liquid , so that the whole moderator have the nearly same density everywhere .
+
+S It will be much easier to control the pure liquid compared to the liquid mixed with the bubbles .
+
+S Actually , these voids in the liquid are chaotic and can be very dangerous because that the liquid and the steam have totally different properties .
+
+S Lastly , the special supercritical water property also makes other procedures can be easily controlled such as cooling part ( Magnus , 2006 ) .
+
+S The supercritical water reactor can be safer compared to the light water reactor .
+
+S There are still a lot of people worrying about the nuclear waste of the supercritical water reactor ( U.S. Envioromental Protection Angency , 2004 ) .
+A 19 20|||R:SPELL|||environmental|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some of the reactors need to depend on the reprocessing nuclear waste which will separate the plutonium which can be used to make nuclear weapons .
+
+S Nevertheless , the supercritical water reactor will not depend on the reprocessing nuclear waste , thus it will not separate the plutonium ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S Besides , the supercritical water reactor is can also be developed with a fast neutron spectrum due to the neutron will be only partly moderated in the supercritical water .
+
+S Being a fast neutron reactor will split the long lived actinides , destroying the most long lived nuclear waste through nuclear transmutation , which will greatly reduce the nuclear waste it produces and increase the efficiency of the reactor ( GIF , 2007 ) .
+
+S From these two points , we can see that the supercritical water reactor does well in dealing with the nuclear waste .
+
+S Although the supercritical water reactor is still under the research , it has already shown a lot of advantages .
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+
+S It successfully resolves the public doubts about the safety , configuration and the waste production and gives us a bright and promising future of the nuclear power .
+
+S I believe that the generation IV reactor will break the energy source composition and bring us to a new age of nuclear power .
+
+S References
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240
+
+S GIF .
+
+S ( 2007 ) Supercritical-Water-Cooled Reactor .
+
+S Retrieved October 18 , 2009 from http : //www.gen-4.org/Technology/systems/scwr.htm
+
+S Idaho National Laboratory .
+
+S ( 2007 , October 22 ) .
+
+S Supercritical-Water-Cooled Reactor ( SCWR ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 17 , 2009 from http : //nuclear.inl.gov/gen4/scwr.shtml
+
+S Magnus.M .
+
+S ( 2006 August ) .
+
+S Heterogeneous cores for improved safety performance : A case study : The supercritical water fast reactor .
+
+S Retrieved October 18 , 2009 from http : //www.sciencedirect.com/science ? _ob = ArticleURL&_udi = B6V4D-4K3D39M-1&_user = 10&_rdoc = 1&_fmt = &_orig = search&_sort = d&_docanchor = &view = c&_acct = C000050221&_version = 1&_urlVersion = 0&_userid = 10&md5 = 2b6263caf914e7e0c7b522c954ef9bf3
+
+S { M } [ HYPERLINK : http : //bibliothek.fzk.de/zb/berichte/FZKA7160.pdf ] ori.M .
+
+S ( 2005 , October ) .
+
+S Core design analysis of the supercritical water fast reactor .
+
+S Retrieved October 18 , 2009 from http : //bibliothek.fzk.de/zb/berichte/FZKA716 0.pdf
+
+S U.S .
+
+S DOE Nuclear Energy Research Advisory Committee .
+
+S ( 2002 , December ) .
+
+S A technology roadmap for generation IV nuclear energy system .
+
+S Retrieved October 18 , 2009 from http : //nuclear.energy.gov/genIV/documents/gen_iv_road map.pdf
+
+S U.S. Envioromental Protection Angency .
+
+S ( 2007 , October 5 ) Spent Nuclear Fuel and High-Level Radioactive Waste .
+
+S Retrieved October 29 , 2009 from http : //www.epa.gov/rpdweb00/docs/radwaste/402-k-94-001-snf_hlw.html
+
+S We are on the brink of time whereby the global warming will affect the earth severely if we do n't act appropriately .
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The world population is 6.8 billion to the current date and is increasing rapidly ( US Census Bureau , 2009 ) .
+
+S In order to provide electricity to the increasing population , governments around the world have to build more power plants to maintain undisrupted power supply to the cities .
+
+S U.S. EIA , Energy Information Administration , estimated that up to 65 % of energy sources for the power generators come from oil and coal ( Hong , 1994 ) .
+
+S These conventional power generators contribute to the increasing trend of carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere , important factor for global warming .
+
+S In order to stoop global warming , we must reduce carbon dioxide production .
+
+S One alternative way will be the Nuclear power .
+
+S Nuclear energy is produced from the fission of uranium elements in the nuclear reactors which produce massive heat .
+
+S This intense heat can be converted into energy source and distributed as electricity .
+
+S There are some public concerns regarding the safety and security of nuclear plants .
+
+S But accidents occurred in the past were mainly because of lack of skilled workers and security ( Major , 2008 ) .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||that occured|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the new Generation IV reactors , the possibilities of accidents will be minimized by allowing the reactors to run at high temperatures up to 1000 degree Celsius ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S Among the six technologies mentioned , very high-temperature reactors concept has most potential to be a break-through in nuclear technology and therefore its research should be further supported and funded .
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN|||breakthrough|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Oppositions concern that melt-down of nuclear reactors will occur in the long run .
+
+S They also point out that the operating temperature of current generation generators are high .
+
+S For example , in the Chernobyl accident , the reactor melted down and exploded because of overheating inside the cores of reactor .
+
+S The radioactive materials from the reactor was spread out to the surrounding areas which caused radiation poisoning and The main advantage of Very-High-Temperature-Reactor , VHTR , is that the reactor can operate in the extreme temperature up to 1000 degree Celsius ( Generation IV , 2006 ) .
+
+S This is achieved by using Helium as a coolant instead of water .
+
+S Helium can withstand high temperature and it is inert gas so it wo n't react with other materials ( VHTR , 2008 ) .
+
+S Other new technologies can only operate up to 600-800 degree Celsius ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S This fact makes the VHTR more thermally efficient than other types of reactors .
+
+S As it can withstand high temperature , melt-downs will not occur so frequently .
+
+S Therefore , it would be beneficial to concentrate our research into this VHTR technology .
+
+S Nuclear plants can reprocess waste products from reactors to get back up to 95 % of raw materials to reuse .
+
+S Proponents claim that nuclear reprocessing will lead to serious complications such as nuclear race and terrorism .
+
+S It is because reprocessing can produce plutonium which is use in nuclear war-heads .
+
+S United States prohibits reprocessing and also encourages countries not to reprocess the waste materials ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S Reactor technologies such as Gas-Cooled and Molten Salt Reactors involve reprocessing which is not suitable with current regulations about plutonium .
+
+S So , researching into these technologies will raise conflicts among countries .
+
+S In the VHTR technology , waste directly goes to repository which involves no recycling or reprocessing .
+
+S Therefore , it clears the concerns of public as well as governments around the world .
+
+S The transportation sector alone will cause the demand of oil and fuel up by 78 % at the year of 2025 ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S Therefore , we can not solely depend on our fossil fuels for this problem .
+
+S There are alternative source of fuel in the market nowadays .
+
+S The most popular one is Fuel cell which is made from hydrogen .
+
+S Some technologies like Supercritical and Sodium-water-cooled reactors are unable to produce hydrogen .
+
+S On the other hand , VHTR technology has both electricity and hydrogen output .
+
+S While electricity can be used to power up houses , hydrogen can be converted into fuel cells which can power up automobiles and vehicles .
+
+S Fuel cells have theoretical efficiency of 80 % compared to diesel which is only about 40 % ( Crea , 2004 ) .
+
+S Therefore , we can be rest-assured that future nuclear reactors like VHTR can meet the industrial demands and thus its research should be funded .
+
+S Among the six technologies described in Butler 's Article , Very-High-Temperature-Reactor Technology best fits the requirements and expectations of nuclear technology .
+
+S The thermal efficiency is the most important element of VHTR compare to other technologies .
+
+S Combined with the non-reprocessing nature of this reactor , VHTR will become a choice of technology for engineers and governments to focus their attention to develop .
+
+S In addition , hydrogen power output of VHTR is an additional incentive that VHTR is worth researching .
+
+S In conclusion , VHTR has very promising path to be the generator of the future and we should channel our efforts to further develop and research the technology to be able to use broadly .
+
+S Reference
+
+S BIBLIOGRAPHY Butler , D. ( 2004 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's New Dawn .
+
+S Nature , 426 , 238-240 .
+
+S Crea , D. ( 2004 , August 05 ) .
+
+S Fuel Cell Efficiency : A Reality Check .
+
+S Retrieved October 9 , 2009 , from EV World : http : //www.evworld.com/article.cfm ? storyid = 730 Generation IV .
+
+S ( 2006 ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 9 , 2009 , from Generation IV Technology : Systems : http : //www.gen-4.org/index.html
+
+S Hong , B .
+
+S ( 1994 , August ) .
+
+S Carbon Dioxide Emission Factors for Coal .
+
+S Retrieved October 9 , 2009 , from http : //www.eia.doe.gov : http : //www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/coal/quarterly/co2_article/co2.html
+
+S Major .
+
+S ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 2009 , from http : //www.atomicarchive.com/ : http : //www.atomicarchive.com/Reports/Japan/Accidents.shtml
+
+S VHTR .
+
+S ( 2008 , September ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 9 , 2009 , from Nuclear Energy : Fuel of the Future ?
+
+S : http : //blogs.princeton.edu/chm333/f2006/nuclear/2007/01/the_very_high_temperature_reactor_vhtr.html
+
+S By 2030 , the world demand for energy is predicted to rise by about 50 percent and by 2050 , it will be doubled .
+
+S This prediction indicates that we need to find alternative source of energy in order to continue our daily life .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||sources|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Clearly , it seems that the nuclear power is a good alternative .
+
+S However when we talk about nuclear , people will usually associate it with radiation , wastes and missiles .
+A 6 6|||M:NOUN|||energy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also public opposition was given as one reason why few nuclear reactors have been built in the past few decades in many countries .
+
+S With the increasing demand for energy and prices for fossil fuel , the Generation IV International Forum ( GIF ) comes out with the new concepts of the Generation IV nuclear reactors .
+
+S These reactors have the potential to provide safe base-load electric power with negligible pollutants ( Hansen , 2008 ) .
+
+S Out of the six generation IV reactor concepts , I consider that the Very High Temperature Reactor ( VHTR ) is one of the best concepts for further development of nuclear reactor .
+
+S Opponents of the public of nuclear energy are worried about the safety of nuclear power in the wake of the Three Mile Island accident in 1979 and the Chernobyl accident in 1986 .
+
+S Another issue is the problem of managing those radioactive wastes that are generated during the operation of nuclear reactors .
+
+S However , the generation IV reactors are able to burn existing prolonged nuclear waste , produce only a little amount of waste that will last for decades only ( Hansen , 2008 ) .
+
+S These wastes are stored into a special concrete storage cylinder to prevent the radiation from leaking to the environment .
+A 4 5|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides that , the nuclear reactor design strategy of generation IV reactors for preventing accidents and mitigating their potential effects is defense in depth ( Cohen , n.d ) .
+
+S This will mean that there will always be a backup system to limit the harm done if something fails .
+
+S If that backup system should also fail , there will always be another back-up system to replace it .
+
+S In VHTR , helium is used as the coolant instead of water .
+
+S Since Helium is an inert gas , it will not chemically react with any material .
+
+S Furthermore , exposing helium to radiation does not make it radioactive , unlike most other possible coolants like water .
+
+S Opponents mention that the cost of building a nuclear plant will be very expensive due to the high capital costs and licensing uncertainties associated with the construction ( Goswami & Kreith , 2008 ) .
+
+S Other costs include fuel cycle cost as well as waste management costs which result in higher electricity cost .
+
+S These costs do not include in other power generation technologies such as coal power station .
+
+S Yet the costs for nuclear power generation have been dropping significantly over the last decade .
+
+S The decline in the cost of electricity by nuclear energy is the result of decline in the cost of nuclear plant fuel , operations and maintenance , improved technology .
+
+S With increased research and development along with adoption of nuclear power generation by more countries , the cost will be reduced even further .
+
+S Lastly , the final argument made by the public is that there are many alternative cheap , clean and renewable energy sources such as solar and tidal .
+
+S Also it is possible to switch to using coal or natural gases to produce energy once fossil fuels depleted .
+
+S Yet these clean energy sources have their limitations too .
+
+S For instance , solar energy is produced when the sun is shining .
+
+S During the night or bad weather , the expensive solar equipment will be useless .
+
+S Also the amount of electric energy produced from this technology is far less than current power plants .
+
+S It is not feasible to build many solar or tidal powers all around the lands and seas .
+
+S On the other hand , Nuclear energy does not have all these limitations .
+
+S Fuel sources for it are virtually unlimited and could last much longer than fossil fuels .
+
+S Nuclear energy is also regarded as one of the clean energy available today as it does n't produce any pollutants that contribute to environmental problems .
+
+S It is possible for nuclear to be the mainstream energy production when combined with other renewable energy such as solar power .
+A 5 5|||M:NOUN|||energy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nuclear energy also offers higher electric power efficiencies than the current power production .
+
+S Moreover due to VHTR 's high operating temperature of above 1000 ° C , it offers the potential for cogeneration of electricity and hydrogen , alongside process heat applications ( " Very-High-Temperature Reactor " , n.d ) .
+
+S Generation IV nuclear reactor concepts offer significant enhancements in sustainability , safety and reliability and economics over currently energy production technologies .
+
+S VHTR is the better one among the six nuclear reactor concepts as VHTR allows for the cogeneration of both electricity and hydrogen .
+
+S Nevertheless , the high operating temperature and pressure and corrosive operating conditions of the VHTR require materials that surpass the limitations of current nuclear reactors ( Generation IV Nuclear Reactor Comparisons , 2008 ) .
+
+S Therefore , great deal of further research and development is needed in order for it to be commercially deployed by 2030 .
+
+S References
+
+S Cohen , B. K. ( n.d ) .Risks of Nuclear Power : Radioactive Waste .
+
+S Retrieved October 13 , 2009 , from http : //www.physics.isu.edu/radinf/np-risk.htm Generation IV Nuclear Reactor Comparisons .
+
+S ( 2008 , November 21 ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 13 , from http : //me1065.wikidot.com/generation-iv-nuclear-reactor-comparisons
+
+S Goswami , Y. , & Kreith , F. ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Energy conversion Mechanical engineering series .
+
+S United States : CRC Press .
+
+S Hansen , J .
+
+S ( 2008 , December 28 ) .
+
+S Nuclear : 4th Generation Nuclear Power .
+
+S Retrieved October 13 , 2009 , from http : //www.ossfoundation.us/projects/energy/nuclear Very-High-Temperature Reactor .
+
+S ( n.d ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 13 , 2009 , from http : //www.gen-4.org/Technology/systems/vhtr.htm
+
+S As quoted by Patrick Moore , Greenpeace co-founder , " It is a big mistake if we lump nuclear medicine in with nuclear weapons .
+
+S In retrospect , is that because we were so focused on the destructive aspect of nuclear war and technology , we used to think that all nuclear were evil .
+
+S "
+
+S No nuclear plants have been ordered in United State as a result of public 's misconception that nuclear powers are highly vulnerable until recently , it is necessary , that people become more aware of the magnitude of climate change as a result of global warming phenomenon .
+
+S By general consensus , booming demand of electricity , increasing prices for coal and fuel have driven the development of nuclear power in recent years .
+
+S The availability of Uranium and the dwindling fossil fuels have made nuclear power more feasible as people want to maintain natural resources .
+
+S To keep up with globalization , we should seriously consider the study of Generation IV concept reactors , which promise higher efficiency of output as an alternative source of energy .
+
+S The Generation IV International Forum ( GIF ) , an international association that carry out research and development required to establish the performance and feasibility of the next generation nuclear reactors , have identified six nuclear systems employing different type of reactors , coolant , waste cycle technologies .
+
+S However , each reactor has its pros and cons in term of security , cost and performance .
+
+S Opponent proposed that nuclear powers are highly vulnerable as nuclear reactors have the probability of becoming terrorist target .
+A 0 1|||R:NOUN:NUM|||opponents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The incidents of core melt-down at Three Mile Island in March 1979 and the explosion and fire at Chernobyl in April cast a melancholy over the nuclear industry and it raised public fear of catastrophe .
+
+S In order to sway nuclear-adverse public , the Generation IV concept 's reactors need to yield less radioactive waste at terrorist-proof facilities .
+
+S In term of security , reactors that do not reprocess nuclear waste are favored as plutonium waste , a key ingredient for developing advanced nuclear weapon , will not be generated .
+
+S To abstain nuclear proliferation , the other four reactors were eliminated , left with only two designs - very high temperature reactor ( VHTR ) and supercritical-water reactor ( SCWR ) , which would able to operate without having to reprocess and recycle plutonium waste .
+
+S Besides , Generation IV reactors employ nuclear materials , which are less suitable , or less prone to diversion for use in nuclear weapon .
+
+S For example , by increasing the radiological intensity of materials , it is hard for people to handle it without severely expose to radioactive if highly specialized shielding equipment is not used .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||when|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:FORM|||exposing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , in term of performance , very high temperature reactors operate at temperature around 900 ° C , allowing more efficient conversion of heat electricity .
+
+S Besides , VHTR can be used to separate hydrogen from water thermodynamically at the operating range of temperature 700-900 ° C .
+
+S By using fuel cell , hydrogen gas can be converted to electricity , replacing the uses of fuel or gasoline .
+
+S Statistics show that VHTR are able to yield 50 % more electricity from the equivalent amount of fuel compared to conventional plants .
+
+S However , to function at such high temperature , helium gas , instead of water must be used as its coolant .
+
+S Inert helium gas provides another level of redundancy to the safety of the reactor as it acts as a non-reactive cooling medium .
+
+S These factors have combined and made the VHTR number one choice , outbidding the SCWR .
+
+S In term of cost , Generation IV reactors are designed to be economically viable .
+
+S The generating cost should not be too high but competitive as compared with other energy source .
+
+S On the other hands , the capital investment cost should be sufficiently low for developing nuclear system .
+
+S Some critics that VHTR 's building cost are relatively expensive as compared to SCWR .
+
+S This is because the design of the cycle for SCWR is pretty simplistic as it does not require the use of jet pumps , pressurizes or dryers .
+A 12 13|||R:MORPH|||simple|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the greatest aspects about SCWR is the implausible small size of reactor itself , as compared as other reactors of Generation IV .
+
+S Nevertheless , some countries such as the United State and France prefers the VHTR rather the SCWR .
+
+S In spite of the fact that cost of building for VHTR is relatively higher , two products are generated for the price of one .
+
+S Besides , the VHTR deployment is earlier than most of the Generation IV reactors , which is aimed to be on the year of 2020 .
+
+S The United State energy bill would provide a sum of USD 1.1 billion to build a research prototype at Idaho lab .
+
+S In short , VHTR is the best choice among the six Generation IV reactors .
+
+S In term of security , it produces no waste , especially plutonium , as waste goes directly into repository .
+
+S In term of cost , VHTR able to generate electricity and hydrogen for the price of one , which is estimated to be roughly $ 1 billion .
+
+S In term of performance , VHTR generates electricity at efficiency as high as 50 % .
+
+S VHTR is likely to be the most advanced concept in terms of practical experience as Japan already operating a similar high temperature reactor at Oarai .
+
+S Nonetheless , VHTR faces material constrain as the materials use to design reactor must be able to withstand continued high temperature , intense bombardment in nuclear proliferation and corrosive reagents .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN|||constraints|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:FORM|||used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||reactors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , it is ideal that GIF should start siphoning funds to conduct intensive researches on nuclear power plants .
+
+S Nuclear energy has always been shrouded in controversy .
+
+S The debate on whether nuclear power should be utilised is due to the highly unpredictable materials used to generate energy and its multiple safety issues .
+
+S It is widely regarded as a cheap alternative source of electricity to alleviate the pressures of fossil fuels depletive nature .
+
+S Two new ideas for reactors that can exploit the power of the nucleus are the Molten Salt Reactor ( MSR ) and the Very High Temperature Reactor ( VHTR ) .
+
+S MSRs are generation IV reactors that use molten salts such as fluoride salts to prevent system overheating .
+
+S The salts are combined with fissile materials such as uranium in a mixture .
+
+S The MSR operates at a low temperature and pressure , and have efficient waste recycling methods .
+
+S The VHTR , however , uses helium as a coolant and operates at a high temperature and pressure , without any form of waste recycling .
+
+S As such , I am in favour of the MSR over the VHTR .
+
+S Though the VHTR possesses commendable qualities , the MSR is a better investment as a generation IV reactor .
+
+S First and foremost , the cost of building a VHTR is much cheaper than that of a MSR , it being 30 % cheaper to build as compared to the MSR .
+
+S Though the costs incurred are higher for the MSR , it compensates by raising its efficiency .
+
+S At 1000 º C , the MSR projects a yield of 60 % while the VHTR only garners just over 50 % in yield .
+
+S Moreover , the MSR saves fuel by reusing it .
+
+S It utilises Actinide Management ( Pickard & Forsberg , 2002 ) that allows for efficient recycling of fissile fuel .
+
+S The VHTR , instead , uses a once-through fuel cycle that does not reuse waste material .
+
+S Fuel has to be replaced constantly .
+
+S With both recycled fuel and higher efficiency , the MSR saves cost making it cost saving in the long term .
+
+S Though changing the molten salts will come across as time consuming and uneconomical , technological advances in that area can further reduce cost by making it fully automated .
+
+S Secondly , the VHTR has high efficiency in converting heat to electricity .
+
+S As a result , the VHTR need not use liquid to gas exchangers , unlike the MSR .
+
+S However , heat is hard to contain and is easily lost to the environment .
+
+S The VHTR is a thermal reactor while the MSR is a fast reactor .
+
+S In a thermal reactor , fast neutrons are slowed down to produce heat .
+
+S In a fast reactor , it optimises the high speeds of the neutrons instead .
+
+S Since it would be practical to use the already fast speeds of the neutrons , slowing them down will produce a lot of heat in the VHTR .
+
+S The MSR , though it includes the liquid to gas exchanger , this generates $ 4.5 mil per percentage increase in efficiency .
+
+S ( AIAA , n.d )
+
+S Thirdly , the VHTR employs stringent security measures to combat intruders .
+
+S The whole perimeter is under 24 hour surveillance by armed guards .
+
+S Furthermore , in an event of a nuclear leak , they have a system distributing iodine pills to residents within a 10 mile radius .
+
+S Though these are impressive , the round-the-clock security can not protect against attacks like crashes and the time taken to deliver the pills may be far too long to prevent much damage .
+
+S The MSR however , employs measures such that little or no fissile materials are emitted .
+
+S The MSR is highly protected from nuclear proliferation due to its clever waste recycling of fission materials .
+
+S It converts Uranium-233 into unusable fissile material by adding Thorium .
+
+S This cycle bypasses the stage where Plutonium-239 is produced .
+
+S ( Andre , 2009 ) Instead it produces a variety of Plutonium isotopes that can not be used to make nuclear weapons .
+
+S Without weapons grade plutonium in the purest form , it reduces the effectiveness of explosions .
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||the effectiveness of .. is reduced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S U-233 is more radioactive compared to the conventional U-235 used today .
+
+S As a result , the usage of U-233 has also posed concerns to both staff working in the MSR .
+
+S More funding is needed to safeguard the staff handling fissile material .
+
+S U-233 also damages electronics , and thus , not feasible in a bomb .
+
+S However this additional safety cost incurred would be well spent if the threat of nuclear proliferation can be obliterated .
+
+S In conclusion , though the VHTR has admirable qualities , the MSR seems to be better in terms of efficiency and security of nuclear material .
+
+S In the long term , the MSR saves money by recycling its waste and is more efficient as compared to the VHTR .
+
+S Technological advances can make the MSR automated in certain sectors and prevent health issues to people working in the vicinity .
+
+S REFERENCES
+
+S * Pickard , P. , Fosberg , C. ( 2002 ) Molten Salt Reactors .
+
+S Retrieved on October 16 , 2009 from US Department of Energy Gen IV website : { http : //gif.inel.gov/roadmap/pdfs/molten_salt_reactors.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //gif.inel.gov/roadmap/pdfs/molten_salt_reactors.pdf ]
+
+S * Juhasz , A. , Rarick , R. , Rangarajan , R. ( n.d ) High efficiency nuclear power plants using Liquid Flouride Thorium Reactor Technology .
+
+S Retrieved on October 16 , 2009 from the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics ( AIAA ) website : { http : //ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20090029904_2009029422.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20090029904_2009029422.pdf ]
+
+S * Andre , H. ( Feb 2009 ) Nuclear Power and Alberta : Background Report .
+
+S Retrieved on October 18 , 2009 from the Nuclear Power Expert Panel website : { http : //www.energy.alberta.ca/Electricity/pdfs/NuclearPowerReport.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.energy.alberta.ca/Electricity/pdfs/NuclearPowerReport.pdf ]
+
+S * Forsberg , C. ( 2002 ) Molten Salt Reactors American Nuclear Society .
+
+S Miami , Florida .
+
+S * LeBlanc , D. ( 2008 ) Molten Salt Reactors : A new beginning for an old idea .
+
+S Physics Department , Carleton University .
+
+S Retrieved on October 18 , 2009 from : { http : //www.cns-snc.ca/branches/ChalkRiver/past_speak/DLeblanc_MSR_ChalkAug15.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.cns-snc.ca/branches/ChalkRiver/past_speak/DLeblanc_MSR_ChalkAug15.pdf ]
+
+S Using nuclear power is the harnessing of energy released from the nuclear fission of uranium atom .
+
+S This energy released is used to turn the turbines in the nuclear reactors and generate electricity from them .
+
+S There are new generations IV reactors which are proposed to provide better output and safer mechanism in operating them .
+
+S With this features taken into consideration , the thought of building the new generation IV reactors is getting more real .
+A 1 2|||R:DET|||these|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the possibility of a core meltdown can not be denied judging from the accidents like Three Miles Island and Chernobyl ( Butler,2004 ) .
+
+S Therefore , the concept of generation IV reactors should not receive further research and development funding due to three factors , security , cost and performance .
+
+S Scientists and engineers have created safety mechanisms which cause the reactors to cool themselves in the case of terrorist invasion ( Butler,2004 ) .This will mean that the efforts terrorists try to cause a deliberate accident will be futile .
+
+S Moreover , protective double fences are built around the perimeter of the nuclear reactors to prevent the terrorists from entering the premise .
+
+S Heightened security measures have been taken to ensure that the defence is not breached as well .
+
+S However , with the introduction of dual use technology , the supercritical-water-cooled reactors can be used as a possibility of military use of civilian nuclear power technology to make nuclear bombs .
+
+S Dual use technology refers to the making of nuclear bombs and the harnessing of energy from nuclear power .
+
+S After an intentional meltdown caused by the terrorists , the nuclear core will explode and radiation will be spread throughout the country .
+
+S As a result , people around the vicinity will suffer from cancer caused by the radiation ( BMJ,2005 ) .
+
+S In addition , nuclear waste can be sabotaged and used as radiological weapon if left unprotected .
+
+S Examples of this case include an incident in Russia in 1999 , where workers tried to sell five grams of radioactive material on the market .
+
+S Another incident was in 1993 where Russian workers were caught red-handed trying to sell five kilograms of enriched uranium ( Information on Nuclear Smuggling Incidents,n.d ) .
+
+S When the concept of the super-critical-water-cooled reactors is introduced , it will be much cheaper to build compared to the other conventional ones .
+
+S It is cheaper because of the reactor 's efficiency and simpler design which just uses water as a coolant and it is readily available ( Butler,2004 ) .
+
+S Moreover , the introduction of this concept will produce electricity that is as cheap as those produced by coal and gas .
+
+S However , the cost of building nuclear reactors has to be evaluated first before even starting to build them .
+
+S ( Foulke and Burnett,2005 ) .
+
+S It is expensive to build a new nuclear reactor , taking into consideration the area of land needed , the cost of buying the nuclear fuel for energy processing , the cost of the coolant and the cost of the construction materials .
+
+S In the U.S , sixty-three billion dollars is needed to build a new reactor and the maintenance and the operating costs are not included in it ( O'Reilly,2007 ) .
+
+S The money invested can be used to improve healthcare or even the harnessing of other forms of energy like solar energy to produce electricity .
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:MORPH|||harness|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The building of nuclear reactors is not necessary for smaller countries in Asia like Singapore .
+
+S This is because nuclear reactors have a safety zone buffer of thirty kilometres and Singapore has a radius less than that .
+
+S Therefore , the cost needed to build the nuclear reactors can be used for other uses .
+
+S The supercritical-water-cooled reactors run at temperatures which are higher than the normal nuclear reactors which means that more efficient conversion of heat to electricity ( Butler,2004 ) .
+
+S However , the performance of the nuclear reactor is dependent on the temperature of the reactor core .
+
+S This means that if the temperature of the day is higher than usual , the performance of the nuclear reactor will drop .
+
+S This is because the temperature of the reactor core is affected by external factors such as weather .
+
+S The performance also depends on how much electricity is output compared to the energy being needed to run the whole system .
+
+S For the supercritical-water-cooled reactors , very high pressure is needed to prevent the water coolant from boiling at temperatures up to five hundred degree Celsius ( Butler,2004 ) .
+
+S The stealing of nuclear waste raises a possibility of selling them on the market , causing a breakthrough in technology and more nuclear bombs to be made .
+
+S The cost of building a nuclear reactor is very expensive compared to the harnessing of other forms of energy .
+
+S The cost of the building does not include the cost of fuel , building materials and the cost of land needed to build the reactors .
+
+S With the increased in outside temperature , the performance of the nuclear reactors will drop as it is dependent on the temperature of the nuclear cores .
+A 2 3|||R:MORPH|||increase|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the supercritical-water-cooled reactors should not receive further research and development funding for it , the rise of terrorism and the making of nuclear bombs from nuclear waste make nuclear reactors a controversial issue .
+
+S References
+
+S BMJ. ( n.d ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 21,2009,from { http : //www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/331/7508/77 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/331/7508/77 ]
+
+S Butler,D .
+
+S ( 2004,May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature,429,238-240 .
+
+S Foulke & Burnett ( 2005 ) .
+
+S Burning Bright : Nuclear Energy 's Future .
+
+S Retrieved October 21,2009 , from http : //www.ncpa.org/pub/ba511/ Information on Nuclear Smuggling Incidents. ( n.d ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 21,2009,from { http : //www.atomicarchive.com/Almanac/Smuggling_details.shtml # 4 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.atomicarchive.com/Almanac/Smuggling_details.shtml # 4 ]
+
+S O'Reilly,T .
+
+S ( 2007,Sep 16 ) .
+
+S Long Now : The Arguments for Nuclear Power .
+
+S Retrieved October 25,2009 , from http : //radar.oreilly.com/2007/09/long-now-the-arguments-for- nuc.html
+
+S Cries of terror and bloodcurdling screams filled the night air as the familiar dome shaped structure in the distance began to glow amber red .
+
+S In a flash , it was all over , all there was left was rubble .
+
+S All signs of life were obliterated and everything razed to ground zero .
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+
+S This may just be a typical scenario in the event of a nuclear explosion .
+
+S The Chernobyl accident that happened in 1986 had caused people to resent the development of nuclear power .
+
+S Many antinuclear groups such as the Greenpeace organizations have sprung up overnight to rally against the development of nuclear power for the fear of the recurrence of such nuclear catastrophe .
+
+S To date , many countries spearheaded by the GIF ( Generation 4 international forum ) have already launched their plans to the construction of some generation 4 nuclear reactors on their native soil , with promises of a more efficient and cleaner reactor concept .
+
+S However , the large capital needed to even construct a single nuclear plant would mean that we should choose the best design among the six .
+
+S Needless to say , there are many factors that should be taken into consideration which would include safety , cost and performance .
+
+S A good nuclear reactor concept would be one which strikes a balance between cost and performance without compromising the safety aspects .
+
+S Firstly , what distinguishes the Very High Temperature Reactor ( VHTR ) as compared to the other designs would be that it does not provides only energy , which can be converted to electricity , but hydrogen as a byproduct as well .
+
+S The hydrogen fuel can be useful in powerful cars in the near future when the natural fuel runs dry as oil depletion is rapidly increasing at an alarming rate of 5 percent per year ( S Korpela , 2006 ) .
+
+S The designs of such vehicles are already underway by major car manufacturers such as Honda and are in the testing phases .
+
+S Critics may consider the use of hydrogen irrelevant to future society since there are already electric cars in place .
+
+S However , it is an undeniable fact that most people do still depend largely on fuel to run , imagine planes powered by electricity , though it may be possible in the near future , it may not generate the power equivalence of hydrogen fuel given the same storage space .
+
+S Moreover , electric cars require long periods of time to recharge compared to hydrogen .
+
+S Therefore , this reactor has multiple benefits apart from mere electricity output and may be a better choice to contemplate .
+
+S The next fact that VHTR outshines the other reactors in is safety .
+
+S Safety is highly regarded as one of the most important reasons in the decision of the final nuclear reactor concept .
+
+S In all aspects of nuclear technology , safety should be monitored regularly and stringent safety standards adhered to by all the generation IV nuclear plants .
+
+S However , the VHTR is passively safe , meaning there is no need for human intervention to ensure that the reactor shuts down properly in the event of emergencies .
+
+S The entire safety procedure is fully automated and hence will put the VHTR a notch above the rest of the nuclear reactor concepts .
+
+S Playing the devil 's advocate , the VHTR operates at a scorching temperature of a thousand degrees centigrade which would be a major worry for the consequence would be unimaginable lest an accident occur .
+
+S Causes of accident range from human error to external sabotage , hence , being hard to control , it is impossible to tell when an accident would occur as it need not be caused by external proliferation but instead by the operators themselves .
+
+S Therefore , with the passive fail safe devices in place , operators need no longer worry about any protocol when the panic button is pressed but instead the system will take care of itself .
+
+S Though true to a large extent , many of the generation IV reactor concepts are eradicating the sources of error instead of trying to minimize the extent of the damage done should a tragedy befall .
+
+S Furthermore , the contingency plan for the VHTR is completely mechanical and the chances of a failure due to human arbitration drop to a minimal .
+
+S This demonstrates the superiority of the VHTR as compared to the other generation IV concepts .
+
+S In conclusion , the VHTR would be clearly a preferred choice as compared to the other reactors .
+
+S As all the reactors require capacious sums of funds to construct any of the generation VI nuclear plants we examine the overall performance and the safety aspects of the VHTR as compared to the other concepts .
+
+S The VHTR is a better choice due to its capability to generate hydrogen gas which can be used as fuel and due to its excellent fail-safe concept which may prevent an adversity should it arise .
+
+S References
+
+S GreenPeace international ( nd ) , End the nuclear age , Retrieved 14th October 2009 , from http : //www.greenpeace.org/international/campaigns/nuclear
+
+S Unicef ( 2007 , December 9 ) , Nuclear energy facts , Retrieved 14th October 2009 , from http : //www.our-energy.com/energy_facts/nuclear_energy_facts.html
+
+S There.Blogging ( 2007 , July 27 ) , Electric Car vs. Hydrogen Car , Retrieved 15th October 2009 , from http : //www.thereblogging.com/ThereBlogging/FAB22DCF-AE95-4806- 934D-706E177C9D93.html
+
+S Idaho National Laboratory ( nd ) , Very High Temperature Reactor , Retrieved 15th October 2009 , from http : //nuclear.inl.gov/gen4/vhtr.shtml
+
+S Moore Patrick ( 2006 , April 16 ) , Going nuclear : a green makes the case .
+
+S The Washington Post .
+
+S Retrieved 15th October 2009 , from http : //nuclear.inl.gov/gen4/vhtr.shtml
+
+S More resources should be allocated to further research and develop Generation Four ( GIV ) nuclear power reactor as it can provide clean and safe energy at reasonable price .
+
+S Although nuclear power as a source of energy has its disadvantages , it must be noted that no single source of power supply is perfect .
+
+S Given the advancement in current and future technology , it makes sense to invest in GIV reactor in providing for our growing energy demand .
+
+S We should support research and development of GIV reactor as it provides safe and clean energy and its cost will be reduced with further advancement in technology .
+
+S Very few nuclear reactors have been built in the past few decades as the general public is extremely concern about its safe operation , especially after the accidents at Three Mile Island and Chernobyl which sent fear and created negative opinions on nuclear power among the public .
+
+S Despite the two major accidents , nuclear power is actually very safe .
+
+S Although 56 deaths had resulted from the Chernobyl accident , it is pale in comparison to the 5000 deaths annually due to coal mining activities ( Moore , 2006 ) .
+
+S In fact , the Three Mile Island incident was a success story where radiation was contained safely within the containment vessel .
+
+S Furthermore , almost all nuclear related accidents were linked to human error which can be eliminated with the use of automation .
+
+S Besides eliminating human errors in operating a nuclear plant , the automatic system will mean that no operators will be endangered as all processes , including emergency procedures , will be done automatically .
+
+S In principle , the GIV reactors are " meltdown proof " with its multiple automatic backup systems .
+
+S And even in the case of an accident , it will be cooled down automatically ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S The Chernobyl was an accident waiting to happen , the early model of the Soviet reactor which had no containment vessels were no longer operating .
+
+S The safety performance of nuclear plant has improved through the years .
+
+S From about 2 safety-significant events reported per plant per year to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission in 1990 , the number has improved to less than one tenth of that by 2000 ( Lake , 2009 ) .
+
+S The automatic GIV reactor will definitely boost the safety standard of nuclear plant further .
+
+S Another concern from the public on nuclear power will be its cost .
+
+S Given a price tag of more than US $ 1billion dollars in building a nuclear plant ( Benjamin , 2008 ) , some will argue that it is more economic to use fossil fuel or other forms of energy .
+
+S It is true that building a nuclear plant is expensive but with more research and development in it , the cost will be lowered in the near future with better design .
+
+S Although there are other promising renewable energy sources available , they are not fully reliable .
+
+S Energy such as wind and solar are unpredictable , they can not fully replace big base-load plants such as coal and other fossil fuel .
+
+S While fossil fuel is expensive and suffers from price volatility , cost of nuclear power is relatively stable and low at around 2 cents ( US $ ) per kilowatt-hour , comparable to those at gas-fired plants , as nuclear plants buy their uranium fuel at an agreed price three years in advance ( Whitman , 2007 ) .
+
+S In addition , better technology will lower the unit cost of generating nuclear power .
+
+S For example , the US has not built any new nuclear plants for the last two decades , yet the amount of electricity produced from nuclear has increased by about 8 % annually as the industry becoming more efficient ( Lake ) .
+
+S Very-high-temperature reactor ( VHTR ) , one of the concepts of GIV reactor , will be operating at around 1000 C instead of the 330 C in current model of reactors .
+
+S With higher operating temperature , efficiency of the plant will be increased .
+
+S Comparing to the conventional nuclear plant today , VHTR is expected to produce 50 % more electricity ( Butler ) .
+
+S Besides safe and economic , nuclear power is also environmental friendly as it does not produce any greenhouse gases such as Carbon Dioxide in the case of fossil fuel burning plants .
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+
+S The spent fuel rod used in nuclear power plant can be reprocessed and reused , this reduces the amount of nuclear waste that need to be stored permanently .
+
+S In summary , nuclear power is reliable , green and affordable .
+
+S Previous accident such as the Chernobyl is highly unlikely to reoccur given the current high standard of safety .
+
+S With the forecast that we will need 40 % more electricity by 2030 ( Whitman ) , accepting the practical advantages of nuclear power is both environmentally and economically sensible .
+
+S Hence , we should support further research and development of GIV reactors .
+
+S References :
+
+S Benjamin , S. ( 2008 , November 2 ) .
+
+S How much will new nuclear power plant cost .
+
+S Retrieved October 1 , 2009 , from http : //www.scitizen.com Butler , D. ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240 .
+
+S Retrieved September 17 , 2009 , from { http : //www.nature.com } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.nature.com ]
+
+S Lake , A .
+
+S ( 2009 , January 26 ) .
+
+S Next generation nuclear power .
+
+S Retrieved October 11 , 2009 , from { http : //www.scientificamerican.com } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.scientificamerican.com ]
+
+S Moore , P. ( 2006 , April 16 ) .
+
+S Going nuclear .
+
+S The Washington Post .
+
+S Retrieved October 11 , 2009 , from { http : //www.washingtonpost.com } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.washingtonpost.com ]
+
+S Whitman , C. T. ( 2007 , September 17 ) .
+
+S The case for nuclear powers .
+
+S Business Week .
+
+S Retrieved October 11 , 2009 , from { http : //www.businessweek/magazine.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.businessweek/magazine.htm ]
+
+S Molten salt reactors ---performance , safety and waste
+
+S Electricity is the most important source of energy in modern times .
+
+S In order to generate enough electricity for all the human beings , numerous tons of coal and barrels of oil are burnt every day .
+
+S However , according to energy statistics from the World Coal Institute , more than 66 % of the electricity is generated from fossil fuels , namely coal , gas and oil .
+
+S An urgent problem confronting us nowadays is that most of the fossil fuels that are widely used will be exhausted in decades or few centuries .
+
+S Known economically workable oil deposits and coal deposits will be exhausted in 2050 and in 2158 respectively .
+
+S Besides , people have suffered a lot from global warming , acid rain and air pollution , which are all largely related to the consumption of fossil fuels in the electricity generation industry .
+
+S What was worse , electricity demand is increasing dramatically due to speeded economic development worldwide .
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+
+S It is estimated that electricity demand will have doubled by 2030 .
+
+S Under such harsh circumstances , many energy experts strongly advise that we should approach other new energy sources , such as bio-energy , solar energy and wind energy .
+
+S Nuclear power is also a promising alternative that we should not overlook .
+
+S Till now nuclear scientists and engineers have already put forward the new six generation IV nuclear reactor concepts .
+
+S Molten salt reactor is one of them and it adopts a molten salt mixture as a coolant in its reactor core .
+
+S Here is an evaluation of the MSRs in terms of performance , safety , waste and cost , compared to traditional nuclear reactors .
+
+S * Performance
+
+S Molten salt reactors adopt molten salt mixture as a primary coolant , instead of traditional molten sodium coolant .
+
+S This modification allows the reactor to run at higher temperatures , which means higher thermodynamic efficiency .
+
+S And there is no high pressure steam in the core either , thus the mechanical stress is reduced .
+
+S In many designs of MSRs , the nuclear fuel is dissolved in the molten salt itself .
+
+S As a result , the preparation of the ingredients , uranium or thorium , are simplified and reactor structure can be quite easy to handle .
+
+S * Safety
+
+S Unlike solid-fuel fast reactors , fast-spectrum MSRs have large negative temperature and void coefficients because as the temperature rises or voids are formed , the fuel is expelled from the reactor core .
+
+S This is a unique advantage of MSRs compared to traditional solid-fuel reactors ( Charles W. Forsberg , 2007 ) .
+
+S [ 2 ] There is no high pressure steam in the core and the molten salt is of low pressure .
+
+S We wo n't worry about fire hazard or explosion hazard .
+
+S Thus the molten salt reactors are considered inherently safe because they are chemically stable .
+
+S They do not react rapidly with moisture or air because the fuel salt does not burn in air or water .
+
+S However , in traditional nuclear reactors or solid-fuel reactors , there is always boiling water or molten metal as coolant involved , which dramatically reduces their safety level .
+
+S Besides , since the nuclear fuel is often dissolved in the molten salt , in case an accident happened , most of radioactive materials would not be dispersed into the atmosphere and spread to the environment nearby .
+
+S And there is also a passively cooled storage which can secure the reactor by dumping the fuel to the cooled tanks if there is a leak .
+
+S * Waste
+
+S As is mentioned above , the molten salt reactors are operated at high temperatures and low pressure , thus utilization of the fuel is significant , which in turn means that there will be less waste produced during the process .
+
+S According to the modern design of a molten salt reactor , the fuel chosen is often thorium , which means the nuclear process in a molten salt reactor involves a thorium cycle .
+
+S The thorium fuel cycle can potentially burn all the actinides that generate most of the radioactive waste after use , compared to the traditional uranium-238 and plutonium cycle .
+
+S * Cost
+
+S Thorium is three times more abundant in nature compared to uranium and occurs mainly as 'fertile' .
+
+S [ 3 ] It is widely used as the fuel in MSRs , so this can commercially reduce the cost in terms of fuel source .
+
+S Thanks to its different operation that involves molten salt , a MSR eliminates the fuel enrichment and fuel fabrication , both of which are major expenses for traditional reactors .
+
+S Molten salt reactors can be built in small sizes , yet also operates very well .
+
+S The cost is reduced and business risks are not so high as those of the traditional reactors .
+
+S They are much easier to become commercially available .
+
+S In conclusion , it is quite reasonable for us to consider doing more research on and commercialise the molten salt reactor concept , as well as other types of generation IV reactors .
+
+S In retrospect to our history , when some new techniques were developed , they all had the priority .
+
+S It was and also is consensus that new technology means our future development .
+
+S As a cutting-edge technology , nuclear power should get more support and be on the way to prosperity .
+
+S The fossil fuels on the Earth are towards exhaustion soon , we have to take precautions before it is too late .
+
+S Psychology can prevent the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster
+
+S On April 12 , 1981 , the 20th anniversary of the first human spaceflight , Columbia - the first space shuttle in the world successfully launched .
+
+S Unfortunately , after flying a total of 27 times , Space Shuttle Columbia died at a very young age during re-entry on February 1st , 2003 .
+
+S According to the Columbia Accident Investigation Board ( CAIB ) 's final report , the direct cause of the accident is a breach in the heat shielding panels on the shuttle 's left wing , which was caused by a suitcase-size piece of insulating foam 's hitting with around 240m/s relative speed 81.7 seconds after launch ( Columbia Accident Investigation Board , 2003 ) .
+
+S The breach allowed the heated gases entered the initial structure and finally resulted in the disintegration .
+
+S Space Shuttle Columbia disaster is one of the most serious engineering accidents throughout the history .
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+
+S It alerted and re-emphasized us how important the safety design is .
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+
+S Meanwhile , safety in work systems is always a critical point of applied psychology and industrial efficiency ( Munsterberg , 1913 ) .
+
+S Based on Collins COBUILD Advanced learner 's English Dictionary , psychology is the scientific study of human mind and the reasons for people 's behaviors ( 2006 ) .
+
+S Human beings ' actions are involved in every major accident ( Wilpert , 2006 ) .
+
+S Accordingly , there exists a controversy that whether the use of psychology during the design process would have prevented the accident .
+
+S I believe the answer should be affirmative .
+
+S In the article " Psychology and design process " , Mr. Wilpert acknowledged that the social perception of psychology and the social science was the main reason why people can not accept psychology as a useful method to improve the safety of systems in designing process ( 2006 ) .
+
+S Same as in the Columbia issue , a lot of people just focused on the physical cause of the accident and arbitrarily claimed that it was only the engineering errors that result in the final disaster .
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+
+S It seems that the people above believe they can ensure the safety by just solving the existent problems .
+
+S However , I have to say that these people are so short-sighted that they did not find the fundamental solutions .
+
+S It is true that every time we can fix the known errors after the accident .
+
+S Nevertheless , it is just a kind of useless latter-wit .
+
+S On the contrary , with the help of psychology , we can actually analyze people 's minds and behaviors in order to find and deal with any potential problems in time .
+
+S In the following paragraph , I will focus on two aspects to explain my viewpoints , viz .
+
+S Design of the Space Shuttle and problem solving decision .
+
+S Insulating foam is used for covering the External Tank in order to keep a relatively high temperature .
+
+S However , the foam is not that firm ; the mechanisms can cause them to shed .
+
+S Moreover , it is ironic that this kind of imperfection was well known by NASA and caused shuttle damage on every prior flight .
+
+S It is true that everything in the world can not be perfect .
+
+S Nonetheless , NASA management did not predict the serious consequence and wrongly thought it was an acceptable risk .
+
+S Even today , six years after the Columbia accident , NASA still do not solve the falling foam problem ( Young , 2006 ) , and the officials still say there is no need for a heightened concern ( Hays , 2009 ) .
+
+S If some psychologists can communicate with the management officials and teach them to think in a more critical way , the results would not be catastrophic .
+
+S Sometimes it is impossible to prevent problem occurring , but we can still solve the problem .
+
+S Once again , NASA disappointed us .
+
+S After the launch , engineers asked NASA management to visualize the damage many times , but NASA never responded and did not give any resolution since they did not believe the damage would be so severe .
+
+S This kind of psychological problem as being irresponsible is really unforgivable .
+
+S Even one board member Feynman questioned why the management was so confident in the machinery ( 1986 ) .
+
+S With the help of psychology , we can thoroughly improve the management system effects by solving official 's psychological problems .
+
+S After all , to be more precise and realistic is the basic need to make problem solving decisions .
+
+S Tragedy had already happened , and we can not change past .
+
+S However , we must learn something to prevent such things occurring again .
+
+S Psychology has the function to guide people to understand technological imperfections and give effective problem solving decision .
+
+S At least in the Columbia issue , I am very sure the use of psychology would have prevented the accident .
+
+S References :
+
+S Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner 's English Dictionary , Fifth Edition , 2006 .
+
+S Columbia Accident Investigation Board , 2003 .
+
+S Report of Columbia Accident Investigation Board , Volume 1 .
+
+S Retrieved October 20th , 2009 , from { http : //anon.nasa-global.speedera.net/anon.nasa-global/CAIB/CAIB_medres_full.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //anon.nasa-global.speedera.net/anon.nasa-global/CAIB/CAIB_medres_full.pdf ]
+
+S Feynman , R. P. , 1986 .
+
+S Personal Observations on Reliability of Shuttle .
+
+S Retrieved October 20th , 2009 , from http : //history.nasa.gov/rogersrep/v2appf.htm
+
+S Hays , K. , 2009 .
+
+S NASA launches Endeavour as weather finally complies .
+
+S Retrieved October 20th , 2009 , from http : //www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/side/6530036.html
+
+S Munsterberg , H. , 1913 .
+
+S Psychology and industrial efficiency .
+
+S Houghton Mufflin Co. , Boston .
+
+S Wilpert , B. , 2006 .
+
+S Psychology and design process .
+
+S Elsevier Ltd .
+
+S Young , K. , 2006 .
+
+S Foam still a key concern for shuttle launch .
+
+S Retrieved October 20th , 2009 , from http : //www.newscientist.com/article/dn9733
+
+S As the mankind has entered the 21 century , the need for fuel has become increasingly pressing , which has exceeded the amount of fuel required in the past century by most 50 percent .
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+
+S To solve the complex function of the world 's need for more fuel , the solution lies in , as suggested by scientists and engineers worldwide , the generation IV nuclear reactors , which are capable of generating the power needed at a far more efficient rate compared to the contemporary power plants .
+
+S There are altogether six designs for the generation IV reactors while this essay will focus on one of them named very-high-temperature reactor or VHTR in short and expound on the reasons why it is worth all the researches and money put into it .
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+
+S Generation IV reactors are designed to achieve certain goals , some of which involve generating clean and efficient energy , replacing fossil fuel and increasing resource utilization .
+
+S The VHTR is specially designed to achieve these goals because it can withstand core temperature as high as 1000 degrees , even the highest among all the generation IV reactors .
+
+S Having established some common understanding of the VHTR , there are basically three reasons why the VHTR should receive continuous funding and research .
+
+S First and the most concerned reason of all is that the VHTR guarantees a high degree of safety .
+
+S Being graphite-moderated and helium-cooled , it does n't melt easily due to the extremely high melting point of graphite nor does it allow any corrosion of the chamber as helium is a very inert gas which is resistant to reactions that lead to corrosive substances .
+
+S This property should well fend off the critics using the meltdown accidents that happened at Three Mile Island and Ukraine , as the possibility of such accidents happening to a reactor able to function properly at 1000 degrees is insignificant .
+
+S Secondly , the VHTR produces energy in a very efficient manner .
+
+S The VHTR allows for more than 50 % of more electricity to be produced from the same amount of fuel intake compared to the conventional reactors .
+
+S It burns up to 65 % of uranium compared to only 5 % for conventional reactors .
+
+S As the non-renewable resources are running out , the VHTR provides an excellent alternative solution to energy generation .
+
+S Thirdly , the VHTR produces a by-product , hydrogen gas , which is considered as another environmental-friendly source of energy .
+
+S At high temperature ( 700-900 ) , H2 is split from water and can be further utilized as fuel for transportation and factories .
+
+S This reduces burning of fossil fuels , like oil , which generates toxic gases .
+
+S This property , which can never be reached by the current reactors , serves to preserve the environment by replacing the contaminating fossil fuels using hydrogen gas .
+
+S Despite the fact that the VHTR brings tons of benefits to the mankind , there are certain negative facts which impede the officials from making up their minds on the funding .
+
+S The cost issue is certainly the most depressing thing among all .
+
+S For each nuclear reactor , an astounding amount of one billion has to be pumped into the construction .
+
+S As predicted , a generation IV reactor design is not to be realized before 2030 .
+
+S With some degree of uncertainty over the possibilities of putting a VHTR into operation , such a huge bill is difficult to be issued anytime soon .
+
+S Moreover , alternative solutions of fuel are not necessarily constrained by generation IV reactors as sources like solar power which require much less funding than the reactors are being intensely researched upon .
+
+S Hence the realization of VHTR is not as cost competitive as those alternatives .
+
+S Another problem is that the researches into the materials required by the containers and pipes are not going to produce useful results in the near future .
+
+S Due to the fact that the VHTR should withstand extremely high temperatures , the materials for the chamber must be ultra hard and corrosion resistant , many times better than those that we have already discovered .
+
+S These two problems , together with a few others , may disrupt further researches into and funding for the VHTR .
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+
+S However , scientists and engineers worldwide have come together and discussed on the solutions to the problems .
+
+S As for reducing the cost of construction , the government can impose a carbon tax on the citizens and therefore use the tax revenue to fund the researches .
+
+S Moreover the cost of over-night construction can be cut off , which will save up a great deal of money .
+
+S There are more cost cutting plans to be made .
+
+S As for the materials , scientists have already found Oxide Dispersion Strengthened ( ODS ) alloys and fibre reinforced ceramic , which are very hard and corrosion resistant materials .
+
+S With this remarkable breakthrough , there will sure be more new materials to be discovered .
+
+S In conclusion , for the long term consideration , the VHTR is worth the researches into and money spent on it as it not only generates energy highly efficiently but produces a by-product which is also a source of clean energy .
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+
+S The fact that the potential problems will be well dealt with should further strengthen people 's belief in the VHTR .
+
+S References :
+
+S http : //www.cogeneration.net/Very_High_Temperature_Reactor.htm
+
+S http : //nextbigfuture.com/2008/07/very-high-temperature-gas-cooled.html #
+
+S https : //inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt ? open = 514&objID = 2251&parentname = Co mmunityPage&parentid = 13&mode = 2
+
+S http : //www.ornl.gov/ ~ webworks/cppr/y2001/pres/117322.pdf
+
+S http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very_high_temperature_reactor
+
+S From statistics , 20 % to 50 % of incidents , including failures , accidents and near-accidents , were caused by poor designs ( Wilpert , 2007 , p. 296 ) and these figures were actually underestimated for two reasons .
+
+S The first being that single design errors tend not to cause mishaps because of the defense- in-depth designs in many installations of complex and high-hazard nature .
+
+S The second reason is simply because some design errors were picked up and corrected before any mishaps could happen .
+
+S However , in both cases , it was highly probable that there were occurrences of some form of failure due to poor design .
+
+S By incorporating psychology into engineering design processes , failures and incidents can be prevented , if not , minimized .
+
+S This essay will argue how the incorporation of psychology into design processes could have prevented the major engineering accident , in the case of the Three Mile Island nuclear plant mishap on March 28 , 1979 , which was a " snowball effect " , caused by a minor and simple fault .
+
+S First of all , opponents of this psychological approach towards engineering design insist that the faulty valve was the key factor and main cause of the incident , and that psychology could not have prevented it .
+
+S However , operators could have picked up this fault if the design of the instrument gave clear and proper signals .
+
+S In this case , the instruments that were used did not ( U.S.NRC , 2009 ) .
+
+S Consequently , it resulted in a " Design Induced Human Error " ( Nelson & Associates ) , and this led to an aggravation of the situation .
+
+S It can be seen that if psychology was incorporated into the design of the instruments , the engineers of the instruments could have anticipated such a problem and included a device to alert the operators in a case when the valve and its related parts fail .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||had been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , opponents may also argue that this accident was caused by human error , because the operators failed to trace back the fault to the valve , leading to an aggravation to the point when emergency signals were shown .
+
+S In this event , operators picked up signals that caused confusion ( U.S.NRC , 2009 ) .
+
+S Operators then made the best judgments and took the best actions based on whatever information they could obtain .
+
+S These judgments and actions were correct with respect to the information that was shown on the instruments .
+
+S Therefore , this is yet another " Design Induced Human Error " ( Nelson & Associates ) .
+
+S Once again , if psychology , in the form of cognitive ergonomics , had been implemented in the design process of the instruments to improve the human-machine interface , errors and misjudgments could have been reduced ( Budnick & Michael , 2001 ) , and events like this would not have happened .
+
+S The final two arguments brought forth by the opponents may be the poor quality of machinery parts that led to the malfunction of the valve , and the inadequacies in the training of operators .
+
+S These arguments pointed out by the opponents are in actual fact very related to psychology and are factors part of Organizational Ergonomics ( International Ergonomics Association , 2009 ) .
+
+S By looking at the system as a whole , that is , to include the managerial departments , we can see that if psychology was employed in the design and planning processes of how the plant is run , proper schedules for checks on machineries and also re-training can be planned .
+
+S By predicting such problems , measures can be taken before an accident can happen .
+
+S It is evident that psychology is able to reduce and also prevent errors by applying to both the micro and macro aspects of design processes of a system .
+
+S As we can see from the case of Three Mile Island , by anticipating problems that operators would face , the instruments could have been more accurate and reliable , which will then allow operators to remedy the fault straightaway .
+
+S In addition , by employing psychological approaches and methods , planners will be able to foresee problems that may arise .
+
+S The planners can then come up with appropriate schedules not only for regular checks on machineries , but also for retraining and refresher courses .
+
+S In conclusion , it is not uncommon for engineers and planners to commit mistakes and neglect what they think are not important .
+
+S Thus , by employing psychology , whether it is hiring a psychologist or just the employment of psychological approaches , problems that used to be unpredictable can be foreseen .
+
+S Improvements and enhancements can then be implemented pertaining to these problems and , as a result , lower the chances of accidents happening .
+
+S References
+
+S Wilpert , B .
+
+S ( 2007 ) Psychology and design processes .
+
+S ( p. 293 303 )
+
+S United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission ( 2009 , August ) .
+
+S Three Mile Island Accident Retrieved October 18 , 2009 , from http : //www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/fact-sheets/3mile- isle.pdf
+
+S Peter Budnick & Rachel Michael ( June 11 , 2001 ) What is Cognitive Ergonomics ?
+
+S Retrieved October 18 , 2009 , from http : //www.ergoweb.com/news/detail.cfm ? id = 352
+
+S International Ergonomics Association ( October 18 , 2009 ) The Discipline of Ergonomics Retrieved October 18 , 2009 , from http : //www.engr.wisc.edu/studentorgs/hfes/hf.html
+
+S K ä ti & Graham Engineering Psychology : Another Science of Common Sense ?
+
+S Retrieved October 18 , 2009 , from http : //www.katiandgraham.com/eng_psy.htm Citation : Stanton , N. ( 1996 ) , The Psychologist , 9 , ( 7 ) , 300-303
+
+S Nelson & Associates Human Factors and Ergonomics Retrieved October 18 , 2009 , from http : //www.hazardcontrol.com/humanfactors.html
+
+S The nuclear reactor meltdown in Chernobyl in the year 1986 has became a dark age in the implementation of nuclear power .
+
+S Since then , nuclear power was often thought to be dangerous and therefore undermining the benefits that it can bring about .
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||has often been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In his article , Butler ( 2004 ) states six generation four reactor concepts including the sodium cooled fast reactor , which is much safer compared to older generations of nuclear reactors .
+
+S Therefore , technology can reduce the risks of nuclear power and therefore ensuring the safety of it .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:FORM|||ensure|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , the implementation of nuclear energy to generate electricity should be encouraged .
+
+S Firstly , the reactor meltdown accident in Chernobyl , 1986 has became a reason to prove that nuclear power is dangerous and should not be encouraged .
+
+S However , the accident occurred in the year 1986 and there has been no similar major accidents since then .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , it can be observed that technological advancements can increase the safety of nuclear power .
+
+S Donald ( 2004 ) indicates that the accident in Chernobyl was allowed to happen because the reactor was not placed in a containment building , therefore allowing the nuclear radiation to be released into the atmosphere , causing huge losses in human lives .
+
+S Donald ( 2004 ) also states that the Chernobyl accident would not happen in other nuclear power plants as they are all placed in a containment building .
+
+S This is the main reason as to why the reactor meltdown accident in Three Mile Island did not cause any deaths or injuries .
+
+S Therefore , it can be shown that technology can be used to reduce the dangers of nuclear power .
+
+S Secondly , nuclear power plants were often thought to be much dangerous than other sources of electricity generation due to the unstable nuclear reactors .
+
+S For example , coal burning generators and hydroelectric power plants .
+
+S However , this is not true as advancements in technology has allowed nuclear power plants to be safer than any other types of power plants .
+
+S The sodium cooled fast nuclear reactor which Butler ( 2004 ) states , produces only electricity and no other outputs,it also has a low operating temperature of 550 degrees Celsius and pressure compared to older generations of reactors .
+
+S Furthermore , other types of power plants produce harmful gases like carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide .
+
+S Donald ( 2004 ) also states that third generation nuclear reactors are already able to reduce possibility of a nuclear reactor meltdown from 1 in 20,000 to 1 in 800,000 .
+
+S Donald ( 2004 ) also states that there were more deaths in other types of electricity generation plants than nuclear power plants .
+
+S For example , hydroelectric power plants caused 110 times more deaths , coal 45 times and natural gases 45 times respectively .
+
+S NS & T ( n.d ) states that unlike fossil fuel or natural gases , uranium is mined and is in solid form , therefore it will not cause problems such as spillage during transportation , unlike the liquid fossil fuels and gaseous natural gases , which are considered as old -age forms of raw materials for generating electricity .
+
+S Thus , we can observe that technological advancements in nuclear power can allow it to be safer than other kinds of nuclear power plants .
+
+S Lastly , nuclear waste disposal are often thought to be as one of the most important reasons impeding the safety of nuclear power plants .
+
+S However , due to recent technological advancements , nuclear waste disposal has become much safer .
+
+S The sodium-cooled fast nuclear reactor which Butler ( 2004 ) lists can allow most of the nuclear wastes produced after the generation of electricity to be recycled for a large amount of times .
+
+S Therefore , reducing the amount of nuclear wastes produced and thus reducing the dangers of nuclear waste disposal .
+
+S Both Parta ( n.d ) and Donald ( 2004 ) have state in their articles that nuclear power produces small amount of nuclear waste , the size of an aspirin tablet per person 's electricity consumption per year .
+
+S Therefore , due to the small amount of nuclear waste produced from nuclear power plants , and the ease of recycling the already small amount of nuclear waste due to technological advancements , nuclear waste disposal is much safer than before .
+
+S In conclusion , due to technology , misconceptions on the accident of Chernobyl can be cleared and future similar accidents can be prevented .
+
+S Furthermore , technology has allowed the generation of nuclear power to be much safer than other forms of power generation .
+
+S Moreover , the disposal of nuclear waste has become much safer due to technological advancements .
+
+S Thus , opposition of implementation of nuclear power should be reduced and nuclear power should be used as the new source of energy .
+
+S References :
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240 .
+
+S CASEnergy Coalition. ( n.d ) .
+
+S Economic Benefits .
+
+S Retrieved October 12 , 2009 , from www.cleansafeenergy.org
+
+S Donald,W.M .
+
+S ( 2004 ) .
+
+S Advantages of Nuclear power .
+
+S Retrieved September 30 , 2009 , from www.lewrockwell.com
+
+S NS & T. ( n.d ) .
+
+S Electricity : Benefits/Effects .
+
+S Retrieved October 12 , 2009 , from www.aboutnuclear.org
+
+S Nuclearinfo.net. ( n.d ) .
+
+S Our Need for Energy .
+
+S Retrieved September 30 , 2009 , from http : //nuclearinfo.net/Nuclearpower/OneCompletePage
+
+S Parta , D.S .
+
+S ( n.d ) .
+
+S Nuclear energy and nuclear power plants- A Knol .
+
+S Retrieved October 12 , 2009 , from http : //knol.google.com
+
+S Wilpert , B. ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Psychology and design processes .
+
+S Safety Science , 45,293- 303 .
+
+S The Insider ( 2003 ) " At some time between 2010 and 2020 , the world 's supply of oil and gas will fall below the level required to meet international demand .
+
+S " Oil and gas are currently important contribution to electricity in our everyday lives .
+
+S Unless we find alternative sources for oil and gas , our economy will most likely collapse the day we run out of them .
+
+S Nuclear power , an alternative source of electricity , could be the answer to this major problem .
+
+S According to a statistic by the " World Nuclear Association ( 2009 ) " , about 15 % of the world 's electricity generation comes from nuclear power .
+
+S Despite being the most prominent replacement for coal and fuel , nuclear reactors received strong opposition from the public masses .
+
+S The public 's main concerns of nuclear reactors are the high cost of nuclear plants and nuclear research , the hazard that it poses and whether the nuclear reactors are really efficient enough to replace coal and gases .
+
+S Nevertheless , further research and development funding is needed for generation IV reactor concept , namely the " Very-High Temperature " reactor .
+
+S As cited from Idaho National Laboratory ( 2009 ) , the Very-High-Temperature Reactor or " VHTR " is a helium-cooled reactor which is graphite-moderated , with a one time uranium fuel cycle .
+
+S It uses high core outlet temperatures that enable hydrogen and electricity production .
+
+S Firstly , detractors claimed that nuclear reactors and their corresponding researches cost lots of resources and money , so much that it is not economically worth taxpayer 's money to build and research nuclear technologies .
+
+S According to statistics from " The Virtual Nuclear Tourist ( 2005 ) " , taking fuel , capital , operation , maintenance and waste related costs into considerations , coal cost 29.1 $ /Mw-hr while nuclear power cost 30 $ /Mw-hr .
+
+S The difference in momentary value between conventional coal processing and nuclear power is not that big a difference .
+A 3 4|||R:ADJ|||monetary|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , " Very-High Temperature " reactors do not need to spend any money on waste recycling as all the waste goes directly to the repository .
+
+S This means that the cost of this technology is about the same , if not , lesser than conventional coal processing .
+A 16 17|||R:ADJ:FORM|||less|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , opponents doubt the safety of using nuclear reactors and the possible hazards that it might pose .
+
+S Ever since the Chernobyl accident , many fear that history will repeat itself .
+
+S They are worried that the safety of their children will be at stake .
+
+S According to history , there have been only two major reactor accidents due to civil nuclear power , namely the Three Mile Island and Chernobyl .
+
+S As referred from the World Nuclear Association ( 2008 ) , these two accidents are the only two in the 12,700 reactor-years of commercial operation of in 32 countries .
+
+S Moreover , ever since the Chernobyl accident which happened in 1986 , the standards for safety in nuclear reactors have greatly increased .
+
+S Unlike the past , nuclear reactors now come with equipments that prevent operational disturbances which will in turn develop into problems .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||equipment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , sub systems are also implemented to detect problems and prevent significant radioactive releases .
+
+S All these new implementations come in all generation IV reactors , including the " Very-High Temperature Reactors " .
+
+S Thirdly , critics questioned if nuclear reactors are really efficient enough to replace coal and gases and claimed that nuclear power will never be able to replace coals and fuel in the near future .
+
+S As stated , nuclear reactors are already generating about 15 % of the world 's electricity needs .
+
+S According to the World Nuclear Organization ( 2008 ) , a single average nuclear power reactor generates about 12.4 billion kilowatt-hours ( kWh ) of electrical energy .
+
+S Generation IV reactors , namely the VHTR , generates not only electricity , but also hydrogen .
+
+S Hydrogen is much needed in motor vehicle industries where future vehicles will most likely run on hydrogen fuels when coal and oil eventually runs out .
+
+S As stated in the book by Gwyneth Cravens ( 2007 ) " wind and solar power , while important , can meet only a fraction of the demand for electricity " .
+
+S When it comes to electricity generation , there are no other alternatives that come close to coals and fuels other than nuclear power .
+
+S Nuclear power will most probably be our main source of electricity generators once coal and fuel runs out .
+
+S It will be a better option to spend money on researching nuclear power prototypes now , rather than to wait till the epic scene where there is not enough electricity to go around to support the growth of the world .
+
+S Hence , it is of utmost important that research and development funding is provided for Very-High Temperature reactors .
+
+S References
+
+S The Insider ( 2003 ) , The Insider organization , 19 October 2003 .
+
+S Article cited from The Insider webiste : http : //www.theinsider.org/news/article.asp ? id = 0423
+
+S Nuclear Power in the World Today ( 2009 ) , World Nuclear Organization , March 2009 .
+
+S Information cited from website : http : //www.world- nuclear.org/info/inf01.html
+
+S Teri Ehresman ( 2009 ) , Idaho National Laboratory , 2009 .
+
+S Information citied from Idaho National Laboratory website : https : //inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt ? open = 514&objID = 2251&parentna me = CommunityPage&parentid = 13&mode = 2
+
+S Joseph Gonyeau ( 2005 ) , The Virtual Nuclear Tourist , 2009 .
+
+S Statistics citied from Virtual Nuclear Tourist website : http : //www.nucleartourist.com/basics/costs.htm
+
+S Safety of Nuclear Power Reactors ( 2008 ) , World Nuclear Organization , June 2008 .
+
+S Information cited from website : http : //www.world- nuclear.org/info/inf06.html
+
+S Gwyneth Cravens ( 2007 ) , Power to Save the World , New York : Knopf Publishing Group .
+
+S Robotic surgery is the use of a mechanical device to assist surgery in place of a human being or in a human-like way .
+
+S Even though it is in its early stages , robotic surgery is set to revolutionize surgery .
+
+S Today 's technology is focused on developing 'robot-assisted-surgery ' but , gradually , robots are becoming more sophisticated and diverse .
+
+S One of such system is the Da Vinci Surgical System .
+
+S It is a system that enables surgeons to carry out operation with better precision .
+
+S The Da Vinci System has been used for a variety of surgical procedures including surgery for prostate cancer , hysterectomy and mitral valve repair .
+
+S Despite the many benefits such 'robot-assisted-surgery ' brings , surgeons around the world are skeptical about how such technology can truly benefit mankind .
+
+S Many of the surgeons around the world are concerned with the inadequate training among practitioners when using the system .
+
+S Cases of lives loss have occurred due to the inadequate amount of practice with the new systems .
+
+S " The more you do , the better you 're going to get .
+
+S " Said Dr. Kevin Zorn , chief of urology at Weiss Memorial Hospital at the University of Chicago ( Debra , 2009 ) New and inexperienced surgeons can be subjected to rigorous training before using the system on their patients .
+
+S Dr. Kevin Zorn stated that it would take at least 20 attempts before one can become familiar enough to do the surgery safely .
+
+S ( Debra , 2009 ) Robot-assisted-surgery can also be incorporated into the medical education system to expose new surgeons to such technology at an early stage to further reduce the issue of inadequate training .
+
+S As the system is still in its infancy stage , future improvements of such safety issues can be made to include technology such as Artificial Intelligence ( AI ) , where the system are allowed to correct errors done by the surgeon during the procedure .
+
+S One other concern will be the dent a surgical robot will have on the hospital 's financial budget .
+
+S Most hospital does not have the budget to purchase equipments costing more than $ 500,000 .
+
+S Most claim that the cost of the machine ( hefty at US $ 1.5 million dollars ) will result with patient being unable to afford the increase in surgical cost .
+
+S However , when expensive equipment is used more frequently , it becomes more economical .
+
+S Ash Tewari , Director of Robotic Prostatectomy and Prostate Cancer-Urologic Oncology Outcomes at Brady Urology Foundation of the Department of Urology , says that sitting at the console , in a relaxed position , enables him to do more procedures than he could if he were standing upright over a patient .
+
+S ( Charles , 2007 ) Also , as the use of the robotic system reduces the recovery time needed , the average stay of the patients is reduced to 3 to 4 days as compared to 7 days .
+
+S ( Kristen , 2005 ) Therefore , the hospital will be able to handle more patients , reducing the cost needed from patients for the surgery .
+
+S According to the study , with proper experience in both techniques , there is no advantage in applying Da Vinci Surgical System .
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( A.A , 2005 ) This raised issue of whether is there a need to move to a stage of incorporating robots into the operation theatre .
+
+S With uncertainties of whether the safety and cost will be resolved , are they worth the risk to adopt when there are no clear advantages in them ?
+
+S " Try to use chopsticks through a very small hole .
+
+S You 're not going to be very good with them .
+
+S But if you have a robot that can project the dexterity of your hands through a small incision , then you can do complex things " , cited Dr. David Yuh , assistant professor of surgery in the division of cardiac surgery at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore .
+
+S ( Kristen , 2005 ) In comparison to traditional approaches , the robotic system will have greater surgical precision , increased range of motion , improved dexterity , enhanced visualization and improved access .
+
+S These will benefit patients in having less pain , less risk of infection , less blood loss , fewer transfusions , less scarring , faster recovery and a quicker return to normal daily activities .
+A 4 5|||R:PREP|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||causing less pain|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Intuitive Surgical , 2009 ) For example , most heart surgical procedures are done through the sternum , a flat bone of the rib cage .
+
+S This method of operation causes much distress and pain to the patient as compared to if it is done using the Minimal Invasive System ( MIS ) approach .
+
+S However , human limitations do not allow a smooth MIS procedure when it comes to heart operations .
+
+S This is where the improved dexterity the robot offers becomes handy .
+
+S Robotic surgical system will be the step medical authorities have to take for the better of mankind .
+
+S It should be evident that arguments regarding safety , cost , as well as better performance are addressed .
+
+S Instead of shunning away , we should learn to be receptive and reach for greater height in both the medical field as well as the robotics field .
+
+S " If you are looking at the future , it 's hard to envision a hospital not offering robotics , " said Robert Glenning , chief financial officer at the Hackensack University Medical Center in New Jersey .
+
+S ( Barnaby , 2008 )
+
+S Experts have predicted that with the current ever-increasing usage of energy , the fossil fuels on Earth will be used up in the next fifty years .
+
+S Alternative forms of energy have to be developed to solve this issue .
+
+S Nuclear energy is one of the alternatives which can be used .
+
+S The very high temperature reactor ( VHTR ) is a Generation IV reactor concept which operates at around 900 to 1000 degree Celsius .
+
+S It has a higher efficiency than the conventional coal reactors .
+
+S However , there is much dispute over the usage of nuclear reactors .
+A 8 9|||R:MORPH|||use|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Safety issues and costs are the main reasons for the public to oppose the usage of VHTR .
+
+S Even with these arguments , there is still a need to develop VHTR as a source of energy for the future .
+
+S Thesis
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||incomplete sentence|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The public are afraid that the high temperatures in the nuclear reactors will be a major hazard for the people working in and those living near the reactors .
+
+S People fear that the high temperatures will increase the possibilities of having an explosion in the reactors .
+
+S VHTR uses helium , an inert and fireproof gas , as the coolant instead of water used by the conventional reactors .
+
+S Thus , it will not result in steam explosion , which can happen in reactors using water as a coolant .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , VHTR is designed to work under high temperatures .
+
+S It has a reliable safety backup system whereby in case of machinery failures , the reactor will submissively fall to a safe energy level , without damaging the reactor vessels or the fuel spheres , allowing corrections to be made safely ( MIT , 2003 ) .
+
+S Hence , this shows that safety precautions have been set to prevent accidents .
+
+S On the other hand , instead of being a threat , the high temperatures can be used to produce hydrogen , which can eventually be converted into electricity for the public , making VHTR more efficient compared to coal reactors and even some of the other Generation IV reactor concepts .
+
+S In short , the high temperatures will not become a threat to the public as safety measures are taken to prevent accidents ; instead , the high temperatures can be used to improve the efficiency of VHTR .
+
+S The high initial start up costs is also a crucial factor in the opposition of VHTR .
+
+S According to Butler ( 2004 ) , it costs about US $ 1 billion dollars to build a nuclear reactor .
+
+S Hence , it has to have relatively lower operating costs to stay competitive with fossil fuel reactors .
+
+S In fact , VHTR can produce 50 % more electricity from the same amount of fuel compared with conventional reactors ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S Hence , being a much more efficient reactor , it lowers the operating and capital costs .
+
+S It is also stated that VHTR can generate electricity at prices that are comparable with coal and gas .
+
+S Furthermore , VHTR does not emit greenhouse gases .
+
+S Currently , global warming is one of the most serious issues in the world .
+
+S By cutting down on greenhouse gases emissions , it will eventually have a long term benefit for the public .
+
+S The risks of greenhouse effects should also be taken into consideration in the decision to use nuclear energy .
+
+S The high start up costs can not outweigh the detrimental effects on the Earth by greenhouse gases .
+
+S Moreover , although in the short run , companies running VHTR may incur losses , in the long run , they will be able gain profits .
+
+S Therefore , high initial investments should not deter companies from setting up VHTR , as there will be long term gains for the public .
+
+S Finally , opponents of nuclear reactors fear that plutonium which can be found in nuclear waste will be used for terrorism .
+
+S Plutonium is an element which can be made into nuclear weapons ; it is only available when the nuclear waste is reprocessed .
+
+S However , according to Butler ( 2004 ) , VHTR does not reprocess nuclear waste .
+
+S As a result , plutonium will not be separated out from the waste .
+
+S This can ease the fears of the public that terrorist will make nuclear reactors their potential target .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||terrorists|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In brief , nuclear weapons can not be made without plutonium ; as a consequence , VHTR will less likely be a target for terrorist .
+
+S In conclusion , the arguments against the setting up of VHTR are debatable .
+
+S The adverse effects of global warming can not outweigh the costs of setting up VHTR .
+
+S Furthermore , the accidents due to high temperatures can be prevented with sufficient safety measures in place .
+
+S Instead , the high temperatures can be used to increase efficiency of the reactor .
+
+S Fears of the use of plutonium to be made into nuclear weapons can also be eased as the nuclear waste in VHTR is not reprocessed ; consequently , plutonium will not be separated out .
+
+S Therefore , further funding for the research and development of VHTR should be made available as VHTR will bring long term benefits to the public .
+
+S References
+
+S Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( 2003 ) The Future of Nuclear Power .
+
+S Retrieved October 10 , 2009 from http : //web.mit.edu/nuclearpower/pdf/nuclearpower-full.pdf
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240 .
+
+S Retrieved October 10 , 2009 from http : //www.nature.com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/nature/journal/v429/n6989/full/429238a.html
+
+S With the explosion of global population , the world is demanding more energy than ever .
+
+S Non-renewable energy sources such as fossil fuels will soon be depleted within decades and we need to find new sources of energy to sustain the global civilisation .
+
+S Current renewable sources such as solar power , wind power and hydroelectric power are not sufficient to keep up with the growing demands .
+
+S Hence nuclear power is becoming a more viable option as it produces consistent output of electricity in large amounts .
+
+S However , conventional fears and concerns from the public that radiation , risk of nuclear explosion and nuclear meltdown can have catastrophic impact on the environment and public health .
+A 0 29|||R:OTHER|||incomplete sentence|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , the consequences of it not so well-known and researched on yet as nuclear technology has not been around for a very long time .
+A 6 6|||M:VERB|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But in reality , burning of fossil fuels for energy are damaging the environment and public health too , which may , to a certain extent , causes even more damage than a safe operating nuclear power plant .
+
+S Nuclear power is a feasible choice to meet the demands of the world energy needs as the output is highly efficient and consistent out of all the renewable sources , new generation nuclear reactors are safer and cheaper to operate and are more secure not just with the heavy fortification but also simplified fail-safe mechanisms which can automatically prevent disasters triggered by accident .
+
+S The cost of power generation by nuclear means is still higher as compared to that of fossil fuels .
+
+S And this in turn , leads to higher market prices for electricity generated by nuclear means .
+
+S But in the long run , nuclear power may even be cheaper .
+
+S One of the leading concept of generation IV reactor , Very-high-temperature reactors ( VHTR ) , uses advanced technology to increase the efficiency of electricity generation by 50 % ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S This allows the reactor to lower the cost of production by producing 50 % more electricity with the same amount of input , since nuclear reactors does not require consistent inputs of fuel frequently as compared to fossil fuel plants which requires constant inputs of fuels to burn .
+
+S The VHTR is designed to be a highly efficient system and is able to supply process heat to industries that require high-temperature , energy-intensive and non-electric processes ( Idaho Laboratories , 2009 ) .
+
+S The VHTR concept is based on what is judged to be the minimal risk technology that will achieve commercial functional requirements to provide an economically competitive nuclear heat source and hydrogen production capability ( Idaho Laboratories , 2009 ) .
+
+S This in turn saves energy that is needed to power these industries .
+
+S Conventional fears of catastrophic nuclear accidents can be put to rest with the new generation nuclear plants which use the latest technology to ensure maximum safety .
+
+S Nuclear power is safer with new technology that saves production cost .
+
+S New generation reactors are designed to be " meltdown proof " which cools themselves down in the event of an accident ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S It incorporates a simplified safety features without relying too much on sophisticated backup systems and competent personals , and thus any attempt to sabotage the facility will be in vain .
+
+S The best part of this is that all will be done without human intervention .
+
+S Hence the plant will be very safe even if an accident occurs .
+
+S The security of a nuclear installation is of utmost importance given the threats of sabotaging by terrorists .
+
+S All nuclear installations around the world are heavily fortified with security personnel and defence mechanisms , hence the nuclear plants will be safe and secure .
+
+S Concerns from the public regarding the implications of radiation exposure of an operating nuclear plant are all but unfounded as ironically , conventional fossil fuel plants emit more pollutants such as sulphur dioxide and nitrous oxide which causes acid rain , carbon dioxide which causes global warming .
+
+S This in fact causes more damage to the environment than a safe operating nuclear plant which has no emissions as all radioactive fuels are kept in containers with thick lead walls to prevent any radiation leakage .
+
+S Statistics show that there are more deaths due to overexposure to these pollutants .
+
+S Apart from the Chernobyl accident , and subsequent major accidents , radiation released during normal operation have been found to be almost undetectable as compared to natural background radiation ( Gabbard , n.d ) .
+
+S In fact coal combustion produces carbon dioxide and other greenhouse and also sulphur oxides and nitrogen oxides , which are harmful to human health , are responsible for acid rain .
+
+S And there is another shocking fact : releases from coal combustion contain naturally occurring radioactive substances such as uranium and thorium ( Gabbard , n.d ) .
+
+S All in all , nuclear power is not exactly more hazardous than conventional power plants given the newer generation of nuclear plants which promises maximum safety and security with enhanced efficiency .
+
+S With continual research and advancement of nuclear power technology , the nuclear reactors of the generations to come will be safer to operate , more efficient and are accident-safe due to more sophisticated automatic shutdown mechanisms .
+
+S Public concerns over safety and nuclear proliferation have retarded the growth of nuclear technology .
+
+S According to Butler ( 2004 ) , " the partial reactor meltdown in 1979 at Three Mile Island , Pennsylvania , and the 1986 accident at Chernobyl in Ukraine " have convinced the public that nuclear technology is extremely dangerous .
+
+S Besides , there were questions over proliferation of uranium and plutonium waste to generate Weapons of Mass Destruction ( WMD ) .
+
+S Moreover , renewable energy technologies such as wind , biomass , geothermal and solar energy have proven to be effective in achieving electricity production with small carbon footprints ( MIT , 2009 ) .
+
+S However , on the other hand , the Generation IV International Forum envisions nuclear as the best alternative for coal and has proposed six best prospects for the reactors of the future , known as Generation IV reactors ( Butler,2004 ) .
+
+S Amongst all , the Very High Temperature Reactor ( VHTR ) proves to be promising with advantages such as passive safety , flexibility , higher efficiency and non-proliferation of nuclear waste .
+
+S The VHTR should thus be accepted as the next generation of reactor and funds should be allocated for the research and development of the VHTR .
+
+S First of all , oppositions of nuclear technology have argued that nuclear power is unsafe due to its radioactive and explosive nature , and a leakage or accident is likely to cause severe damages and even deaths.TS In the context of VHTR , though explosive and radioactive in nature , it is able to prevent radioactive materials from escaping in the event of a leakage or accident .
+
+S This is commonly termed as passive safety design .
+
+S The VHTR uses helium as a coolant for the reaction and helium is extremely inert towards radioactive materials .
+
+S The core is composed of prismatic graphite , and has high heat capacity and structural stablility at high temperature and pressure .
+
+S This was demonstrated in a test conducted in Beijing when a prototype of VHTR reactor , HTR-10 , is able to shut down with no cooling gas ( Next Big Future , 2008 ) .
+
+S However , there is still a possibility that human error might occur and in an event of a nuclear accident , consequences are detrimental to people living around the area .
+
+S This has been illustrated by the Three Mile Island and Chernobyl accident .
+
+S Secondly , nuclear power is not as cost competitive as compared with coal and natural gas ( MIT,2009 ) .TS Based on a study conducted by the MIT , with reference to year 2007 , it is estimated that electricity generated by coal cost $ 0.062 per kilowatt hour , and electricity generated by natural gases cost $ 0.065 per kilowatt hour ; electricity generated by nuclear power cost $ 0.084 per kilowatt hour ( MIT , 2009 ) .
+
+S Though expensive , VHTR is able to generate H2 which is useful as a non-polluting fuel to generate large amounts of energy .
+
+S Many countries are betting on H2 as the next generation of fuel and the VHTR complements the situation .
+
+S Thirdly , oppositions of nuclear energy have also questioned the performance of nuclear technology.TS According to Butler ( 2004 ) , the VHTR is able to squeeze out 50 % more energy from the same amount of fuel comapred with conventional plants ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S In addition , the heat generated by VHTR can be applied to most of the industry fields and its gas turbine system can generate electricity at an efficiency of 50 % .
+
+S This is 17 % higher than existing nuclear plants with electricity output of 33 % ( Japan Atomic Energy Agency , no date ) .
+
+S Thus , the VHTR offers a higher efficiency conversion of heat to electricity as compared to conventional power plants and perform better than existing nuclear plants .
+
+S Lastly , opponents argued that reprocessing of nuclear waste gives countries an excuse to proliferate raw materials for advanced nuclear weapons.TS Among the six design reactors as proposed by the GIF , the Supercritical- water-cooled Reactor ( SCWR ) and the VHTR are be able to operate without having to depend on the controversial processing of plutonium ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S This reduces the possibility of countries proliferating nuclear raw materials for WMD .
+
+S In conclusion , the VHTR offers good prospect to be the next generation of reactors .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||prospects|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The flexibility and higher efficiency of VHTR allow it to be competitive in the near future .
+
+S Furthermore , non-proliferation of plutonium through VHTR process reduces the production of WMD .
+
+S However , the threat of nuclear accidents still persist and it is up to our own engineers to further resolve this threat .
+
+S Thus , funds should be provided in this case to strengthen the passive safety design in VHTR reactors .
+
+S References
+
+S 1 .
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 ) .
+
+S Nuclear 's Power New Dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240 .
+
+S 2 .
+
+S Japan Atomic Energy Agency .
+
+S ( no date ) .
+
+S Why Nuclear Heat Application ? .
+
+S [ On-Line ] .
+
+S Retrieved October 16 2009 , from http : //www.jaea.go.jp/04/nsed/naht/en/intro/cogene/cogene_3.htm
+
+S 3 .
+
+S MIT .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Update of the MIT 2003 , Future of Nuclear Power .
+
+S [ On-Line ] .
+
+S Retrieved October 15 2009 , from http : //web.mit.edu/nuclearpower/pdf/nuclearpower-update2009.pdf
+
+S 4 .
+
+S Next Big Future .
+
+S ( 2008 ) .
+
+S World 's First Commercial High Temperature Nuclear Reactor Starts Construction in China in 2009 .
+
+S [ On-Line ] .
+
+S Retrieved October 15 2009 , from http : //nextbigfuture.com/2008_06_01_archive.html
+
+S Support for further study of nuclear power
+
+S We live in an era of rapid development .
+
+S With the development of science and technologies , the demand for energy is keeping increasing .
+A 12 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||keeps|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nowadays , power sources have become the focus of attention in the world .
+
+S In recent years , a new type of power source , nuclear power has sparked a heated controversy .
+
+S Some people think nations should cease doing further research and development funding for nuclear power because it will brings some serious problems on safety , security and costs .
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:FORM|||bring|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , as the matter of fact , the advantages of further development of nuclear power are more than the disadvantages , so further research and development of this power source should be supported .
+
+S First of all , opponents state that nuclear power has some safety problems .
+
+S First , they say that the generation IV actors are very-high-temperature reactors ( VHTR ) , which react in both high temperature and pressure .
+
+S It is very dangerous because nuclear reactors are very likely to explode under the condition of high temperature and pressure .
+
+S Second , the key element of the nuclear power Plutonium is a radioactive metal element , which would release large number of radiation in decay and reactions .
+
+S The radiation would do harm to human health in the long-term study .
+
+S Whereas , to the problem of high temperature and pressure , scientist put forward some corresponding improvements in generation IV reactors .
+
+S First , we take fluoride salts as the coolant for molten salts reactors in the reactions .
+
+S The fluoride salts are " thermodynamically stable ( i.e. , they do not decompose upon heating ) " and have the good effect of cooling CITATION WFo07 \ l 2052 ( W.Forsberh , Peterson , & Zhao , 2007 ) .
+
+S Moreover , comparing with other generation IV reactors like Gas-cooled fast reactors and Supercritical-water-cooled reactors , the pressure for molten salts reactors is low .
+
+S Furthermore , the molten salts reaction facilities are made of thick reinforced concrete .
+
+S Reinforced concrete has the characters of firmness and anti high temperature .
+A 4 5|||R:MORPH|||characteristics|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This kind of material can absorb radiation produced by the plutonium , so that the radiation will be greatly reduced .
+
+S Therefore , the high temperature and pressure in process and radioactivity of the element are not big problems to affect nuclear power research .
+
+S Besides the safety , some people also concern the security of nuclear power .
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||are also concerned|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||about|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since most reactions of generation IV reactors are waste recycling reactions , the main element Plutonium may be stolen in the process of recycling .
+
+S Plutonium is also can be used to make nuclear weapons , it is possible to be stolen by some terrorists .
+A 14 14|||M:OTHER|||for it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , it would be a big danger for the world .
+
+S However , to this concern , many nations and international institutes in the world have put many efforts on security enhancement and have made some achievements .
+
+S To instance , National Nuclear Security of U.S has the Defense Nuclear Security program which is " responsible for securing the nuclear weapons and components , and hundreds of tons of special nuclear material in all forms , shapes and sizes " CITATION Nuc09 \ l 2052 ( Nuclear Security ) .
+
+S In the future , there will be greater development of the nuclear security system to protect against the waste stealing and nuclear terrorism .
+A 17 18|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , opponents state that the high cost is also a problem of further research for nuclear power .
+
+S It is not only very costly to build a nuclear power plant , but also , the cost for waste recycling process is extremely big .
+
+S However , in fact , to do long-term perspective , nuclear power would be relatively less costly .
+
+S For example , there is a research to compare the cost of nuclear power and the cost of the most common power resource , coals .
+
+S Researchers point that taking 40 years as a period , even though nuclear power is more costly than coal power in the first 7.5 years , it will be cost saving in the rest 32.5 years CITATION Sol06 \ l 2052 ( Solbrig & Bnedict , 2006 ) .
+
+S Moreover , nuclear power can generate much more energy thaN the coal power and is more friendly to environment .
+
+S Hence , considering long-term interests , people should encourage further research for nuclear power .
+
+S In conclusion , further research and development funding for nuclear power should be supported .
+
+S In the further study , scientists and engineers would come up with the more solutions of the problems people concern in the safety , security and cost .
+
+S In the future , nuclear power would be an important power resource in the world .
+
+S References
+
+S Hansen , J .
+
+S ( 2008 , December ) .
+
+S 4th Generation Nuclear Power .
+
+S Retrieved October 16 , 2008 , from { http : //www.ossfoundation.us/projects/energy/nuclear } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.ossfoundation.us/projects/energy/nuclear ]
+
+S W.Forsberh , C. , Peterson , P. F. , & Zhao , H. ( 2007 , May ) .
+
+S Journal of Solar Energy Engineering .
+
+S High-Temperature Liquid-Fluoride-Salt Closed-Brayton-Cycle Solar Power Towers , pp .
+
+S 141-146 .
+
+S BIBLIOGRAPHY \ l 2052 Solbrig , C. W. , & Bnedict , R. W. ( 2006 ) .
+
+S Cost Savings oInternational Congress on Advances in Nuclear Power Plants .
+
+S American Nuclear Society , Volume 3 .
+
+S BIBLIOGRAPHY \ l 2052 Nuclear Security .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 23 , 2009 , from Natiional Nuclear Security Administration : http : //nnsa.energy.gov/nuclear_security/index.htm
+
+S Embrace the Dawn of Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor
+
+S As global warming is intruding our daily life , the public begins to keep an eye on the green house emission , which have increased 70 percent since 1994 compared to the pre-industrial times ( GEN 4 international forum , 2008 ) .
+
+S In the international forum of nuclear energy system 2008 , the panel puts forward that nuclear energy is the option that provides " clean " energy which emits no green house gas .
+
+S On the other hand , with the concern of the natural resources shortage , more and more people are in favour of the nuclear energy because it kindles the hope of solving energy crisis .
+
+S It seems that nuclear energy points to the way to meet future energy demands without destroying the environment .
+
+S Nowadays the focus is turned to how to ensure the nuclear energy is safer , more economic-benefited and efficient than other energy choices .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Within the six methods of the fourth generation of nuclear energy reactor , some may argue that the Very High Temperature Reactor ( VHTR ) should be applied considering its high efficiency and security .
+
+S This essay will focus on the view that Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor ( SFR ) is the prior option to meet the safety and efficiency criteria after the comprehensive analysis .
+
+S First of all , safety is always the primary concern when introducing a newly developed technology .
+
+S The researchers who are in favour of VHTR argue that the resource of VHTR , helium - an inertia gas with low chemical activity is much safer than sodium , the coolant of SFR .
+
+S If the sodium leaks from the core then there could be a tremendous explosion .
+
+S This could be a serious threat to safety .
+
+S Although it is true that sodium is relatively active , there is an extra loop in the SFR producing process in order to prevent the accident ( Carlsson , Tucek , &Wider , 2005 ) .
+
+S Moreover , there are several cycles in the process of SFR and each individual is segregated .
+
+S Therefore it is hardly that the reactor will leak out .
+A 9 10|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides the chemical behavior , the operating condition is another element responsible for the safety .
+
+S According to Carlsson , Tucek and Wider 's conclusion ( 2005 ) , the probability of incurring the accident of losing coolant is proportional to the operating temperature and pressure .
+
+S VHTR requires quite high operating temperature at 1000 Celsius and pressure .
+
+S On the contrary , SFR is best performed under low pressure and only 350 to 500 Celsius degree ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S Hence the operating conditions make the SFR practically safe as a result of the low possibility of incurring the losing coolant accident .
+
+S Lastly , there is no separate plutonium generated in all processes of SFR , which is a highly radioactive and toxic element .
+
+S As a result , the proliferation can be controlled .
+
+S Apart from the safety of nuclear power , the high efficiency is another factor that prompts the researchers to promote SFR method .
+
+S The Department of Nuclear Energy of University of California , Berkeley ( 2009 ) , announced that the thermal efficiency of SFR could be upgraded to 47 percent resulting from the reheat and inter-cooling process design , which is a breakthrough in terms of the efficiency of energy conversion .
+
+S Unlike the VHTR , the SFR utilizes metallic fuel with neutron spectrum , which is capable of transmuting the raw materials to green energy efficiently .
+
+S Not only is the efficiency the breakthrough , but also the recycle of resource is very remarkable .
+
+S The recycle model of SFR is unique and the best among the six methods in the fourth generation .
+
+S As part of the waste of SFR can be re-utilized again as the resource of the reactor , the whole process acts like a self-supply system .
+
+S This quality can solve the resource shortage problem of the majority of energy supply methods .
+
+S Also , the recycle concept best explains the green technology .
+
+S The columnist Butler ( 2009 ) from Washington Times brings up the idea that the U.S. should give the green light for nuclear energy .
+
+S To support the idea , Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor is the ideal method representing the essence of nuclear energy , secured safety and high efficiency .
+
+S It is better to embrace the dawn of the Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor instead of fearing the future it brings .
+
+S References :
+
+S Introduction to Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems and the International Forum .
+
+S ( 2008 ) .
+
+S GEN 4 International Forum .
+
+S Retrieved Oct 15 , 2009 from http : //www.gen-4.org/Technology/evolution.htm
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240 .
+
+S Carlsson , J. , Tucek , K. , &Wider , H. ( 2005 ) .
+
+S Comparison of Sodium and Lead-cooled Fast Reactors Regarding Seven Safety and Economical Issues .
+
+S In 13th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering .
+
+S Beijing .
+
+S Department of Nuclear Engineering , University of California , Berkeley ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Material Science Research for Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor .
+
+S Idaho National Laboratory .
+
+S Butler , S. ( 2009 , January 29 ) .
+
+S Nuclear Power is True " Green " Energy .
+
+S The Washington Times .
+
+S Retrieved October 15 , 2009 from http : //www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/jan/29/nuclear-power-is-true-green-energy/
+
+S The world 's energy is going towards depletion , and many countries are seeking other alternative energy sources .
+A 14 15|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To meet future energy needs , a framework in research for Generation IV nuclear energy systems have been agreed on by 10 countries , which later combine to form the Generation IV International Forum ( GIF ) to develop future-generation nuclear energy systems ( A Technology Roadmap for Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems , 2002 , p. 1 ) .
+
+S Very-High-Temperature Reactor , also known as VHTR in abbreviation , is one of the six Generation IV reactors selected by GIF .
+
+S There are claims against building VHTR due to safety issues relating to materials .
+
+S Critics also claim that there are potential dangers in operating a reactor and disapprovals on high cost to build a VHTR .
+
+S Nevertheless , these arguments are not true and VHTR technology should be adopted as it is designed to benefit the society .
+
+S First of all , opponents who object in building VHTR claim that people are worried about the materials that need to withstand temperature up to 1000oC and high pressure ( about 50 atm ) .
+
+S This argument is not true as scientists and experts have done research on the materials needed to withstand the requirements currently .
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:FORM|||need|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Chen and some associating scientists ( n.d. ) had already done some investigations on X-ray absorption and synchrotron X-ray for analysis of VHTR- materials ( The Applicability of Synchrotron X-ray Analyses for VHTR Materials , pp .
+
+S 1-13 ) , while Bill Corwin ( 2003 ) mentioned that demonstrations had already been done to 900oC and above 1000 psi ( approximately 68 atm ) ( Materials for Very-High-Temperature Reactor , p. 13 ) .
+
+S Shuwen " Eric " Wang ( 2005 ) also pointed out that a new coating material zirconium carbide has been found ( p. 6 ) .
+
+S With the scientists ' strong commitment and dedication and strong foundation in research , suitable materials will be expected to be found in due time .
+
+S People are worried about the potential dangers brought by operating the nuclear reactor ; however , the design of VHTR has assured people the improvement in its original gas-cooled reactor 's safety features .
+
+S Helium gas is introduced as a primary heat coolant because of its chemically unreactive properties ( Shuwen " Eric " Wang , 2005 , p. 9 ) and has good thermal properties .
+
+S According to GIF ( 2008 ) , VHTR is recognized in terms of safety features of fuel and reactor .
+
+S Passive heat removal system is developed to simplify the operation of the reactor , which requires no short-term human intervention ( Shuwen " Eric " Wang , 2005 , p. 9 ) .
+
+S In addition , Shuwen Wang ( 2005 ) also pointed out that " improved control rods and reserve shutdown systems are capable of terminating fission process to control reactivity " ( Very High Temperature Reactor Safety Characteristics , p. 10 ) .
+A 8 8|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These affirmations hold true that potential dangers are minimized dramatically .
+
+S Lastly , although critics claimed that the cost is high to make this design to work in real life , we can get many benefits .
+
+S In fact , VHTR ranked the second in the lowest cost among all Gen IV reactors , consuming about $ 670M ( A Technology Roadmap for Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems , 2002 , p. 52 ) .
+
+S This is the reason why most of the people prefer VHTR to other Generation IV reactors .
+
+S Water-cooled reactors today run at about 300oC .
+
+S On the contrary , VHTR runs at about temperature of 1000oC and thus allows more efficient conversion of heat to electricity ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S Butler ( 2004 ) mentioned that " VHTR is able to produce 50 % more electricity from the same amount of fuel compared with conventional plants " ( Nuclear power 's new dawn , p. 238 ) .
+
+S In addition , over 2 million cubic meters hydrogen gas can be yielded per day ( A Technology Roadmap for Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems , 2002 , p. 48 ) .
+
+S VHTR system is highly ranked in economics because of its high hydrogen production efficiency ( A Technology Roadmap for Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems , 2002 , p. 22 ) .
+
+S From these evidences , we could say that operating VHTR will bring a lot of benefits to people in future .
+
+S In conclusion , arguments about insufficient materials , dangerous operation and not beneficial in building VHTR are not affirmed .
+
+S Hopefully , VHTR technology will be completely adopted because it brings benefits and advantages to the society .
+
+S References
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240 .
+
+S Chen , J. , Hoffelner , W. , Pouchon , M. , Degueldre , C. ( n.d. ) .
+
+S The Applicability of Synchrotron X-ray Analyses for VHTR Materials [ Electronic Version ] .
+
+S Retrieved October 21 , 2009 , from http : //www.extremat.org/ib/site/publication/downloads/Paper % 20Chen1.pdf
+
+S Corwin , B .
+
+S ( 2003 , May 28 ) .
+
+S Materials for Very-High-Temperature Reactor [ Electronic Version ] .
+
+S Retrieved October20 , 2009 , from http : //www.ornl.gov/ ~ webworks/cppr/y2001/pres/117322.pdf
+
+S U.S .
+
+S DOE Nuclear Energy Research Advisory Committee and the Generation IV International Forum ( 2002 , December ) .
+
+S A Technology Roadmap for Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems : Ten Nations Preparing Today for Tomorrow 's Energy Needs .
+
+S Wang Shuwen " Eric " ( 2005 , December 6 ) .
+
+S Very High Temperature Reactor Safety Characteristics [ Electronic Version ] .
+
+S Retrieved October 20 , 2009 , from http : //trinity.tamu.edu/ ~ burchill/609/Class % 2027/Wang % 20VHTR_Safety_Eri cWang.pdf
+
+S Psychology Help Prevent Engineering Accidents
+
+S Chernobyl nuclear accident is one of the most terrible disasters in the history of engineering development .
+
+S This accident happened on April 26 , 1986 , when the Number 4 reactor of the nuclear power plant in the Soviet Ukraine exploded .
+
+S The result is that 300 Megacarriers of radioactive isotopes was injected into the atmosphere and millions of people died immediately or consequently .
+
+S More than twenty years have passed while an issue has always been controversial , which is whether the use of psychology during the design process would have prevented the accident .
+
+S In other word , if we can clear all the human factors of the accident , would the accident be prevented ?
+
+S The people supporting this point of view argue that the design errors play important roles that lead to the accident and these errors can be removed with psychology to avoid the accident .
+
+S However , other people show the opposite opinion by saying that no matter how well psychology is involved to concern safety problems in design , the accident will always happen since human knowledge and experience are limited .
+A 17 19|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:FORM|||concerned|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In my point of view , psychology can help prevent the accident .
+
+S The view that support the use of psychology could have prevented the accident shows that the design errors directly cause the accident and removing these errors would remove the accident .
+
+S As Wilpert ( 2007 ) states , safety of engineering design depends on three things , namely , effective process , production control and failure avoidance .
+
+S However , the Chernobyl reactor , reactor bolshoy moshchnosti kanalniy ( RBMK ) , was designed with problems of all these three aspects .
+
+S Firstly , in the RBMK reactor , the process of insertion of rods , which are to regulate the reaction speed , is inefficient and there is no fast rod for emergency .
+
+S It takes 20 seconds for a full insertion and this is too slow to prevent the core from running away when the reaction is under the unstable mode ( Frot , 2001 ) .
+
+S Moreover , the rods are designed with graphite tip which , when first inserted , will increases the reactivity .
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:FORM|||increase|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , the production control of RBMK is poor .
+
+S The core of the reactor is unstable at low power .
+
+S When the accident happened , the reactor was at a test of low power , working with only a quarter of full power .
+
+S Thirdly , the RBMK reactor has almost nothing to prepare for out coming gases .
+
+S Without either a system to filter exhaust neither gases nor a containment structure ( Frot , 2001 ) , the release of radioactivity could quickly spread in all directions and causes more serious results .
+
+S As analyzed , by removing the errors above , the accident can be prevented .
+
+S Hence psychology should be functional for preventing the accident .
+
+S However , the opposite side announces that whatever we can do with psychology would not prevent the happening of the accident .
+
+S The main support of this point of view is that human knowledge and experiences are limited and we can not avoid all the mistakes even if we have excellent psychology .
+
+S Twenty years ago , nuclear power engineering had just developed and engineers lacked experiences .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||experience|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , the experiences and development may come from testing or even accidents .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||experience|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The opposite side actually argues with not very concrete reasons since almost all the design errors that causes the Chernobyl accident are within human ability at that time .
+
+S First of all , this error had already been noted three years before the Chernobyl accident , but it was not removed by any designer ( SFEN , 1996 ) .
+
+S Secondly , the instability of the reactor RBMK had already been known by the engineers at that time , but the warning did not change anything ( Segodnio , 1993 ) .
+
+S For the third factor , the containment for leaking gases is not a complicated structure and what they should do is no more than investing some more money to build it .
+
+S For the facts mentioned above , we can conclude that the accident actually could be prevented if the designers gain good enough psychology that concern much for safety problems .
+
+S All in all , the use of psychology could play a role to prevent the happening of the Chernobyl accident .
+
+S How we wish that the designers of the Chernobyl reactor RBMK had gain good psychology , so that they would not use the unstable core , the ineffective control rods and the inflammable moderator , and would kindly design an enclosed containment for exhaust gases .
+
+S References :
+
+S Frot ( n.d. ) , " The Causes of the Chernobyl Event " Retrieved 10 October , 2009 , from http : //www.ecolo.org .
+
+S Segodnia ( April 1993 ) , " A new Chernobyl is impossible with the RBMKs " Retrieved 10 October , 2009 , from { http : //www.angelfire.com/extreme4/kiddofspeed/journal/articles.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.angelfire.com/extreme4/kiddofspeed/journal/articles.html ]
+
+S SFEN ( 1996 ) , " Chernobyl : truths , falsehoods and uncertainties " Retrieved 10 October , 2009 , from http : //www.21stcenturysciencetech.com/articles/chernobyl.html
+
+S Wilpert ( 2007 ) , " Psychology and design processes " , Retrieved 6 October , 2009 , from www.elsevier.com/locate/ssci
+
+S Nuclear power is nowadays universally acknowledged as a clean and economical energy source , and it is needed to reduce the reliance on fossil fuels which are limited due to geographical reasons and environmental concerns .
+
+S However , there were two serious reactor accidents in the history of civil nuclear power : Three Mile Island in 1979 and Chernobyl in 1986 .
+
+S The latter one caused 31immmediate death and both spewed a heavy dose of radiation which has far-reaching negative effect on the ecosystem in vicinity .
+
+S Thus , to enhance safety , scientists and engineers are obligated to investigate into the incidents and find out the causes .
+A 13 14|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Like what Bernhard Wilpert once stated , it is never a single component failure that leads to accidents ( Safety Science , 2007 ) .
+
+S One of the influential factors is the human error .
+
+S Targeting on this issue , the concept of " passive safety systems " has been proposed in the field of nuclear power .
+
+S Different from the active systems , theses passive ones require no operator intervention and merely rely on utilizing the gravity , natural convection ( natural circulation ) , materials ' expansion on heating and other physical laws .
+
+S So far , although there have been several concerns raised on these systems , such as the understanding of their reliability , limited opportunity to manage events , etc. , they are reliable , economical and safe to operate .
+
+S Opponents think reliability of passive safety systems are not that well understood compared with active safety systems .
+
+S However , this opinion should not be counted as a ground to refuse to apply these passive systems in nuclear power plants .
+
+S Active ones are widely understood and accepted because they have been used long enough to be observed and tested on .
+
+S Meanwhile their shortcomings are also exposed gradually in application to nuclear power plants .
+
+S That is why experts work more on substitutions , such as passive safety systems and a combination of both .
+
+S The design procedure of the new ones also experienced large amounts of trials and errors and they are more advanced than the previous ones .
+
+S When faced with doubts , passive safety systems will prove their reliability in the long run .
+
+S Another concern is that if a nuclear power plant has an entirely passive system , there is no or very limited opportunity to manage events or post the incident and perhaps operators will not be able to turn valves off remotely .
+
+S Nonetheless , director of reactor systems of British Nuclear Fuels Ltd. claimed that the design was robust and relying on gravity can possibly gain a ten-fold increase in safety than traditional pumps and valves ( Mayson R. , 2002 ) .
+
+S Moreover , the objective of passive safety systems is to completely eliminated core degradation in the design ( A.K .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:FORM|||eliminate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nayak , R.K. Sinha , 2007 ) which makes the reactions much reliable and back-up systems are set available to avoid totally reliance on only one kind of system .
+
+S Thus , the danger coefficient is greatly reduced .
+
+S Due to the fact that passive safety concept offers an opportunity to effect a large simplification ( in the form of reduction of human intervention and external source of power ) , costs on the construction of nuclear power plants are cut down significantly .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As in a virtuous circle , the saved capital can then be put into more research use and equipment maintenance .
+
+S Therefore , safety is ensured step by step .
+
+S In summary , passive safety concept rely more on forces of nature , and this approach increases the reliability and predictability of how the plants behave under various circumstances .
+
+S Even though the doubts and concerns following also deserve much attention from the scientists and engineers , application of passive safety systems is definitely reliable and economical .
+
+S To apply them not only can improve the safety issue , but also opens up bright prospects for nuclear power .
+
+S Reference
+
+S Wilpert , B .
+
+S ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Psychology and design processes .
+
+S Safety Science , 45 , 293-303
+
+S M. Ishii , H.J .
+
+S Yoon , Y. Xu & S.T .
+
+S Revankar ( 2005 ) .
+
+S Modular Simplified Boiling Water Reactor Design with Passive Safety Systems .
+
+S IAEA .
+
+S Retrieved 07/10/2009 , from { http : //www.iaea.org/OurWork/ST/NE/NENP/NPTDS/Downloads/SRCM_NCP_2005_AUG/sess3_phen4_ishii.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.iaea.org/OurWork/ST/NE/NENP/NPTDS/Downloads/SRCM_NCP_2005_AUG/sess3_phen4_ishii.pdf ]
+
+S Anonymous ( 2003 ) .
+
+S AP1000 : a passive future for the PWR : aiming to strike a balance between proven technology and innovative advanced passive safety systems , the AP1000 pressurised water reactor can achieve generation costs that are economic in the current electricity market .
+
+S And that is before taking into account the benefits of zero greenhouse gas emissions .
+
+S Modern Power Systems .
+
+S Retrieved 07/10/2009 , from { http : //goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-3286393/AP1000-a-passive-future-for.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-3286393/AP1000-a-passive-future-for.html ]
+
+S COLLADO , J.M. , Design of the reactor pressure vessel and internals of the IRIS integrated nuclear system , Advanced Nuclear Power Plants ( Proc .
+
+S Int .
+
+S Congress Cordoba , Spain , 2003 ) , ICAPP03- ISBN : 0-89448-675-6 ( 2003 ) Anonymous ( 2002 ) .
+
+S Greens doubt nuclear plant design .
+
+S Retrieved 08/10/2009,from { http : //news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/2167174.stm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/2167174.stm ] A.K .
+
+S Nayak , & R.K. Sinha ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Role of passive systems in advanced reactors .
+
+S Safety Science , 49 , 486-498
+
+S Within 30 years , nuclear energy has transformed from an exotic , futuristic idea into a world-shaping technology .
+
+S As a cheap and clean alternative source of power that is free from greenhouse gases , nuclear energy is now becoming more appealing compared with traditional fossil fuels , and its popularity can be easily perceived from the 441 operating plants in 33 countries worldwide by the end of 2009 ( Jay Lehr .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Nuclear Energy in the World Today ) .
+
+S Although the nature of nuclear energy has associated it with various risks , they will not change the fact that the benefits it brings to mankind greatly outweigh any potential problems that may arise .
+
+S As a major controversy about spreading atomic technology in the world in generating electricity , public safety concerns have accompanied the development of nuclear energy since its birth .
+
+S The reasons for this centre round the issues of safe operation , radioactive wastes and nuclear weapons .
+
+S Since the Chernobyl accident has left a shameful scar on the history of nuclear power usage , it is understandable why some people think that living near to a nuclear power plant is equal to having a bomb buried in the back yard .
+
+S However , despite the catastrophic events caused by violating the safety regulations , nuclear plants are actually much safer compared with other coal-fired plants in both the senses of occupational fatalities and industrial accidents .
+
+S Referring to the Generation IV Reactors , apart from the double-walled container and the radiation-proof material that rap the whole reactor up , all the radioactive parts are physically submerged underwater to prevent any undetectable leakage .
+
+S Simultaneously , the highly sensitive and fast reacting monitoring system has also enabled engineers to handle all the emergencies before it is too late .
+
+S All these efforts made by engineers have contributed to ensure a far better safety record for nuclear power plants than any other means of generating electricity today , and definitely they will be safer tomorrow than today .
+
+S Another significant drawback , perhaps is the greatest problem which often associated with nuclear energy , is that of nuclear waste disposal .
+
+S In early days , rich countries like USA transported the potential danger to nations in Latin America through paying them for lands to bury its radioactive wastes .
+
+S Such an environmental unfriendly and inhuman approach soon begot fierce censure from the public voice for its selfishness .
+
+S The problem for today , however , is that " there is a huge information gap between specialists on the exposures from nuclear power and the public " ( Ilan Lipper & Jon Stone .
+
+S ( 1998 ) .
+
+S Nuclear Energy & Society .
+
+S Retrieved September 28 , 2009 from www.umich.edu/ ~ gs265/society/nuclear.htm ) .
+
+S There is a huge misunderstanding that the radioactive waste is more dangerous than waste from other types of power system .
+
+S Byproducts like NOx and toxic metals in coal-fired power plants can also disrupt local ecology forever if they are not correctly dealt with .
+
+S In addition , as described in Nuclear Power 's New Dawn , all the wastes and byproducts created by the generation IV reactor can be recycled to minimize its damage to both mankind and the environment , and the very-high-temperature reactor is even designed to achieve the goal of zero-emission !
+
+S Thanks to the advancing technology , combined with the fact that the average radiation we human received from peaceful nuclear fuel cycle is only 0.1 percent of the inevitable exposure to natural radiation resources and building materials ( Nuclear Energy & Society ) , nuclear energy will definitely provide mankind with tremendous benefits that can never be achieved by other types of power .
+
+S One more major drawback of the peaceful use of nuclear energy is that it has allowed the production of nuclear weapons .
+
+S As Einstein has said before , " I do n't know what weapon will people fight with in world war three , but I know that they will use stones and sticks in world war four " .
+
+S The destructive power of nuclear weapon has long been a threat to the entire human being .
+
+S As concerning the 911 disaster , terrorists may possibly target nuclear facilities or use radioactive materials for massive destruction .
+
+S From my perspective , in cases like these , it is not the double-edged nuclear technology to blame , but the hands that touch it .
+
+S This is an unavoidable dilemma for the advance of science and everyone has to accept the unforeseeable risks when they are enjoying the benefits .
+A 7 8|||R:MORPH|||advancement|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Overall , nuclear energy holds bright prospect as a front edge technology that would allow us to reduce our dependency on fossil fuels , occupying less land yet generating more power .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||prospects|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , in order for the industry to reach its full potential , we must find ways to address the problem of safe operation , waste disposal and security issues as well .
+
+S There is a rising demand for energy today .
+
+S With the concerns of global warming and depletion of conventional energy sources , investment in generation IV nuclear reactors seems to be a good alternative .
+
+S However , public opposition has been evident ever since Chernobyl and Three Mile incidents , which had exposed the potential danger of nuclear reactors ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S One of the G.IV reactors , Supercritical-water-cooled reactor ( SWCR ) listed in 'Nuclear energy 's new dawn ' ( Butler , 2004 ) is safe , environmentally friendly , and low cost .
+
+S Therefore , despite the public concerns on safety , public health , and budget , I believe that one should support further research and development funding for generation IV nuclear reactors as it may be the energy source that prevents our planet from disaster such as catastrophic climate change .
+
+S Firstly , the SCWR is safe .
+
+S One would claim that there is no perfect machine in the world .
+
+S Therefore , a failure in nuclear system allows radioactive substances to escape from the nuclear reactor .
+
+S The consequence is devastating .
+
+S This can be seen in the Three Mile Island accident ( 1979 ) .
+
+S Moreover , plutonium from recycling of nuclear waste from nuclear reactors can be used to produce nuclear weapon ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S With these in mind , nuclear reactors pose great threat to humanity .
+
+S On the other hand , generation IV nuclear reactor is safe to operate as it can contain the radioactive material when accident occurs ( Butler , 2004 ) .
+
+S Moreover , generation IV nuclear reactors are free from nuclear proliferation .
+
+S According to Gerald and George ( 2006 ) , the by-product , plutonium is difficult to be used as materials for making of nuclear weapons , and the nuclear technology in near future allows the plutonium to be unsuitable for making nuclear weapons .
+
+S Therefore , generation IV nuclear reactors such as SCWR are very safe for producing energy .
+
+S Secondly , nuclear energy is clean and helps in preventing global warming .
+
+S Critics argue that nuclear reactors generate nuclear pollution and can do little help in containing the amount green house gases .
+
+S According to an article , the environmentalists say that much of the green house gases come from the use of conventional energy source , which can not be replaced by other sources at the moment ( Nature , 2008 ) .
+
+S This is because nuclear plants are not able to generate energy at the same cost compare to conventional method .
+
+S However , nuclear energy is completely clean .
+
+S According to Butler ( 2004 ) , nuclear energy gives zero green house gases , and would help to ease energy demand and contain global warming if more intensive researches are carried out in this area .
+
+S Therefore , developed countries need to increase funding to accelerate the development of generation IV nuclear reactors to allow it to replace conventional energy sources such as coal and gases in the near future .
+
+S This trend can also be seen from countries around the world investing on nuclear research such as UK , France , and China ( Butler , 2004 )
+
+S Lastly , SCWR gives a low cost of production of energy .
+
+S The opposition of nuclear reactors criticize that nuclear energy is expensive due to the huge cost required in research and development .
+
+S They also argued that are alternative methods like solar and wind power can be implemented .
+
+S However , nuclear energy is in fact one of the least expensive energy sources .
+
+S According to Moore ( 2006 ) , in 2004 , the average cost of generating energy from nuclear reactor was comparable with conventional methods in the US .
+
+S Furthermore , advanced research will bring the cost down in the future .
+
+S According to Butler ( 2004 ) , S.C.W.R is cheap due to its simplistic design compare to generation III reactors .
+A 13 14|||R:MORPH|||simple|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , wind and solar power are intermittent and unpredictable .
+
+S They are unable to replace big base-load nuclear plants such as coal like generation IV nuclear reactors do .
+
+S Therefore , nuclear energy is the only viable substitutes .
+
+S In conclusion , we should increase funding for research and development for generation IV nuclear reactors .
+
+S Nuclear energy is the best substitution for coal and natural gas .
+
+S Current emissions of carbon dioxide from automobiles and industries are furiously contributing to global warming .
+
+S Nuclear energy would be able to clean the air and reduce greenhouse gas emissions .
+
+S Furthermore , I believe that the generation IV nuclear reactors will be very safe as our technology is improving daily .
+
+S References
+
+S Butler , D. ( May 20 , 2004 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240. doi : 10.1038/429238a
+
+S Marsh , G. E. , & Stanford , G. S. ( 16 March , 2006 ) Reprocessing method could allay weapons fear .
+
+S Nature 440 , 278. doi : 10.1038/440278d
+
+S Moore , P. ( September , 2006 ) .
+
+S Nuclear Re-Think .
+
+S IAEA , 48 , 1 , 56-58 .
+
+S Retrieved October 18 , 2009 from , http : //www.iaea.org/Publications/Magazines/Bulletin/Bull481/pdfs/nuclear_rethink.pdf
+
+S Nature .
+
+S ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power gets green light from UK government .
+
+S Nature 451 , 235. doi : 10.1038/451235a
+
+S The Generation IV International Forum ( GIF ) was initiated in 2000 ( World Nuclear Association , 2008 ) with the aim to build Generation IV nuclear reactors that can provide energy that is more efficient and environment friendly .
+
+S This will help to improve the standard of living in one country as unemployment and poverty have been a constant issue for many developing countries around the world .
+
+S Due to the high poverty rate and low funding from the government , electrical energy is not available in most parts of the country especially in the rural areas .
+
+S One example of a developing country is Kosovo in southeast Europe sharing borders with Serbia and Macedonia .
+
+S Statistics shows that in 2007 , the unemployment rate in Kosovo was at 40 % with 37 % of their population below poverty line ( Central Intelligence Agency [ CIA ] , 2009 ) .
+
+S Therefore , developing countries should first handle unemployment and poverty in rural areas rather than provide huge funding to build Generation IV reactors .
+
+S It is understood that with the building of Generation IV nuclear reactors , it will generate a large amount of jobs like hard labour during construction phase and highly skilled engineers for day to day maintenance and operation .
+
+S Day to day operation jobs are the key to solve unemployment issue as it provide long term employment opportunity in the country .
+A 13 14|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , this may not ease the problem of unemployment problem in a country like Kosovo with high unemployment rate .
+
+S As 16.5 % of Kosovo 's population in the agriculture sector indicating that the locals are mainly of low education level ( CIA , 2009 ) .
+
+S This will result to have more foreign highly skilled engineers being employed for the daily operation jobs .
+
+S Therefore , constructing Generation IV reactors will only benefit the country mostly in the hard labour work during construction phase that provide short term jobs between 3 to 5 years but not in a long run .
+
+S Poverty is often link with the problem of unemployment in one country .
+
+S Initial study indicates that with the high operating temperature of Generation IV reactors , it will generate hydrogen and electricity ( Bulter , 2004 ) .
+
+S The hydrogen gas is believed to a future source of fuel which can be sold to other countries as another source of income .
+
+S However , the income will not be useful to the locals as it will not be directed to them .
+
+S Developing countries should provide long term and stable jobs for their people .
+
+S In this case , alternate source of energy like solar energy could be considered as the price of solar panels are on a decline ( Solarbuzz , 2009 ) instead of spending billions of dollars building Generation IV reactors .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||sources|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Solar energy is also environmental friendly like nuclear power and is free with the sunlight predicted to continue to radiate energy for another 5 billion years ( Arnett , 2009 ) .
+
+S This will be a good solution as it provides stable job and also ensuring that energy is aplenty for a long time .
+
+S As the maintenance of a solar energy plant requires many low knowledge based technician , this will help to create long term jobs for the locals .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||technicians|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This in turn will help to ease the problem of poverty and unemployment in developing countries .
+
+S Developing countries should solve the problem of high unemployment rate and poverty within the country as priority rather than to build a generation IV reactor .
+
+S The initial cost of building a generation IV nuclear reactor is a multi billion dollars project .
+
+S Furthermore , the Generation IV reactors are still in the research stage ( Bulter , 2004 ) which suggested that there are still plenty of questions and uncertainty that link to the safe operation before it can be consider complete .
+
+S Therefore , funding should be directed to other energy source like solar power where solar energy are environmental friendly and free ( Energy Information Administration , n.d ) .
+
+S This will create many low knowledge based job for the developing countries as the local citizens are not highly educated .
+
+S As building a nuclear reactor might result to have more foreigners to be employed than the locals as it is a high knowledge based job .
+A 7 8|||R:PART|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:FORM|||having|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:VERB:FORM||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:FORM|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Arnett .
+
+S B ( 2009 , Jan 25 ) .
+
+S The Sun .
+
+S Retrieved October , 2009 , from http : //nineplanets.org/sol.html
+
+S Bulter .
+
+S D ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , pp.238-240 Central Intelligence Agency .
+
+S ( 2009 , September 28 ) .
+
+S The World Factbook , Kosovo .
+
+S Retrieved October 11 , 2009 , from https : //www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/kv.html
+
+S Energy Information Administration .
+
+S ( n.d ) .
+
+S Solar .
+
+S Retrieved October 11 , 2009 , from http : //tonto.eia.doe.gov/kids/energy.cfm ? page = solar_home-basics
+
+S Solarbuzz .
+
+S ( 2009 , October ) .
+
+S Solar Electricity Prices .
+
+S Retrieved October 11 , 2009 , from http : //www.solarbuzz.com/solarprices.htm
+
+S World Nuclear Association .
+
+S ( 2008 , August ) .
+
+S Generation IV Nuclear Reactors .
+
+S Retrieved October 11 , 2009 , from http : //www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf77.html
+
+S SCWRCatalyst of Nuclear Age
+
+S Nowadays , the energy problem gradually becomes a burning issue among the whole world .
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||has gradually become|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Coal , oil , and other energy resources are less and less .
+
+S People start to fix their attention on nuclear energy .
+
+S In fact , nuclear energy now has been one of the main energy sources to generate electricity in many countries .
+
+S For instance , the United States now obtains about 20 percent of its electricity from 104 nuclear reactors .
+
+S The concept of new generation of nuclear reactorsgeneration IV , include these following six systems : gas-cooled fast reactors , lead- cooled fast reactors , molten salt reactors , sodium-cooled fast reactors , supercritical-water-cooled reactors , and very-high-temperature reactors .
+
+S All these six systems represent nowadays ' nuclear energy advances in sustainability , economics , safety , reliability and proliferation-resistance .
+
+S Among all these reactors , the concept of supercritical-water-cooled reactors ( SCWR ) is the most suitable concept for funding and development .
+
+S The use of supercritical coolant would allow for a more compact design , since steam generators , dryers , circulation pumps and pressurizers would not be needed , hence achieving a better economy .
+
+S And it is also promised to have higher thermal efficienciesapproximately 45 % versus the current 33 % of light water reactors .
+A 0 1|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This system presents unique features combining well-known fast and light water reactor characteristics in one design .
+
+S Therefore , it is feasible to design such a kind of nuclear reactor .
+A 9 11|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , SCWR faces some resistances .
+
+S Some people argue that its operation condition is highly required and there is potential hazard and worry of nuclear terrorism .
+
+S In spite of these opposing views , these problems can be solved through developed techniques and theories .
+
+S One of these opposing points is about its highly-required condition .
+
+S High temperature ( 510--550 ) and very high pressure ( about 25 MPa ) is required for SCWR .
+
+S This condition requires high-quality materials , and consequently , much money would be spent on research to find these materials .
+
+S Nevertheless , there indeed exist some advanced materials that can satisfy these requirements .
+
+S And many new successful studies are going on .
+
+S One of the ideal materials is the alloy MA956 .
+
+S It has excellent oxidation resistance up to 1370 ( 2400 ) and significant creep strength up to its usually high melting point of 1482 ( 2700 ) .
+
+S Thicker sections may be used up to 1370 ( 2500 ) .
+
+S Corrosion-resistance is excellent for this material .
+
+S Therefore , material is no longer a problem .
+
+S Furthermore , SCWR is promised to supply low-cost electricity , and simpler design can minimize the cost , too .
+
+S Thus it is acceptable and worthy to spend some money on the further material research .
+A 5 6|||R:ADJ|||worthwhile|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 8|||R:VERB:FORM|||spending|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As we mention the simple design above , many people 's common opposing view is that lacking some kinds of designs may cause some unexpected dangers , since the design is still on paper .
+
+S But we should have known that we do not just use water as coolant only this time in SCWR .
+
+S In fact , many generation III reactors , such as advanced pressurized water reactor ( APWR ) , advanced boiling water reactor ( ABWR ) , economic simplified boiling water reactor ( ESBWR ) , involve water as coolant .
+
+S The design and structure of the reactor are quite similar , and therefore we are very experienced in the design .
+
+S This system , as I mentioned before , presents unique features combining well-known fast and light water reactor characteristics in one design .
+
+S The eliminated design like circulation pumps , steam generators and steam separators would not affect the safety factor at all , while the eliminated pressurizers and dryers may affect a little .
+
+S However , we can assume that experienced experts in this field can overcome such little obstacle .
+A 14 15|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||obstacles|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since nuclear waste separates out plutonium , which is a key ingredient of nuclear weapon , many people may be concerned about terrorists ' attacks on nuclear power plant or accidental explosions .
+
+S Security enhancement has already been made since the day nuclear energy was born .
+
+S We improve these security devices day by day .
+
+S By now , these techniques are very advanced .
+
+S Scientists have added steps to lengthen stored time of waste .
+
+S In fact , there are fewer accidental explosions in recent years .
+
+S And of course we specially make security systems to minimize the nuclear radiation if the plant is attacked by terrorists .
+
+S Besides , defending systems are enhanced and increased when a plant is built .
+
+S To conclude , despite these opposing arguments , SCWR has an absolutely promising future for the nuclear energy .
+
+S Therefore , it should be encouraged in further research and development funding .
+
+S Reference
+
+S Supercritical-water-cooled reactors : M. Mori , W. Maschek and A. Rineiski , Heterogeneous cores for improved safety performance : A case study : The supercritical water fast reactor , Nuclear Engineering and Design , Volume 236 : 14-16 ( 2006 ) , 1573-1579 .
+
+S alloyMA956 : http : //www.specialmetals.com/documents/Incoloy % 20alloy % 20MA956.pd f
+
+S As fossil fuels are non-renewable natural resources , it is unwise to be too dependent on it as our main source of energy .
+A 16 17|||R:PRON|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Being non-renewable , the price of fossil fuels would only get more expensive as time passes .
+
+S Moreover , as burning fossil fuels to generate energy releases greenhouse gases into the atmosphere , it would be ideal to find a replacement source of energy as early as possible to lessen the global warming effect .
+
+S All these major factors have lead many countries to start looking for alternative sources of energy to replace the usage of fossil fuels .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||have led|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of these alternative sources would be using nuclear power .
+
+S Currently , nuclear power is rejected by the public due to its risk of operation , cost and performance .
+
+S However , the new developments of Generation IV reactors show promises as future source of energy .
+
+S In order for these new generations of reactors to take over as sources of energy , resources must be invested into it before these ideas can turn into reality .
+
+S Out of these Generation IV reactors , the VHTR seems to be the most ideal to be invested for development .
+
+S In order to fund the development of the VHTR , support of the public need to be gained through evaluation of its security , costs and performances .
+
+S One major concern of the public on nuclear power plants is the plutonium waste produced during reprocessing .
+
+S Plutonium is a key ingredient of advanced nuclear weapons .
+
+S ( Nature Vol 429 , Page 240 ) However , VHTR is one of the few nuclear reactors that do not produce plutonium waste .
+
+S ( Nature Vol 429 , Page 239 , Para.3 ) Moreover , energy generation through VHTR does not produce greenhouse gases like the burning of fossil fuels , reducing global warming indirectly .
+
+S Therefore , public concerns on plutonium being produced to make advanced nuclear weapons would no longer be valid .
+
+S In order for the VHTR nuclear reactor to be ideal for commercial production of energy , a lot of research is needed .
+
+S The funds needed for this research would be very costly .
+A 9 10|||R:ADJ|||high|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , if there is no other new sources of energy , the increasing energy demand would make the cost of oil and coal much more expensive in the long run .
+
+S The energy demand from US transport alone will cause the nation 's oil imports to soar by 78 % by 2025 .
+
+S ( Nature Vol 429 , Page 239 , Para.1 ) Hence , by investing in the research of VHTR , there will be less reliance on oil and coal for energy , making the costs of energy usage more stable and affordable .
+
+S The most major concern of the public on nuclear power plants would be its safety .
+
+S Nuclear power plants are dangerous as any human errors could result in leakage of radioactive substances , damaging the environment as well as causing deaths .
+
+S From past experiences on nuclear power plants , memories of accidents of partial reactor meltdown in 1979 and explosion of reactor core in 1986 would only cause the public to be more sceptical towards them .
+
+S ( Nature Vol 429 , Page 238 , Para.4 ) In order to prevent history from repeating itself , the new generation of reactors would use simple and effective safety measures that do not depend on complicated systems .
+
+S They are designed to be human independent whenever an accident occurs .
+
+S With this safety feature , accidents due to human errors could be prevented and would no longer be an issue .
+
+S In addition , the VHTR uses materials that have low reactivity and high temperature endurance .
+
+S ( wapedia , page 4 , Para 2 ) One example would be the usage of helium as the coolant which has no reactivity effects .
+
+S ( wapedia , page 3 , Para 1 ) With all these aspects of safety taken into consideration , the public should be ensured that nuclear power plants would be a safe source of energy .
+
+S To sum it all up , the many concerns the public has on the past generations of nuclear reactors that lead to catastrophic accidents are addressed in VHTR .
+
+S The problem of plutonium waste being produced in past nuclear reactors is no longer present in VHTR .
+
+S The probability of human errors that lead to accidents are also largely reduced through human independent safety features .
+
+S Moreover , due to the rising cost of using fossil fuels , the cost of researching in VHTR has become more worthwhile in the long run .
+
+S Therefore , VHTR should be further researched and funded for a better tomorrow .
+
+S References
+
+S Nature Vol 429 Wapedia , Wiki : Very High Temperature Reactor ( { http : //wapedia.mobi/en/Very_high_temperature_reactor ? t = 2.3 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //wapedia.mobi/en/Very_high_temperature_reactor ? t = 2.3 ] .
+
+S )
+
+S Gen IV International Forum ( { http : //gen4.inel.gov/technologies/vhtr.shtml } [ HYPERLINK : http : //gen4.inel.gov/technologies/vhtr.shtml ] )
+
+S Due to the rising demand of energy and the need to solve the problems in the design of current reactor , generation IV reactor has been developed .
+
+S It is developed to improve the performance of previous generations of reactors .
+
+S The nuclear powers that produced from the generator can offset other primary fuels in many applications other than the production of electricity .
+
+S The new Gas-Cooled Fast Reactor ( GFR ) concepts focus mainly on sustainable nuclear power , with very efficient resource use and so little wastage .
+
+S It has a very strong focus on ( passive ) safety .
+
+S The GFR system features a fast-neutron spectrum and closed fuel cycle for efficient conversion of fertile uranium .
+
+S The reactor is helium-cooled with an outlet temperature of approximately 850 ° C .
+
+S It uses a direct Brayton cycle gas turbine for high thermal efficiency .
+
+S Several forms of fuel are being considered for their potential to operate at very high temperatures .
+
+S The GFR 's fast spectrum makes it feasible to utilize available fissile and fertile materials ( including depleted uranium from enrichment plants ) .
+
+S " This high flux level generally translates into a very high fission rate , and as a result the power density in a fast reactor core is usually very high , typically of the order of 300 MW/m3 , which is 3 to 4 times higher than in light water reactor ( LWRs ) .
+
+S " ( Van Rooijen , 2009 ) .
+
+S Furthermore , through the combination of a fast neutron spectrum and full recycle of actinides , GFRs minimize the production of long-lived radioactive waste isotopes , and can be designed for minor actinide management from used up fuel .
+
+S In common with other fast reactors , GFRs also have the exceptional potential , due to the hard neutron spectrum , as sustainable energy sources using the fissile materials , and could then minimize nuclear waste .
+
+S The design of GFR development strategy is to take full advantage of the Very High Temperature Reactor development ( VHTR ) .
+
+S The two reactor concepts use a common coolant ( helium ) and high temperature to maximize the thermal efficiency for electricity generation and enhance prospects for hydrogen generation .
+
+S The design of GFR is for no off-site radioactivity release and would require the efficiency , simplicity , robustness and reliability of systems and physical barriers .
+
+S However , high temperature of VHTR has limited the use of available metallic components for the heat utilization or power conversion systems .
+
+S When VHTR is at 950 ° C , the lifetime of available high temperature alloys will be reduced .
+
+S As a consequence , components being exposed to high temperatures may have to be replaced every 15-20 years if no better materials can be qualified .
+
+S In comparison , GFR require less visual inspection than VHTR since it produced relatively lesser heat .
+
+S Also , in building of the VHTR , there will only be countable choices of building materials that can be used since they must have the ability to withstand very high temperature .
+
+S Thus , the construction of VHTR reactor will definitely be more costly as compared to GFR .
+
+S Hence , it is relatively cheaper to build GFR than VHTR .
+
+S Moreover , GFR is more environmental friendly as it has an advanced recycling technology that reduces the number of waste as compare with the VHTR .
+
+S To ensure sustainable development without the compromise on environment , GFR has used nuclear power to provide energy .
+
+S Thus , it has greatly reduced the excessive production of carbon dioxide .
+
+S According to world nuclear association , " the cost of managing and disposing of nuclear power plant wastes is about 5 % of the total cost of the electricity generated. " ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Thus , nuclear waste has not only occupied space , it costs even more to solve the problem .
+
+S In terms of it producing lesser waste , GFR has proved to be more outstanding than VHTR .
+A 5 6|||R:ADJ|||lless|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S REFERENCES
+
+S Van Rooijen W. F. G. , ( 2009 ) , Gas-Cooled Fast Reactor : A Historical Overview and Future Outlook Nuclear and Radiological Engineering Program , Georgia Institute of Technology , 801 Ferst Dr. NW , Atlanta , GA 30332 , USA .
+
+S 7 April 2009 .
+
+S ( Retrieve on 18 October 2009 ) : http : //www.hindawi.com/journals/stni/2009/965757.html
+
+S Kevan D. Weaver and Khalil H. S. , ( 2002 ) , Gas Cooled Fast Reactor ( GFR ) , American Nuclear Society Winter Meeting Washington DC .
+
+S November 18 , 2002 ( Retrieve on 18 October 2009 ) : http : //gif.inel.gov/roadmap/pdfs/gas_cooled_fast_reactor .
+
+S pdf
+
+S World nuclear association ( June 2009 ) ( Retrieve on 18 October 2009 ) : http : //www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf04.html
+
+S International Atomic Agency ( Factsheets & FAQs ) ( Retrieve on 18 October 2009 ) : http : //www.iaea.org/Publications/Factsheets/English/manradwa.html
+
+S Finck.P ( 2006 ) , Future of nuclear Energy and the role of Nuclear Data .
+
+S Peter Rullhusen , Nuclear Data Needs for Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems , the international workshop .
+
+S With the development of the post-modern society , more and more energy is required for its maintenance and growth .
+
+S The world seems to get relieved from the lack of energy source since the Generation IV reactors come out .
+
+S However , the newborn technology , Generation IV reactors needs to be improved before it can be applied to practical uses .
+
+S It is difficult to make a decision on whether there should be R&D funding for the development of Generation IV reactors .
+
+S Although there are many benefits we can gain from Generation IV reactors , we still have to face the high cost , the danger for nuclear weapons and the difficulty in preventing corrosion of nuclear metallic materials .
+
+S In my opinion , there should not be R&D funding for the development of Generation IV reactors .
+
+S Firstly , compared to the high cost , the benefit from developing Generation IV reactors is insufficient .
+
+S Generally , the Generation IV reactors are known as more environmental friendly and can reduce the greenhouse effect .
+
+S However , when we consider the high cost to build and maintain the reactors , the Generation IV reactors are not so attractive .
+
+S Jim Green writes in Nuclear Weapons and 'Fourth Generation ' Reactors : " Nuclear power could at most make a modest contribution to climate change abatement , mainly because it is used almost exclusively for electricity generation which accounts for about one-quarter of global greenhouse emissions .
+
+S Doubling global nuclear power output ( at the expense of coal ) would reduce greenhouse emissions by about 5 % .
+
+S " However , the generation IV reactor that China is going to build will cost China 3 billion Yuan .
+
+S That is almost 450 million Dollars .
+
+S How much greenhouse effect can we reduce if we use theses money in other ways ?
+
+S In other words , if we compare the reduction of greenhouse effect with the cost of building the generation IV reactors , there should not be R&D funding for the development of generation IV reactors .
+
+S Generation IV reactors would cause nuclear danger .
+
+S When this technology is developed , many countries would say that the generation IV reactors will only be used for energy purposes .
+
+S However , the IFR will be able to produce enough Plutonium to make 1M nuclear weapons by 2075 ( Frank Barnaby , 2009 ) .
+
+S Therefore , we should be discreet on such issue .
+
+S " We are at a crossroads .
+
+S Unless governments work together to safeguard nuclear energy supplies , the rise in unsecured nuclear technology will put us all in danger .
+
+S Without this , we are hurtling towards a state of nuclear anarchy where terrorists or rogue states have the ways and means of making nuclear weapons or 'dirty bombs ' , the consequences of which are unimaginable , " says Barnaby .
+
+S This is a dangerous situation .
+
+S If the governments and military organizations can not come up with strategy to deal with this problem , we can not afford to set up the R&D funding for the development of generation IV reactors .
+
+S The technology so far is not able to prevent corrosion of nuclear metallic materials .
+
+S However , Generation IV reactors still need some container to hold the radioactive materials .
+
+S The main materials used in nuclear reactors are Ni alloys , stainless steels , Zr alloys , low alloyed steels , copper alloys and Ti .
+
+S Apart from Ti , each one of the main metallic materials listed above experiences at least one of the following types of corrosion : Stress Corrosion Cracking ( SCC ) , Irradiation-assisted Stress Corrosion Cracking ( IASCC ) , Environmentally Assisted Cracking ( EAC ) , Intergranular Attack ( IGA ) , Flow-assisted Corrosion ( FAC ) , General Corrosion ( GC ) , Ammonia Corrosion ( AC ) and Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion ( MIC ) ( Francois Cattant , Didier Crusset and Damien Feron ,2008 ) .
+
+S However , Ti is too expensive and thus makes it of high cost to build generation IV reactors .
+
+S In this case , there should not be R&D funding for the development of generation IV reactors .
+
+S Building generation IV reactors will cost much but only reduce a small amount of world 's greenhouse effect .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||a lot|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Building generation IV reactors will leave us in nuclear-weapon-danger and terrorism-danger .
+
+S What is worse , the technology can not prevent corrosion of nuclear metallic materials .
+
+S In conclusion , there should not be R&D funding for the development of generation IV reactors .
+
+S References
+
+S Cattant F , Crusset D , Feron D. ( October , 2008 ) Corrosion issues in nuclear industry today .
+
+S Green J .
+
+S ( July , 2009 ) .
+
+S Nuclear Weapons and " Fourth Generation " Reactors Retrived from http : //www.foe.org.au/anti-nuclear/issues/nfc/power- weapons/g4nw
+
+S http : //blog.china.com/u/071203/101184/200907/5006732.htm
+
+S Macalister T. ( March , 2009 ) .
+
+S New Generation of Nuclear Power Stations " Risk Terrorist anarchy " .
+
+S Reteived from http : //www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/mar/ 16/nuclearpower-nuclear-waste
+
+S As the search for a new source of clean energy is mounting due to the depletion of fossil fuels , nuclear energy comes into focus as one of the most reliable and efficient replacement alternative fuel .
+
+S Nuclear reactors are already generating 17 % of the world 's electricity ( Butler , 2004 , p. 240 ) .
+
+S The latest and most efficient design of the Generation 4 nuclear is the Very High Temperature Reactor ( VHTR ) .
+
+S Although there are numerous public concerns on the safety of nuclear reactors , VHTR 's promising potentials and benefits in the aspect of security , cost and performance far outweighs the concerns .
+
+S The fear of terrorists invading nuclear plants and stealing radioactive compounds to make weapons of mass destruction is a major public concern .
+
+S Moreover , tragic nuclear accidents in the past , such as the ones in Chernobyl , Ukraine and Three Mile Island , Pennsylvania , leave people in doubt over the safety of building new nuclear reactors .
+
+S However , VHTR combines the latest safety features into its design .
+
+S VHTR uses helium gas as its main coolant .
+
+S Helium is an inert gas and thus it does not react and become radioactive when exposed to radioactive compounds .
+
+S The core of VHTR is made of graphite , which provides further stability due to its high heat capacity and stability at a very high temperature .
+
+S Also , the development of Leak before Break method for gas cooled reactor will reduce the risk of leakage .
+
+S The method will test leak level based experimental data on break geometry and its associated flow rate ( Billot & Barbier , 2004 , p. 8 ) .
+
+S Preventive measures such as spiking the radioactive waste with high heat and reducing the half life of the compound can further minimize terrorist threats and increase public safety .
+
+S The cost of building nuclear reactors are expensive and the public argues that too much money will be spend on the research of VHTR ; 1.1 billion to build and to test the prototype ( Butler , 2004 , p. 239 ) .
+
+S While it may be true that the cost is relatively high compared to other form of alternative energy , VHTR is build to last 60 years ( Baccaglini et al. , 2003 , p. 19 ) and thus in the long run the overall cost in building is fully compensated by its length of service .
+
+S Over its 60 years of service , VHTR would have generated massive amount of energy that is worth more than the cost of building it .
+
+S Since VHTR does not incur any waste recycling , VHTR eliminates the expensive cost of building extra facilities for proper storage and reprocessing of nuclear waste .
+
+S The hydrogen gas generated as by product can also be sold to hydrogen industry to power hydrogen fuel vehicles .
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||a by-product|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some people may belief that the performance of nuclear reactors are generally low and inefficient .
+A 3 4|||R:MORPH|||believe|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They belief that the high heat energy generated is a waste of energy in itself .
+
+S However , VHTR provides the solution to this as VHTR operates at 1000 ° C , the highest temperature among the 6 new Generation 4 nuclear reactors .
+
+S The high temperature means VHTR has the best nuclear energy conversion to electricity .
+
+S In fact , VHTR generates up to 600M Watt of thermal power and should be 40 % more efficient than do most reactors in the United States ( Svoboda , June , 2009 ) .
+
+S VHTR , the only Generation 4 reactor with high enough temperature to help the electrolysis process forming useful hydrogen gas which can then be used as fuel source for hydrogen fuel cars .
+
+S This means that VHTR generates both electrical and hydrogen fuel as a clean the energy for the future .
+
+S Moreover , the high temperature also enables process heat applications industry such as glass , cement , iron and wood pulp manufacture .
+
+S VHTR also incorporates the indirect combined cycle design for electricity generation , enabling a common heat source to be used for electricity and hydrogen generation .
+
+S This new design also reduces complexity and minimizes risks of system failure ( Gauthier et al. , 2004 , p. 9 ) .
+
+S Nuclear energy is the ultimate solution as a clean and renewable energy source to curb the escalating greenhouse effect and depletion of fossil fuels .
+
+S By and large , VHTR , as the new generation of nuclear reactor , with its high performance , enhanced safety design and cost effectiveness , promises to be the most reliable way to generate clean energy in the future .
+
+S For the past few decades up till now , nuclear power faces strong opposition from people worldwide .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has faced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This causes very few nuclear reactors to be constructed worldwide in recent years .
+
+S Nuclear power has its benefits , it is more environmental friendly as compared to renewable resources , we are in the midst of producing a nuclear hybrid reactor which is much cleaner and efficient than the current class IV reactors ( Butler , 2004 ) and they are relatively safer than before .
+
+S I firmly believed that nuclear power should be pursued .
+
+S Nuclear power should be pursued , in recent years there is a leap in nuclear technology .
+
+S A hybrid nuclear reactor known as the International Thermal Nuclear Reactor ( ITER ) is currently being developed in France .
+
+S ITER has significant benefits over the current class IV reactors , it produces less nuclear waste and is more efficient in its production of electricity this could indirectly mean that cost of producing electricity with the use of the hybrid reactors will be much cheaper .
+
+S ITER produces neutron as its waste which could be burned up rapidly ( Gerstner , 2009 ) .
+
+S While the class IV reactors , produces nuclear waste that contains plutonium and uranium , they incurred a high reprocessing cost and till have 4 % of the original nuclear waste left over .
+
+S Almost all of the nuclear waste that could not be reprocessed are being buried in landfill sites that could take million of years to decompose and also contaminate the land rendering it useless for other purposes .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This cost of reprocessing nuclear waste makes up the bulk of the maintenance cost incurred .
+
+S The ITER could do without the need to reprocess its nuclear waste and therefore could bring the cost down of producing electricity .
+
+S Another more significant advantage is the performance of the ITER , being able to produce ten times the power as compared to previous versions .
+
+S The ITER utilizes a new technology to contain the nuclear material in a doughnut shaped ring surrounded by a strong magnetic to stabilize the nuclear material thus enhancing its stability and efficiency .
+
+S ITER is still at its infancy it make take another 20-30 years before the first plant could be commissioned in Europe .
+
+S Nuclear power should be pursued for its environmental friendliness when compared against other forms like coal and diesel power plants and also its improved track record in safety .
+
+S Nuclear power plants do not emit huge amounts of green house gases like carbon dioxide when compared against traditional coal power plants .
+
+S Since the earth is experiencing global at a rate never seen before , there is a more urgent need to look into ways which we could cut down on green house gases emissions .
+
+S The proposed alternative would be the use of nuclear power plants to generate electricity .
+
+S There has been no major incidents involving nuclear power plants since the Chernobyl incident in 1986 .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nuclear power plants now follow a very strict set of operating procedures which prevents any accidents example leakage from happening .
+
+S They are heavily protected by security forces , this will deter any terrorist from attempting to hijack a nuclear plant .
+
+S The last reason why nuclear power should be pursued is that too renewable energy resources take up too much land meant for farming and forest .
+
+S Renewable resources like Biofuel are produced from maize .
+
+S The United states alone consumes up to 34 billion litres of biofuel annually satisfying 5 % of the total energy demand , this require 19 million hectares of land to produce .
+
+S By 2022 the demand for biofuel will increase to 136 billion litres and 31 million hectares of land will be needed to produce this amount of biofuel .
+
+S Forest would be converted to farms for cultivating maize , worsening global warming and ruing habitats for wild animals .
+
+S Another feared outcome , would be since maize meant for biofuel could fetch a higher price more farmers will choose to sell their maize crop to producers of biofuel and not to market .
+
+S This could spike an increase in food prices driving more people towards poverty .
+
+S In conclusion , nuclear power should be pursued based on improved designs of nuclear reactors such as the ITER and for its environmental friendliness and to reduce global warming .
+
+S Very High Temperature Reactor The promising concept for future energy .
+
+S Throughout the long-standing history of humanity , the energy has played a crucial role in changing the civilization to the new level .
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But the current requirement of continuous energy supplies have grown so rapidly that many countries focus on exploiting current resources , pushing ourselves to the verge of total depleted resources .
+
+S Therefore , we are concentrating on searching new energy source which can probably replace current fossil fuels .Although with many advantages like high efficiency , no carbon emission and so on , nuclear energy still meets with very strong public opposition , mainly due to memories of two horrible catastrophes in the past : Three Miles Island and Chernobyl .
+A 7 7|||M:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Otherwise , it is still questioned about other factors like building cost , performance compared to other rivals , for example , wind energy .
+
+S In facts , recently technology achievements have showed positive signals to one of the six concepts of generation IV reactor - Very High Temperature Reactor , which should receive more supports in both research and development funding .
+A 1 3|||R:OTHER|||in fact|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:NOUN:NUM|||support|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The most doubtful question still appears in public is about the safety design as well as security solution to against any attempt of terrorists or saboteurs .
+
+S Many assays have been made by engineers to create many unique features to tighten the safety .
+
+S The modular design approaching , which has high level safety requirements , is possible to keep the core in a safe condition if there is any coolant loss accident , secure the radioactive releases in three layers of stout barriers , while it minimizes number of classified system to maintain the simplification .
+
+S These designs will prevent any try to cause accidents to reactor from outside .
+
+S On the other hand , the safety design factor come from endeavor to overcome currents difficulties : heat- resistant fuels and materials , high fuel burn-ups , and temperature control .
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||the endeavour|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First , researches has showed the modified 9Cr1Mo steel could be chosen because it has a negligible creep domain in a high temperature range 400-500C ,yet its precious mechanical properties has no significant change in estimated 60 years of operation under the radiation working environment .
+
+S Furthermore , a C-C composite has been selected to make control rod cladding working in high neutron flux and high temperature condition .
+
+S Otherwise , engineers has selected are two nickel base alloys , alloy 230 and alloy 617 to make the Intermediate Heat Exchange .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They have been tested to operate at high temperature at the outlet core ( 850C ) , while they can keep mechanical properties , withstand corrosion in impure helium atmosphere and avoid nitride in mixture of helium and nitrogen atmosphere .
+
+S Second , many experimental works have been made to recover the TRISO fuel fabrication with UO2 covered by good quality TRISO , modified by replacing old SiC with new ZrC coating .
+
+S Accordingly the new fuel will improve performance drastically , reaching burn-up basis of 80GWd/tHM and withstand very high temperature ( 1600C ) , yet without making any significant radionuclide release .
+
+S It would not only enhance the efficiency but also raise the thermal margin under transient condition .
+
+S Besides , public 's opinions also concern about the problem of performance , the cost and the environment affection if we accept this nuclear reactor .
+
+S It is obvious that the cost of one nuclear reactor is very high , but if we apply it to this next generation reactor , it could be meaningless .
+
+S Since this one can operate in very high temperature , with optimized designs and enhanced fuels , hence it can produce a massive amount of energy .
+A 5 6|||R:PREP|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , government can easily lower the cost of electric energy retrieved , which make cost of nuclear energy competitive to the others .Furthermore , safety design also eliminate the chance of leaking radiation , make nuclear reactor a absolutely clean energy .
+
+S It should be evident that all public opposition can be solved entirely by new technology and concept .
+
+S As a result , we can affirm that the concept of Very High Temperature Reactor should be a first priority in further researches and funding to quickly turn it into reality in near future .
+
+S NUCLEAR ENERGY - THE FUTURE AHEAD
+
+S Nuclear energy is an alternative source of energy which can be obtained from either nuclear fission ( splitting up of two atoms ) or nuclear fusion ( combining two atoms ) .
+
+S In both these reactions large amount of heat energy is released , which is harnessed and converted into electricity .
+
+S Although nuclear energy is said to be one of the most efficient means of producing electricity , public concern towards their safety has brought down the number of new reactors being constructed in many countries .
+
+S Nuclear incidents such as the one at Three Mile Island in Pennsylvania in 1979 and the Chernobyl nuclear disaster in Ukraine in 1986 ( where large amounts of radioactive material was released into the atmosphere , causing numerous deaths and genetic diseases ) instigated fear of the possibility of such disasters occurring elsewhere .
+
+S The other problem faced is that of waste disposal , which needs to be carried out in a safe manner , so as not to pose a threat to the people as well as the environment .
+
+S The upcoming reactors , known as the Generation IV reactors , are of six types .
+
+S They are Gas cooled , Lead cooled , Molten salt , Fast sodium-cooled , Supercritical water-cooled and Very-high-temperature reactors .
+
+S The lead-cooled fast reactor ( LFR ) consists of " afast neutronspectrum , moltenleadorlead-bismuth eutecticcoolant , and a closedfuel cycle " ( Wikipedia ) .
+
+S The technical features of LFR which offer a possibility for procuring " sustainability , safety and reliability , and economic goals are the use of Lead coolant and a long life " ( INL , 2007 ) .
+
+S The modular " battery " system is designed in such a way that there is equal distribution between the electricity generated and the other products produced , like hydrogen and potable water .
+
+S The primary concern in the LFR is due to the possibility of leakage of the fuel " either from the reactor or the onsite spent fuel " ( Union of Concerned Scientists , 2005 ) which can kill millions of people in a radius of around 500 miles and make the place uninhabitable for many years in the future .
+
+S The problems faced in relation to security are , adequate protection is not provided against the known terrorist capabilities the NRC ( Nuclear Regulatory Commission ) does not use force-on-force tests , without the NRC approval changes in the facilities in the nuclear reactor and procedures operated are being made by the nuclear reactor owners .
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||capabilities , the NRC...|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The cost of generation of nuclear power is comparable to the generation of electricity using coal as a fuel .
+
+S In terms of fuel costs , both the costs are almost equal , as the transportation of coal nullifies the cost of the uranium used in nuclear reactors in generating the same amount of electricity .
+
+S The capital costs are more in nuclear reactors due to the safety issue involved in construction , when compared to the construction of coal plants .
+
+S The maintenance and operation costs are higher in nuclear power plants due to labour , replacement of plant parts , license fees and local property taxes .
+
+S The waste related cost for coal is mainly due to ash , whereas in nuclear plants it is from the radioactive waste generated .
+
+S In conclusion , the generation IV reactors are more advantageous over the current reactors being used because of the benefits which include , the nuclear waste that lasts for a lesser time , increase in efficiency as more energy is generated from the same amount of fuel and the ability to reuse the spent fuel in generating electricity .
+
+S These Generation IV reactors look into four main advancements , namely enhanced safety , proliferation resistance , waste minimization and economic viability .
+
+S Safety issues , cost and security requirements along with the eventual depletion of the fossil fuels , thrones Nuclear Energy as the main source of power for the future .
+
+S References
+
+S Idaho National Laboratory , Lead Cooled Fast Reactor ( LFR ) , October 22 , 2007 .
+
+S Retrieved on 13th October , 2009 .
+
+S { http : //nuclear.inl.gov/gen4/lfr.shtml } [ HYPERLINK : http : //nuclear.inl.gov/gen4/lfr.shtml ]
+
+S Union of Concerned Scientists , Nuclear Power , 2007 .
+
+S Retrieved on 12th October , 2009 .
+
+S { http : //www.scienceclarified.com/Al-As/Alternative-Energy-Sources.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.scienceclarified.com/Al-As/Alternative-Energy-Sources.html ]
+
+S { http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_cooled_fast_reactor } [ HYPERLINK : http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_cooled_fast_reactor ]
+
+S { http : //www.ucsusa.org/nuclear_power/nuclear_power_risk/sabotage_and_attacks_on_reactors/nuclear-reactor-security.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.ucsusa.org/nuclear_power/nuclear_power_risk/sabotage_and_attacks_on_reactors/nuclear-reactor-security.html ] { http : //www.nucleartourist.com/basics/costs.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.nucleartourist.com/basics/costs.htm ]
+
+S Promising prospects of SWCR
+
+S Having being questioned and opposed for a long period , the nuclear power , with the arising of advanced generation IV concepts , once again finds its place to help cope with global energy shortage and many environmental issues .
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN|||rise|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Supercritical-Water-Cooled Reactor ( SWCR ) is one of the most popular generation IV concepts of nuclear power .
+
+S Like the old nuclear reactors , the promotion of SWCR is opposed by some people because of security , environment , performance and cost issues .
+
+S However , with its unique advantages and the global demand of energy , it is reasonable and to some extent necessary to support further research funding of SWCR .
+
+S With the great destructions done by the explosion of some previous reactors , some people still oppose SWCR for concerning of security and environmental issues .
+
+S It is still remember that in 1979 at Three Mile Island , the reactor exploded and killed 31 at once and spewed radioactive across Europe .
+
+S But SWCR is much safer and reliable compared with the old reactors .
+
+S It would include simplified safety features that do not rely on sophisticated backup systems or experienced operatorsall are , in principle , 'melt down proof ' of an accident with minimal , if any , human intervention ( Butler , D. 2004 ) .
+
+S This suggests that any attempt to trigger an accident deliberately by simply switching off the coolant or power supply would be in vain .
+
+S Besides , it generates little waste and some of them can be recycled .
+
+S Actually it is much cleaner than many other forms of energy that emits too much green-house gas and various pollutions .
+
+S Some opponents may question the performance of SWCR .
+
+S They doubt that whether or not it is more efficient than other old reactors .
+
+S For this question , SWCR gives us a satisfactory answer .
+
+S The SWCR system is built on two technologies : Light Water Reactors and supercritical fossil-fired boilers .
+
+S It uses extremely high pressure to prevent water from boiling at temperature up to 500.Thus the thermal efficiency is greatly improved , about 45 % versus about 33 % efficiency for current Light Water Reactors ( Idaho National Laboratory : Supercritical-Water-Cooled Reactor ) .
+
+S Although nuclear energy is an effective energy form , it is quite demanding in terms of technology and the cost may be not acceptable .
+
+S Some people may question that whether SWCR is good enough to be applied widely , especially in developing countries .
+A 4 5|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Actually SWCR is simple to design and built that largely lower its cost .
+
+S This is because it has a fast neutron spectrum to generate more power for the same size of reactor and it resembles traditional LWR fuel .
+
+S Hence Supercritical-Water-Cooled Reactor is applicable for more countries .
+
+S Some countries even consider building such kind of nuclear plants in large scales .
+
+S Indeed we can not deny that there exist some other problems about SWCR , some of which have not been completely solved yet .
+
+S For instance , opponents criticize that some materials are not easy to find and some waste are difficult to deal with .
+
+S But these should not be the reason for abandoning the development of this promising nuclear energy .
+
+S Even traditional energies have all kinds of problems that we can not avoid .
+
+S By contrast , SWCR has successfully brought down these side effects to quite an acceptable level .
+
+S If further funding of research can be devoted to optimizing SWCR , it will become more mature and we can gain a kind of promising energy for the long run .
+
+S Energy is an important driving force for the world .
+
+S Traditional energy can no longer undertake this mission .
+
+S It can not support sustainable development .
+
+S It is high time we attached enough significance to the promising nuclear energy like SWCR by funding its research and development to make it more palatable .
+
+S Reference
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238-240
+
+S DSpace @ MIT Stability analysis of supercritical water cooled reactors Oct.20 2009/10/20 http : //dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/34651
+
+S Idaho National Laboratory Supercritical-Water-Cooled Reactors Oct. 20 2009 http : //nuclear.inl.gov/gen4/scwr.shtml
+
+S With the need for energy increasing rapidly nowadays , nuclear energy is drawing much more attention due to its huge power and non-emission of greenhouse gas .
+
+S To apply nuclear energy properly can greatly benefit human beings .
+
+S However , once there is any tiny error in the process of using nuclear , terrible disasters may happen .
+
+S In the history , there were cases such as the Chernobyl nuclear reactor explosion and the Three Mile Island accident , which were catastrophes caused by the misuse of nuclear power .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , how to make use of nuclear energy safely and efficiently has become the core problem for modern society .
+
+S In 1950s and 1960s , the testing nuclear power plants were considered to use the first generation of nuclear reactors ; in 1970s and 1980s , the standardized ones the second ; in 1990s , the well-developed ones the third ; the fourth generation refers to those under research and development .
+
+S ( Wen , 2002 )
+
+S To develop the fourth generation of nuclear plants aims to ensure the security of the application of nuclear energy , especially to protect nuclear plants from terrorism and incorrect operations which can lead to very serious results .
+
+S For instance , the careless operation and the designing flaw in Chernobyl gave rise to countless deaths and homelessness .
+
+S Furthermore , plants can not grow there in tens of years , and milk is not allowed to produce there in over a hundred years .
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:TENSE|||be produced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In Nuclear Power 's New Dawn , according to Declan Butler , there are six generation IV reactors concepts regarding coolant , temperature , pressure , waste recycling , power output , research needs , and the year to deliver .
+
+S ( Butler , 2004 ) The supercritical-water-cooled reactor has more advantages than the other five .
+
+S Though some of the reactors have advantage on the output and pressure , among different coolants , water stands out financially and environmentally .
+
+S Metal sodium is also not expensive but not safe enough at the same time .
+
+S Sodium has a relatively low burning point and has to be stored in kerosene to avoid it from burning which is a hidden security problem .
+
+S Thus , the sodium-cooled fast reactor is a good choice but still a little inferior to the supercritical-water-cooled reactor .
+
+S Lead-bismuth and helium are both expensive and hard to acquire , which hinders the popularization of gas- cooled fast reactors , lead-cooled fast reactors and very-high-temperature reactors .
+
+S Though water is no better than fluoride salts as coolant , the decomposition of fluoride salts at high temperatures is a great threaten to the environment .
+
+S Fluorine or HCFCs are can pollute the air and cause damage to the ozone layer .
+
+S Moreover , it does not require clean and fresh water to be the coolant , so sea water or some used water can be recycled as coolant of the nuclear reactor .
+
+S Because of the above , water is the most suitable material to be the coolant of the generation IV reactors , so supercritical- water-cooled reactor is largely superior to the other five kinds in terms of coolant .
+
+S With present science and technology level , the nuclear power can be used by human beings for approximately 20 years .
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The estimated year to deliver supercritical-water-cooled reactor is 2025 , and it is within the period that the nuclear energy on the earth can last .
+
+S In general , supercritical-water-cooled reactors exceed other five kinds of generation IV nuclear reactors on coolant to a large degree and could be developed in about 5 to 10 years which is relatively short and acceptable .
+
+S Hence , supercritical-water-cooled reactor can be considered a better kind among all generation IV nuclear reactors .
+
+S References :
+
+S 1 .
+
+S Butler , D. ( 2004 , May 20 ) .
+
+S Nuclear power 's new dawn .
+
+S Nature , 429 , 238- 240 .
+
+S 2 .
+
+S Wen , HJ .
+
+S ( 2002 ) .
+
+S The Trend of the World 's Nuclear Power Technology .
+
+S Nuclear Power Engineering and Technology , 2002 , issue 2 .
+
+S Generation IV Nuclear Energy
+
+S Current nuclear generation ( II and III ) has been applied into different areas to generate secure and inexpensive electric energy .
+
+S To further broaden the usage of nuclear power , the next generation of nucleargeneration IV is under discussion .
+A 4 5|||R:MORPH|||use|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Very-high-temperature reactor ( VHTR ) belongs to one of the six generation IV reactors .
+
+S Compared with other reactors , VHTR has the privilege of high efficiency and high security .
+
+S Basic researches to establish the new nuclear energy system is taking progress , and inquiries and doubts are generated with regards to safety , feasibility and cost .
+
+S The concerns from public have been a main obstacle for further advancement in nuclear research .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These concerns are inevitable , however , not necessary after synthesizing all the aspects and having a better insights into it .
+
+S Safety issue has always been the most controversial focus on nuclear energy .
+
+S Proponents have argued about the safety factor .
+
+S Nuclear and radiation accidents have alerted the critics .
+
+S Due to the complexity of nuclear reactors , nuclear energy goes wrong easily .
+
+S This could result in significant harm to human body , as it has shown in Pennsylvania radioactive steam leak in 1979 .
+
+S ( BBC , 2005 ) Safety should be guaranteed before proceeding .
+
+S The VHTR has proved to be greatly advanced in the safety aspect .
+
+S The combination with Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor system proves to be efficient in dissipating heat and preventing radioactivity leak .
+
+S The new generation plants are inherently very safe .
+
+S Safety is assured in the new system .
+
+S Another concern is that the technology is difficult to obtain .
+
+S The prior technology problem is to find heat-resistant materials to be applied at as high as 1000 degree C. Other issues incurred from high temperature in terms of coolants and accidents also need advancing .
+
+S The basic technology for VHTR extends from the former High Temperature Gas Reactors plants .
+
+S The technology research is being developed by several plant vendors and national laboratories , such as : PBMR , GT-HTR300C , ANTARES , NHDD , GT-MHR and NGNP in South Africa , Japan , France , Republic of Korea and the United States .
+
+S ( GEN-4 , n.d. ) .
+
+S The researches aim at solving the technology problem and implementing the technology by 2020 .
+
+S Technology is not a problem to be concerned with .
+
+S The third concern is the high cost of research in development of nuclear energy .
+
+S Critics doubts the profit of the billions of investment .
+
+S The fund for nuclear energy research keeps rising and shows non-profit in a short time .
+
+S However , after the implementation of nuclear energy around the world , the efficiency to generate electricity will be largely improved by about 50 % .
+
+S By 2020 , the portion of nuclear power in electricity production will go up to 17 % .
+
+S ( NGNP , 2008 ) In the long run , the development of nuclear energy will solve energy and environment problems involving oil and gas .
+
+S Hence the future benefit is worth present input .
+
+S In conclusion , generation IV nuclear energy , especially VHTR has its enormous advantages in the future .
+
+S It provides solutions to many serious problems .
+
+S With the advent of the new generation of nuclear energy , people will make a different in the utilization of energy .
+A 15 16|||R:MORPH|||difference|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S On This Day .
+
+S ( 2005 ) .
+
+S Retrieved Oct 9 , 2009 , from BBC :
+
+S http : //news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/28/newsid_2734000 /2734499.stm
+
+S Generation IV Technology .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Retrieved Oct 9 , 2009 , from Studsvik :
+
+S http : //www.ne.doe.gov/genIV/documents/gen_iv_roadmap.pdf
+
+S GEN-4 .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Retrieved Retrieved Oct 9 , 2009 , from
+
+S http : //www.gen-4.org/Technology/systems/vhtr.htm
+
+S NGNP. ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Retrieved Retrieved Oct 9 , 2009 , from
+
+S http : //www.nextgenerationnuclearplant.com/contact/faq.shtml
+
+S In Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development ( OECD ) countries , around 80 % of health care expenses are covered by public spending , mostly through subsidies to public hospitals .
+
+S That figure stands at 85 % in Sweden and the United Kingdom , 81 % in Japan .
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However in the United States , the figure stands at 45 % which is now grappling with a controversial reform plan to provide universal healthcare coverage .
+A 1 12|||R:OTHER|||, in the United States the figure stands at 45 % ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||and it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As rising health issues and living costs emerge as a threat to social stability and economic growth , the government must manage public spending on the elderly effectively .
+
+S The benefits of economic growth would help to ensure the continuity of social benefits for the elderly by increasing the national income there will be surplus to spend more money on social needs of the nation .
+A 17 17|||M:OTHER|||, and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 31|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Businesses will get help with rental and wage bills , Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong said .
+A 0 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:OTHER|||For example|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB|||stated|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:OTHER|||that businesses will get help with rental and wage bills|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government will extend more loans to local companies and spend $ 600 million over the next two years on training workers .
+
+S The budget would most likely take an aggressive and long term approach to reduce costs , assist businesses and help Singaporeans overcome the current situation in order to be in the pink of economic health again .
+
+S Differing views on health insurance to be subsidised from current budgetary surpluses , and for the Government to finance more of its longer-term development expenditure by borrowing from its reserves so as to free up current revenues for social spending .
+A 0 19|||R:OTHER|||There are differing views about health insurance to be subsidised from current budgetary surpluses , and about the Government financing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Social subsidies should be evaluated on their merits and the ability to sustain them without burdening future generations by borrowing from reserves .
+
+S We should not expand social subsidies simply because we are currently having a budget surplus .
+A 0 12|||R:OTHER|||Social subsidies should not be expanded simply because there is currently|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Spending needs are growing in many areas , not forgetting social spending but we expect the government budget to be tight , therefore our challenge will be to manage the increase in social spending as our population ages , and focus subsidies on those most in need .
+A 12 18|||R:OTHER|||,but the government budget is expected|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 40|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The financing philosophy of Singapore 's healthcare delivery system is based on individual responsibility and community support .
+
+S Patients are expected to co-pay part of their medical expenses and to pay more when they demand a higher level of service .
+
+S At the same time , Government subsidies help to keep basic healthcare affordable MOH ( 2009 ) As such , the government plays a significant role in providing health care services for public , but the government can only do this much .
+A 11 17|||R:OTHER|||health care affordable MOH ( 2009 ) .|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To help Singaporeans to pay for their medical expenses , the Government has put in place a financing framework , which consists of Medisave , Medishield , ElderShield and Medifund .
+
+S In theory , rising health care costs should not pose a problem if the rate of increase is matched by rising national income , as the economy matures and GDP growth inevitably slows coupled with the fact that Singapore is experiencing an ageing population of 7.7 % which is expected to increase to 14 % in 2010 and 25 % in 2030 .
+A 0 63|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , government policies to enhance overall productivity will help maintain living standards , despite a shrinking labor force .
+
+S Policies that favor the income distribution towards capital will also raise the return on capital , which will enhance capital formation and , in turn , raise labor productivity and raise the national income .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 26|||R:OTHER|||, and in turn|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S MK Lim,1FAMS , FRCP ( Edin ) , MPH ( Harvard ) As opposed with an ageing population , Singapore will have a sector of un-employed people without families who are either single or divorced with perfectly unsound financial management diagnosed with chronic illness .
+A 0 12|||R:OTHER|||( author,year ) .|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 35|||R:OTHER|||,who are either single or divorced ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 40|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The fact that they can not contribute to their MediSave since they do n't have a job is resolute .
+
+S When they reach a tenable age for retirement they are unable to pay for their medical bills since they do not have adequate savings .
+A 8 8|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Government will continue to subsidize health care to bring the cost down to an affordable level for this group of people which makes up a large number of the population .
+
+S As our population ages , the importance of public spending on the aged with regards to healthcare should be managed effectively without having to over spend or inadequately provided .
+A 1 2|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 29|||R:OTHER|||iinadequately provide|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Social subsidiaries should be evaluated thus reduce unnecessary spending allowing the Government to finance more of its longer-term development expenditure which in turn brings about greater economic growth .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:FORM|||reducing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:PREP|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With economic growth , the financial burden will be lessen and allow more money for spending on social areas .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:FORM|||lessened|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||allowing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S An aging population poses significant challenges and significant implications for Singapore .
+
+S One of the challenges that need to be addressed will be the aging population on the economy .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:SVA|||needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As reported , " Singapore has one of the fastest aging populations in the world , with over 65-year-olds estimated by 2030 to represent 23 % of the population , the second highest percentage in Asia lagging behind only Japan .
+A 19 22|||R:OTHER|||,estimated by 2030 ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " ( Wijaya , 2009 ) With the aging population occupying ¼ of the population , public spending should not be limited on the aged .
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||one quarter|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In view of the graying population , government expenditure on the aged is inevitable .
+
+S Higher life expectancy of the population is foreseen with the literate population getting healthier together with the advancement in medical technology we have currently .
+A 15 24|||R:OTHER|||current advancements in medical technology|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Singapore 's only and main resource is her population .
+
+S Taking care of the aged forms a part of the nation 's welfare expenditure .
+
+S Long-term care and health costs are examples of the welfare expenditure .
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Limiting public spending on the aged should not be implemented in view of the small fraction spent on welfare .
+
+S " Social security and welfare payments to just 2.15 per cent of the total government expenditure .
+
+S " ( Fernandez , 1994 ) More funding will be essential as demand for health care increases .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Old age dependency is not a given .
+
+S This means that the older population should continue to work if they are willing to .
+A 14 15|||U:VERB:FORM||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By extending the retirement age , this reduces the expenditure to provide for the aged .
+A 0 7|||R:OTHER|||Extending the retirement age|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , one has to bear in mind the sizeable segment of the population that needs the government to aid them .
+
+S One has to take into the consideration the people who are living alone with no family and children for financial support .
+
+S Unsound financial management and little education are also some aspects that may result in elderly dependency on the government .
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||people depending|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From research , it is reflected that 9 % of the population in Singapore are not living with children or spouse .
+A 20 20|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This means their financial and emotional support comes solely from government support .
+
+S Public assistance is needed especially so for families who rely on voluntary organizations and self -help group .
+A 5 6|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||groups|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In Singapore context , large subsidies are given in three core areas .
+A 2 3|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They are mainly health , education , and housing .
+A 0 1|||R:PRON|||These|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Taking care of the population needs brings about the country 's development .
+A 5 5|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After all , the population itself is Singapore 's core asset to progress .
+
+S To date , these three areas are highly subsidized and funded .
+
+S This is evident in " three high-subsidy areas - housing , health and education amounted to $ 3.4 billion last year , or about one third of its total expenditure .
+
+S " ( Fernandez , 1994 ) With a rapidly aging workforce , it is not feasible to reduce spending on the aged and divert them to other areas of the country 's development .
+A 24 25|||R:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In a way , the other areas of development are seen with substantial amount spent .
+A 0 16|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , it will be unfair to limit the fiscal cost spent on the aged .
+
+S Looking at a financial issue point of view , the government still makes it a point to promote self-reliance and individual savings within the nation .
+A 0 5|||R:OTHER|||From a financial|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is to ensure that the elderly will have enough and are ready for old age .
+A 10 10|||M:NOUN|||money|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:MORPH|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S An example of will be mandatory saving scheme : Central Provident Fund ( CPF ) .
+A 2 5|||R:OTHER|||is the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With this practice , public spending on the aged should then be limited .
+A 9 13|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In a way , with adequate personal savings the dependency on government aid is decreased .
+
+S In conclusion , it is not wise to limit public spending on the age given the fact that reliance on the government support is necessary to certain group of the elderly .
+A 20 21|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:NOUN:NUM|||groups|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With longer life expectancy and declining birth rates , elderly dependency on the young should be shared across with the government .
+A 17 18|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the long run , the tax burden to support the aged may seem too demanding for the young workers .
+
+S As a result this may affect the country 's development when we take into consideration the welfare of the young working population .
+A 11 22|||R:OTHER|||the welfare of the young working population is taken into consideration|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Financing issues of the nation should be carefully implemented in order to ensure a healthy economy status of the country .
+
+S Singapore in this aspect has done a good job by providing the minimal yet sufficient welfare benefits to the population .
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||,yet sufficient ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In any part of a nation 's economy , a well balanced of expenditure and earnings is sought upon .
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence limitation on public spending on the aged should not be implemented , given the fact that the aged makes up a quarter of the population .
+A 12 13|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S REFERENCE
+
+S • Elderly to double by 2040 .
+
+S ( July 20 , 2009 ) The Straits Times .
+
+S Retrieved September 14 , 2009 , from Reuters .
+
+S http : //www.straitstimes.com/Breaking % 2BNews/World/Story/STIStory_405540 .html • Fernandez , W. ( 1994 , September 18 ) .
+
+S State welfarism , Singapore-style .
+
+S The Straits Times , p. 1-6 • Phung , K. S. ( 2005 , November 05 ) The Generation Gap is it getting wider .
+
+S Retrieved September 13 , 2009 from http : //seniors.gov.sg/Grandparenting/The + Generation + Gap + Is + it + getting + w ider.htm • Preparing for an aging population for the Singapore Experience .
+
+S Electronic References .
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2009 from http : //www.nus.edu.sg/nec/innoage/documents/AARPjournalwinter09_PMLee.p df .
+
+S • Wellbeing of Elderly in Singapore .
+
+S PDF file .
+
+S Retrieved September 13 , 2009 , from http : //fcd.ecitizen.gov.sg/NR/rdonlyres/89400A6C-8621-4882-A238- 01D9067C86DB/0/Chpt7.pdf
+
+S Population ageing is inevitable in many developed countries , and Singapore is no exception ( MCYS , 2006 ) .
+
+S Singapore government had been aware of the potential problems with regard to ageing society since the 1980s ( Mehta ) .
+A 0 0|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||regards|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Various committees , like Committee on the Problems of the Aged and the National Council on Family and Aged ( NACFA ) , were formed over the years to address the challenges of an ageing population .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the recent years two more high-level committees , Committee on Ageing Issues ( CAI ) and Ministerial Committee on Aging ( MCA ) , were formed to spearhead the vision of successful ageing in Singapore ( MCYS , 2008 ) .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 17|||R:OTHER|||the Committee on Ageing Issues ( CAI ) and the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order to tackle these problems , policies were designed and implemented in different stages .
+
+S I agree to a large extent that the current policies have helped to ease the aging process .
+
+S Therefore in terms of researching , I will be focusing on public policies aspect of the ageing population .
+A 4 5|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 11|||R:OTHER|||this essay will focus on the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The committees built on works of previous committees with believe that policies should allow the elderly to benefit in terms of housing , employability and financial security , healthcare and eldercare and active aging ( MCYS , 2006 ) .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 8|||R:OTHER|||the works of previous committees ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||the belief|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In terms of housing , studio apartments ( SA ) are built with elderly friendly features like non-slip tiles , smoke detectors and emergency alarms .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These housings are specially catered for the elder , especially singles or poor elderly , to provide them with a range of housing options depending on their ideal living arrangement .
+A 2 8|||R:OTHER|||cater for the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 14|||R:OTHER|||for old people living alone or on low incomes ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:VERB:FORM|||providing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , buyers are allowed to utilize their Central Provident Fund ( CPF ) to purchase home at an affordable subsidised price ( MCYS , 2006 ) Moreover , family members of the elderly benefit from schemes like Married Child Priority , when they choose to accommodate with or near their parents .
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 45 47|||R:OTHER|||accommodation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 48 48|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , by creating these housings , jobs are created for the construction and development industry to build these housings .
+
+S This will help to boost up the economy to ease the aging process .
+A 5 6|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 13|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Policies for employability and financial security like the Workfare Income Supplement ( WIS ) scheme for the older low-wage workers were introduced in 2007 .
+A 6 6|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Under the WIS scheme , elderly are given supplements apart from the CPF contributions made in their by employer .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These policies will increase the older workers chances of continuing their employability , due to the reduction of employer 's CPF contribution rate and build up their retirement savings ( MCYS , 2008 ) .
+A 12 25|||R:OTHER|||and building|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With more people in the workforce , productivity will increase , which will at the same time enhance the economy .
+
+S Eldershield Scheme was improved in 2007 to make step-down care services affordable to the elderly in particular the low wage elders ( MCYS , 2008 ) .
+A 0 2|||M:DET|||The Eldershield scheme|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With this scheme , elderly are able to afford the services which are specially created for them .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Daycares centres and day rehabilitation centres allow the children of the seniors to work productively knowing that their parents are in good care .
+
+S Furthermore elderly can interact with other people at these centres , thus they will not feel lonely .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||the elderlyelderly people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , there is a holistic approach towards the healthcare and eldercare of the elderly , which goes with the committee 's vision .
+
+S ( MCYS , 2008 )
+
+S A new scheme , Wellness Programme was created recently to promote healthy lifestyle and social networking for citizens especially the elderly ( PMO , 2009 ) .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||lifestyles|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S An active and purposeful life can improve the wellbeing of an individual ( MCYS , 2006 ) .
+
+S Furthermore it will even delay the onset of age- related chronic diseases ( MCYS , 2008 ) .
+
+S Thus , with a healthy body and mind , elderly are able to continue to contribute to the society and which in return benefit the nation .
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||the elderlyelderly people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:VERB:TENSE|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Council for Third Age ( C3A ) was formed under MCA , to further promote active ageing through community-based projects ( MCYS , 2006 ) .
+A 0 0|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Their major events to create public awareness are the Senior Citizens ' Week and Active Ageing Festive .
+A 16 17|||R:MORPH|||Festival|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conjunction with the annual event , C3A created a Senior Citizens award , to honour role models and active senior citizens in the community ( MCYS , 2006 ) .
+A 13 14|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These initiatives will hence foster family bonding and community spirit , thus a positive environment for everyone to age healthily .
+
+S Judging by the policies made for the elder , we will notice that the government has invested a large sum of money in them .
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 12|||R:OTHER|||it is clear|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , instead of trying to change what we can not change like personal health and family upbringings , there should be alternative ways to solve this problem .
+A 11 15|||R:OTHER|||can not be changed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||upbringing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Education system can be an area worth investing .
+A 0 2|||M:DET|||The Education System|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Children should be taught the importance of filial piety and healthy lifestyle .
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After all , these children will eventually be part of the elderly population .
+
+S If these moral values are cultivated in system from young , there will not be a need to create schemes like Maintenance of Parents Act .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , there bound to be minorities who will think otherwise .
+A 3 3|||M:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Every one of us will eventually be part of the elderly population .
+
+S We will like to be treated humanely and be loved by our family .
+
+S The government has been trying to ease the process thru implementing policies .
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||through|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We as citizens should do our part too .
+A 0 6|||R:OTHER|||Citizens should do their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Singapore 's only resource is human , thus a collective effort from each and every one of us will make a vast difference .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||its people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 18|||R:OTHER|||citizen|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As our Prime Minster Lee Hsien Loong highlighted in his 2009 National Day speech , " If we stay cohesive , then we can overcome our economic challenge and continue to grow .
+
+S " ( PMO , 2009 ) .
+
+S Reference :
+
+S Mehta , Kalyani K. ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Chapter 5 .
+
+S National Policies on Ageing and Long- term Care in Singapore A Case of Cautious Wisdom ? .
+
+S Retrieved on September 13 , 2009 , from http : //www.idrc.ca/en/ev-28477-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html Ministry of Community Development , Youth and Sport ( MCYS ) .
+
+S ( 2006 , February 3 ) .
+
+S Committee on Ageing Issues Report on the Ageing Population : Report on the Ageing Population .
+
+S Retrieved on September 13 , 2009 , from http : //www.mcys.gov.sg/successful_ageing/report/CAI_report.pdf Ministry of Community Development , Youth and Sport ( MCYS ) .
+
+S ( 2008 , January 23 ) .
+
+S MINISTERIAL COMMITTEE ON AGEING : REPORT FOR 2007 .
+
+S Retrieved on September 13 , 2009 , from www.mcys.gov.sg/mcdsfiles/download/mca_report.doc Prime Minister 's Office Singapore ( PMO ) .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong 's National Day Rally Speech 2009 on 16 August ( Transcript ) .
+
+S Retrieved on September 13 , 2009 , from http : //www.pmo.gov.sg/News/Messages/National + Day + Rally + Speech + 2009 + ( Part + 1 + E conomy ) .htm
+
+S The world 's population is growing older .
+
+S By 2050 , one-fifth of the population will be 60 years or older ( United Nations , n.d. ) .
+
+S To prepare for the growing demand of the ageing population , more government funding is required in providing better infrastructure and amenities for the elderly .
+A 16 17|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , if public spending is not limited , the increased expenditure on the elderly will be at the cost of the country 's development .
+
+S Thus , the public spending on the aged should be limited so that money can be diverted to other areas of the country 's development , which in turn can help to solve the problems of aging population .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 36|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , public spending should be diverted to promote economic growth .
+
+S Economic growth is seen as the key to resolving issues relating to aging population .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With economic growth , the average income will increase , and thus , many people will be able to or even lessen their burden on taking care of their elderly parents .
+A 13 32|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , with the increased income , the government can impose more tax and use it to continue existing or introduce more welfare programs for the elderly .
+A 17 22|||R:OTHER|||introduce more or to continue existing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Lewin Group and The Nelson A. Rockefeller Institute of Government ( July , 2004 ) found that states of less fiscal capacity on average spent less on social welfare programs than states with higher per capita incomes .
+A 25 25|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , public spending should be channelled to promoting economic growth , in which can help to continue or enhance welfare programs .
+A 11 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Next , public spending should be channelled to the education sector , either to allow more people to get the chance to go to school or to improve the standard of education , and encourage research and development at tertiary levels and beyond .
+A 12 34|||R:OTHER|||to allow more people to get the chance to go to school , to improve the standard of education , and to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With more educated citizens , there will be a more productive workforce ( Ramphele " Rosovsky , 2000 ) .
+
+S In addition , as the standard of education increases , and more research and development is conducted , the likelihood of technological advancement would be higher .
+A 23 25|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Advancement in technology can improve the healthcare of the elderly , as more or better treatments for illnesses due to old aged are discovered .
+A 0 1|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Advancements|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , public spending should be diverted to education sector and promoting research and development , which can improve the welfare of the elderly in both long and short run .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , new or improved treatments arising from advancement in technology will incur a higher healthcare cost .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||advancements|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 17|||R:OTHER|||higher health care costs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , limiting public spending on the aged is not an easy task .
+
+S This is simply due to fact that setting a limit that is too low may result in some elderly not receiving adequate medical care and home care , and setting a limit that is too high may result in increased burden on government policies and on the working population in society .
+A 39 39|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , the government needs to prevent the healthcare cost from escalatng too much and also how much funds should be set aside for the elderly .
+A 7 10|||R:OTHER|||health care costs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:VERB|||to decide|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||funding|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government can lower healthcare costs by providing the elderly with cheaper but adequate alternatives .
+
+S The Singapore government is expanding its step-down care sector , by increasing the number of community hospitals , nursing homes and home care , which can provide the elderly patients with sufficient care ( Majid , 2009 ) .
+
+S The government should decide on the segment of the population that requires government aid in old age before calibrating the essential funds required for the elderly .
+
+S Elderly who are financially strapped and/or have no spouse or intermediate family members to take care of them should be taken care of by the government .
+A 1 1|||M:NOUN|||people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 18|||R:OTHER|||people who are financially strapped and/or have no spouse or intermediate family members to take care of them ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government can identify this group of elderly by conducting means testing .
+
+S By adopting the use of means testing , it allows lower income patients to enjoy more subsidies than higher-income patients ( Ministry of Health , 2009 ) .
+
+S The government should then carefully decide the necessary healthcare spending that has to be supported by the public sector , as excessive spending or spending that exceed the means of the government will lead to future generation having to pay higher tax , as the successor government is left with huge bill ( Tan " .Ho , 2008 ) .
+A 26 27|||R:VERB:SVA|||exceeds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 35|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 54 56|||R:OTHER|||Ho|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Different societies use different methods to finance their healthcare .
+
+S In Singapore , the government finances the healthcare through a combination of taxation and private or national insurance schemes to provide affordable healthcare to its people ( Lim , 2001 ) 7 However , with limited resources , the government needs to allocate resources in such a way , so that development in one area will not be at the cost of another .
+A 6 9|||R:OTHER|||health carehrough|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:OTHER|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , public spending on the aged should be limited , so that funds can be used other development which can help solve issues of aging population .
+A 17 17|||M:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||developments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:OTHER|||some of the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 25|||UNK|||some of the issues that accompany an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Lim , H.K .
+
+S ( November 01 , 2001 ) .
+
+S 13th Biennial Congress Of The Asian Surgical Association .
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2009 from http : //www.moh.gov.sg/mohcorp/speeches.aspx ? id = 1670 Maji , H. ( August 16 , 2009 ) .
+
+S Healthcare system to be restructured to cater to ageing population .
+
+S Channel News Asia .
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2009 from
+
+S http : //www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/449200/1/.htm l Ministry of Health ( April 13 , 2009 ) .
+
+S Adoption Of Means Testing In All Public Hospitals .
+
+S Parliamentary QA .
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2009 from http : //www.moh.gov.sg/mohcorp/parliamentaryqa.aspx ? id = 21422 Ramphele , M. , " Rosovsky , H. ( March 10 , 2000 ) .
+
+S Educated people are no luxury , they 're essential .
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2009 from
+
+S http : //www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp ? storyCode = 150567 " sectioncode = 26 Tan , K. " Ho , C.S .
+
+S ( June 27 , 2008 ) .
+
+S Let Budget surplus fund health insurance .
+
+S Media Forums .
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2009 from http : //www.moh.gov.sg/mohcorp/mediaforums.aspx ? id = 19406 United Nations ( n.d. ) .
+
+S The Aging of the World 's Population .
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2009 from http : //www.un.org/esa/socdev/ageing/popageing.html United States Department of Health and Human Services ( July , 2009 ) .
+
+S Spending on Social Welfare Programs in Rich and Poor States .
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2009 from http : //aspe.hhs.gov/HSP/social-welfare- spending04/execsum.htm
+
+S Population ageing is inevitable .
+
+S In this modern age , there is no doubt that up to date research and development on policies is imperative to identify problems that the elderly face .
+
+S It also contributes in the aspect of providing applicable solutions to ease the greying population which is gradually growing in society .
+A 3 7|||R:OTHER|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I wholeheartedly agree that research and development is the pathway to relieve the ageing process .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||Therefore , it can be said|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A greying population exists when a declining proportion of the young e.g .
+
+S children and youths and an increasing proportion of the old e.g .
+
+S people age 60 and above occurs .
+
+S This imbalance ultimately affects the healthcare industry .
+
+S Thus giving rise to the frequency of a person being diagnosed with chronic diseases .
+
+S According to the World Health Organisation ( WHO ) 2002 , an older person 's independence is threatened when physical or mental disabilities make it difficult to carry out the activities of daily living .
+
+S In line with that , there will an increase for demand of medications to prevent and treat chronic illnesses and also to improve quality of life .
+
+S A need for expanding social care services for the elderly suffices as well .
+A 10 11|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In dealing with an ageing population , research and development has pushes countries to move forward in a new paradigm of ageing .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:FORM|||pushed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Active ageing is the primary focus .
+
+S It is a process for utilizing opportunities in health , contribution and security of society to enhance the quality of life of ageing citizens .
+A 10 15|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the strategies is by encouraging longer employment for citizens and lower barriers for the elderly employment .
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||to encourage|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 18|||R:OTHER|||employment of elderly people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The current trend towards early retirement in industrialised countries is largely the result of public policies that have encouraged early withdrawal from the labour force ( WHO , 2002 ) .Therefore research and development is essential to change such policies .
+
+S Based on research , when people work longer , it can offset increasing costs for public pensions due to the rising of the eligibility age of it .
+A 20 28|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , working longer keeps one 's mind constantly generating thoughts and ideas .
+
+S Those who remain engaged in activities involving multiple tasks , requiring communication , interaction , and organization , who continue learning , and constantly challenge their brains earn the greatest protection ( Wall Street Journal , 2008 ) .
+A 14 27|||R:OTHER|||and organization , and those who continue learning , and constantly challenge their brains ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , he or she is not susceptible to developing old age illnesses and disabilities .
+A 2 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Research and development is also important to measure to what extent the government should provide sensible solutions in terms of expenditure to support medical requirements for the aged .
+
+S As mentioned , an ageing population has high demands for medications and social care services .
+A 1 1|||M:ADV|||previously|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||a high demand|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Through research and development , it is said that the government should support these demands .
+
+S However , a limit has to be established so that spending is not extravagant .
+
+S It is also vital that a perspective is set on the government not being the sole agent to relieve the ageing process .
+
+S Private practices in healthcare professionals , social care services and organizations for citizens also correspond to the aged .
+A 2 3|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In Singapore , Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong implemented that healthcare system will be restructured for the ageing population .
+A 8 9|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||the health care|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , he said one key step is to link up acute hospitals with community ones where patients can receive treatment at the acute hospital and then recuperate at the community hospital ( Channel NewsAsia , 2009 ) .
+A 17 17|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is undeniable that research and development is important to ease the greying population .
+
+S However some policies may not only bring positivity .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S An extension in the working lives of the elderly , can bring negative effects .
+
+S The ageing population is often associated with poor health thus exerts low productivity .
+A 9 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It will also be harder for them to acquire new skills that can benefit some industries .
+A 6 7|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||industry|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides that , some older workers cost more than younger workers due to the seniority payment system .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a consequence , older workers are considered both vulnerable for dismissal , or to be targeted by companies wishing to make workforce reductions , and less able to find new jobs should they loose their current work ( Bernard Casey , 1998 ) .
+A 24 26|||R:OTHER|||. They are also|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , these negatives are outweighed when active ageing takes place as the new paradigm for the aged .
+
+S Older people are active contributors in this age-integrated society .
+
+S They can remain as active providers and beneficiaries of modernization .
+
+S Research and development plays is relatively important to determine the direction of an ageing population .
+A 3 4|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||in determining|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Deterioration of a greying population due to problems associated with it can be addressed via strategies formed from policies for the aged .
+
+S Active ageing as the new paradigm of ageing is the key to overcome healthcare challenges and other problems arise with the ageing population as well .
+A 2 8|||R:OTHER|||,as the new paradigm of ageing ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:FORM|||overcoming|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:FORM|||arising|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 25|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These challenges are not only the concern of the government .
+
+S Other sectors should collaborate to produce the best solutions to ease the ageing population .
+
+S Lastly , it is essential for continuity in research and development for policies to suit needs of the elderly .
+A 6 6|||M:OTHER|||there to be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 15|||R:OTHER|||to be able to create policies that suit the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Ageing is a process that all humans have to go through , but inexplicably unavoidable and contentious are the problems that come along with it .
+A 13 13|||M:OTHER|||the problems that come along with it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 17|||R:OTHER|||are unavoidable|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 25|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Population ageing is experienced in most industrialized countries , and it has certainly affected these countries ' productivity as it brings along problems such as rising social and welfare costs .
+
+S It can also result in a shrinking and less efficient workforce , and a growing burden on family support .
+
+S Therefore , to tackle the problems brought about by the ageing process , there is a role for the individual , the family , and most importantly , the state to play .
+
+S We look specifically in the case of Singapore 's approach : current research and development ( R " D ) and policies such as the employment policies , the public pensions programs and the health care and community development prepared for the aged have greatly helped in easing the problems posed by the ageing process .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||Looking|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 9|||R:OTHER|||at the case of Singapore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 20|||R:OTHER|||R&D|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Employment policies in the form of encouraging the hiring or re-hiring of the elderly and in strengthening the workforce by bringing in more immigrants are ways to solve the problem of low productivity in the economy caused by the ageing process .
+
+S In the case of Singapore , the state has for example , extended the retirement ages for its people to 62 , and to 65 by 2012 .
+
+S This gives the elderly an opportunity to work to supplement his/her own expenses , and it also helps in raising the productivity of the workforce as well .
+
+S Another way to make up for the lack of productivity of the workforce is to encourage more immigrants or 'foreign talents ' to work in Singapore .
+
+S The state 's readiness to provide financial benefits or aids to 'foreign talents ' , and the conducive and attractive work environment that Singapore provides meant that these people are able to replace the elderly in the workforce and maintain , or even bring the economy to higher levels .
+
+S Thus , employment policies have made the problems associated with the ageing process much negligible .
+A 13 14|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another method that the Singapore government has adopted to deal with the ageing process is the use of the public pensions programs , more familiar to Singaporeans by the name of Central Provident Fund ( CPF ) .
+A 18 19|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S More commonly seen as a social security savings plan , contributions are made monthly to the CPF by working Singaporeans and their employers .
+
+S In such a case , these savings can then be used appropriately , especially after retirement .
+
+S It helps to see the elderly through their retirement , provides a retirement income for the elderly and it ensures sufficient savings for future medical uses as one gets older .
+
+S The CPF policy has seen tremendous success in providing one with sufficient income for rainy days and future uses , and it certainly has lessen the impacts that the ageing process has brought about .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN|||people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 17|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||use|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:FORM|||lessened|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:NOUN:NUM|||impact|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And finally , the state has also implemented policies on health care and community development such as health care insurance schemes and improving facilities and infrastructure for the elderly .
+A 15 15|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Health care insurance schemes such as the Medisave , Medishield and Eldershield allows Singaporeans to place aside part of his/her own income for health care needs in the future .
+A 12 12|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This greatly encourages independence among the elderly in the future , and also on the emphasis of personal responsibility .
+A 11 17|||R:OTHER|||as well as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This reduces the burden on the family brought about by the ageing process .
+
+S R " D has also allowed the state to improve public infrastructure , such as the creation of wheelchair-accessible buses , upgrading the houses such as the provision of lifts for access to every storey , and the development of retirement housings .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||Research and Development|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 29|||R:OTHER|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 33|||R:OTHER|||that access|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 42|||R:NOUN:NUM|||housing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S An awareness of more elderly-friendly programs and facilities can also be made through advertisements .
+A 8 12|||R:OTHER|||has also been done|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As such , the elderly need not be as reliant on the community as before .
+
+S Thus , there need not be more burdens on the family and the community brought about by the ageing process .
+
+S However successful these policies may turn out to be , there are still contestations as to whether these policies are truly effective , and how it may actually bring in other sets of problems .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN|||arguments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:OTHER|||about|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , the policy of bringing in more 'foreign talents ' has brought disputes from locals in claiming that there is too much competition for jobs in Singapore .
+
+S And certainly , when implemented on its own , each policy presents its own sets of problems .
+
+S In providing employment for the elderly , its effects may be reduced if the health conditions or attitudes of these elderly workers are not seen to .
+A 12 27|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The CPF policy may provide cover for the elderly , but they will not be able to use it wisely if the state does not provide useful information or advices in its usage .
+A 29 31|||R:OTHER|||advice for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the abovementioned policies will not be as effective as when it is implemented on its own ; it needs to supplement each other for it to work .
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||they are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:PRON|||They|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The ageing process can be a tough and tumultuous time for the elderly , in terms of their well being and financial stability .
+
+S Certainly , without the policies undertaken by the state , the graying population will bring about problems found both in the economy and at home .
+A 17 18|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , policies such as the employment policies , the social security savings plan and health care and community development have helped to ease the ageing process by allowing the elderly to enjoy a more vibrant and active life in both social and economical aspects .
+A 20 20|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These policies are also most effective when working in tandem , whereas on its own its impacts are limited .
+A 13 18|||R:OTHER|||their own , their impact is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Singapore government has done well in its foresight of the problems regarding the ageing process , but more can be done to achieve better value of integration between the private and public spheres .
+A 25 27|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As for now , its policies have certainly kept the ageing process a much manageable one .
+A 14 14|||M:ADV|||more|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Central Provident Fund Board .
+
+S Electronic References .
+
+S Retrieved September 13 , 2009 , from http : //mycpf.cpf.gov.sg/CPF/About-Us/Intro/Intro.htm Martin , Linda G. ( 1991 ) .
+
+S Population Aging Policies in East Asia and the United States .
+
+S Science , New Series , 251 ( 4993 ) , p. 527-531 .
+
+S Ministry of Community Development , Youth and Sports .
+
+S 2006 Committee on Ageing Issues , Report on the Ageing Population .
+
+S Retrieved September 13 , 2009 , from http : //www.mcys.gov.sg/successful_ageing/report/CAI_report.pdf Rappa , Antonio L. ( 1999 ) .
+
+S The Politics of Ageing : Perspectives from State and Society in Singapore .
+
+S Southeast Asian Journal of Social Science , 27 ( 2 ) , p. 123-138 .
+
+S Teo , Peggy , Chan , Angelique , " Straughan , Paulin .
+
+S ( 2003 ) .
+
+S Providing health care for older persons in Singapore .
+
+S Health Policy , 64 ( 3 ) , p. 399-413 .
+
+S The problem of the increasing of the aging population becomes a main topic now .
+A 5 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has become|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||R:OTHER|||major issue|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The situation is particularly serious in Singapore , which is the most rapidly aging of all Asian countries according to a recent story in The Business Times .
+
+S ( " Singapore is aging fast " , 2004 ) This situation brings us some consequences , such as the decreasing of the productivity and the health problems of the elderly .
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||various|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The actions such as build more hospitals and upgrade home care should not be the most important tasks to progress .
+A 0 2|||U:DET|||Actions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 9|||R:OTHER|||building more hospitals and upgrading|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 21|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the coming of economic crisis , government should be much more concerned about the developments of the country .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||current|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||development|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , limit the spending on the elderly and use the money in others areas like the economy area and the technology area to develop the country .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||limiting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:FORM|||using|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Developing the economy of a country is an important task .
+
+S Economic conditions in Singapore have been affected by the huge loss in wealth from the collapse of the stock market that came with global crisis .
+
+S ( Shandre M. Thangavelu , 2008 ) As a result , the government should put their effort in reforming the country 's economy .
+A 15 18|||R:OTHER|||effort into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After reforming the economy , the condition of the country can remain the same like before the economy and become more stable .
+A 14 15|||R:PREP|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 23|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Then , people can get their own occupation ; have a stable income for living .
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , if the economy crisis becomes more serious , there will be more people losing their jobs .
+A 13 19|||R:OTHER|||more people will lose|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Once they are in trouble to earn money , they might rob , steal , kidnap , or kill somebody to get money and there will be more crimes happened .
+A 2 7|||R:OTHER|||have difficulty earning|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 30|||R:OTHER|||crime will increase|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So , developing the economy is more important than helping the elderly .
+
+S Moreover , together with the development of the economy , the productivity will also rise .
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Government can also increase the taxes so that there are much money could be use to maintain the welfare programs continuously .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 11|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:FORM|||used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is why developing the economy will be more important and more beneficial .
+A 6 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , the development in the technological field is more essential when compared with the expenditure to be spent for the elderly .
+A 2 8|||R:OTHER|||developments in technology|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With more funds from the government , the scientist of the country can do more researches .
+A 7 12|||R:OTHER|||scientists|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From these researches , scientists can discover new methods and also invent more products that could bring benefits to us .
+A 1 3|||R:OTHER|||this research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||society.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , the advancement in the medical field can save more people 's lives .
+A 3 5|||R:OTHER|||advancements|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Inventing new machines or having new medical methods to cure diseases not just save more people and decrease the deaths , it can also help to prolong one 's lifespan .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:SVA|||saves|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:SVA|||decreases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , the elderly can stay longer with healthy body , with the backing up by the high-technology .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 18|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Diverting money into this area must be very helpful to all people , including the elderly .
+
+S In fact , the aging populations who do not have families or disabilities really need the helps from others .
+A 12 13|||UNK|||who have a disability|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||help|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When they are sick , because of they do not have families or their disabilities , they can not take care of themselves .
+A 6 7|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||UNK|||have a disability|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , the welfare programs will be the vital for them .
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But this does not mean that the public should spend much to help them .
+A 10 13|||R:OTHER|||a lot on helping|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the reasons is those who without families and disabilities are just minority , the majority of the elderly have their own families and they will take care of their elderly .
+A 5 13|||R:OTHER|||that people without families and people with disabilities are just the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||U:PUNCT|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , because of Singapore is a country which influenced by the Confucius thinking and emphasized on the filial piety , the young generation know their obligation to take care of the elderly .
+A 3 4|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 18|||R:OTHER|||way of thinking which emphasizes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , limit the public spending on the aging population and divert the money into other areas of the development of country will be a suitable and accessible proposal .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||limiting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:FORM|||diverting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 29|||R:OTHER|||is one possible solution.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the public spending on the aging population should be limited and diverted to the economy area and the technology area of the development of the country .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 25|||R:OTHER|||technological|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Development in economy area can stabilize the condition of the country , increase the productivity and increase more government income which could be used for the elderly , while the development of technology area also can bring people healthier bodies .
+A 0 4|||R:OTHER|||Economic development|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:ADV|||then|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 30|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 34|||R:OTHER|||Technological development|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 36|||R:WO|||can also|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , diverting money to other areas of country 's development will not just solve the problems of the aging population , but will also bring every person in the country a lot of benefits .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:NOUN:NUM|||benefit|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference List
+
+S East Asian Bureau of Economic Research ( 2008 , November 19 ) .
+
+S EABER WORKING PAPER SERIES : PAPER NO.49GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISIS : IMPACT ON SINGAPORE AND ASEAN From http : //www.eaber.org/intranet/documents/80/1037/WPS_2008_49.pdf " Singapore Is Aging Fast " .
+
+S Market Asia Pacific .
+
+S FindArticles.com .
+
+S 13 Sep , 2009 .
+
+S From http : //findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb6587/is_12_13/ai_n29144514/
+
+S To a large extent , I agree that the current development and policies have helped to ease the aging process .
+A 4 8|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In terms of research I would be focusing on the poor and dependent segment of the aging population who require housing and accessible infrastructure .
+A 4 8|||R:OTHER|||this report will focus|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the basic elements of the well-being of elderly person is housing , it must be assured during the entire period of old age , household composition and living arrangements , physical strength and mobility , and the relations of the elderly with other generations ( J D Harrison ) .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 52|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The singles and lonely elderly who do not have any children of their own would usually stay with their next-of-kin .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||Single people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||often|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These elderly could also own a house .
+
+S The Studio apartment scheme ( Housing Development Board [ HDB ] , 2009 ) was introduced to provide an alternative housing option for the elderly .
+
+S The Studio apartments are build small to cater to the independent living of elderly .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:FORM|||built|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These apartments are constructed in a ready-to-move-in condition within the existing public housing .
+
+S In addition , this type of alternative housing is a cheaper means of shelter and is customized with elder-friendly features to facilitate independent living and mobility .
+
+S Voluntary welfare organizations ( VWOs ) are providing exclusive supporting services for the occupants like a VWO-run seniors housing ( Committee on Aging Issue [ CAI ] , 2006 ) .
+A 9 10|||R:MORPH|||support|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 19|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is also an alternative to the minority of the elderly who prefer to live independently and not add on to the burden of their child .
+A 18 22|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Old age would usually be associated with the physical changes and limitations of an elderly .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 15|||R:OTHER|||physical changes and limitations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As they starts to age , their physical capability would start to reduce and change .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||start|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||starts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Mobility , which is one of the activities of daily living ( U.S. Department of Health and Human Services , 1984 ) , would be hindered by this change of physical capability .
+A 23 25|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The safety of the elderly parents would be one of the main concerns for the caregiver .
+
+S Being old and vulnerable , the elderly would require special safety measures taken around the house , so as to eliminate the possible safety threats .
+
+S Housing Development Board has helped to design a more elderly friendly environment through the Project LIFE ( Project to Improve the Living Conditions of the Elderly ) ( HDB , 2005 ) .
+A 0 0|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 28|||R:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Where the housing flats with high concentration of poor elderly persons are upgraded with new fixtures and fittings , features such as lifts modification on every level , support hand grips in toilet , tap lever , non-slip floor tiles , and an alert alarm system .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||For example ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 24|||R:OTHER|||modified lifts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:NOUN:NUM|||toilets|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:NOUN:NUM|||levers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 44|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Such installation of elderly-friendly features would enhance the mobility of older residents .
+A 5 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||enhances|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This enables the elderly to live independently while being assured of help if needed .
+
+S These improvement works are fully funded by the government .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||improvements|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Children can be more assured of the safe quality living of elderly .
+A 0 1|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 10|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||R:OTHER|||the elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Elderly are encouraged to integrate into the community and be self- dependent ( CAI , 2006 ) .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Being part of the community would create a sense of belonging for the elderly which promote better mental health .
+A 5 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||creates|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||promotes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to Committee of Aging Issue , making Singapore an " Accessible City " ( CAI , 2006 ) would be the first step to reaching outward to the community .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The development of an " Accessible City " creates a long term benefit for all citizens .
+
+S Creating a barrier free environment would give the elderly person of freedom of moving around the community .
+A 10 11|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:MORPH|||movement|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This allows elderly person to integrate into a wider community and lead life actively .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||an active life|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Barrier-free environment could be done by upgrading the roads and infrastructures between housing and buildings according to the Code of Barrier-Free Accessibility ( BCA , 2002 ) .
+A 0 0|||M:OTHER|||According to the Code of Barrier-Free Accessibility ( BCA , 2002 ) ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||a barrier-free|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB|||created|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||infrastructure|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 27|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Code of Barrier-Free Accessibility ( BCA , 2002 ) are adhere to the conditions of being elderly friendly and barrier-free .
+A 0 0|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||adheres|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This can assure that the elderly are living in a safe and unobstructed environment .
+
+S As part of the " Accessible City " , transportation is also included .
+
+S The public transport operators have made adjustment to all the new public buses with low floor step-free and wheelchair-accessible to allow everyone to use the public transportation system .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||adjustments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||wheelchair-accessibility|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government also helps to defray the addition cost involved .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||has also helped|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:MORPH|||additional|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Singapore being a small country with only 682.7 sq km ( CIA World Factbook , 2009 ) faces the problems of land scarcity .
+A 1 17|||R:OTHER|||,being a small country with only 682.7 sq km ( CIA World Factbook , 2009 ) ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Singapore faces immense challenges in trying to meet the housing needs for its growing population .
+
+S There are insufficient lands for construction of basic residential housing , let alone these types of additional housing and infrastructure that caters to the elderly .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||land|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Building of additional housing and infrastructures would cost a huge amount of money .
+A 1 2|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||infrastructure|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All these costs are defrayed by the government .
+
+S These funds come from the tax payer , if huge amount of the funds are channeled into this particular area .
+A 7 8|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 21|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Are there sufficient funds left for the other area of national development ?
+A 6 9|||R:OTHER|||other areas|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This would leads to more constraints and limitation than solving the issues of aging population .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:FORM|||lead|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||limitations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 13|||R:OTHER|||rather than solving the issues of an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The mentioned several development and policies made have helped to ease the aging process .
+A 1 6|||R:OTHER|||policies mentioned above|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The developments of housing and infrastructures have helped to meet their physical , social and recreational needs and facilitate their integration into the community .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||infrastructure|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||elderly people 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||, as well as to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The elderly are able to be self-dependent .
+
+S However , all these practices should be done with the understanding of the limitations and constrains .
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||constraints|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Policy and development should be made at an economical level , not too extravagant to enhance their life but to improve the necessary condition of the elderly life .
+A 16 18|||R:OTHER|||people 's lives ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These policies would then serve to help ease the aging society .
+
+S References
+
+S Businessballs.com .
+
+S ( 2009 ) Abraham Maslow 's Hierarchy of Needs motivational model .
+
+S September 14 , 2009 , from http : //www.businessballs.com/maslow.htm Building Construction Authority .
+
+S ( 2002 ) Code on Barrier-Free Accessibility in Building .
+
+S September 17 , 2009 , from http : //www.bca.gov.sg/BarrierFree/others/BFA-Code.pdf Ministry of Community Development , Youth and Sports .
+
+S ( 2006 ) Committee on Aging Issues Pushes for Four Outcomes to Achieve Successful Ageing for Singapore .
+
+S September 12 , 2009 , from http : //www.mcys.gov.sg/successful_ageing/report/CAI_MR.pdf Committee of Aging Issues .
+
+S ( 2006 ) Report on the Aging Population .
+
+S September 16 , 2009 , from http : //www.mcys.gov.sg/successful_ageing/report/CAI_report.pdf 2009 CIA World Factbook .
+
+S ( 2009 ) Singapore Geography 2009 .
+
+S September 17 , 2009 , from http : //www.theodora.com/wfbcurrent/singapore/singapore_geography.html Family " Community Development @ eCitizen .
+
+S ( 2009 ) Wellbeing of Elderly In Singapore .
+
+S September 12 , 2009 , from http : //fcd.ecitizen.gov.sg/NR/rdonlyres/89400A6C-8621-4882-A238- 01D9067C86DB/0/Chpt7.pdf Housing Development Board .
+
+S ( 2009 ) What is Studio Apartment .
+
+S September 17 , 2009 , from http : //www.hdb.gov.sg/fi10/fi10201p.nsf/WPDis/Buying % 20A % 20New % 20HDB % 20Flat % 20 ( e-Sales ) Procedures % 20- % 20Buying % 20a % 20Studio % 20Apartment % 20 ( SA ) ? OpenDocument Investopedia .
+
+S ( 2009 ) Activities of Daily Living .
+
+S September 14 , 2009 , from http : //www.investopedia.com/terms/a/adl.asp Jayanti Krishnan .
+
+S ( 2002 ) New Hope for Caregivers.September 12 , 2009 , from http : //seniors.gov.sg/NR/rdonlyres/86FBCA27-B3FF-43F6-8328- 5323944B1B6D/6060/janmar02_caregivers.pdf MayoClinic.com .
+
+S ( 2009 ) Aging Parents : 5 warning signs of health problems .
+
+S September 14 , 2009 , from http : //www.mayoclinic.com/health/aging- parents/HA00082 REACH .
+
+S ( 2004 ) Summary of Elder-Friendly and Transportation System e- Consultation Paper .
+
+S September 12 , 2009 , from http : //app.reach.gov.sg/olcp/asp/ocp/ocp04.asp ? id = 1504 Robert , O .
+
+S ( 2009 ) Three Confucian values .
+
+S September 14 , 2009 , from http : //pascal.iseg.utl.pt/ ~ cesa/Three % 20Confucian % 20Values.pdf Joshua M. W. and Raymond J. H. and Robert C. and Joan F. V. N. ( 1990 ) Measuring the Activities of Daily Living : Comparisons Across National Surveys .
+
+S September 17 , 2009 , from http : //aspe.hhs.gov/daltcp/reports/meacmpes.htm
+
+S The senior citizens have contributed a lot in making what we enjoy today .
+A 0 2|||U:DET|||Senior|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S From Fighting for independent to paving the way for our generation today to live in comfort , their services are immeasurable .
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||fighting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:MORPH|||independence|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 4|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is therefore our duty to pay back what we have inherited from them .
+A 3 10|||R:OTHER|||every citizen 's duty to pay back what they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , public spending always included the spending on elderly .
+A 4 4|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Unfortunately , there are so many hue and cries in generation today that the public spending on the elderly should be limited for the sake of country 's development .
+A 6 12|||UNK|||there is public outcry by the younger generations who claim|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , I opine that the public spending on the aged should not be limited because not only the elderly will get the benefits from the spending but indirectly the society will get the benefits in any sphere .
+A 2 6|||R:OTHER|||this essay will argue that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN:NUM|||benefit|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 29|||R:OTHER|||, but indirectly ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 38|||R:OTHER|||also benefit|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Top on my list of reasons is that the spending of elderly will stimulate the economy .
+A 0 6|||R:OTHER|||The main reason|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 11|||R:OTHER|||spending on the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is because limitation in public spending on elderly is only transfer the responsibility to their family .
+A 3 5|||R:OTHER|||limiting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 12|||R:OTHER|||only transfers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Their family has to bear larger responsibility in finance to take care elderly .
+A 6 9|||R:OTHER|||financial responsibility|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:OTHER|||of the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Try to imagine how heavy the burden is for a family to take care two elderly or even more .
+A 14 14|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So , it will be an extra burden to family and they had to make less expense in other area such as entertainment .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 17|||R:OTHER|||will have less to spend|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 20|||R:OTHER|||on other areas|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Indirectly , we will face the economic downturn .
+A 0 9|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , if there is no limitation in public spending on elderly , it is definitely reduce the burden for their family and help in economics growth .
+A 10 14|||R:OTHER|||on public spending on the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 29|||R:OTHER|||economic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This led us on another point of concern that the spending of elderly will reduce the societal cost .
+A 1 8|||R:OTHER|||leads to another point|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:OTHER|||which is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 19|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As an illustration , rising cost of health spending will make the burden for young become heavier and heavier .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Most of the family will not able to afford this and virtually feel stress and depress .
+A 11 12|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 16|||R:OTHER|||may feel stressed of depressed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , conflict and argument among family members may occur in this matter .
+A 12 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , many other issues such as education and bank loan will become family problem .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||loans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On top of that , families and local communities will have to deal with that by conduct various activity such as family day , talks and other and government have to bear the cost .
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:FORM|||conducting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||activities|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||days|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 27|||R:OTHER|||and talks ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 29|||M:VERB:TENSE|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Obviously , instead of spending on communities ' activity , why not spending on elderly and can built up a good image ?
+A 6 9|||R:OTHER|||community activities|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:FORM|||spend|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 18|||R:VERB:TENSE|||build|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another bane of contention is that the public spending on education can be reduced .
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is because when there is no limitation in public spending on elderly will lighten the burden of generation today .
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 21|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When they spend less on elderly , they are able to invest more for their children 's education in the future such as saving for the education fee or education scheme .
+A 1 3|||R:OTHER|||people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 21|||R:OTHER|||future education|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||R:OTHER|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:NOUN:NUM|||fees|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:OTHER|||of the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So , the children today wo n't face the financial problem in education in the future .
+A 0 1|||R:ADV|||Therefore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||will not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 11|||R:OTHER|||financial problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||regarding their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Indirectly , government can spend less to help people in higher education but still can built up an intellectual society .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||R:WO|||can still|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is clear that the benefits are not only distributed to elderly but also the young generation .
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||amongst the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:PREP|||amongst|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||younger generations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , we are killing two birds with a stone by not limited the public spending on elderly .
+A 2 18|||R:OTHER|||not limiting public spending on the elderly , kills two birds with one stone|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Basing the argument on the fact that public spending on aged should not be limited , I am obliged to add that other areas of the country 's development should not be neglect as well .
+A 16 35|||R:OTHER|||it is important not to neglect other areas of the country 's development|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although the tendency for public spending to be increasingly especially to elderly , it does n't mean that other areas of the country 's development have been taken for granted .
+A 3 3|||M:VERB|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||increased ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||for the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Government should plan carefully in public spending so that they wo n't face the problem that ca n't afford equity any other way such as education , security and economics .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 7|||R:OTHER|||their public spending carefully ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||will not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 18|||R:OTHER|||they can not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 25|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I think this will be a fairer system instead of limited the public spending on elderly .
+A 0 3|||U:OTHER|||This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:FORM|||limiting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They have contributed their whole journey in life for country , nation and family so that we now able to enjoy the fruit .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||The elderly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 18|||R:OTHER|||people today|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:VERB|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S At the time we enjoys the fruits of their labor , we must think back the effort and appreciate it .
+A 3 5|||R:OTHER|||as enjoying|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 16|||R:OTHER|||it is important to reflect back on their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To surmise , it is actually payback time for us .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||In short|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The senior citizens deservedly need their rest and bask in the glory of bring up their successful children .
+A 0 2|||U:DET|||Senior|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||time to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 18|||R:OTHER|||bringing up their children successfully|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is not much to ask , is it ?
+A 0 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Never ever forget that old age is a reality that everyone has to face one day .
+
+S What we hope the day will be ?
+
+S What you do want done to yourself , do not do to others .
+
+S So should we still limited the public spending on aged ?
+A 2 10|||R:OTHER|||public spending on the aged really be limited|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A Reasonable Expenditure on the Elderly Aging population , defined as " a shift in the distribution of a country 's population towards greater ages " ( Wikipedia , 2009 ) began to take place in every country and region across the world during the last century .
+A 11 11|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 31|||R:OTHER|||( Wikipedia , 2009 ) , "|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Due to the large population of the elderly , the aging issue is raising more and more concerns in the current society .
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the concerns is that the governments need to spend a greater expense on the elderly to ensure their physical living standard as well as their psychological conditions .
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 14|||R:OTHER|||more|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:OTHER|||well being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , someone proposes that such actions can not fully solve the problems .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||it has been proposed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The governments should invest on other areas so that the development of the country will ultimately resolve the aging problems .
+A 0 1|||M:OTHER|||Therefore , the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I strongly agree that with this argument that the improved country competency will benefit the elderly-concerned issues since the technology advancement can enhance the country productivity , the economic growth will ensure the continuation of the welfare program .
+A 0 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:ORTH|||Improved|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 21|||R:OTHER|||technological advancements|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 25|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First and foremost , the progress of technology increases the country income so that the country can take better care of the elderly .
+A 11 11|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When we review the history , we can not ignore the extraordinary benefits brought by the technology .
+A 0 10|||R:OTHER|||History has shown|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:PART|||about|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the Industrial Revolution , the arrival of the famous sophisticated machinery " mark [ ed ] the transition from a stable agricultural [ society ] to a modern industrial society " .
+A 8 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 31|||M:OTHER|||( source,year )|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The economy grew immediately and Britain became the most powerful empire during that period .
+
+S In recent years , computers are involved in every aspect of the production activity , ranging from mass production to service serving .
+A 5 7|||R:VERB|||have been used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 14|||R:OTHER|||production|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 23|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This involvement has freed people from demanding and repetitive jobs and at the same time increased the efficiency of production .
+
+S The increase of the efficiency will bring more revenue to the country and therefore the government can spare more money on the elderly .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 7|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , the positive economic growth can ensure the continuation of welfare programs .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The welfare programs mainly aim to provide financial aid to individuals who are in need .
+
+S In most countries , the unemployed , disabled and the elderly are the major targets .
+
+S Government , together with some private organizations , is one major sponsor for the welfare program .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The government|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Generally speaking , the government will spare a certain percentage of its annual income on the welfare .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB|||spend|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Take Italy as an example , according to Wikipedia ( 2009 ) , the pension payments are reported to be supported by 18.5 % of the total income tax .
+
+S However , such a large proportional expense can only be achieved under the condition of stable economy environment .
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:MORPH|||economic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Facing the US economic downturn , President Obama has enabled a series of economic stimulus plans which include the " American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 " .
+
+S The Act mainly targets at cutting federal tax , providing benefits for the unemployed and increasing the spending in education , health care , and infrastructure .
+A 16 19|||R:OTHER|||spending on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The total investment on the Act is about $ 787 billion dollars ( Wikipedia , 2009 ) , which comprises a large proportion of the total income .
+A 19 20|||R:VERB|||make up|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , the expense on welfare , especially the elderly , has been largely cut off .
+
+S Hence , to ensure the health economic growth also make contributions to the welfare programs to the old .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Therefore ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 19|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although the government should invest its expenditure for country development , it does not mean that the government should cut the pension payment .
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||the country 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 23|||R:OTHER|||pension payments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Unlike the traditional Asian families which play a key role in taking care of the old , most western families have a looser connection among the family members .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The elderly , in most cases , live separately with their descendants .
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , some old single women have very low income to support their life .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If the government cuts the pension aid , the social cost and repercussion on families and local communities may be higher .
+
+S Hence , not only the family but also the government should take the responsibility to take care of the old .
+A 11 16|||R:OTHER|||bear the responsibility of taking|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government needs to spare a reasonable amount of money on pension payment and elderly facilities .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB|||spend|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||R:NOUN|||pensions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To sum up , the government should control the expenditure on pension cost and put effort in the overall development at the same time .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||costs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 24|||UNK|||make more of an effort to develop the country economically|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In a technology advanced and economy positive society , the elderly can receive better care and protection .
+
+S Reference :
+
+S 1 .
+
+S Wikipedia .
+
+S Population ageing .
+
+S Retrieved on Sep 16th , 2009 from http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aging_population .
+
+S 2 .
+
+S Wikipedia .
+
+S Welfare.Retrieved on Sep 16th , 2009 from http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare .
+
+S 3 .
+
+S Wikipedia .
+
+S American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 .
+
+S Retrieved on Sep 16th ,2009 from http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_200 9
+
+S I strongly agree with the idea that public spending on the aged should be limited so that money can be diverted to other areas of the country 's development .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||Many people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Taking the following factors into account such as the soon retiring baby boomers , the higher life expectancy of the Singapore population and the persistent reduction of birth rates over the past few decades , it is clear that a dramatic demographic change is on the cards .
+
+S It is undeniable that our society is aging , and there will be exponentially increased needs for more healthcare , pensions , homes , and other social welfare considerations for the elderly .
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , there should be a limit to the country 's expenses on the aged .
+
+S I feel that instead of focusing all their efforts on trying to tackle the problems directly , government should step back and take a look at the bigger picture .
+
+S Addressing other issues that contributes to a country 's development such as the economic growth , education and military is just as important .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||contribute|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S An important issue that affects a country 's development would be economic growth .
+A 9 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to a sample of OECD ( Organization for Economic Co- operation and Development ) countries , which consists of 30 large economies , 1 percent a year increase in output growth over the next 50 years might only ease the increase level of pension expenditures to GDP by 0.75 % .
+A 24 25|||R:OTHER|||One|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 39|||M:ADV|||just|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 51|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , substantial increases in economic growth would be needed to offset the increase costs of aging ( Visco , 2008 ) .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:FORM|||increased|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Economic growth could be achieved with greater productivity .
+
+S Government and companies could hence import or invent better technologies to increase productivity .
+
+S Singapore could also enable more young people to work as well as encourage longer work lives ( by encouraging " flexible retirement " arrangements ) to increase economic growth ( Jackson , Howe , Strauss , Nakashima , 2008 ) .
+
+S A prosperous economy would allow major public pension reforms while reducing the burden on the people .
+
+S Therefore , equal or more amounts of money and attention should be given to the country 's economic growth .
+
+S Education is one area of a country 's development that should never be overlooked .
+
+S Investment in education benefits the individual , society , and the world .
+
+S Education in Singapore aims to shape citizens to be " responsible to family and country " , and to " have courage and conviction in facing adversity " ; it also aims to shape the potential leaders to be " committed to improving society " and " be able to forge breakthroughs in a knowledge-based economy " ( Ministry of Education , 2009 ) .
+A 15 17|||R:WO|||, "|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 29|||R:PUNCT|||. "|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:ORTH|||It|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 56 65|||R:WO|||( Ministry of Education , 2009 ) . "|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Within the 12 pillars of competitiveness , education took up 2 pillars : health and primary education ; higher education and training , in determining the country 's economic competitiveness ( Schwab , 2009 ) .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||takes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 18|||R:OTHER|||, health and primary education and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S An educated and skilled workforce contributes largely to the knowledge-based economy .
+A 6 7|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Studies links education to economic growth as it contributes to improving productivity which leads to higher income and improved economic growth ( The World Bank , 2009 ) .
+A 1 2|||R:MORPH|||link|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Education also reduces crime , and promotes equity , justice and intercultural understanding ( The World Bank , 2009 ) .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN|||equality|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is very important that Singapore should maintain its education system to ensure political , social stability and economic prosperity of the country in the future , which is of great importance to the country 's development and an aging society .
+A 13 18|||R:OTHER|||the political and social stability as well as the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 39|||R:OTHER|||.This is also of great importance to the country 's development and to its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Singapore should have also realised that youths are treasured assets in aging societies .
+A 2 5|||R:OTHER|||also realise|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence defence posture and military strategy should be deeply thought of to prevent lost of our men .
+A 2 3|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||strategies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 11|||R:OTHER|||carefully thought out|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 17|||R:OTHER|||the loss of lives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Singapore should look at more substitutions of military technology for manpower and nonnative for native manpower .
+A 6 17|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Military could also look at offering immigrants citizenship in return for service as well as hiring freelance mercenaries from foreign countries ( Jackson , Howe , Strauss , Nakashima , 2008 ) .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The military|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With drops of birthrates , Singapore should take greater care of her young men and at the same time , being a small country , she must be able to protect herself .
+A 0 4|||R:OTHER|||Given the dropping birthrate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence military is one important issue that the country should also look at and invest in .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I do understand that not all elderly would have families or are able to take care of themselves .
+A 0 3|||R:OTHER|||However , it should be understood|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence countries should have a margin drawn according to the number of people who really needed help from government and before setting the limit to public spending on the elderly ensuring that they are taken care of .
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||need|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:VERB:FORM|||to ensure|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Singapore could set an age limit and look into the cases of each elderly who might need the help from the government .
+A 14 14|||M:NOUN|||person|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Funds should only be given to the elderly if their medishield and medisave are used up , and judging on each case , providing the appropriate amount to the elderly .
+A 18 22|||R:OTHER|||by judging each case individually|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 27|||R:OTHER|||an appropriate amount can be given|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , public spending for an old lady suffering from a disease should be given more funds than an old man without any income or family .
+
+S There are many composites that make up a socially and politically stable country .
+A 3 4|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Instead of merely focusing on public spending for the aged , we should also look at a broader base of challenges an aging society will bring to us .
+A 21 21|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Singapore should continue the balance in distributing the right amount of attention to not just the aged but also the youths .
+
+S Singapore should give equal or more attention to economic growth to solve the aging society , in contrary to allowing an aging society triumph over creating an economic downturn .
+A 16 30|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We should also pay attention to other factors such as the education and military strategies as well .
+
+S Only with a balanced , wise and well-planned policies and governing , will there be a prosperous and strong nation .
+A 2 12|||R:OTHER|||balanced , wise and well-planned and governed policies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:TENSE|||can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Fast aging population has increasingly become a serious problem especially for many developed countries .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||populations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the many causes of a fast aging population is that many people choose to have very few or even no children due to many discouraging factors such as the high cost of child maintenance .
+A 25 27|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 36|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Childcare costs in Singapore actually average $ 670 a month .
+A 4 5|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , it has been reflected in the official statistic where the replacement rate in Singapore is only 1.29 last year , way below the 2.1 replacement rate for a population to maintain its current size in the long term ( Li X .
+A 7 10|||R:OTHER|||official statistics|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||, that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Y. , 2008 ) .
+
+S In addition , the elderly often incur higher costs in terms of healthcare and other miscellaneous needs .
+
+S Hence , with such demands from the aging population , it is imperative that public spending on the aged should not be limited .
+
+S Large and long-term healthcare expenses can substantially drain the resources of many of the elderly , especially for those without any savings for their retirement .
+
+S This may include those with serious health problems , who are often unemployed or unfit to work .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , these people usually do not have any incomes .
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||income|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , some of them might even be receiving financial aids from the government .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||aid|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , older people also tend to have longer unemployment , especially during a recession experienced nowadays .
+A 9 12|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firms actually prefer to employ the young who are more productive .
+
+S For example in New York , workers ages 45 and over actually form a disproportionate share of the hard-luck recession category , the long-term unemployed ( Michael , L. , 2009 ) .
+A 28 30|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The financial problem faced by these unemployed is also worsened by the high cost of living in such developed countries .
+A 17 18|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , in Singapore , the high cost of living is actually caused by the spending of the people on necessities like financial products and transportation ( Tan K. L. 2008 ) .
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 20|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 31|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , with such high costs of living , the incomes of these elderly are just enough to feed themselves .
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||a high cost|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||income|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Saving seems to be an impossible mission for them .
+
+S Therefore , public pensions and government incentives will be a vital source of money to support these elderly that are among those without savings .
+A 16 17|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is important for the society to show its appreciation for the contribution made by the elderly .
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A Chinese saying goes like this , " As human beings , we should not forget the past because without the past , we will not have what we have in the present .
+
+S " The elderly , in their younger days , have made many important contributions to the society .
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As pioneers who had arrived in a relatively unknown Singapore , the elderly had toiled and contributed largely to its success today .
+A 3 4|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the majority of the older people believed that the government should provide for them as they are at their most vulnerable ( Shanas , 1980 ) , the reduction in public spending on them will set up a framework for criticism against the government who showed no appreciation for the sweat and toils that they had willingly given .
+A 0 1|||R:PREP|||Since|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 45 47|||R:OTHER|||show|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 53 54|||R:NOUN:NUM|||toil|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 56 57|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , taking care of the elderly should not be the sole responsibility of the government .
+
+S Every individual should try to play their part in dealing the problems of an aging population .
+A 10 10|||M:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , other strategies should also be introduced to cope with the problem of aging population .
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , the better-off should try to support their own elderly parents through ways such as giving them monthly allowance etc. Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong of Singapore has also made a National Day Rally Speech this year to stress on filial obligation for parent maintenance .
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 42|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , the money spent on country 's development in the area of education and economy can also help to solve the problems of an aging population .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , the economic growth of the country can help to ensure the continuation of welfare programs due to increased revenues of the country .
+
+S Education can also help to raise the awareness of the young as well as increasing their understanding of the need for them to play a part in dealing with the problems of an aging population .
+
+S In conclusion , it will definitely be best that public spending on the aged is not limited so as to accommodate as much to the needs of the aged .
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||better if|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 30|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , when making decisions on government spending , the government should also take into consideration the existence of other problems and the need to improve other areas of country .
+A 29 29|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The country is not only made up of the elderly .
+
+S The majority of the population is still the young who are now sweating and toiling for the country just like what the aged had done in the past .
+A 18 18|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 25|||R:OTHER|||the aged did|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence the government should also divert some of the resources to improve the lives of these people such as subsidies for birth-giving , which not only reduces the cost burden of having a child but also encourages people to have more children , thus increasing the replacement rate .
+A 8 9|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:FORM|||improving|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||the aged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||R:OTHER|||for example|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 23|||R:OTHER|||by providing subsidies for having children|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , strategies such as means-testing , currently adopted by the Australian Government , should also be implemented in other affected countries to ensure that all public spending are necessary ( Peter G. Peterson ) .
+A 25 25|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S Li X .
+
+S Y .
+
+S ( 2008 , Jul 13 , ) .
+
+S A Swede way to boost Singapore 's birth rate The Straits Times .
+
+S Retrieved September 15,2009 , from Asiaone .
+
+S Michael , L. ( 2009 , April 12 ) .
+
+S Longer Unemployment for Those 45 and Older .
+
+S The New York Times .
+
+S Retrieved September 15 , 2009 , from www.nytime.com .
+
+S Tan , K.L .
+
+S ( 2008 , April 30 ) .
+
+S High cost of living - what the government can do .
+
+S Retrieved , 12 September , 2009 , from http : //theonlinecitizen.com/2008/04/high-cost-of-living- % E2 % 80 % 93-what-the-government-can-do/ .
+
+S Peter G. Peterson ( Fall 2001 ) .
+
+S A Graying World .
+
+S Harvard International Review .
+
+S 23.3 : 66 .
+
+S Editor , Shanas , Ethel ( Eds. ) .
+
+S ( 1980 ) .
+
+S The Health of Older People .
+
+S United States of America : Arno Press .
+
+S Should Public spending on the aged be limited
+
+S Ageing population is a fact .
+A 1 6|||R:OTHER|||populations are a fact|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is foremost a consequence of the " baby boom " - the rapid increase in birth rates and then its decline after the Second World War.1 This period of increased fertility lasted for thirty years and the number of people born in this era was unusually large .
+A 26 27|||R:OTHER|||War . [ 1 ]|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Population ageing has also been intensified by increases in life expectancy at older ages because of education , improved healthcare , and technology .
+
+S Such demographic changes might bring about severe consequences , most importantly national budgets might be under pressure as growing number of elderly persons are supported fewer younger persons .
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:PREP|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The debate now is whether the nation state should limit its public spending so that the saved resources can be utilised to other areas f the country 's development .
+A 2 4|||R:WO|||is now|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||R:OTHER|||utilized on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:OTHER|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this brief essay I would strongly argue that yes , the state should indeed limit its spending and focus more on economic growth so as to not to discriminate against the elderly but rather to aid them in a more fruitful way which is beneficial for both generations .
+A 0 6|||R:OTHER|||This essay will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 33|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I believe that economic growth has its " trickle down " effect and accompanies numerous positive externalities which would help the old even more efficient way than continuous increase in healthcare spending which restrains GDP growth .
+A 0 4|||U:OTHER|||Economic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||R:VERB:TENSE|||helps|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 26|||R:OTHER|||in more efficient ways|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:NOUN:NUM|||increases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The first and foremost positive consequence of economic growth is that it will not only ensure the continuation of the current social welfare programme but also total spending on such programmes will also increase in real terms .
+A 24 34|||R:OTHER|||, but will also increase the total spending on such programmes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance if real GDP of a country increases by 3 % , and that the spending on welfare programmes is pegged at 2 % of real GDP , then the real spending in such projects will also increase by 2 % .
+A 2 2|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So growth in real GDP of a country is of immense importance .
+
+S However , it must also be noted that any particular country does not enjoy economic growth eternally .
+A 8 18|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In terms of economic downturn such policy can actually reduce spending on ageing population and healthcare to a great extent .
+A 3 5|||R:OTHER|||an economic downturn ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To counter the government could actually set down some minimum spending regardless of economic condition .
+A 2 2|||M:OTHER|||this ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||the economic conditions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government could establish a bottom line stating the how much to spend , on what aspects of healthcare to spend , how much of a particular facility an individual could use and to what extent .
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:OTHER|||money on ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Any expenditure outside the boundaries set by the government should be deemed unnecessary .
+
+S For instance free personal care , such as the washing and dressing of elderly people costs Britain an additional forty million pounds which caused its government to adopt such policy.2
+A 2 2|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 30|||UNK|||a policy similar to the above .|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another great advantage of economic growth is that it raises the real income of people .
+A 1 2|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result Government use of either increase or decrease of taxes could benefit the ageing population .
+A 3 3|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 11|||R:OTHER|||government increases or decreases in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since there is economic growth , government would have more resources and hence require less taxes , as a consequence a family would be able to increase its spending on its older members .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand the state could also receive more taxes now that people have increased income and use the money for further betterment of the healthcare system .
+A 4 4|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 17|||R:OTHER|||, now that people have increased income ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To top things off , economic growth would allow increase in spending in R " D so the medical facilities would be more technologically advanced and be cheaper to produce due to superior technology , hence services from such facilities would become cheaper and hence spending overall would fall .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 16|||R:OTHER|||R&D|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 36|||R:OTHER|||. Therefore ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Having emphasized on the positive aspects of economic growth , unfortunately there are some drawbacks in the immediate short run .
+A 0 21|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The immediate effect of limiting spending will cause a rise is societal costs , and will make individuals and families responsible for a larger share .
+A 13 14|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 25|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The societal costs might end up getting shifted back to the public sector in more expensive means.3 Such policies might hurt members of societies who do not have immediate family ties , members with unsound financial management .
+A 13 17|||UNK|||.3|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:OTHER|||or|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover there are also problems of process of setting limits .
+A 5 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S How should the limits be imposed ?
+
+S Is the limit set the right one ?
+A 4 4|||M:PREP|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These questions also need to be answered .
+
+S However these are short run problems , in the long run the society would benefit as a whole .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN|||term|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Ageing issues are complicated .
+
+S These problems do not have immediate solutions .
+
+S Although it would take time to overcome the predicaments , it is absolutely necessary to act now .
+
+S Transitions would be easier if we are better prepared .
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||society is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since it is evident that in the long run economic growth allows flexibility meaning that it does not burden the younger generation and pressurizes the national budget while taking good care of the older generation , it is mandatory that we start focusing more on the economic growth so that everybody wins in the long run .
+A 13 13|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 42|||R:OTHER|||society starts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Citations and References
+
+S Citations :
+
+S 1 .
+
+S Johnston , Greg ( 1999 ) Population , Ageing and Health Spending : 50 year projections .
+
+S Occasional Paper Series , Dec 1999 ( 2 )
+
+S 2 .
+
+S CARDI .
+
+S Electronic References .
+
+S Retrieved 16.09.2009 , from http : //www.cardi.ie/news/asthepopulationagespublicspendingmustbereviewedsayslordsutherland
+
+S 3 .
+
+S Friedland and Summer 's study , Doomsday predictions about population ageing are Exaggerated .
+
+S References :
+
+S 1 .
+
+S Johnston , Greg ( 1999 ) Population , Ageing and Health Spending : 50 year projections .
+
+S Occasional Paper Series , Dec 1999 ( 2 )
+
+S 2 .
+
+S CARDI .
+
+S Electronic References .
+
+S Retrieved 16.09.2009 , from http : //www.cardi.ie/news/asthepopulationagespublicspendingmustbereviewedsayslordsutherland
+
+S 3 .
+
+S Friedland and Summer 's study , Doomsday predictions about population ageing are Exaggerated .
+
+S 4 .
+
+S Peterson 's Study , A Graying world
+
+S Should a carrier of a known genetic risk be obligated to tell his or her relatives ?
+
+S The rapid advancements in genetic research and technology over the last few decades have led to a host of important advances in the detection of genetic conditions and diseases .
+
+S These developments have also raised concerns whether a carrier of a known genetic risk have the duty to inform their relatives about their genetic test results .
+A 6 6|||M:PREP|||about|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:DET|||his|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:DET|||his|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to the National Human Research Genome Institute ( 2009 ) , genetic testing is a type of medical test that identifies alterations in a person 's gene , chromosome or the level of key proteins coded for by specific genes .
+
+S An individual who only has one altered copy of a gene is known as a carrier .
+
+S Carriers will not be diagnosed with the disease but can pass on alteration to their children .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On one hand , some may believe that carriers do not have the responsibility to reveal their genetic test results to their relatives as discrimination and excess worrying may occur .
+
+S On the other hand , it is more logical to believe that carriers have the duty to inform their relatives regarding their tests results so that their relatives can make informed choices .
+A 32 32|||M:OTHER|||related to their genes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , a carrier of a known genetic risk should be compelled to reveal their genetic test results to their relatives .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||carriers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 9|||R:OTHER|||known genetic risks|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , critics perceive that there is a risk of stigma and discrimination for the carrier 's relatives , especially in access to employment and health insurance .
+A 0 2|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 27|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Sociologists note that relatives of carriers of known genetic risks may be denied application of health insurance policies or have to pay higher premiums since they are at higher risk of developing the disease ( Health Plan One , n.d. ) .
+A 13 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB|||be made|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is because insurance companies being mostly profit-orientated would predict any possible added costs and take pre-emptive actions to avoid these costs .
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN|||measures|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , healthy and qualified relatives of carriers may be denied employment opportunities ( American Medical Association , 1991 ) .
+
+S Employers may have the misguided belief that they have to pay more money in order to ensure the working environment is safe for these employees .
+A 0 1|||M:OTHER|||One reason for this could be that employers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB|||spend|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The consideration of medical leaves that these employees may take in future may deter the employers from engaging their services for fear of loss in efficiency at work and trouble in finding replacements .
+A 3 3|||M:ADJ|||extended|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||leave|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As such , companies will not tend to employ individuals who have medical history of genetic diseases .
+A 5 7|||R:WO|||tend not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , these arguments fail to consider the measurements in place to protect insurance and employability for relatives of carriers .
+
+S Paddock ( 2008 ) asserted that the enactment of laws such as the Genetic Information Non-discrimination Act 2008 in the United States would prohibit insurance companies to reject policies due to genetic information and forbid companies to use genetic information for hiring decisions for individuals .
+A 26 28|||R:OTHER|||from rejecting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:NOUN|||clients|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 38|||R:OTHER|||from using|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , a mathematical model to work out the extra mortality for individuals associated with higher risks of illnesses such as Hungtinton 's disease will guide insurance companies to formulate reasonable amount of premiums ( Watts , 1999 ) .
+A 9 10|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:NOUN|||levels|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , genetic information will not be used against family members when applying for an insurance policy or a job .
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||who|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:FORM|||apply|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , detractors argue that genetic information of carriers will cause unnecessary worry for their family members , especially for multi- factorial diseases .
+A 0 2|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||in the case of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Medical professionals contend that these family members may experience psychological effects such as fear , anxiety and depression , affecting their lifestyle ( Yap , 2005 ) .
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||which would affect|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Multi-factorial diseases such as coronary heart diseases may occur in isolation , with affected children born to unaffected parents .
+A 0 1|||M:OTHER|||They note that multi-factorial|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , the Mendelian pattern of inheritance is unclear even though there may be multiple cases in the same family ( Lobo , 2008 ) .
+
+S As such , family members will be uncertain if the disease is present in the family line and fret about the medical conditions of their future generations .
+
+S Nonetheless , this argument ignores the possibility that counselling sessions can be provided for the family members .
+
+S Psychologists assert that some family members can consult genetic counsellors about their risk of contracting the disease , hence overcoming their fears ( Adams , 2003 ) .
+A 18 20|||R:OTHER|||and hence overcome|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This measure is usually recommended for multi-factorial diseases as there is higher possibility of uncertainty in one 's health .
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , worries of family members can be eliminated .
+
+S Lastly , carriers of a known genetic risk have the duty to inform their relatives as it would aid their relatives in decision makings .
+A 0 1|||R:ADV|||Indeed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN:NUM|||making|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Ethicists assert that these relatives will be alarmed .
+
+S They may perform the disease testing in which genetic results may allow them to make informed decisions especially during family planning .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||However ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||such information would encourage them to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Rosner ( 2009 ) argued that this is important for the Jewish community as it is illegal to abort a child during pregnancy .
+
+S With the acquisition of genetic test results , couples may consider adopting a child instead of pregnancy .
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||conceiving one|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , couples will be mentally prepared for their child 's future as early detection of diseases such as phenylketonuria in newborns can prevent death .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||In addition|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||could|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 25|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In all , carriers have the obligation to inform their family members their genetic test results since the advantages clearly outweigh the disadvantages .
+A 12 12|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In future , genetic testing may be more common and more people may feel the need to share their genetic results .
+
+S References
+
+S 1 ) Adams , A .
+
+S ( 2003 , December 4 ) .
+
+S What is Genetic Counselling .
+
+S Retrieved October 23 , 2009 , from http : //www.genetichealth.com/Resources_What_Is_Genetic_Counseling.shtml
+
+S 2 ) American Medical Association ( 1991 ) .
+
+S Genetic Testing by Employers .
+
+S Retrieved October 23 , 2009 from http : //www.ama- assn.org/ama1/pub/upload/mm/369/ceja_ea91.pdf
+
+S 3 ) Health Plan One .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S People with Genetic conditions twice as likely to report health insurance denial .
+
+S Retrieved October 23 , 2009 from http : //www.healthplanone.com/articles/article_geneticconditions.aspx
+
+S 4 ) Lobo , I .
+
+S ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Multifactorial inheritance and genetic disease .
+
+S Nature Education 1 ( 1 ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 23 , 2009 , from http : //www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/Multifactorial-Inheritance- and-Genetic-Disease-919
+
+S 5 ) National Human Genome Research Institute ( 2009 , August ) .
+
+S Frequently Asked Questions about Genetic Testing .
+
+S Retrieved October 23 , 2009 , from http : //www.genome.gov/19516567 # al-2
+
+S 6 ) Paddock .
+
+S C. ( 2008 , February 25 ) .
+
+S Fear of Genetic Discrimination Fuelling Fall in DNA Tesing .
+
+S Retrieved October 23 , 2009 , from http : //www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/98427.php
+
+S 7 ) Rosner , F. ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Judaism , Genetic Screening and Genetic Therapy .
+
+S Retrieved October 23 , 2009 , from http : //www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/genetic.html
+
+S 8 ) Watts , G. ( 1999 , July 31 ) .
+
+S Fears that a rise in genetic testing will rule out insurance are " paranoia " .
+
+S Retrieved October 23 , 2009 , from http : //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1126919/
+
+S 9 ) Yap , E. ( 2005 , February ) .
+
+S Ethical , Legal , Social and Policy Issues in Medical Genetic Testing of Relevance to Singapore : Personal Perspectives .
+
+S Retrieved October 23 , 2009 from http : //www.bioethics- singapore.org/uploadfile/21210 % 20PMAnnex % 20C-2 % 20Dr % 20Eric % 20Yap.pdf
+
+S Genetic testing is the study of one 's genes , chromosomes and protein to determine whether a person is prone to a certain kind of disease and whether the person is a carrier or not ( Cancer.net , 2009 ) .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||a person|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||proteins|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When a person is found to be a carrier though genetic testing , problem is arise as to whether the carrier should tell his or her relatives about the result as a carrier will not get the disease but the carrier can pass the disease to his or her children ( Frequently Asked Questions About Genetic Testing , 2009 ) .
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN|||dilemma|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||arises|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In my view , a carrier should tell his or her relatives about the result as firstly , there is a possibility that they might get the disease or they might be a carrier too and hence they have a right to know .
+
+S Secondly , the carrier can get moral support from the family member despite the fact that the carrier might face discrimination upon disclosure of results .
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||his or her|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||members|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN|||possibility|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:MORPH|||disclosing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:OTHER|||his|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A carrier should tell his or her relatives as they might be in risk of getting the disease or being a carrier too ( Lea , Williams and Donahue , 2005 ) .
+A 12 13|||R:PREP|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is because the carrier got the disease through his or her parent , and thus the carrier 's siblings and the carrier 's children might have also gotten the altered gene .
+A 9 12|||R:OTHER|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence it is important to inform the carrier 's relatives so that they could go for the testing to check whether they are carriers or have inherited disposition to the disease .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:PREP|||toward|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If they were found to be carrier , they have the chance to choose to not to reproduce or even having mental preparation about their children 's health in the future if they decided to do so .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 23|||R:OTHER|||be mentally prepared|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:VERB:TENSE|||decide|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 37|||R:OTHER|||proceed with having children|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After all , taking care of a child with disease is not an easy task .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They should consider whether they are prepared to look after the child if the child gets the disease as it is not only financially exhausting , but mentally as well .
+A 28 28|||M:ADJ|||tiring|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If they were found to have the probability of getting the disease , they could then be more mentally prepared due to the early notice .
+
+S Thus by informing the relatives about the result , the family member can better plan their future and be mentally prepared for the worst .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||being informed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||genetic results of a carrier|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:OTHER|||carrier 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||members|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another reason why carrier should tell his or her relatives is because his or her relatives might be able to provide support to him .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||his genetic results|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After knowing that he or she is a carrier , he or she will have many worries and even guilt if his or her offspring has got the disease though him or her ( Cancer.net , 2009 ) .
+
+S The carrier may also feel " imperfect " and have lower self esteem because of this situation .
+
+S During this period of time , support from relatives , which can help in coping with these negative feelings , is especially crucial to the carrier ( Finucane , n.d. ) .
+
+S After all , family member are the closest people to the carrier and only their support can make him or her feel better .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||members|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence a carrier should tell his or her relatives of the genetic test result .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:DET|||his|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Others might argue that by telling relatives about the result , he or she may face discrimination from the relatives .
+A 11 14|||R:OTHER|||a carrier|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:DET|||his|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is supported by a survey conducted in 1997 which has identified more than 200 case of genetic discrimination out of 917 people who responded ( Genetic Information and the Workplace , 1998 ) .
+A 9 9|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||cases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some carriers might faced problems such as being isolated as if they have contagious disease ; being talked behind their backs or even blamed for passing the disease when relatives are diagnosed positive ( Finucane , n.d. ) .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:FORM|||face|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:PREP|||about|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:VERB:TENSE|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 33|||M:OTHER|||for the disease|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These situations will only make the carrier unhappier and hence choosing not to tell his or her relatives about the result .
+A 7 8|||R:MORPH|||unhappy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:ADJ|||many|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:FORM|||choose|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 17|||R:OTHER|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||genetic results|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the situations mentioned above happen rarely within the family .
+A 6 8|||R:WO|||rarely happen|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Most of the discriminations are by the employers or the insurance companies .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:INFL|||discrimination|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||come from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is proven by another survey which has stated that 550 people had been denied employment or insurance , not by family member , due to their genetic defect ( Genetic Information and the Workplace , 1998 ) .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB|||found|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 24|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence by telling relatives about the result will not face discrimination .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||one 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:ADJ|||genetic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||result in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is only when the public get to know about it then will you face discrimination .
+A 11 12|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||a carrier|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , family member are the closest people to the carrier and if they do not support each other no one will .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||members|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:OTHER|||support them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence a carrier should tell his or her relatives of the genetic test result as discrimination by relatives is rare .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:DET|||his|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , a carrier should tell his or her relatives about the result as there is a possibility that they might get the disease or they might be a carrier too and the carrier can get support from them .
+A 12 13|||R:DET|||his|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:ADJ|||genetic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although some might argue that by disclosure of the result , the carrier might face discrimination , this is generally not the case hence it should not prevent ones from telling the result .
+A 5 16|||R:OTHER|||the carrier might face discrimination if he discloses his results|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:OTHER|||; hence ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:OTHER|||the fear of such discrimination|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:OTHER|||one|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:VERB|||revealing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:DET|||his|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 32|||M:ADJ|||genetic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference
+
+S Cancer.net .
+
+S ( 2006 , August 30 ) .
+
+S Genetic Testing .
+
+S Retrieved October 25 , 2009 , from { http : //www.cancer.net/patient/All + About + Cancer/Genetics/Genetic + Testing } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.cancer.net/patient/All + About + Cancer/Genetics/Genetic + Testing ]
+
+S Finucane , B .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Impact on Families .
+
+S Retrieved October 28 , 2009 , from { http : //www.fragilex.org/html/family.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.fragilex.org/html/family.htm ]
+
+S Frequently Asked Questions About Genetic Testing .
+
+S ( 2009 , August 14 ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 25 , 2009 , from { http : //www.genome.gov/19516567 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.genome.gov/19516567 ]
+
+S Genetic Information and the Workplace .
+
+S ( 1998 , January 20 ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 28 , 2009 , from { http : //www.genome.gov/10001732 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.genome.gov/10001732 ]
+
+S Lea , D. H. , Williams , J. , & Donahue , M. P. ( 2005 ) .
+
+S Ethical Issues in Genetic Testing : Ethical Principles and Genetic Testing .
+
+S Retrieved October 26 , 2009 , from { http : //www.medscape.com/viewarticle/505222_3 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.medscape.com/viewarticle/505222_3 ]
+
+S With the advancement in medical technology , people can find out and understand the various causes of diseases .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||advancements|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the past , people thought that diseases were mainly caused by natural calamities and bacteria or viral infections .
+
+S It is until recently that scientists and researchers have found out that by human 's genes being the cause of certain diseases such as heart diseases , cancers and diabetics type 1 .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 2|||M:ADV|||not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:FORM|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By making use of genetic testing to test individual 's genes , one will be able to know whether he or she will develop genetic disease or carry any disease-causing genes .
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||one|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 22|||R:OTHER|||one|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:DET|||any|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Individuals who undergo such tests will find that the outcome of the tests not only affect them but also their family members .
+A 13 16|||R:WO|||affect not only|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is because there may be a possibility that they will suffer from the genetic disease as well .
+
+S Hence , the individual faces a dilemma whether or not to reveal the test results to them as his family members may not accept the fact and will be adversely affected by the harsh reality .
+A 7 7|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nevertheless , individuals should be obligated to inform his family members of the outcome of the genetic testing as by doing so will have benefits to both parties ; such as providing support to each other and taking careful precautions to reduce risks of infection .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||an individual|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:VERB|||bring|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:OTHER|||enabling them to provide|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 38|||R:VERB:FORM|||to take|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In face of a possibility of getting an incurable disease that will affect a person for life , it is important that family members can accompany and support him along the journey to fight against the illness .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , family members will be more understanding to patients and help them financially , such as providing for their daily expenses and medical costs .
+A 5 5|||M:VERB|||tend to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||toward|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||relatives who are ill|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If patient 's family members are not aware of his condition , he will suffer silently and it is more likely for him to be succumbed upon by the illness .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 26|||R:VERB:TENSE|||succumb|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 28|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , a local celebrity , Chew Chor Meng who is suffering from Kennedy 's disease , has revealed his to his family and the public of his genetic disease .
+A 10 10|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Instead of feeling pessimistic towards life and being discriminated by the public , he has received encouragement from the public and support from his family that has made him more resilient and optimistic in fighting against the disease .
+A 9 9|||M:PREP|||against|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , individuals should be obligated to inform their relatives as it is beneficial for themselves to fight against genetic illnesses effectively .
+A 16 18|||R:OTHER|||in terms of fighting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , individuals should inform their relatives as it is their moral responsibility towards them .
+
+S As there is a saying that , " prevention is always better than cure ; " Relatives who are informed earlier of the genetic results can take earlier health precautions to reduce the risks of infection or the severity of the effects of the disease ( Varga & Sturm , 2008 ) .
+A 0 1|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:ORTH|||relatives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:OTHER|||carrier 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , they can change their decisions about their lifestyle such as changing bad eating habits , saving money for their future and exercise more frequently .
+A 6 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:FORM|||exercising|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even if they do not develop the genetic diseases , the precautions taken at an earlier stage of their lives will benefit them against other forms of illnesses that may not be caused by their genes .
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:TENSE|||may|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB|||protect|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:PREP|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some may argue that individuals who have undergone genetic testing should not be obligated to inform their relatives for fear that they will lost their privacy and cause their relatives to suffer from emotional burden of feeling guilty and anxious whether they would suffer from the disease .
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:FORM|||lose|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 33|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 40|||M:PREP|||about|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , there have been laws set up to prevent discrimination against individuals who are suffering from genetic diseases .
+A 14 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||suffer|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , the United States Government has implemented the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act to prevent individuals from discrimination at work and getting an insurance plan ( Genetics and public policy center , 2009 ) .
+A 22 22|||M:PREP|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , with the governments ' efforts to implement laws to protect individuals ' interests , they should feel assured of their privacy .
+
+S Moreover , genetic counseling groups have been set up to help affected individuals and their family members to handle their emotional distress through counseling sessions ( Norrgard , 2008 ) .With counseling , trained and professional counselors can provide good advice to individuals to help them make better decisions and to clear misconceptions of genetic testing .
+
+S Eventually , individuals and family members will be able to accept the fact and face it positively .
+
+S Hence , with a healthy mindset set in their minds , they are more likely to win the battle against their illnesses .
+A 0 2|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , individuals should be obligated to inform their relatives of the genetic testing results as they can provide support for each other to overcome the illness more effectively .
+A 12 13|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If they do not do so , relatives who are kept in the dark may suffer more as they do not have the tendency to take earlier precautions to mitigate the effects of the illness .
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 24|||R:OTHER|||know|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , individuals should inform their loved ones of their situations so that they can help each other through the difficult times .
+
+S References :
+
+S Norrgard , K. ( 2008 ) Protecting your genetic Identity : GINA and HIPAA .
+
+S Retrieved October 12 , 2009 , from http : //www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/Protecting-Your-Genetic-Identity- GINA-and-HIPAA-678
+
+S Genetics and public policy center .
+
+S ( 2009 ) Genetic privacy and discrimination .Retrieved October 20 , 2009 from http : //www.dnapolicy.org/policy.privacy.php
+
+S Varga , E.A. , & Sturm , A.C. ( 2008 , November 7 ) .
+
+S Family testing for clotting disorders .
+
+S Retrieved October 22 , 2009 from http : //www.netwellness.org/default.cfm
+
+S Many diseases such as Tay-Sachs disease , cystic fibrosis , Huntington 's disease , dementia , Alzheimer 's disease and breast cancer may be identified by genetic testing ( Access excellence 2009 ) .
+A 25 26|||R:PREP|||through|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even though genetic disease only shows a higher risk of developing the disease , it is very important and crucial as knowing the predisposition to these disease may help to reduce the risk of developing it by controlling one 's lifestyle as environmental factors play important role as well .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||a positive result on a genetic test|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||such information|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:PREP|||about|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:OTHER|||one 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:DET|||such a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||R:PREP|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 38|||R:OTHER|||one would then seek to control|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 45 45|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 47 49|||R:OTHER|||in the onset of certain genetic diseases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , if tested positive with these genes , the individual should be obligated to tell his family members .
+A 5 6|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is especially true for fatal diseases and diseases which is strongly connected to genes .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is important to ensure early steps are taken to reduce the risk for him and his family to develop the disease .
+A 5 5|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||the carrier|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||R:VERB:FORM|||developing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , he should also bring his family members along for genetic counseling so as to prevent unnecessary emotional disturbance due to misinterpretation of results .
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN|||distress|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:OTHER|||their possible|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:OTHER|||the genetic test|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , it is beneficial for the individual to inform his family members about the result as his family may help to reduce emotional disturbance .
+A 14 15|||R:DET|||his|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN|||distress|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S While genetic counselors may give advices so as to reduce the likelihood of developing the disease , family members may provide the individual with emotional support .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||advice|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||on how|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is very crucial as emotional disturbance might lead to a higher chance of developing the disease .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN|||distress|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , it is better for the individual to share this information with the family members .
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||his genetic test result|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:DET|||his|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some may argue that the information is the individual 's privacy , thus it is up to him who to reveal it to .
+A 5 11|||R:OTHER|||individual has the right to protect his privacy by not revealing the information|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:ADV|||so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , it is the individual 's responsibility to tell his family members regarding this .
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||his genetic test result|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is because might be harmful for him to keep this as a secret as he might be emotionally disturbed by it .
+A 3 3|||M:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB|||become|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to a survey done on women regarding factor V Leiden ( FVL ) , 77 % women were emotionally disturbed by genetic testing .
+A 17 17|||M:OTHER|||of the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:NOUN|||results|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When people are emotionally disturbed , they might not be able to think rationally thus this may be harmful to the individual 's health as it may result in depression and unbalanced diet .
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 31|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some individuals do not want to reveal it to his family as he do not want his family to be worried .
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||their genetic test result|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , not knowing the true reason that caused him to be emotionally affected will even cause his family to be more worried .
+A 15 21|||R:OTHER|||cause this family to be even|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , the family may consult genetic counselors to seek for advices so as to reduce emotional problems .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||advice|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||on how|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , the inherited genetic disease may affect not only the individual but his family too as they might also have the defective genes .
+
+S Diseases like Alzheimer and dementia do not show early physical symptoms .
+A 3 3|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , by informing his family about the know genetic risk he has , he may encourage his family to go for genetic testing too .
+A 8 9|||R:MORPH|||known|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||a carrier|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is beneficial as it helps to increase family 's awareness and preparedness for such disease .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This may actually help to save lives .
+
+S If he is a carrier of a genetic disease , he might passed it to his offspring .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||a person|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:FORM|||pass|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , this may be prevented though In- Vitro Fertilization ( IVF ) method .
+A 6 7|||R:PREP|||through|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||the In-Vitro|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In IVF , only the embryo that does not have the defective genes will be implanted in the mother 's womb .
+
+S Thus , the offspring will not have the defective genes hence lowering its possibility to develop the disease .
+A 10 10|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||of developing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Others may argue that in the case of cancer , the presence of altered copy of the inherited gene account for only 5 to 10 percent of all cancers and the majority of people who develop breast cancer or colon cancer did not inherit such genes ( Access excellence 2009 ) .
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||copies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||accounts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The presence of such genes only increases the risk of developing cancer and environmental factors play a much more important role .
+
+S Thus , there is no need for the individual to tell his family member about it as genes does not play an very important role .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||members|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||his genetic test result|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:SVA|||do|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:OTHER|||in the development of such diseases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Though it is true that environmental factors plays a more significant role , the presence of such genes in the case of breast cancer greatly increases the possibility of developing the disease .
+A 0 1|||M:OTHER|||However , though|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||play|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Out of every 100 women who inherit a mutated gene related to breast cancer , as many as 60 will develop breast cancer by age 50 ; by age 70 , approximately 80 will develop breast cancer ( learn.genetics 2009 ) .
+
+S Hence , by knowing this information at an early stage , early preventive measure can be taken to reduce the possibility of developing the breast cancer by controlling one 's lifestyle .
+A 2 3|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||measures|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , a carrier of a known genetic disease should be obligated to inform his family member about it both himself and his family will benefit from it .
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||members|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:PREP|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:PRON|||he|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References : Access excellence 2009 National Health Museum [ Internet ] [ cited 2009 Oct 29 ] Available from : http : //www.accessexcellence.org/AE/AEPC/NIH/gene12.php
+
+S Learn.genetics [ Internet ] .
+
+S 2009 .
+
+S Utah : The University of Utah ; [ cited 2009 Oct 29 ] .
+
+S Available from : http : //learn.genetics.utah.edu/
+
+S Genetic testing is a type of testing which identifies changes in chromosomes , genes or proteins .
+
+S It is also a test that analyses and detects heritable disease-related genotypes , mutations , phenotypes or karyotypes .
+
+S There are some samples of genetic tests which are newborn screening , diagnostic testing , carrier testing , prenatal testing and others .
+A 0 2|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN|||examples|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S People who undergo the test will be notified for the results .
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some of them may show a positive result as a carrier of a known genetic .
+A 15 15|||M:NOUN|||disease|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If they knew about it , should they tell others especially their relatives ?
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||know|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I believe that they should tell their relatives due to responsible , prevention and public issues .
+A 8 16|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , the person should reveal the results to his or her relative as it is a responsible task for the family .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||relatives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 22|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Everyone should responsible and play important role in the family .
+A 2 2|||M:VERB|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As we know , Huntington 's disease is incurable and heritable to the next generation ( Myers , 2004 ) .
+A 10 11|||R:ADJ|||inheritable|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If a person shows a positive result to this result and not to reveal to the family , this disease will pass to the next generation easily .
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN|||disease|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:VERB:FORM||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:TENSE|||be passed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It will also cause many people in the family tree suffer from this disease .
+A 10 10|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is not a responsible action .
+
+S Although some might think the decision of undergoing the test is considered as a personal choice ( Norrgard , 2008 ) .
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||to undergo|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some might think is the individual choice that whether to tell the result out .
+A 6 6|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||or not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the responsible of protecting and saving the family from getting the genetic risk disease overweighs the personal choice .
+A 3 4|||R:MORPH|||responsibility|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:SPELL|||outweighs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||one 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , in order to protect the family , a person should tell the individual 's relative the result of the genetic testing .
+A 13 16|||R:OTHER|||his|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||relatives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:DET|||his|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , the individual should tell relative about the result of the genetic testing as it will bring the prevention on the family tree .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||his|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||relatives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:DET|||his|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 24|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " Prevention better than cure " is the slogan always proposed by the doctors .
+A 2 2|||M:VERB|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB|||used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If we are able to know the genetic risk disease , we can seek the help from doctor in order to prevent the heritable diseases ( Takala & Gylling , 2001 ) .
+A 1 2|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:PREP|||about|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 10|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||doctors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:VERB|||developing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN:NUM|||disease|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Breast cancer is the second killer in the world .
+
+S This cancer can develop with the risk of 85 % when the person with the mutation of the genes ( Wahrman , 2009 ) .
+A 4 5|||R:PREP|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 18|||R:OTHER|||mutated|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We can reduce the risk of getting this disease with the prevention we done in the earlier time .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Individuals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 18|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We can reduce the chance by practicing healthy lifestyle and others .
+A 0 1|||R:PRON|||They|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||through other means|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although some diseases like Huntington 's disease and Down 's syndrome are unpreventable ( Browne ) .
+
+S However , we can know them earlier by the revealing of the result from the individual .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||potential carriers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB|||find out|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:PREP|||about|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 16|||R:OTHER|||if a relative who is a known carrier reveals his genetic test results to them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We can also get ready for these diseases and will not depress about them easily .
+A 0 1|||R:PRON|||They|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:ADV|||then|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 5|||R:OTHER|||be prepared|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||become depressed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , in order to apply earlier prevention for the family , the individual should reveal the result .
+A 16 17|||R:DET|||his|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Finally , individuals should tell the result to their relatives as it is a public issue .
+A 7 7|||M:OTHER|||of their genetic test|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A positive result is not considered as personal problem or a bad luck .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It may involve a family or even society .
+A 3 4|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The risk of developing breast cancer and ovarian cancer increases up to 85 % when there is a gene mutation ( Wahrman , 2009 ) .
+
+S This problem is common to Jewish women of Eastern European .
+A 9 10|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If someone kept the secret until death , we will not know that it will conduct a serious problem to society .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||some|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||their disease a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 12|||R:OTHER|||would not have known|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:VERB|||posed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although people kept the secret as they scared being discriminated against by society , therefore they chose to keep the result unrevealed ( Wahrman , 2009 ) .
+A 7 7|||M:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , there is an act which is Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act ( GINA ) can protect people with genetic problem carrier .
+A 0 1|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||called the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:OTHER|||from discrimination|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They no need to worry the discrimination about any more .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||do not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 8|||R:WO|||about the discrimination|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , people should reveal the result to their relative as it may cause a serious problem .
+A 5 6|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:OTHER|||genetic test|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||relatives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 17|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the individual with the positive result in genetic testing which shows he or she is a carrier of a known genetic risk should reveal due to responsible , prevention and public issues .
+A 27 27|||M:DET|||this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 35|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This reveal of the result can help many people include ourselves .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN|||revelation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:FORM|||including|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||the carrier himself|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , we should not keep it as our secret .
+A 2 3|||R:PRON|||he|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference
+
+S Browne , A .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S How to Prevent Huntingtons Disease .
+
+S Retrieved October 29 , 2009 , from http : //www.ehow.com/how_2330093_prevent-huntingtons-disease.html
+
+S Myers , R.H. ( 2004 ) .
+
+S Huntington 's Disease Genetics .
+
+S ScienceDirect , 1 ( 2 ) , 255-262 .
+
+S Abstract retrieved October 29 , 2009 , from { http : //www.sciencedirect.com/science ? _ob = ArticleURL&_udi = B82Y2-4JCYF77-B&_user = 10&_rdoc = 1&_fmt = &_orig = search&_sort = d&_docanchor = &view = c&_searchStrId = 1070283212&_rerunOrigin = google&_acct = C000050221&_version = 1&_urlVersion = 0&_userid = 10&md5 = 8ca1a78ebca58dd3591a7042cc1e0aac } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.sciencedirect.com/science ? _ob = ArticleURL&_udi = B82Y2-4JCYF77-B&_user = 10&_rdoc = 1&_fmt = &_orig = search&_sort = d&_docanchor = &view = c&_searchStrId = 1070283212&_rerunOrigin = google&_acct = C000050221&_version = 1&_urlVersion = 0&_userid = 10&md5 = 8ca1a78ebca58dd3591a7042cc1e0aac ]
+
+S Norrgard,K .
+
+S ( 2008 ) .Ethics of genetic testing : Medical insurance and genetic discrimination.Nature Education , 1 ( 1 ) .
+
+S Retrieved September 3 , 2009 , from http : //www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/Ethics-of-Genetic-Testing-Medical-Insurance-and-651
+
+S Takala , T. & Gylling , H.A .
+
+S ( 2001 , October ) .
+
+S Who should know about our genetic makeup and why ?
+
+S Western Journal of Medicine , 175 ( 4 ) , 260-263 .
+
+S Retrieved September 16 , 2009 , from http : //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi ? artid = 1071575
+
+S Wahrman , M.Z .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S The Breast Cancer Genes .
+
+S Jewish Virtual Library .
+
+S Retrieved October 29 , 2009 , from http : //www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/breast_cancer.html
+
+S Since the completion of the Human Genome Project , scientists have been making many breakthroughs in the study of genetics .
+
+S Genes that are responsible for inheritable diseases have since been identified .
+
+S Now , genetic testing is available as a way to detect the presence of such genes in patients .
+
+S While the results of such tests may cause much grief and unwarranted panic , should reasons such as this justify the nondisclosure to one 's relatives of a genetic time-bomb which may be inherently inside them ?
+
+S Firstly , it is imperative that a carrier of a disease related to genetic disorder tell his or her relatives as soon as possible .
+
+S Some of these diseases are curable if treatments are sought early .
+
+S Such is the case for the genetic disorder Phenylketonuria which can be identified by genetic testing .
+
+S Infants who inherit this disorder will look perfectly normal during the first 6 months of their birth .
+
+S Failure to identify and treat Phenylketonuria in time however may result in mental illness at later stages of an infant 's life .
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||, however ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:OTHER|||babies '|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Schuett , 2008 ) There are some who think that the disclosure of a genetic testing result is unnecessary and they argue that it may bring immense grief and worry to their relatives .
+A 32 34|||R:OTHER|||relatives of a genetic disease carrier|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , without being warned of the possible risk of inheriting these diseases , they would probably not go for their own genetic testing and hence would run the risk of having a late treatment to a disease related to genetic disorder which may have catastrophic consequences .
+A 31 32|||R:VERB|||undergoing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 40|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 42|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , the choice to undergo genetic testing is a personal one , irregardless of the genetic testing result of another family member .
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||regardless|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S While carriers of such diseases should reveal their result of their genetic testing so as to warn their relatives , it is still up to the choice of their relatives to find out whether they had truly inherited any genetic disorder basing on the nature of the disorder .
+A 7 8|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||results|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:OTHER|||about the possibility of the latter being carriers as well|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 28|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 35|||M:PRON|||themselves|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||R:ADV|||indeed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 48|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Norrgard , 2008 ) Since it is never certain that one will inherit a disorder from his or her parents , a disclosure of the result of such a test therefore does not bring any direct harm to one 's relatives .
+A 17 20|||R:OTHER|||one 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 33|||M:ADV|||therefore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , people who disclose their genetic information are worried that they may face genetic discrimination , for instance , when applying for jobs and insurance .
+
+S However , laws such as the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act ( GINA ) in the United States are passed so as to ensure this would not happen .
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Norrgard , 2008 )
+
+S Admittedly , there are bound to be repercussions arising from the disclosure of such information .
+
+S Inheritance ( in terms of money and assets ) that one will receive is one of the aspects that may be affected by the result of one 's genetic testing result .
+
+S For instance , the less healthy child of a rich tycoon may be discriminated in a choice of a successor .
+A 15 16|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , should such important information that may potentially save the lives of one 's relatives be withheld due to these personal benefits ?
+
+S On the other hand , some are worried that revealing such information to the young may affect their psychological well-being ( Living with , 2009 ) .
+A 0 4|||R:OTHER|||In addition|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||their offspring|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||the latter 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nonetheless , with proper genetic counseling which is usually accompanied by genetic testing itself , parents may decide the best way to deal with this information .
+
+S In conclusion , the result of one 's genetic testing may not only affect oneself , but others too .
+
+S If this crucial information is shared among relatives without self-interest , it may even save lives .
+
+S Although this disclosure may inevitably bring about discrimination in both the family and outside the family , it is certain that concerns with health should outweigh monetary benefits .
+
+S Moreover , efforts are made by the government to pass laws such as GINA to prevent genetic discrimination .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , with proper guidance such as genetic counseling , a carrier of a known genetic risk should be obligated to tell his or her relatives .
+A 26 26|||M:OTHER|||about his genetic test results|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S Schuett , E , V. ( 2008 , February ) What is PKU ?
+
+S PKU News .
+
+S Retrieved October 25 , 2009 , from http : //www.pkunews.org/about/intro.htm
+
+S Norrgard , K. ( 2008 ) Ethics of Genetic Testing : Medical Insurance and Genetic Discrimination .
+
+S Nature Education .
+
+S Retrieved October 25 , 2009 , from http : //www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/Ethics-of-Genetic-Testing-Medical- Insurance-and-651
+
+S Living with Genetic Test Results for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer .
+
+S ( 2009 , September 26 ) Journal of Nursing Scholarship .
+
+S Retrieved October 25 , 2009 , from http : //www.cancercompass.com/cancer-news/article/16355.htm
+
+S " Blood is thicker than water " .
+
+S Indeed , if one possesses an allele that might develop into a crippling ailment , one should not remain silent as family members can help to share the burden ( Morin & Huot , 2004 ) .
+
+S This may also lower the risk of developing stress-induced illnesses such as cancer as well ( Morin & Huot , 2004 ) .
+
+S Relatives prone to the disease can also take necessary precautions to prevent the illness from developing ( Cancer.net Editorial Board , 2009 ) .
+
+S Yet , not everyone might have freedom to do so , fearing that family members might not be able to accept the news .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , such decisions only have short-term benefits and fail to consider the bigger picture such as situations which one 's family eventually discovers one 's secret .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||decisions to withhold information on one 's genetic test results|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Certainly , that may cause an even bigger heartbreak ( Pelletier , 2005 ) .
+
+S Hence , one should be obligated to break the news early to their relatives .
+
+S Earlier disclosure of such information allows the family to provide emotional support when one needs it most .
+
+S Initially , upon receiving the test results , individuals might exhibit a multitude of reactions ranging from depression to anxiety to anger ( Cancer.net Editorial Board , 2009 ) .
+
+S This is the time where family support is most essential for one as members can help to share the problem and advise how one should handle the problem .
+A 4 5|||R:ADV|||when|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , there are cases which one may not have the liberty to share the information with the family due to the unstable condition of another member .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||where|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One may also resort to this in order not to further burden their loved one .
+A 12 13|||R:DET|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , doing this may result in bigger repercussions when the family member involved finds out and is overwhelmed by the news ( Pelletier , 2005 ) .
+
+S Hence , it is essential that one should notify one 's family .
+A 12 12|||M:OTHER|||about one 's condition as soon as possible|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides being able to receive family support , letting others know is also a form of relieving unnecessary stress .
+A 11 11|||M:OTHER|||about one 's genetic condition|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Conversely , keeping such important secrets to oneself , in the long run it might actually develop into stress which may exacerbate their current condition and trigger certain stress-induced illnesses such as cancer to develop ( Morin & Huot , 2004 ) .
+A 8 9|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:OTHER|||one 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 35|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Critics however may feel that individuals may get discriminated even within family which may be a source of stress for one ( Wolff , 1996 ) .
+A 1 2|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Consequently , a disadvantageous situation is created instead of a beneficial one .
+
+S Nonetheless , not all families are unloving .
+
+S Hence more often than not , one should be frank with one 's family and not withhold any results from the genetic test .
+A 19 20|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Early disclosure also allows relatives to take early precautions ( Cancer.net Editorial Board , 2009 ) and prevent themselves from succumbing to the disease as well .
+
+S An example would be one 's family shifting from their usual unhealthy diet to a healthier one .
+A 2 2|||M:OTHER|||of such precautions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 4|||R:VERB|||is to have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As such , one 's family may be 'empowered ' ( Cancer.net Editorial Board , 2009 ) to make apt decisions which reduce the risk of developing the illness .
+
+S However , even though the disclosure empowers one 's relatives take precaution measures , it might end up causing an increased anxiety among family members ( Cancer.net Editorial Board , 2009 ) .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||Some note that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:MORPH|||precautionary|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In spite of this , some form of prevention may be better than none at all .
+
+S As the saying goes , " prevention is better than cure " .
+
+S Thus , it is crucial that one should tell their family .
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||one 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:OTHER|||about his genetic condition|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this respect , one should tell their relatives to be able to receive emotional concern , prevent any stress build up and allow one 's family to take precaution against the particular disease .
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||one 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||about one 's genetic condition . This will enable one|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:NOUN:NUM|||precautions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Cancer.net Editorial Board ( July , 2009 ) .
+
+S Sharing Genetic Test Results With Your Family .
+
+S Retrieved October 27 , 2009 , from { http : //www.cancer.net/patient/All + About + Cancer/Genetics/Sharing + Genetic + Test + Results + With + Your + Family } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.cancer.net/patient/All + About + Cancer/Genetics/Sharing + Genetic + Test + Results + With + Your + Family ]
+
+S Morin , C. I .
+
+S & Huot J .
+
+S ( March , 2004 ) Recent Advances in Stress Signaling in Cancer .
+
+S Retrieved October 27 , 2009 , from { http : //cancerres.aacrjournals.org/cgi/content/full/64/5/1893 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //cancerres.aacrjournals.org/cgi/content/full/64/5/1893 ]
+
+S Pelletier W. ( 2005 ) When a child is diagnosed with cancer : How life changes .
+
+S Retrieved October 27 , 2009 , from { http : //www.curesearch.org/for_parents_and_families/newlydiagnosed/article.aspx ? ArticleId = 3139&StageID = 1&TopicId = 4&Level = 1 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.curesearch.org/for_parents_and_families/newlydiagnosed/article.aspx ? ArticleId = 3139&StageID = 1&TopicId = 4&Level = 1 ]
+
+S Wolff M. J .
+
+S ( 1996 ) Genetic Testing for Huntington 's Disease .
+
+S Retrieved October 27 , 2009 , from { http : //www.lkwdpl.org/hdsa/hdtest.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.lkwdpl.org/hdsa/hdtest.htm ]
+
+S There are certain disorders that exist such that they would have adverse effects on the health of individuals .
+A 6 7|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Genetic testing is then carried out to determine if a person carries genes for certain inherited disorders .
+
+S Of course , if the disorder is treatable , one would not worry so much about the consequences .
+
+S However , if the disorder turns out to be non-treatable , the ethical issue as to whether the carrier of the known genetic risk is obligated to tell his or her relatives arises .
+
+S Privacy and discrimination supports the fact that the carrier should not be obliged to disclose the information to his relatives .
+A 0 1|||M:OTHER|||The issues of privacy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||support|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN|||position|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , a carrier should not be obligated to disclose information to his relatives as he has the individual rights as a patient to privacy .
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||his genetic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||right|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Privacy plays a very important role in a person 's life as it " helps individuals maintain autonomy and individuality " ( Privacilla.org , February 12 2001 ) .
+
+S Everyone has his own rights to decide whether their personal information should be revealed to third parties .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||right|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:DET|||his|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Without privacy , the person would feel violated as he does not have the right to withhold his information of his disorder .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||the right to protect his privacy through withholding genetic information of his disorder|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 22|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the carrier should not feel obliged to reveal his disorder .
+
+S Secondly , discrimination from the relatives affects the carrier 's decision in revealing his condition .
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One might never know how the relatives would react upon knowing the condition of the carrier .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||one 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The reactions can be extreme , either keeping a distance away from him or sharing the pain together with the carrier .
+
+S For example , some relatives would have the thinking that the genetic risk of the carrier would bring about bad reputation to them and they would start to distant themselves and try to lose all contact from him .
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:OTHER|||so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:VERB:TENSE|||may|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:MORPH|||distance|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:VERB|||eliminate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Discrimination has been found to have harmful effects on people such as a high risk depression .
+A 12 12|||M:OTHER|||putting them at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is already bad for a carrier to have a genetic risk , it would be much worse if depression strikes him .
+A 12 13|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus a carrier should not be obligated in telling his relatives about his genetic risk .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||to tell|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Admittedly , " a conflict between the well-being of the relatives could occur " and so , a carrier should be obligated to tell his relatives about his genetic risk as the information could be of importance to them ( World Health Organization ) .
+
+S " The genetic relative could adopt preventive health measures if he or she knew the test result " ( Bioethics Advisory Committee Singapore , November 2005 ) .
+A 0 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , time is the important aspect as one has to think of the consequences before revealing .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||timing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||R:VERB|||should|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:OTHER|||one 's genetic condition|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , " if a woman discovers she has a disorder and her sister is pregnant " ( Nuffield Council on Bioethics , December 1993 ) .
+
+S It would not be the right time to disclose to her pregnant sister as it may affect her foetus .
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||her genetic condition|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||the anxiety caused|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , a carrier should not be obliged to tell his relatives about his genetic disorder .
+
+S In conclusion , it is the social and emotional aspects that affect the carrier 's decision on whether or not he should make known his genetic risk to his family members .
+
+S Time is also an important factor just like the phrase " the right time " goes .
+A 0 1|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Timing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 16|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , a carrier should not be obligated to tell his relatives about his genetic risk .
+
+S References
+
+S Bioethics Advisory Committee Singapore .
+
+S ( 2005 , November ) .
+
+S Genetic testing and genetic research .
+
+S Retrieved October 26 , 2009 , from http : //www.bioethics-singapore.org/uploadfile/21729 % 20PMGT % 20Report.pdf
+
+S Nuffield Council on Bioethics .
+
+S ( 1993 , December ) .
+
+S Genetic screening ethical issues .
+
+S Retrieved October 26 , 2009 , from http : //www.nuffieldbioethics.org/fileLibrary/pdf/genetic_screening.pdf
+
+S Privacilla.org .
+
+S ( 2001 , February 12 ) .
+
+S Privacy fundamentals .
+
+S Retrieved October 26 , 2009 , from http : //www.privacilla.org/fundamentals/whyprivacy.html
+
+S World Health Organization .
+
+S Genetic testing .
+
+S Retrieved October 26 , 2009 , from http : //www.who.int/genomics/elsi/gentesting/en/
+
+S The controversy of whether carriers of a known genetic risk should be obligated to tell his or her relatives has been highly debated within the bioethics community ( Mehlman , 2009 ) .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||a carrier|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Individuals may choose not to reveal their positive test results to their relatives after taking the test , as they fear that their family will not be able to cope with the pressure since they are potentially at risk as well ( Haidle , 2005 ) .
+
+S However , revealing the results may have some positive effects to both individuals and their family psychologically and physically ( Chang & Haber , 2007 ) .
+
+S In addition , families can also help in reducing the risk of the next generation .
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , I agree that carriers of a known genetic risk should be obligated to tell their family .
+
+S Firstly , revealing the results to their family can have a positive psychological effect to the individuals .
+A 14 15|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||individual|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After upon receiving the bad news from the test , individuals may feel discouraged and have a negative view of life , especially those who have family history of relatives who did not survive the disorder , for example , ovarian cancer ( Haidle , 2005 ) .
+A 0 1|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||Upon|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:OTHER|||This is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 40|||R:OTHER|||such as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will further worsen and hasten their condition ( Chang & Haber , 2007 ) .
+
+S By talking to their relatives about their genetic risk , they will gain support and encouragement .
+
+S Studies have shown that by sharing the results , individuals will actually feel better as compared to those who keep mum ( Mallet , 2009 ) .
+
+S It is further substantiated with cases of mothers sharing their ovarian and breast cancer positive results with their children .
+
+S According to Scientific Blogging , statistics show that only nine percent of the mothers received negative responses while most of them received very encouraging responses ( News Staff , 2009 ) .
+A 26 29|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Scientific Blogging is a reliable website where news articles about scientific facts can be found .
+
+S Opponents may argue that it may not be necessary for individuals to tell their relatives their results since it 's their choice and there is no legal law that says that those who took the test must inform their family the results ( Norrgard , 2008 ) .
+
+S However , if individuals do not choose to reveal , the potential side-effects and psychological burden may cause severe consequences , such as worsening the condition ( Chang & Haber , 2007 ) .
+
+S Therefore , it is essential to share their results with their family for their own psychological benefits .
+
+S Secondly , by telling their family their results , their family will tend to be more health conscious since they will understand that they are potentially at risk too .
+
+S In some cases , maintaining a balanced lifestyle can reduce the risk of getting the disorder as well ( Rahman , 2009 ) .
+
+S If the results are not told , families that have a higher risk may not alter their lifestyle to prevent the genetic disorder that might be prevented .
+
+S In addition , if only one parent has a genetic disorder , the offspring will have a fifty percent chance of getting ( Mehlman , 1999 ) .
+A 22 22|||M:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This means that there 's a fair chance to prevent the potential disorder .
+
+S By not telling this important information about the family having a risk of getting the same disorder , it 's like denying the right to life .
+
+S According to the United Nations ' " Right to life " , Article 10 , " States Parties reaffirm that every human being has the inherent right to life and shall take all necessary measures to ensure its effective enjoyment .
+
+S " ( United Nations , 1948 ) .
+A 2 4|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Denying that piece of information about the well being of the family may become a violation to the right to life .
+
+S Opponents may argue that individuals should not be obliged to tell their family as this will save them a lot of pressure and stress .
+
+S Indeed , knowing that one has a higher risk of a genetic disorder is stressful and painful , however , through appropriate counseling and leading a healthy lifestyle , the chance of not getting the disorder is relatively high ( Haidle , 2005 ) .
+
+S Therefore , for the physical well being of the whole family , it is best to let the family know the condition .
+
+S Lastly , by telling the results , families can reduce the chances of the next generation from getting the genetic disorder .
+
+S Methods like assisted reproductive technology ( ART ) can be used to ensure only unaffected embryos were allowed to develop to term ( Norrgard , 2008 ) .
+A 13 13|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this way , the chances of the next generation of getting the same genetic disorder will be significantly reduced .
+
+S Without revealing the results , the family may not be aware of the potential genetic condition .
+
+S Despite this benefit , opponents may argue that some disorder might not affect the rest of the family , so it is not necessary to inform the relatives ( Mehlman , 1999 ) .
+
+S However , if carriers of genetic disorder , such as HIV , do not tell their family , their family , especially their spouse may have a potential risk of infection unknowingly .
+A 18 22|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:OTHER|||the spouse|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , carriers should at least tell their spouse their condition , so that the family as well as the next generation can be protected .
+
+S To conclude , revealing of the positive results is essential to help not only the carriers , but also their family psychologically and physically .
+
+S In addition , they can prevent the next generation from getting the same disorder as well .
+
+S Though the decision is made ultimately by the individuals , I think that it is necessary for them to inform their family .
+A 12 13|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Chang , A .
+
+S & Haber , S. 2007 .
+
+S Breast cancer : how your mind can help your body [ Internet ] [ cited 2009 Oct 28 ] .
+
+S http : //helping.apa.org/articles/article.php ? id = 47
+
+S Haidle J .
+
+S 2005 Anticipating family issues associated with cancer risk assessment and genetic testing [ Internet ] [ cited 2009 Oct 28 ] , 2 ( 3 ) , 245- 251 , Available from : http : //www.communityoncology.net/journal/articles/0203245.pdf
+
+S Mallet , K. 2009 May 15 .
+
+S Sharing Cancer Genetic Test Results With Children [ Internet ] [ cited 2009 Oct 28 ] .
+
+S Available from : http : //www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/150185.php
+
+S Mehlman , M. 1999 Oct .
+
+S The Privacy of Genetic Information [ Internet ] [ cited 2009 Oct 28 ] .
+
+S Available from : http : //www.thedoctorwillseeyounow.com/articles/bioethics/geneticinfo_1/
+
+S NewsStaff .
+
+S 2009 May 14 .
+
+S Share The Results Of Your Genetic Tests With Your Kids - You 'll Feel Better .
+
+S Scientific Blogging [ Internet ] [ cited 2009 Oct 28 ] Available from : http : //www.scientificblogging.com/news_articles/share_results_your_genetic_t ests_your_kids_youll_feel_better
+
+S Norrgard , K. 2008 .
+
+S Ethics of Genetic Testing : Medical Insurance and Genetic Discrimination [ Internet ] [ cited 2009 Oct 28 ] .
+
+S Available from : http : //www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/Ethics-of-Genetic-Testing-Medical- Insurance-and-651
+
+S Rahman , A .
+
+S 2009 Jan 6 .
+
+S Change your lifestyle [ Internet ] [ cited 2009 Oct 28 ] .
+
+S Available from : http : //www.asiaone.com/Health/News/Story/A1Story20090106-112703.html
+
+S United Nations .
+
+S 1948 .
+
+S Article 10 - Right to life [ Internet ] [ cited 2009 Oct 28 ] .
+
+S Avaible from : http : //www.un.org/disabilities/default.asp ? id = 270
+
+S In recent years of the 21st century , a vast majority of people has arrived at a similar cognitional conjunction of the general idea of genetic testing , which is extensively portrayed as an effective technique to identify crime suspects or catastrophe victims in various popular " crime scene investigation " television programmes .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the varieties and significance of genetic testing are well understated .
+
+S Genetic testing has become an increasingly adopted form of medical checkup through means of diagnosing an individual 's vulnerabilities to inherited diseases upon detection of genes and chromosomes mutation ( Guttmacher , 2009 ) .
+
+S If confirmed as the carrier of a particular genetic mutation or having increased risk of developing an inherited disease , those unfortunate subjects are not only instantaneously overwhelmed by negative emotions but also subjected to distress and burdensome in considering the consequences of their health conditions on their family members .
+A 37 38|||R:OTHER|||burdens|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Various ethical and social complications arise from the differential opts of those inflicted subjects , to tell or not tell their families or relatives about the positive results of the genetic diagnosis .
+A 8 9|||R:MORPH|||different|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:MORPH|||options|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||such as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Considering the genetically affected individual 's need of additional care and companion as well as the early detection of similar inherited disorder amongst their blood relatives , an individual of known genetic risk ought to disclose the results of genetic testing to their close relatives .
+A 11 12|||R:MORPH|||companionship|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 43|||R:DET|||his|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As accepting the occurrence or increased risk of developing genetic disorders is rather emotionally burdensome , affected patients should reveal the truth to their family members who are able to provide additional care and companion .
+A 34 35|||R:MORPH|||companionship|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Emotional outcomes after predictive genetic testing such as increased measures of anxiety , anger , depression , guilt and redemptive adjustments are psychologically destructive ( Davies , Donnai , MacLeod , McAllister , Nicholls & Payne , 2007 ) .
+
+S Moreover , scientific researches provide substantial evidences showing that the frequency of catastrophic outcomes such as suicide , attempted suicide and psychiatric hospitalization are significantly higher amongst those receiving Huntington 's disease predictive-testing results ( Almqvist , Bloch , Brinkman , Craufurd & Hayden , 1999 ) .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||evidence|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The devastative psychological effects on risk-prone individuals can be reduced if family members show moral support and intensive care .
+
+S In fact , the risk and severity of certain adult onset genetic disorders can be alleviated by preventative measures and treatments .
+
+S With the company and cooperation of family members , constructive lifestyle modification such as adopting healthy diet , exercising as well as reducing alcohol and cigarette consumption can be easily implemented .
+
+S Thus , revealing one 's genetic condition to family members are proven to be an anecdote to sufferings from psychological pressures more beneficiary as compared to concealing the truth .
+A 14 23|||R:OTHER|||beneficial and alleviate psychological pressure|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , to inform family and relatives of one self 's unfavourable genetic conditions is an act of responsibility and care by which similar genetic testing can be executed for early detection and treatments .
+A 10 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the terminology implies , genetically inherited diseases are caused by gene or chromosomes abnormality received from antecedents and passed on to following generations .
+
+S The possibilities of other family members and blood relatives carrying similar gene mutation are relatively higher when a family history of the particular genetic disorder is detected .
+
+S The likelihood of the family members and relatives to definitively develop similar genetic disease is hard to estimate due to the influences of different inheritance conditions such as autosomal dominant , autosomal recessive , X-linked dominant and X-linked recessive ( Joaquina , 2009 ) .
+
+S Moreover , a healthy person not showing any corresponding symptoms of the genetic disease might be the carrier of gene mutation , which might bring about equivalent harmfulness to successive offspring .
+
+S Hence , alerting these potential disease carriers is essential such that similar genetic testing can be done , either to rule out any possibilities of carrying that particular DNA mutation or to detect the chances of developing the genetic disorder and apply treatments or preventative measures as early as possible .
+
+S All in all , carriers have to consider beyond personal concerns and fulfil obligations to inform family members and relatives about their genetic disorders for early detection , prevention and cure .
+
+S In conclusion , all genetic test participants carrying genetic risk should be obligated to reveal the test results to their family and relatives .
+
+S After knowing the health conditions of the affected individuals , their family members are able to show extra concern and cooperation in adopting healthier lifestyles , thus relieving their emotional distress and reducing the risk of them committing catastrophic behaviours .
+
+S Besides that , family members and close relatives of the affected individual will benefit greatly by participating in similar genetic testing and detecting the genetic disorder as soon as possible for early treatment .
+
+S Hence , it is undeniably crucial for carriers of genetic diseases to treat the disclosure of genetic test results to their family members and relatives as an obligation to fulfil .
+
+S References :
+
+S Almqvist , E.W. , Bloch,M. , Brinkman , R. , Craufurd , D. , & Hayden , M.R .
+
+S ( 1999 ) .
+
+S A Worldwide Assessment of the Frequency of Suicide , Suicide Attempts , or Psychiatric Hospitalization after Predictive Testing for Huntington
+
+S Disease .
+
+S Am J Hum Genet , 64 ( 5 ) , 1293-1304 .
+
+S Retrieved October 29 , 2009 , from { http : //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pmc/ articles/PMC1377865/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ % 20pmc/ % 20articles/PMC1377865/ ]
+
+S Davies , L. , Donnai , D. , MacLeod , R. , McAllister , M. , Nicholls , S. , & Payne , K. ( 2007 ) .
+
+S The Emotional Effects of Genetic Diseases : Implications for Clinical Genetics .
+
+S American Journal of Medical Genetics.2651-2661 .
+
+S Retrieved October 29 , 2009 , from { http : //www.parentprojectmd.org/site/DocServer/emotional_effects_of_genetic_disease .
+
+S pdf ? docID = 5061 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.parentprojectmd.org/site/DocServer/emotional_effects_of_genetic_disease. % 20pdf ? docID = 5061 ]
+
+S Guttmacher , A.E .
+
+S ( 2009 , July ) .
+
+S Frequently Asked Questions about Genetic Testing .
+
+S Retrieved October 29 , 2009 , from National Human Genome Research Institute , National Institutes of Health Web site : { http : //www.genome.gov/ 19516567 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.genome.gov/ % 2019516567 ] Joaquina , J .
+
+S ( 2009 , May 29 ) .
+
+S Modes of Inheritance .
+
+S Retrieved October 29 , 2009 , from { http : //www.accessdna.com/ condition/Patterns_of_Inheritance/253 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.accessdna.com/ % 20condition/Patterns_of_Inheritance/253 ]
+
+S Knowledge is power , but how true the saying is when applied to the context of genetic testing is debatable .
+
+S Genetic testing is the process of direct examination of a person 's DNA molecule .
+
+S Even though it does not guarantee a 100 percent accuracy ( Breast Cancer Organization ) , it is still used in fields like forensic investigations whereby a person 's identity could be determined through the test .
+A 11 14|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is also utilized in medical diagnosis to reveal any genetic disorders ( Human Genome Project ) by basing one 's genes against a healthy standard of gene pool to spot for any forms of mutations .
+A 13 16|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the choice of revealing the result to only the patient or to third parties is an issue that is arguable .
+
+S Ultimately though , I believe that the patient should have the final say as to whether the results should be made known .
+
+S First and foremost , genetic testing is by no means cheap .
+
+S Its cost range from hundreds to thousands of dollars in accordance to the number and size of genes tested ( Human Genome Project ) .
+A 20 23|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As such , the person has to fork out huge amounts of money to procure this knowledge and it would thus only be ethical that he or she be allowed to make the choice of broadcasting the results .
+
+S As much as some may argue that money does not buy everything , such tests results are akin to a paid product and it would not make sense if it were to be shared with others without the buyer 's consent .
+
+S More importantly , failing to keep the results of genetic testing strictly private may give rise to physical and mental detriments ( Norrgard , 2008 ) .
+
+S In the former case , a person 's quality of life may take a hit as a result of making the outcome of the test known to others .
+
+S In view of potential discrimination against the person 's disease by others , he or she may have to contemplate revamping his or her lifestyle totally .
+
+S For example , a professional soccer player predicted to have spinal muscular atrophy , a disease that causes one to lose muscle tissues over time , may be discriminated against by his team as he will most probably be seen as a liability rather than an asset .
+
+S He may no longer be considered a worthwhile investment and be passed over during team selections and such .
+
+S In the worst case , he may have to give up soccer altogether so as to allow for effective treatment of his disease .
+
+S On the latter , adverse mental effects may take its toll on a person too .
+
+S It is often said that the mind is greater than the body , hence it would not be a surprise if these detriments are more devastating towards a person 's mental health .
+
+S Consider the case of the soccer player as mentioned earlier in which he is discriminated against .
+
+S He may be forced to retire from the sport entirely which may lead to him losing his livelihood .
+
+S Many professional soccer players train from a tender age to adulthood and hence , by denying the disease-afflicted person his avenue of income and his passion in life would only serve to strain his mental health .
+
+S Sometimes though , keeping mum may not be an ideal choice for there may be a genuine need to disclose the results of genetic testing to people other than the individual .
+
+S For instance , the test results of a rape case ought to be made known so that a criminal can be justifiably prosecuted .
+
+S The particular rape case of Biurny Peguero by William McCaffrey exemplifies this need well ( Baron , 2009 ) .
+
+S In it , McCaffrey was convicted of rape even though there was no concrete evidence from the genetic testing of the swap samples that suggest so .
+
+S Fortunately , his lawyer was successful in his application for the district attorney office to release the results of the test after 2 years and a new test showed that the genetic sample lacked a Y chromosome and hence proved that the rape case was a fluke fabricated by Peguero , which she later confessed .
+
+S Although this incident underlines the importance of revealing such test results , it is under these rare circumstances that revealing the results becomes a feasible idea .
+
+S So where does one draw the line between a good and a bad idea with regards to disclosing such intimate information ?
+
+S Tentatively , there is no clear cut verdict but general scenarios suggest that the decision to reveal the genetic test result should lie solely with the individual due to the private nature of such testing and the devastating consequences that will ensue should the genetic test results be exposed without the person 's consent .
+
+S Breast Cancer Organization .
+
+S Seeking Your Genetic Information : Pros and Cons .
+
+S [ Internet ] [ Cited 2009 Oct 28 ] .
+
+S Available from http : //www.breastcancer.org/symptoms/testing/genetic/pros_cons.jsp
+
+S Human Genome Project .
+
+S Gene Testing .
+
+S [ Internet ] [ Cited 2009 Oct 28 ] .
+
+S Available from http : //www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/medicine/genetest.shtml # p rocon
+
+S Norrgard , K. ( 2008 ) Ethics of genetic testing : Medical insurance and genetic discrimination .
+
+S Nature Education .
+
+S [ Internet ] [ Cited 2009 Oct 28 ] .
+
+S Available from http : //www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/Ethics-of-Genetic- Testing-Medical-Insurance-and-651
+
+S Baron , J .
+
+S 2009 Aug 11 .
+
+S Prisoner says DNA test exonerates him from rape .
+
+S [ Internet ] [ Cited 2009 Oct 28 ] .
+
+S Available from http : //www.nytimes.com/2009/08/12/nyregion/12dna.html
+
+S In recent years , there has been an increasing trend of individuals coming forward to request for genetic testing .
+
+S Genetic testing is a form of medical examination that determines whether an individual is at risk or diagnosed to have any inherited genetic disorders or has the potential to pass it on to the next generation ( MedlinePlus , 2009 ) .
+A 37 38|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Genetic testing includes gene tests , chromosomal tests and biochemical tests that identify result abnormalities or alterations .
+
+S If the individual does not have the final say in revealing the test results of a positive genetic disorder , there will be a breach of patient confidentiality when the individual has earlier on requested not to reveal the results and may cause even further distraught and strain within the family , even if the individual will reveal to the loved ones at a later timing .
+A 31 32|||R:VERB:TENSE|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 34|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 56 58|||R:VERB:TENSE|||reveals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 63 64|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 65 66|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the individual requesting genetic testing should have the final say in whether to reveal the result of such testing , since the individual will be the one answerable and holding sole responsibility in the repercussion of informing or withholding the results outcome .
+A 31 32|||R:VERB:FORM|||holds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 32|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 44|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , an individual will face genetic discrimination if the individual does not have the final say in revealing a positive result of genetic disorder test .
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||he|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Genetic discrimination occurs when an external party gains access to an individual 's health records or when one is honest in declaring one 's health condition .
+
+S For instance , an insurance company will refuse to provide any insurance coverage for an individual who may have had been tested positive of a genetic disorder or has a high probability of acquiring a genetic disorder , since the insurance company finds it a loss to make a payout to an 'already or potentially-sick ' individual .
+A 20 21|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , employers will be judgmental in hiring or firing a 'sick ' employee .
+
+S In America , a new federal law referred to as the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act ( GINA ) was passed in 2008 , to prevent discrimination from insurance companies and employers ( National Human Genome Research Institute , 2009 ) .
+A 32 37|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Genetic discrimination will not take place if the individual had the final say in revealing the result of such testing , as the individual had withheld the information and life would go on as per normal until the disease presents its signs and symptoms .
+
+S When the individual is discovered for having a genetic disorder and not declaring the status beforehand , the individual will bear all the consequences , which includes genetic discrimination since the individual had the choice to weigh on the pros and cons of the matter before the individual made a decision on keeping the condition to himself .
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||does|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:FORM|||declare|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 38|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the individual requesting genetic testing should have the final say in whether to reveal the result of such testing .
+
+S Secondly , if the individual requesting genetic testing does not have the final say in whether to reveal the result of such testing , the individual will have problems with his loved ones , such as stress within the family and strained family relationships ( FamilyDoctor.org , 2005 ) .
+A 45 46|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , if the family of the individual finds out through the family physician instead of the individual 's self , the family will be upset since the individual chose to hide the information .
+A 20 21|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even if the individual chooses to tell the family at a later timing for the benefit of not wanting to worry his loved ones , the family will on the other hand feel that it was irresponsible of the individual not to share his/her burden with the family , since the family had to find out the truth from another party .
+A 20 21|||R:VERB|||upset|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This could be prevented if the individual concerned broke the news to his family members so that they can discuss as a family .
+
+S As such , it is up to the individual 's discretion in revealing the genetic test results .
+
+S Arguments put forth in individuals should not be the one having the final say in revealing the genetic test result are weak .
+A 1 4|||R:OTHER|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some have said the individuals who request for the genetic testing are deceiving others if they do not reveal the positive genetic test result .
+
+S However , even if the genetic test result was positive , it does not infer that the individual has defective genes but it is just that the individual is at a higher risk of acquiring the disease ( Genetic Home Reference , 2009 ) .
+A 38 41|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , there will be an infringement of privacy and confidentiality if the individual requests not to reveal the result but yet divulged , since it is one 's own choice that ought to be respected .
+
+S Thus , the individual requesting genetic testing should have the final say in whether to reveal the results of such testing .
+
+S In conclusion , the individual requesting genetic testing should have the final say in whether to reveal the results of such testing not only to avoid genetic discrimination in society but also to promote family relations .
+
+S In recent years , genetic testing has emerged as a new and sophisticated medical technique to " gather information on an individual 's genetic predisposition to a particular health condition .
+
+S " ( Bio Tec 2009 ) However once a test result has been conducted , the individual faces a dilemma of whether he should inform his relatives about his results of his genetic test .
+A 2 4|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to Cambridge , obligated has been defined as " something that one must do because of a rule or law .
+A 0 3|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " ( Cambridge , 2003 ) It is to be noted that it is not against the law if the carrier keeps the results of the genetic test private , as everybody has his own rights in deciding on what should be revealed to the ones around him .
+A 2 3|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , I believe that the carrier is not obligated to tell his relatives about his condition but it will still be morally responsible of the carrier to inform his relatives .
+
+S Firstly , as mentioned above , it is not against the law to withhold genetic results from third parties .
+
+S In a democratic world , it is the individual 's rights to choose if he wants to reveal the testing results .
+
+S Domestically , our very own constitution has stated very clearly that " No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty save in accordance with law .
+
+S " ( Singapore Constitution 1999 ) .
+A 2 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even the most powerful democratic nation in the world , the United States of America has also stated very clearly in her constitution that " all men are created equal " and " with certain unalienable rights ; that among these are life , liberty and happiness .
+
+S " ( American Constitution ) Most notably , the word 'liberty ' appeared in both Constitutions .
+A 2 4|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the definitions for liberty is the " freedom from obligation , " which clearly meant that it is perfectly legal for the individual to withhold his genetic tests ' results from third parties , and thus is under no obligation to disclose his results .
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:TENSE|||means|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , it is within the personal rights of the individual to withhold the information .
+
+S All people under the state laws are entitled to freedom the freedom of speech , and most importantly the freedom to decide and choose for himself .
+A 9 11|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is an " inalienable right " of all citizens of democratic countries .
+
+S Therefore , it is within the individual 's empowerment to decide if he wants to reveal the results of his genetic test to his relatives , which clearly implies that he is under no obligation to reveal his genetic test results to his relatives .
+
+S However , even if it is within the individual 's legal and personal rights not to reveal the tests ' results , it is still a moral responsibility to do so .
+
+S The individual has the responsibility to inform the closest around him of this genetic problem .
+
+S As genetic problems , such as Parkinson 's disease is hereditary , it will be good to prepare the carrier 's family psychologically .
+
+S This can allow or prompt the rest of the family to go for similar test to determine if they have developed the same genetic disorders .
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||tests|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Early detection allows the carrier to undergo treatment earlier when the genetic problem is still at its infant stage , and thus the problem will be easier to control as compared to its latter stage .
+A 33 34|||R:MORPH|||later|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , direct relatives of the individual can also plan for their own future , with the knowledge that whatever future plans that they might have , they have to put into account of the genetic disorder .
+A 30 34|||R:OTHER|||keep in mind|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , if a couple wants to have a baby , and either the father or the mother is a carrier of certain genetic problems , they would consider the probabilities of the unborn child being born with the same deficiency .
+
+S Thus it is absolutely vital morally for the affected individual to inform his relatives of his genetic disorder , so as to prepare his relatives psychologically , medically and financially .
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||and morally vital|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus the carrier is not only being responsible to himself , but also to his relatives and even future generations .
+
+S However , critics might want to argue that his relatives will alienate him , and thus making the individual feel isolated and uncared for .
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:FORM|||make|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I believe that despite risking alienation , the moral responsibility in telling his relatives of the problem is more important than the former as it will give his relatives adequate warning about the potential risk that might affect them too .
+
+S In conclusion , I believe that the individual is not obligated to inform his or her relatives about his genetic problems , either legally or be it personal rights .
+A 25 29|||R:OTHER|||personally|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , he still must have the moral responsibility to inform his relatives about his genetic disorders so as to prepare the latter psychologically , medically and financially .
+A 3 4|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to US national institute of health , genetic testing is the examination of a person 's DNA taken from cells in his or her blood , tissues or other body fluids that exhibit a disease or disorder ( Dr. Richard K. ) .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 42|||R:OTHER|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Is is often used to detect certain suspected inherit disease in an individual or family .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:FORM|||inherited|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , when a person is confirmed with certain genetic risk , a question arises is it an obligation for the person to tell his or her relatives about the risk ?
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:ORTH|||Is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In my opinion , the right of his or her relatives to know the risk and possibility to save lives should not be denied by the person .
+
+S Hence , a carrier of known genetic risk is obligated to tell his or her relatives .
+
+S Firstly , a known genetic risk carrier is obligated to tell his or her relatives is because of their right to know .
+A 15 16|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They should know that they are vulnerable to the risk of family disease which can be inherited .
+
+S This allow them to have mental preparation about what will possibly happen and to react to the risk .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:SVA|||allows|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , knowing of their genetic risk will help them in making some important decisions and plans such as whether to have children or not .
+
+S The right of relatives or families to know the genetic test results can be seen in a WHO report on medical genetic issues ( http : //www.who.int ) , which address family members have a moral obligation to share genetic information with each another , and thus they can choose whether to be tested themselves .
+A 31 31|||M:DET|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , a known genetic risk carrier is obligated to tell his or her relatives is due to there is possibility to save their lives .
+A 15 21|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If the relatives are known of their possible risk in genetic disease , they can perform genetic test for themselves .
+A 3 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||know|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||request for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In case the test results are positive , they will be able to receive medical treatment to reduce risk .
+
+S In some circumstances , it is able to cure a genetic disease in early stage .
+A 6 7|||R:ADJ|||possible|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This allows the relatives of a genetic disease patient , or even the patient itself , to recover fully from the disease .
+A 14 15|||R:PRON|||himself|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , according to US national institute of health ( http : //www.accessexcellence.org ) , when tumors of colon cancer are caught early , the chances for survival are the greatest and this prevent thousands of cancer death a year .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 16|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:VERB|||discovered|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:VERB:SVA|||prevents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||R:NOUN:NUM|||deaths|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some people may argue that if a carrier of known genetic risk tells his or her relatives about the risk , he or she will be abandoned by families .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nevertheless , this is not true as relative or family members do help each another when one is in difficulty .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||relatives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In contrast to abandon , they will give supports and pay more attentions to the patient .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||support|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||attention|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These encouragements always make a patient to be more confident and brave , thus increasing their chances for survival in some cases .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||encouragement|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||makes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||patients|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Other than that , some people claim that a genetic disease patient will be discriminated from employment once his or her genetic information is spread by family members .
+
+S However , this is unfounded there are countries who implement laws to address such discrimination and to protect these genetic disease patients .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:ORTH|||There|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||where|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||laws have been implemented|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , according to the American Society of Human Genetics ( http : //www.ashg.org ) , Americans with Disabilities Act ( ADA ) is implemented to deal with employers involve in genetic discrimination .
+A 12 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 32|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some of the states also have legislation to limit employers to collect , use and disclose genetic information .
+
+S In conclusion , a carrier of known genetic risk is obligated to tell his or her relatives due to their right to know about the risk and possibility to save their lives .
+
+S With effective implementation of laws to protect genetic disease patients , they should always be encouraged and prompted to reveal the genetic test results to his or her relatives so that they could benefit from the testing equally .
+A 25 28|||R:OTHER|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:VERB:TENSE|||can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Dr. Richard K. , Dr. Francis C. , Understanding Gene Testing .
+
+S Retrieved October 27 , 2009 from http : //www.accessexcellence.org/AE/AEPC/NIH/
+
+S Family history Law , a guidance for health care providers - the American Society of Human Genetics .
+
+S Retrieved October 27 , 2009 from http : //www.ashg.org
+
+S World Health Organization , Human Genetic Programme .
+
+S ( 2003 ) .
+
+S Reviews of medical issues in medical genetics .
+
+S Retrieved October 27 , 2009 from http : //www.who.int/genomics/publications/en/ethical_issuesin_medgenetics % 20r eport.pdf
+
+S Genetic testing enables the discovery of possible genetic disorders present in the individual .
+
+S The information on the genetic disorder is important to the relatives as they may be implicated .
+
+S Although this information might cause family members to suffer emotionally and psychologically , it also allows them to be more aware of possible problems that may arise in the future .
+
+S I strongly feel that the individual carrying genetic risk should be obligated to inform his or her relatives as it is a matter of personal responsibility to inform relatives of the implications and thus allow them to be aware of the possible solutions or related important information .
+
+S Firstly , they are obligated to tell their relatives as it is a matter of personal responsibility .
+
+S Having undergone genetic testing , the individuals involved should be well aware of the implications it might have on them and their families ' lives .
+
+S It is very irresponsible not to reveal the results to their family members as their lives are also implicated greatly .
+
+S For instance , if the individual has a dominant gene for Huntington 's disease , his family members including the next generation might be carriers of this disease and may suffer physically and emotionally in the later age of their lives .
+A 41 42|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Norrgard , 2008 ) .
+
+S Furthermore , the result from genetic testing might also cause family members to be discriminated by the society .
+A 18 19|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Henry , 2005 ) .
+
+S Thus , it would be not fair if the individual just keep the information and not share it so that the family members could be prepared of the implications .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||kept|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , when family members are informed , they would benefit from this information .
+
+S Being aware that they are at high-risk , they might research and find out the possible problems and solutions .
+A 10 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , they would be able to make sound decision with this new knowledge .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , if the family member is informed that she is in high risk of a genetic disease like cystic fibrosis that may cause suffering to her child , she might soon discover that this disease is treatable as soon as the child is born .
+A 12 13|||R:PREP|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When she give birth to a child , she would immediately send her child for diagnose and treatment .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||gives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:MORPH|||diagnosis|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Patrick , 1993 ) .
+
+S Thus her child might not suffer as much as children who undergo treatment only when the symptoms arise .
+
+S Similarly , if the disease is untreatable , the family member could make decision to terminate the child so that the disease will not affect the next generation .
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB|||abort|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When the results of genetic testing are revealed , family members might suffer emotionally and psychologically .
+
+S For example , family members might feel burdened that they might suffer from a disease that is untreatable .
+
+S Thus , they might become despondent in life .
+
+S However , this result of family members being informed should not be a reason to stop the individual from informing the family members .
+
+S There are counselors and specialists who will aid the individual and family members in recovering .
+A 2 3|||R:SPELL|||counsellors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||to recover|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Patrick , 1993 ) .
+
+S These professionals will also share information to the family members and allow them to be more prepared for the future .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the individuals carrying genetic risk should be obligated to inform their family members as they should be responsible and fair to their family members and not depriving the members from taking early measures against the disease .
+A 29 30|||R:VERB:FORM|||deprive|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , they should not be concerned about the negative effects about revealing the results as there are professionals in the fields who are available to aid in the problem .
+
+S Reference
+
+S Henry , T. & Greely , J.D , ( 2005 , September 1 ) .
+
+S Banning Genetic Discrimination .
+
+S The New England Journal of Medicine , 353 , 865-867 .
+
+S Massachusetts Medical Society .
+
+S Retrieved September 5 , 2009 , from { http : //content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/353/9/865 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/353/9/865 ]
+
+S Norrgard,K .
+
+S ( 2008 ) Ethics of genetic testing : Medical insurance and genetic .
+
+S Retrieved October 25 , 2009 from { http : //www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/Ethics-of-Genetic-Testing-Medical-Insurance-and-651 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/Ethics-of-Genetic-Testing-Medical-Insurance-and-651 ]
+
+S Patrick , N. ( 1993 ) .
+
+S Genetic Screening Ethical Issues , 14-44 .
+
+S Nuffield Council On Bioethics .
+
+S Retrieved October 25 , 2009 , from { http : //www.nuffieldbioethics.org/fileLibrary/pdf/genetic_screening.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.nuffieldbioethics.org/fileLibrary/pdf/genetic_screening.pdf ]
+
+S With advanced technology , genetic testing is developed to identify and detect changes in proteins , chromosomes or genes that are associated with a specific disease or inherited disorders .
+
+S The results of a genetic test has both pros and cons as it aids to predict the likelihood of individuals of developing or passing a genetic disorder onto their children ( Procter 2002 ) .
+
+S However , genetic testing has brought issues on the problem of ethical and social , not only to the individuals as well as their family members ( Norrgard 2008 ) .
+A 6 11|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:NOUN|||issues|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 26|||R:OTHER|||but to the family members as well .|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Norrgard ( 2008 ) also mentions that the decision to undergo genetic testing is a very personal matter .
+
+S Therefore , it is the responsibility of individuals to inform their family members upon deciding the benefits and limitations of the genetic results .
+
+S Firstly , the advantage of genetic testing is to predict the individuals ' chance of developing or passing an inherited disorder onto their offspring has raised a concern whether the carriers to tell their relatives ( Procter 2002 ) .
+A 7 8|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||U:VERB:FORM||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Jacobs and Deatrick ( 1999 ) reported , " The view of an entire-family can be affected by the identification of a family specific mutation .
+A 9 10|||R:ORTH|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " Norrgard ( 2008 ) cited that an individual who is discovered Huntington 's disease has an ethical obligation to reveal the truth of genetic result to their relatives .
+A 4 5|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:ORTH|||An|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB|||to have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:DET|||his|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , Procter ( 2002 ) also points out that the concern of withholding the genetic information is the age of the individual .
+
+S Procter ( 2002 ) supported his view that the adults will have the better decision-making to undergo genetic testing that helps to reduce the chance of developing an inherited disorder or passing disorder onto their offspring .
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN|||decision making skills|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:OTHER|||the disorders|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , individuals ' decisions can be influenced by the fear of developing an inherited genetic disorder and the negative genetic results as a result of avoiding close relationships with their family members ( Procter 2002 ) .
+A 19 24|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , individuals should have ethical obligation to reveal the truth of result to their relatives so that they can be treated effectively or prevented if detected with disease such as cancer .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 32|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , the limitation of genetic tests such as the social issue has been taken into account of whether to reveal the genetic results to their relatives .
+A 17 18|||R:PREP|||as to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Norrgard ( 2008 ) argues that the concern of the family members is the social problem of the identification of an inherited disease gene in a family .
+A 12 27|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , Norrgard ( 2008 ) also points out that the revealing of genetic information will cause the family members to be discriminated by the insurance company and employers and families who have the risk of developing an inherited disease or disorder .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN|||revealtion|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the Federal law has implemented the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act to prevent individuals from being discriminated by the insurance company and employment ( Norrgard 2008 ) .
+A 23 24|||R:MORPH|||employer|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , a carrier of a known genetic risk is obligated to tell his or her relatives since they are being protected by law and deterred the risk of developing disease with preventive measures .
+
+S In conclusion , it is the responsibility and decision-making of individuals to inform their family members upon deciding the benefits and limitations of the genetic result .
+A 7 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S Jacobs Linda A& Deatrick Janet A .
+
+S 1999 .
+
+S The Individual , the Family , and Genetic Testing .
+
+S Journal of Professional Nursing [ Internet ] [ Cited 2009 Oct 28 ] , 15 ( 5 ) , 313-324 .
+
+S Available from : { http : //www.sciencedirect.com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/science } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.sciencedirect.com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/science ]
+
+S Norrgard Karen , Ph.D. 2008 .
+
+S Ethics of Genetic Testing : Medical Insurance and Genetic Discrimination [ Internet ] [ cited 28 October 2009 ] Available from : { http : //www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/Ethics-of-Genetic-Testing-Medical-Insurance-and-651 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/Ethics-of-Genetic-Testing-Medical-Insurance-and-651 ]
+
+S Procter Annie M. 2002 .
+
+S The ethics of genetic testing of families .
+
+S Current Paediatrics [ Internet ] [ Cited 2009 Oct 28 ] , 12 ( 6 ) , 453-457 .
+
+S Available from : { http : //www.sciencedirect.com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/science } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.sciencedirect.com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/science ]
+
+S Advancement in science , especially in the field of genetic and biomedical research , has made genetic testing possible for people to test for diseases which relate to hereditary links .
+
+S Genetic testing , a testing that looks at a person 's genetic makes up , is able to confirm diagnosis of individuals who are at risk of certain genetic disorders like the Huntington 's disease , { cystic fibrosis , Tay-Sachs disease , breast cancer and so } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/Diagnosing-Down-Syndrome-Cystic-Fibrosis-Tay-Sachs-646 ] forth .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:SVA|||make|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 56|||R:OTHER|||cystic fibrosis , Tay-Sachs disease , breast cancer and so forth [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/Diagnosing-Down-Syndrome-Cystic-Fibrosis-Tay-Sachs-646 ]|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Despite the fact that genetic testing helps to improve one 's life , it is always surrounded by moral and ethical issues that includes family-related ethical dilemma when a potential carrier of a genetic disorder is tested to be a positive result .
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:SVA|||include|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , since family history always serves as a guide for genetic testing as passing the mutated genes within the family is of high possibility , results of genetic testing would have implications in the individual who tested it , and as well as the family members .
+A 40 41|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , carrier of a known genetic risk should be obligated to tell his or her relatives once the genetic test has been conducted and the results are known .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S An important reason why a carrier of a known genetic risk should be obligated to reveal the testing result to relevant third party is that it would help early detection of genetic diseases within the family members .
+
+S This would then lead to necessary treatment to save lives .
+
+S In the case of breast cancer , recent studies show that women who suffer from breast cancer would have an increased likelihood of a sister to get the same disease ( EverythingAboutBreastCancer , 2009 ) .
+
+S American Cancer Society ( 2005 ) also reveals that 5 % -10 % of the breast cancer patients inherit the mutated genes of BRCA1 and BRCA2 from their first degree relatives .
+
+S Since there is no symptom of such disease in the early and most treatable stage , revealing of testing result by the carrier would alert the relevant third party to undergo similar testing and receive necessary treatments if it is a positive result .
+A 36 37|||R:NOUN:NUM|||treatment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some may argue that third party should have done regular check up to monitor personal health condition instead of starting to do so when there is a carrier in the family .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , self-examine has low accuracy in detection of breast cancer while other method like mammography is only meant for women who age 40 years old and above ( georgiahealthinfo.gov , n.d. ) .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||self-examination|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||methods|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:FORM|||aged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This might be relatively inefficient in term of early detection of the disease as female at young age would also be exposed to the risk of getting breast cancer .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||terms|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||females|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another relevant point is that obligation to reveal the testing result to the relatives does play a part in helping them to make important life decisions .
+
+S Genetic result is also desired by the relatives and potential mate if the carrier is carrying mutated gene that can cause death .
+
+S For instance , Huntington 's disease is a fatal autosomal dominant disease , which is caused by the death of neurons in certain regions of the brain .
+
+S Carriers of such disease should reveal the testing results to the relatives so that the latter can do proper family planning to avoid passing the defective genes to the next generation .
+
+S " Families saw the disease destroy their loved ones ' ability to feel , think , and move " ( MedicineNet.com , n.d. , p.3 ) indicates the consequence of this incurable genetic disorder that is passed on within the family , if the carrier is not obligated to reveal the testing results .
+A 0 0|||M:OTHER|||The fact that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Admittedly , confidentiality of the genetic testing results is a personal matter .
+
+S However , Burton ( 2009 ) may be accurate in saying that patient 's confidentiality should come second to the prevention of disease in others .
+
+S It is also worth noting that revealing a genetic testing result to the relevant third party would eventually help the carrier to seek more advices to choose the best medical decisions .
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN:NUM|||advice|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Georgetown University Hospital ( n.d ) provides an example of a successful patient , Evan , who fought against cancer via chemotherapy , with the moral support and empathy from his family members .
+
+S In fact , carriers of certain genetic diseases do not necessarily exhibit the characteristics controlled by defective genes .
+
+S For example , if the genetic disease is related to X-linked genes , only males are affected while females remain as carriers of the disease , unless it concerns the autosomal recessive genes ( wrongdiagnosis.com , n.d. ) .
+
+S Being a carrier of a genetic disease is quite common as Guggino and Stanton ( 2006 ) note that one in 20 Caucasians carries the gene for cystic fibrosis .
+
+S Hence , there might be carriers of the same genetic disorder within the same family who can share experiences to help the carrier to understand his or her condition better if the carrier is obligated to reveal the testing result .
+
+S In conclusion , carrier of a known genetic risk should be obligated to reveal the results to the relevant third party as it benefits both the carrier and his or her family members .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Obligation to reveal the results would help the family members in early detection of the genetic disorder which is followed by treatment , make important life decisions and facilitate the carriers to choose the best medical decisions .
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:FORM|||making|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S American Cancer Society .
+
+S ( 2005 ) .
+
+S Breast cancer facts and figures 2005-2006 .
+
+S American Cancer Society .
+
+S Retrieved October 19 , 2009 from { http : //www.cancer.org/downloads/STT/CAFF2005BrF.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.cancer.org/downloads/STT/CAFF2005BrF.pdf ]
+
+S Burton , A .
+
+S ( March , 2009 ) .
+
+S Should patient confidentiality come second to the prevention of disease in others ? .
+
+S The Lancet Oncology .
+
+S Retrieved October 19 , 2009 from { http : //www.thelancet.com/journals/lanonc/article/PIIS1470-2045 ( 09 ) 70056-7/fulltext } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.thelancet.com/journals/lanonc/article/PIIS1470-2045 ( 09 ) 70056-7/fulltext ]
+
+S EverythingAboutBreastCancer.com .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Breast cancer in your sister increases risk .
+
+S EverythingAboutBreastCancer.com .
+
+S Retrieved October 19 , 2009 from { http : //everythingaboutbreastcancer.com/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //everythingaboutbreastcancer.com/ ]
+
+S Georgetown University Hospital .
+
+S ( n.d ) .
+
+S Advances in Cancer Care Help Family Fight Genetics .
+
+S George Town Pediatrics .
+
+S Retrieved October 19 , 2009 from { http : //mygeorgetownmd.org/body.cfm ? id = 555950 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //mygeorgetownmd.org/body.cfm ? id = 555950 ]
+
+S Georgiahealthinfo.gov .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Breast cancer .
+
+S Georgiahealthinfo.gov .
+
+S Retrieved October 19 , 2009 from { http : //georgiahealthinfo.gov/cms/node/128385 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //georgiahealthinfo.gov/cms/node/128385 ]
+
+S Guggino , B and Stanton , A .
+
+S ( 2006 ) .
+
+S Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive disease .
+
+S Nature Reviews .
+
+S Retrieved October 19 , 2009 from { http : //www.nature.com/nrm/journal/v7/n6/box/nrm1949_BX1.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.nature.com/nrm/journal/v7/n6/box/nrm1949_BX1.html ] MedicineNet.com .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Introduction to Huntington 's disease .
+
+S MedicineNet.com .
+
+S Retrieved October 19 , 2009 from { http : //www.medicinenet.com/huntington_disease/article.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.medicinenet.com/huntington_disease/article.htm ]
+
+S Wrongdiagnosis.com .
+
+S n.d. Carrier conditions : Introduction .
+
+S WD.com .
+
+S Retrieved October 19 , 2009 from { http : //www.wrongdiagnosis.com/c/carrier_conditions/intro.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.wrongdiagnosis.com/c/carrier_conditions/intro.htm ]
+
+S With the advent of advancements in medicine and technology over the recent years , the power of medicine in influencing human procreation has strengthened especially in the area of genetic testing .
+
+S Genetic testing is a technique to examine genes or markers near the genes , chromosomes and proteins to test the signs of a disease or disorder in DNA .
+
+S Test samples are usually taken from a person 's blood , body fluids or tissues .
+
+S Genetic testing provides us with information that if someone has a symptom ; shows whether a person is a carrier for a genetic disease ; help expectant parents know whether an unborn child will have a genetic disease etc ( Access Excellence @ National Health Museum ) .
+A 6 8|||R:PREP|||whether|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:VERB:SVA|||helps|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The definition of a genetic carrier is a person that has inherited a genetic trait or mutation but does not show the symptoms of the disease ( Wikipedia ) .
+
+S There are many types of genetic diseases such as the Down Syndrome , Huntington 's disease , cystic fibrosis , hemophilia A , and hereditary breast and ovarian cancer .
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , genetic testing has raises numerous ethical issues ; one of them concerning consent and confidentiality of the tested individual identified to be a carrier of a known genetic risk .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:FORM|||raised|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although it is the individual 's right to choose not to disclose their genetic information to his or her relatives , in my opinion , he or she is obligated and responsible to disclose the said genetic information for several reasons .
+
+S Firstly , it is important for a carrier of a known genetic risk to disclose his or her genetic information to family members as the latter may be at risk of having the same genetic disorder .
+
+S Whether an individual with the genetic disease choose to disclose the genetic information to the family members depends on how they gauge the risks and benefits of revealing the truth , their sense of responsibility towards them and most importantly how it affects them ( Agatha & Angst 2009 ) .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||chooses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 48 48|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is understood that individuals who carry the disease do not wish to reveal his or her genetic results due to privacy issues or fear that their family members are not ready to accept it .
+A 14 17|||R:OTHER|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , by not sharing the information , they are posing a danger to their family members potentially at risk of carrying the disease .
+
+S For example , strenuous exercise can cause sudden death in people with genetic diseases such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy ( Agatha &Angst 2009 ) .
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||& Angst ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait therefore it is high possibility that if an individual tested positive , his or her siblings would has one in two chance of carrying the same genetic mutation .
+A 8 8|||M:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||there|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:VERB:FORM|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , it is obligate to notify relatives so that early recognition and treatment of the disease , if present , can be done .
+A 4 5|||R:MORPH|||obligatory|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To share one 's genetic results to relatives also in a way protect their own safety at work or any other situations .
+A 6 7|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:SVA|||protects|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is so as in some workplaces , such as factories or laboratories that deal with chemical substances , will increase the susceptibility to the toxic or carcinogenic effects of environmental agents of a person having genetic disorders ( Andre & Velasquez , 2008 ) .
+
+S For example , individuals who carry the sickle cell trait may increase the risk of sickle cell anaemia if exposed to carbon monoxide or cyanide .
+
+S Also , for those people who are carriers of thalassemia when exposed to lead or benzene , it is hazardous to their health and causes adverse effects .
+A 2 11|||R:OTHER|||when those people who are carriers of thalassemia are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By revealing their genetic testing results to their relatives , their family members will be able to help them take note of what he or she should avoid and assess the occupational risks at their workplace .
+A 23 26|||R:OTHER|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , an individual with known genetic risk should be obligated to tell his or her relatives to protect themselves from potential dangerous environments and ensure their personal safety .
+A 21 22|||R:MORPH|||potentially|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , some argue that individual right to consent , privacy and confidentiality are important and it is the individual 's decision whether to disclose personal genetic results to relatives or otherwise .
+
+S There is also a legal requirement , the privacy rule of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 that the health care providers have to respect and protect patients ' privacy of health information ( Agatha & Angst 2009 ) .
+A 40 40|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , this legal requirement is decided on a case-to- case basis as there are situations that a clinician may consider necessary intervention ; that is , notifying their family members for some life- threatening cases .
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||case-by-case|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||when|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , individuals with mutations that predispose them to malignant hyperthermia may die if they were under the use of certain surgical anaesthesia ( Agatha & Angst 2009 ) .
+A 28 28|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , it is important to notify relatives to let them know the risk and they could seek early treatment to prevent the risk and danger .
+
+S In conclusion , the carrier of a known genetic risk should be obligated to tell his or her relatives to protect his or her family 's health as well as protecting his or hers ' own safety .
+A 30 31|||R:VERB:FORM|||protect|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 35|||R:NOUN:POSS|||her|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference :
+
+S Access Excellence @ National Health Museum .
+
+S Retrieved 22nd Oct 2009
+
+S http : //www.accessexcellence.org/AE/AEPC/NIH/gene09.php
+
+S Wikipedia .
+
+S Genetic Carrier ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Retrieved 22nd Oct 2009
+
+S http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_carrier
+
+S Agatha .
+
+S M , Angst .
+
+S D. ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Disclosure of Genetic Information Within Families : How nurses can facilitate family communication .
+
+S NIH Public Access .
+
+S Retrieved 22nd Oct 2009. http : //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2677756/
+
+S Andre.C , Velasquez.M .
+
+S ( 2008 ) Genetic Screening in the Workplace .
+
+S Markkula centre for applied ethic .
+
+S Santa Clara University .
+
+S Retrieved 22nd Oct 2009
+
+S http : //www.scu.edu/ethics/publications/iie/v4n2/genes.html
+
+S Nowadays , as scientific advances are no longer a norm , our understanding of genes and how they affect our health and cause diseases has deepened .
+A 2 10|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A diagnostic test capable of identifying diseases causing genes known as genetic testing was developed along with our knowledge on gene .
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||genes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Just like property rights , the result of genetic testing should belong to the owner .
+
+S Individuals who undergo the test should therefore have the rights to decide whether the result should be disclosed to a third party since public access to the result can yield undesirable consequences .
+
+S The disclosure of genetic test result , particularly a result that shows a person has a risk of getting a certain diseases or disorder will lead to social discrimination during employment and during purchase of insurance .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , an individual should not be obliged to notify a third party , even his relatives , about his test result .
+
+S Furthermore , according to the Universal declaration of Human Rights , an individual holds the rights to decide what he wants to do with the result .
+
+S In addition , there are three vulnerable groups of people in our society that requires protection if they were to undergo genetic testing .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:SVA|||require|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They are the children , adolescents and mentally impaired .
+
+S Firstly , the discovery of a policy holder 's test result , which showed that he might have a risk for certain disease , may prompt the insurance company to increase the price of the premium the policy holder has to pay in order to be fair to other policies holder .
+A 49 51|||R:NOUN|||policy holders|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although in this way , it seemed fair to the rest of the society , the individual having the risk is being discriminated against .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||seems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , by allowing access to the test result , it can cause problems in the workplace .
+A 2 11|||R:OTHER|||allowing access to the test result|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Employers have the tendency to employ the people with little or possibly no health problems .
+A 9 10|||R:ADJ|||few|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A genetic result could place a potential employee at a disadvantage by suggesting risk of getting a disease or disorder .
+
+S In 2005 , Eddy Curry from the Chicago Bulls refused a genetic test to find out whether he was susceptible to heart ailment .
+
+S By doing so , he was traded by the team to the New York Knicks .
+
+S ( Harmon , 2008 ) Secondly , the society has to accept the fact that all humans have basic human rights .
+
+S According to the Universal Declaration of Human rights , " No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy , family , home or correspondence , or to attacks upon his honour and reputation .
+
+S " If the carrier of a genetic risk should decide not to tell his relatives or a third party about the outcome , he should not be compelled further to as this violets his rights a living .
+A 32 33|||R:VERB|||violates|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 37|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , Professor Lim Pin recommends that the results from the test should only be used to advantage an individual or his family in prevention and management of disease .
+
+S He agreed that informed consent from the owner of the test result should be sought before disclosure is allowed .
+
+S Thirdly , there are three special categories of people in our society that need considerations .
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||consideration|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The children , adolescents and mentally impaired that undergo genetic testing will not know how to handle their results .
+
+S As they are young and handicap , they might be immature to know the consequences after they reveal their results of genetic testing .
+A 4 5|||R:CONJ|||or|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:MORPH|||handicapped|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Then , in this case , should they be obliged to tell their relatives or the public ?
+A 0 3|||U:OTHER|||In|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The possible unduly stress and social stigmatism that they could face might prove difficult for them to handle at such tender age .
+A 2 3|||R:MORPH|||undue|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the United States , even though there is Americans with Disabilities Act protecting them from social discrimination , no one can guarantee that all employers followed the law .
+A 26 27|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will follow|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even if an employee with known risk for disease is allowed to continue working , he will come under stress and possible discrimination by his colleagues .
+
+S Initially , he only has the risk of getting a health problem but now with psychological stress , he could get depression instead .
+
+S Either way , letting the employer know the test result is not benefitting the individual .
+
+S Critics might argue that since genetic test result only show the risk of getting a particular disease or disorder , it does not necessary imply the individual has them and therefore , they should share the test result with their relatives to allow them to seek early prevention .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:SVA|||shows|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:MORPH|||necessarily|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , they failed to consider his relatives ' reactions towards him just like how people react to Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( HIV ) patients .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||fail|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , individual should not feel obligated to disclose their genetic test result .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||individuals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , they should have all the rights to decide what to do with it because the repercussions that arose from the act of revealing are very serious .
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:TENSE|||arise|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , individual should decide what is best for him .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Harmon,A .
+
+S ( 24 February 2008 ) .
+
+S Insurance Fears Lead Many to Shun DNA Tests .
+
+S Retrieved on 28 Oct 2009 from http : //www.nytimes.com/2008/02/24/health/24dna.html ? _r = 4&pagewanted = all
+
+S Professor Lim , P. ( November 2005 ) .
+
+S Genetic testing and genetic research .
+
+S Retrieved on 28 Oct 2009 from http : //www.bioethicssingapore.org/uploadfile/21729 % 20PMGT % 20Report.pdf
+
+S Secretary of the Publications Board .
+
+S The Universal Declaration of Human Rights .
+
+S Retrieved on 28 Oct 2009 from http : //www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/
+
+S Medical related technology has improved to a stage in which genetic disorders can be predicted via genetic testing .
+
+S It is a technique to examine the DNA molecule ( building blocks of genes ) for several purposes such as predicting or diagnosing inheritable genetic disorders , prenatal or newborn screening and to aid in forensic science .
+
+S For an inheritable genetic disease , the carrier refers to the person who has the gene related to the disease , but the disease may not necessarily be expressed in his or her but it may be manifested in their offsprings .
+A 30 31|||R:PRON|||him|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although genetic testing is made possible , the after effect of knowing and dealing with the disease is another issue .
+
+S Thus , a dilemma arises in whether the carrier should be obligated to tell his or her relatives .
+
+S In my opinion , the carrier should be obligated to do so as this will aid in family planning , garnering support from family and also to prompt other relatives to test whether they are at risk too .
+
+S Firstly , family planning is imperative to a carrier as he or she may pass down the undesirable gene to the children .
+
+S This means that the child have to bear with the possibility of the onset of the disease and subsequent repercussion if the genetic disease is confirmed .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , a carrier should inform the spouse of the genetic disorder so that they can discuss and plan whether or not to take the risk of having a child .
+
+S Some may argue that it is not necessary for the carrier to inform the spouse as even if the child is tested positive for the genetic disease while still in the womb , measures such as abortion can be taken .
+
+S However , from the ethical point of view , it is inhuman to terminate a life , and this event can be prevented if there is proper family planning .
+
+S Thus , a carrier should be obligated to tell his or her spouse so as to prevent subsequent tension and ordeal in the family .
+
+S Secondly , a well-informed relative of the carrier 's genetic disease is crucial as they can provide support towards the carrier .
+
+S If carriers of the genetic disease who are not mentally strong decided to keep mum about their genetic disease , they may lead an anxious and depressed life ( Gilbar , 2007 ) .The situation is aggravated if they have children as they may feel guilty of the possibility of passing down the disease .
+
+S Hence , by letting the relatives know about the genetic risk , they can offer moral support such as giving words of encouragement , paying more attention to the carriers and assuring them that it is not their fault that they have the undesirable gene .
+A 31 32|||R:VERB|||reassuring|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , the support garnered from family members may boost the carriers ' self-esteem and motivational level , knowing that they do n't have to walk this journey alone .
+A 22 23|||R:CONTR|||not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , it is crucial for the carrier to inform his or her relatives about their genetic risk so as to get the required support to help them through .
+
+S Thirdly , family members who are aware of the genetic risk of the carrier may consider going for the genetic test themselves so as to avoid or delay the onset of disease if it is possible .
+
+S For instance , diabetes can be due to genetic causes and one way to prevent or delay the onset of this genetic risk is to lead a healthy lifestyle which excludes excessive intake of sugar .
+
+S Hence , the carrier should be obligated to tell his or her relatives so that they may also be aware of their genetic risk of the disease .
+
+S Critics may argue that the cost of conducting genetic testing is not justifiable and may not be accurate .
+
+S However , accuracy of the test can be improved through the passage of time as technology nowadays is more sophisticated .
+
+S Moreover , should the high cost of the testing compromise one 's health or life ?
+
+S In conclusion , even though a carrier of a known genetic risk has the right to disclose his or her condition , the disadvantages far outweigh the advantages .
+
+S Proper family planning , encouragement from relatives and the awareness of the genetic risk in their family are crucial and therefore the carrier should be obligated to tell his or her relatives .
+
+S References
+
+S Gilbar , R. ( 2007 ) .
+
+S The status of the family in law and bioethics : The Genetic Context .
+
+S Retrieved October 28 , 2009 , from HYPERLINK " http : //medlaw.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pdf_extract/15/1/144 " http : //medlaw.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pdf_extract/15/1/144 .
+
+S Human Genome Project ( 2008 , September 19 ) .
+
+S Gene Testing .
+
+S Retrieved October 28 , 2009 , from { http : //www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/medicine/genetest.shtml } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/medicine/genetest.shtml ]
+
+S Norrgard , K. ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Ethics of Genetic Testing : Medical Insurance and Genetic Discrimination .
+
+S Retrieved October 28 , 2009 , from http : //www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/Ethics-of-Genetic-Testing-Medical-Insurance-and-651
+
+S Genetic testing is a type of medical test that identifies changes in chromosomes and genes and the results can determine a person 's chance of developing or passing on inherited disorders like Huntington 's disease and cancer .
+
+S However , the results of the test can stir up much controversy in whether a carrier of a known genetic risk should be obligated to tell his family .
+
+S Although there is an ethical obligation to disclose the results to one 's family so that constructive life changes can be made , there currently is no legal requirement to do so .
+
+S Furthermore , the disclosure can cause negative social consequences such as potential discrimination .
+
+S In my opinion , since the decision of an individual to undergo genetic testing is voluntary , they have already had the " final say " to decide whether they want their potential disorders to be revealed hence , the individual should not have the final say only after the test as long as they have signed the agreement under well informed circumstances and that the disclosure is only made to relevant third parties .
+
+S One argument to obligate is that family members have their rights to information about themselves and their loved ones .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||for the obligation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the information one gains from testing , one can make constructive life changes .
+
+S Many genetic disorders worsen over time and have long-term health consequences thus the disclosure of the results for an inherited disease is beneficial for early treatment and prevention of the disorder to save lives .
+A 11 11|||M:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the case of incurable diseases , knowing one 's condition could influence many family planning decisions and other life choices .
+
+S One can decide whether to have children of his own and risk passing the gene on to his children or consider using technology to assist selective reproduction .
+
+S Also , decisions like the retirement age and the amount of savings for the future can be made when they are better informed .
+
+S When family members are aware of the truth , at risk family members can be notified early and others can provide support for the carrier to overcome the difficulties he will be facing in the fight against his disorder .
+
+S The disclosure is thus not only beneficial to the third parties but also the carrier himself .
+
+S However , individuals may choose not to reveal the results due to fear of the negative social consequences associated with the disorder .
+
+S The results of genetic testing may open doors for potential discrimination in terms of job opportunities and insurances .
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN|||insurance policies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S An employer might not want to keep an employee who is likely to be diagnosed with some disorder .
+
+S Similarly , a person who is known to have a high risk for a genetic condition may have difficulty obtaining insurance because he or she is likely to run up medical bills that would be costly to the insurance company .
+
+S The obligation to make known the results of genetic testing will thus be a disincentive for people to even undergo genetic testing to help themselves .
+
+S As we can not control our genes , it is unfair to discriminate against a person 's genetic predispositions .
+
+S A federal measure , the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act ( GINA ) , was signed into law in the United States , to provide protections against genetic discrimination ( Norrgard 2008 ) .
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN:NUM|||protection|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Insurance companies were prevented from charging higher rates to customers based on genetic information and from collecting genetic data or requiring applicants to undergo genetic testing .
+
+S With the legislation being law , the carriers should feel safer to share the test results .
+
+S In conclusion , the individual requesting genetic testing should be obligated to make known the results to relevant third parties for the benefits of both the carrier and the people around him .
+
+S Hopefully , with the recent passage of GINA in the U.S. , discrimination of inheritable carriers can be removed and people will feel comfortable working with genetic counselors who can provide information about the pros and cons of the genetic test and discuss the social and emotional aspects of testing to undergo genetic tests and disclose the results that contribute to better management of health care and life choices .
+A 34 37|||R:OTHER|||advantages and disadvantages|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 49 50|||R:OTHER|||choosing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Norrgard K. 2008 Ethics of Genetic Testing : Medical Insurance and Genetic Discrimination .
+
+S Natural news [ Internet ] [ cited 2009 Oct 27 ] .
+
+S Available from { http : //www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/Ethics-of-Genetic-Testing-Medical-Insurance-and-651 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/Ethics-of-Genetic-Testing-Medical-Insurance-and-651 ]
+
+S Motion : " Should a carrier of a known genetic risk be obligated to tell his or her relatives ?
+
+S " YES .
+
+S With medical technology advances today , genetic testing have been commonly used to detect any disorders or diseases that is present in our genes .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is a method where the person 's DNA is taken and isolated to test for the presence of any defects or a specific genes that could cause any future onset of disorders or diseases ( Genetic testing , n.d. ) .
+A 22 23|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since the test involves genes and in general , every human has it , the carrier of a known genetic risk should be obligated to tell his or her relatives .
+A 9 13|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , genetic testing helps to prevent further spread of diseases in the family lineage .
+
+S In family lineage , family members and relatives are related .
+
+S If the carrier is known to have a genetic risk , there may be a chance where other family members or relatives get that disorder or disease which may be found in their genes .
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:VERB|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When they go for the testing , they are able to know if they are positive or negative for the presence of the specific defective gene .
+
+S This will then help other family members or relatives to plan ahead of their future generation .
+
+S For example , they are able to plan whether to start a family , the location and type of house to buy ( in an area with family , an abundance of nursing homes , close to a specialized medical center , easily modifiable for a person with disabilities ) , health , life and disability insurance , financial arrangements ( wills and trusts , paying off debts ) and et cetera ( Drellishak R. , May 25 , 2003 ) .
+
+S Hence , the carrier should tell his or her relatives in order for them to make future plans and have a good family life .
+
+S Secondly , genetic testing allows oneself to be prepared upon knowing that a relative of theirs has a genetic risk .
+
+S This will allows them to take precautious and preventive measures about their health condition .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:FORM|||allow|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||precautions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some diseases that can be detected by genetic testing like Marfan syndrome - a connective tissue disorder causing long limbs and heart defects ( Haldeman- Englert , C. , May 15 , 2008 ) can be controlled and treated .
+
+S When the other family members or relatives have an early detection of such diseases like Marfan syndrome , they are able to take preventive measures early like consulting a doctor , take medications that could slow down the heart rate in order to prevent stress on the aorta and avoid having sports in prevention of injuring the heart ( Haldeman-Englert , C. , May 15 , 2008 ) .
+A 31 32|||R:VERB:FORM|||taking|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 49 50|||R:VERB:FORM|||avoiding|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 52 54|||R:OTHER|||to prevent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly , genetic testing promotes in developing a support group system .
+A 2 11|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is where a positive carrier of a specific genetic risk knows that they are not alone and they could give provide referrals for respite care , medical and hospice services , tips for care-giving and et cetera ( Drellishak R. , May 25 , 2003 ) .
+A 18 22|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So , when other family members or relatives is tested positive for the disorder or disease , at least they know that they are not alone and they could rely on the support group for any advices or any moral or emotional support from them .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||R:NOUN:NUM|||advice|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the carrier of a known genetic risk is obligated to tell his or her relatives so that to prevent further spread of the genetic disorder , to take early preventive measures and to give moral support to those who have the same genetic risk .
+A 19 20|||R:PREP|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S Children 's Hospital and Health System .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Types of Genetic Diseases .
+
+S Retrieved October 26 , 2009 , from http : //www.chw.org/display/PPF/DocID/23185/router.asp
+
+S Drellishak R. ( May 25 , 2003 ) .
+
+S Genetic Testing .
+
+S Retrieved October 26 , 2009 , from http : //www2.lib.uchicago.edu/ ~ rd13/hd/testing.html
+
+S Genetic testing .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S The American Heritage New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy , Third
+
+S Edition .
+
+S Retrieved October 28 , 2009 , from Dictionary.com website : http : //dictionary.reference.com/browse/genetic testing
+
+S Haldeman-Englert , C. ( May 15 , 2008 ) .
+
+S Marfan syndrome .
+
+S Retrieved October 27 , 2009 from http : //www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000418.htm # Treatment
+
+S " The individual requesting genetic testing should have the final say in whether to reveal the results of such testing .
+
+S "
+
+S The results of a genetic test can determine an individual 's possibility of developing a genetic disorder or confirm a suspected genetic disease .
+
+S This has brought about many controversial issues on ethical , social and legal concerns surrounding the use of genetic testing .
+
+S While some argue that under certain circumstances , the non-disclosure of relevant genetic information brings harms to the individual and a third party , it in fact helps to protect an individual 's right to confidentiality , safeguard against discrimination and reduce psychological stress .
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||harm|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , the individual undergoing genetic testing should have the final say in revealing the results of such genetic testing .
+
+S There are three implications of genetic testing .
+
+S Firstly , genetic testing protects an individual 's right to confidentiality .
+
+S An individual has the right of keeping his or her genetic test result confidential , and without granting consent of the individual , the test result should not be disclosed .
+A 17 18|||R:VERB|||securing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Admittedly , genetic testing raises legal issue , however , an individual who tested positive for a genetic disease has to decide whether to make known the results of genetic testing to relevant third parties such as family members or relatives who have the possibility of passing on the similar disease .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||issues|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Regardless of the individual 's right to confidentiality , the test results are disclosed under certain circumstances such as the non- disclosure of relevant genetic test results brings harms to the individual and also the third parties ( Lee , 2005 ) .
+A 19 19|||M:ADV|||when|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:NOUN:NUM|||harm|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , the risks of non-disclosure override the risks of breaching confidentiality .
+
+S Secondly , genetic testing safeguards against discrimination .
+
+S In the United States , federal law Genetic Information Non-discrimination Act ( GINA ) has passed on to protect the individuals at risk for genetic diseases from facing discrimination by insurance companies and employers based on the results obtained from genetic testing ( Public Law , 2008 ) .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Under this act , it prohibits employers from making unfavourable employment decisions and prohibits insurance companies from reducing insurance coverage .
+A 4 7|||R:OTHER|||employers are prohibited|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 16|||R:OTHER|||insurance companies are prohibited|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although some argue that genetic testing raises social issue , these individuals may face discrimination from employers , insurance providers and society .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||issues|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is more difficult for these individuals in applying for job employments and life and health insurance coverage .
+A 10 11|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||employment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , they feel socially stigmatised .
+
+S Thirdly , genetic testing reduces the amount of psychological stress .
+
+S Although some argue that genetic testing raises ethical issue , the individual faced a lot of psychological stress such as anxiety , fear and guilt when undergoing the process of genetic testing .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||issues|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:MORPH|||faces|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 16|||R:OTHER|||much|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The individual is in ethical dilemma of whether sharing the genetic test results within the families .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:FORM|||to share|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , family members who are unaffected by the genetic disease may feel guilty and this condition is known as survivor guilt .
+
+S To reduce the amount of psychological stress , physicians should arrange post-test genetic counselling for patients .
+
+S In conclusion , the decision in disclosing the results of genetic testing should solely be made by the individual at risk for genetic disorder .
+
+S The non-disclosure of genetic information protects an individual 's right to confidentiality , safeguards against discrimination and reduces the amount of psychological stress .
+
+S References
+
+S Public Law 110-233 , H.R. 493 , S.358 ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Genetic information non- discrimination act .
+
+S Retrieved October 26 , 2009 , from http : //www.geneticalliance.org/ws_display.asp ? filter = policy.leg.nondisc rim
+
+S Dr Lee S. C. ( 2005 ) .
+
+S Genetics counselling and genetic testing : hereditary cancer syndromes .
+
+S Retrieved October 26 , 2009 , from http : //www.bioethics- singapore.org/uploadfile/21825 % 20PMAnnex % 20C- 4 % 20Dr % 20Lee % 20Soo % 20Chin.pdf
+
+S Increasing medical cases of genetic disorders are in pace with the development of technology nowadays .
+
+S Daily exposure to strong UV radiations by sunlight and chemical substances or carcinogens will definitely have great impacts on human health .
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||impact|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Genetic disorder is considered as one of the severe medicinal consequences due to either those environmental factors or genetic factors by preceding generations .
+
+S According to National Cancer Institute ( n.d. ) in the United States , genetic testing is a DNA analysis done to disclose the increased risk of development of a certain disease or disorder caused by genetic mutation .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although genetic testing has remarkably improved our life , it still gives rise to many controversial issues , especially in ethical concerns .
+A 19 20|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If ones have unfortunately been verified positive results in their genetic test , this would more or less place them in ethical dilemma , whether they should reveal the results to their family members .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||one|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB|||tested|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Anyhow , as a member in the family , it is obligated to tell the genetic test results to own relatives .
+A 5 6|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||one|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:OTHER|||one '|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First of all , sharing information and test result with family can reduce potential disease and even cancer risk among the relatives .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||results|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Most hereditary diseases are inherited in autosomal dominant genes which imply that close kin like parents , siblings and children will have 50 percent chances suffering from those diseases ( " Sharing Genetic Test Results " , 2009 ) .
+
+S For instance , women from family with hereditary breast cancer should undergo genetic test or counselling to estimate the expectancy of getting it .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||families|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||testing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This would rather reduce the chance of getting the cancer if preventative measures have been taken earlier .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||help|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , early detection can lead to a lower risk of disease .
+
+S Some carriers of genetic diseases object to tell their genetic test results as they think that such disclosure would not help in curing those disorders .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:FORM|||telling|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nonetheless , carriers of genetic diseases are perfectly healthy and their children may only inherit the diseases ( " Genetic Disorders " , 2009 ) .
+
+S Thus , revealing genetic test results to relatives is critical to draw their attention on the hereditary diseases .
+
+S Subsequently , they might choose to go for genetic tests .
+
+S As a result , the chances of suffering from those inherited disorders can be lowered .
+
+S At the same time , different curable and controlled treatments can also be carried out for certain diseases , for examples , Adenosine deaminase deficiency and asthma .
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||example|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , positive genetic test results will lead to emotional distress to patients or carriers .
+
+S They will undoubtedly fall into the state of severe depression and anxiety .
+
+S There is no denying that family is the most intimate and important spiritual pillar to everyone .
+
+S Therefore , sharing test results with family might relief those emotional effects and keep them away from gloomy thoughts .
+A 8 9|||R:MORPH|||relieve|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some patients and carriers oppose to disclose the test results as they worry that they will be discriminated at home and experience self-abasement .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:FORM|||disclosing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , this might not be true .
+
+S In contrast to the problems of discrimination and self-abasement , some people think that disclosing genetic test results can allay grief and obtain more attentive care from close kin during their illness .
+
+S Furthermore , grief will only aggravate patient 's condition .
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||a patients|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Stewart ( 1999 , para .
+
+S 1 ) stated that the suicide rate after genetic testing for Huntington 's disease was estimated " about 10 times higher than the average population rate " , but it did not tend to be " higher than the overall rate among symptomatic HD carriers " .
+
+S Consequently , consolation , support and solicitude of relatives are very important once the individuals are tested positive for genetic diseases .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN|||solace|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides that , family members can have proper planning before giving birth if medical history of hereditary disease in the family is known .
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Children may have 50 percent chances of inheriting the mutated genes from disease-affected parents .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||chance|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , those couples should avoid having children with devastating diseases , for instance , Down syndrome .
+
+S Children suffer from this disease will have slower development in both physical and mental .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:FORM|||suffering|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 15|||R:OTHER|||physically and mentally|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They might also endure other various sicknesses , such as heart defects , Alzheimer 's disease , visual and hearing problems , as well as gastrointestinal blockage .
+
+S On the other hand , it is significant for every family member to know about the history of familial disease so that they can be more aware while handling it or taking preventive measures and better care throughout their life .
+
+S Genetic disorders like inherited cardiovascular conditions ( ICC ) , which mainly affect the heart , together with blood vessels and cardiac electrical systems , are able to cause immediate and unforeseen death to externally healthy people .
+
+S To ensure healthy state of individuals with ICC , proper cares , specifically avoidance of triggering events in daily routine , should be delivered by kinfolks ( Burton , H. , Alberg , C. , Stewart , A. , 2009 ) .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||care|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All in all , individuals have the rights to conceal their genetic test results in order to protect own privacy .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||right|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Federal Privacy Commissioner , Crompton ( 2002 , para .
+
+S 3 ) pointed out that " the right balance " between willingness of patients and concerns of their relatives has to be taken into consideration as disclosure of health information is rather thorny .
+
+S In addition to the importance of sharing genetic test results to reduce disease risk and practise family planning , support but not discrimination by family is the foremost form of assistance to those are tested positive for genetic diseases during their illness .
+A 33 33|||M:PRON|||who|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , individuals who carry genetic diseases are obligated to disclose their test results among their relatives .
+
+S References :
+
+S * U.S. National Institutes of Health , National Cancer Institute .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Dictionary of cancer terms .
+
+S Retrieved October 20 , 2009 , from http : //www.cancer.gov/dictionary/ ? CdrID = 46128
+
+S * Sharing genetic test results with your family .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 26 , 2009 , from http : //www.cancer.net/patient/All + About + Cancer/Genetics/Sharing + Genetic + Test + Results + With + Your + Family
+
+S * Sultanate of Oman , Ministry of Health .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Genetic disorders .
+
+S Retrieved October 26 , 2009 , from http : //www.moh.gov.om/nv_menu.php ? fNm = gntc.htm * Stewart , A .
+
+S ( 1999 ) .
+
+S The risk of suicide after genetic testing for Huntington 's disease .
+
+S Retrieved October 26 , 2009 , from http : //www.phgfoundation.org/news/674/
+
+S * Burton , H. , Alberg , C. , Stewart , A .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Delivering better care for families with inherited cardiovascular conditions .
+
+S Retrieved October 26 , 2009 , from http : //www.phgfoundation.org/file/4669
+
+S * Crompton , M. ( 2002 , August ) .
+
+S Media release : Privacy law does n't risk lives .
+
+S Retrieved October 26 , 2009 , from Australian Government , Office of the Privacy Commissioner Web site : http : //www.privacy.gov.au/materials/types/media/view/6136
+
+S Genetic testing is whereby an individual 's gene is tested for abnormalities , susceptibility for diseases or any genetic disorder that can lead to either physical or mental problems , including both .
+A 30 31|||R:OTHER|||or|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is beneficial as it points out the underlying genetic condition of an individual who is prone to a particular genetic disorder , giving the individual the opportunity to seek treatment before the genetic disease comes into effect ( Nuffiel Council , 1997 ) .
+
+S Since the affected individual shares similar gene within the family , he or she is obligated to let his or relatives know about the genetic condition .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||genes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although it can affect the rest of the family and relatives , as having to know one 's genetic condition can bring about genetic discrimination such as denied insurance coverage , loss of employment , it basically prepares them psychologically for the future and there are certain regulations implemented to help those who are genetically discriminated .
+
+S Firstly , it may help prevent the individual from encountering a situation where he is denied of insurance coverage when the health insurer finds out the affected individual could prone to a one or more genetic disease due to family history .
+A 29 29|||M:VERB|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||R:NOUN:NUM|||diseases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Such cases happen due to the health insurer is bent on making money , with no care on whether the person is in ill health ( Townsend , 1997 ) .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:FORM|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:PREP|||towards|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are policies such as in Britain , which insurance companies should adhere to , where any genetic screening is not a prerequisite in the application and obtaining insurance .
+
+S Even if it is to be declared , there will not be a change in premium charges as compared to those who declared who has a family history but has not gone for genetic tests .
+A 23 25|||R:OTHER|||that they have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thereby , it can help ensure that the affected person is able to be under insurance coverage , providing some security especially financial security including for the family members .
+A 24 25|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , having one genetic condition assessed , it gives the affected individual the freedom of making an informed choice concerning the type of job or employment that he or she can undertake , with the inclusion of one 's safety and health .
+A 15 16|||R:PART|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:FORM|||make|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This helps the individual to avoid certain occupations that might increase the risk of having to be ill health or end up in a life threatening situation during one 's course of work ( Nuffiel Council , 1997 ) .
+A 16 17|||R:VERB|||face|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S An example would the Huntington 's disease , a neurological disorder where loss of motor control is one of the symptoms , if a particular employee in a construction yard has such a disease , not only it poses high risk to himself but also to the other employees ( Mclean , 2008 ) .
+A 3 3|||M:VERB|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 37|||M:VERB:TENSE|||does|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||R:VERB:SVA|||pose|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , although having the knowledge of one 's susceptibility to a particular disorder may cost the employee 's his or her job employment , so as to reduce costs and improve efficiency for the employer , there are regulations to help such employees .
+
+S In the United Kingdom , there is the Employment Protection ( Consolidation ) Act 1978 which helps to ensure fairness on the employee 's part after a genetic screening .
+A 20 21|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 25|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thirdly,by letting the family members and relatives made known of an individual genetic risk a particular disorder such as Huntington 's Disease , it made them aware that such a genetic disease runs within the family .
+A 7 8|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:FORM|||know|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:TENSE|||makes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although it can affect the family drastically , it is better to be prepared rather than be caught on by surprise .
+
+S This is because when one is aware of it especially the parents , they can seek treatment even before the genetic disorder comes into effect , thus leading to little or no drastic change in one 's lifestyle .
+
+S An example would be neonatal screening for sickle cell disease , when an affected child is diagnosed with this disease at an early stage , it can reduce childhood mortality and morbidity ( Nuffiel Council , 1997 ) .
+
+S Although the knowledge that there is a chance that the relatives themselves or their future children can have the same genetic disorder can cost them higher insurance premiums or even deny them of insurance coverage , there are regulations which can help them from being discriminated .
+
+S In America , there is the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act ( GINA ) which helps provide protection for those who have undergone genetic testing and are at risk for certain genetic disorder ( Norrgard , 2008 ) .
+
+S In short , when the relatives of the individual who is tested positive for a certain genetic disease , may have raised fears such as unable to obtain insurance or loss of job , it does not necessarily mean that it will happen as there are policies and regulations implemented to help those who are genetically discriminated .
+A 25 26|||R:OTHER|||inability|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , most of all , it helps create more awareness which can play a major role such as making a more informed family planning or how much money to be put aside for a better retirement ( Norrgard , 2008 ) .
+
+S Reference :
+
+S Mclean Margaret R. ( 2008 ) When What We Know Outstrips What We Can Do .
+
+S Retrieved Oct 25 , 2009 from { http : //www.scu.edu/ethics/publications/iie/v9n2/outstrips.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.scu.edu/ethics/publications/iie/v9n2/outstrips.html ]
+
+S Norrgard,K .
+
+S ( 2008 ) Ethics of genetic testing : Medical insurance and genetic discrimination.Nature Education .
+
+S Retrieved Oct 25 , 2009 from { http : //www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/Ethics-of-Genetic-Testing-Medical-Insurance-and-651 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/Ethics-of-Genetic-Testing-Medical-Insurance-and-651 ]
+
+S Nuffield Council ( Oct , 1997 ) Genetic Screening Ethical Issues .
+
+S Nuffield Council on Bioethics .
+
+S Retrieved Oct 25 , 2009 from { http : //www.nuffieldbioethics.org/fileLibrary/pdf/genetic_screening.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.nuffieldbioethics.org/fileLibrary/pdf/genetic_screening.pdf ]
+
+S Townsend K.K .
+
+S ( Nov , 1997 ) The double-edged helix : advances in genetic testing reveal yet another reason we need national health insurance - genetic discrimination could prevent a person from getting disability insurance , { Washington Monthly } [ HYPERLINK : http : //findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1316/ ] .
+
+S Retrieved Oct 25 , 2009 from { http : //findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1316/is_n11_v29/ai_20017398/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1316/is_n11_v29/ai_20017398/ ]
+
+S In this twenty-first century , health care has improved more drastically than ever , with the help of advanced technology that made diagnosis and treatment of diseases feasible and convenient .
+
+S Nowadays , genetic testing is becoming more and more prevalent to those who can afford and the diagnostic result can determine any possible genetic illness that an individual might suffer or carry .
+
+S Genetic testing basically uses laboratorial techniques to examine the genes of an individual and identify any inheritable disease like Huntington 's disease present .
+A 22 23|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , individuals with such genetic disease but do not suffer from it are called carriers as they can pass it on to their future generations .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||diseases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , there are some ethical and social issues regarding to whether family of the carrier should inform his or her relatives .
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||with regard|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although these issues are inevitable , the carrier should ultimately obligated to reveal the genetic test results to the family members as the benefits of it would outweigh any other problems .
+A 10 10|||M:VERB:TENSE|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , disclosure of genetic test results to family members can reduce the risk of danger of the genetic disorder by treating it early and before any effects of the illness starts kick in .
+A 32 32|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Treatable genetic disease like hemophilia which causes excessive bleeding in damaged tissues and occurs usually in the beginning of adulthood .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||diseases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This could be treated via injection of recombinant factor VIII concentrate into the veins within an hour when excessive bleeding starts .
+
+S ( Gene Reviews ) Hence , this is crucial to save a hemophiliac from over bleeding especially if he or she is unaware of such condition .
+A 25 25|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In other words , knowing the risks of the genetic disorder can allow preventive medical treatment to reduce the risks of danger to the affected individual .
+
+S Furthermore , a change in lifestyle can also reduce possible effects of genetic disease like homocytinuria which is the genetic disorder of collagen through a therapeutic diet .
+
+S ( Connective Tissue Disorder Site ) Thus , it has become a personal responsibility of the carrier to inform the family members of such risk in order for early medical intervention to save the lives of his or her loved ones .
+
+S Next , it is important to inform siblings and children of the genetic disease they might contract and also the possibility of passing those harmful genes to their children if they plan to have .
+A 34 34|||M:DET|||any|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Possible heredity genes can attribute to a child 's mental retardation and this eventually leads to social discrimination and also the sufferings the parents and the affected child have to bear .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||heriditary|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||be attributed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Not only , can the notified family members know of the consequence they might face , some can be treated during the fetal stage of the pregnancy .
+A 15 16|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:ORTH|||Some|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Such genetic disorder like Gaucher disease can be identified early and treated in time via biweekly of enzyme infusion .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||disorders|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( EmaxHealth ) Therefore , with the genetic test result at hand , family members can decide whether to bear children with possible genetic disorder which would affect their lives drastically and also set preventive medical treatments that can be resolved early to their unborn .
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN:NUM|||disorders|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 45|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , opponents of this position may argue that genetic testing does not provide a definite prediction on the individual 's health .
+
+S This is because this method only gives the probability of contracting the disorder and many might not even suffer any effect of the gene disorder .
+
+S ( Human Genome Project Information ) Therefore , disclosing genetic test result to family members would only cause unnecessary anxiety to them , which can greatly affect their quality of life .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||results|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , proponents can argue that life should not be gambled with and especially when it involves with the loved ones .
+A 20 22|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , it is not ethically wrong to inform relatives of the carrier about the possible risk and the decision to whether they should undergo similar genetic testing would then be up to them .
+A 20 21|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the disclosure of genetic disorder of the carrier to the relatives can be very beneficial to their welfare as they can take preventive medical intervention and also decide whether to bear a child who might suffer the similar effects .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||disorders|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although genetic testing is not always definite in predicting illnesses , no one would ever know if the genetic disease might occur and early prevention can ultimately saves the individual 's life .
+A 27 28|||R:VERB:SVA|||save|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , genetic counseling is very crucial for mediating such dilemma that a carrier might face as the experts can give professional advice on the advantages and disadvantages .
+
+S More importantly , the consequences of a genetic test on an individual should be made known to him or her before making such decision .
+
+S References
+
+S Connective Tissue Disorder Site ( 2008 ) The Role of Diet in Genetic Disorders , Retrieved on 25 October , 2009 , from { http : //www.ctds.info/genetic_disorders.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.ctds.info/genetic_disorders.html ]
+
+S EmaxHealth ( 2007 , September 19 ) Fetuses Have Treatable Genetic Disorder Gaucher Disease , But Some Termoniate Pregnancy , Retrieved on 25 October , 2009 , from { http : //www.emaxhealth.com/89/16172.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.emaxhealth.com/89/16172.html ]
+
+S Human Project Genome Information ( 2008 , September 19 ) Gene Testing , Retrieved on 25 October , 2009 , from { http : //www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/medicine/genetest.shtml } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/medicine/genetest.shtml ]
+
+S Gene Reviews ( 2008 , March 25 ) Hemophilia A , Retrieved on 25 October , 2009 , from { http : //ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition = hemophilia # treatmen } [ HYPERLINK : http : //ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition = hemophilia ]
+
+S Genetic research and testing have advanced tremendously in recent years with tools such as the Genome Project ( US National Institute of Health , 1998 ) .
+
+S As such , genetic testing is becoming more readily accessible for people to have their genes tested for any indication of greater risk of developing any diseases ( US National Institute of Health , 1998 ) .
+
+S If an individual discover after a genetic test that he has a high risk of developing certain disease , it would mean that his family member who share similar genes may be at risk as well ( Forrest K , 2003 ) .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||discovers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||diseases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Not only it is his responsibility to share his genetic testing results with his family ( Forrest K , 2003 ) , informing his family members will give them a chance for early detection of the disease as well as to make necessary family planning ( Agatha M , Denise B and Kathleen A , 2009 ) .
+A 2 4|||R:WO|||is it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , carrier of a known genetic risk is obligated to tell his family members his genetic testing result .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||carriers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||test|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , it is the responsibility of the carrier of a known genetic risk to inform his family member of their increased likelihood of having the same genetic risk ( Forrest K , 2003 ) .
+
+S Since all the family members share similar genes and DNA , the discovery of any members with a genetic risk of certain disease means that the rest of the family members are likely to have the same risk too ( US National Institute of Health , 1998 ) .
+
+S Being in the same family , it is one 's responsibility to taking care of each other 's well-being ( Forrest K , 2003 ) .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:FORM|||take|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Critics of this point claim that there is a need to protect family members from the troubling information and that some of the family members may not be able to cope emotionally if revealed that they may be at high risk of a genetic disease ( Agatha M et al. , 2009 ) .
+
+S However , these concerns can be addressed by counseling as well as moral support from family members and the medical benefits that the family members can get from the information justifies the need to reveal the information to them ( Forrest K , 2003 ) .
+
+S Hence , to fulfill the responsibility as a member of the family , carrier of genetic risk should tell his relatives his genetic test result .
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , sharing of the fact that one has a greater risk of genetic disease will encourage his relatives to go for genetic testing ( Forrest K , 2003 ) .
+
+S The relatives can make an informed decision as to whether they want to have a genetic testing done themselves .
+A 14 15|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If they are tested with the same increased genetic risk , it will allow them to have early preventive medical treatment ( US National Institute of Health , 1998 ) .
+
+S The family members can also then consider family planning based on the severity of the disease and the likelihood of passing the disease to the next generation ( Agatha M et al. , 2009 ) .
+
+S Opponents of this position argue that the family members may hastily undergo a genetic test on receiving the negative news without careful consideration of the possible discrimination that they may face after the genetic test ( Agatha M et al. , 2009 ) .
+
+S Admittedly , it is true that one may face discrimination at work and from insurance companies after a genetic test ( US National Institute of Health , 1998 ) .
+
+S However , with the setting up of legislative law by governments , such as the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act in the United States , the risk of discrimination at work or from insurance companies will be kept to a minimum ( US National Institute of Health , 1998 ) .
+
+S Thus , genetic risk carrier should not hesitate to tell his relatives so that they can benefit from the information medically .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , revealing of the genetic test result by the carrier of genetic risk is not only his responsibility to his family members ; it also allows his relatives to have a chance of early detection of the disease and possible treatment as a result .
+
+S No doubt that this may bring emotional stress to the relatives , but if managed properly , the medical benefits that the relatives can get from the information outweigh this initial risk .
+
+S Therefore , carrier of a known genetic risk is obligated to tell his family members his genetic testing result .
+
+S Reference
+
+S Agatha M , Denise B , Kathleen A .
+
+S Disclosure of Genetic Information Within Families .
+
+S 2009 Apr .
+
+S In PubMed Central [ Internet ] .
+
+S US National library of medicine ; [ cited 2009 Oct 28 ] .
+
+S Available from : { http : //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2677756/ ? tool = pubmed } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2677756/ ? tool = pubmed ]
+
+S Forrest K. To tell or not to tell : barriers and facilitators in family communication about genetic risk .
+
+S 2003 Oct .
+
+S In : Wiley InterScience [ Internet ] ; [ cited 2009 Oct 28 ] .
+
+S Available from : { http : //www3.interscience.wiley.com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/cgi-bin/fulltext/118866121/HTMLSTART } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www3.interscience.wiley.com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/cgi-bin/fulltext/118866121/HTMLSTART ]
+
+S US National Institute of Health , National Human Genome Research Institute .
+
+S Genetic information and the workplace [ Internet ] 1998 Jan ; [ cited 2009 Oct 28 ] .
+
+S Available from : { http : //www.genome.gov/10001732 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.genome.gov/10001732 ]
+
+S Genetic Testing grants us the ability to determine an individual 's paternity and his chances of getting a genetic disorder such as Down syndrome .
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Downs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are three forms of genetic testing - Gene tests , chromosomal test and biochemical test .
+
+S Since Genetic testing is voluntary , the individual should have the final say in whether to reveal the results .
+
+S This is because there are many social and emotional aspects with regards to genetic testing .
+
+S Revealing an individual 's genetic makeup and results without their consent can also lead to an infringement of human rights and privacy .
+
+S Also , these individuals may face discriminations from family members and also from the society , such as their employers and insurance companies .
+
+S Therefore , the carrier of a known genetic risk should not be obligated to tell his or her relatives to prevent such genetic testing results from being passed on to other third parties without consent .
+
+S An individual is not obligated to reveal the results of genetic testing to third parties due to the infringement of privacy and human rights .
+
+S Like medical records , results of genetic testing should be kept confidential and they should not be disclosed without permission ( Mehlman1999 ) .
+
+S Since genetic testing requested by an individual involves the use of own genetic makeup , it is therefore against human rights to reveal the genetic testing results without their contest .
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||right|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Every individual should be given the right to decide whether to disclose the genetic testing results to their relatives by weighing the advantages and disadvantages on their own .
+
+S This is based on the fact that everyone is unique and they have different background and personal constraints to take into considerations when deciding whether to reveal their genetic testing results .
+
+S Thus , the carrier of a known genetic risk is not obligated to tell his or her relatives .
+
+S Another reason such why genetic testing results should not be revealed to relatives is because other third parties may have the chance to get hold of these results and use them against the individuals .
+
+S There are many controversies on the fairness in the use of genetic information by other third parties such as insurers , employers , adoption agencies , schools , military and courts .
+A 30 30|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is not fair for insurers to deny insurance or raise premiums base for individuals that have positive results from genetic testing ( Mehlman1999 ) .
+
+S Andre and Velasquez mentioned that being a carrier for a genetic disorder does not mean that the individuals will get the disorder for sure .
+
+S Therefore , it is justified for the carriers to buy insurance so that they can get a sufficient amount of coverage as compensation for any mishap that may or may not happen .
+
+S Raising premium for such individuals is seen as taking advantage of them .
+
+S Also , employers may stereotype these individuals as non-productive and inefficient workers and choose not to hire them ( Weiss 1999 ) .
+
+S Therefore , the carriers of genetic disorder should not be obligated to reveal the results to anyone to prevent from having to face discriminations at societal level .
+
+S Proponents in favour for the revealing of results argue that revealing the results to third parties such as relatives can aid in emotional support .
+
+S Relatives can provide necessary help to the carriers by providing more care and concern .
+
+S This is necessary because carriers of genetic disorders undergo tremendous stress and it would be great if there is someone close to be there with them to face all kinds of problems .
+
+S Furthermore , revealing the results to the relatives can encourage them to be more health conscious and also to remind that to take go for frequent checkups since they might run the risk of having the same disorder too ( Weiss 1999 ) .
+A 22 23|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , this does not apply to all individuals and there is a possibility that they may even face discriminations from their own family members and relatives .
+
+S Some may feel that the individuals are likely to be a burden to them and may start to shun or keep away from them , causing them to feel even more upset or depressed .
+
+S Therefore , the final decision on whether to reveal the genetic testing results should lie in the hands of the carriers themselves .
+
+S In conclusion , the revealing of genetic testing results may bring more problems than solutions to the individual and therefore they should be given the final say in whether to reveal the results .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||test|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many problems such as discrimination and psychological stigmatisation attributed from the release of genetic testing should be taken into consideration when deciding whether to reveal the genetic testing results as they can worsen an individual 's health condition .
+
+S Should a carrier of a known genetic risk be obligated to tell 3rd parties ?
+
+S Genetic testing is a medical test which looks at the DNA makeup of an individual .
+
+S The advantages of genetic testing include diagnosis of current or future diseases , prevention or early treatment and reduced disease risk in future generations ( American Association for Clinical Chemistry [ AACC ] , 2009 ; Riper , 2005 ) .
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:FORM|||reducing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 35|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some possible disadvantages include anxiety , stress and strained family relationships ( AACC , 2009 ; Riper , 2005 ) .
+A 12 16|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After an individual has undergone genetic testing , is it necessary for him to share his test results with 3rd parties ( someone other than his doctor ) ?
+
+S While sharing can improve workplace safety and family health , it may also lead to genetic discrimination or unnecessary stress for both the patient and his family ( Nuffield Council on Bioethics [ NCB ] , 1993 ; Sobel and Bursztajn , 2000 ) .
+A 28 38|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , there are antidiscrimination laws and stressed individuals can seek genetic counseling ( AACC , 2009 ; Human Genome Management Information System [ HGMIS ] , 2008 ) .
+A 6 7|||R:OTHER|||where|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 29|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , an individual should be obligated to tell 3rd parties his genetic test results .
+A 9 10|||R:ADJ|||third|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:OTHER|||or her|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , sharing of genetic test results benefits the individual with regards to working environment .
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some work environments may increase disease risk in individuals with a particular genetic makeup .
+
+S For example , individuals with the genetic disorder , alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency have higher risk of getting related diseases when exposed to smoky environments ( NCB , 1993 ) .
+
+S Thus , employers can have alternative work arrangements for these at-risk employees .
+
+S Opponents of this position argue that revelation of genetic test results to 3rd parties will cause individuals to face genetic discrimination .
+A 12 13|||R:ADJ|||third|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Sobel & Bursztajn ( 2000 ) reported that the American Management Associated did a survey on this and results showed that 7 % of employers use employee 's genetic information for employing and job advancement decisions .
+
+S For instance , an employer fired an office worker with a genetic disease due to not wanting to cover her high treatment costs under the company 's health care benefits for workers ( Sobel & Bursztajn , 2000 ) .
+
+S However , there are antidiscrimination laws ( Sobel & Bursztajn , 2000 ) .
+
+S Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act ( GINA ) was signed into law by President George W. Bush on May 2008 ( HGMIS , 2008 ) .
+
+S GINA forbids genetic discrimination by employers and health insurers ( HGMIS , 2008 ) .
+
+S Therefore , revelation of genetic test results to others , benefits the individual .
+
+S Secondly , sharing of genetic test results can improve family health .
+
+S When an individual is identified to have a gene mutation associated with a disease , his family and relatives may also have that gene mutation .
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||as having|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S His direct family has 50 percent chance of having the same mutation while his extended family has 25 percent chance of having the same mutation ( Norrgard , 2008 ) .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||fifty|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , that individual should inform his family and relatives so as to advise them to take genetic testing .
+
+S If his family or relatives are found to have the same gene mutation , early treatment or preventive measures can be taken .
+
+S Critics argue that genetic information may cause negative emotional and psychological effects on family and relatives ( AACC , 2009 ) .
+
+S However , genetic counseling is available , to help them cope with their psychological problems ( AACC , 2009 ) .
+
+S Thus , the revelation of one 's genetic test results to family and relatives , benefits them .
+
+S In conclusion , an individual should reveal his genetic test results to 3rd parties as it improves workplace safety and family health .
+
+S Sharing of genetic results not only benefits himself , but also his family and relatives .
+
+S If one loves his family , one should let them know his genetic test results .
+
+S References
+
+S American Association for Clinical Chemistry .
+
+S ( 2009 , October 31 ) .
+
+S The Universe of Genetic Testing .
+
+S Retrieved October 29 , 2009 , from http : //www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/features/genetics-10.html
+
+S Human Genome Management Information System .
+
+S ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Genetics Privacy and Legislation .
+
+S Retrieved October 29 , 2009 , from http : //www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/elsi/legislat.shtml
+
+S Norrgard , K. ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Ethics of Genetic Testing : Medical Insurance and Genetic Discrimination .
+
+S Nature Education,1 ( 1 ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 29 , 2009 , from http : //www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/Ethics-of-Genetic-Testing-Medical-Insurance-and-651
+
+S Nuffield Council on Bioethics .
+
+S ( 1993 , December 2 ) .
+
+S Genetic Screening : Ethical Issues .
+
+S Retrieved October 29,2009 , from http : //www.nuffieldbioethics.org/fileLibrary/pdf/genetic_screening.pdf
+
+S Riper , M. V. ( 2005 ) .
+
+S Genetic Testing and the Family .
+
+S Journal of Midwifery and Women 's Health , 50 ( 3 ) , 227-233 .
+
+S Sobel , R. , & Bursztajn , H. J .
+
+S ( 2000 , August 7 ) .
+
+S Ban Genetic Discrimination .
+
+S The Boston Globe .
+
+S Retrieved October 29 , 2009 , from http : //www.forensic-psych.com/articles/artGenDisc.php
+
+S Carriers of a Known Genetic Risk Should Tell Their Relatives
+
+S As science develops rapidly , genetic testing , one of the most advanced technology , has become a common component of medical care .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||technologies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to the definition from BIO ( Biotechnology Industry Organization ) , genetic testing is " the analysis of an individual 's genetic material " ( 2009 ) .
+
+S This new technology can help to identify genetic disease .
+
+S However , the controversy is that if the individual who carries a genetic risk should tell their relatives the results of genetic testing .
+
+S Some emphasize the significance of personal privacy , and show the concern of genetic discrimination .
+
+S However , because the whole family shares the same set of genes , they have the right to know the result of the genetic test .
+
+S For the carriers , telling the result to their families is not only showing their responsibility to the family and society , but also the best way to ensure they get the best care .
+
+S Firstly , it is their responsibility to tell the relatives the result of the genetic test .
+
+S According to the article Genetic testing is all in the family by Jeffery P. Kahn , Director of Centre for Bioethics , University of Minnesota , the family has the right to know the result of the genetic test of any member in the family .
+
+S Since the whole family shares the same set of genes , the information the individual provides through the genetic testing may have just as much meaning for the family as for him or herself ( Kahn , 2000 ) .
+
+S Therefore , these results should be told , no matter they are good or bad .
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||if it is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , some may claim that the individuals have the right to protect their privacy ( Kahn , 2000 ) , and like other private information , genetic information should be protected properly , and people have the final say whether to reveal it to others .
+
+S However , here there is something more important than privacy .
+
+S Genetic disorder only can be treated if those carriers of a known genetic risk decide to reveal their genetic result .
+
+S Moreover , we can only protect our children from inherited disease if we know whether there is a genetic risk .
+
+S As a result , the carriers of a known genetic risk should tell their relatives .
+
+S Secondly , it ensures that those carriers of genetic risk get the best care from family and society if they are willing to tell the test results .
+
+S As we all know , genetic disorder is not contagious and there is no risk for those people who want to offer help .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||disorders|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , sometimes when there is high pressure , like knowing they are having genetic disorder , the individuals can not make decisions properly , while their family and professional can take good care of them and make the best decision for them ( Forrest et al. , 2007 ) .
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Someone may claim that other people 's decision may lead potential dangers for the person concerned ( Forrest et al. , 2007 ) , since we are not them and can not know exactly what they need .
+A 10 10|||M:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , as known to all , a group with several professionals will have more knowledge and experience than the individual , and the family members of the carriers will selflessly take care of them .
+
+S Therefore it is better for the carriers to tell their relatives the test results .
+
+S To draw a conclusion , for the carriers of genetic risk , it is better to tell the genetic test results to their relatives because it is an action not only showing their responsibility to the family and society , but also ensuring that they can get the best care .
+
+S References
+
+S Biotechnology Industry Oganization .
+
+S ( 2009 ) http : //www.bio.org/speeches/pubs/er/glossary_g.asp
+
+S Forrest , L.E.,Delatycki , M.B.,Skene,L.,&Aitken,M.A .
+
+S ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Communicating genetic information in families - A review of guidelines and position papers .
+
+S European Journal of Human Genetics,15,612-618 .
+
+S Kahn , J.P. ( 2000 ) .
+
+S Genetic testing is all in the family .
+
+S Retrieved September 17 , 2009 from HYPERLINK " http : //archives.cnn.com/2000/HEALTH/07/25/ethics.matters/ " http : //archives.cnn.com/2000/HEALTH/07/25/ethics.matters/
+
+S The results of genetic testing
+
+S Nowadays , as the technology of genetic testing has been well-developed , people who are at risk of genetic disorder may request for such testing to determine their health condition .
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||developed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||disorders|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To some extent , the results of genetic testing can help people to detect certain disease and take measures to reduce the risk .
+
+S However , the abuse of the results may cause many issues .
+
+S Revealing the results of individual genetic testing without individual 's permission may lead to invasion of privacy and social discrimination .
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||an individuals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , the individual requesting genetic testing should have the final say in whether to reveal the results of such testing .
+
+S An important reason why individual should have the final say in whether to reveal the results of genetic testing is because people have the right to protect their privacy .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The decision of informing family members the results should be a personal choice .
+
+S Because the results of genetic testing not only affect the person who takes the test but also relate to his family members , sometimes people may encounter dilemmas .
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:SVA|||relates|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Individuals may make different decision depending on their situations .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||decisions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , after undergoing genetic testing , people may find out that their siblings also have the same genetic disorder with themselves .
+A 21 22|||R:PREP|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:PRON|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , informing them may result in huge changes in their life decisions .
+
+S Thus , whether to tell them the results or not is a cautious decision that should be made by individuals ( Norrgard 2008 ) .
+
+S Some may suggest that it is an ethical responsibility for people who are found to have genetic disorder to inform the results to their family members .
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||disorders|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , since currently there is no legislation forcing people to do so , the results should be treated as privacy and should be protected ( Norrgard 2008 ) .
+A 20 21|||R:MORPH|||private|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another reason is that the misuses of genetic testing results may cause social discrimination .
+
+S If the results of individual genetic testing are revealed to employers and insurance companies , employers may not hire people who are diagnosed by with certain disease .
+A 23 24|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:NOUN:NUM|||diseases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Likewise , insurance companies may also refuse to serve people who have high risk of some disease ( Maxwell & Mehlman 1999 ) .
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||diseases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Opponents may argue that law can be used as a mean to protect against genetic discrimination .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||means|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They cited that a number of laws have been enacted to prohibit insurance companies from collecting information of genetic testing and using them to discriminate against people ( Maxwell & Mehlman 1999 ) .
+
+S However , this approach is not effective .
+
+S Firstly , most laws only restrict types of genetic information , but they do not ensure that people will be fairly charged if they reveal genetic testing results ( Norrgard 2008 ) .
+
+S Secondly , laws still have limitation of prohibiting employers from refusing people who have genetic disorder ( Maxwell & Mehlman 1999 ) .
+
+S Hence , using legal power to limit discrimination is incomplete .
+
+S To conclude , since genetic testing results are people 's privacy and revealing them may cause social discrimination , the individual requesting genetic testing should have the final say in whether to reveal the results of such testing .
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||deals with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Maxwell J , Mehlman JD .
+
+S 1999 .
+
+S The Privacy of genetic information [ Internet ] [ cited 2009 Oct 24 ] .Available from : { http : //www.thedoctorwillseeyounow.com/articles/bioethics/geneticinfo_1/index.shtml } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.thedoctorwillseeyounow.com/articles/bioethics/geneticinfo_1/index.shtml ]
+
+S Norrgard K. 2008 .
+
+S Ethics of Genetic Testing : Medical Insurance and Genetic Discrimination .
+
+S Scitable [ Internet ] [ cited 2009 Oct 24 ] .Available from : http : //www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/Ethics-of-Genetic-Testing-Medical-Insurance-and-651
+
+S Oxford Dictionary defines genetic testing as the sequencing of human DNA in order to discover genetic differences , anomalies , or mutations that may prove pathological .
+A 0 0|||M:DET|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the many ethical issues associated with genetic testing involves the question of whether a known carrier of a genetic condition is obligated to tell his or her relatives .
+
+S While the individual has no legal or professional obligation to inform his relatives , he nevertheless has a very strong moral obligation to do so as his relatives who may have inherited the condition can take action to improve the prognosis as well as prepare themselves mentally and socially , not revealing this information can be interpreted as negligence on the part of the carrier , and telling his relatives will allow them to anticipate lifestyle changes to accommodate his condition as well as readies them for possible financial strain that may be brought about .
+A 84 85|||R:MORPH|||ready|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 92 94|||R:VERB|||come|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First of all , it is a known fact that genetic conditions may be hereditary and thus indirectly involves the relatives of the carrier as well , putting the carrier 's relatives at a possible risk having the condition as well .
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:SVA|||involve|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 36|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The carrier is at least morally obligated to inform his relatives from an altruistic point of view .
+
+S In the event that one of the carrier 's relatives discover that he is affected by the disorder , preventive measures can be taken in anticipation of the disease and in the event that the disease is incurable , palliative steps can be planned .
+
+S An example of prevention would be an individual affected by the BRCA gene undergoing a mastectomy which would reduce the chances of developing breast cancer from 85 % to 1 % ( http : //www.medscape.com/viewarticle/573060 ) .
+
+S Beyond telling them , the decision to undergo genetic testing is purely up to the relatives themselves .
+
+S While some might say that there is no point of knowing if a disease has no cure , knowing has its benefits as it not only prepares the individual in the physical aspects of the disease but also the psychological aspects .
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the event that a relative tests positive for a genetic condition , it is not only the physical aspects of the diseases that must be considered , but also the psychosocial aspects of the disease .
+
+S Having known that he is at risk of a genetic condition , an individual will be able to anticipate the possibility that he might be afflicted with the disease and mentally prepare for that possibility .
+
+S He will be able to work towards acceptance of the fact that he might have the condition and be able to adapt easily to it in the event that the condition manifests ; as opposed to the condition striking suddenly without prior warning .
+A 32 32|||M:PRON|||itself|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:OTHER|||itself ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , he will be able to also mentally prepare for any stigma or discrimination that he may face in society as it has been shown that identifying patients in need of psychosocial support will enhance effect on well being ( Mind and cancer : does psychosocial intervention improve survival and psychological well- being ? ) .
+
+S Although some people prefer to be carefree and prefer not to know at all as they cite the fact that knowing will make them anxious and stressed , the onus is on them to go for the genetic testing to determine any abnormalities .
+
+S If ignorance is their choice , it is their right to go along with it .
+
+S While the obligation for a carrier to tell his relatives may be considered as a breach of privacy , not telling them at all is tantamount to negligence , especially if the genetic condition is known to be hereditary .
+
+S It is only responsible to inform someone if there is a possibility that their life may be severely affected because of a disease .
+
+S If you knew there was a murderer in your neighbor 's house , would you not inform them ?
+
+S In the perspective of a carrier 's relative , most people would definitely want to be informed if they are at an increased risk of having a genetic condition .
+
+S Undoubtedly , for some genetic risks , there will be a stronger case for the duty to warn relatives about it especially in serious conditions like breast cancer ( BRCA-1 ) and Huntington 's Disease ( On warning families about genetic risk : the ghost of Tarasoff ) While there is an issue of a not having confidentiality on the matter , at least the carrier can sleep well at night knowing that he has fulfilled his responsibility .
+
+S It must also be noted that several genetic conditions are highly debilitating and will inevitably have a huge impact on family members , who are usually the main care givers physically as well as socially .
+
+S If this is the case , family members have a right to know what to expect of the disease and to what extent they will have to adjust their lives to accommodate the carrier .
+
+S In this sense , the carrier is thus obliged to inform his family members of his genetic test in order for his family members to prepare for a possible change in lifestyle .
+
+S It will also allow the family to assess the extent of the disease and make preparations in the event that they are unable to accommodate the carrier such as sending the carrier to a nursing home or employing a full-time nurse to assist in care giving .
+
+S This is opposed to have the disease suddenly dropped on them like a bombshell which would cause severe disruption in their lives .
+
+S For example , it is shown that the majority of people with Alzheimer 's disease are cared for in the home , which may affect the work situation of the caregivers , their own health , and their finances ( http : //family.jrank.org/pages/70/Alzheimer-s-Disease- Impact-on-Family.html ) .
+
+S A negative point to this is that family members may view the carrier as a burden even before the condition manifests and this may be a source of tension in the family .
+
+S Nevertheless , it should be pointed out that it is better to be safe and sorry as in this case , the burden has a strong potential to manifest and it would be better to sort out any misgivings before the condition strikes rather than after .
+
+S Finally , the financial effect of the disease on the carrier and his relatives must also be considered in the ethical reasoning of this argument as the financial aspects of a disease may be far reaching especially for families in the low income group .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN|||impact|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 36|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This especially applies more to certain diseases like diabetes mellitus or cancer in which the cost of treatment puts a severe strain on the finances of a family .
+
+S A carrier is thus obliged to tell his family members in order for them to start thinking ahead by starting initiatives like saving plans or taking up more jobs .
+
+S The family will also be able to start looking for avenues of financial assistance even before the disease strikes .
+
+S To emphasize this point , studies have shown that economic hardship requires households to make difficult decisions between care and basic living expenses , which at times compromises necessary treatments and health care ( economic hardship requires households to make difficult decisions between care and basic living expenses , which at times compromises necessary treatments and health care ) .
+
+S While some might argue that there is little that people in the low income groups can do to prepare for this and it might simply cause unnecessary stress for them ; it must be pointed out that it is even more important for this group of people to plan ahead for the future as they will very likely lack sufficient resources to deal with it when the problem surfaces .
+
+S Considering all the points put forth above , I would very much think that there is a strong moral obligation for a carrier of a genetic defect has to tell his relatives about the results of his genetic test .
+
+S Allowing them to know will serve as a warning for them to take preventive measure or prepare for the worst as well as readying family members for the possibility that the condition associated with the genetic abnormality may one day surface .
+
+S Despite the arguments of privacy of the individual , feelings of helplessness , possible family tension and increasing the level of stress within a family , I still feel that the moral obligation to let the carrier 's relatives know far outweighs these points .
+
+S Ultimately , it must be recognized that the carrier of a genetic abnormality is only obliged to tell his relatives ; subsequent action taken beyond that is out of the scope of the obligation of the carrier .
+
+S The advancement in science and technology has enabled the determination of genetic risk of disease development by means of genetic testing .
+
+S Although it is an improvement in the scientific world in view of combating diseases , ethical dilemma is born in the communication of genetic risk in families .
+
+S Some have suggested that the issue is related to privacy concern and the disclosure of genetic information may cause anxiety , guilt , depression and other disadvantages in both individuals and their relatives ( Norrgard , 2008 ) .
+A 10 11|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However the importance of the moral obligation individuals have for their family and the consequences for family planning and personal health of at-risk relatives should not be neglected .
+
+S In fact the potential for harm to uninformed relatives outweighs the individual 's right to confidentiality and therefore the carrier of a known genetic risk should be obligated to tell his or her relatives .
+
+S Forrest and her team stated that " the responsibility of disseminating genetic information to family members lies largely with the individual " ( Forrest , Delatycki , Skene , Aitken , 2007 , para.2 ) .
+
+S Individuals may possess duty of care and/or moral obligations to communicate the potential genetic risk to relatives .
+
+S According to a documented research done by Clarke , Richards , and Kerzin-Storrar , among the 40,000 clients attending genetics clinics over a 1-year period world-wide , only 65 were reported as non- disclosure cases a frequency of non-disclosure that was shown to be less than 1 % of all genetics consults .
+A 35 35|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Clarke , Richards , Kerzin-Storrar , 2005 ) Indeed , the moral obligation of individuals to their family and relatives is a compelling argument supported by " kinship bonds and an assumed desire to protect family members from harm " ( Forrest et al , 2007 ) .
+
+S Some have argued that individuals may not disclose genetic information because they prefer not to contact relatives personally ( Consent and Confidentiality in Genetic Practice : Guidance on Genetic Testing and Sharing Genetic Information , 2005 ) , and they are embarrassed about reporting bad news ( Wertz , 2003 ) , or they are unable to communicate directly with family members ( Ethical Aspects of Human Genetic Testing : An Information Paper , 2000 ) .
+
+S Nevertheless , one can seek assistance from genetic health professionals to address the above problems by " having the genetic health professionals to communicate the genetic information to family members at the client 's request " ( Forrest et al , 2007 ) .
+
+S Genetic information is relevant to both the carrier of a known genetic risk and his or her relatives due to " genetic heritage " ( Wertz , 2003 , p.50 ) , thus for relatives who are unaware of their risk may experience consequences for personal health and family planning ( Forrest et al , 2007 ) .
+A 31 33|||R:PUNCT|||. Thus|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact many published guidelines for genetic information disclosure have listed down explicit statements such as 'family ' , 'family members ' or 'relatives ' to broadly include some who are at risk of a genetic condition .
+A 11 12|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S More explicit statements can be seen from five organizations by " specifying 'blood relatives ' , 'the whole family , ascendants , descendants , collaterals , and possibly spouses ' , 'future children ' , 'relatives , including offspring ' , or 'family , [ which ] needs to be understood as covering an extended set of relatives linked by blood ties or by marriage or by both ' " ( Forrest et al , 2007 , p.614 ) .
+
+S Sermijn had done a research involving family relatives who revealed a lack of understanding and awareness that a genetic risk was present in their family ( Sermijn et al , 2004 ) .
+
+S However this may not be a reason for individuals to withhold genetic information from their relatives .
+
+S UK Nuffield Council on Bioethics states that " both individuals and family members have responsibilities to be willing to give and receive genetic information " ( Forrest et al , 2007 , p614 ) .
+
+S Effective communication strategies can be employed to achieve a positive outcome of communication by assessing the vulnerability and receptivity of family relatives .
+
+S This can be achieved through personal understanding or advices given by genetic health professionals ( Gaff , 2007 ) .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||advice|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In summary , the carrier of a known genetic risk should be obligated to tell his or her relatives because the sense of responsibility to inform the relatives with crucial genetic information outweighs concern about affecting the individual by imparting " bad " or potentially unwelcome news .
+A 33 34|||R:NOUN:NUM|||concerns|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Potential harm to uninformed family relatives has to be considered although the disclosure may not be smooth due to lack of understanding by relatives .
+
+S Fortunately the latter can be solved by seeking the help of genetic health professionals who can provide effective communication strategies to help produce a positive outcome of communication .
+
+S References
+
+S Clarke , A. , Richards , M. , Kerzin-Storrar , L. et al ( 2005 ) .
+
+S Genetic professionals ' reports of nondisclosure of genetic risk information within families .
+
+S European Journal of Human Genetics , 13 , 556 562 .
+
+S Retrieved October 29 , 2009 from Nature Publishing Group database .
+
+S Forrest , L.E. , Delatycki , M.B. , Skene , L. , Aitken M. ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Communicating genetic information in families : A review of guidelines and position papers .
+
+S European Journal of Human Genetics , 15 , 612 618 .
+
+S Retrieved October 29 , 2009 from Nature Publishing Group database .
+
+S Gaff , C.L. , et al ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Process and outcome in communication of genetic information within families : A systematic review .
+
+S European Journal of Human Genetics , 15 , 999 1011 .
+
+S Retrieved October 29 , 2009 from Nature Publishing Group database .
+
+S National Health and Medical Research Council ( NHMRC ) .
+
+S Ethical Aspects of Human Genetic Testing : An Information Paper .
+
+S ( 2000 ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 29 , 2009 from http : //www.nhmrc.gov.au/publications/synopses/e39syn.htm
+
+S Norrgard , K. ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Ethics of Genetic Testing : Medical Insurance and Genetic Discrimination .
+
+S Nature Education .
+
+S Retrieved October 29 , 2009 from http : //www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/Ethics-of-Genetic-Testing-Medical- Insurance-and-651
+
+S Norrgard , K. ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Protecting Your Genetic Identity : GINA and HIPAA .
+
+S Nature Education .
+
+S Retrieved October 29 , 2009 from http : //www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/Protecting-Your-Genetic-Identity- GINA-and-HIPAA-678
+
+S Royal College of Physicians , Royal College of Pathologists , British Society for Human Genetics .
+
+S ( 2005 ) .
+
+S Consent and Confidentiality in Genetic Practice : Guidance on Genetic Testing and Sharing Genetic Information .
+
+S Retrieved October 29 , 2009 from http : //www.bshg.org.uk/documents/official_docs/Consent_and_confid_corrected_ 21 % 5B1 % 5D.8.06.pdf
+
+S Sermijn , E. , Goelen , G. , Teugels , E. ( 2004 ) .
+
+S The impact of proband mediated information dissemination in families with a BRCA1/2 gene mutation .
+
+S Journal of Medical Genetics , 41 , e23 .
+
+S Retrieved October 29 , 2009 from http : //jmg.bmj.com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/cgi/search ? sendit = Search&pubdate_yea r = &volume = &firstpage = &DOI = &author1 = sermijn&author2 = &title = &andorexacttitle = a nd&titleabstract = &andorexacttitleabs = and&fulltext = The + impact + of + proband + medi ated + information + dissemination + in + families + with + a + BRCA&andorexactfulltext = an d&resourcetype = 1 % 2C10&fmonth = Sep&fyear = 1964&tmonth = Oct&tyear = 2009&fdatedef = 1 + September + 1964&tdatedef = 1 + October + 2009&flag = &RESULTFORMAT = 1&hits = 10&hitsbri ef = 25&sortspec = relevance&sortspecbrief = relevance
+
+S Wertz , D.C. , Fletcher , J.C. , Berg , K. ( 2003 ) .
+
+S Review of Ethical Issues in Medical Genetics .
+
+S Retrieved October 29 , 2009 , from Geneva , World Health Organization Web site : http : //www.who.int/genomics/publications/en/ethical_issuesin_medgenetics % 20r eport.pdf
+
+S Gene is the basic heredity unit in all living organism its properties concerns families and kinship of all humans .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The gene|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||organisms|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||M:PUNCT|||. Its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is the study of how characteristics are passed down through generations .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Genetics|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The ability to identify more genes which are related to specific disorders increases dramatically as the genetic technology develops vigorously in this modern time .
+A 20 24|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It allows new possibilities of genetic testing and more to come ( Clarke & Parsons , 1997 ) .
+
+S In the case of diseases that have an onset in adulthood , such as Huntington 's disease , people can get themselves tested before symptoms develop to discover the likelihood of getting the disorder .
+
+S Some of those who receive positive testing result , despite the shock and the devastating situation that they face , will consider the interests of other family members and inform their relatives of the existence of this genetic risk in the family .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But not all patients will have the moral obligation to do .
+
+S Thus , there is a need for carrier of a known genetic risk to be legally obligated to tell his or her relatives .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Carriers of known genetic risks should be obligated to tell their relatives because it prevents severe harm such as loss of lives .
+
+S If they are being alerted of such condition , they will be able to seek possible treatments and receive warnings to avoid detrimental environment stimuli .
+A 5 6|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , malignant hyperthermia syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder where life-threatening condition will be triggered by regular anesthesia .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||conditions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Prior warning of a carrier can actually prevent unexpected death of blood relatives during their surgeries ( Andrews , 1994 ) .
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||surgery|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , information of genetic risk from a carrier will serve as guidance in his or her relatives ' reproductive decision makings .
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:NUM|||making|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After knowing of possible genetic condition , one may think twice before deciding to conceive a child .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The rate of abortion upon learning of fetus defection will then decrease , hence preventing meaningless loss of lives .
+
+S Likewise , obligation of carrier to tell his or her relatives allows those who indeed will suffer from dormant genetic diseases or are suffering from genetic condition to plan their lives ahead .
+
+S They will tend to avoid passing on the undesirable condition to their children , hence they may seek proper guidance through counseling before consider to conceive a child .
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:FORM|||considering|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , Huntington 's disease 's symptoms normally only appear when one is approaching his or her middle age .
+
+S Knowing of this dormant genetic disease earlier certainly allows the patients to make decision whether to build a family or not to , or for those who already have their own families - whether to conceive children or not to because there is a 50 % chance of passing the mutated gene to the offspring for each pregnancy .
+A 19 22|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 40|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , informed relatives who then find out their genetic condition - whether they are a carrier or sufferer of that particular genetic disease or not , are given a chance to secure financial schemes for future use .
+A 14 17|||R:OTHER|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 27|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , their family members are granted the time to equip themselves with the knowledge and ability to take care of said patients for an extended period of time in future .
+A 16 17|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Undoubtedly , privacy advocates criticizes that such enforced obligation violates an individual 's autonomy .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||criticize|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They argue that for family interest to outweigh one 's autonomy is unethical because there may be cases where relatives use one 's genetic disorder information to their own advantages , rendering said individual to material loss and mishap social status .
+A 29 30|||R:NOUN:NUM|||advantage|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 41|||R:OTHER|||material loss and mishap social status to the individual|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , a woman can easily claim custody of her children from her formal husband who has Huntington 's disease , by asserting he will not have the ability to take care of their children in near future .
+A 37 37|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S While it is true that the extreme circumstances mentioned do exist in the society , one must agree that relatives have their reserved rights too , to know about the presence of genetic risk within the family because no one has exclusive rights over his or her genes as they are shared among the family .
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Spouses too have the rights to know when it comes to making a family just as he or she has equal rights over the children .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||right|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Indeed , powerful protection has always been given to autonomy , privacy and confidentiality .
+
+S However , these ethics can be breached when the action has an essential purpose , such as safeguarding others from harm , which unquestionably outweighs those said principles ( Andrews , 1994 ) .
+
+S The absolute priority that they possess should be balanced by awareness of averting medical harm to fellow humans ( Wang , 2001 ) .
+
+S Therefore , carrier of known genetic risk should be legally obligated to inform relatives , not just morally responsible to do that .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , legal obligation of carriers with known genetic risk to tell their relatives should be implemented as it bring about advantages such as preventing loss of lives and reducing uncertainties in potential patients ' futures .
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:SVA|||brings|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S * Andrews , L.B .
+
+S ( Eds. ) .
+
+S ( 1994 ) .
+
+S Assessing genetic risks : implications for health and social policy .
+
+S Washington , D.C. : National Academy Press .
+
+S * Clarke , A .
+
+S & Parsons , E .
+
+S ( Eds. ) .
+
+S ( 1997 ) .
+
+S Culture , kinship and genes : towards cross-cultural genetics .
+
+S Great Britain : Macmillan Press LTD .
+
+S * Wang , Y .
+
+S ( 2001 ) .
+
+S A Study of Chinese View on Carrier Information in Pharmacogenetics Genetics and Disorders .
+
+S In Fujiki , N. , Sudo , M. , and Macer , D. ( Eds ) , Bioethics and the Impact of Human Genome Research in the 21st Century ( pp .
+
+S 63-66 ) .
+
+S Eubios Ethics Institute .
+
+S As DNA technology advances , our ability to test individuals for genetic disorder is increasing significantly .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||disorders|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This new ability raises both high hopes and grave concerns .
+
+S Genetic testing leads to diagnosis , prevention and treatment of a particular disease .
+
+S Conversely , the implications of test results raise social and ethical concerns .
+
+S The controversial issue on whether one should be obliged to disclose the result of such testing remains a subject of great concern among the society ( Mehlman , M,1999 ) Individual genetic information should not be revealed to third party without authorisation of the tested individual because the fundamental right to privacy should be respected .
+A 28 30|||R:OTHER|||1999 ) .|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 38|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , the predictive nature of genetic testing suggests that there is no need to allow the results made public .
+A 18 18|||M:VERB:TENSE|||to be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , it is feared that the effortless access of such information by the concerned party might be utilised inappropriately and be used adversely on an individual .
+
+S Firstly , based on the context of confidentiality and privacy , individuals ' right to privacy ought to maintain confidentiality of the genetic makeup .
+A 12 17|||R:OTHER|||have a right|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If one has no control over who can gain information of the individual , it can lead to potentially serious consequences .
+
+S Byravan,S .
+
+S and Matlaw,J ( 2005 ) emphasized that individual genetic information gained from testing should be subjected to confidentiality and protected from harm that might result from improper disclosure or use of the information .
+
+S One may perceive privacy as an overrated right.. .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN|||right|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , although genetic testing can be useful for assessment of genetic predispositions and diagnosis of medical conditions , it is essential to take note that the testing does not deal with certainties .
+
+S It does not identify all of the possible gene mutations that cause a particular condition .
+
+S Thus , a positive or a negative outcome does not rule out the possibility for one to contract certain genetic disorder since it only gives a probabilistic indicator of the chances to develop certain diseases based on inherited conditions .
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||disorders|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Likewise , while a relative may have tested positive for a cancer marker , it does not mean that other family members of the family will definitely get the disease .
+
+S Since the clinical outcomes are not definitive , it should not be regarded as medical advice .
+
+S The disclosure of such result might make the other family members to worry unnecessarily .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:VERB:FORM||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This psycho-emotional consequence can trigger more harm than good to the individual as well as the family relationship as people may feel depressed , guilty or confused following the disclosure of the result .
+
+S Whilst some insisted that the disclosure of the results is necessary because it leads to early detection of a disease and thus enhances preventability and treatability .
+
+S However , for most adult-onset conditions , knowing a child 's genetic status will not affect the course of the disease or its treatment .
+A 0 2|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , the society is already well educated on the way to prevent cancer .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||ways|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is through the maintenance of healthy lifestyle coupling with routine medical checkups .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:FORM|||coupled|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Those who have a family history of particular genetic disorder should be particularly well aware of the risk of getting the disease and take the necessary precautions with the guidance of their doctor .
+
+S Thirdly , upon providing genetic material , individuals lose control over who can access results .
+
+S Consequently , when someone shows the predisposition to genetic disorder , it exposes one to the possibility of stigmatisation and discrimination when the genetic information is made accessible to others .
+
+S Byravan.S and Matlaw.J ( 2005 ) highlighted that the cost-conscious employers might make adverse employment decisions based on a person 's predispositions .
+
+S They might also be turned down job promotions .
+A 6 6|||M:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Due to profit-wise considerations , one 's privilege to different schemes of insurance converge might be limited .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||profit|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One might even be excluded from health insurance coverage when one 's gene status shows flaw .
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||a flaw|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As such , the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act ( GINA ) is implemented to prevent health insurers and employers to discriminate against a person 's genetic predispositions ( Allison , 2008 ) .
+A 19 20|||R:PART|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:FORM|||discriminating|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One may argue that following the safeguards established , it should be able to hinder away the needless worries .
+A 15 16|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , Norrgard,K ( 2008 ) pointed out that current regulations lack adequate enforcement mechanism .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Assurances of protection is more difficult to come by , after all , the decisions made are still largely dependent on the subjective perception of the society .
+A 9 12|||R:OTHER|||. Afterall ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the decision of examinee to have their results of genetic testing disclosed or to refuse them should be voluntary and should not be interfered with .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN|||people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:PRON|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The loss of privacy and the potential social discrimination involved are still the main concerns of the public .
+
+S Genetic information should be disclosed without the patient 's authorization only when necessary to protect third parties from harm or when disclosure is compelled by law.... .
+
+S References
+
+S Mehlman,M .
+
+S ( 1999 ) The Privacy of Genetic Information .
+
+S Retrieved October 30,2009,from http : //www.thedoctorwillseeyounow.com/articles/bioethics/geneticinfo_1/
+
+S Norrgard,K .
+
+S ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Ethics of genetic testing : Medical insurance and genetic discrimination .
+
+S Nature Education 1 ( 1 ) .Retrieved September 14 , 2009 , from { http : //science.howstuffworks.com/genetic-counseling-info.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //science.howstuffworks.com/genetic-counseling-info.htm ]
+
+S Byravan,S. , & Matlaw,J .
+
+S ( 2005 , November 2 ) .
+
+S Ensuring privacy in genetic testing .
+
+S The Boston Globe .
+
+S Retrieved September 14 , 2009 from { http : //www.boston.com/news/globe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2005/11/02/ensuring_privacy_in_genetic_testing/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.boston.com/news/globe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2005/11/02/ensuring_privacy_in_genetic_testing/ ]
+
+S There has been an ongoing debate on whether doctors should reveal the results of genetic tests to others besides the individuals who have underwent the tests without their acknowledgement ( Lynch , 2008 ) , ( Ostrom , 1997 ) and ( Tanner , 2004 ) .
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:FORM|||undergone|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Genetic testing can confirm one 's ancestry , paternity and the risk of them developing a disease or passing on the genetic disease to their offspring ( Lynch , 2008 ) .
+
+S It would benefit others , as relatives of the individual known to be a carrier of the disease might be at-risk of developing the disease as well ( University of Colorado Health Sciences Center , 2004 ) .
+
+S Conversely , some people feel that it is an invasion of privacy ( Tanner , 2004 ) and that others may abuse the information ( Ostrom , 1997 ) .
+
+S Discrimination may also occur ( The Associated Press , 2008 ) and insurance premiums for individuals and their relatives might increase if insurance companies know that the have a high risk of developing certain hereditary diseases .
+
+S Hence individuals should have the final say in whether to reveal the results of their genetic tests to their relatives .
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is without a doubt beneficial to inform relatives that they might be at risk of developing a hereditary disease when individual 's genetic tests turn out to be positive ( University of Colorado Health Sciences Center , 2004 ) .
+A 2 5|||R:OTHER|||undoubtedly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Relatives may choose to go for a genetic test to determine their status by checking for the particular mutation known to increase the risk of developing a particular disease ( University of Colorado Health Sciences Center , 2004 ) .
+
+S Should they test positive for the particular mutation , preventive measures and cost-effective treatments could be carried out to reduce the risk of developing the disease ( The Changes in Health Care Financing and Organization ( HCFO ) , 2005 ) but not every person with the mutation would develop the disease eventually .
+
+S On the flipside , some people can not come to terms with the fact that they might have a higher chance of developing a disease compared to other people .
+
+S They might have very negative thoughts like anger , fear that they would develop the disease in the near future or if they have children , they might feel guilty about passing the mutation to their children ( University of Colorado Health Sciences Center , 2004 ) .
+
+S Hence , individuals should have the final decision on whether they want to reveal the results of their genetic test to their relatives , especially if they know that their relatives would be unable to cope with the news .
+
+S Another issue now is that individual 's privacy is not respected as insurance companies without their consent show their results to relatives .
+
+S Insurance companies might have gotten hold of individual 's positive genetic tests without their consent to show their relatives why their insurance premiums were jerked up ( University of Colorado Health Sciences Center , 2004 ) or to explain why their bid to get insured was rejected ( Ostrom , 1997 ) .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:DET|||his|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:DET|||his|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 26|||R:VERB|||inflated|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Then again , if relatives know that a genetic disease is hereditary and went for a genetic test to prove that they do not have the mutation that would put them at a higher risk of developing the disease , they would be able to get insured earlier ( Ostrom , 1997 ) .
+
+S Although there are regulations to prevent insurers from discriminating people with a higher chance of getting certain genetic diseases The Changes in Health Care Financing and Organization ( HCFO ) , 2005 ) , it might lead to higher insurance premium for everyone .
+A 19 19|||M:PUNCT|||(|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 41|||R:NOUN:NUM|||premiums|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , the results of individual 's genetic test should not be revealed to others unless individuals choose to as the information could be abused and their relatives would most likely be affected .
+A 5 7|||R:NOUN:POSS|||individuals '|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , I believe that the privacy of individuals should be respected .
+
+S This is because the emotional stability of the relatives in question has to be taken into consideration , as not every person in the family would develop the disease even if there have a particular mutation that puts them at a higher risk of developing the disease .
+
+S Also , relatives might be discriminated besides individuals should others like insurance companies know that the disease is hereditary .
+
+S Hence , it should be up to individuals to disclose the results of the genetic tests to their relatives if they choose to .
+
+S References
+
+S Lynch , S.N .
+
+S ( 2008 , July 22 ) .
+
+S Should genetic tests be regulated ? .
+
+S Retrieved October 28 , 2009 from http : //www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1825539,00.html ? xid = feed- yahoo-full-healthsci
+
+S Ostrom , C.M .
+
+S ( 1997 , February 19 ) .
+
+S Genetic tests create debate on civil rights .
+
+S Retrieved October 28 , 2009 from http : //www.dhushara.com/book/genes/geneT.htm
+
+S The Associated Press .
+
+S ( 2008 , May 6 ) .
+
+S Doctors debate value of genetic testing .
+
+S Retrieved October 28 , 2009 from http : //www2.journalnow.com/content/2008/may/06/doctors-debate-value-of- genetic-testing/
+
+S The Changes in Health Care Financing and Organization ( HCFO ) .
+
+S ( 2005 , April ) .
+
+S Genetic Information Meets Insurance Underwriting .
+
+S Retrieved October 28 , 2009 from http : //www.hcfo.net/topic0405.htm
+
+S University of Colorado Health Sciences Center .
+
+S ( 2004 , December 15 ) .
+
+S Patient Information about AMGP .
+
+S Retrieved October 28 , 2009 from http : //www.uchsc.edu/amgp/amgp_patientinformation_genetic_testing.htm
+
+S The individual requesting genetic testing should have the final say in whether to reveal the results of such testing .
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Genetic testing is a specific medical test to look out for a particular part of the genes .
+
+S It is often used to diagnose inherited diseases and to determine a child 's genetic parents .
+
+S With the main focus on fine tuning its processes to increase its accuracy , ethical issues have not been well addressed .
+
+S Ethical issue such as whether an individual requesting genetic testing should have the final say in revealing the results remains shady .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||issues|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many argue that they should not have the final say as it benefits the general public as a whole .
+A 16 19|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , by knowing the results , it might create unnecessary fear among people .
+A 3 4|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Not only that , the society might in turn discriminate the individual with an undesired result .
+A 10 10|||M:PREP|||against|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , it is morally wrong to reveal the results without the individual 's consent as it intrudes one 's privacy .
+A 18 18|||M:PREP|||into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , individuals should have the final say in revealing the results of their genetic test .
+
+S First and foremost , revealing the genetic test results without one 's consent is an invasion of privacy .
+
+S Some might argue that the results benefit the whole population as it might be useful an already statistically- scarce medical research .
+
+S However , it is disrespectful to the individual since it is the individual who decides to undertake this genetic test in the first place .
+
+S Moreover , having the final say in disclosing the results does not mean not revealing the results at all .
+
+S One may initially find it hard to accept the reality and may decide to reveal the results at a later stage when ready .
+
+S In this case , that individual still can aid in the medical research .
+
+S Secondly , by revealing the results without the individual 's final say might cause unnecessary stress to others especially to their relatives .
+A 2 3|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S An individual might chose not to reveal the outcome of the test as it might create anxiety on their loved ones .
+A 17 18|||R:PREP|||amongst|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This in turn would create unnecessary stress and might affect the way they lead their lives .
+
+S With this , some might argue that this will impose more strain on the individual who is already facing the stress from reality , and therefore , revealing the results might unburden him or her .
+A 0 3|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:ORTH|||Some|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , there are genetic counselors trained in this field to address any concerns , and thus there is no need to reveal the results without the individual 's final say .
+
+S Thirdly , by knowing the results of the genetic test on the individuals might cause discriminations against them .
+A 2 3|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As our genes are not controlled by us , it will be unfair to discriminate individuals based on their genetic makeup ( Norrgard , 2008 ) .
+A 15 15|||M:PREP|||against|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , a 30 year old employee who is as competent as any other staff , was recently genetically tested positive for Huntington 's disease .
+
+S Individuals with Huntington 's disease develop their symptoms such as uncontrolled movements and mental declination only at an average age of 35-44 years old .
+
+S Knowing that the employee could not remain committed to the company in the next 5-10 years , the employer decides to retrench that employee .
+
+S As such , the employee 's potential will be hindered as he or she would still be able to work normally until the symptoms set in 5-10 years from now .
+
+S This not only hinder one 's potential , it will also affect the way the individual walk his or her remaining path of life .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||hinders|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:CONJ|||but|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:SVA|||affects|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:SVA|||walks|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Similarly , a health insurance company might deny an individual from having an insurance plan or might charge them at a higher rate if such results are disclosed to them .
+A 10 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:PRON|||it.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some might argue that this is necessary to prevent people from benefitting off from those insurance companies .
+A 13 14|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , we must not forget the fact that we have no control on our genetic make-up .
+A 13 14|||R:PREP|||over|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As such it is not because that they want to benefit off from these companies , it is more of what they have to do in order to survive financially .
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , the very purpose of health insurance companies is to provide healthcare and to ensure the well-being of the people .
+
+S As important as it is to increase the accuracy of genetic testing , individuals should have the final say in revealing the results .
+
+S By doing so , we can respect each other 's privacy , minimize unnecessary stress on others as well as to eliminate discrimination against the already unfortunate individuals .
+A 20 21|||U:VERB:FORM||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S Norrgard , K. ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Ethics of Genetic Testing : Medical Insurance and Genetic Discrimination .
+
+S Retrieved October 26 , 2009 , from http : //www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/Ethics-of-Genetic-Testing- Medical-Insurance-and-651
+
+S Genetic testing is a technique used to test for genetic disorder .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||disorders|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In genetic testing , patient 's DNA is being tested for mutation and patient 's DNA is obtained from his/her blood sample .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reasons why people should go for genetic testing are to find out genetic diseases in babies and to find out whether a person carry a mutated gene might pass it on to their children .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||Some reasons|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:SVA|||carries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:OTHER|||and might t|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:DET|||his|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although some may argue that a carrier of a known genetic risk should tell his or her relatives about it , due to privacy concern issue , different emotional reactions of relatives or parents .
+A 24 25|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:NOUN:NUM|||issues|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:CONJ|||or|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , a carrier of a known genetic risk should not be obligated to tell his or her relatives .
+
+S Firstly , revealing of genetic testing results raises an issue of privacy concern .
+A 3 4|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is because there is a possibility that those individuals who have the likelihood of developing cancer or diseases are being backstabbed by someone they know .
+
+S Individuals who found out that their genes were mutated have an increase risk in developing cancer or diseases .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:FORM|||increased|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||iof|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , an employer would not want to retain or hire employees that have a likelihood of developing cancer or diseases as employees ' health and working ability will be affected once they develop cancer .
+
+S Similarly , individuals who have the likelihood of developing cancer or diseases will have difficulties in obtaining insurances as individuals are likely to increase medical bills once they develop cancer or diseases .
+A 15 16|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||insurance|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have increased|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Costs of their bills will be very high for insurance company .
+A 0 11|||R:OTHER|||Insurance costs might also be very high.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , it is unfair to discriminate individuals who have the likelihood of developing cancer or diseases as they themselves can not control their own genes .
+A 7 7|||M:PREP|||against|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Norrgard , 2008 )
+
+S Secondly , revealing of genetic testing results will result in different emotional reactions of relatives or parents .
+A 3 4|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is because different people will react differently after knowing individuals genetic testing results .
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:POSS|||individual 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , if individuals reveal their genetic testing results to their parent , their parents will feel very guilty and blame themselves as individuals had inherited their mutated gene ( s ) .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||parents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Individuals ' parents will not want to go for genetic testing as they feel that if one of them has a positive test result , they are the one who passed their mutated genes to individuals .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||An individual 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB|||fear|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:PRON|||he/she|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:DET|||his/her|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 37|||R:OTHER|||the individual|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , individuals ' parents may have a positive response to genetic testing results .
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||an individual 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They will feel relieved that individuals have found an explanation on why individuals are suffering from cancer or diseases .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , emotional reactions of relatives or parents are unpredicted and it depends on the believed and mindset of relatives or parents of individuals .
+A 9 10|||R:MORPH|||unpredictable|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:MORPH|||belief|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , to prevent relatives or parents to think negatively , a carrier of a known genetic risk should not be obligated to tell his or her relatives .
+A 7 9|||R:VERB:FORM|||thinking|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Varga , 2008 )
+
+S There is an argument stating that revealing of individuals ' genetic test result will benefit individuals ' relative or parents .
+A 7 8|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||results|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is because individuals ' relative or parents can go for genetic testing and check whether they had inherited any mutated gene ( s ) or not .
+
+S If individuals ' relative or parents had inherited any mutated gene ( s ) , they can undergo preventive health measures .
+
+S Although revealing of individuals ' genetic test result will benefit individuals ' relative or parents , not much preventive measures can be done to delay or lower the risk of individuals ' relative or parents from developing cancer or diseases .
+A 2 3|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , there is not a need to reveal individuals ' genetic test result as individuals can ask their parents or relative to undergo genetic testing without revealing their result .
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||no|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:NUM|||relatives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Lee , 2005 )
+
+S In conclusion , revealing of genetic testing results will affect individuals .
+A 4 5|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , a carrier of a known genetic risk should not be obligated to tell his or her relatives due to privacy concern issue , negative emotional reactions of relatives or parents .
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||concerns|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Norrgard , K ( 2008 ) Ethics of genetic testing : Medical insurance and genetic discrimination .
+
+S Nature Education 1 ( 1 ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 24 , 2009 from http : //www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/Ethics-of-Genetic-Testing-Medical- Insurance-and-651
+
+S Varga , E. ( 2008 , November 07 ) Family Testing for Clotting Disorders .
+
+S Bleeding and Clotting Disorders .
+
+S Retrieved October 24 , 2009 from http : //www.netwellness.org/healthtopics/clotting/familytest.cfm
+
+S Lee , S.C ( 2005 , April ) Genetic counseling and genetic testing : hereditary cancer syndrome .
+
+S Bioethics Singapore Retrieved October 24 , 2009 from http : //www.bioethics-singapore.org/uploadfile/21825 % 20PMAnnex % 20C- 4 % 20Dr % 20Lee % 20Soo % 20Chin.pdf
+
+S The human genome project began in 1990 , was an ambitious project with the aim of sequencing the 3 billion human DNA and identifying the genes present in these DNA.1 It is no doubt that this project is one of the most successful achievements in the field of biotechnology .
+A 4 4|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:FORM|||begun|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The information gathered enables one to know how the genetic makeup of human correlate to a particular cause of disease.1 However the availability of such test has brought about other ethical issues like , should the results be announced to the carrier of known genetic risk to his relatives .
+A 25 26|||R:NOUN:NUM|||tests|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 32|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I believe this is an issue of personal privacy and rights , the carrier should not have any obligation to inform anyone unless he wishes to do so .
+
+S Medical history of an individual is confidential , and prior into revealing the results to anyone ; one should seek the permission the individual and respect his privacy .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The medical|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although one might argue for the fact that the results might affect his immediate family and the carrier has the responsibility of informing them in order for them to take preemptive measures .
+A 0 1|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||One|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Those who took this stand overlook the very fact that genetic testing results only shows the present of the risk , it does not means that the linked disease will surely took place .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:SVA|||show|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:MORPH|||presence|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||R:PUNCT|||. It|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:SVA|||mean|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 33|||R:OTHER|||manifest itself|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The immediate family might undergoes unnecessary stress only to discover that for that disorder might not had occurred at all .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:FORM|||undergo|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:FORM|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Once the results are revealed to the immediate family or relatives , there is no doubt the risk of straining the relationship between all the parties involved .
+
+S The individual might risk being discriminated by his own family and thus the weight of revealing the results or not should lie solely on the individual .
+A 6 6|||M:PREP|||against|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many of these genetic tests are for disorder with zero or few known preventive measures.2 In short , it is actually pointless to know the results as there is nothing one could really do about it .
+
+S Taking the test and knowing the results might be quite disturbing to the subject involved and might adversely affect his social life One may took the stand that if the subject knows that he is a carrier , he should tell his spouse about it and together make careful decision with regards to family planning .
+A 22 22|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:FORM|||take|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 48 48|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 51 52|||R:NOUN:NUM|||regard|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One may also argue that he has moral obligation now to weight if he should even have children fearing of passing the risk to the next generation .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Those who took this stands are actually discriminating against an individual on a groundless basis , and removing his basic human right to even start and live in a normal family .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||take|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many of such tests only revealed the fact that the subject is at a higher risk of developing the disorder with respect to one without that particular genetic makeup .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||reveal|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The results however will not predict when nor will it even really occurred.2 It is ironic that if one were to take a look at the other side of the coins at most of these statistically data , chances of the particular disorder not occurring for within the carriers is actually pretty much higher .
+A 2 2|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 3|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 13|||R:OTHER|||whether it will really occur..2|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:NOUN:NUM|||coin|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:OTHER|||statistical data|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 45 46|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 51 52|||R:ADV|||very|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the decision of informing the subject immediate family should lie solely on the subject himself .
+A 9 9|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S He has to access the pros and cons his of own unique situation and make a choice .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB|||assess|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S He should not be forced or under any external influences into reveal the test results , his privacy has to be respected .
+A 5 5|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:FORM|||revealing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:PUNCT|||. His|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One should recognize the fact that these results from genetic testing only point to the fact that one is only at a higher risk of developing the disorder , it does not mean the disorder will surely occurred .
+A 37 39|||R:OTHER|||occur|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference
+
+S 1 { http : //www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/Ethics-of-Genetic-Testing-Medical-Insurance-and-651 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/Ethics-of-Genetic-Testing-Medical-Insurance-and-651 ]
+
+S 2http : //www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/Questionable-Prognostic-Value-of-Genetic-Testing-784
+
+S A Carrier With a Known Genetic Risk Should Tell His or Her Relatives
+
+S Genetic testing is a testing that can check some genetic disorder or disease such as { Hemophilia } [ HYPERLINK : http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemophilia ] , Huntington 's disease and Marfan Syndrome , which means that this kind of disease has certain possibility to be inherited to the next generation .
+A 2 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 41|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 46 47|||R:PREP|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There is controversy whether a carrier of a known genetic risk is obligated to tell his or her relatives .
+
+S Considering the preparation for the future of his or her relatives , the carrier should tell his or her relatives about the disease or disorder .
+
+S Firstly , it is a general knowledge that until present , all kinds of genetic disease have no definite cure .
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||now|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It seems to be doing no benefit by revealing the existence of the genetic disease to the carrier 's relatives .
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||to reveal|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , it can raise the awareness of the carrier 's relatives when they plan to give birth to the next generation .
+
+S If they know that their family tends to have such disease , they can have another genetic testing to verify their own condition .
+
+S This can actually prevent an unfortunate baby that would affect their entire life to be born .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN|||birth|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Somehow , privacy is what people concern of the most when discussing this topic .
+A 6 10|||R:OTHER|||are most concerned with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I could not agree more with the fact that the carrier 's privacy is sacrificed when he or she reveal off the testing result .
+A 19 20|||R:VERB|||revealsl|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nevertheless , family members should have the right to know the genetic information as they are genetically related to each other , which means that they are in the same risk also .
+A 27 28|||R:PREP|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the result of the testing should be told to the carrier 's relatives .
+
+S Secondly , one can reduce the stress of carrying such information alone by telling his or her relatives the truth .
+
+S The outcome of bearing a heavy burden alone can be very serious that the person may end up devastated by the psychological disease rather than the genetic disease .
+A 10 11|||R:ADV|||so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Sharing the result with relatives can indeed relieve the burden and fight against the disease or disorder together .
+A 11 11|||M:OTHER|||help the person|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S An additional gain is that family members would be considerate and would save money for the carrier 's medical expenses in future .
+
+S Some may say that the reveal of the result would cause tension within the family , it is yet true .
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:FORM|||revealing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:PUNCT|||. It|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , if one thinks it positively , it can in fact share the tension of that carrier with his or her family so that he or she does not have to carry it alone .
+A 3 4|||R:PRON|||he|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:PRON|||he|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 28|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After all , love of family is the greatest thing one can rely on .
+
+S In conclusion , the carrier should be obligated to tell his or her relatives the result of genetic testing their benefit and of course the carrier 's own benefit .
+A 19 19|||M:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Respond to the question above , supporting your argument with concrete examples .
+
+S Genetic testing is a type of medical test that is used to find changes in genes , chromosomes and protein ( Genetic Home Reference , 2009 ) .
+
+S It has been used for years to identify genetic diseases in humans .
+
+S When the result of the test is positive , once who have a genetic risk will receive appropriate treatments .
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||those|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||treatment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , whether a carrier of such disease is obligated to tell his or her relatives has become a great concern since a last few years .
+A 22 23|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although it is the right of the individual requesting genetic to decide to reveal the result or not ( Scientific American , 2008 ) , relatives of a carrier also have the right to be warned against any genetic risk and to received necessary treatment .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||genetics|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 43|||R:VERB:FORM|||receive|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Genetic disorders are caused by the mutation of a gene ( Letsou , 2009 ) .When a normal gene is mutated , its stability will no longer be maintained .
+
+S This will lead to some diseases , depends on which gene is mutated .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB|||dependdepending|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since disorders can be passed over from parents to a child , the relatives of a carrier , obviously , have a higher chance to carry the same disorder .
+
+S Thus , they should be informed about the risk of having disorders .
+
+S Being aware of it , they may choose to go through some genetic tests to check whether the disorder presents ( Scientific American , 2008 ) .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||If|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||is present|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If the result is positive , then they will receive necessary treatments .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||treatment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although we have n't found how to cure many of such diseases yet , if it is detected soon , the life of the patient can be lengthened .
+A 3 4|||R:CONTR|||not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some people can claim that knowing that we are having a high risk of having , for example , a type of cancer while we may not have it can make people more anxious ( Cancer.net , 2009 ) .
+
+S In fact , the reactions of people with disorders are different ( Cancer.net , 2009 ) thus we may not be diagnosed to have a cancer since we were young but it may present when we are at the middle age .
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:VERB|||come out|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||R:VERB|||reach|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 39|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Knowing more about a risk of having a disease may help people to be more aware of its phenomenon , as well as more concern on their health ( Cancer.net , 2009 ) .
+A 24 25|||R:MORPH|||concerned|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:PREP|||about|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They may have medical check-up more frequently and if there is any disorder that can threaten their life , it will be identified soon and it is always better when we can control a disease when it has n't become worse .
+A 38 39|||R:CONTR|||not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 41|||M:ADV|||yet|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S At least the effect of the disorder can be reduced .
+
+S This may lengthen the life of the carrier or even more , save it .
+
+S Since the relatives of a carrier of disorders , especially his or her family , have a higher risk , they have a right to know about it ( Cancer.net , 2009 ) .
+
+S This will protect not only the relatives but also other people .
+
+S It is because genetic disorder not only affect the health of carriers but also their life .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||affects|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , a person who is diagnosed to have a serious disorder in a gene , which may lead to a rare disease , will have to think very carefully before getting married since his or her children can also have this disease also .
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 40|||R:VERB:TENSE|||may|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 44 45|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , genetic disorders usually have a great influence in carrier 's health .
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It may decrease the working capability of the carrier , or some hidden disease can become worse if the carrier works too much , or lives in an extremely polluted place .
+A 23 24|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S While children whose parents are diagnosed to have a genetic disease can very possibly to have it ( Genetic Home Reference , 2009 ) , they should be inform so that I can make suitable decision in choosing job , participating in hard activities and so on .
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:VERB:FORM||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:VERB:FORM|||informed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:NOUN:NUM|||decisions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many genetic disorders such as cancers will lead to serious consequences if the carrier does not have a healthy lifestyle to protect himself .
+
+S Otherwise since the disorder is not serious , then the carrier can live a normal life .
+
+S Although there is a concern that a positive test with a particular genetic disease can decrease the chance of the candidate in getting a job ( Fisher , 2009 ) since companies always want employees that can work as hard as they want , laws are passed in order to protect the victims of disorder ( Fisher , 2009 ) .
+A 35 36|||R:PRON|||who|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , whenever a person received a positive test on a particular genetic disorder , he will choose the job that can not destroy his health or make the disorder worse .
+
+S Moreover , carriers of disorders can receive supports from their relatives , especially from their family if they let them know about the diagnosis .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||support|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When a teenager is diagnosed to have a serious genetic disorder , she must tell her parents , since the doctor need the permission of her family before giving her any treatment .
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:VERB|||know|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:SVA|||needs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is said that parents may feel guilty because their may pass dangerous disorder over their children ( Cancer , 2009 ) .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , when a carrier 's family know well about her health condition , she will receive more care , which is better for her in keeping her health in a good condition .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||knows|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 33|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , telling relatives the results also help the carriers .
+
+S They will receive more encouragement , as well as other helps in money , medicine and so on ( Croft , 2009 ) .
+A 10 11|||R:MORPH|||help|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 12|||M:OTHER|||terms of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This makes carriers feel better even if the disease is serious , thus they have an internal strength to struggle with it .
+
+S Hence also help to increase the success rate of the treatment because when the patients really think of overcoming the disease , the process will go easily .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 1|||M:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:PART|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion,because it is a right of humans to know about the risk they are having , the carriers of disorders must tell his or her relatives about it .
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||conclusion , because|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 26|||R:OTHER|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It not only protects their relatives but also help them in fighting the diseases .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:SVA|||helps|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S Cancer.net Editorial Board .
+
+S ( 2009 , July 24 ) .
+
+S Sharing genetic test results with your family .
+
+S Retrieved October 28 , 2009 from { http : //www.cancer.net/patient/All + About + Cancer/Genetics/Sharing + Genetic + Test + Results + With + Your + Family } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.cancer.net/patient/All + About + Cancer/Genetics/Sharing + Genetic + Test + Results + With + Your + Family ]
+
+S Fisher , A .
+
+S ( 2009 , March 5 ) .
+
+S After a layoff , is it risky to take a health test ?
+
+S Retrieved October 28 , 2009 from { http : //money.cnn.com/2009/03/04/news/economy/health.test.fortune/index.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //money.cnn.com/2009/03/04/news/economy/health.test.fortune/index.htm ]
+
+S Genetic Home Reference .
+
+S ( 2009 , October 23 ) .
+
+S What is genetic testing ? .
+
+S Retrieved October 28 , 2009 from { http : //ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/testing/genetictesting } [ HYPERLINK : http : //ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/testing/genetictesting ]
+
+S Genetic Home Reference .
+
+S ( 2009 , October 23 ) .
+
+S If a genetic disorder runs in my family , what are the chances that my children will have the condition ? .
+
+S Retrieved October 28 , 2009 from { http : //ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/inheritance/riskassessment } [ HYPERLINK : http : //ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/inheritance/riskassessment ]
+
+S Letsou , A .
+
+S ( 2099 , April 03 ) .
+
+S What are genetic disorders ? .
+
+S Retrieved October 28 , 2009 from { http : //learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/disorders/whataregd/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/disorders/whataregd/ ]
+
+S Scientific American .
+
+S ( 2008 , August 18 ) .
+
+S Genetic privacy : Should family members be warned ?
+
+S .
+
+S Retrieved October 29 , 2009 from { http : //www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm ? id = genetic-privacy-should-family } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm ? id = genetic-privacy-should-family ]
+
+S Croft , H. ( 2009 May 02 ) .
+
+S Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder : Causes , Family Support and Resources .
+
+S Retrieved October 29 , 2009 from { http : //www.healthyplace.com/anxiety-panic/nimh/ocd-causes-family-support-resources/menu-id-1267/page-2/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.healthyplace.com/anxiety-panic/nimh/ocd-causes-family-support-resources/menu-id-1267/page-2/ ]
+
+S " The individual requesting genetic testing should have the final say in whether to reveal the results of such testing .
+
+S "
+
+S Over the years , genetic testing has been increasing used in clarifying a diagnosis for more targeted treatments and allowing families to avoid having children with devastating diseases .
+A 8 9|||R:MORPH|||increasingly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , may also be a precarious tool capable of invading an individual 's privacy and breaching confidentiality , thus , having a significantly negative impact on future public health .
+A 2 2|||M:PRON|||It|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , abuse of genetic testing information may result in employment discrimination .
+
+S Therefore , individual should have the final say whether to reveal the results of their own genetic testing .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||individuals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , privacy is important in maintaining individuals ' autonomy and individuality as individuals define themselves by deciding how much personal information to disclose ( Privacilla , 2001 ) .
+
+S Similarly , privacy also relates to the individuals ' power over genetic information confidentiality .
+
+S Moreover , genetic information is protected in several ways ; Common Law Principles , Statutory protection in the Data Protect Act 1984 , Doctor 's professional codes of practice and contracts of healthcare providers ' employment .
+
+S According to these documents , anyone including all healthcare providers has no right to disclose individuals ' genetic information to a third party without the individual 's consent .
+A 6 6|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , genetic information of an individual susceptible to a particular genetic disease inevitably concerns family members who usually also share the same set of genes .
+
+S Hence , advocates may argue that if an individual holds the final say , yet chooses to withhold the information from their family members , this could have serious implications on the other family members susceptible to a particular disease .
+
+S On the other hand , if the individual chooses to freely release such information to family members who may not be susceptible , could cause undue anxiety .
+A 23 24|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Admittedly , the imbalance control can result in negative consequences , but one can also adopt the view that a responsible person would wish to communicate relevant information to their family members who are interested in that information , and a responsible person is interested in that information , particularly where it may have a significance in future decisions that they might hold .
+A 2 5|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 41|||R:DET|||another|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Supporting this notion , evidences from a government case study suggests that individual withholding genetic information from people , who may need to know , is not a common occurrence .
+A 4 5|||R:MORPH|||evidence|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||individuals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , desirability of sharing information with family members is also emphasized through counseling and doctor 's persuading , but not made a condition as it does not supersede the individual 's right to privacy .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , it is false that family members are not protected , because the court passes on laws to reveal an individuals ' genetic information .
+
+S This however , is judged on a case by case basis , and is only approved if an individual 's decision causes potential damage rather than mere inconvenience and if the reason for refusal to give permission has evidences of malice .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 39|||R:NOUN:NUM|||evidence|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Most importantly , confidence and trust can also be shattered if doctors fail to respect confidentiality .
+
+S In the long run , public health might be affected as doctors are discredited as a source of education and patients do not come forward .
+
+S Therefore , individual should still have the final say because the interest of the family members does not supersede individuals ' privacy and there is an assumed responsibility of individual to share relevant information , but even without doing so , family members would still be protected by the laws .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||individuals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:NOUN:NUM|||individuals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , breaching patients ' confidentiality has significantly negative impact on future public health .
+
+S Secondly , the disclosure of individuals ' genetic information to employers may result in employment discrimination .
+
+S Competition in market forces and drive for economic efficiency can invoke employers to exploit the genetic information as opportunities to reduce cost and improve work efficiency .
+
+S Employers would prefer to hire a " healthy worker " because they have a lower frequency of being absent through illness which translates to lower cost in work impairments , hiring temporary replacements and fewer precautions to be taken to deal with health and safety risks .
+A 34 35|||R:ADJ|||less|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:NOUN:NUM|||precaution|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , genetic information can also deny a person with late onset of the disease of a particular job , for example a person with Huntington 's disease , being healthy most of his or her life time .
+A 13 14|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 38|||R:ORTH|||lifetime|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Though some employers claimed that knowing individuals ' genetic information can help them to take specific measures to protect individuals at risk of occupational diseases , it might not be feasible to the financial status of a company if such measures were to incur huge sums of money .
+A 31 32|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The overriding truth is that employers would inevitably be more concerned about the company 's profitability .
+
+S In fact , disclosure of genetic information has no benefits to people at risk of non- occupational diseases , but serves to reduce their chances of employment .
+
+S Moreover , there is currently no legal protection against genetic discrimination in most parts of the world .
+
+S Therefore , individual should still hold the right and freedom to the final say because of possible employment discrimination as they have no legal protections .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||individuals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:VERB|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN:NUM|||protection|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , individual should have the final say in revealing their own genetic testing results .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||individuals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is an assumed that individuals should be responsible in sharing relevant information with their family member after counseling .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||members|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , if their actions can result in a direct effect or harm on a third party the court may pass on laws to override such privacy .
+
+S Disclosure of genetic information can discredit doctors as a source of education and may deteriorate the public health system .
+
+S Also , individual is susceptible to possible employment discrimination as currently they have no legal protections .
+A 2 4|||R:OTHER|||individuals are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||protection|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Berkeley .
+
+S , L. ( 2009 ) .
+
+S What is Genetic Testing ?
+
+S Retrieved October 21 , 2009 from , http : www.lbl.gov/Education/ELSI/genetic-testing.html
+
+S Nuffield Council on Bioethic .
+
+S ( 1993 ) .
+
+S The results of genetic screening and confidentiality .
+
+S Retrieved October 30 , 2009 from , http : //www.nuffieldbioethics.org/fileLibrary/pdf/genetic_screening.pdf
+
+S U.S Department of Energy , Office of Science .
+
+S ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Human Genome Project Information : Gene Testing .
+
+S Retrieved October 21 , 2009 , from , http : //www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/medicine/genetest.html
+
+S U.S Department of Energy Office of Science .
+
+S ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Human Genome Project Information : Ethical , Legal and Social Issues .
+
+S Retrieved October 21 , 2009 from , http : //www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/elsi/elsi.shtml
+
+S Genetic testing has become a common norm in the 21st century .
+
+S People undergo medical tests to determine if they have a certain type of inherited genes associated with the inherited disease and whether they are at risk of getting it ( A.M , 2009 ) .
+A 17 18|||R:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These tests usually require a sample of blood or skin from a person and the results are only made known to the individual .
+
+S However , there is an issue of whether these results should also be made known to the relatives of the individuals .
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On one hand , the relatives of the individual should be given the right to know about it since it concerns them as well .
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , individuals have a desire to protect their relatives from troubling information , telling their relatives may strain family relationships and also , it is an issue of confidentially .
+A 16 18|||R:PUNCT|||. Telling|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , I disagree that a carrier of a known genetic risk should be bound morally to tell his relatives .
+
+S Firstly , individuals might not be ready to disclose their genetic testing results to their family members as they feel that their privacy is invaded ( A.M , 2009 ) .
+
+S They are still not mentally prepared to disclose the information as they think that they might get discriminated by their relatives .
+
+S For example , a person who has a risk of getting an inherited disease might not be able to inherit his family business for fear that he will not be able to withstand the tough job requirements .
+
+S Hence , if they are not mentally and emotionally prepared to disclose such information , they should be given the right of not telling their relatives about it .
+A 3 4|||R:PRON|||he|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:PRON|||he|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 24|||R:OTHER|||not to telllling|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:DET|||his|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , critics argue that there are counseling sessions set up to help individuals understand their personal risk or the risk for other family members ( Adams , 2003 ) .
+
+S Seeking third parties ' opinion is not very useful as they might not fully understand the situation that individuals are in and often , they make wrong judgments .
+
+S Hence , a carrier of a known genetic disease should not be obligated to tell his relatives due to invasion of privacy .
+
+S Secondly , individuals have the desire to protect family members from troubling information .
+
+S This is because not everyone in the family will get the disease and disclosing such information to family members might cause unnecessary anxiety in the family .
+
+S For example , a parent might not want to tell their children that she has a certain inherited disease as she is guilty about passing the mutated genes to her children .
+
+S However , critics argue that family members should have the right to know if they are at risk of getting the disease .
+
+S Since they are in the same family tree , the relatives should have the right to know the probability of contracting this inherited disease .
+
+S This helps them to make informed choices about their health and maybe seek treatment before the disease bloom .
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||becomes worse|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nonetheless , disclosure to family members may not respect their right of not to know .
+A 11 12|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The carrier 's family members might not want to know about the genetic risk and hence , disclosing such information might cause them to be anxious and panicky .
+
+S These are unnecessary since the probability of getting the inherited disease given that a family member has the disease is relatively low .
+
+S This is because one might not get the mutated genes .
+
+S Hence , genetic testing results should not be known to the family members to protect them .
+
+S Lastly , letting third parties such as relatives know about the genetic testing results may post strains in family relationships .
+
+S Genetic testing creates tension within the family because the results can reveal information about other family members in addition to the person who is tested ( What are the risks and limitations of genetic testing , 2009 ) .
+
+S This means that personal health information is known to everyone in the family tree including those relatives that one is not close to .
+
+S Hence , one might not feel secured to disclose their genetic testing results to their family members .
+A 6 7|||R:ADJ:FORM|||secure|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||he or she|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||his or her|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Admittedly , letting family members know about the genetic risk might cause families to be even more united and they will have a better understanding about their inherited genes .
+
+S However , this is only the minority .
+
+S Majority of the people are still discriminated by their family members as relatives would look at them from a different angle .
+
+S Hence , genetic testing results should not be known to the family members to prevent relationships from turning sour .
+
+S In conclusion , genetic testing results should not be made known to third parties such as family members .
+
+S Although many people may say that these results should be made known to family members to inform them about the chances of contracting the inherited disease , problems like invasion of privacy , protecting family members from troubling information as well as posting strains in family relationships still outweigh the benefits .
+
+S Hence , I disagree that a carrier of a known genetic risk should be obligated to tell their relatives .
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||his or her|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Adams , Amy .
+
+S ( 2003 , December 4 ) What is Genetic Counseling ?
+
+S Retrieved October 29 , 2009 , from http : //www.genetichealth.com/Resources_What_Is_Genetic_Counseling.shtml
+
+S A.M. J. Nurs .
+
+S ( 2009 , May 6 ) Disclosure of Genetic Information Within Families : How nurses can facilitate family communication .
+
+S Retrieved October 29 , 2009 , from http : //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2677756/
+
+S What are the risks and limitations of genetic testing ?
+
+S ( 2009 , October 23 ) Retrieved October 29 , 2009 , from http : //ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/testing/riskslimitations
+
+S Genetic testing is a scientific process that studies changes in chromosomes , genes or proteins .
+
+S In order to confirm or rule out a suspected genetic condition or determine a person 's chance of developing or passing on a genetic disorder depends on the results of the genetic test .
+A 0 3|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:FORM|||Confirming|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:FORM|||ruling|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As there are ethical , legal and social concerns with revealing the results of such testing , the decision lies in the carrier of the known genetic risk .
+
+S Thus , the individual should not be obligated to tell his relatives .
+
+S Firstly , one of the implications in revealing the results to our relatives is the threat of facing genetic discrimination when the information is leaked out ( Norrgard , 2008 ) .
+
+S Employers and insurance companies may make use of the information about genetic tests while ignoring the issue of privacy and confidentiality .
+
+S For example , if an employer discovers that the chance that an employee is diagnosed with Huntington 's disease is high , the employer may not retain the employee .
+
+S As a result , individuals may be discriminated against by employers or be denied needed and deserved insurance coverage .
+
+S This is extremely unfair to an individual by discriminating against his genetic predispositions because we can not control our genes .
+
+S Hence , the carrier of a known genetic risk should not be obligated to inform his relatives for fear of information being leaked out , which can lead to potential discrimination .
+
+S Secondly , an implication in revealing the results leads to the threat of eugenics ( Devore , 1992 ) .
+
+S Childbearing decisions are based on genetic information , thus adding social or political pressure on people .
+
+S Reproduction is encouraged between those presumed to have inheritable desirable traits while those have genetic defects are discouraged to reproduce .
+A 13 13|||M:PRON|||who|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , if you discovered that you had inherited the Huntington 's disease mutation , you would decide not to have children of your own so as not to risk passing the gene on to your children .
+
+S In addition , relatives may encourage women carrying foetuses with genetic abnormalities to go for abortion .
+
+S Thus , these women may develop feelings of guilt and depression and affect their well-being .
+
+S Therefore , the carrier should not be obligated to tell our relatives about the genetic risk .
+
+S Lastly , it is a violation of basic human rights when the carrier of a known genetic risk is obligated to inform his relatives ( Jones , 2005 ) .
+
+S The individual has privacy right to decide if he wants others to know of his genetic condition .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , if the individual feels that he will be strongly stigmatized and marginalized or once his relatives know of his genetic condition , they will treat him differently or abandon him as he is " tarnished " by a deadly gene , he may not want his relatives to know of his genetic condition , for fear of information being circulated .
+A 15 15|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In other words , by making it an obligation to inform his relatives , it is an intrusion of his right to privacy .
+
+S On the other hand , critics argue that by revealing results of the carrier of known genetic risk to his relatives , this will benefit the relatives ' health and well-being greatly .
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Preventive measures can be taken before symptoms of the inherited disorder develop ( Lee , 2005 ) .
+
+S However , this is based on the assumption that people are optimistic and they will undergo treatments upon knowing that the disorder is treatable .
+
+S But what about disorders for which no preventive measures or treatments are available ?
+
+S Most people will despair and are reluctant to undergo treatments .
+
+S Moreover , some people tend to worry too much about their genetic disorder and this may ultimately lead to depression .
+
+S After all , revealing the results to his relatives may not be useful .
+
+S In addition , some critics argue that revealing results to relatives will help them to make informed choices about their future .
+
+S For example , if the carrier of a known genetic risk has borne the burden of having a strong family history of genetic disorder for years may feel relieved when he receives a positive test result .
+
+S By revealing the results to his relatives , they no longer have to live with uncertainty about their future and their children 's future .
+
+S In this way , they can plan for their future and for those couples who want to have children of their own may think twice ( Lee , 2005 ) .
+A 10 10|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , I beg to differ .
+
+S By revealing results to relatives , those with children may feel a sense of guilt as they are worried that they could have pass the genetic disorder to their children .
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:FORM|||passed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , this adds stress to the relatives and is not beneficial by revealing the results .
+
+S In conclusion , the carrier of a known genetic risk should not be obligated to tell his or her relatives as this is an intrusion of privacy and they will be faced with the threats of genetic discrimination and eugenics .
+
+S By revealing the results , these implications greatly outweigh the benefit of improving health and well-being of others .
+
+S The individual requesting genetic testing should not have the final say in whether to reveal the results of such testing
+A 13 13|||M:OTHER|||or not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Over recent years , genetic tests have grown in number , accuracy and availability .
+A 0 1|||R:PREP|||In|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They have been touted by many as the first step in the dawning of a new age of diagnostic and curative medicine , a step on the road to widespread and effective gene therapy for a large number of conditions ( Victorian , 2009 ) .
+
+S It has also brought about some ethical and moral issues surrounding it .
+
+S Some people state that the individual requesting genetic testing should have the final say in whether to reveal the results of such testing .
+A 16 16|||M:OTHER|||or not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But actually , they have spoken too high of the human rationality .
+A 7 8|||R:MORPH|||highly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Here , I disagree with these people and want to assert that individual should not have the right to reveal the result .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And my stand is based on two reasons : 1 .
+
+S Genetic testing would bring negative psychological effects to other people who may not want to know the results ; 2.The revealing of the results would cause discrimination and unfairness in the society .
+
+S As you can see , for disorders that are preventable or treatable , most people agree that genetic testing makes sense .
+
+S But for diseases with no preventative measures , would you want to know if you were affected or not ?
+
+S Many adult-onset genetic disorders are progressive and have long-term health consequences .
+
+S Thus , when a person is at risk for such a disorder , he or she may consider undergoing genetic testing .
+
+S When the consequences of the specific disorder in question are treatable , most people would agree that genetic testing makes sense .
+
+S But what about disorders for which no preventative measures or treatments are available ?
+
+S Just like the Huntington 's Disease , there is currently no treatment for this disease , nor is there anything an affected person can do to prevent the inevitable onset of symptoms ( Scitable , 2009 ) .
+
+S Once you got some negative information about your genes as regards to these kinds of incurable diseases , the only thing you can do is just wait to die .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB|||receive|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S During the rest of your life , you would really suffer a lot , not only physically , but also mentally .
+
+S You tend to be desperate about your life .
+
+S And you will be a buffer of both your family and the society .
+
+S Furthermore , once you know that you are a carrier of the negative genes , you tend to worry about your descendants .
+
+S There is a great chance that they are also carriers of these kinds of negative genes .
+
+S Then you would feel guilty about this and fall into a deep depression .
+
+S So individual requesting genetic testing should not have the final say in whether to reveal the results of such testing since it would cause serious psychological effect on people who do not want to know the results .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On a larger scale , the negative psychological effect brought by the genetic testing
+
+S would be the discrimination in the society .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This kind of discrimination mainly regards to the unfairness on insurance coverage and employment .
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||concerns|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For the insurance companies , in order to avoid bankrupt , they would reduce or just cancel their coverage on the genetic problems .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||bankruptcy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For the employment institutions , in order to keep high efficiencies on the output , they would reject employees with genetic problems .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||R:OTHER|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And for a normal society , that would be quite unfair .
+
+S Arguments proposed by people who stand up to the point that individuals deserve the right to stimulate the genetic info are faulty .
+
+S For instance , they might argue that people should have the right or the freedom to control their privacy such as the genetic testing results .
+A 21 21|||M:PREP|||over|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But as we can see , the freedom is not an absolute item .
+
+S If there is a great probability that freedom does harm to the society , it should definitely be banned .
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also people might argue that for disorders in genes that are preventable or treatable , it will be good for individuals to have access to their genetic info .
+
+S But these people put too much belief on the genetic technology .
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , most genetic problems are untreatable .
+
+S Once people get this kind of problems , the only thing they can do is wait to die .
+
+S Thirdly , people may also argue that , for a society , in order to obtain the optimal benefits , it has to reject people who get genetic problems .
+A 11 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:VERB|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But this will definitely arouse serious moral problems in the society , which would buffer the development of the society .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB|||raise|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , individuals should not have the final say in whether to reveal the results of such testing since that would bring about serious problems , such as individual depression and social discrimination .
+
+S References :
+
+S 1.http : //www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/medicine/genetest.shtml # procon 2.http : //www.breastcancer.org/symptoms/testing/genetic/pros_cons.jsp 3.http : //www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/Ethics-of-Genetic-Testing-Medical-Insurance-and -651
+
+S Genetic testing is a technology which screens and examines the genes of a person to check whether he has a specific genetic disorders or diseases which are not able to be detected using common medical procedures .
+A 19 20|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 36|||R:OTHER|||common medical procedures are not able to detect|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This technology is one of modern technologies and has many effects in human life .
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Genetic testing gives information for people to know their health conditions but this testing raises concerns about the ethical and psychological issues whether an individual taking the genetic testing must reveal the result to third parties such as family , employers and friends because the result can be stressful .
+A 3 6|||R:OTHER|||people information|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:VERB|||concerning|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , I agree that one must not disclose the result because the result not only concerns the individual life but also his family .
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First , the result affects the future of one family as the genetic disorder can be inherited to the next generation and in event that some members of the family have this genetic disorder too .
+A 17 18|||R:PREP|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One has to reveal the result to one 's family and spouse for them to know .
+
+S Therefore , the family can discuss and find the best solution for this matter .
+
+S After knowing the result , a couple should find ways to treat the disease before they are giving birth to a child because the child has big possibility to have the gene which is dangerous for the future of the child ( Otto 2007 ) .
+A 16 18|||R:VERB:TENSE|||give|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 41|||R:OTHER|||his or her future|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The parents can initially prepare the right treatment and provide proper diets for their infants .
+A 0 2|||U:DET|||Parents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , some of these genetic diseases are contagious and this endangers the whole family and the people around the one who has the disease .
+A 10 11|||R:DET|||these|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:SVA|||endanger|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In a worse case , if some members of a family have these genetic diseases , they should find solutions or treatments to cure them or at least prevent the disease to spread .
+A 31 33|||R:OTHER|||from spreading|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These cases assure one should reveal the result to one 's family .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||prove that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||his or her|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Second , the reason someone should not disclose his testing result is concerning the psychological impact on the person and his family ( Anonymous 1993 ) .
+A 11 13|||R:OTHER|||concerns|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some people may become depressed after knowing the result .
+
+S Therefore , they need to tell the result to their closest people especially their family , thus , their family can comfort him and help him find ways to cure the disease .
+
+S Even though some say that by revealing the result , one 's family will also get depressed and this will affect the whole family .
+A 24 25|||R:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nevertheless , if one discloses it by himself for a long time , he will get more and more depressed which will then ruin his life .
+A 0 1|||R:ORTH|||nevertheless|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB|||keeps|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , their family will finally find out about the disease when the disease causes his health become worse and this will make the family feels regret because if they know it earlier , they can find treatment for him .
+A 3 4|||R:DET|||his|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:VERB:SVA|||feel|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has known|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 38|||R:VERB:TENSE|||could have found|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Third , the test result has great effect in one 's career life and one is obliged to tell the employer about the result .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many employers want to know the health condition of their workers because they do not want to have a disease spread over places in their offices and they want to ensure the safety of their workers .
+
+S By knowing that a worker has genetic disorder , the employer will provide the worker another job which has less contact with other workers or which has the most suitable environment condition for the worker .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:TENSE|||may|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , for a worker who has genetic disorder on his skins should not work in an area that has radiation .
+A 3 4|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||skin|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Otto ( 2007 ) notes that many employers have obliged people to take genetic testing first before they are hired .
+
+S Some argue that a genetic elimination in choosing worker is discrimination because this is an action of limiting one 's right to work ( Andre and Velasquez 2009 ) .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the genetic testing is to ensure the safety of all workers .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The worker who has genes disease can be not ne hired but this for the life of people around him .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||genetic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||may|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 9|||R:WO|||not be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:VERB|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , one who has genetic disorder or disease is obliged to reveal the genetic testing result he has because by revealing it , there are several benefits for him , his family and people around him .
+A 14 15|||R:DET|||his|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||results|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:PRON|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S His family and he can find ways to cure the disease , a couple can prepare treatment for their child , one can have a right job to do , and he can prevent the disease to cause danger for people around him .
+A 0 4|||R:OTHER|||He and his|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:OTHER|||. Similarly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 40|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The decision to undergo genetic testing can only be made by the individual at risk for a disorder .
+
+S Once a test has been conducted and the results are known , however , a new family related ethical dilemma is born : Should a carrier of a known genetic risk be obligated to tell his or her relatives ?
+
+S Respond to the question above , supporting your argument with concrete examples .
+
+S By being able to make decisions to undergo genetic testing , individuals here refers to mature and thinking people .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:SVA|||refer|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since genetic testing is to determine if a person has genetic disorder ( Goh , 2003 ) , people usually undergo such test because they are at risk for a disorder .
+
+S Family medical history , onset of symptoms and an increasing number of people in the community being confirmed of it are the reasons that lead to an individual being deemed at risk .
+A 16 17|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||to have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In considering these three factors , I feel that a carrier of a known genetic risk is obligated to reveal the results to his or her relatives .
+
+S Firstly , if the risk is due to family medical history such as haemophilia and Huntington 's disease ( NIH ) , then by revealing it to relatives , more people will know that they could be at risk too .
+
+S Being aware of the likelihood of having of having such disorder , more people will seek for confirmation through testing as well .
+A 7 9|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , when a carrier of a known genetic risk discloses the results with his or her relatives , more people will be able to take precautionary measures if tested positive .
+A 13 14|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Disorders like haemophilia and Huntington 's disease are dangerous if attention is not paid to them .
+
+S Moreover , relatives will then know what is suitable for the carrier and provide appropriate care and concern .
+
+S Although many believe that admitting to a disorder will give rise to discrimination and strained relationship , they failed to consider that relatives appreciate the trust .
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||failfail|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The return care and concern from them will further improve their kinship .
+
+S The second type of disorder is the multifactorial and polygenic disorder .
+
+S Genes inherited play a role in such a disorder too but lifestyle and the environment are influential factors as well ( Richard , 2003 ) .
+
+S Heart diseases and diabetes are categorised under this type of disorder .
+
+S Again , disorders of such type puts lives at stake and therefore carriers should be obligated to convey the results of the genetic test to his relatives .
+A 25 26|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The last type of genetic disorder can be hereditary but ironically , it can also not be .
+
+S When the number of people in the community getting a similar disorder is increasing , a person can be at risk too .
+
+S The classic example of this kind of disorder is the sickle-cell anaemia .
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is a disorder whereby the red blood cells of the carrier change their shape from round to sickle shape ( William , 2006 ) .
+
+S This is especially obvious in places where malaria is prevalent .
+
+S Their genes mutated to adapt to the environment better .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||mutate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It was thought that such disorder is a response by the body to adapt to the environment because carrier will be immune to malaria .
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , sickle-cell anaemia causes shorter life expectancy and intermittent pain ( William , 2006 ) .
+
+S If carriers are responsible and share their testing results , people can come together to weed out the problem by say eradicating malaria .
+
+S In this way , less people will suffer .
+
+S To conclude , we have seen that disclosure of test results to a carrier 's relatives is outright compulsory .
+
+S This obligation will save lives and better the living environment and lifestyle of many people .
+
+S We should be responsible and with these values and beliefs , there is no dilemma because subjecting to discrimination and other social problems are insignificant when compared to matters of live and death and health of the general public .
+A 16 17|||R:VERB|||being subjected to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:OTHER|||life|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S Goh.D .
+
+S ( 2003 , November ) GENETIC TESTING WHY , WHEN AND WHOM .
+
+S Retrieved October 20 , 2009 , from www.nuh.com.sg
+
+S William.C .
+
+S ( 2006 ) Sickle Cell Disease Retrieved October 20 , 2009 , from www.medicinenet.com
+
+S Richard.T .
+
+S ( 2003 , June ) Polygenic and multifactorial diseases .
+
+S Retrieved October 20 , 2009 , from http : //genome.wellcome.ac.uk
+
+S National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke ( NIH ) .
+
+S Huntington 's Disease .
+
+S Retrieved October 20 , 2009 , from www.nlm.nih.gov
+
+S Rapid development in genetic field has made genetic testing a potential method to be used in healthcare improvement .
+
+S Genetic testing is carried out mainly for diagnosis confirmation , prediction for heritable-disorder diseases and to identify carrier of disorder without physical symptom ( National Human Genome Institute , 2008 ) .
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||identification of carrier|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Sharing of test positive result with relatives is necessary as it is the relatives ' rights to know about it .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||results|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||right|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It also alerts them for early detection and treatment .
+A 4 5|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Indirectly , it could help in medical research development and make treatment for currently untreatable disease possible .
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||diseases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , a carrier of a known genetic risk is obligated to tell his or her relatives .
+
+S Firstly , genetic information could be extremely personal to an individual ( Canadian Cystic Fibrosis foundation , 2000 ) .
+
+S Confidentiality of such information should be protected so that one 's privacy could be respected .
+
+S However , genetic information comes in two kinds .
+
+S The first one is the mutation in a family while the latter is one 's own genetic status .
+
+S ( Skene , n.d. ) .
+
+S It is alright for not sharing own 's genetic status but sharing of mutation in family with blood relatives is essential as it affects the blood relatives as well .
+
+S He or she has the rights to know about it .
+A 0 4|||R:OTHER|||They have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||right|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , best clinical practice required family history to assess the usefulness of genetic testing ( Parker and Lucassen , n.d. ) .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:FORM|||requires|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , there is no reason why one could benefit from the family history but omitted the relatives ' rights to have such benefits as well .
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||omit|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Genetic discrimination by health insurers and employers could be one of the main hinders that stop people from sharing their genetic information with blood relatives ( National Human Genome Institute , 2008 ) .
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||hindrances|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This could be protected once President Bush had signed the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008 ( The white House , 2008 ) .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:ORTH|||White|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides that , some cancers such as breast and ovarian cancer seems to be running in a family mainly due to the inherited altered gene ( National Cancer Institute , n.d. ) Examples of such genes could be BRCA1 and BRCA2 ( BReast CAncer Gene 1 and BReast CAncer Gene 2 ) which could pass down from father or mother .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||types of cancer|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:SVA|||seem|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||R:VERB:TENSE|||run|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 42 43|||R:ORTH|||Breast|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 43 44|||R:ORTH|||Cancer|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 47 48|||R:ORTH|||Breast|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 48 49|||R:ORTH|||Cancer|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Revealing of positive test results to relatives allow them to go for early detection and treatment which possibly save lives .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||allows|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:VERB:TENSE|||can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Limitations of genetic testing could be the lack of treatment strategies for certain disorders once diagnosed .
+A 16 17|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Genetics Home Reference ) .
+
+S This may have arguement that since there is no treatment , there is no point of revealing to relatives even though it shows positive result .
+A 0 4|||R:OTHER|||It may be argued|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But , genetic test that identify carrier of certain disease could help the couples to decide whether they would like to have the next generation and weigh the risk of passing down such altered gene .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:SVA|||identifies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 25|||R:OTHER|||bear children|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:OTHER|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Barett )
+A 3 3|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly , revealing the positive test result might increase the number of people going for genetic testing .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||results|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This indirectly increase the possibility of people signing consent to take part in the research for the genetic related disease .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:SVA|||increases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB|||giving|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||diseases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With such , improved or new treatment is possible for genetic related diseases and could possibly benefit the carrier or even the family members .
+A 21 22|||R:OTHER|||his or her|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , revealing of genetic information to the relatives did not seem to be of great disadvantages to an individual but could be of great advantages to the blood relatives .
+A 4 5|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||does|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||disadvantage|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:NOUN:NUM|||advantage|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides the rights to know , most importantly is the possibility of early detection and treatment for the blood relatives .
+A 2 3|||R:MORPH|||right|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:MORPH|||important|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Development of new treatment for currently untreatable diseases is also possible .
+
+S Therefore a carrier of a known genetic risk is obligated to tell his or her relatives .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S http : //www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/Tests/genomics.html
+
+S http : //www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/Genetic-Testing-for-Breast-and-Ovarian-Cancer-Risk
+
+S { http : //www.cysticfibrosis.ca/pdf/ConfidentialiyEnglish2000.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.cysticfibrosis.ca/pdf/ConfidentialiyEnglish2000.pdf ]
+
+S http : //georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2008/05/20080521-7.html
+
+S http : //www.sciencecentric.com/news/article.php ? q = 09060526-risks-sharing-personal-genetic-information-online-need-more-study
+
+S { http : //www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/329/7458/165 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/329/7458/165 ] ?
+
+S ( parker and lucassen )
+
+S { http : //jco.ascopubs.org/cgi/content/full/24/4/700 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //jco.ascopubs.org/cgi/content/full/24/4/700 ]
+
+S http : //www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/06/090605075051.htm
+
+S { http : //www.genome.gov/10002335 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.genome.gov/10002335 ]
+
+S http : //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2536607/
+
+S Genetic testing is not a new term in this modern era .
+
+S People can predict the probability of developing some genetic diseases with this technological advancement .
+
+S ( { http : //ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/testing/genetictesting } [ HYPERLINK : http : //ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/testing/genetictesting ] ) This is undoubtedly contribute to the prevention of treatable diseases .
+A 15 16|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:SVA|||contributes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , it would appear that patients are not the only people who are interested in the outcome of the testing .
+
+S Many third parties also show a great interest in the result especially the patient 's family members .
+
+S Family members have to know the result so that they can receive early treatment and have early financial and psychological preparation .
+
+S Thus , I strongly agree that a carrier of a known disease risk be obligated to inform his or her relatives .
+
+S Firstly , the patients are obligated to tell their relatives about the result as the result will invariably affect them to some extent .
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , if the result showed that the patient is a carrier of a genetic disease , there is a great possibility that the family members are also have the same disease .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||shows|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So it is crucial to let the family members know the results so that they can receive treatment earlier .
+
+S Permanent and irreversible damages can be prevented if treatment or therapy is initiated in the early stage of the disease .
+A 20 21|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( http : //www.ndsu.nodak.edu/instruct/m cclean/plsc431/students98/saha.htm ) Patients would sometimes choose not to reveal the result to avoid discrimination among family members .
+A 6 6|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , saving the family members lives is more important if compare to self-esteem .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 13|||R:OTHER|||than|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , patients are responsible to tell their relatives especially the family members about the outcome of genetic test so that they can have early financial and psychological preparations .
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Treatments for diseases are always costly .
+
+S Family members have to plan their budget earlier so that they can afford to take on the treatments fee .
+A 13 17|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||treatment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides that , it is also important for the relatives to have psychological preparation earlier so that they are managed handle their stresses during the period of treatments .
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||R:VERB|||can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:NOUN:NUM|||treatment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( http : //www3.inter { science.wiley.com/journal/112684945/abstract ? CRETRY = 1&SRETRY = 0 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/112684945/abstract ? CRETRY = 1&SRETRY = 0 ] ) Patients refuse to disclose the result as they thought they can prevent their relatives from sadness .
+A 27 27|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 33|||R:OTHER|||results|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:VERB:TENSE|||think|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is true that relatives are often in deep grief when knowing one of their relative is suffering from illness .
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||relatives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , early notification can let them have enough time to have psychological preparation so that they would not feel so unprepared or unready when the patients ' condition get worsen .
+A 29 31|||R:OTHER|||worsens|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the patients should obligated to inform their relatives about genetic testing results to enable them to receive early treatment and have early financial and psychological preparation .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:VERB:TENSE|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||the latter|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S http : //www3.inter { science.wiley.com/journal/112684945/abstract ? CRETRY = 1&SRETRY = 0 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/112684945/abstract ? CRETRY = 1&SRETRY = 0 ]
+
+S { http : //www.ndsu.nodak.edu/instruct/mcclean/plsc431/students98/saha.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.ndsu.nodak.edu/instruct/mcclean/plsc431/students98/saha.htm ]
+
+S { http : //ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/testing/genetictesting } [ HYPERLINK : http : //ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/testing/genetictesting ]
+
+S Genetic testing , by definition , may be done for various reasons , including the diagnosis of a genetic disease in an individual , the identification of future disease risks to individual , unborn children or the prediction of drug responses ( MedicineNet , 2002 ) .
+A 32 33|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Conditions such as cystic fibrosis , heart disease , Down 's syndrome and epilepsy are strongly influenced by genes ( Hunt & Odle , 2004 ) .
+
+S Due to the possibility that it may occur or recur in various family members and relatives , an ethical dilemma as to whether a carrier of a known genetic risk has the obligation to tell his or her relatives arises .
+
+S In order to make an informed socially responsible decision , an individual should examine both sides of this controversy according to his or her context by weighing both the positive and negative economic , social and psychological impacts it may bring about .
+
+S Ideally , owing to the beneficial impacts , a carrier of a known genetic risk should be obligated to tell his or her relatives when the risk is familial , significantly critical , and when options are available to prevent harm .
+
+S A carrier of a known genetic risk has an ethical duty to warn his or her relatives .
+
+S According to Alford ( 1999 ) , some genetic conditions may go unnoticed while others may be devitalising .
+
+S Some genetic diseases are congenital and others may not be manifest until later in life .
+
+S Some genetic diseases can be affected by diet and environment .
+
+S Advancements in genetic science have resulted in new discoveries in diagnosing , treating or preventing diseases ( Shaw , 1995 ) .
+
+S Prevention is always better than cure .
+
+S In general , if at risk relatives can anticipate the disease , measures may be taken to prevent the diseases .
+A 18 20|||R:OTHER|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , relatives with genetic obesity may choose to undergo lifestyle changes such as opting for calorie restriction diet and regular exercise .
+
+S Furthermore , the ability to predict familial diseases such as a certain type of cancer at a young age may allow for possible successful treatment or cure , extension of life expectancy and improvement in quality of life .
+
+S In this way , the sharing of information improves the welfare of mankind .
+
+S Moreover , having learnt about a personal genetic risk , it is thought by some theorists , for example , Wilson ( 2000 ) , Baker , Schuette and Uhlmann ( 1998 ) that the approach to deal with results of genetic testing involves not only medical , surgical and educational intervention , but also provision of social and emotional support , hence a carrier of known genetic risk should tell his or her close relatives about it .
+A 10 33|||R:OTHER|||some theorists , for example , Wilson ( 2000 ) , Baker , Schuette and Uhlmann ( 1998 ) , believe|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 61 63|||R:OTHER|||; hence ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some may argue that there should be no obligations to tell a relative about one 's condition as a genetic condition is not contagious like some viral or bacterial infections ( Hubbard & Wald , 1999 ) .
+
+S Consequently , some may think that informing relatives about their conditions is not necessary and thus are not in favour of the idea .
+
+S However , genetic diseases may impact every phase of the human life cycle ( Alford , 1999 ) .
+
+S Even though there may be an initial delay in acceptance , and unnecessary worry , eventual acceptance by family , friends and relatives often corresponds to ongoing effective and supportive encouragement and motivation which may have beneficial impacts on their health .
+
+S A carrier of a known genetic risk who takes an active approach in informing his or her relatives is in fact showing respect for the relative 's autonomy .
+
+S Choosing not to inform one 's relatives is in fact interfering with the patient 's right and opportunity to consider the problem , select diagnostic and management options .
+
+S Studies have shown that the primary reason accounting for the unwillingness to communicate genetic test results to a relative is that the relative 's opinion , attitude and reaction is unknown ( Barsevick , Montgomery , Ruth , Ross , Egleston , Bingler , Malick , Miller , Cescon , & Daly , 2008 ) .
+
+S In addition , the opinion of World Health Organization ( 2009 ) is that choosing not to inform is a well-intentioned decision which do not to add extra problems and unduly distress to others .
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:SVA|||does|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:MORPH|||undue|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , these arguments put forth in support of not informing the relative are faulty .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||relatives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By not informing about the risks his or her relative may face , the tendency of the carrier to shift from beneficence to paternalism has in fact taken away the ability of the relative to choose for herself ( Kultgen , 1995 ) .
+
+S For example , some genetic diseases such as " Al antitrypsin deficiency " undeniably involve the family ( Torgny & Wilcke , 1998 ) .
+
+S As Torgny and Wilcke states , information can allow a relative who has considerably increased risk of a disease from smoking to make her own decisions about smoking and take precautions when deciding on a career which are needful to have a positive impact on her future .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||state|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 38|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , a carrier of a known genetic risk is obligated to tell his or her relatives as communication of genetic test results can bring about improved management and well-being of carriers and their families , resolution of concerns , possible reduction in disease occurrence , as well as effective prevention , treatments and even cures .
+
+S In general , the benefits of knowing the potential risk far outweigh the adverse consequences of not knowing .
+
+S Therefore , sharing of information between relatives should be encouraged .
+
+S References
+
+S * Alford , R. L. ( 1999 ) .
+
+S Genetics & Your Health : A Guide For The 21st Century Family .
+
+S USA : Medford Press .
+
+S * Baker , D. L. , Schuette , J. L. , & Uhlmann , W. R. ( 1998 ) .
+
+S A Guide To Genetic Counselling .
+
+S USA : Wiley-Liss .
+
+S * Barsevick , A .
+
+S M. , Montgomery , S. V. , Ruth , K. , Ross , E. A. , Egleston , B. L. , Bingler , R. , Malick , J. , Miller , S. M. , Cescon , T. P. , & Daly , M. B .
+
+S ( 2008 , April ) .
+
+S Intention to communicate BRCA1/BRCA2 genetic test results to the family .
+
+S Journal of Family Psychology , 22 ( 2 ) , 303-312 .
+
+S * Hubbard , R. , & Wald , E. ( 1999 ) .
+
+S Exploding the Gene Myth .
+
+S Boston : Beacon Press .
+
+S * Hunt , K. S. , & Odle , T.G .
+
+S ( 2002 , December ) Genetic Testing .
+
+S Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine .
+
+S Retrieved October 22 , 2009 , from http : //www.lifesteps.com/gm/Atoz/ency/genetic_testing.jsp
+
+S * Kultgen , J .
+
+S ( 1995 ) .
+
+S Autonomy and Intervention : Parentalism in the Caring Life .
+
+S New York : Oxford University Press .
+
+S * MedicineNet .
+
+S ( 2002 , October 12 ) .
+
+S Definition of Genetic testing .
+
+S Retrieved October 25 , 2009 , from http : //www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp ? articlekey = 21942
+
+S * Shaw , D. J .
+
+S ( 1995 ) .
+
+S Molecular Genetics of Human Inherited Disease .
+
+S England : John Wiley & Sons Ltd .
+
+S * Torgny , J. , & Wilcke , R. ( 1998 , September 12 ) .
+
+S Late onset genetic disease : where ignorance is bliss , is it folly to inform relatives ?
+
+S British Medical Journal .
+
+S Retrieved October 20 , 2009 , from http : //findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0999/is_n7160_v317/-ai_21175426/pg_2/ ? tag = content ; col1
+
+S * Wilson , G. N. ( 2000 ) .
+
+S Clinical Genetics : A Short Course .
+
+S USA : Wiley-Liss .
+
+S * World Health Organization .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Genetic testing .
+
+S Retrieved October 25 , 2009 , from http : //www.who.int/genomics/elsi/gentesting/en/
+
+S Genetic testing has been made possible with the advances of technology in the medical field .
+
+S It has increased in numbers , capabilities and preciseness over the recent years ( Goh , 2005 ) .
+
+S Potential individuals who are at risk of developing a genetic disorder or disease normally undergo for genetic testing .
+A 15 16|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Genetic testing may uncover the underlying mutation in genes which causes the genetic disorder .
+
+S Thus , genetic testing can be beneficial to affected patients and their relatives .
+
+S It helps in early detection of genetic disorders that are inherited in families and family planning .
+
+S Genetic testing has also resulted in the rise of privacy , confidentiality and ethical issues in our society despite the benefits gained ( Young & Leonard , 1999 ) .
+
+S However , it has been known that genetic testing may detect mutation in genes and hence , genetic counselling can be given to relatives of affected patients .
+
+S Therefore , affected individuals should let their relatives know about their genetic testing results .
+
+S One of the reasons why affected individuals should let their relatives know about their genetic disorders is for early detection purposes ( Goh , 2005 ) .
+
+S An early detection of genetic disorders can be obtained by genetic testing in order for further and early treatments to be conducted .
+
+S For example , genetic testing enables patients and their relatives who are at risk of developing genetic disorders but show no symptoms at the beginning , to predict the chances of them inheriting the genetic disorders ( Goh , 2005 ) .
+
+S The predisposition of the relatives of affected patients towards the genetic disorders can also be predicted .
+
+S When a genetic disorder that runs through a certain family is known , the extent of the genetic disorder can be obtained ( Goh , 2005 ) .
+
+S Genetic information is not confined to one person but it could be related to more than one person such as tested patients ' relatives .
+
+S This enables healthcare professionals to know the extent of the genetic mutation in the genes and hence , provide advice or genetic counselling to patients and their relatives .
+
+S However , this has also resulted in a raise of privacy and confidentiality concerns .
+
+S The revelation of genetically tested patients ' results may lead to discrimination by society ( Mehlman , 1999 ) .
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There is no guarantee that relatives of genetically tested patients will keep the genetic results information to themselves .
+
+S This information can be spread verbally , be it accidental or intentional without the consent of the tested patient .
+
+S However , there are laws that protect genetically patients from genetic discrimination by society that have been imposed ( Bombard , 2007 ) .
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These laws have been implemented in the United States and many other countries ( Bombard , 2007 ) .
+
+S Genetic discrimination can be reduced with the existing of these laws as legal actions can be taken against those who discriminate .
+
+S Hence , genetic testing results should be revealed to family members for early detection purposes .
+
+S Besides that , relatives of genetically tested patients should know about their genetic testing results so that a proper family planning ( Anonymous , 1999 ) .
+A 21 21|||M:VERB|||can be made|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Family planning is essential as it serves as a platform to briefly set up a guideline for future purposes .
+
+S This might enable individuals and their families to decide on how they would like their lifestyle to be and set fertility judgements ( Anonymous , 1999 ) .
+
+S For example , pregnant women have the option of deciding on whether to go for prenatal examinations or not to see if their new-borns would suffer from any genetic disorders such as Huntington 's disease and Down 's Syndrome .
+
+S This may prevent the future generation from inheriting the mutated genes or become carriers of the genetic disorders .
+
+S Ethical issues have been raised despite this advantage .
+
+S This is because no one has the rights to give his or her consent regarding the decision on whether to undergo for the prenatal examinations or not ( Anonymous , 1999 ) .
+A 21 22|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Embryos , foetuses and new-borns do not hold the responsibility in making this decision and they are unable to make it by themselves .
+
+S This leaves the decision into their parents ' hands .
+
+S However , medical advances have made in-vitro fertilisation possible nowadays .
+
+S If an embryo has a mutated gene after undergoing in-vitro fertilisation , this embryo can be discarded before being implanted in the uterus ( Anonymous , 1999 ) .
+
+S This may prevent the diseases from being passed down to the future generation .
+
+S The risk of the future generation in inheriting genetic diseases can also be reduced .
+
+S Thus , revelations of genetic testing results to family members are essential in family planning .
+
+S In conclusion , we can see that genetically tested results revealed by patients to their family members do bring advantages .
+
+S It can help in early detection and family planning .
+
+S Besides that , moral support and encouragement which are vital can be gained from family members .
+
+S This is important as genetically tested patients may have emotional and psychological problems as a consequence of undergoing genetic testing .
+
+S These problems may not be cured by taking medications .
+
+S Therefore , family members play a very important role in supporting them .
+
+S References
+
+S Anonymous .
+
+S ( 1999 ) .
+
+S Genetic Testing - Issues , Arguments , Ethics and Morality .
+
+S Retrieved September 13 , 2009 , from http : //victorian.fortunecity.com/ wooton/414/genetest.html
+
+S Bombard , Y .
+
+S ( 2007 , July 14 ) .
+
+S Genetic testing , genetic discrimination , genetic can " predict " a person 's risk of developing some diseases , but seeing into your genetic future comes with its own risks .
+
+S Vancouver Sun .
+
+S Retrieved October 28 , 2009 from http : //www.canada.com/vancouversun/features/townandgown/story .
+
+S html ? id = 54b9c869-eb00-4b6d-b5b9-a2fa8a33f1e&k = 19917
+
+S Goh , D. ( 2005 ) .
+
+S Medical , Ethical , Legal and Social Issues in Genetic Testing and Genetic Screening Programmes .
+
+S Retrieved October 25 , 2009 , from http : //www.bioethics-singapore.org/uploadfile/ 21804 % 20PMAnnex % 20C-1 % 20Dr % 20Denise % 20Goh.pdf
+
+S Mehlman , M. ( 1999 ) .
+
+S The Privacy of Genetic Information .
+
+S Retrieved September 12 , 2009 , from http : //www.thedoctorwillseeyounow.com/articles/ bioethics/geneticinfo_1/index.shtml # genetic
+
+S Young , D. & Leonard , D. ( 1999 ) .
+
+S Issues in Genetic Testing .
+
+S Retrieved October 25 , 2009 , from { http : //www.clinchem.org/cgi/content/full/45/6/915 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.clinchem.org/cgi/content/full/45/6/915 ]
+
+S In today 's medical world , many health concerns raised by people have been taken care of by the perpetual advancement in technology .
+
+S One of the innumerable concerns is genetic disorder , which is an illness caused by abnormalities in genes or chromosomes .
+
+S This concern brought about the inauguration of genetic testing a medical test to determine if a particular disease is stimulated by the abnormality .
+A 2 2|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:PREP|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB|||caused|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S An issue raised here is that one 's decision to reveal the test results to one 's relatives has chained to even more concerns .
+A 18 21|||R:OTHER|||may bring about|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Revealing the results could assist one 's relatives in preparing for constructive life changes and allow researchers to find a cure for a particular genetic disorder .
+
+S Admittedly , it could result in negative social consequences .
+
+S Nevertheless , revealing the test results benefits more people than hiding it .
+A 11 12|||R:PRON|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , a carrier of a known genetic risk should be obligated to tell his or her relatives .
+
+S Firstly , the revelation of a known genetic risk to one 's relatives allows them to prepare for constructive changes in their lives .
+
+S One such change would be to make new decisions for family planning .
+
+S Due to the lack of treatment strategies of some genetic disorders , a carrier might have a short lifespan .
+
+S Therefore , it is both essential to plan for an early retirement or to start a family .
+
+S A carrier could devise a financial plan so that one would have sufficient monetary resources to support oneself even after an early retirement .
+
+S One main objection to starting a family is that the affected genes or chromosomes might be passed on to the children .
+
+S This , however , can be prevented using an expensive technology , Assisted Reproductive Technology ( ART ) such as pre-implantation of genetic diagnosis whereby " only unaffected embryos are allowed to develop to term " ( Norrgard , 2008 ) .
+
+S Thus , a carrier could still start a family without passing the genetic disorder to the children .
+
+S Furthermore , this could lead to another constructive change for the carrier 's relatives .
+
+S For relatives who are planning to have children , they must either be financially prepared for ART as well as the future medical bills , or choose not to have children .
+A 20 20|||M:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As for those who already have children , they must also be financially prepared .
+
+S On top of that , they would have to choose the right time to convey to their children that they might be carriers of a certain genetic disorder .
+
+S These changes and preparations can not be achieved overnight , and therefore , revealing a known genetic risk to one 's relatives is necessary .
+
+S Secondly , by divulging one 's genetic risk to one 's relatives , the chances of researchers finding a cure for that risk would be higher .
+
+S As genetic disorders only happen to a minority , there would not be many encounters and so the chances of a researcher being able to inquire into these disorders would be considerably low .
+
+S This was further lowered by opponents who are against the revelation of genetic results due to intrusion of privacy .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , it did not occur to them that the revelation of results could increase the chances of medical researchers finding a remedy to the disorders .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||may|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , there would be a possibility that a known genetic risk could be brought to an end and subsequent generations would not have to suffer .
+
+S Therefore , only when one tells a known genetic risk to one 's relatives , would there be a chance for medical researchers to find a cure for it , and eventually saving many lives from genetic disorders .
+A 30 31|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One main concern about the revelation of genetic risk to one 's relatives is the negative social consequences .
+
+S When an employee is diagnosed to have certain genetic disorders , the employer may not want to retain the employee .
+
+S This is because the carrier would have to follow up on their medical appointments and as a result , the efficiency and productivity of the company would be adversely affected .
+
+S Furthermore , due to the need for regular health checkup , the carrier would not be allowed to purchase insurance as the insurance company would be footing the carrier 's medical bills .
+
+S However , these acts of genetic discrimination could be prevented by a law called the Privacy Rule , which is enforced by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act ( HIPAA ) in April 2003 ( Norrgard , 2008 ) .
+
+S This rule helps to keep individual 's medical information confidential .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , whether one has genetic disorders or not , one would not have to face the negative social consequences .
+
+S Hence , a carrier can have a peace mind revealing genetic test results to one 's relatives .
+A 8 8|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the obligation of a carrier of a known genetic risk to reveal the results to one 's relatives could assist them in adapting to changes in their lives and allow researchers to find a cure for a particular genetic disorder .
+
+S Furthermore , the negative social consequences faced by the carrier have been minimized by law .
+
+S Thus , a carrier of a known genetic risk should be obligated to tell his or her relatives .
+
+S References
+
+S Assisted reproductive technology .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Wikipedia .
+
+S Retrieved October 28 , 2009 , from Answers.com Web site : http : //www.answers.com/topic/assisted- reproductive-technology
+
+S Bioethics Advisory Committee .
+
+S ( 2005 , November ) .
+
+S Genetic Testing and Genetic Research .
+
+S Retrieved September 6 , 2009 , from http : //www.bioethics- singapore.org/uploadfile/21729 % 20PMGT % 20Report.pdf
+
+S Norrgard,K ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Protecting Your Genetic Identity : GINA and HIPAA , Nature Education 1 ( 1 ) .
+
+S Retrieved August 28 , 2009 , from http : //www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/Protecting-Your-Genetic-Identity- GINA-and-HIPAA-678
+
+S Genetic testing has developed enough and it is getting popular nowadays all around the world .
+A 4 5|||R:ADV|||well|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Genetic testing is actually the genetic diagnosis of inheritable diseases which caused by an abnormality in an individual 's genome .
+A 11 11|||M:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance Huntington 's disease is caused by X- linked disorder , Cystic fibrosis is caused by autosomal recessive disorder and some common disease such as coronary heart disease , diabetes are caused polygenic mutation ( Holland,S , 2003 ) .
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN:NUM|||diseases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 33|||M:PREP|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , this testing also can be used to determine a child 's biological father or a person 's ancestry .
+A 5 7|||R:WO|||can also|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Examples of genetic tests are newborn screening , diagnostic testing , carrier testing , prenatal testing and few more .
+A 14 19|||R:OTHER|||and prenatal testing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since genetic testing may open up ethical or psychological problems , carriers of a known genetic risk should be obligated to reveal the results to their relatives .
+
+S Firstly , it is important to reveal the result if a couple is planning to get married and one of them has any inheritable diseases .
+A 22 23|||R:OTHER|||certain|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is because they have high possibilities of passing on mutated gene to their children .
+
+S Even though some are healthy carriers and not affected by the diseases fully because of the single copy of the dominant genotype , they have 50 % chance of passing the recessive gene to their generation .
+A 35 35|||M:ADJ|||younger|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If a person did not disclose the result , a child with genetic disabilities may born and then lead to problems in the family .
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||be born ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 19|||R:OTHER|||leading|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , the partner may feel betrayed and end the relationship for concealing the truth .
+
+S Here the family relation will be affected and who is going to share responsibility of taking care of the poor child ?
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||take the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The child will be left out and will be in an unpleasant atmosphere .
+
+S On the other hand , if the partner knows about this person 's genetic condition earlier , they will plan well before getting married since they are in love and care about each other .
+
+S They may opt to adopt a child rather than giving birth to a genetically impaired child .
+
+S Hence , it is advisable to disclose the genetic testing result in order to prevent risks of diseases to future generation .
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The second case is where the couple finding about their genetic condition after their marriage .
+A 5 6|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:PART|||out|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It will lead mental trauma and extreme depression if they hide the genetic testing result from their spouse .
+A 3 3|||M:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:ADJ|||respective|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Every day he has to face his spouse with guilty face and suffer in silence .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When the spouse gets to know about his health condition , it will be too late and will end the relationship since sincerity will be a big question .
+A 23 25|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In even extreme cases , if the child is born , it will be burden for them to take care of him .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||some|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Then the child 's life will be greatly affected .
+
+S In contrast , they still can be happy with adopted children if the result is known .
+
+S Proponents of this claim argue that , disclosure of such results will destroy the dream of having own family .
+A 17 19|||R:OTHER|||a family of their own|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , it is not ethical to pass on their defective genes to their offspring in order to fulfill the dream of having own family .
+A 23 25|||R:OTHER|||a family of their own|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Who will take care of the child when they are not around ?
+
+S If they are someone to take care , will they do it sincerely ?
+A 1 7|||R:OTHER|||someone offers to take care of the child|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the carrier of a known genetic disease should be forced to reveal the result to his spouse since loyalty and sincerity are the basic factors that holding a marriage tightly and the relationship can be maintained .
+
+S Finally , the third case is about the couple knowing about the genetic disorder after having children .
+
+S They should tell about their health condition to prevent their future offspring to have defective genes .
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||from having|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since this genetic testing begins with an affected family member , it provides the best opportunity to identify relative who may be at risk for a life- threatening condition .
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||relatives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus they will be undergo testing and treatment for that specific disease as soon as possible .
+A 3 4|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Critics of this position may argue that disclosure brings with it the potential for loss of privacy .
+A 13 14|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Is privacy is more important the health condition and welfare of your spouse and children ?
+A 2 3|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 5|||M:PREP|||than|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is so obvious that , they did not realize that the health condition of the beloved family members is far more important rather than concerning about the intrusion of privacy .
+A 23 24|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 27|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , carrier of genetic disease must be obligated to tell the genetic testing result since the welfare of family members can be improved .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , a carrier of genetic disorder must be obligated to reveal the genetic testing results to his relatives .
+
+S By doing so , genetic risks to future generation can be prevented , family relation can be maintained and at-risk relatives with abnormalities can begin treatment for their genetic disorders .
+
+S If an individual is failed to do so , family relation may comes to an end and undergoes mental trauma and depression .
+A 3 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||fails|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:SVA|||come|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||family members may undergo|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S Holland,S .
+
+S ( 2003 ) .Bioethics.UK,Policy Press
+
+S Humans have always wanted to be the perfect being on top of nature 's hierarchy .
+
+S We also desire to have the ability to predict our own well-being .
+
+S Presently , with advances in medical technology , we are able to predict what is happening to our own body .
+
+S The procedure called genetic testing .
+A 2 2|||M:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Genetic testing is the testing of the human genes to know whether there are mutations or defects in the genes ( Genetic Research and Genetic Testing , 2005 ) .
+
+S With this technology , we can detect the problem within ourselves early and tackle it .
+
+S The issue is that after an individual undergo genetic testing and unfortunately found out that there are problems within him or herself , is the individual obligated to tell his or her family members ?
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||undergoes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:TENSE|||finds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the information that the individual acquired through genetic testing , he or she can share with the family members so that they can tackle the problems head on .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:TENSE|||acquires|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They can prepare themselves for medical problems that they may have and make informed choices on the course of action .
+
+S Hence a carrier of a known genetic risk should be obligated to tell his or her relatives .
+
+S Firstly , a carrier should inform his or her family as this will prepare the family for the possible outcome of them having the mutated genes .
+
+S This is a good move as the family now can prepare themselves to undergo the same genetic testing to know the possibility of them carrying the mutated or defective genes same as the carrier .
+A 26 31|||R:WO|||same mutated or defective genes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The genetic testing is just a mean to know whether someone has the disease but it does not mean they will acquire the disease hundred percent ( Goh , L. , M. , D. , 2005 ) .
+A 6 7|||R:MORPH|||means|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This only serves as a predictive mean .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||means|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , the other family members can also know what are the other underlying problems that they may encounter in the future as the genetic testing will not only detect the carrier 's risk genes but also other problems that he or she may have in the future .
+A 13 18|||R:WO|||the other underlying problems are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With these ease in information acquired it will help the family members to prepare and face the potential problems in the future .
+A 0 7|||R:OTHER|||All such information|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , a carrier should inform his or her family as the family members have the ability to make an informed choice for their actions towards the problem .
+
+S If the carrier has a possibility of having heart disease , the rest of the family members may take steps to counter that predictive disease ( Genetic Research and Genetic Testing , 2005 ) .
+A 21 22|||R:VERB|||counteract|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The family members can alter their activities and eating habits in order to combat having heart disease .
+
+S However the risk genes carrier may argue that to tell the information to his or her family member is a violation towards his or her autonomy .
+A 21 22|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is private information that need not be shared with everyone .
+
+S This information may cause hysteric reaction in the community explain more .
+A 9 11|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Other than that the risk genes carriers may be discriminated ( Ostrom , M. , C. , 1997 ) .
+A 10 10|||M:PREP|||against|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With these concerns in mind , the individual may not agree to tell the family members the information they acquired through genetic testing .
+A 17 23|||R:OTHER|||genetic testing results|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But by withholding the information , the risk genes carrier is doing harm to not only himself but to his or her family members .
+
+S Without telling the family members , the individual might be suffering in silence and no support are given by the family members .
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand if the risk genes carrier never informs the family members , the family members may suffer the same fate and this in turn will have a domino effect on the family lineage .
+
+S Therefore the to be obliged to tell the family members is act of beneficence as the risk gene carrier is doing good in informing the family of the possible medical problems that they may face .
+A 1 7|||R:OTHER|||revealing the results to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , it is very important for the risk genes carrier to inform the family members as he or she may help the family members to avoid huge medical problems which may be avoided if only he or she inform them .
+A 28 35|||R:OTHER|||some avoidable medical problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore the risk gene carrier should be obliged to tell the family members if he or she has genetic risk within them .
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference :
+
+S Goh , L. , M. , D. ( 2005 , April ) .
+
+S Medical , ethical , legal and social issues in genetic testing and genetic screening programme .
+
+S Retrieve October 28 , 2009 from { http : //www.bioethics-singapore.org/uploadfile/21804 % 20PMAnnex % 20C-1 % 20Dr % 20Denise % 20Goh.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.bioethics-singapore.org/uploadfile/21804 % 20PMAnnex % 20C-1 % 20Dr % 20Denise % 20Goh.pdf ]
+
+S A report by the bioethics advisory committe Singapore .
+
+S Genetic Research and Genetic Testing ( 2005,November ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 28 , 2009 from { http : //www.bioethics-singapore.org/uploadfile/21729 % 20PMGT % 20Report.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.bioethics-singapore.org/uploadfile/21729 % 20PMGT % 20Report.pdf ]
+
+S Ostrom , M. , C. ( 1997 , February ) .
+
+S Genetic test create debate on civil rights .
+
+S SeattleTimes .
+
+S Retrieved October28 , 2009 from { http : //www.dhushara.com/book/genes/geneT.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.dhushara.com/book/genes/geneT.htm ] .
+
+S As science and technology progressed , we could now detect the presence of any genetic disorder in individual through genetic testing .
+A 4 5|||R:MORPH|||progress|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The purpose of genetic testing is to identify changes in chromosomes , genes , or proteins which are associated with inherited disorders .
+
+S However , one biggest problem that arises is whether the individual , who had undergone the genetic test , be obligated to inform his family members/relatives the results .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I believe that the individual is obligated to tell his family members/relatives the test result as it is ethical for the individual to inform them and they can seek early medical assistance if needed .
+
+S The psychological and emotional issues like feeling guilty and anxiety that arises from this issue can be minimized by going for counseling .
+A 1 8|||R:OTHER|||feelings of guilt|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:SVA|||arise|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , family members/relatives deserve a right to know what kind of genetic disorder they might have inherited from the individual or running in their family line .
+
+S Thus , it is ethical for the individual to inform them .
+
+S This is important for parents who are doing family planning , as it help them to know whether an unborn child will have a genetic condition .
+
+S In this example , a pregnant relative seeking genetic counseling and his geneticist requires information about the individual in order to give her the most accurate information whether her new-born has any risk of genetic disorder .
+A 30 31|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If the individual declined her request as he wished that the information about his genetic status to be confidential , her new-born could be in high risk of getting the genetic disorder ( Elizabeth A .
+A 3 4|||R:MORPH|||declines|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB|||wants|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S V. , Amy C.S. , 2008 , Nov 07 ) .
+
+S Secondly , acquisition of genetic information of carrier by his/her relatives can help reduce the possibility of getting the disease .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , the genetic disorder is colon cancer ; they can seek out for medical advices and treatment while it is at early stage .
+A 3 10|||R:OTHER|||if the genetic disorder is colon cancer ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||advice|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If the disease has not developed , steps like making changes to their health habits can be taken which might lower their chance of getting the disease ( National Human Genome Research Institute , 2009 , Aug 14 ) .
+
+S Thus , this information can help them in making informed choices about their future .
+
+S Critics have also raised the psychological and emotional issues that the individual and his relatives may experience after he tells them the genetic test result .
+
+S His relatives might blame him for 'passing ' the genetic disorder to them , causing the individual to feel guilty .
+
+S However , being the carrier , he too is a victim of this genetic disorder which was probably passed down from his parents .
+
+S In addition , his relatives will understand better by going for counseling that everyone carries gene mutations that can lead to disease , and no one has control over what they pass on to their children ( Elizabeth A .
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:NUM|||diseases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S V. , Amy C.S. , 2008 , Nov 07 ) .
+
+S Relatives of the individual will also face a great deal of anxiety that they may have the genetic disorder .
+
+S However , they can choose not to be told of the test result in the first place or go for a genetic testing to confirm whether they have the genetic disorder .
+
+S If the genetic test result shows that the genetic disorder is not present in them , it can provide them a sense of relief .
+A 18 19|||R:VERB|||give|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , they could also undergo counseling to help them manage their emotions better ( Genetic Interest Group , 1998 ) .
+
+S In conclusion , I believe that the carrier of a known genetic risk is obligated to tell his relatives .
+
+S It is ethnically right for the individual to inform his relatives and the relatives after knowing that they may have the genetic disorder can seek out medical assistances to reduce the occurrence/severity of the disease .
+A 2 3|||R:ADV|||ethically|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The psychological and emotional issues can be minimized by going for counseling as they will understand the genetic disorder and manage their emotions better .
+
+S References
+
+S Elizabeth A .
+
+S V. , Amy C.S .
+
+S ( 2008 , Nov 07 ) .
+
+S Family Testing for Clotting Disorders .
+
+S Bleeding and Clotting Disorders .
+
+S Retrieved October 28 , 2009 , from http : //www.netwellness.org/healthtopics/clotting/familytest.cfm
+
+S Abramsky , L. , Berry , C. , Carlotn , L. , Chandler , J. , Dimavius , J .
+
+S & Ennals , P. er a .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Confidentiality & Medical Genetics .
+
+S Retrieved October 28 , 2009 , from www.gig.org.uk/docs/gig-confidentially.pdf
+
+S National Human Genome Research Institute ( 2009 , Aug 14 ) .
+
+S Frequently Asked Questions About Genetic Testing .
+
+S Retrieved October 28 , 2009 , from http : //www.genome.gov/19516567
+
+S Should a carrier of a known genetic risk be obligated to tell his or her relatives ?
+
+S Genetic testing is a scientific method that is used to determine a person 's chance of developing an inherited disease .
+
+S Every person carries copies of genes that were passed down from their parents .
+
+S There is a high chance for a genetic disease carrier to pass down defected genes to the next generation .
+
+S The defected genes may or may not develop into a disease .
+
+S A defected genes carrier can only determine whether he or she have a genetic disease by running a genetic test .
+A 1 2|||R:MORPH|||defective|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since genetic disease runs in the family , a genetic disease carrier 's family members and relatives will have high chance of developing the same inherited disease .
+A 0 1|||R:PREP|||If|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There is a higher chance of curing a genetic disease if it is detected early .
+
+S Hence , a carrier of a known genetic risk should warn their family members and relatives about the genetic risk .
+
+S Some of the genetic diseases could be cured if it is detected early .
+
+S Research by Kloosterman ( 2009 ) , shows that common antibiotic treatment has the ability to cure genetic diseases such as Cystic Fibrosis , a type of genetic lung disease .
+
+S From the Georgina Advocate news ( 2007 ) , " Emily Gough , who died last year of Cystic Fibrosis , was seen with her father , Glenn , and sister , Jessica , who is now battling the same disease " .
+
+S In this article , the Gough family is battling against a genetic lung disease .
+
+S ( Slykhuis , 2007 ) Unfortunately , Emily Gough and her father died because they did not detect the disease early enough to cure it .
+
+S Such tragic incident will re-occur if a carrier of a known genetic risk were to hide his or her condition from his or her family members and relatives .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Proper plans for the future could be made if a carrier knows in advance that he or she has a genetic disease .
+
+S Oregon National Primate Research Center successfully came up with a technique that could stop future generations from inheriting genetic diseases from their parents .
+
+S ( Henderson , 2009 ) If a carrier of a genetic risk were to hide his or her condition , the genetic disease will continue to run in the family line , passing down to future generations .
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Proper financial plans could be made if a person were to know early if he or she has a genetic disease and avoid impending financial crisis if he or she is able borrow money or apply for financial help earlier .
+A 32 32|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A possible excuse people choose to hide their affliction is because they are afraid of the discrimination they would face from their family members and relatives .
+
+S After all , the burden of carrying a genetic disease is not something that one would want to make known to others .
+
+S Perhaps a better reason for people to keep the problem to themselves is because they are not aware that genetic diseases are not isolated to just themselves .
+
+S This is a case of ignorance in which is not at all bliss .
+A 6 7|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There is no good reason for a genetic disease carrier to hide his or her condition from his or her family members or relatives if the person is aware of the implication of the genetic disorder .
+
+S This is a question of morality .
+
+S A person who understands his role and responsibility as part of a family would not want to see his future generation be it his own , or his immediate families ' to suffer from genetic diseases that could otherwise have been prevented if he had discussed his condition .
+A 21 26|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The reasons to inform out weigh the reasons not to , hence , a carrier of a known genetic risk is obligated to tell his or her relatives .
+A 4 6|||R:ORTH|||outweigh|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Kloosterman,K .
+
+S ( 2009 , May 06 ) .
+
+S Israeli research finds common antibiotic can repair genetic diseases .
+
+S Retrieved Oct 26 , 2009 , from http : //curmudgeonlyskeptical.blogspot.com/2009/05/repair-genetic- disease.html
+
+S Slykhuis,J .
+
+S ( 2007 , Feb 21 ) .
+
+S Visit Georgina bars , help fight cystic fibrosis , Georgina Advocate .
+
+S Retrieved Oct 26 , 2009 , from http : //www.keswickkinsmen.ca/inthenews.html # 20050616
+
+S Henderson,M .
+
+S ( 2009 , Aug27 ) .
+
+S DNA swap could cure inherited disease , The Times .
+
+S Retrieved Oct 26 , 2009 , from http : //www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/science/article6811080.ece
+
+S The individual requesting genetic testing should have the final say in whether to reveal the results of such testing
+
+S As genetic testing becomes more and more popular , the moral issues around it have also been revealed in face of the mass public .
+A 17 24|||UNK|||raised|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Genetic testing is the newest technology aimed to " test for genetic disorders " , " direct examination of the DNA molecule " also included ( Human Genome Program , 2008 ) .
+A 15 15|||M:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The wide spread of this technology aroused an even wider range of heated discussion that who has the final say in how to deal with the testing result .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB|||has sparked|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:OTHER|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 25|||R:OTHER|||with regard to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since the individual who undergoes the testing is the direct victim from this examination and most related to the result , the one should have the right to decide whether to say the result or not .
+A 21 23|||R:OTHER|||he or she|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:VERB|||reveal|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S What to emphasize is that the choice includes both possibilities of hiding and revealing the findings .
+
+S The individual is privileged to prefer the most appreciate approach based on his or her knowledge and the surroundings .
+
+S To authorize the individual to determine is one specific aspect of the protection of human rights .
+
+S First of all , one 's private life is a main perspective of protecting human rights .
+A 11 14|||R:OTHER|||part of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to the definition of private life provided by the European Convention on Human Rights , it " includes the right to be protected from the unwanted publication or disclosure of intimate personal information " CITATION Eth06 \ l 1033 ( Ethics in genetic research and practice , 2006 ) .
+
+S As mentioned before , the experiment unit oneself is the most influenced one by this genetic testing , so he or she should decide whether to tell anyone else or merely conceal from others .
+A 5 13|||R:OTHER|||individual undergoing the genetic test is one who is most directly affected|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 34|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Imagine that the top-secret information is released regardless of how the individual feels .
+
+S The rule of protecting human rights is violated .
+
+S Thus the individual should have the final say .
+
+S Secondly , the result might be misused against the individual if the choice is left to other sides .
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN|||parties|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Once the information that a normal employee is likely to be diagnosed with some rare gene-related diseases , the employer might be reluctant to keep the hiring relationship because he has to consider the duration of the employee 's commitment may be disturbed by sudden illnesses .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||an otherwise|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 28|||R:OTHER|||him or her|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:OTHER|||the employer|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 33|||R:OTHER|||knows that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Possible breakups might take place before marriage simply due to the fiance 's comparatively higher chance to pass the so-called " bad " gene to the next generation .
+
+S Hence it is decided by the individual who takes the genetic testing how to deal with the result .
+A 1 12|||R:OTHER|||the individual who takes the genetic test should be the one to decide|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Opponents may address the equal human rights of the individual 's family .
+A 2 12|||R:OTHER|||argue that the individual 's family also have their human rights , that is , the rights to know the result of the genetic test|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It can not be denied that they also have the right to know if their genes also possess lurking variables that can cause diseases .
+
+S This topic is discussing whether the individual has the final say , instead of whether the individual can hide the truth from others .
+A 0 14|||R:OTHER|||The issue in question now is not whether the individual has the final say but rather|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A normal person will probably choose the best solution for his or her family .
+
+S The cases of concealing caused by selfishness can be decreased by improving the education of moral values .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||hiding the result|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||because of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If the decision is leaved to others , the chance of perfect equality is also questionable .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:FORM|||left|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S What is more , people may be reluctant to undergo testing for that they can not decide by their own .
+A 11 13|||R:OTHER|||if|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Then the purpose of this advanced technology can not be realized .
+
+S To conclude , the individual requesting human rights should have the final say in whether to say the result or not , considering protected human rights .
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||genetic testing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB|||tell|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 26|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference :
+
+S BIBLIOGRAPHY Ethics in genetic research and practice .
+
+S ( 2006 , February 09 ) .
+
+S Retrieved from Ethics in health research : http : //www.sahealthinfo.org/ethics/book2genetesting.htm
+
+S Gene Testing .
+
+S ( 2008 , September 19 ) .
+
+S Retrieved from Information , Human Genome Project : Human Genome Program http : //www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/medicine/genetest.shtml
+
+S Genetics plays the role in every disease .
+
+S Genetic testing informs individuals and family of their genetic status ; this knowledge may enable them to take adaptive measures against a genetic disease ( Jacobs & Deatrick , 1999 ) , if the disease is treatable .
+
+S One is morally obligated to inform the relatives of the genetic test results since family members generally inherit the same set of genetic codes from their parents .
+
+S Firstly , informing relatives allows them to take preventive measures against diseases .
+
+S Having the same parents can mean that certain disease can run within the family and they are morally obligated to warn their relatives of the possible hazards that may trigger disease , For example , to prevent relatives from eating fava beans when one is detected to have G6PD deficiency .
+A 32 33|||R:ORTH|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One can even educate relatives of the preventive measures of certain diseases .
+
+S For example , to educate relatives to eat less fatty meals when their genes predispose too weak blood vessels integrity that are prone to rupture .
+
+S Secondly , informing relatives of their genetic results will enable better care of self .
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||him- or herself|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Usually , when a disease manifested itself , it requires many preliminary testing , and the turnaround time ( TAT ) , from doctor 's request , to laboratory test , to reporting of results may take more than a day - and that is only to rule out certain illnesses .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||manifests|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||tests|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 44|||R:OTHER|||. That|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After which , the doctor would order for more specific tests to narrow down to the specific cause , and this may take a few days in specialist clinics .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||these preliminary tests|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , with the knowledge of the possibility of genetic disease , it enables the medical physician to narrow down to specific testing and get the correct diagnosis earlier .
+A 2 3|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This would then enable earlier medical interventions and ensures higher survival rate .
+
+S However , some argued that genetic testing can potentially unravel family secrets ; namely adoptions and illegitimate child ( Doukas & Berg , 2001 ) .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||argue|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But such issues can be solved since we can select results to be in terms of potential disease , instead of paternity testing .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN|||tests|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 16|||R:OTHER|||find out|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||diseases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , a carrier of a known genetic risk should be obligated to tell his or her relatives for the betterment of the relatives to take preventive measures and also be equipped with related knowledge to save their own lives .
+
+S References :
+
+S Jacobs , L. , & Deatrick , J .
+
+S ( 1999 , September ) .
+
+S The individual , the family , and genetic testing .
+
+S Journal of Professional Nursing , 15 ( 5 ) , 313-324 .
+
+S Doukas , D. , & Berg , J .
+
+S ( 2001 , June ) .
+
+S The family covenant and genetic testing .
+
+S American Journal of Bioethics , 1 ( 3 ) , 2-10 .
+
+S Retrieved September 11 , 2009 , from { http : //web.ebscohost.com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/ehost/pdf ? vid = 2&hid = 4&sid = bc517019-d829-4de1-bc8d-52b84fcdda08 % 40sessionmgr10 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //web.ebscohost.com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/ehost/pdf ? vid = 2&hid = 4&sid = bc517019-d829-4de1-bc8d-52b84fcdda08 % 40sessionmgr10 ]
+
+S The advent of genetic testing has created a scientific breakthrough in identifying risk factors for disease .
+
+S The increasing awareness of the usefulness of genetic testing has prompted many to undergo such testing .
+
+S However , genetic testing result may not only concern the tested individual themselves but also their family members as they share the same genetic make-up and are equally at risk of contracting a certain disease ( Genetic testing helps cancer survivors fight for their loved ones , 2007 ) .
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||himself or herself|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This has sparked many debates on the obligation of an individual to share the test result with genetic relatives .
+
+S While the common consensus is that every individual should have the final decision on whether to reveal the result to others , a decision made not to reveal the result to relatives may have it consequences .
+
+S In addition , withholding the result may also have a negative effect on the individual psychologically .
+
+S Thus , a carrier of a known genetic risk should be obligated to tell his or her relatives .
+
+S Firstly , individual who have undergone genetic testing , should be obligated inform his or her relatives of the genetic testing result as they may also be equally at risk .
+A 12 12|||M:VERB:FORM|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By informing relatives of the result , they are able make necessary lifestyle and dietary changes in order to reduce the risk of getting the disease ( Genetic testing helps cancer survivors fight for their loved ones , 2007 ) .
+
+S This also allows family members to step up their preventive measures against the diseases by undergoing regular medical screening .
+
+S Furthermore , they can be subjected to early treatment should they get diagnosed with the disease ( Babowice , 2008 ) .
+
+S Such early treatment will greatly increase the prospects of recovery as it will prevent the disease from developing further and causing more complication .
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||complications|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some may argue that it is the individual 's right as to whether to reveal the result to others as the genetic test result belongs to him or her .
+
+S Therefore , they should have the final say as to whether to share it with others and should not be obligated to do so .
+
+S However , the reticence of one 's genetic test result would mean that family members are unaware of the possible danger to their health .
+
+S Furthermore , it may be too late to be treated should the disease be discovered at a later stage .
+
+S Thus , the possibility of preventing harm to others should never be jeopardised over one 's privacy .
+
+S A research conducted by the United States ' National Institute of Health , has shown that 98 % of the respondents share their test results with their family members and 82.2 % of them did that to inform them of their medical risk ( Stoffel , Ford , Mercado , Punglia , Kohlmann , Conrad , Blanco , Shannon , Powell , Gruber , Terdiman , Chung , Syngal , 2008 ) .
+
+S This research result is a testimony that majority of those who went for genetic testing acknowledge that by sharing their genetic result with their family members , something can be done to reduce the risk of contracting a disease .
+
+S Another reason as to why an individual should be obligated to inform the genetic test result to his or her relatives is so that they may be able to receive emotional support from the family ( Newstaff , 2009 ) .
+
+S Many a time , a tested individual chose not to share such result with their loved one so as not to add unnecessary distress and anxiety to them .
+
+S However , bottling up their feeling will only aggravate their problem as it will have an adverse psychological effect on them .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||feelings|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By sharing such information with family members , individuals may share their problems and worries with them .
+
+S On top of that , they may lighten the burden off their shoulder .
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to a research conducted by Georgetown University Medical Centre , those who disclosed their genetic test results to their family members are much contented with their decision than those who did not ( Newstaff , 2009 ) .
+
+S Many have also shared their views that informing the test result to their family members had led to a better communication relationship .
+
+S Critics argue that genetic testing result is not fully accurate and by informing relatives regarding the result , it will impose unnecessary psychological burden to the family .
+
+S This may result in family members responding negatively to the news and thus , straining the ties between the tested individual and his or her family members .
+
+S Therefore , contrary to gaining emotional support from family members , individual may instead be subjected to further psychological damage .
+
+S As this may be true , the argument is not entirely valid .
+
+S Research conducted by Angela Bradbury , an oncologist at Chase Fox , has shown that such worries are uncalled for ( Newstaff , 2009 ) .
+
+S Only a small portion of the respondents have reported to receive negative responses from their family members .
+
+S Many have given feedback that their relatives have handled the news well and have taken a pragmatic approach to the situation .
+
+S Counseling will also be provided by physicians not only to the individual but also his or her family members ( Stoffel et al. , 2008 ) .
+
+S This will make it easier for family members to come to term with the situation and to handle it appropriately .
+
+S Critics also fail to acknowledge that it is part of the " social responsibility " on the part of the tested individual to inform genetic relatives of a hereditary condition and the sharing of financial , emotional and psychological burdens among family members .
+
+S It is undeniable that an individual have the final say as to whether to reveal his or her genetic test result .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , one should always remember that choosing not to do so will only further implicate more problems to oneself as well as to others .
+
+S Disclosure of such information to relatives will instead bring about many benefits .
+
+S Thus , carrier of a known genetic risk should be obligated to tell his or her relatives .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S Babowice , H. ( 2008 03 March ) Breast cancer curable if treated early enough , doctor says .
+
+S Retrieved October 28 2009 , from { http : //www.dailyherald.com/story/ ? id = 146690 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.dailyherald.com/story/ ? id = 146690 ]
+
+S Genetic testing helps cancer survivors fight for their loved ones .
+
+S ( 2007 , June 3 ) .
+
+S The Medical News .
+
+S Retrieved 28 October , 2009 from { http : //www.news-medical.net/news/2007/06/03/25929.aspx } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.news-medical.net/news/2007/06/03/25929.aspx ]
+
+S Newstaff ( 2009 14 May ) .
+
+S Share the results of your genetic tests with your kids - you 'll feel better .
+
+S Retrieved October 28 2009 , from { http : //www.scientificblogging.com/news_articles/share_results_your_genetic_tests_your_kids_youll_feel_better } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.scientificblogging.com/news_articles/share_results_your_genetic_tests_your_kids_youll_feel_better ]
+
+S Stoffel , E.M. , Ford , B. , Mercado , R.C. , Punglia , D. , Kohlmann , W. , Conrad , P. et al .
+
+S ( 2008 , February ) .
+
+S Sharing Genetic Test Results in Lynch Syndrome : Communication with Close and Distant Relatives .
+
+S Retrieved October 28 , 2009 , from National Institute of Health Website : { http : //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2536607/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2536607/ ]
+
+S The new millennium brought about promising medical advancements that have positive impacts on human 's lives .
+A 10 10|||M:VERB|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Remarkable breakthroughs , particularly in the field of genetics , allow humans to better understand the cause of diseases , so as to formulate cure or preventive drugs that can be tailored to individual idiosyncrasies .
+
+S This is made possible through a series of genetic tests on an individual .
+
+S Genetic testing is the detection of abnormalities in the human genomes , to indentify presence of genetic disorder and to assess the possible risk of developing genetic disorder in the future .
+
+S Some examples of such genetic disorders include single gene defects , multifactorial problems and teratogenic problems ( Weill Medical College of Cornell University 2003 ) .
+
+S Though the benefits of genetic testing are numerous , individuals are forced to face an ethical dilemma of whether they are obligated to reveal the results to their relatives .
+
+S In my opinion , I believe that individuals should be obligated to reveal such information to their relatives .
+
+S Proponents who felt that individuals should be obligated to reveal genetic test results asserted that these individuals will have a more open communication relationship with their families .
+
+S This is coherent to a study done by Gerogetown university medical center on mothers who shared their cancer genetic test results with children .
+A 8 9|||R:SPELL|||Georgetown|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The research findings shows that mothers who chose to disclose the results are generally satisfied with their decision because they are able to receive the necessary support and understanding from families ( Karen 2009 ) .
+
+S Individuals are able to reduce the huge mental burden imposed on them by sharing it with families , which in certain cases can be overwhelming .
+
+S This can lead to better mental health and well-being of the individuals .
+
+S Though families will be distraught by the results , accepting the fact and supporting each other in the course might lead to a stronger relationship within the family .
+
+S Moreover , disclosing the results to their immediate families will better prepare them for any unforeseen circumstances , financially and mentally .
+
+S Thus the revealing of genetic results can reduce the mental burden of an individual and bring about better communication and understanding with his or her relatives .
+
+S Another point that supports the need of revealing such results to the individual 's relatives is to allow early detection of inheritable diseases that his or her relatives might be prone to .
+
+S The cancer of the large intestine , which is an inherited disorder , has subtle early stage symptoms that can progress almost undetected till the terminal stages .
+
+S When individuals chose to reveal such information to their relatives , relatives will be able to undergo aggressive and constant monitoring of the colon growth which can prevent the disease into becoming fatal ( Burt and Jasperson 2008 ) .
+
+S Such early prevention and cure to fatal diseases are only possible if relatives are notified beforehand , and that responsibility lies on the individual who underwent genetic testing .
+
+S Such information will also allow family members and relatives to make more fully informed choices regarding their future , including decisions on marriage and career , as well as lifestyle habits .
+
+S Thus individual of known genetic risk should be obligated to reveal test results to relatives because it brings awareness concerning the risk of inheriting the disease to the foreground , not only to the person tested , but for his or her relatives as well .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Arguments brought forward by opponents claimed that the personal rights of the individual are being violated .
+
+S This is a bias claim because it failed to consider at-risk relatives ' rights to know about the test results .
+A 3 4|||R:MORPH|||biased|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Relatives have the rights to be informed of the results because they are prone to inheriting the same disease or disorder which can be fatal if discovered too late .
+
+S When individuals chose not to reveal the results , it is mainly because of the following reasons : the fear of discrimination , fear of being a burden to the family or not wanting to worry their families .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||choose|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is a selfish thinking and is an illogical way of avoiding the problem .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The failure of disclosure of genetics test results frequently cause relatives to be enraged and upset , and this had lead to numerous lawsuits against the genetics provider , as they felt that it should be these genetic providers ' responsibilities to inform them , but in fact is the responsibility of the person being tested ( Falk , J .
+
+S M , Dugan , B .
+
+S R. & O'Riordan , A .
+
+S M. 2002 ) .
+
+S Thus detrimental effects on both parties can be seen due to the failure of disclosing genetic test results to relatives .
+
+S In conclusion , individuals should be obligated to reveal such information to their relatives because it is a personal responsibility , and can lead to improvement of their well-being .
+A 25 27|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , relatives should also be informed about the potential dangers of inheriting such disorders so that they are able to make choices and decisions that can change their future for the better .
+
+S References
+
+S 1 .
+
+S Weill Medical College of Cornell University , 02 December 2003 .
+
+S Types of Genetic Diseases [ Internet ] [ Cited 2009 October 22 ] .
+
+S Available from : http : //wo-pub2.med.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/WebObjects/PublicA.woa/4/wa/viewHContent ? website = wmc + pediatrics&contentID = 2505&wosid = mzVUR7tAyS6B44Eyjeex7g
+
+S 2 .
+
+S Karen M. May 14 2009 .
+
+S Mothers satisfied when they share cancer genetic test results with children [ Internet ] [ cited 2009 October 22 ] Available from : http : //www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2009-05/gumc-msw050709.php
+
+S 3 .
+
+S Burt , R. W. & Jasperson , K. W. July 24 2008 .
+
+S APC-Associated Polyposis Conditions [ Internet ] [ Cited 2009 October 22 ] .
+
+S Available from : http : //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi ? book = gene&part = fap
+
+S 4 .
+
+S Falk , J .
+
+S M , Dugan , B .
+
+S R. & O'Riordan , A .
+
+S M. October 14 2002 .
+
+S Medical geneticists ' duty to warn at-risk relatives for genetic disease [ Internet ] [ Cited 2009 October 22 ] .
+
+S Available from : http : //www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/104529532/abstract ? CRETRY = 1&SRETRY = 0
+
+S Through technological advancement and intense scientific research , genetics strives to be one of the most lucrative and beneficial medical sectors .
+
+S Through genetic testing , an individual would be able to detect if there are any genetic imperfections and disorders .
+
+S It also provides an insight to the chances of developing terminal illnesses .
+
+S Such genetic risks have a high percentage chance of appearing in the family thus the question lies if the information be revealed by the carrier to his or her relatives for the bigger picture , or to be kept to him or herself .
+
+S The carrier of a known genetic risk should to tell his or her relatives to inform them of the health implications , to gain emotional support and to adhere to the ethical and legal obligations .
+
+S Firstly , the carrier should inform his or her relatives of the health implications that the genetic test results would affect them .
+
+S Most genetic disorders have a high percentage possibility of inheritance and also due to genetic similarities , appear in family members .
+
+S Thus family members should be informed so that precautionary measures could be taken by them to prepare for the possibility of the illness in the future .
+
+S The relatives could go for regular monitoring of their health conditions .
+
+S Furthermore , relatives could go for their own testing to ascertain their chances to the genetic disorder as an individual .
+
+S With the testing the relatives could make adjustments to their lifestyle to lower the risk and also to prepare case of ever developing the illness ( Sturm , Varga 2008 ) .
+
+S It can be argued that the carrier might be causing unnecessary worrying to his or her relatives as the accuracy of genetic test results varies and also dependent on various factors ( Goh , 2003 ) .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||worry|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Yet with the knowledge of the existence of such risk , the relatives can better prepare for themselves both physically and emotionally so as to be able to recover or overcome the stress if the genetic disorder turning into a medical condition .
+
+S Secondly , by telling his or her relatives , the carrier would be able to gain emotional support and understanding to overcome such trying times .
+
+S After knowing the results , the carrier might be in distraught and lost over what to do for the future .
+
+S In such situation , the care and concern of the family members are crucial in helping reduce the stress .
+
+S This is even more so if the genetic testing showed the possibility of the other family members and relatives may also have the genetic disorder .
+
+S The family would be able to understand each other and provide the comfort that they are overcoming the problem together .
+
+S With regards to the health conditions , having family and relative support also help in taking care of each other physically should medical conditions develop .
+
+S Some may be concerned that relatives might reject the risks and in turn discriminate the carrier for his or her genetic disorder especially if the developed illness is communicable .
+
+S Yet we could not undermine the power of family bonds and the support they can give .
+
+S The situation of discrimination is subjective and does not amount to a general trend in family relationships .
+
+S Lastly , the carrier is required to conform to the ethical and legal obligations in which genetic testing results is needed to be revealed in certain situations .
+
+S The American Society of Clinical Oncology concurs that disclosure may be permitted if the carrier refuse to disclose the information ; the disease caused by the disorder is highly probable to occur , serious , yet preventable and treatable or with early monitoring could reduce its risk .
+
+S ( Lee 2005 ) .
+
+S With that the medical personnel would disclose the information to the relatives in view of the medical concerns that may arise .
+
+S It is also ethical to inform the relatives so that he or she can minimize the emotional trauma inflicted to the relatives if they would to find out that the genetic disorder previously unidentified had turning into an illness .
+
+S This is especially so since they are part of the family and not strangers .
+
+S In conclusion the carrier of a known genetic risk should be obligated to tell his or her relatives for the benefit of their future .
+
+S The carrier should inform them of the health implications , to gain emotional support and to adhere to the ethical and legal obligations .
+
+S It is true that the decision of revelation lies with the carrier which means that more care should be taken when making a decision with the benefit of the relatives in mind .
+
+S References
+
+S Goh , D. ( 2003 , Nov ) Paediatric Shared Care Programme .
+
+S Genetic Testing - Why , When and Whom .
+
+S Retrieved October 27 , 2009 from http : //www.nush.com.sg/_kids/files/medicalEducation/sharedCaredProgramme/bulletin_33.pdf
+
+S Lee , S C. ( 2007 , April ) Genetic Counselling and Genetic Testing : Hereditary Cancer Syndromes .
+
+S Retrieved October 27 , 2009 from http : //www.bioethics-singapore.org/uploadfile/21308 % 20PMAnnex % 20C-4 % 20Dr % 20Lee % 20Soo % 20Chin.pdf
+
+S Sturm , A C. , Varga , E A .
+
+S ( 2008 , Nov 07 ) Bleeding and Clotting Disorders - Family Testing for Clotting Disorders .
+
+S Retrieved October 27 , 2009 from http : //www.netwellness.org/healthtopics/clotting/familytest.cfm
+
+S The opposing argument would be that the legal method has too many strict regulations before the information is allowed to be disclosed while the ethical method is subjective to the moral values of the individual .
+
+S Yet
+
+S Genetic testing is a process in which a one 's DNA or an { embryo } [ HYPERLINK : http : //dictionary.reference.com/browse/embryo ] 's { DNA } [ HYPERLINK : http : //dictionary.reference.com/browse/DNA ] is abstracted and examined for the existence of particular { genes } [ HYPERLINK : http : //dictionary.reference.com/browse/genes ] or deficiency that could signify the future attack of certain disease .
+
+S When an individual is tested positive as a carrier of a particular known genetic risk , such as 1 antitrypsin deficiency- where an insignificant adjustment in the style of living can prevent one from an " early death " ( Wilcke 1998 ) , or Huntington 's disease-where there is no approach to change the consequences of the result ( Wilcke 1998 ) , he or she will be in a state of dilemma- should he or she be obliged to inform his or her family members ?
+A 70 73|||R:OTHER|||dilemma|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some suggested that when one 's relatives are informed of the result , it can cause additional anxiety on the relatives concerned and invade on their lives , thus the positive result should not be disclosed to one 's relatives .
+
+S However , by informing ones ' relatives of the result not only allow them to escape from early deaths through small adjustments in their lifestyles but also ensure the safety of third parties .
+
+S Thus , the reveal of the result to relatives has effectuated significant advantages .
+
+S Hence , a carrier of a known genetic risk should be obligated to tell his or her relatives .
+
+S Firstly , when the relatives of a carrier of a known genetic risk are informed of the positive test result , the chance of early deaths of the relatives is minimised .
+
+S This is because certain genetic diseases may be accentuated by external factors .
+
+S When an individual is made known to the external factors , he or she can make adjustments to his or her daily lifestyle .
+
+S Consequently , the chance of an early death due to the genetic disease is reduced since one is not exposed to the decisive risk factor .
+
+S For instance , one is tested positive for 1 antitrypsin deficiency- a genetic disease in which smoking is the decisive risk factor ( Wilcke 1998 ) .
+
+S When the carrier informed his or her relatives of the positive result , the relatives can restrain themselves from smoking .
+
+S This not only minimises the chance of them developing the disease but more importantly reduces the chance of dying early .
+
+S Secondly , the reveal of the result to relatives ensures the safety of third parties .
+
+S When one is tested positive for genetic diseases which can cause one to expose others to danger , one should reveal the result to his or her relatives .
+
+S This is because one 's relative could be in professions such as train conductor , air traffic controller and airline pilot ( Wachbroit 1996 ) .
+
+S These relatives might have a condition that would hamper their job performance in such a way as to expose other people to danger ( Wachbroit 1996 ) .
+
+S For example , one is tested positive for Huntington 's disease- a disease that causes rampant movements .
+
+S When one 's relative is in a particular profession such as airline pilot and the relative is not informed of the positive result , he or she will continue in his or her profession .
+
+S However , the relative might not be able to control his or her movements while on the midst of controlling the aeroplane due to the Huntington 's disease .
+
+S This may cause a disastrous accident which results in the death of many passengers .
+
+S Meanwhile , this disastrous accident may be prevented if the relative is informed of the result by the carrier .
+
+S This is because the relative may go for genetic testing and if one is confirmed to have the disease , he or she will not continue in his or her profession and thus will not expose others to danger .
+
+S Hence , the reveal of the testing result ensures the safety of third parties .
+
+S It has been claimed that the disclosure of the testing result can create unnecessary distress on the relatives concerned and may invade radically on their lives .
+
+S However , the relatives might have significant effects if they are not informed of the result .
+
+S This is because they might make themselves vulnerable to the decisive risk determinants of any particular genetic disease ( Wilcke 1998 ) .
+
+S If they are informed of the result , they might avoid the risk of developing the disease .
+
+S Thus , the consequences of being informed of the result are more preferable than staying in ignorance .
+
+S In conclusion , a carrier of a known genetic risk should be obligated to tell his or her relatives as it not only allows them to escape from early deaths through changes in their lifestyles but also contributes to the safety of third parties .
+A 29 30|||R:NOUN:NUM|||death|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Wilcke J .
+
+S Late onset genetic disease : where ignorance is bliss , is it folly to inform relatives ?
+
+S British Medical Journal [ Internet ] 1998 Sep 12 ; 317 ( 7160 ) : 744 .
+
+S [ cited 2009 Oct 29 ] .
+
+S Available from : { http : //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1113878/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1113878/ ]
+
+S Wachbroit R. Disowning Knowledge : Issues in Genetic Testing .
+
+S [ Internet ] .
+
+S 1996 ; 3/4 ( 6 ) .
+
+S [ cited 2009 Oct 29 ] .
+
+S Available from : { http : //www.publicpolicy.umd.edu/IPPP/rw.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.publicpolicy.umd.edu/IPPP/rw.htm ]
+
+S Genetic testing is a medical test , using blood or tissue from a patient that can definitively determine if a mutation in the genome of the patient is causing a specific disease ( Norrgard , 2008 ) .
+
+S The testing reveals many types of diseases and disorders such as Huntington 's disease , cancer and Down syndrome .
+
+S The decision to undergo genetic testing is actually a personal choice as it is influenced by factors such as family history and having the risk for a disorder .
+
+S The result of the test is an important matter as it affects the life of the individual and their family .
+
+S Family members play important roles such as supportive and caregiver role and patient advocate role .
+
+S Due to these , a carrier of a known genetic risk should be obligated to tell his or her family members .
+
+S A carrier of a known genetic risk should be obligated to tell his or her family members because the family members play a supportive and caregiver role ( Mahowald , McKusick , Scheuerle and Aspinwall , 2001 ) .
+
+S An individual being diagnosed to be a carrier of a genetic risk will be definitely lost and depressed .
+
+S In this case , family members are important to provide mental supports to the patient .
+
+S The support given will be a great pushed for the patient to look forward and face the reality bravely .
+A 7 8|||R:MORPH|||push|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , family members also help patient to think through all relevant medical options which are the best for the patient ( Mahowald et al. , 2001 ) .
+
+S In addition , family members play a caregiver role as well .
+
+S They provide care and company the patient all along the way for them to accept the fact as a carrier of the disorder .
+
+S Through the support and care provided by family members , patients could accept the genetic risk eventually .
+
+S Thus , a carrier of the genetic risk should tell his or her family members .
+
+S Other than that , the patient should tell the result of the test to their family members because family members act as patient advocate role ( Mahowald et al. , 2001 ) .
+
+S This will benefit the patient as the family members will think all sort of ways to ensure patient receives all necessary care .
+
+S They will question the health care team and try to get more information for the patient .
+
+S These help the patient to decide the best treatment for them .
+
+S For example , a patient that has cancer can undergo several treatments to control the spread of the cancerous cells .
+
+S In this case , family members who have the information of the treatment can help the patient to decide the best treatment for the patient .
+
+S Conversely , if the patient has not tell the family members the result of the genetic test , the patient will be definitely in lost and irrational in making decision .
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||toldhe|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , a carrier of genetic risk should be obligated to tell his or her family members .
+
+S Opponents may argue that a carrier of a known genetic risk should not be obligated to tell his or her relatives due to the principles of confidentiality and privacy ( Norrgard , 2008 ) .
+
+S They claimed that a carrier should have the rights to keep the result .
+
+S This is because the carrier thinks that revealing the result of the test will affect the life of the whole family .
+
+S It will create tension for the family .
+
+S However , the family members have the rights to know the result .
+
+S Since some of the genetic diseases and disorders are hereditary , therefore there are potential risks for the family members to inherit the disease .
+
+S The result should be revealed to them in order to be faired to them .
+
+S They have the rights to prevent and ensure their safety .
+
+S Besides , carriers themselves will be in an unstable emotion condition upon knowing the result .
+
+S They are unable to make decision rationally .
+
+S Thus , the result should be told to their relatives .
+
+S Hence , the relatives can make rational decision for the patient and this probably what the patient needs the most .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , relatives play an instrumental role to help the patient in facing the genetic disease .
+
+S They support , care and advocate the patient .
+
+S The issue of privacy should be put aside since the benefits of the patient are on priority .
+
+S Thus , a carrier of a known genetic risk should be obligated to tell his or her relatives .
+
+S References :
+
+S Norrgard,K. ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Ethics of genetic testing : Medical insurance and genetic discrimination.Nature Education .
+
+S Retrieved October 28 , 2009 , from : { http : //www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/Ethics-of-Genetic-Testing-Medical-Insurance-and-651 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/Ethics-of-Genetic-Testing-Medical-Insurance-and-651 ]
+
+S Mahowald , M. B. , McKusick , V. A. , Scheuerle , A. S. , & Aspinwall , T. J .
+
+S ( 2001 ) .
+
+S Genetics in the Clinic : Clinical , Ethical , and Social Implications for Primary Care .
+
+S United States : Mosby , Inc .
+
+S Genetic testing can be classified as a medical test that detects changes in the genes , chromosomes or proteins .
+
+S The testing is usually done to find changes related with inherited diseases or disorders .
+
+S ( { http : //ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/testing/genetictesting } [ HYPERLINK : http : //ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/testing/genetictesting ] ) Some of the diseases that can be detected are Huntington disease , Thalassemia , Cystic fibrosis and Alzheimer disease .
+
+S Results from a genetic testing can help to ascertain the percentage of chances of a person developing or passing on a genetic disease .
+
+S Genetic testing is done voluntary by a person and often , the question " should a person who is found to be a carrier of genetic disorder through the genetic testing tell his or her family " arises when it comes to releasing the results of the test .
+
+S In my opinion , the carrier of a known genetic disease should be obligated to tell his or her family members .
+
+S One should be obligated to reveal his or her own genetic test 's results to his family members as the results can help in family planning .
+
+S A person who is thinking of marrying , should let his partner know that he has genetic problem as the other party is going to spend the rest of her life with him and it will be unfair to keep her in the dark .
+
+S Not only that , those who are already married should also reveal the results to his spouse so that they can come up with a plan for their family like how many children they want and whether they want to take the risk of having a child .
+
+S Taking care of children with serious genetic disorder is not an easy task , and as such , a couple should inform each other of their genetic problem first and try to discuss the consequences and think of a solution together instead of keeping it a secret .
+
+S However , critics may say that it is not necessary to inform his spouse about his condition as sometimes the baby will not inherit the disease and even if the baby do inherit the disorder , abortion can still be done while the foetus is still inside the mother 's womb .
+A 31 32|||R:VERB:SVA|||does|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , this is not an ethical thing to do and inhuman to terminate a life .
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||it is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It will be much more better if they have discuss and plan earlier and thus a desperate measure such as abortion need not be made .
+A 4 5|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides that , a carrier of a known genetic problem should be obligated to tell his family members so that the chances of treating or at least improving his disease will be much more higher .
+
+S This is because , when his family members know that he is suffering from a genetic problem , they will try all means to help him to improve his condition .
+
+S A person will usually feel depress and even suffers emotional breakdown when he knows that he suffers from a certain disease what more if it is a disease inherited from his parents , thus when his family knows about his condition , they can persuade , paying more attention to him and even encourage him to go for treatment and not to give up .
+A 5 6|||R:ADJ:FORM|||depressed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:SVA|||suffer|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 46 47|||R:VERB:FORM|||pay|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Not only that , maybe his family members have wider contacts than him and can recommend alternative medicine or a specialist doctor which in turn can increase his chance to recover .
+
+S However , there has also been some suggestions that the carrier of a certain genetic disease who knows it through genetic testing should not be obligated to tell his family members as he will be discriminated and sometimes even be treated as an outcast in his family .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nevertheless , he should be mentally prepared and thinks positively as eventually his family members will surely accept him as blood is always thicker than water .
+
+S In conclusion , a person should be obligated to reveal his genetic testing 's results as it has more advantages in doing so than disadvantages as encouragement from his family and family planning is crucial to a person with genetic disorder .
+
+S References :
+
+S Norrgard , K. ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Ethics of Genetic Testing : Medical Insurance and Genetic Discrimination .
+
+S Retrieved October 28 , 2009 , from HYPERLINK " http : //www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/Ethics-of-Genetic-Testing-Medical-Insurance-and-651 " http : //www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/Ethics-of-Genetic-Testing-Medical-Insurance-and-651
+
+S Genetics Home Preferrence ( October 2009 ) .
+
+S What is Genetic testing ?
+
+S from { http : //ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/testing/genetictesting } [ HYPERLINK : http : //ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/testing/genetictesting ]
+
+S What will be this world if people are capable of viewing their genetic testing results as easily as ordering a dinner in a restaurant ?
+
+S Nowadays , there is a new type of technology , named genetic testing , which is designed to find changes that are associated with inherited disorders ( Genetic testing , 2009 ) .
+
+S With the help of genetic test , people are able to find or rule out some suspected genetic problems and will be clear about the risks of developing or passing on a genetic disorder .
+
+S However , if individual are allowed to have the final say in revealing the results of such testing , although it has many benefits , its disadvantages still outweigh these advantages overwhelmingly .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||individuals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S That is to say , letting people possess the right to view such testing results is potentially harmful to our community .
+
+S Hence , people should not have the final say in whether to reveal the result of genetic tests .
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This essay will concentrate on two aspects to illustrate the reasons : side effects of the genetic testing on families and society ( Nicholson , 2007 ) .
+
+S Firstly , as for the family aspect , genetic testing may create tension among family members ( Genetic testing , 2009 ) .
+
+S It is because one person 's result will have deep effects on others ' due to their kinship .
+
+S For example , if a parent or a child knows that he gets a kind of genetic disorder , then their children or parents may worry about not only his health but also themselves ' all the time .
+
+S This brings about a lot of trouble to the whole family and affects the family harmony .
+
+S Besides , if a baby is diagnosed some genetic problems , some parents may abandon their child due to the endless treatments and high-priced medical cost instead of hoping to cure their child and trying their best .
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||withome|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , if the results of genetic testing are allowed to reveal to individuals , such phenomena will happen more frequently than before and it will make a difference on society .
+
+S Then as for the social aspects , genetic testing may also be sensational ( Nicholson , 2007 ) .
+
+S For instance , if the employers know the genetic testing results of their potential employees , they will intend to hire those who are much healthier than others .
+
+S Otherwise , their employees may ask for a sick leave from time to time , which will affect the normal operations of the companies .
+
+S Besides , if an insurance agent knows the results of a particular customer , then salesmen will try to avoid offering insurance service to one who has some kind of genetic disorder .
+
+S Instead , they will spare no effort to sell insurance to the healthy population .
+
+S In a word , genetic testing may lead to a genetic discrimination in employment and insurance industry ( Genetic testing , 2009 ) .
+
+S Moreover , even if people know their results of genetic testing , usually they are able to do very little nothings .
+A 20 21|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is because genetic testing can not predict how severely one person will be affected by the disordered genes .
+
+S What is can do is only detecting whether there are any genetic problems .
+A 1 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||can be done|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , for most kinds of the genetic disorders , the medical technology nowadays is not capable of curing them ( What is genetic testing ?
+
+S n.d. ) .
+
+S Therefore , personally viewing of the results of genetic testing will cause a lot of problems to society .
+
+S Actually , whether individual requesting genetic testing should have the final say in revealing the results of such testing is a heated controversy in society today .
+
+S While the genetic testing can assist people in predicting and ruling out some genetic disorders and problems which are hard to be find in daily life , it will still bring about some difficult problems to human beings to some extent .
+A 33 34|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , the individual requesting genetic testing should not have the final say in whether to reveal the results of such testing .
+
+S References :
+
+S Genetic testing .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Retrieved November 28 , 2009 , from : { http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_testing } [ HYPERLINK : http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_testing ]
+
+S Linda Nicholson .
+
+S ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Genetic Testing .
+
+S Retrieved November 28 , 2009 , from : { http : //kidshealth.org/parent/system/medical/genetics.html # } [ HYPERLINK : http : //kidshealth.org/parent/system/medical/genetics.html # ]
+
+S What is Genetic Testing ?
+
+S .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Retrieved November 28 , 2009 , from : { http : //www.lbl.gov/Education/ELSI/genetic-testing.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.lbl.gov/Education/ELSI/genetic-testing.html ]
+
+S Advancements in medical science have led to an increase in the number of people undergoing genetic testing .
+
+S They go through medical tests to detect changes in their genes , thus identifying the possibility of them or their related-family member developing a inherited disorder ( Genetic Home Reference , 2009 ) .
+
+S As such , a controversy occurs as to whether a carrier of a known genetic risk should be obligated to tell his or her relatives .
+
+S The test results obtained from genetic testing will have ethical and social issues .
+
+S Thus , an individual of a known genetic risk should be obligated to inform his/her relatives .
+
+S Firstly , there are ethical implications involved .
+
+S It would be morally wrong not to inform an identifiable individual of having a possibility of developing genetic disease .
+
+S For instance , a parent with high blood pressure may affect the child to inherit the disease .
+
+S Researchers have shown that his/her child will have a 35 percent to 65 percent chance of inheriting it ( Edelson , 2009 ) .
+
+S Thus , the parent should warn the child of this possibility .
+
+S The child can take precaution on his/her diet and exercise regularly to reduce the risk of having high blood pressure .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||precautions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , some may question on the accuracy of genetic testing , and the unnecessary worries it might bring to an individual .
+A 8 9|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , prevention is always better than cure and with additional caution , worries will be eliminated .
+
+S Secondly , social issues will also occur .
+
+S The genetic disease may spread among the community if an individual is unaware of a possible genetic disorder developing in him/her .
+
+S In the case of Huntington 's disease , the related family member will have a 50 percent possibility of having the disease ( Norrgard , 2008a ) .
+
+S If so unfortunately the related family member were to develop the disease and carry on with giving birth , his/her child will in turn have a 50 percent chance of having the disease .
+
+S When this cycle carries on , it will create a social problem as the disease has now been spread into the society .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , the individual should be obligated to inform his/her relatives to avoid such situation .
+
+S On the contrary , others may feel that the individual will be discriminated due to his/her disease .
+
+S However , there are laws which protect the individual from discrimination ( Norrgard , 2008b ) .
+
+S This can give the individual a sense of assurance that they have equal chances ( in looking for a job ) as compared to others .
+
+S There are those who feel that an individual of a known genetic risk should not be obligated to inform his/her relatives as genetic results is private and of high confidentiality ( HOPES , 2002 ) .
+
+S While it is true that genetic test result are confidential , in the case where another life is at risk , we should be more considerate and help save another life .
+
+S In conclusion , an individual of a known genetic risk should be obligated to inform his/her relatives as both ethical and social implications will occur .
+
+S References
+
+S Edelson , E. ( 2008 , March 24 ) .
+
+S Health Day News : High Blood Pressure Runs In Families .
+
+S Retrieved October 23 , 2009 , from { http : //abcnews.go.com/Health/Healthday/story ? id = 4516674&page = 1 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //abcnews.go.com/Health/Healthday/story ? id = 4516674&page = 1 ] Genetic Home Reference .
+
+S ( 2009 , October 16 ) .
+
+S What Is Genetic Testing ? .
+
+S Retrieved October 22 , 2009 , from HYPERLINK " http : //ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/testing/genetictesting " http : //ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/testing/genetictesting
+
+S Huntington 's Outreach Project for Education , at Standford .
+
+S ( 2002 , September 13 ) .
+
+S Genetic Testing : The Science And Practice Of Testing For Huntington 's Disease .
+
+S Retrieved October 23 , 2009 , from { http : //hopes.stanford.edu/diagnsis/gentest/s10.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //hopes.stanford.edu/diagnsis/gentest/s10.html ]
+
+S Norrgard , K. ( 2008a ) .
+
+S Ethics of Genetic Testing : Medical Insurance and Genetic Discrimination .
+
+S Retrieved October 23 , 2009 , from { http : //www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/Ethics-of-Genetic-Testing-Medical-Insurance-and-651 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/Ethics-of-Genetic-Testing-Medical-Insurance-and-651 ]
+
+S Norrgard , K. ( 2008b ) .
+
+S Protecting Your Genetic Identity : GINA and HIPAA .
+
+S Retrieved October 23 , 2009 , from { http : //www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/Protecting-Your-Genetic-Identity-GINA-and-HIPAA-678 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/Protecting-Your-Genetic-Identity-GINA-and-HIPAA-678 ]
+
+S Surveillance technology such as RFID technology is used for the purpose of monitoring changes , behaviour , activities and keeping track of mainly humans and sometimes , animals .
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN|||behaviors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S RFID technology has been around for more than 10 years and it is used by different bodies or organizations ( Ramdasi , 2009 ) .
+
+S Thus , it is not something uncommon among our society as it is incorporated in many applications of our daily lives such as tracking people and animals .
+A 7 8|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:PREP|||into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The acronym RFID stands for Radio Frequency Identification and it is widely used in different industries .
+
+S We may rely too much on RFID technology that it may take a toll on some of us .
+
+S This has resulted in the raise of privacy and ethical issues within our society .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN|||emergence|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , it has been known that RFID technology brings benefits to various elements of our lives and it helps in solving problems that we may encounter while handling different tasks and even correct human errors .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN|||aspects|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||such as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||R:OTHER|||helping|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:VERB:FORM|||correcting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , RFID technology such as human implants and RFID tags should be used to monitor people .
+
+S One of the vital advantages of the use of RFID technology is that it can boost the security level effectively in a few areas within certain proximity ( Ramdasi , 2009 ) .
+A 24 27|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Safety and security is the primary concern when it comes to managing a business .
+
+S For example , RFID tags are widely used in jewellery stores , supermarkets and boutiques .
+
+S Merchandises in the respective stores are tagged with RFID tags and RFID readers will be placed at the checkout counters ( Ramdasi , 2009 ) .
+
+S Once an RFID tagged item is brought out via an RFID reader , it will trigger the alarm and security guards will be alerted upon hearing the alarm .
+A 8 12|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , this decreases the chances of thefts .
+A 0 2|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||theft|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides that , RFID tags come in various shapes and sizes and the information contained in the RFID tags are not easily duplicated ( Ramdasi , 2009 ) .
+
+S This increases the security level and efficacy of the surveillance systems in a particular area that incorporates the RFID technology .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||system|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides that , RFID technology is also important in the healthcare industry as it can save lives ( Rapid Adoption of RFID in Healthcare , 2006 ) .
+
+S Dull and monotonous procedures can be removed or reduced and patients would not feel trapped or isolated and be more carefree ( Rapid Adoption of RFID in Healthcare , 2006 ) .
+
+S For example , patients are tagged with RFID wristbands that contain information about their health conditions , medications , drug allergies and microchips that enable healthcare professionals to monitor the patients ( RFID Applications in Healthcare , 2006 ) .
+
+S If any of the patients experience any difficulties such as breathlessness , nurses will be able to track the patient and immediately attend to him or her .
+A 2 5|||R:OTHER|||patient|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:SVA|||experiences|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This saves time and can potentially save a life .
+
+S Since RFID automates procedures such as protecting the patients from danger , it reduces the amount of personal contacts between patients and nurses ( Rapid Adoption of RFID in Healthcare , 2006 ) .
+A 3 3|||M:ADJ|||such|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 7|||R:OTHER|||that protect|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||contact|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Information on patients ' diseases and surgeries can also be obtained from the RFID wristbands .
+
+S Reports can be accessed by the healthcare professionals such as the doctors and nurses without a hassle .
+A 0 1|||M:OTHER|||Thus , reports|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Further medical treatments can be conducted if another doctor reads the reports .
+
+S However , there are arguments that are against the use of RFID technology in monitoring and tracking people and animals despite the benefits gained .
+
+S One of the arguments that have been brought up is the difficulty in reading the information provided by the RFID tags incorporated in liquids and metal products ( Pandey , 2009 ) .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These substances may reflect the radio waves which make the information hard to read .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:SVA|||makes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The RFID tags also have to be placed in proper positions , taking into account its angles and alignment in order to obtain a proper reading .
+A 15 16|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This can be quite a hassle and it requires a lot of concentration .
+
+S However , RFID tags are usually placed in an area with optimum frequency which enables the RFID readers to obtain the information contained in the tags correctly .
+
+S Active RFID tags which are tags that use batteries to increase the range of frequency of a system can be used to solve this problem .
+A 3 3|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , the use of RFID technology would still be effective and beneficial to us .
+
+S In conclusion , we can see that the use of RFID technology does bring important advantages to our society .
+
+S Therefore , the use of RFID technology should be promoted and enhanced .
+
+S RFID technology provides a better security than other surveillance gadgets such as CCTV and reduces thefts in our society .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides that , monitoring of animals is made easy because of the versatility of the RFID tags .
+
+S Therefore , if we would like to minimise our workload , save time , ensure that we live in a safer environment and save lives , RFID technology should be used to carry out these intentions .
+
+S Reference
+
+S Pandey , K. ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Advantages and Disadvantages of RFID Technology .
+
+S Retrieved October 1 , 2009 , from http : //www.buzzle.com/articles/ advantages-and-disadvantages-of-rfid-technology.html
+
+S Ramdasi , A .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Benefits of RFID Technology .
+
+S Retrieved October 2 , 2009 , from { http : //www.buzzle.com/articles/benefits-of-rfid-technology.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.buzzle.com/articles/benefits-of-rfid-technology.html ]
+
+S Rapid Adoption of RFID in Healthcare .
+
+S ( 2006 , May ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 1 , 2009 , from http : //www.idtechex.com/research/articles/ rapid_adoption_of_rfid_in_healthcare_00000470.asp
+
+S RFID Applications in Healthcare ( 2006 , April ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 1 , 2009 , from { http : //www.supplyinsight.com/RFID_in_Healthcare.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.supplyinsight.com/RFID_in_Healthcare.htm ]
+
+S A Radio Frequency Identification ( RFID ) tag is a small microchip designed for identification of the object it is attached to .
+
+S It is capable of transmitting many stored digital information to receivers via radio waves and has many applications in consumers ' products ( Cormode 2006 ) .
+A 5 6|||R:ADJ|||much|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:OTHER|||terms of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , privacy issues arise when the same technology is used for tracking of human ( Cormode 2006 ) .
+A 13 14|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||humans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When RFID and other surveillance technology are used to track children movement , we are not only invading the children privacy but also undermining their dignity ( Anonymous 2005 ) .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||technologies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Usage of RFID implants in the medical field to store patients ' medical data has also been linked to increased possibility of developing cancer ( Gutierrez 2008 ) .
+
+S With such detrimental effects on health and on human rights of privacy , usage of surveillance technology such as RFID to track people should be banned .
+A 10 10|||M:OTHER|||in terms|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S First of all , when RFID is used to tag and track a person , the privacy of the person being tracked is compromised .
+
+S The United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that " No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy , family , home or correspondence , nor to attacks upon his honour and reputation .
+
+S " With RFID , private information of the individual other than his location can be picked up by anyone with a radio receiver and the individual with the RFID will not know who is taking the information and what private information is being stolen ( Cormode 2006 ) .
+A 26 27|||R:OTHER|||tagged by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The information may be misused for consumer profiling by the company collecting all these personal information ( Cormode 2006 ) .
+A 13 14|||R:DET|||this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Advocates of RFID argue that the technology will prevent terrorist from entering the nation by reducing forgery of passport ( US Department of Homeland Security ) .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||terrorists|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||passports|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the United Sates Department of Homeland Security ( DHS ) reported that the ability of RFID to counter forgery comes from its use of encrypted digital data storage and not from its radio transmission capability .
+A 12 12|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The DHS also added that other forms of digital data storage technology such as contact chips can provide the same function against passport forgery while preventing invasion of human privacy .
+A 2 2|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , RFID should not be used to track people since it infringe into human privacy .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:SVA|||infringes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , an article on Electronic Privacy Information Center ( Anonymous 2005 ) highlighted that using RFID to track children movement and location not only invades their privacy but can also be very detrimental to their dignity .
+A 20 20|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||movements|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||locations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The article also compared tagging our children with RFID with tagging of products in markets or tagging of livestock in farms .
+
+S From this comparison , it shows that the dignity of children is being affected by the usage of RFID to track them .
+A 0 1|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Opponents to this position argue that RFID can be used to locate the child position in the event of a kidnap ( Lane 2003 ) .
+A 12 13|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN|||location|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , Lane ( 2003 ) argues that due to the limited range of RFID , it will not serve the purpose of locating the kidnapped child well .
+
+S On top of that , Lane ( 2003 ) also pointed out that these surveillance technologies may give the children and parents a false sense of security .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:TENSE|||points|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Instead of teaching their children the importance of personal safety and the danger of wandering off with strangers , parents may end up relying too much on these technologies for the safety of their children .
+
+S Hence , RFID should not be used for tracking of children .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly , usage of RFID implant to track patients and to store medical information of cognitive decline individual have been linked to an increased risk of developing skin cancer in areas near the implant ( Gutierrez 2008 ) .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||implants|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:MORPH|||cognitively|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:TENSE|||declined|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||individuals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although the RFID implant aids in getting medical information from these individual with lower intellect , the increase risk of cancer greatly outweighs this benefit .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||individuals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:FORM|||increased|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , usage of RFID implants for tracking of patients or for storing of medical records should be banned .
+
+S In conclusion , usage of RFID or other surveillance technology to track people not only infringe human rights of privacy and undermine the dignity of our children , it also poses a serious health issue in the case of a RFID implant .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||technologies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||infringes on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:SVA|||undermines|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 42|||R:OTHER|||RFID implants|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As such , RFID or other surveillance technology to track people should be banned .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||technologies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference
+
+S Anonymous .
+
+S Children and RFID Systems .
+
+S Electronic Privacy Information Center .
+
+S [ Internet ] 2005 [ cited 2009 Oct 05 ] .
+
+S Available from : { http : //epic.org/privacy/rfid/children.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //epic.org/privacy/rfid/children.html ]
+
+S Cormode D. Ethical Problems of Implementing widespread RFID devices in consumer products [ Internet ] .
+
+S Pittsburg State University , 2006 June 30 ; [ cited 2009 Oct 05 ] .
+
+S Available from : { http : //www2.pittstate.edu/reuret/ethics06/dan06ethics.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www2.pittstate.edu/reuret/ethics06/dan06ethics.pdf ]
+
+S Gutierrez D. RFID Implants Found to Cause Cancer Tumors .
+
+S Natural News [ Internet ] 2008 Jan 08 [ cited 2009 Oct 05 ] .
+
+S Available from : { http : //www.naturalnews.com/022467_RFID_implants_RFID_cancer.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.naturalnews.com/022467_RFID_implants_RFID_cancer.html ] Lane M. Would a microchip keep your child safe ?
+
+S BBC News Online Magazine [ Internet ] 2003 Dec 18 [ cited 2009 Oct 05 ] .
+
+S Available from : { http : //news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/3307471.stm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/3307471.stm ]
+
+S United Nations .
+
+S The Universal Declaration of Human Rights .
+
+S [ Internet ] ; [ cited 2009 Oct 05 ] .
+
+S Available from : { http : //www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/index.shtml } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/index.shtml ]
+
+S US Department of Homeland Security .
+
+S The Use of RFID for Human Identification [ Internet ] ; [ cited 2009 Oct 05 ] .
+
+S Available from : { http : //www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/privacy/privacy_advcom_rpt_rfid_draft.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/privacy/privacy_advcom_rpt_rfid_draft.pdf ]
+
+S A thorough inspection in surveillance
+
+S With the maturity of surveillance technology , a myriad of surveillance technologies is now widely utilized for administration , security purpose and public welfare , etc .
+A 24 26|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , individuals of course would feel very uncomfortable when noticing a surveillance camera on an ATM machine or even in workplace .
+A 3 6|||R:WO|||would of course|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A seemingly unavoidable debate thus arises .
+
+S Surveillance technology mainly involves the invention and application of informative , accurate and reliable modern equipment monitoring the behaviours , activities , or other changing information , usually in a clandestine manner .
+A 24 26|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Surveillance was conducted by the governments for national and social security issues underground at the very beginning .
+
+S However , surveillance equipment has become usual and developed into various types .
+A 6 7|||R:ADJ|||common|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The vast and most frequent surveillance is on the internet , the presumed free space .
+A 1 5|||R:OTHER|||most common and widespread form of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:ORTH|||Internet|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Daffier , Whitfield , 2008 ) ) For instance , the information awareness office , NSA , FBI in U.S. all have unauthorised access to all the data and traffic on the internet .
+A 12 15|||R:NOUN|||intelligence offices|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||the US|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:ORTH|||Internet|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Billions are spent every year to develop , purchase , maintain and implement the surveillance system to intercept and analyze online information .
+
+S The tapping of telephone line by government organisations for monitor citizens and collecting miscellaneous information is also widespread in almost every country .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||lines|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:FORM|||monitoring|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another common surveillance system is that of the surveillance cameras hidden in public areas such as streets , hotels , hospital , shopping mall , bank etc , for administrative purposes or financial security .
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||hospitals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN:NUM|||malls|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:NOUN:NUM|||banks|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 28|||R:OTHER|||and so on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S RFID tapping is the use of small devices implanted in human body or product to identify and locate , which is already applied in some company to monitor their workers while on the job .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||bodies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||products|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:PRON|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:NOUN:NUM|||companies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some criticize ferociously that such mass surveillance is the step towards the totalitarian world described in Jorge Orwell 's 1984.They fear the fictional Orwellian may even become true , which will be a disaster for human beings .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB|||warn|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some are just annoyed by this blatant way the governments work which they equal to that of treating prisoners .
+A 18 18|||M:OTHER|||citizens like|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Numerous civil right groups and privacy groups oppose and regard it as a severe violation of the tight of privacy and freedom .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||rights|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||mass surveillance|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN|||right|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The supporters believe that surveillance system is indispensible in indentifying and capturing terrorists and criminals , which is for public welfare .It 's also effective for administrative purpose .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||However ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||systems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:SPELL|||identifying|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||R:OTHER|||.Mass surveillance is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:NOUN:NUM|||purposes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They argue that in the today 's context that terrorist can make use of computer software to access to others ' information nowadays , why can not governments on the behalf of the whole country .
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||terrorists|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:OTHER|||there is no reason|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 28|||R:OTHER|||governments cannots|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:OTHER|||do so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They also point out governments did n't abuse the information at their hand since they are also monitored by people .Additionally , surveillance create everyone a feeling of being watched , so they become self-policing , which can decrease criminal rate and save administrative expenditure ( Michel Foucault,1979 ) .
+A 4 4|||M:PREP|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 7|||R:OTHER|||would not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||hands|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:SVA|||creates|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:OTHER|||one|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:VERB:SVA|||becomes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 40|||R:OTHER|||crime|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 41|||R:NOUN:NUM|||rates|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 46 48|||R:OTHER|||Foucault , 1979|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Realistically , in my view , the usage of surveillance is necessary in some area and has its value in the benefit of whole society and therefore can not be all banned .
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||areas|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 23|||R:OTHER|||benefiting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:ADV|||totally|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are always some ready to behave undesirably on any conditions everywhere .
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We are compelled to sacrifice some to counter them ; otherwise we lose more .
+A 13 13|||M:PART|||out|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The true meaning of freedom is that with sacrifice of some freedom , one can enjoy much more freedom .Obviously ; the whole society can not function properly if everyone insists on nothing but his own interest .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nowadays criminals and terrorists are equipped with high-tech , therefore we have to take some appropriate actions of which surveillance is one even we have some sacrifice .
+A 8 8|||M:NOUN|||equipment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:ADV|||so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:OTHER|||to protect ourselves against them ;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 22|||R:OTHER|||surveillance is one such action|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 27|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , it should also be legislated and regulated and limited .
+A 6 8|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The details in implementation should all be made clear .
+A 2 3|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:PUNCT|||:|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S which area , which type , to what extent the surveillance equipment can be used which organizations have the right to use , who can monitor them , etc, .
+A 15 15|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:OTHER|||and so on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance in some places such as restaurants and shopping malls , surveillance should be prohibited since it can be replaced by other technology and not as that effective as worthy of violating individuals ' freedom .
+A 2 2|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:OTHER|||it is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:OTHER|||to make|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:OTHER|||it worthwhile|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 33|||R:OTHER|||to violate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Technology always evolves whatever human 's interference is in the sense that every previous attempt of halting the development of technology in history proved futile .
+A 3 3|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 3|||M:PREP|||despite|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:NOUN:POSS||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We should exploit the technology to the most for the welfare of the whole community .
+A 0 1|||M:OTHER|||Thus , we|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||fullest|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the case of surveillance technology , we should concentrate on how to use it appropriately .
+
+S Surveillance technology usage should not be all simply banned because of its flaws , but to be regulated and optimized to serve us better in today 's context .
+A 6 7|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||it should|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference :
+
+S " { Another Tool for Big Brother ?
+
+S } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.wired.com/politics/law/news/2003/07/59471 ] " Associated Press ( Wired News ) .
+
+S July 2 , 2003
+
+S Diffie , Whitfield ; Susan Landau ( August , 2008 ) .
+
+S " { Internet Eavesdropping : A Brave New World of Wiretapping } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.sciam.com/article.cfm ? id = internet-eavesdropping ] " ; Scientific American .
+
+S { http : //www.sciam.com/article.cfm ? id = internet-eavesdropping } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.sciam.com/article.cfm ? id = internet-eavesdropping ] .
+
+S { Garfunkel , Simpson } [ HYPERLINK : http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garfinkel,_Simson ] , Database Nation ; The Death of Privacy in the 21st Century .
+
+S O'Reilly & Associates , Inc. { ISBN 0-596-00105-3 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special : BookSources/0596001053 ] "
+
+S { Is the U.S .
+
+S Turning Into a Surveillance Society ?
+
+S } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.aclu.org/privacy/gen/index.html ] " ( in English ) .
+
+S American Civil Liberties Union .
+
+S { http : //www.aclu.org/privacy/gen/index.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.aclu.org/privacy/gen/index.html ] .
+
+S Technological advancement has led to the invention of several surveillance technologies .
+
+S One such example is Radio Frequency Identification ( RFID ) technology .
+
+S The use of such technology has made it possible to track people and their activities through their belongings without their knowledge .
+
+S This has brought about many debates on the ethical and moral issues surrounding the use of the device ( Anonymous , 2005 ) .
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN|||technology|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S While opponents of RFID suggest that the use of RFID bring benefits such as convenience and protection to patients and children , others view it as a form of security threat and intrusion of privacy ( Data Privacy & Integrity Advisory Committee , 2006 ) .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN|||proponents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:SVA|||brings|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The use of RFID can also cause the growth of tumors if chips are implanted into the human body ( Anti-chip.com , n.d ) .
+
+S Thus , the use of RFID should be banned as the consequences it brings outweigh the few benefits that it provides .
+
+S Firstly , the use of RFID to track people has raised concerns on privacy issues as they are tracked without their knowledge ( Data Privacy & Integrity Advisory Committee , 2006 ) .
+
+S Their whereabouts and activities can be constantly monitored and information shared .
+A 9 9|||M:ADJ|||such|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It can be argued that the use of RFID tags to check on patients with Alzheimer 's conditions and children may be a form of protection .
+A 16 17|||U:NOUN:POSS||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , in 2006 , Verichip , the manufacturer of RFID chips for human attempted to chip 200 Alzheimer 's patients from Chattanooga , Tennessee to test the effectiveness of the product ( Antichip.com , n.d ) .
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||humans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:NOUN:POSS||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , this has raised a series of heated debate as it is not ethical to chip cognitively impaired individuals who are unable to give informed consent ( Antichip.com , n.d ) .
+A 3 4|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||debates|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:OTHER|||for the experiment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , the use of RFID should be banned as it invades the privacy of people .
+
+S Secondly , the use of RFID to track people may provide a false sense of security ( Hook , 2005 ) .
+
+S RFID tags can be incorporated in one 's belongings such as passports and identification cards to track and identify people .
+A 5 6|||R:PREP|||into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This may increase cases of skimming on personal information .
+
+S Opponents of RFID may debated that encryption can be used to limit the access of information to unauthorized people ( Data Privacy & Integrity Advisory Committee , 2006 ) .
+A 0 1|||R:NOUN|||Supporters|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB|||argue|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , it can be argued that RFID technology would reduce delay at checkpoints and entrances which in turn improve efficiency and speed ( Data Privacy & Integrity Advisory Committee , 2006 ) .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||delays|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nevertheless , experiments by security research firm Riscure have shown that the encrypted passport can be intercepted and excessive information is revealed to an unauthorized person , which may promote identity theft ( Hasbrouck , 2006 ) .
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:TENSE|||can be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , RFID should be banned as the device is flawed .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN|||technology|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly , implanting RFID chips in human can be a potential health risk .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||humans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A series of studies has shown that chip implants had induced malignant tumors in some lab mice and rats ( Lewan , 2007 ) .
+A 4 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||showed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This shows that implanting chips in human may cause cancer .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||humans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , leading cancer specialists reviewed that animal test results do not necessarily apply to humans ( Lewan , 2007 ) .
+A 5 6|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , Verichip Corp insists that the chips are safe and has been implanted in millions of domestic pets without major problem ( Lewan , 2007 ) .
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:NUM|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nevertheless , implanting RFID in human body should be banned before any cause of detrimental health effect to the individuals .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 14|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||effects|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the use of RFID to track people should be banned as it can be a security threat and it intrudes the privacy of people .
+A 23 23|||M:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Implanting RFID chips may also result in cancer .
+A 3 3|||M:OTHER|||into humans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The disadvantages of the use of RFID outweigh the benefits .
+
+S Reference
+
+S Anonymous .
+
+S ( 2005 , July 19 ) .
+
+S Two Stories Highlight the RFID Debate .
+
+S Retrieved September 6 , 2009 , from http : //www.rfidupdate.com/articles/index.php ? id = 914
+
+S Data Privacy & Integrity Advisory Committee .
+
+S ( 2006 , December 6 ) .
+
+S The Use of RFID for Human Identity Verification , p. 4-6 .
+
+S Retrieved September 6 , 2009 , from http : // www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/privacy/privacy_advcom_12-2006_rpt_RFID.pdf
+
+S Hasbrouck , E. ( 2006 , January 30 ) .
+
+S Encrypted RFID passport data intercepted and cracked .
+
+S Retrieved September 6 , 2009 , from http : //hasbrouck.org/blog/ archives/001002.html
+
+S Hook , B.R .
+
+S ( 2005 , May 7 ) .
+
+S RFID Tags : Preventing or Promoting Identity Theft .
+
+S Retrieved September 6 , 2009 , from http : //www.crmbuyer.com/story/44320.html
+
+S Lewan , T. ( 2007 , September 8 ) .
+
+S Chip Implants Linked to Animal Tumors .
+
+S Retrieved September 6 , 2009 , from http : //www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/ content/article/ 2007/09/08/AR2007090800997_pf.html
+
+S Surveillance technology systems are mechanisms , which can identify , monitor and track movements and data .
+A 5 6|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Research laboratories envision tools that could identify and track just about every person , anywhere -- and sound alarms when the systems encounter hazardous objects or chemical compounds .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||the alarm|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Together these developments herald a high-tech surveillance society that is beyond previous generation imagination-- one in which virtually every advance brings benefits as well as intrusions .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:POSS|||generations '|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However since the benefits reaped from surveillance technology overpowers the inconvenience it results in , surveillance technology should indeed be used to track people .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:VERB|||outweigh|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Surveillance technology should be used to track people to ensure national security by preventing crime .
+
+S Ever since this technology has become immensely sophisticated , real benefits have been achieved in the development of surveillance technology systems .
+
+S The most common type of surveillance technology is the security cameras .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||camera|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Take for instance , the pinhole cameras in most banks machines .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||bank|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These devices play a part in deterring potential criminals from carrying out their nefarious activities knowing that their images are caught on tape and maybe used for capture and prosecution .
+A 24 25|||R:ORTH|||may be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:NOUN|||arrest|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , this technology also complements the work of security personnel and thus provides added protection against sneaky terrorist attacks .
+A 18 19|||R:ADJ|||furtive|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is evident in the Singapore MRT stations that are equipped with the 24-hour camera surveillance .
+
+S Furthermore surveillance technology helps to combat threats .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is proven during the introduction of the newly-developed Infrared Fever Screening System ( IFSS ) which is a useful contribution in national effort against SARS .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:PREP|||through|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN:NUM|||efforts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some may argue that surveillance technology should not be used to track people as it may have substantial implications in privacy .
+A 19 20|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Privacy usually refers to the interest that individuals have in sustaining a personal space free from interference by other people and organizations .
+A 1 2|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is acknowledged that the usage of surveillance technology seems to invade and violate the right to privacy .
+
+S People often think of privacy as some kind of right .
+
+S However , the concept of this right is a problematic way to define as it is very easy to get confused between legal rights on one hand and natural or moral rights on the other .
+A 13 13|||M:NOUN|||privacy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One may claim it is his right to stay in a country that is safe whereas the other may claim that it is their right not to want the practice of surveillance technology .
+
+S In such situations , it is impossible for both parties to have their rights .
+
+S One will have to give up the right to absolute privacy to reap the benefits of the rights to feel safe and secure .
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN:NUM|||right|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides having absolute privacy is just an ideal .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||In addition ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The practice of surveillance technology is necessary for the benefit of majority as it adopted to improve our quality of life .
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 14|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It will be denying more people rights if surveillance is not practiced .
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For now , the public seems to find that trade-off acceptable .
+
+S Furthermore scientists around the world have intensified efforts to perfect the art of surveillance , hoping to catch villains before they strike .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will assure public that it is worth it to allow the technology to invade in their privacy .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , although each uptick in protection will typically come at the cost of more intrusion into the privacy of ordinary people , surveillance technology has come up with the best possible inventions to assure that this trade-off will be worth it .
+A 24 24|||UNK|||the development of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Rather than not doing anything to deal with the problems we have , the implementation of such technologies should be allowed for the benefits of majority .
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN:NUM|||benefit|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Surveillance technology such as RFID ( radio-frequency identification ) should not be used to track people
+
+S There are numbers of technologies by which identity of all kinds of material can be tracked .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||a number|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||the location|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some advance surveillance technology like GPS and RFID can even track people 's location and health status by using a tiny tag and a reader .
+
+S However , disputation rises as the issue comes to tracking of human being .
+A 2 3|||R:MORPH|||disputes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:VERB|||arise|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||when|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||beings|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In my opinion , these surveillance technologies should not be used to track people .
+
+S First and foremost , privacy comes into our mind when we mention of being tracked all the time .
+A 12 13|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S No one would like to have a pair of eyes watching him anytime or anywhere , leaving him an uncomfortable feeling .
+A 11 12|||R:PRON|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:PRON|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The Universal Declaration of Human Rights ( UDHR ) has clearly stated out that all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights .
+A 12 13|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:VERB|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Everyone should have their own rights to move freely without being monitored .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||right|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:ADV|||about|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , the importance or urge to use surveillance technology to track people is subtle .
+A 4 4|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:FORM|||using|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:ADJ|||doubtful|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some may argue that these technologies can keep people from danger by tracking their health status especially in some working places with high radioactive level , track someone 's location in case he 's kidnapped .
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN:NUM|||levels|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:OTHER|||or in tracking|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Workers can still have medical check regularly to ensure they are healthy as health problems would n't come in a sudden , it must accumulate over time .
+A 0 1|||M:OTHER|||However , workers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||checks|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||all of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:OTHER|||usually|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore for parents fearing of the chance of their children being kidnapped , it 's unfortunate that through electromagnetic isolation , they wo n't be able to track their children also .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 24|||R:OTHER|||would not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:OTHER|||even if their children were RFID tagged|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , the children may get hurt if the kidnappers decide to remove the tag or chip implanted under the children 's skin .
+A 2 3|||R:DET|||these|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides that , the confidentiality of such data transmitted between a tag or chip and device is questionable .
+
+S Someone who has the device and the way to encrypt the code can actually have access to these data .
+A 6 6|||M:VERB|||knows|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It 's a horrible scene if someone is tracked by a person who does n't have the authority .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB|||would be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:ADJ|||dangerous|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN|||situation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:OTHER|||to do so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even though high security level can be developed , there will always be loopholes .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The best way to prevent the leakage of personal data is not to use it .
+A 0 1|||M:OTHER|||Thus , the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Last but not least , a report released by The { American Medical Association } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.ama-assn.org/ ] ( AMA ) indicated that RFID devices may present physical risks to the patient .
+A 10 11|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 36|||R:OTHER|||patients|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Though they are removable , their small size allows them to migrate under the skin , making them potentially difficult to extract .
+
+S The report went on to add this warning : " RFID tags may cause electromagnetic interference , which may interfere with electrosurgical devices and defibrillators .
+
+S Finally , it has not been determined whether RFID tags might affect the efficacy of pharmaceuticals .
+
+S "
+
+S In conclusion , due to the privacy , unimportance of using these technologies , confidentiality of data and health threat , surveillance technology such as RFID ( radio-frequency identification ) should not be used to track people
+A 6 6|||M:OTHER|||infringement of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||the threat to confidential|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S Mark Roberti .
+
+S 2007 March 7 .
+
+S Doctors Weigh In on Human RFID Implants .
+
+S RFID Journal Blog .
+
+S Available from : { http : //www.rfidjournal.com/blog/entry/3455 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.rfidjournal.com/blog/entry/3455 ] .
+
+S * Tan Jin Soon , Li Tieyan .
+
+S 2008 .
+
+S RFID Security .
+
+S Available from : http : //www.itsc.org.sg/pdf/synthesis08/Two_RFID.pdf .
+
+S Over the years as technology advances , the improvement in surveillance technology such as Radio-frequency identification ( RFID ) and surveillance cameras has brought about the increase in usage of such technology .
+
+S Surveillance technology refers to the technology developed for observers to keep track of activities done by the observed .
+
+S Such technology is widely used on human beings in the 21st century for social , political or economical purposes .
+
+S Despite the long-running controversy over whether such technology should be used to track people due to human rights issues , it is evident that the advantages outweigh the negative impacts .
+
+S Therefore , I do not agree that surveillance technology should not be used to track people .
+
+S Firstly , the use of surveillance technology such as RFID is useful in maintaining security in the country .
+
+S The use of RFID at immigration borders and checkpoints enables a country to identify suspected terrorists and keep away unwelcomed immigrants who may post a threat to the welfare of the country and her people .
+A 23 24|||R:VERB|||pose|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( HYPERLINK " http : //www.dhs.gov " http : //www.dhs.gov ) This will in turn help to improve and safeguard safety in the country and indirectly help in the economical aspect .
+A 1 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , this form of tracking of people should not be avoided .
+
+S Secondly , using surveillance technology to track patients helps to ensure their safety and thus should not be denied .
+
+S The use of RFID-based wristbands helps to keep track of the locations of Alzheimer 's and pediatric patients to make sure that they do not wander off from the hospital or enter any unauthorized areas .
+A 14 15|||U:NOUN:POSS||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S { ( Awang , 2008 ) } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.intanbk.intan.my/psimr/vol2.2/Article % 205 % 20- % 20Nor % 20Hazilawati.pdf ] It is essential for hospital to have such devices to track down patients to prevent the occurrence of unwanted incidents .
+A 26 27|||R:NOUN:NUM|||hospitals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , the use of battery-powered RFID tags can also help hospitals to track down locations of patients in times of disaster when the lives of patients are at threat .
+
+S { ( Gould , 2009 ) } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.psfk.com/2009/08/using-rfid-to-track-hospital-patients.html ] Such usage of surveillance technology to track people is necessary , and hence should not be denied of usage .
+A 0 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , the use of surveillance technology such as surveillance cameras to track people is believed to aid in the reduction of crime rate in the country , which will be beneficial to the society .
+
+S With the presence of surveillance cameras , potential criminals will thus think twice before they act .
+
+S This may hence deter crimes from happening .
+
+S Even though it may not be an ideal and effective way to curb criminal offenses , it can on the other hand allow authorities to work more efficiently when an incident occur .
+A 31 32|||R:VERB:SVA|||occurs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S { ( Shah Alam , 2007 ) } [ HYPERLINK : http : //malaysiacrimewatch.lokety.com/closed-circuit-television-cameras-to-fight-crime-in-selangor/ ] The use of surveillance technology to track people , under such circumstances , has once again proved to be useful and thus should not be stopped from using it .
+A 0 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Despite the positive impacts of the usage of surveillance technology to track people , there are many arguments pertaining to how surveillance technology should not be used to track people .
+
+S One of the main issues will be the concern of intrusion of human rights .
+
+S When companies first started introducing the implantation of RFID chips into the body of their employees , protests were raised by both related and unrelated parties because they felt that it is clearly a violation of the privacy of one .
+
+S The workers claimed that it is a way of bereaving them from human rights when their motions are being watched around the clock .
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN|||movements|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Christian critics even claimed that such acts will lead to apocalypse as stated in the bible .
+A 16 17|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Lewan , 2007 ) However , such arguments regarding religious issues and human rights are unpractical because there is no substantial evident to prove that implantation of microchips is going to lead to the end of the world , and the argument of violation of human rights is made weak with the definition of human rights being ambiguous .
+A 4 5|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:MORPH|||evidence|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Conversely , the purpose of implanting RFID chips into the employees is clear- to deny access of employees into restricted and highly confidential areas .
+
+S The concern is that should interests of the company override the right of human beings .
+A 3 4|||R:PREP|||whether|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:VERB:TENSE|||should|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore in this case , it is difficult to determine whether surveillance technology should or should not be used to track people .
+
+S Furthermore , the use of surveillance technology may result in adverse psychological impacts on human beings .
+
+S The open-street camera surveillance that has been used widely by many countries in current society is likely to result in an unhealthy psychological impact on the citizens of the country .
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Knowing that every movement of him is being watched over , one may feel stress and uneasy , and this will in turn affects his behavior .
+A 4 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S { ( Butarelli , 2009 ) } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.edps.europa.eu/EDPSWEB/webdav/shared/Documents/EDPS/Publications/Speeches/2009/09-06-19_Vienna_surveillance_EN.pdf ] Societal surveillance may too give rise to " mistrust between citizens and citizens and the state .
+A 17 18|||R:ADV|||also|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " { ( Chellew , 2009 ) } [ HYPERLINK : http : //basicsnewsletter.blogspot.com/2009/06/dangers-of-public-surveillance.html ] Due to this negative consequence in this case , surveillance technology should not be used to track people .
+
+S In conclusion , with the positive impacts outweighing the negative consequences of using surveillance technology to track people , I will not agree to the statement that such technology should not be used to track people .
+
+S References
+
+S Alam , S. ( 2007 ) .
+
+S { Closed-circuit Television Cameras to Fight Crime in Selangor } [ HYPERLINK : http : //malaysiacrimewatch.lokety.com/closed-circuit-television-cameras-to-fight-crime-in-selangor/ ] .
+
+S Retrieved October 1 , 2009 , from http : //malaysiacrimewatch.lokety.com/closed-circuit-television-cameras-to-fight-crime-in-selangor/
+
+S Awang , N.Z. ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Providing Better Services Through the use of RFID Technology in Healthcare .
+
+S Retrieved October 1 , 2009 , from http : //www.intanbk.intan.my/psimr/vol2.2/Article % 205 % 20- % 20Nor % 20Hazilawati.pdf
+
+S Buttarelli , G. ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Legal Restrictions - Surveillance and Fundamental Rights .
+
+S Retrived October 1 , 2009 , from http : //www.edps.europa.eu/EDPSWEB/webdav/shared/Documents/EDPS/Publications/Speeches/2009/09-06-19_Vienna_surveillance_EN.pdf
+
+S Chewllew , C. ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Dangers of Public Surveillance .
+
+S Retrieved October 1 , 2009 , from ( http : //basicsnewsletter.blogspot.com/2009/06/dangers-of-public-surveillance.html DHS .
+
+S ( n.d ) .
+
+S The Use of RFID for Human Identification .
+
+S Retrieved October 1 , 2009 , from { http : //www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/privacy/privacy_advcom_rpt_rfid_draft.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/privacy/privacy_advcom_rpt_rfid_draft.pdf ]
+
+S Gould , D. ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Using RFID to Track Hospital Patients .
+
+S Retrieved October 1 , 2009 , from http : //www.psfk.com/2009/08/using-rfid-to-track-hospital-patients.html
+
+S Lewan , T. ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Microchips in Humans Spark Privacy Debate .
+
+S Retrieved October 1 , 2009 , from http : //www.usatoday.com/tech/news/surveillance/2007-07-21-chips_N.htm
+
+S The use of surveillance technology such as RFID ( Radio frequency identification ) to track people should be banned .
+
+S Technological advances in the recent century have led to many improved methods to trace people .
+
+S Surveillance technology is widely known to do observations from a certain distance by means of electronic devices .
+
+S Technologies such as Radio-frequency identification ( RFID ) are used for the sole purpose of tracking people as well as products using radio waves ( Syed & Mohammad , 2008 ) .
+
+S Most people might think that this new form of technology will be very beneficial to mankind as it ensures easy identification .
+
+S However , the increasing usage of surveillance technology to track people should be banned as it indirectly intrudes human privacy , leads to many security issues pertaining to the usage of RFID technology and questions the cost efficiency of RFID tags ( Syed & Mohammad , 2008 ) .
+
+S RFID technology should be barred as this form of surveillance technology is still not considered totally safe for consumers .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB|||banned|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the most serious threats is data theft .
+
+S As RFID tags are made to contain information , there is a very high probability of data theft by well hidden RFID scanners ( Syed & Mohammad , 2008 ) .
+
+S Moreover , these RFID scanners are very cheap in comparison to a RFID tag .
+
+S This will eventually lead to the problem of data ownership and the information unique to an individual might be made known to other people ( Syed & Mohammad , 2008 ) .
+
+S Another issue is the possibility of data corruption .
+
+S As RFID tags are rewritable and if they are not security locked , there exists a potential for pranksters to change the data on the tags with false information ( Syed & Mohammad , 2008 ) .
+A 6 8|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:MORPH|||securely|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the contrary , some people might think that using shielding techniques on RFID tags is already an effective protection mechanism against data theft and data corruption ( Syed & Mohammad , 2008 ) .
+
+S Although it is true that aluminium shielding can prevent hackers to steal one 's data to a certain extent , it also makes transmission more difficult and might not be completely effective in preventing it ( Syed & Mohammad , 2008 ) .
+
+S Further research needs to be done to make the shielding techniques safer for consumers .
+
+S Therefore , RFID technology should be banned for the safety of consumers .
+
+S There is a need to prohibit RFID technology as it indirectly intrudes one 's life and privacy .
+
+S Nowadays , RFID scanners are highly portable and have a further effective reading range ( Syed & Mohammad , 2008 ) .
+
+S Furthermore , there is no need for the tags to be scanned to retrieve the information ( Syed & Mohammad , 2008 ) .
+
+S This implies that RFID tags can now be read without one 's knowledge .
+
+S As such , human privacy is being violated .
+
+S This situation regarding violating human privacy worsened after the Food and Drug Administration in the United States approved the human implants of RFID chips ( Aly , 2007 , Governor Schwarzenegger Signs SB 362 into Law , para .
+
+S 3 ) .
+
+S Many concerns have been raised regarding the privacy of people as they can now be easily tracked wherever they are due to the RFID technology implanted in them ( Syed & Mohammad , 2008 ) .
+
+S On the other hand , some people may argue that RFID technology is a form of crime prevention .
+
+S It makes the search for missing people much easier and this helps to deter criminals from committing crimes like kidnapping .
+
+S However , a stop check will expose this sham reality .
+
+S A criminal in a real scenario would not hesitate to capture his prey just because the target has a RFID chip inside him .
+
+S RFID chips can be easily removed and a kidnapper would not think twice to cut the RFID chip out of a child to take out the implant .
+
+S This in turn makes the child more vulnerable to injuries due to the use of RFID technology .
+
+S Hence , RFID technology should not be made available to the general public as it endangers one 's life and privacy .
+
+S RFID technology should also be excluded as surveillance technology to track people as it is rather costly ( Syed & Mohammad , 2008 ) .
+
+S Each RFID reader is worth at least a thousand dollar ( Syed & Mohammad , 2008 ) .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||dollars|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Those companies which have decided to use RFID technology to keep track of its workers or products have to purchase thousands of RFID readers to cover all their workplaces and factories ( Syed & Mohammad , 2008 ) .
+
+S In addition , each RFID tag is rather expensive hence it is not practical to be used in large quantity to identify both people and products ( Syed & Mohammad , 2008 ) .
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||quantities|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Due to the impracticality of RFID technology , RFID technology should not be used to track people .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Though the use of RFID technology has its merits such as crime prevention , it should still be barred because the use of surveillance technology such as RFID to track people not only infiltrate one 's privacy ; it is also not cost effective and likely to result in data theft and data loss .
+
+S References
+
+S Aly , A .
+
+S ( 2007 , October 22 ) .
+
+S No RFID Chip Implants to Track Employees .
+
+S Retrieved October 4 , 2009 , from http : //www.associatedcontent.com/article/420694/california_no_rfid_chip_implants_to.html
+
+S Syed , A. , & Mohammad , L. ( 2008 ) .
+
+S RFID Handbook : Applications , Technology , Security , and Privacy .
+
+S India : CRC Press .
+
+S Surveillance technology is increasingly important in the fast-paced and ever-changing world .
+
+S Surveillance technology refers to the measure of monitoring , identifying and tracking people , animals or products .
+
+S Surveillance technology such as RFID which is radio frequency identification has been a popular debated issue from Chang ( 2006 ) , Michael and Rose ( 2007 ) and Gautam ( 2006 ) .
+A 16 34|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In my opinion , the use of technology such as RFID to track people should not be banned because of human welfare .
+
+S Surveillance technology such as RFID to track people plays a crucial role in preventing the criminal activities as well as monitoring threats .
+
+S RFID tags can be inserted into the wristbands which can be worn by the parolees or the prisoners and can not to be removed .
+A 21 22|||U:VERB:FORM||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to Taipei Times newspaper , it was claimed that the sexual assault parolees should wear the RFID tags in order to trace their whereabouts ( Chang , 2006 ) .
+
+S During the releasing period on probation of the prisoners , there will be cases that the parolees will escape and flee to the bent so that the law enforcers could not find them .
+A 2 9|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:VERB:TENSE|||can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , attaching RFID tags on them can easily track them .
+
+S If they intend to run away , the police can get to know their locations and arrest them at once .
+
+S Apart from the RFID tags , GPS can be applied to investigate the criminal activities such as murder cases , robbery and serious corruption ( Michael and Rose , 2007 ) .
+
+S Undeniable , surveillance technology to track people will lead to loss of privacy .
+A 0 1|||R:MORPH|||Undeniably|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , protecting the privacy in this situation is not more important than letting the offenders to violate the laws and threaten our lives .
+A 16 17|||U:VERB:FORM||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Surveillance technology plays an integral part of providing health care to patients .
+
+S The patients , doctors , personnel , instruments and equipments of the hospitals can be required to wear the RFID tags to be easy access to when there is an emergency .
+A 0 32|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , RFID tags in the bracelets are worn by the patients who need exceptional care to make available to the patients ' information as well as to know their positions ( Report on Equipment Tracking in Hospitals , 2009 ) .
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 39|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This can lead to the best health care of the patients .
+
+S CCTV can be installed in hospitals to avoid the patients being harmed or attacked by unauthorized persons who are hanging around the area in hospitals by monitoring them ( Report on Equipment Tracking in Hospitals , 2009 ) .
+A 29 35|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , RFID is very useful to attach to Alzheimer 's patients where the tags can provide the data of the patients so that they will not get lost .
+
+S Opponents may argue that health data of patients is confidential .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , there should be exceptions for certain extremes .
+
+S The health data of patients can provide details to help to be more understanding about the patients ' background .
+
+S In addition , there is another advantage of surveillance technology on protecting and tracking the children 's movements .
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As we know , parents nowadays always worry about their children .
+
+S However , living in the hustle and bustle of city life , many parents utilize their time to work harder to climb up the social ladder rather than supervise their kids ' movements .
+
+S Hence , RFID technology is indeed a good method to help the parents to keep an eye on their children 's whereabouts .
+
+S RFID tags are introduced to be sewn into children 's attires or set in their wristband to track their positions and activities ( Gautam , 2006 ) .
+A 3 6|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The importance of this surveillance technology is that it can make sure of the children 's safety so that the parents can work at ease .
+
+S Although most of the children today have mobile phones , it is also possible that their mobile phones are lost or they are having difficulties to pick up their phones such as kidnapping .
+A 22 24|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 33|||R:OTHER|||in cases such as kidnaps.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If the children are being kidnapped , with the surveillance technology of RFID , the parents can track their locations .
+A 4 5|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If the children try to play truant or involving in unhealthy activities , the parents can supervise them as well .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are involved|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Children have their freedom to enjoy their lives but monitoring and supervising them is also essential to ensure their safety .
+
+S Parents can talk to the children precisely why there is a need to track their movements .
+
+S In conclusion , surveillance technology 's advantages outweigh its disadvantages .
+A 3 7|||R:OTHER|||the advantages of using surveillance technology far|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Surveillance technology should be used in a correct way to improve human 's life and not to lead to dehumanization .
+
+S So , I do not agree that there should be a ban in using surveillance technology to track people .
+
+S References
+
+S Chang , R. ( 2006 , November 26 ) .
+
+S Sexual assault parolees to wear electronic name tags .
+
+S Taipei Times .
+
+S Retrieved September 28 , 2009 from { http : //www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2006/11/26/2003337924 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2006/11/26/2003337924 ]
+
+S Equipment tracking in hospitals .
+
+S ( 2009 , September ) .
+
+S Retrieved September 28 , 2009 from { http : //www.activewaveinc.com/applications_hospitals.php } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.activewaveinc.com/applications_hospitals.php ]
+
+S Gautam ( 2006 , May 30 ) .
+
+S RFID can track your kids .
+
+S Retrieved September 28 , 2009 , from { http : //www.rfid-weblog.com/50226711/rfid_can_track_your_kids.php } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.rfid-weblog.com/50226711/rfid_can_track_your_kids.php ]
+
+S Michael , K. and Rose , G.L .
+
+S ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Faculty of informatics : Human Tracking Technology in Mutual Legal Assistance and Police Inter-state Cooperation in International Crimes .
+
+S Retrieved September 28 , 2009 , from University of Wollongong Australia , from http : //ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi ? article = 1559&context = infopapers
+
+S Technological advances have eased the execution of surveillance activities .
+
+S Some claimed that the application of surveillance technology is advantageous in the safeguard of credentials , protection of national security and in the help of speed border crossings ( Lewan , 2009 ) .
+A 1 1|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However the same technology can also be used to track people and intrude private information .
+
+S Concerns are raised on the moral and ethical issues surrounding the latter usage of such technology .
+
+S Among these issues , two will be discussed here , both support the fact that surveillance technology creates risk to privacy that far outweighs the technology 's heralded benefits and thus the usage of such technology in tracking people should be banned .
+A 9 10|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:ORTH|||Both|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:OTHER|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:ORTH|||Thus|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , surveillance technology may threaten personal security by enabling identity thieves , stalkers and other criminals to commit " contactless " crimes against victims who wo n't immediately know they 've been violated ( Consumer Watchdog , 2009 ) .
+A 30 32|||R:OTHER|||that their rights have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 37|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Recently , Americans are told to use Radio- Frequency Identification or RFID-embedded identity documents when they are travelling between countries such as the United States , Canada , Mexico , Bermuda and the Carribean ( Lewan , 2009 ) .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In February 2005 , when the State Department ( US ) asked for public comment on the implementation of RFID in passport booklets , of the 2,335 comments received , 98.5 percent were negative , with 86 percent expressing security or privacy concerns , the department reported in an October 2005 notice in the Federal Register ( Lewan , 2009 ) .
+
+S Indeed , the fear of losing security is a distressing concern among the society .
+
+S Secondly , surveillance technology poses a risk to personal privacy and healthcare .
+
+S " Tracking devices such as online behavioural tracking systems can be used to target vulnerable consumers for high-price loans , bogus health cures and other potentially harmful products and services , " said Susan Grant , director of Consumer Protection at Consumer Federation of America ( Consumer Watchdog , 2009 , para.9 ) .
+A 46 52|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nowadays electronic information from consumers is " collected , compiled and sold " ( Consumer Watchdog , 2009 , para.2 ) without reasonable safeguards and therefore poses a threat to the exposure of private matters of consumers that may lead to abuse of such information for unethical benefits or intentions .
+A 14 20|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some may argue that such tracking systems can be beneficial especially in providing security measurement and protection , for example the implantation of tiny radio tracking beacons in children ( Gargano , Gilmore , Pace , Weinstein , 1997 ) .
+
+S This measure is to be seen as an effort to protect the children in case of child murder or kidnapping are to occur ( Gargano et al. , 1997 ) .
+A 20 23|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the motivation for the beacons may change on the part of the parents as the children grow older and begin to learn to protect themselves .
+
+S Parents who insist their teens in wearing radio beacons may cause the teens ( those who oppose ) to refuse the requirement and subsequently select other unpleasant options , including trying to remove the ( implanted ) beacon themselves ( Petersen , 2001 ) .
+
+S As a result , this is how teens ' privacy and growth are affected negatively when parents applied tracking devices on them .
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:TENSE|||apply|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Julie Petersen , author of Understanding of Surveillance Technologies ( 2001 , p5-48 ) , stated this comment in her book , " Researching this book has given me concerns that we may be moving into a not-too-distant future in which newborn infants are implanted with radio tracking devices , without their knowledge or consent , to 'ensure their safety ' from wandering or kidnapping .
+A 10 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These actions may be well-intentioned initially but may subsequently be used to curtail freedom of choice and movement during their teenage years and beyond .
+
+S " Unfortunately the use of surveillance technology in tracking people may have higher probability in affecting a person 's social well-being as well as intruding his privacy even when it may be well- intentioned at first .
+
+S In conclusion , the use of surveillance technology for the purpose of tracking people should be banned as it not only received negative response from the public community because of its potential threat to personal security , it may also intrude one 's privacy and may jeopardize one 's personal healthcare and social well-being .
+A 19 19|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Consumer Watchdog ; Consumer and Privacy Groups Urge Congress to Enact Consumer Privacy Guarantees .
+
+S ( 2009 , September 16 ) .
+
+S International Herald Tribune ( Factiva ) .Retrieved September 11 , 2009 from http : //global.factiva.com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/aa/ ? ref = BIWK000020090911e59g0 02d8&pp = 1&fcpil = en&napc = p&sa_from =
+
+S Julie K. Petersen ( 2001 ) .
+
+S Understanding of Surveillance Technologies : Spy Devices , Their Origins & Applications .
+
+S United States of America : CRC Press .
+
+S Retrieved September 23 , 2009 from http : //www.infosecuritynetbase.com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/books/721/2298- fm.pdf Lewan , T. ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Excuse Me , but Your RFID Is showing .
+
+S Associated Press .
+
+S Retrieved August 25 , 2009 , from Linux Insider database .
+
+S Paul A. Gargano , David H. Gilmore , Frank A .
+
+S Pace , Lee Weinstein .
+
+S ( 1997 ) .
+
+S Personal Tracking And Recovery System .
+
+S United States Patent .
+
+S Retrieved September 11 , 2009 from http : //www.google.com.sg/patents ? id = 2uMiAAAAEBAJ&printsec = abstract&zoom = 4 # v = onepage&q = &f = false
+
+S The use of RFID to track people
+
+S As a type of surveillance technology , Radio Frequency Identification ( RFID ) has been widely used in our lives .
+
+S The use of RFID to track people is drawing increasing attention and has caused many conflicts .
+
+S Advocators suggest that using RFID to conduct social control and suspects tracking can benefit the whole society .
+
+S However , RFID is in fact not as ideal as they think .
+
+S On the contrary , it raises serious problems on invasion of privacy and health issues .
+
+S Hence , using RFID to track people should be banned .
+
+S An important reason why the use of RFID to track people should be banned is because the abuse of RFID risks the invasion of privacy .
+
+S On one hand , some tracking are conducted without people 's awareness and permission .
+A 1 1|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , in an Oklahoma Wal-Mart store , RFID tags were hidden in Procter & Gamble Lipfinity lipstick on shelves without declaration .
+
+S When customers interacted with the lipsticks , they were not aware that they were being observed by the Procter & Gamble executives ( Albrecht and McIntyre 2004 ) .
+
+S Likewise , many companies use RFID tagged product to track consumers ' behaviors and collect information without their knowledge and consent , which seriously invades consumers ' privacy .
+
+S On the other hand , although in some cases people are informed , they are still under the risk of losing privacy .
+
+S It is because within a certain distance , anyone who has the reading device is able to read RFID tags .
+
+S Thus , besides the real tracking conductors , criminals can also take advantages of RFID to achieve their criminal intent .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||advantage|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S A security expert Bruce Schneier said that " When RFID chips are embedded in your ID cards , your clothes , your possessions , you are effectively broadcasting who you are to anyone within range .
+
+S The level of surveillance possible , not only by the government but by corporations and criminals as well , will be unprecedented .
+
+S There simply will be no place to hide " ( Sieberg D 2006 ) .
+
+S In short , since the abuse of RFID to track people leads to the invasion of human privacy , its use should be banned .
+A 18 19|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:ORTH|||Its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another concern about using RFID to track people is the health problems .
+
+S Research has shown that implantable RFID chips caused cancer in animal and they may also cause cancer in humans .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||causes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||animals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , research also showed that the { inflammation } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.naturalnews.com/inflammation.html ] caused by surgical implantation of a foreign object can increase the instance of tumor development ( Jean 2007 ) .
+A 8 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Concerning these health issues , it is immoral to ask people implant RFID chips and meanwhile let them take the risk of having disease .
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN:NUM|||diseases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the use of RFID to track people should be banned .
+
+S Advocators may argue that RFID should not be banned because it can be used as an effective and efficient means to conduct social control .
+
+S For example , RFID equipped cards can help control the access to some restricted areas .
+
+S However , the fact is that because the information in RFID equipped cards can be skimmed by hackers , it can not guarantee securities of society .
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN:NUM|||security|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 27|||R:OTHER|||the society|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Experiment has shown that an RFID identification card can be skimmed and cloned by a hacker .
+
+S Furthermore , using the cloned card , the hacker was able to pass into the restricted area through the secure and locked entrance ( Jones 2008 ) .
+A 2 2|||M:PREP|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , using RFID equipped cards to track and control entrances is not secure nor effective at all .
+
+S To some extent , they even create opportunities for criminals to collect useful information and commit crimes .
+
+S In conclusion , using RFID to track people not only raises the possibilities of privacy invasion , but also causes health problems .
+
+S Instead of benefitting from it , people bear many fear and risk of it .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB|||become|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:MORPH|||fearful|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , although using RFID to conduct tracking may be helpful in some aspects , compared with the disadvantages of it , the use of RFID to track people should be banned .
+
+S References
+
+S Jean A .
+
+S 2007 .
+
+S RFID - It May Be Inescapable , but Should It Be Implantable ?
+
+S [ Internet ] [ cited 2009 Sep 25 ] Available from : { http : //www.naturalnews.com/022116.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.naturalnews.com/022116.html ]
+
+S Jones KC .
+
+S 2008 Jan 31 .
+
+S California Senate Approves Bill to Outlaw Skimming RFID .
+
+S InformationWeek [ Internet ] [ cited 2009 Sep 25 ] .
+
+S Available from : { http : //www.informationweek.com/shared/printableArticle.jhtml ; jsessionid = WRLX3H0ITLGABQE1GHPCKH4ATMY32JVN ? articleID = 206101115 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.informationweek.com/shared/printableArticle.jhtml ; jsessionid = WRLX3H0ITLGABQE1GHPCKH4ATMY32JVN ? articleID = 206101115 ]
+
+S Albrecht K , McIntyre L. 2004 .
+
+S RFID : The Big Brother Bar Code [ Internet ] [ cited 2009 Sep 25 ] Available from : { http : //www.spychips.com/alec-big-brother-barcode-article.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.spychips.com/alec-big-brother-barcode-article.html ]
+
+S Sieberg D. 2006 .
+
+S Is RFID tracking you ?
+
+S [ Internet ] [ cited 2009 Sep 25 ] Available from : http : //www.cnn.com/2006/TECH/07/10/rfid/index.html
+
+S Surveillance technology can be defined as remote sensing technology that capable to capture and transfer visual , sound , and spatial information from one place to another place far away .
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Several examples are Radio Frequency Identification Device ( RFID ) , Satellite imaging , and Global Positioning System ( GPS ) .
+
+S The use of those equipments complementarily can be used to track people everywhere they are precisely , not only in outdoor but also indoor or even beneath ground in mining project .
+A 12 13|||R:ADV|||where ever|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||outdoors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:MORPH|||indoors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 32|||R:OTHER|||projects|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These great functions of surveillance technology can be implemented and give positive impacts in many aspects including economy , research , security , military , and civil society .
+
+S Hence , the use of surveillance technology to track people should not be banned .
+
+S Firstly , I want to focus on the impacts in economy aspect .
+
+S The application of surveillance technology such as RFID in commercial company like oil Rig Company will increases the company income because by using this technology , the worker can explore wider range of exploitation zone which is considered " danger " more safely since workers position can be monitored precisely .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||companies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:FORM|||increase|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:ORTH|||By|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 30|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 40|||R:NOUN|||dangerousr|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Yahya Mehdizadeh in Digital Energy Journal September 2007 stated that " By implanting RFID chips within the person or within the gear of rig professionals operators can validate that those persons are at the right place during important phases of production .
+A 11 12|||R:ORTH|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " Furthermore he also mentioned that RFID devices are no longer expensive .
+
+S The latest RFID tags are under $ 1 and the readers are $ 400 .
+
+S Secondly is regarding the implementation in security and military aspect .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||aspects|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " The most notable advantage of RFID chips is that they are visually undetectable " ( Mehdizadeh , 2007 ) .
+
+S Though , RFID chips can be implanted in the criminals and terrorist so that the authority can easily track their activity .
+A 0 2|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||terrorists|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is very helpful in tracing and revealing the roots of terrorism and reduces the level criminal cases .
+
+S Eventually , this technology gives a great advantageous for society .
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:MORPH|||advantages|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||the society|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S RFID chips can also be implanted in the soldier 's body so that the commander will know his position if he is in case of being kidnapped .
+A 22 26|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly is the prominent impact in civil society .
+A 5 6|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If RFID chip is implanted to all members of society , it will give out a lot of advantages such as we can track missing people , missing family members .
+A 5 6|||R:PREP|||into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||R:VERB|||result|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:ORTH|||We|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even more , we can track and identify the lost casualties in airplane accidents and natural disasters faster , effectively and efficiently so that more casualties can still be found in living condition .
+A 0 3|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:ORTH|||We|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||also|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:ADV|||quickly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 34|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some party may argue about the privacy matter of the use of this technology .
+A 1 2|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this case , privacy matter can be assured by applying password , encrypter or decoder in the next generation of RFID devices .
+A 0 1|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is just the same case with the use of bank account and ATM card pin which has been broadly trusted by all of bank customer .
+A 23 24|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:NOUN:NUM|||customers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another issue concerning the medical safety aspect of implanting the chip in human body may state that RFID tags may cause electromagnetic interference which may interfere with electrosurgerical devices and defibrillators .
+
+S However , the American Medical Association report mentioned that it has not been determined whether RFID tags may affect the efficacy of pharmaceuticals .
+
+S Furthermore , this report also stated that RFID tags could promote the frequent access for the patient to their medical information and increase the continuity and coordination of care which resulting reduction many kind of medical error like adverse drugs event .
+A 30 31|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:MORPH|||reduces|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:NOUN:NUM|||kinds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , the use of surveillance technology such as RFID and GPS to track people should not be banned since the advantageous is much greater than the disadvantageous in many sites of human life such as economy aspect by increasing the level of working efficiency and broaden exploration area , civil security aspect by lowering the level of criminal cases , military aspect by facilitating in tracing the kidnapped soldier , civil society aspect by helping the family to search the missing family members , improving the efficiency in searching and identifying the casualties of mass accidents or natural disasters , and facilitating the more frequent access of medical information for the patients .
+A 3 115|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The use of surveillance technology started as early as 1969 , where cameras were installed in the New York City Municipal Building ( Roberts , 2005 ) .
+
+S It helps to " identify , monitor and track movements and data .
+
+S " ( Bogonikolos , 1999 ) .
+
+S The usage of this technology has also brought about many controversies on privacy as a basic human right , the lack of control over who can view the information of those who are being tagged , and lastly , the psychological impact it has on the individual and the society .
+
+S In my point of view , I agree that surveillance technology should not be used to track people to a large extent .
+
+S First of all , there is insufficient control over the people who have access to the surveillance technology .
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , anyone with a RFID sensor will be able to read and/or detect an individual who has the RFID tag implanted inside him ( Sieberg , 2006 ) .
+
+S People with access to surveillance technology can use their access to find out sensitive information about others for immoral use .
+
+S Though some may argue that surveillance technology is important for national security , it can also cause a threat to national security .
+
+S This is due to the fact that anyone , including criminals and hackers , can gain access to the nation 's confidential information , hence threatening the nation 's livelihood .
+
+S Secondly , the use of surveillance technology invades our privacy .
+
+S According to BBC news , 2006 , there are 4.2 million closed-circuit televisions ( CCTVs ) on the streets of Britain , about one for every 14 citizens .
+
+S This means that there is close monitoring of every citizen 's movements , hence , infringing their privacy .
+
+S Furthermore , privacy is one of the most fundamental human rights .
+
+S No one can interfere with one 's privacy against their will ( UDHR , n.d. ) .
+A 12 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Surveillance technology will infringe our privacy ; therefore , it should not use to track people .
+A 6 7|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:ORTH|||Therefore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:TENSE|||be used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Not only will surveillance technology invade our privacy , it might also cause individual to develop health problems .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||individuals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the surveillance technologies is RFID tags ; research done on rodents , shows that there is an association between implanted RFID tags and tumors in rodents ( Foster & Jaeger , 2008 ) .
+A 8 9|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:ORTH|||Research|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This shows that there is a possibility that humans might also develop tumor if implants were placed in the individual 's body .
+A 18 21|||R:OTHER|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another example is surveillance cameras might cause psychological impacts , where individuals will have the thought that they are constantly being watched .
+A 0 3|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:ORTH|||Surveillance|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 6|||M:ADV|||also|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With all the possibilities of developing health problems , surveillance technology should not be used to track people .
+
+S In conclusion , the use of surveillance technology will cause more harm than good , so it should not be used to track people .
+A 14 15|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||S|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Individual 's privacy might be infringed , information is easily accessible by anyone who has the access to the surveillance technology , and also there might be detrimental health impacts on the individual who is being tracked .
+A 15 16|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S Bogonikolos , N. ( 1999 ) .
+
+S Development of surveillance technology and risk of abuse of economic information .
+
+S Retrieved 4 October , 2009 , from http : //cryptome.org/dst- 1.htm
+
+S Foster , K. & Jaeger , J .
+
+S ( 2008 , August ) .
+
+S Ethical implications of implantable radiofrequency identification ( RFID ) tags in humans .
+
+S American Journal of Bioethics , 8 ( 8 ) , 44-48 .
+
+S Retrieved October 4 , 2009 , from CINAHL Plus with Full Text database .
+
+S Roberts , L. P. ( 2005 ) .
+
+S The history of video surveillance from VCR 's to eyes in the sky .
+
+S Retrieved October 4 , 2009 , from http : //www.video-surveillance- guide.com/history-of-video-surveillance.htm
+
+S Sieberg , D. ( 2006 , October 23 ) .
+
+S Is RFID tracking you ?
+
+S CNN .
+
+S Retrieved October 4 , 2009 , from http : //edition.cnn.com/2006/TECH/07/10/rfid/index.html
+
+S The Universal Declaration of Human Rights .
+
+S ( UDHR ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 4 , 2009 , from http : //www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/
+
+S The use of RFID to track people should not be banned
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nowadays there is a fierce debate over the use human implant Radio Frequency Identification ( RFID ) to track people .
+
+S Some people say that the use of RFID invades people 's privacy ; others maintain that the use of RFID can bring us a lot of benefits .
+
+S In my point of view , the use of RFID should not be banned with the following reasons .
+A 14 15|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , it is undeniable that RFID is very useful in daily life .
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||our|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S RFID is more efficient and convenient in tracking early released criminals than other surveillance technology as it simplifies the locating process .
+
+S In addition , with this technology , parents can easily find their lost children and doctors can easily find elderly people who suffer from degenerative brain conditions CITATION Dav06 \ l 2052 ( Wood , 2006 ) .
+A 27 32|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , it is not necessary to ban the use of RFID which can bring us so much convenience .
+
+S Secondly , we can take actions to minimize the negative effects of RFID such as the invasion of personal privacy .
+
+S Many people are afraid that personal information installed in the chip is vulnerable to be copied or changed by hackers .
+
+S This opinion stems from the general misunderstanding of the technology or the inaccurate hearsay .
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S RFID chips are not served as personal information storages ; instead they are pointers which point to a highly secured back-end database in which the personal information resides .
+
+S As mentioned before , the database is highly secured thus it is very difficult for hackers to attack .
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:ORTH|||Thus|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S What is more , just like we have antivirus software to deal with computer virus , we will be able to prevent personal information from being hacked by coming up with corresponding approaches CITATION Ban07 \ l 2052 ( Banks , Hanny , Pachano , & Thompson , 2007 ) .
+A 33 38|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another concern from some people is that with RFID , the government and some intelligent institutions will easily know where we are if we are implanted with RFID .
+
+S In my point of view , this worry can be handled by making corresponding laws to regulate the use of RFID .
+
+S For example , people themselves will have the right to decide whether to use RFID or not , and in this way their privacy will not be invaded .
+
+S What is more , it is also not practical to get everybody implanted with RFID , since it will cost a lot .
+
+S To sum up , RFID is a useful technology and like each technology , it has its pros and cons .
+
+S The question lies in the appropriate use of RFID .
+
+S Since RFID has so many advantages that bring us efficiency and convenience , and the negative effects RFID might bring about such as invasion of privacy could be offset , the use of RFID should not be banned .
+
+S References
+
+S BIBLIOGRAPHY Banks , J. , Hanny , D. , Pachano , M. A. , & Thompson , L. G. ( 2007 ) .
+
+S RFID Applied .
+
+S Hoboken,New Jersey : John Wiley&Sons,Inc .
+
+S Hansen , W.-R. , & Gillert , F. ( 2008 ) .
+
+S RFID for the Optimization of Business Process .
+
+S WILEY .
+
+S Wood , D. M. ( 2006 ) .
+
+S A Report on the Surveillance Society .
+
+S In today 's world , surveillance technology has been deployed for various purposes .
+
+S One of the most debated usages of this technology is to monitor and track people via the surveillance camera and the RFID ( radio-frequency identification ) .
+A 5 6|||R:MORPH|||uses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Critics have argued that this has inevitably denied the individuals their rights to privacy ( Stanley and Steinhardt 2003 ) , and thus should not be used to track people .
+A 18 18|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:NOUN|||RFID|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the benefits of surveillance should not be downplayed .
+
+S This essay shall elaborate on how surveillance technology will ensure one 's safety and also on its contribution to the overall improvements in healthcare services for the population by monitoring them .
+
+S The security of a country and the safety of its citizens have always been the top priority of every government .
+
+S Memories of the terrorist attacks happened around the world will always serve as a stark reminder to everyone that a lapse in security will result in heavy casualties .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the ways to prevent these from happening is to make use of surveillance technology such as surveillance camera and the RFID .
+
+S Surveillance cameras installed at strategic areas will ensure that suspicious characters could be filtered out by the security personnel for checks while RFID tags on prisoners would ensure that they do not escape ( Swedberg 2005 ) and pose a danger to the public .
+A 35 35|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As one would remember , the escape of the terrorist Mas Selamat in Singapore had threatened the security of the city and the neighbouring countries .
+
+S Deployment of large number of troops to capture him was futile until he was arrested by the Malaysian police one year later .
+
+S If a RFID tag had been used , the terrorist would not be able to escape easily .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although one may argued that terrorist attacks still occur even with the use of surveillance camera , one should also note that the recordings would enable the police to identify the terrorists after the attack and conduct a swift operation to arrest them ( Quek 2008 ) before they could plan and carry out their next mission .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:FORM|||argue|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 45 45|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides that , having security cameras around would always serve as deterrence to potential criminals ( Quek 2008 ) .
+A 17 17|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , surveillance technology should be deployed to monitor people , especially the terrorists .
+
+S In Singapore , hospital bed shortages have been a perennial problem for the government .
+
+S The high occupancy rate would mean that more healthcare professionals are needed to look after the patients .
+
+S In order to improve the overall efficiency of the medical team , Tan Tock Seng Hospital has rolled out RFID in 2007 to monitor more than 1,200 patients ( Friedlos 2009 ) .
+A 30 30|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The benefits of RFID includes locating the patients easily for tests and administering of medicine , and a lower response time of the housekeeping department in clearing the bed once a patient is discharged , which will then reduce an individual 's waiting time for a bed ( Friedlos 2009 ) .
+A 49 49|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This surveillance technology has allowed the healthcare professionals to perform their jobs efficiently and improve the well-being of the patients .
+
+S However , as the population continues to age , elderly who are not seriously ill might have to be discharged and nursed their injuries or illnesses at home or in a nursing home ( Tan 2007 ) .
+A 0 1|||R:ADV|||Moreover|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:FORM|||nurse|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 35|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In order not to compromise their health , RFID should be utilized to monitor them ( Broache 2007 ) .
+A 17 17|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will not only ensure that they are being looked after by a dedicated healthcare team but it will also alleviate the problem of bed shortages .
+
+S Hence , the usage of surveillance technology to track people should not be prohibited .
+A 3 4|||R:MORPH|||use|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Critics have long been condemning the use of surveillance technology on humans .
+
+S Their disapprovals for such technology grow stronger over the years since the terrorist attack on the World Trade Centre on 11th September 2001 .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:INFL|||disapproval|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has grown|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They believed that many countries have increased unnecessary surveillance on the pretext of monitoring the terrorists ( Stanley and Steinhardt 2003 ) .
+A 20 20|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This has caused the loss of individuals ' privacy .
+
+S I must admit that erosion of rights to privacy has happened .
+
+S However , one must weigh the importance between privacy and security before denouncing the efforts by the governments on surveillance .
+
+S As mentioned in the previous paragraph , the surveillance camera could enable the police to identify the terrorists easily after the attack and arrest them .
+
+S A good example would be the apprehension of terrorists behind the London bombing with the help of surveillance technology ( Quek 2008 ) .
+A 21 21|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , surveillance technology should not be ruled out completely .
+
+S In conclusion , although the individuals ' rights to privacy have been eroded with the increased surveillance , we should continue the usage of the technology because the security of a country and the safety of its citizens are always of utmost importance to everyone .
+
+S Besides that , deployment of RFID could benefit the aging population by ensuring that everyone is being looked after by medical professionals without overstretching the whole healthcare facilities .
+
+S Hence , surveillance technology should be allowed to track people .
+
+S Reference :
+
+S 1 .
+
+S Broache A .
+
+S 2007 April 3 .
+
+S E.U .
+
+S official : Now is n't time for RFID regulations .
+
+S [ Interent ] [ cited 2009 October 2 ] .
+
+S Available from : http : //www.zdnetasia.com/news/communications/printfriendly.htm ? AT = 62002215-
+
+S 39000002c
+
+S 2 .
+
+S Friedlos D. 2009 January 28 .
+
+S Tan Tock Seng Hospital uses RFID to take patient temperatures .
+
+S [ Internet ] [ cited 2009 October 2 ] .
+
+S Available from : http : //www.rfidjournal.com/article/view/4560
+
+S 3 .
+
+S Quek C. 2008 September 29 .
+
+S Coming up : smart CCTV ? .
+
+S [ Internet ] [ cited 2009 October 2 ] .
+
+S Available from : http : //www.straitstimes.com/Breaking % 2BNews/Singapore/Story/STIStory_283908 .ht ml
+
+S 4 .
+
+S Stanley J , Steinhardt B .
+
+S 2003 January .
+
+S Bigger monster , weaker chains : The growth of American surveillance society .
+
+S [ Internet ] [ cited 2009 October 2 ] .
+
+S Available from : http : //www.aclu.org/FilesPDFs/aclu_report_bigger_monster_weaker_chains.pdf
+
+S 5 .
+
+S Swedberg C. 2005 May 16 .
+
+S L.A. county jail to track inmates .
+
+S [ Internet ] [ cited 2009 October 2 ] .
+
+S Available from : http : //www.rfidjournal.com/article/view/1601/1/1
+
+S 6 .
+
+S Tan HL .
+
+S 2007 May 25 .
+
+S Khaw : Treat hospital bed shortage with care .
+
+S [ Internet ] [ cited 2009 October 2 ] .
+
+S Available from : http : //www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/278291/1/.ht ml
+
+S Since the explosion of technology during the last few decades , there has been a new method to track people , which is surveillance technology .
+
+S However , whether using of this technology to track people is acceptable or not has always been a big concern .
+
+S People who think that surveillance technology should not be used to track people claim that it invade the privacy right of people .
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:SVA|||invades|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , surveillance technology , if is used appropriately , can benefit our life so much that it should not be banned .
+A 6 7|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , one undeniable advantage of surveillance technology is it might help us to protect people and their belongings .
+
+S Simple systems such as cameras or voice recording can be used to observe shopping malls , buildings and other public places .
+
+S It might help to maintain the security of those places as well as find out if there is any robber or thief , thus may reduce the crime rate ( The Economist print edition , 2008 ) .
+A 24 26|||R:VERB:TENSE|||reducing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Cameras are usually used in high security or restricted access workplaces to protect these places .
+
+S Moreover , police can also use surveillance technology to track potential criminals , for instance , to supervise a person who was imprisoned in the past for a short time to ensure that he wo n't commit a crime again .
+A 34 36|||R:OTHER|||will not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Surveillance technology helps us much in follow dangerous criminals such as gangsters , mafia chief .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:FORM|||following|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||or a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although people who oppose the use of this technology may claim that it would be years before they can pick a terrorist out of a crowd ( Yang , 2005 ) , some intelligent system now can learn the context in which behavior is probably threatening ( The Economist print edition , 2008 ) .
+A 23 24|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 37|||R:WO|||can now|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , we may easily filter the suspects and more concentrate on their acts to know if they are really criminals .
+A 9 10|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , busy parents can use simple surveillance devices to keep an eye on their children .
+
+S A small tag or camera will give parents information about their children every period of time , thus they know that they are safe .
+A 16 17|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It also prevents children from being kidnapped or be injured in accidents because their parents would know immediately whenever they are in danger .
+A 8 9|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hospitals may apply surveillance system to observe patients ( Anonymous , 2004 ) .
+
+S Since doctors and nurses are not able to be with patients all the time , cameras and other surveillance devices will record their condition and alert when it become worse .
+A 26 26|||M:NOUN|||hospital staff|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Obviously , the feeling of being tracked will make people feel uncomfortable but the safety of us is more precious .
+A 14 17|||R:OTHER|||our safety|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , if you get lost or have a serious accident that you can not call for help , your friends and family could not find you quickly if they do not know your place .
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:NOUN|||location|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this situation , surveillance technology is needed , as GPS has been used for years to find lost people .
+
+S Furthermore , new surveillance devices are very sophisticated that users wo n't feel that they are followed .
+A 6 7|||R:ADV|||so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||will not|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thirdly , the use of surveillance technology can make our life more convenient .
+
+S Tags and chips implanted in human 's body can be use as smart identity cards .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:FORM|||used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When a person gets off a plane , he goes through a special door , and then the custom-house officer will know all the necessary information of him immediately .
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||custom|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will save our time as we do not have to spend hours waiting to check-in or check-out .
+
+S In some cities , combinations of biometrics and surveillance for access control or checking time and attendance have been used recently ( Yang , 2005 ) .
+
+S It not only used for the purpose of security but for the convenient of residents since they do not have to use keys or worry about thieves .
+A 1 1|||M:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:MORPH|||convenience|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , there is a concern that implant chips can hurt people and lead to some unexpected consequences .
+
+S Actually , not all type of surveillance use this method since we can use cards , cameras and other modern devices instead .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||types|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In case we have to use implant chips , it will be designed and made carefully that it will not hurt the users .
+
+S Another worry in the use of this technology that whenever a hacker can get in the system , users are threatened as their personal information can be revealed ( Zetter , 2009 ) .
+A 8 8|||M:VERB|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:PREP|||into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , systems are made to be able to prevent hackers as well as store the information safely .
+
+S The privacy of tracked people will be maintained as long as possible .
+
+S In conclusion , surveillance technology benefits our life in many ways that we should not ban it .
+
+S Though the consequence that people will be tracked seems unacceptable , the safe and convenience in life for humans is more important .
+A 12 13|||R:MORPH|||safety|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As long as we use it appropriately , surveillance technology will not have bad influences in our life but make it better .
+
+S References
+
+S [ Anonymous ] .
+
+S ( 2004 July 15 ) .
+
+S RFID in the Hospital .
+
+S Retrieved October 4 , 2009 from { http : //www.rfidgazette.org/2004/07/rfid_in_the_hos.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.rfidgazette.org/2004/07/rfid_in_the_hos.html ]
+
+S [ Anonymous ] .
+
+S ( 2008 October 23 ) .
+
+S If looks could kill .
+
+S Retrieved September 3 , 2009 from { http : //www.economist.com/displayStory.cfm ? story_id = 12465303 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.economist.com/displayStory.cfm ? story_id = 12465303 ] .
+
+S Yang , C. The State of surveillance .
+
+S Retrieved August 29 , 2009 , from { http : //www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/05_32/b3946001_mz001.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/05_32/b3946001_mz001.htm ]
+
+S Zetter , K. Security camera hack conceals heists behind dummy video .
+
+S Retrieved October 6 , from { http : //www.wired.com/threatlevel/2009/07/video-hijack/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.wired.com/threatlevel/2009/07/video-hijack/ ]
+
+S Surveillance technology such as RFID ( radio-frequency identification ) should not be used to track people ( e.g .
+
+S human implants and RFID tags on people or products ) .
+
+S Nowadays surveillance technology is growing at a rapid speed and surveillance equipments can be found in many common places such as supermarkets , schools and airport terminal .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Surveillance technology is actually used to monitor and keep track of an individual 's activities , behavior and data .
+
+S People are actually being observed from a distance by these surveillance technology equipments such as CCTV cameras and GPS tracking devices or being tracked by the means of microchip , a RFID device which using radio waves .
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||equipment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:OTHER|||or|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It has been proven that surveillance technology can be beneficial to mankind in terms of deterring crimes and terrorism , monitoring employees and improving patient 's welfare .
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||crime|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , surveillance technology such as RFID ( radio-frequency identification ) should not be banned .
+
+S First of all , surveillance technology should be used as it helps in eradicate crimes and to identify the faces of terror from a miles away .
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||crime|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:OTHER|||a terrorist|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This surveillance technology equipments are installed in buses , common places or schools and with the constant video monitoring , detailed evidence of any suspicious movement or criminal activity can be assessed .
+A 3 5|||R:OTHER|||equipment is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , an individual is less likely to commit a crime if he knows that he is being watched .
+
+S If potential criminals aware of this fact,there is a high possibility that crimes can be greatly deterred .
+A 3 3|||M:VERB|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||crime|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , this surveillance technology protect a country 's safety and security from terrorist attacks .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||protects|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , " as a direct result of the September 11 terrorist attacks , United States government and law enforcement officials have implemented surveillance technologies to deter future terrorist attacks ( Jim,2009 ) .
+A 32 33|||R:ORTH|||Jim , 2009|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , surveillance technology should be used since it put criminals and terrorists away and protect the society .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||puts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:SVA|||protects|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , employees in working places can be monitored by means of surveillance technology and it have plenty of advantages .
+A 4 5|||R:MORPH|||work|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||R:OTHER|||many|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Implementing this technology properly can help improve security in working places .
+A 9 10|||R:MORPH|||work|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Examples of devices that used are entrance and exit cameras , internal and outdoor cameras and cash register and counter cameras ( Bill,2006 ) .
+A 4 4|||M:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:ORTH|||Bill , 2006|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The presence of surveillance cameras can prevent thefts in the company because employees are less likely to steal company products as they fully aware that they are being watched by unblinking cameras which can provide evidences .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||theft|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:NOUN:NUM|||evidence|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , opponents of surveillance technology argues that it invades an individual 's privacy .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:SVA|||argue|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They did not realize that with a clear understanding of where and how security cameras can be installed , potential privacy intrusion can be avoided ( Lynn,2006 ) .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||do|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:ORTH|||Lynn , 2006|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , surveillance tools must be used in every working places to improve the security and as well as the employee 's good behavior .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||work|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||place|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Last but not least , surveillance technology also helps in improving the welfare of both patients and the elderly people .
+
+S A small electronic device such as a microchip is incorporated to a patient 's body in order to track them by using radio waves .
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This kind of procedure is essential for Alzheimer 's patients because they have very poor memory and maybe forget the way back if went somewhere.Hence , RFID really plays an important role here to track the Alzheimer 's patients .
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||may|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 23|||M:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:TENSE|||go|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:ORTH|||somewhere . Hence|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , the microchips also applied to patients so that doctor can monitor their health condition such as heart beating rate , blood pressure and glucose level in blood .
+A 5 5|||M:VERB:TENSE|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I must admit that , opponents of this position argue that microchip incorporated to a human 's body can affects the system later on .
+A 13 14|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:FORM|||affect|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is because , our cells only can identify our own cells and it identify the microchip as the foreign cell and eventually immune systems will act against the microchip .
+A 3 4|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 8|||R:WO|||can only|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , there is no concrete prove about the above argument scientifically till now .
+
+S Therefore , this RFID should not banned as it reduces risk of getting sick and saves life .
+
+S In conclusion , surveillance technology such as RFID should be used to track people since it helps in deterring crimes and terrorism , monitoring employees and improving welfare of patients .
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||crime|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If surveillance technology is banned , safety of the society and the country 's security will be under a big threat .
+
+S Criminals and terrorists tend to commit more crimes since they are not being watched and there is no concrete evidence to put them behind the bars .
+
+S Thus , to ensure our continued freedom , surveillance technology must be commonly used .
+
+S References :
+
+S Jim.2009 August 20.Surveillance Technologies.Technology Education.Retrived October 4 ,2009 , from www.technology-and- edu.blogspot.com/2009/08/surveillance-technologies.html
+
+S Bill W.2006 October 23.Video Surveillance Technology Explained a Primer.Retrived October 4 ,2009,from www.articlesbase.com/gps- articles/video-surveillance-technology-explained-a-primer-66746.html
+
+S Lynn B.2006 October 6 .
+
+S Pros and cons to school security cameras -- advice to determine if this security measure is right for your district.Retrived October 4,2009 from www.video-surveillance-guide.com/pros-and-cons-to- school-security-cameras.html
+
+S Surveillance technology such as RFID to track people should be banned
+
+S The past few decades have seen the improvement in technology by leaps and bounds , and one key area in which we have benefitted from is the use of surveillance technology .
+A 19 20|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is a tool which is not only used to monitor a person or a group 's behavior , but it also has the ability to track the locations of people and identify them .
+
+S Some may express their concern on the use of surveillance technology regarding privacy and security issues and should therefore be banned .
+A 17 17|||M:OTHER|||argue that it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However it would be too extreme to impose such a ban .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As by doing so , we are throwing the baby out of the water bath .
+A 11 15|||R:OTHER|||with the bath water|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The use of this technology should not be totally banned but more regulations should be imposed and more should be invested in enhancing the security of this technology .
+
+S This is because surveillance technology will help in crime prevention , improve medical healthcare and also identify a person via biometrics .
+
+S With the help of surveillance technology , crime rate can be reduced and prevented .
+
+S For instance , the installment of Closed-Circuit Television ( CCTV ) in the multi-storey parking lots of a building will enable the security guards to monitor the situation and to pick up on suspicious behavior .
+A 31 33|||R:OTHER|||out|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , the officers on duty can take immediate action to prevent a crime from happening .
+
+S Detractors from my point of view will argue that too much money has been pumped in to the installation of CCTV and doubt the effectiveness of it ( Privacy International , 1997 ) .
+
+S However , in a recent study conducted in Hartlepool , United Kingdom , it was shown that crime rate has reduced by 26 % from 2004-2007 after installing CCTV at certain areas ( SaferHartlepool , 2009 ) .
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , surveillance technology can enhance security and therefore should not be banned .
+
+S Another reason this technology should not be banned is the improvement it will bring about in the healthcare sector .
+
+S For instance , it can be used to monitor and locate patients in the hospital .
+
+S The movement of patients can be tracked and signal will be sent out in an emergency ( Kanellos , 2004 ) .
+
+S Thus , prompt action can be taken to prevent undesirable events from happening .
+
+S Some may argue that implanting RFID chip may cause physical side effect .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||chips|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||effects|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , according to Applied Digital , a leading provider of identification and security technology , an estimated 1000 chips had been implanted in humans with no harmful physical side effects ( Kanellos , 2004 ) .
+
+S Thus , the use of RFID can benefit us in the healthcare sector by bringing about assurance in knowing that patients are well tracked and monitored .
+
+S Biometrics is used to identify a person based on his physical or behavioral traits .
+
+S This can be done by analyzing finger prints , recognizing facial features and scanning of iris .
+A 15 15|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , biometrics which is part of surveillance technology can be used for authentication purposes ( Smith , 2009 ) as for instance , the biometric passport which can be used to prevent thefts identity and also to conduct automatic immigration clearances .
+A 33 35|||R:NOUN|||identity theft|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Critics of this objection claim that our security will be at risk as the embedded secret codes can be cloned and thus allowing the hackers to enter the country illegally .
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:FORM|||allow|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S While it is true that such an event may occur , but with the advancement of technology and tighter regulations , this problem can be rectified .
+A 11 12|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the use of biometrics passport will not only increase efficiency but also enhance security at the same time .
+
+S All in all , surveillance technology can help to improve the welfare of society by offering a tool for crime prevention , improving the healthcare system and also identifying of a person .
+
+S Hence , with the myriad advantages it can bring us , surveillance technology should not be banned .
+
+S References
+
+S Kanellos , M. ( 2004 , August 23 ) .
+
+S Human chips more than skin-deep .
+
+S Retrieved September 13 , 2009 , from { http : //news.cnet.com/Human-chips-more-than-skin-deep/2009-1008_3-5318076.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //news.cnet.com/Human-chips-more-than-skin-deep/2009-1008_3-5318076.html ] Munro , J .
+
+S ( 2006 , November 21 ) .
+
+S Just What Is Surveillance Technology ?
+
+S Retrieved September 13 , 2009 , from { http : //www.webraydian.com/content/view/221/32/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.webraydian.com/content/view/221/32/ ]
+
+S Privacy International ( 1997 , July 22 ) .
+
+S CCTV Frequently Asked Question .
+
+S Retrieved October 4 , 2009 , from { http : //www.privacyinternational.org/article.shtml ? cmd [ 347 ] = x-347-61925&als [ theme ] = Video % 20Surveillance&headline = CCTV % 20Frequently % 20Asked % 20Questions } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.privacyinternational.org/article.shtml ? cmd % 5b347 % 5d = x-347-61925&als % 5btheme % 5d = Video % 20Surveillance&headline = CCTV % 20Frequently % 20Asked % 20Questions ]
+
+S Safehartlepool ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Safer Hartlepool Partnership .
+
+S Retrieved October 4 , 2009 , from { http : //www.saferhartlepool.co.uk/downloadstore/SH_Strategy_2008.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.saferhartlepool.co.uk/downloadstore/SH_Strategy_2008.pdf ]
+
+S Smith , L. ( 2009 , July 13 ) .
+
+S IBM Fights Identity Theft With Biometric Passport .
+
+S Retrieved September 13,2009 , from { http : //pc1.stonearch.net/2009/07/13/ibm-fightsidentity-theft-biometric-passport/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //pc1.stonearch.net/2009/07/13/ibm-fightsidentity-theft-biometric-passport/ ]
+
+S Surveillance technologies have been around us all the while .
+
+S However , it was only after the September 11 incident that people are now paying more attention towards surveillance technologies and the issues involved .
+
+S To keep surveillance is to keep watch on someone , some group , or something .
+
+S There are various ways that surveillance can be carried out , such as through security cameras that we commonly know as closed-circuit television ( CCTV ) , 'Echelon ' global signal eavesdropping system that the United States ' National Security Agency uses , and radio-frequency identification ( RFID ) tags .
+
+S While these technologies should be continued for tracking of people , we should approach these technologies cautiously and with the proper restrictions to prevent misuse if necessary .
+
+S Surveillance technology such as RFID should be used to track people because of the convenience it can bring about .
+
+S RFID tags are paper thin and thumbnail size computer chips that emit radiowaves for communication .
+
+S It can read as well as withhold biometric information such as fingerprint and photograph of the individual .
+
+S When this technology is embedded into passports , it can even record travel history .
+
+S Using these new passports could cut short the time spent for identity verification and recording when crossing the borders .
+
+S This will improve the efficiency of custom clearing process , thus saving time for travelers and improving the overall image of the country .
+
+S Surveillance technology can be a form of deterrence for potential criminals , or as a form of evidence when a crime is committed .
+
+S Drivers will be more conscious of their speed limits when speed cameras are around ; shoplifters will think twice before committing when there are various security cameras in the shopping mall .
+A 21 21|||M:OTHER|||a theft|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This has always been the primary means of crime deterrence to maintain a safe and secure society .
+
+S When deterrence failed , surveillance cameras would have captured the crime process , thus providing undeniable evidence that could be used to identify and convict the offender ( Long , 2008 ) .
+
+S Thus , surveillance technology should be used to track people as it is not only a way to deter crimes , but also to ensure justice .
+
+S Some might argue that using surveillance cameras to record evidence is already in itself proving that the " presence of cameras had absolutely zero deterrence value " ( Long , 2008 ) as the criminal still commits the crime even with the knowledge of being watched .
+
+S However , we have to understand that there is no certainty in deterrence .
+
+S In fact , crime rates would probably be a lot higher if there are totally no surveillance cameras around .
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||much|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are others who feel that there is an invasion of privacy when there is unquestioned tracking of people .
+
+S Individuals seem to have lost the right to decide whether they want to be monitored .
+
+S Phone calls could be tapped ; and even along the common streets of orchard road , there are surveillance cameras lurking around .
+A 13 15|||R:ORTH|||Orchard Road|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There seems be a loss of personal space for individuals .
+
+S Furthermore , identity theft has been proven to occur easily for RFID technology ( Expanding RFID Use Raises Privacy Concerns , 2009 ) where the signals can be read at a distance away from the subject , without proper consent .
+
+S Even with further encryption security , this has been proven to be easily overcome .
+A 4 7|||R:OTHER|||, security|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , sensitive information of individuals could be lost unknowingly , and the idea of 'personal space ' is slowly becoming obscure .
+
+S There are benefits that surveillance technologies could bring us .
+
+S In fact , it probably plays quite an integral part in our society .
+
+S This is shown by how common it is within an individual 's everyday life .
+
+S In the process , there seems to be a loss of personal privacy .
+
+S However , the benefits of using surveillance technology outweigh the limitations as they could be improved with advancement in technology in the future .
+
+S Hence , the use of surveillance technology to track people should be continued .
+
+S References
+
+S Long , M. ( 2008 , March 20 ) .
+
+S Video Surveillance : Any deterrence value ?
+
+S PrivacyScan .
+
+S Retrieved October 5 , 2009 , from http : //www.rileyis.com/seminars/march08/MLongMar08VidSurveillance.pdf
+
+S Expanding RFID Use Raises Privacy Concerns .
+
+S ( 2009 , July 22 ) Identity Theft 911 .
+
+S Retrieved October 5 , 2009 , from http : //identitytheft911.org/alerts/alert.ext ? sp = 10911
+
+S Surveillance technologies have become increasing popular in recent years .
+
+S Types of surveillance technologies include Cameras ( CCTV ) , Face- Recognition , Biometrics , RFID ( radio-frequency identification ) and even Cookies in web browsers ( Jeffrey A 2009 ) .
+A 29 29|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There is no denying that surveillance technologies that are extremely useful with wide ranges of uses from monitoring traffic to the detection and prevention of crime ( Jeffrey A 2009 ) .
+A 29 29|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the use of surveillance technologies to track people without prior consent will deny the person of privacy which he or she is entitled to .
+
+S Therefore surveillance technology should not be used to track people useless with prior permission .
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||except|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Examples on how tracking people can compromise privacy can be drawn from the surveillance technology , RFID .
+
+S One of the most common uses of RFID is for inventory management .
+
+S Positive uses of RFID in inventory management include tracking items with toxic substances , tracking manufactured products through the supply chain and tracking pharmaceuticals to point of sale to ensure proper handling through the supply chain ( Alan RP 2005 ) .
+A 39 39|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the main concern is when the product reaches the consumer .
+
+S There are three possible situations where privacy could be compromised , which are the pre-sale stage , during the sales transaction and post-sale stage .
+
+S In the pre-sale stage , when a RFID tagged item is examined by a customer , the store can monitor customers ' actions .
+
+S Profiling and monitoring can then be used to track individuals and their choice of products ( Alan RP 2005 ) .
+A 18 18|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although this may just be the store trying to use of RFID systems to try to increase sales , it violates the personal privacy of the customer ( Alan RP 2005 ) .
+A 30 30|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One example would be the company Prada , which uses RFID systems in dressing rooms to suggest accessories ( Alan RP 2005 ) .
+A 21 21|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When the sales transaction takes place , the store can permanently store all personal information about the customer , including credit cards and telephone numbers and associate it with the specific item ( Alan RP 2005 ) .
+A 35 35|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These information could then be used for many purposes like marketing activities and personal profiling based on past purchases ( Alan RP 2005 ) .
+A 0 1|||R:DET|||This|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 22|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Post-sales monitoring using RFID also poses a threat to privacy .
+
+S The RFID tags used remains attached on items even after they are purchased , which could subsequently be read when they encounter an RFID transceiver anywhere ( Alan RP 2005 ) .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||remain|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 29|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the information , it is possible to identify the person as well as personal information such as shopping records and credit history ( Alan RP 2005 ) .
+A 26 26|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Invasive custom marketing activities could be developed through reading of tagged items and in the worst case scenario , individual movements could be tracked by just being in possession of the items ( Alan RP 2005 ) .
+A 35 35|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , it does not mean that the use of RFID for tracking people will compromise privacy .
+
+S There is currently a program called NEXUS which allows U.S. and Canadian citizens to register their fingerprints , photo , and other personal data and , if approved , receive a card with an RFID tag ( Alan RP 2005 ) .
+A 39 39|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When individuals wish to travel between the U.S. and Canada , the RFID tag allows them to be cleared though inspection in less than five seconds ( Alan RP 2005 ) .
+A 29 29|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Not only is it convenience , because the individual already gave prior permission , it is not consider to be a breach of privacy .
+A 4 5|||R:MORPH|||convenient|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||but it is also|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:FORM|||considered|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , as useful as surveillance technologies such as RFID may be , unless prior permission is given by the individual , they should not be used to track people as it is considered a breach of privacy .
+
+S References
+
+S Alan RP .
+
+S An Ethical Exploration of Privacy and Radio Frequency Identification .
+
+S Journal of Business Ethics 2005 Jul : 59 ( 4 ) : 327-345
+
+S Jeffrey A .
+
+S Types of Surveillance Technology Currently Used by Governments and Corporations [ Internet ] [ cited 2009 Oct 05 ] .
+
+S Available from : http : //www.abanet.org/intlaw/calendar/spring2006/papers/FRI9451100ARESTY_496 .ppt
+
+S With the development of science and technology , human beings are capable of tracking products , animals or even other people by using RFID ( Radio-frequency identification ) .
+
+S This has sparked a heated controversy ( RFID-everything on RIFD , 2005 ) whether the surveillance , especially RFID , should be banned or not .
+
+S Although many people argue that RFID violates human rights and may raise the illegal tracking of RFID tags ( RFID-everything on RIFD , 2005 ) , its advantages still outweigh disadvantages overwhelmingly , as RFID can not only protect human beings ' possessions and security , but also enhance the efficiency of business ' operation period .
+
+S Therefore , surveillance technology should not be banned in our community .
+
+S There are three main aspects that RFID will benefit human beings .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||in which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , it will contribute to ensuring the security of society , like " airport security , airline security and cruise ship security " ( Greene , 2004 ) .
+
+S It is because RFID is able to efficiently detect terrorists and criminals who hide drugs in their bodies , all objects made by mental , all explosive devices and so on .
+A 22 23|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:OTHER|||metal|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this way , public 's benefits are protected as much as possible .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , in school , RFID can assist officers in checking people who enter and leave school so that they are capable of taking students ' attendance and ensuring no unauthorized people come in simultaneously .
+
+S Hence , RFID makes great contribution to our society .
+
+S The second advantage of RFID is that it may save operation costs and gain more profits for companies .
+
+S For example , analysts from Sanford C. Bernstein ( Radio Frequency Identification Technology , n.d. ) say that the world 's biggest retailer , Wal-Mart , saves as much as 8.35 billion dollars per year by applying RFID in its physical counts of inventory .
+
+S It is because RFID helps to reduce Wal-Mart 's operation period overwhelmingly .
+
+S It takes only five minutes to finish the job which human beings need more than one day to do .
+
+S Therefore , RFID is a good assistant for companies , as well as our society .
+
+S However , those who disagree with the use of RFID express their concerns about the illicit tracking of RFID tags ( Radio-Frequency Identification , 2008 ) .
+
+S Admittedly , such actions may result in the abuse of tracking people and products by some hackers or criminals for bad purposes .
+
+S Nevertheless , the advantages of surveillance technology still outweigh its side effects .
+
+S For instance , it can help police to find missing people and pets ; to trace phone calls and locate the places of potential criminals ; and to secure the safety of each country by applying it for the passports and airports in order to prevent stowaways and criminals from both coming in and going out ( Radio-Frequency Identification , 2008 ) .
+
+S Moreover , if government enhances the degree of secrecy of the surveillance technology , these people with evil thoughts may have a hard time to approach it .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , the abuse of surveillance technology may not be a big issue .
+
+S In conclusion , the surveillance technology , RFID , should not be banned as it is able to benefit our society significantly , not only on the economics aspect , but also the human beings ' security .
+A 27 28|||R:MORPH|||economic|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , surveillance , such as RFID , should be used in people 's daily life .
+
+S References :
+
+S * Greene , T. ( October 14 , 2004 ) .
+
+S Feds approve human RFID implantsSolution desperately seeking a problem .
+
+S Retrieved September 13 , 2009 , from { http : //www.theregister.co.uk/2004/10/14/human_rfid_implants/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.theregister.co.uk/2004/10/14/human_rfid_implants/ ]
+
+S * RFID-everything on RIFD .
+
+S ( 2005 ) .
+
+S Retrieved September 13 , 2009 , from { http : //www.spiritus-temporis.com/rfid/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.spiritus-temporis.com/rfid/ ]
+
+S * Radio-Frequency Identification-Wikipedia , the free encyclopedia .
+
+S ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Retrieved October 8 , 2009 , from { http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rfid } [ HYPERLINK : http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rfid ]
+
+S * Radio Frequency Identification Technology .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Retrieved September 13 , 2009 , from { http : //translate.google.com/translate ? u = http % 3A % 2F % 2Fbaike.baidu.com % 2Fview % 2F531097.htm&hl = zh-CN&ie = UTF8&sl = zh-CN&tl = en } [ HYPERLINK : http : //translate.google.com/translate ? u = http % 3A % 2F % 2Fbaike.baidu.com % 2Fview % 2F531097.htm&hl = zh-CN&ie = UTF8&sl = zh-CN&tl = en ]
+
+S RFID is an advanced technology using electrical objects implanting on products , animals , and even human for the purpose of surveillance through radio waves .
+
+S It has been applied widely to many areas : passport , transport payments , animal surveillance , product tracking in companies , and even human tracking .
+
+S However , the aspects of human are always controversial topics for many years .
+A 6 6|||M:NOUN|||surveillance|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S People argue that the use of RFID for tracking people should be banned , and in my perspective , I totally agree with that statement .
+
+S The first obvious reason for banning the use of RFID to track people is the privacy .
+
+S Since human is different from animals , as well as unemotional objects , they have some basic human rights .
+
+S The most important right is the right for keeping some privacy .
+
+S The use of RFID is effective for animal tracking , but it " seems to cross a line when technology that 's used for inventory management or keeping track of pets is then placed in human beings " ( Sieberg,2006 ) .
+
+S When using RFID for surveillance for finding crime , for instance , the official authorities you have to look at lots of sensitive and even intimate information .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN|||criminals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 22|||R:OTHER|||much|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The individual , aware or not aware of this using , will have his serious loss of privacy .
+A 9 10|||R:MORPH|||use|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The second reason is the degree of security of using RFID for tracking people .
+
+S Although in a government system , the information obtained from RFID is kept , there is still a chance for hackers to read the card information and exploit the human 's medical status or steal the personal identities , for example .
+
+S Through this , the hackers can assault the individual 's life , or more seriously , exploit those information to assault the government and military systems .
+A 17 18|||R:DET|||that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This places our society in extreme danger .
+
+S Finally , though some may argue that RFID is a scientific progress , and we should not hinder it , the use of RFID on human may make RFID a useless , or even dangerous , technology .
+
+S Let 's remind us of inventing nuclear weapons and creating wars everywhere .
+A 1 2|||R:CONTR|||us|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 4|||R:PRON|||ourselves|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Is that a real scientific progress ?
+
+S In conclusion , I advocate the ban of RFID to track people .
+
+S Using RFID is like a double knife .
+
+S It is advantageous , but do not go too far , or it will kill ourselves .
+A 5 6|||R:OTHER|||we should|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:PRON|||us|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The word 'Surveillance ' originally came from France where it means 'to watch over ' in French .
+
+S Surveillance technology has a history dated back as early as 1965 , where the first closed circuit television ( CCTV ) was used in the police force in the United States in public places ( Roberts , 2005 ) .
+A 7 7|||M:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The definition of surveillance technology is the ongoing monitoring of people or information to detect changes in trends or distribution to initiate investigative or control measures ( The Joint Comission , 2006 ) .
+
+S The two most common and effective types of surveillance today is the global positioning system ( GPS ) and the radio frequency identification ( RFID ) .
+
+S The benefits of surveillance technology conspicuously outweigh the concerns about human privacy issues that are so often brought up by human rights bodies and the law ( Michael & Rose , 2007 ) .
+
+S This is because this intelligent technology aids in crime prevention , social control and threat monitoring .
+
+S Surveillance technology helps prevent crime .
+
+S The presentation of crime across the media for the past 30 years via television news , drama series , reality televisions , etc. , has indicated that crime is a feature of modern life , and the government can not protect the public by itself ( Knepper , Doak , & Shapland , 2009 ) .
+
+S It is therefore important to allow surveillance technology to work hand-in-hand with the police force to overcome criminal puzzles without the redundant concerns over human privacy .
+
+S For example , GPS 24/7 continuous real-time tracking of and individual , and is considered several times more powerful than the traditional visual surveillance often exercised by the police force ( Michael & Rose , 2007 ) .
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||an individual|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to FOXNews.com on the 21st Of May , 2006 , the authorities can now track dangerous sex offenders with GPS without keeping them in prison at taxpayer 's expenses , even after serving their time .
+A 27 29|||R:OTHER|||the taxpayers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In 1999 , the murder case of Valiree by William 'Brad ' Jackson was solved with concrete evidence when the police force obtained a warrant to install a GPS transmitter on his truck and successfully tracked his movement to certain places which led to the discovery of the victim 's body .
+
+S While there are opponents raising the issue of invasion of privacy towards an individual and also the trustworthiness of the law enforcement personnel to act appropriately , justification can be done by the effectiveness of surveillance technology in bringing justice ( Michael & Rose , 2007 ) .
+
+S It would be absurd to compromise the credibility of tracking and bringing a criminal case into light just to preserve the basic individual right to privacy .
+
+S Surveillance technology also aids social control .
+
+S RFID-tagging in certain commercial products has been widely practiced in the retail stores in the United States , namely Wal-Mart , for the purpose of convenient inventory tracking .
+
+S Also , RFID chips are being implanted or tagged onto products to monitor the habits of consumers .
+
+S The tracking of a consumer who makes regular purchase of a certain product can be identified and it can be deduced whether the amount of purchase over a period of time is within an acceptable range or at a threatening level .
+
+S This type of use of RFID is called 'item-level ' , which may raise consumer privacy concerns .
+
+S RFID- tagging is able to track consumer behavior , which is digitally recorded for only the company 's use and also other parties upon valid requests , such as affiliated companies and even to the federal government ( Hariton , Lawford , & Palihapitiya , 2006 ) .
+
+S For example , excessive purchase of cigarettes may explain the cause of certain health hazard such as respiratory disease of a consumer .
+
+S Quick access to the lifestyle of a patient helps in effective diagnosis of the patient 's diseases in the future .
+
+S Furthermore , surveillance technology can assist in monitoring potential threats .
+
+S In a more specific context , monitoring is crucial to suppress transnational crime .
+
+S Strict measures have been taken to detect and anticipate any potential terrorist attack .
+
+S Since the 9/11 incident , the United States has been keen to negotiate treaties with foreign countries on Mutual Legal Assistance ( MLA ) : a body which ensures individuals can not evade prosecution simply because the evidence of prosecution is located abroad ( Michael & Rose , 2007 ) .
+
+S With the speed and accuracy of GPS to track any suspects related to terrorism and crime , it is crucial to identify any formidable plans or plots before disaster strikes , something which could save lives and properties .
+
+S So what are the moral and ethical issues behind surveillance practice ?
+
+S We can not estimate the power of data accessibility , and this greatly challenges the established basic individual right to privacy .
+
+S The balance between personal privacy and national security lies on a fine line ( Michael & Rose , 2007 ) .
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , the importance of the latter often outweighs the sacrifice of individual interest , with conditions that surveillance is done within the expectations of the people .
+
+S For instance , a person should not expect full privacy in public places such as the streets or a shopping place .
+
+S In conclusion , surveillance technology to track people should not be banned due to the benefits it bestows : such as the prevention of crime , detection of danger , as well as the monitoring social behavior .
+A 35 35|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With every advent of technology , there are always cons trailing the pros that it brings .
+
+S We should seek credible solutions for issues which arise instead of prohibiting an intelligent invention of mankind .
+
+S Intelligence can never be confined ; banning can therefore never stop intelligence .
+
+S Reference :
+
+S Hariton , G. , Lawford , J. , & Palihapitiya , H. ( 2006 ) .
+
+S Radio Frequency Identification ( RFID ) and Privacy : Shopping into Surveillance .
+
+S Public Interest Advocacy Centre .
+
+S Knepper , P. , Doak , J. , & Shapland , J .
+
+S ( Eds. ) .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Urban Crime Prevention , Surveillance , and Restorative Justice .
+
+S Boca Raton , London , New York : CRC Press .
+
+S Michael , K. , & Rose , G. L. ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Human Tracking Technology in Mutual Legal Assistance and Police Inter-state Cooperation in International Crimes .
+
+S University of Wollongong .
+
+S Research Online : http : //ro.uow.edu.au/infopapers/563 .
+
+S Roberts , L. P. ( 2005 , March ) .
+
+S The history of video surveillance -- from VCR 's to eyes in the sky .
+
+S Retrieved October 1 , 2009 , from http : //www.video- surveillance-guide.com/history-of-video-surveillance.htm .
+
+S The Joint Comission ( 2006 , January ) .
+
+S Sentinel Event Glossary of Terms .
+
+S Retrieved September 12 , 2009 , from http : //www.jointcommission.org/sentinelevents/se_glossary.htm .
+
+S Over the years , surveillance technology has advanced drastically and it has slowly integrate into our daily life where video cameras can be commonly seen monitoring us in shopping centre , workplaces and residential areas .
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:FORM|||integrated|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 30|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The monitoring of one 's movements and activities is introduced to ensure our safety and prevent crimes .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However it has also raised concerns that we are monitored just like criminal .
+A 9 9|||M:VERB:TENSE|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||criminals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , it violates one 's privacy and hinders one 's freedom .
+
+S This also indicates a loss in mutual trust within individuals .
+
+S In addition , surveillance technology that appears beneficial in protecting our safety actually has limitations in crime detection and prevention .
+
+S Therefore , since the disadvantages of surveillance technology outweigh its benefits , it should not be use to track people .
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:FORM|||used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , the use of surveillance technology threatens our human right of privacy .
+A 11 12|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Surveillance technology allow others to monitor our daily activities and record these data in the form of CCTV ( closed-circuit television ) images , communication records and content enabling them to have access to our personal information .
+
+S ( Ball , K. , Lyon , D. , Wood , D.M. , Norris , C. & Raab , C. 2006 ) .
+A 6 20|||R:OTHER|||et al|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This information can be misused by individuals with ill intention , using it to manipulate us for their own benefit .
+A 15 16|||R:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , according to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article 12 , it states that " no one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy , family , home or correspondence " ( United Nations , 2009 ) .
+
+S Thus , since surveillance technology infringes our privacy , it should not be used to track people .
+A 6 6|||M:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , surveillance technology breaks social relationship and family bonds due to the loss of trust .
+
+S For instance , some employers would install surveillance monitors in their workplaces to track the activities of their employee ( Ball , K. & et al .
+A 23 24|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S 2006 ) .
+
+S This would subject the employees to constant fear of committing mistakes if they are aware that they had been monitored , it could diminish their moral which in return affect their productivity and efficiency at work .
+A 17 19|||R:VERB:TENSE|||are being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , parents would resort in using webcams and GPS systems to check on their children ' activities ( Ball , K. & et al .
+A 5 6|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S 2006 ) instead of trying to communicate with their children to understand the friends they mixed with and to find out their whereabouts .
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:TENSE|||mix|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This monitoring action causes a loss of mutual trust between the parent and child which is a foundation to build a strong family bond .
+
+S Hence , the use of surveillance technology to track people should be banned as it creates suspicion between individuals causing the loss of trust .
+
+S ( Ball , K. & et al .
+A 4 5|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S 2006 ) .
+
+S Lastly , surveillance technology such as RFID ( implantable radiofrequency identification technology ) poses potential health hazards to individual .
+A 18 20|||R:OTHER|||individuals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S RFID in the form of Verichip is used for patient identification to provide to healthcare providers with efficient access to patient 's medical history and contact information .
+A 13 14|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Foster , K. , & Jaeger , J .
+
+S 2008 ) .
+
+S However , since there is limited number of RFID human implantations performed , there is insufficient data about the possible side effects related to it , recent tests indicate that there are potential health hazards such as cancer , adverse tissue reaction , magnetic resonance imaging incompatibility and infections that could affect the old and feeble individuals .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Foster , K. , & Jaeger , J .
+
+S 2008 ) .
+
+S Hence , since there are many adverse health effects of RFID that is still not known thus the use of surveillance technology to track people should be banned as the implantation of Verichip in patient bring more harm than benefits .
+A 34 35|||R:NOUN:NUM|||patients|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , supporters of surveillance technology state that surveillance technology plays an important role in crime detection and prevention thus maintaining the country 's security and prevent terrorist attacks .
+A 29 30|||R:VERB:SVA|||prevents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , in reality surveillance technology is inefficient in crime detection and prevention providing minimal protection for us .
+
+S Surveillance technology usually only focuses on tracking down criminals after the crime was committed and the damage was done .
+
+S For instance , a Metropolitan Police report stated that only one crime was solved by the 1000 CCTV cameras placed across London revealing that CCTV has minimum effectiveness but contributes to massive expenses .
+
+S ( BBC News , 2009 ) .
+
+S Hence , since surveillance technology is ineffective in crime detection and prevention , it should not be used to track people .
+
+S In conclusion , it is evident that the use of surveillance technology to track people should be banned as it not only threatens one 's privacy inhibiting them from exercising freedom but the use of surveillance technology also poses unknown potential health hazards in individuals .
+A 43 44|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , it creates suspicion in individuals causing them to loss mutual trust for one another resulting in breaking of social relationship and family bonds .
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||lose|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nevertheless , surveillance technology has limited efficiency in crime prevention hence it should not be use to track people since it fails to protect us .
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:FORM|||used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S BBC News .
+
+S ( 2009 ) , " 1000 cameras 'solve one crime " .
+
+S August 24 Retrieved October 4 , 2009 from http : //news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/london/8219022.stm
+
+S Ball , K. , Lyon , D. , Wood , D.M. , Norris , C. & Raab , C. ( 2006 , September ) .
+
+S A report on surveillance society .
+
+S Retrieved October 4 , 2009 from http : //www.ico.gov.uk/upload/documents/library/data_protection/practica l_application/surveillance_society_full_report_2006.pdf
+
+S Foster , K. , & Jaeger , J .
+
+S ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Ethical implications of implantable radiofrequency Identification ( RFID ) tags in humans .
+
+S American Journal of Bioethics , 8 ( 8 ) , 44-48. http : //search.ebscohost.com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg Foster , K. , & Jaeger , J .
+
+S ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Ethical implications of implantable radiofrequency Identification ( RFID ) tags in humans .
+
+S American Journal of Bioethics , 8 ( 8 ) , 44-48. http : //search.ebscohost.com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg
+
+S United Nations .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .
+
+S The Universal Declaration of Human Rights .
+
+S Retrieved October 4 , 2009 , from http : //www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/index.shtml # a12
+
+S Surveillance technology refers to the use of technology to monitor the behaviors or actions of people , usually in a surreptitious way .
+
+S Our most familiar types of such technology include cameras , computers , biometric or aerial surveillances .
+
+S As technology progresses , the rate of use of radio- frequency identification ( RFID ) , which is the use of a tag applied to livestock or people for the purpose of tracking or identification , has skyrocketed in many areas , ranging from government , hospitals to schools .
+
+S As an unavoidable consequence , it raises ethical issue , which states that such penetrating technology has invaded people 's privacy because more and more personal habits and behaviors are monitored without permission .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||issues|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , I think that the use of such technology could be justified if the benefits it brings to the public outweigh the harms it brings to the individual .
+
+S It is demonstrated in hospitals , crimes and workplace .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , the surveillance technology such as RFID should be used .
+
+S Firstly , the surveillance technology can be used in hospitals to monitor movements of its patients in case of emergency .
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conjunction with a video surveillance system to cover different regions of the hospital , it can track the patients ' movements any time at any corners of the hospital .
+A 26 27|||R:NOUN:NUM|||corner|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When the subject enters a restricted area or has an emergency , the hospital can immediately know the whereabouts of the subject .
+
+S For example , in 2003 , a scenario of applying an RFID based tracking system during the SARS outbreak was demonstrated in two Singapore hospitals .
+
+S During the trial , the movement of people in the hospitals can be recorded ( Adi T , September 2006 ) .
+
+S Thus , in this case , it is undisputable that the surveillance technology should be used to track people .
+
+S Secondly , RFID should be used in tracking criminals so as to prevent crimes and enhance security .
+
+S When one committed a crime , the policemen can track one 's movement and locates one 's whereabouts or extract one 's information or past history .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:FORM|||commits|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:SVA|||locate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Also , the use of RFID tags in identification of stolen property , in the case of Lowjack system has already demonstrated effective in this regard .
+
+S ( Christiana , J. , Cirella , N. , Lee , B. , Sun , J. , and Werner- Allen , G. , March 2007 ) Furthermore , in New York , RFID is also being used in schools .
+A 1 25|||R:OTHER|||( Christiana.J . et al , 2007 )|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to information released by the federal Bureau of Justice Statistics in late November , the crime rate such as school fights and percentage of students bringing weapons to school had indeed fallen since 1990s .
+A 6 7|||R:ORTH|||Federal|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:CONJ|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:OTHER|||1990|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , we can say that the surveillance technology in tracking people or products should be used .
+
+S The most controversial issue about the use of surveillance technology would be ethical issue regarding people 's privacy , which is strongly demonstrated in workplace privacy .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S RFIDs in the workplace are attached to employees ' identification cards or clothes so that the employer can track their movements any time .
+
+S For instance , RFID tags are placed in 80000 employee uniforms at the Star City Casino in Sydney Australia ( Gruber , J. ) .
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||80,000|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Some people say that the install of such technology reduces the employees to robots , deprived their individuality to only-working-machines so as to achieve maximum productivity .
+A 5 6|||R:MORPH|||installation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:FORM|||depriving|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:PRON|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:OTHER|||of their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The employers monitor every movement of the employees during the break or even after hours .
+
+S This has intruded employees ' privacy and thus should not be used .
+A 3 3|||M:PREP|||upon|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , I beg to argue that such RFID tags are only used within the workplace during the working time and when employees work in their positions , the company 's privacy outweighs the individual privacy .
+
+S With RFID tags , the employers can combine the data together and better study the workplace pattern so as to improve efficiency .
+
+S Tagging employees can also reduce human errors and measure time .
+
+S The employees should sacrifice such individual privacy during the office time and cooperate with employers to make greater achievements for the workplace .
+
+S As a result , I think that the surveillance technology should be used .
+
+S In conclusion , I think the surveillance technology should be used as its benefits outweigh its harms .
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||harm|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is useful in tracking patients in hospitals , criminals after they committed crimes and employees in workplace .
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The individual privacy should be put aside when the benefit of public plays a more important role .
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Adi , T. ( 2006 ) .
+
+S Fighting bird flu with RFID technology .
+
+S Retrieved October 8 , 2009 , from http : //www.rfidconsultation.eu/docs/ficheiros/tedjasaputra_rfid_bird_flu.pdf
+
+S Christiana , J. , Cirella , N. , Lee , B. , Sun , J. , and Werner-Allen , G. ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Law enforcement response to concerns regarding RFID technology .
+
+S Retrieved October 8 , 2009 , from http : //www.eecs.harvard.edu/cs199r/bd- rfid/lawEnforcement.pdf
+
+S Gruber , J .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S RFID and workplace privacy .
+
+S Retrieved October 8 , 2009 , from http : //www.workrights.org/issue_electronic/RFIDWorkplacePrivacy.html
+
+S Surveillance technology such as RFID ( radio-frequency identification ) , GPS ( Global Positioning System ) and security cameras are used to monitor the action of public .
+A 26 26|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After the September 11 attack , the use of such technology has become more prevalent so as to increase security level ( Vedo Soft 2006 ) .
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is also used to monitor those who require special attention such as Alzheimer 's patients to ensure that they receive appropriate and quick medication during emergency .
+A 26 26|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , on a whole , its advantages clearly outweigh its disadvantages such as individual 's privacy .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||the whole|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||an individuals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , it should be used appropriately to track people .
+
+S Firstly , using surveillance technology for crime prevention is far more important than individual privacy .
+
+S The presence of security cameras in public places helps to reduce crime rates as criminal fear that their actions will be recorded .
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||criminals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will make the public feel safer .
+
+S According to park officials of Balboa park in San Diego , California , nine months after the installation of surveillance system , the crime rates has been reduced in all aspects and more people visits the park as they feel more secured ( Nieto 1997 ) .
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 27|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:MORPH|||visit|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 42|||R:ADJ:FORM|||secure|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In Singapore , the Safety and Security Watch Group ( SSWG ) Scheme was introduced in 2006 so that the business community will be more prepared to fight crime and terrorism threats effectively ( Singapore Police Force 2006 ) .
+
+S One of the common methods to ensure this is by surveillance technology and this has significantly helped Singapore to be one of the country with the lowest crime rates .
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN:NUM|||countries|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Opponents of surveillance technology may argue that it overwrites individual 's privacy .
+
+S However , it is nearly impossible to always protect an individual 's privacy as it may overlap with another individual 's human right .
+
+S In this case , if surveillance technology is not implemented so as to protect individual 's privacy , millions of innocent lives may be in danger .
+
+S Furthermore , the surveillance technology is only used for security .
+
+S Thus , there is no need to fear when there is no crime done .
+
+S In addition , there are laws and regulation that is implemented to prevent the abuse of such technology .
+
+S Secondly , surveillance technology has been proven to be effective for social control as it helps to monitor those who needs special attention such as Alzheimer 's patients .
+A 20 21|||R:MORPH|||need|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Mary Barnes , the president of Alzheimer 's Community Care , believes that RFID chip implanted in Alzheimer 's patients allow medical facilities and information to be quickly and easily accessible for them ( Richford 2007 ) .
+
+S Together with GPS , it is also able to track their location and detect if they are in danger .
+
+S This can also be used for other patients that requires special attention like heart and lung disease especially when it involves children and older generation .
+
+S This is useful as the caretaker may not be able to attend these patients 24 hours a day .
+
+S Thus , RFID help to ease their work but increase the efficiency simultaneously .
+
+S One may argue that the RFID chips might have side-effects on the patient 's health .
+
+S It has been said that the RFID might lead to cancer .
+
+S However , there is no strong scientific evidence to show that it is harmful to the patient 's health .
+
+S According to TIME magazine article written by Morrissey , a study conducted in 2006 showed that 4 % of the 1,260 mice implanted with RFID developed tumors .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , none of them are malignant .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , Dr McGill said " Even if you put in a bland piece of plastic , it will produce tumors in rats and mice , " ( Morrissey 2007 ) .
+
+S Furthermore , the RFID tag has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Association ( Richford 2007 ) .
+
+S In conclusion , the benefits that surveillance technology has brought to the society is far more advantageous than its unclear disadvantages .
+
+S References :
+
+S Vedo Soft 2006 Surveillance Cameras and Privacy [ Internet ] [ cited 2009 Oct 5 ] .
+
+S Available from : http : //www.vedosoft.com/surveillance-camera- privacy.html
+
+S Nieto M. 1997 June .
+
+S Public Video Surveillance : Is It An Effective Crime Prevention Tool ?
+
+S [ Internet ] California Research Bureau [ cited 2009 Oct 5 ] .
+
+S Available from : http : //www.library.ca.gov/CRB/97/05/
+
+S Singapore Police Force .
+
+S 2006 .
+
+S Safety and Security Watch Group ( SSWG ) Scheme [ Internet ] [ cited 2009 Oct 5 ] .
+
+S Available from : http : //www.spf.gov.sg/cterror/swg_index.htm # SWG_Activities
+
+S Richford N. RFID Chip Implants Planned for Alzheimer 's Patients [ Internet ] [ cited 2009 Oct 5 ] .
+
+S Available from : http : //www.associatedcontent.com/article/250658/rfid_chip_implants_planned_f or_alzheimers.html
+
+S Morrissey S. 2007 Oct 18 .
+
+S Are Microship Tags Safe ?
+
+S [ Internet ] [ cited 2009 Oct 5 ] Available from : http : //www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1672865,00.html
+
+S " Should the use of surveillance technology such as RFID to track people should be banned ?
+A 13 14|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S "
+
+S Radio-frequency identification ( RFID ) technology has advanced from industrial and animal tagging applications to being able to track people 's movements ( Friedlos , 2009 ; Kanellos , 2004 ; Masters & Michael , 2006 ) .
+A 22 36|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This technology has brought about privacy and security issues ( Kanellos , 2004 ; Masters & Michael , 2006 ) .
+
+S However , the benefits of RFID outweigh these issues .
+
+S Hence , the use of surveillance technology such as RFID to track people should not be banned .
+
+S Firstly , RFID enhances personnel management .
+
+S Efficient employee monitoring can be accomplished by tagging employees with RFID tags and installing readers within building premises .
+
+S Some companies made it compulsory for their staff to wear RFID tags to facilitate personnel identification and access control ( Masters & Michael , 2006 ) .
+A 2 2|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S RFID critics argue that the start-up cost for a fully operational RFID system is high .
+
+S Companies have to purchase tags ( US $ 0.20 - $ 50 each ) , readers ( UHF reader : US $ 500 - $ 3,000 ) , middleware ( may be US $ 183,000 ) , upgrade system networks and pay installation fees ( RFID Journal , 2005 ) .
+
+S However , companies will reap benefits in the long run .
+
+S Also , costs will come down as technology improves ( RFID Journal , 2005 ) .
+
+S Thus , RFID can be used to improve management .
+
+S Secondly , RFID helps to reduce and solve crimes .
+
+S RFID can be used to monitor people who may pose a threat to society .
+
+S Knowing that they are being spied on , they will have less tendency to commit crimes .
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||a lesser|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Prison violence was reduced by up to 60 % in some United States prisons that had RFID installed ( Kanellos , 2004 ) .
+
+S Furthermore , data retrieved from RFID readers can serve as evidence against suspects to solve crimes ( Kanellos , 2004 ) .
+
+S Opponents of RFID technology argue that implanted RFID tags cause cancer .
+
+S Implanted RFID tags were observed to cause tumours in laboratory animals ( Albrecht , 2007 ) .
+
+S This concern is not necessary , because external tags can be used .
+
+S Overall , RFID is effective and beneficial in reducing and solving crimes .
+
+S Thirdly , RFID allows optimal patient care and safety in hospitals .
+
+S Tracking of medical professionals allows them to receive notification immediately when a patient needs help .
+
+S Tracking of patients ensures patient 's safety by noticing if the patient is at the right place at the right time .
+
+S For example , in the United States , South Tyneside District Hospital tagged newborns with RFID tags , and hid RFID readers at exit points ( Masters & Michael , 2006 ) .
+
+S Unauthorized removal of baby would trigger the alarm thus enhancing baby safety ( Masters & Michael , 2006 ) .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Currently , Tan Tock Seng Hospital is using ThermoSensors , a new RFID tag which is capable of patient location tracking and body temperature monitoring ( Friedlos , 2009 ) .
+
+S This has enhanced patient care as nurses have more time for other patients and are notified immediately when patient has a fever ( Friedlos , 2009 ) .
+A 20 21|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Unfortunately , there are several security and privacy concerns .
+
+S But , these concerns can be addressed by giving individuals the choice of using RFID technology and freedom to remove tags when desired ( Masters & Michael , 2006 ) .
+
+S Hence , RFID should be used to enhance patient care and safety .
+
+S In conclusion , it is evident that RFID benefits the defense and healthcare sector .
+
+S It helps to enhance management , reduce crimes and enable optimal patient care .
+
+S Thus , the use of RFID technology to track people should not be stopped .
+
+S References
+
+S Albrecht , K. ( 2007 , November 19 ) .
+
+S Microchip-Induced Tumors in Laboratory Rodents and Dogs : A Review of the Literature 1990-2006 .
+
+S Retrieved October 5 , 2009 , from http : //www.antichips.com/cancer/index.html
+
+S Friedlos , D. ( 2009 , January 22 ) .
+
+S Tan Tock Seng Hospital Uses RFID to Take Patient Temperatures .
+
+S Retrieved October 5 , 2009 , from Tan Tock Seng Hospital Web site : http : //www.ttsh.com.sg/new/newsroom/press_22jan09.htm
+
+S Kanellos , M. ( 2004 , August 23 ) .
+
+S Human chips more than skin-deep .
+
+S CNET News .
+
+S Retrieved September 9 , 2009 , from http : //news.cnet.com/Human-chips-more-than-skin-deep/2009-1008_3-5318076.html
+
+S Masters , A. , & Michael , K. ( 2006 ) .
+
+S Lend me your arms : The use and implications of humancentric RFID .
+
+S Electronic Commerce Research and Applications , 6 ( 1 ) , 29-39 .
+
+S RFID Journal .
+
+S ( 2005 ) .
+
+S RFID System Components and Costs .
+
+S Retrieved October 5 , 2009 , from http : //www.rfidjournal.com/article/view/1336/1/129
+
+S The use of surveillance technology to track people should not be banned
+
+S During the recent years there has been an increasing uptake of the surveillance technology .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:MORPH|||increase|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||in the use|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This kind of technology usually refers to the monitoring of behavior , activities , or other changing information of people and often in a surreptitious manner .
+
+S ( Wikipedia , 2009 ) .
+
+S And the current technology has made it possible for the surveillance system into a wide-spread use in our daily life , such as electronic payment , supply chain management , and livestock .
+A 0 1|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 15|||R:OTHER|||to be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:FORM|||used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||lives|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Postnote , 2004 ) .
+
+S But there are also some moral and ethical issues surrounding this technology , like whether this kind of technology such as RFID ( radio frequency ID ) should be used to track people .
+
+S Some argues that the tracking should be banned for it may causes serious outcomes related to the violation of privacy .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:SVA|||argue|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:FORM|||cause|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But I do not think it is reasonable to forgo this advanced technology for it really plays a great role in the areas related to healthcare and government , and the potential negative impacts brought by can be reduced or avoided if the regulations around it tend to be sounder and sounder .
+A 36 36|||M:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 50 52|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I will further elaborate on my stand based on the above two aspects .
+
+S First , surveillance is very useful to the hospitals and governments .
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As healthcare centers , hospitals need to undertake a heavy task in dealing with diseases and maintaining a high level of securities .
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:NUM|||security|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " In order to do this they need to protect and treat the patients in a way that will not be detrimental and hopefully will improve their state of health .
+
+S New surveillance technology can assist by reducing the delay in treating a patient , reducing errors in treatment , locating vital equipment and medical staff in a timely manner , tracking samples , test results and the patients themselves ( Collins , 2004 ) .
+
+S " ( Sue kennedy , 2006 ) .
+A 0 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And hospitals use it for mainly three core purposes : treatment , administration and security .
+
+S ( Sue kennedy , 2006 ) .
+
+S And all of them are of vital importance to the welfare of both the patients and the hospitals .
+
+S On the other hand , surveillance tends to be more and more important in helping the government and law enforcement to maintain social control .
+
+S ( Wikipedia,2009 ) .
+
+S For example , it equips the government with unprecedented ability to detect the potential criminal activities .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And to a great extent , it contributes a lot to the stability of the whole society while only violating the privacy of the criminals .
+A 0 1|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||To|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S So , at this point , the use of surveillance technology should not be banned .
+
+S Second , the problems as regards to the privacy brought by the technology could be reduced or even avoided when the regulations around it tends to be more and more perfect .
+
+S In fact , many great inventions and breakthroughs in the humans history have got positive and negative aspects , such as the automobiles which have brought great convenience to people while causing large damages to the environment by emitting pollution gases .
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:MORPH|||human|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:NOUN:NUM|||damage|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 40|||R:MORPH|||pollutant|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And we just can not stop using the automobiles .
+
+S The only thing we can do is to improve their efficiency and seek new and green power supplies for them to make them as environmental-friendly as possible .
+A 18 21|||R:OTHER|||which will|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:ADV|||environmentally-friendly|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As with the surveillance technology , we have to adopt it while making a great effort to establish a complete and reasonable set of principles surrounding it to make it more acceptable .
+
+S We just can not stop having food even though we are afraid of choking .
+
+S In conclusion , surveillance technology has brought great benefits to our life and is accounting more and more in the hospital and government related areas .
+
+S And we should try our best to eliminate its negative effects on the privacy field instead of banning its use to tracking people .
+
+S http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveillance Electronic surveillance in hospitals : A review ,by Sue Kennedy @ 2006
+
+S The last two decades witnessed drastic development in material science and digital processing technology , which made Radio Frequency Identification ( RFID ) , an advanced surveillance technology applied in the business and tracking world .
+A 4 4|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||developments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:OTHER|||that has been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This controversial issue aroused wide concern from society , for RFID made tracking people easier .
+A 4 5|||R:ADJ|||much|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 15|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S While some hold that it intrudes people 's privacy intensely , it in fact protects people in certain fields and makes life easier .
+
+S Thus , due to the advantages of RFID technology , it should not be banned .
+
+S Firstly , RFID can help to protect special groups of people .
+
+S For instance , this human use of it can be implanted in the elderly people who are suffering degenerative diseases .
+A 3 7|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 18|||M:PREP|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Surveillance Studies Network , 2006 ) Since it is so dangerous for elderly people with sick brain condition to get lost , carrying RFID chips enable their families to locate them .
+A 16 19|||R:OTHER|||dementia|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:NOUN:NUM|||chip|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:VERB:SVA|||enables|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , it not only eliminates danger for those elderly people , but also reduces the worrying time and effort for their families .
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||such|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 18|||R:OTHER|||worry|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , for some construction project with high fatality rates , obviously we need more accurate and reliable technology to protect workers during the programs .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||projects|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S RFID enables us to provide accurate position of every worker who carries its tag .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , it allows workers to be rescued quickly and reliably in case of an emergency .
+
+S This high-tech system was used in the second Gotthard tunnel grogram and other companied like Kronos Titan , Leverkusen ( Germany ) in the chemical sector for production of hazardous materials .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN|||program|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||company 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Hansen & Gilbert , 2008 )
+
+S Secondly , RFID is an efficient and reliable surveillance tool to watch people who carry underlying threat .
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||maybe a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For the prisoners in custody , it is necessary to watch and track them in case of adding crime .
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||further|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Surveillance Studies Network , 2006 ) Meanwhile , using RFID to keep watching those employees working for high-security areas confers benefits that are clear and compelling .
+A 17 18|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , it is so necessary and sufficient for us to apply RFID technology to such areas .
+
+S Some of the issues raised by concerned groups stem from either misunderstanding of the technology and its capabilities or by simple inaccurate facts .
+
+S Both of these roots are evidences that RFID community has done a poor job at conveying to the public , in an accurate understandable form , what technology is and its capabilities .
+A 3 5|||R:OTHER|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||evidence|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Education will be a key component in the acceptability , progress and evolution of RFID technology .
+
+S ( RFID Applied ( pp .
+
+S 280-282 ) ) Meanwhile , some hold that it should be banned since it intrudes people 's privacy .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB|||believe|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||upon|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Apparently , such surveillance technology should be strictly restricted for its potential disadvantages .
+
+S However , it should not be banned .
+
+S We will lose all its advantages and benefits once such technology is banned , which will lead to more casualty and threat to society .
+A 10 10|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:NOUN:NUM|||casualties|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:NUM|||threats|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , science and technology development in such areas will be barricaded once we ban , which affects human society and civilization further .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB|||barred|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 15|||M:PRON|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , RFID as a surveillance technology should not be banned as it protects special groups of people and help to watch people who have potential threat to our society .
+A 20 21|||R:VERB:SVA|||helps|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||R:OTHER|||are a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Banks , J. , Hanny , D. , Pachano , M. A. , Thompson , L.G .
+
+S ( 2007 ) .
+
+S 10.4 Facts and Misunderstandings.RFID Applied ( pp .
+
+S 280-282 ) .
+
+S Hoboken , New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons , Inc .
+
+S Hansen , W.-R. , Gillert , F. ( 2008 ) .
+
+S 10.4 Locating Persons in Hazard Areas.RFID for the Optimization of Business Processes ( pp .
+
+S 229-230 ) .West Sussex,England : John Wiley & Sons , Ltd .
+
+S Surveillance Studies Network ( 2006 , September ) .
+
+S 9.8 Locating , Tracking and Tagging.A Report on the Surveillance Society ( pp .
+
+S 24-25 ) .Retrieved September 14 , 2009 , from { http : //www.ico.gov.uk/upload/documents/library/data_protection/practical_application/surveillance_society_full_report_2006.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.ico.gov.uk/upload/documents/library/data_protection/practical_application/surveillance_society_full_report_2006.pdf ]
+
+S Surveillance technology is necessary in today 's society ( Evans , 2008 ) , although some people may feel that it is an invasion of privacy ( Kanellos , 2004 ) .
+
+S Using surveillance technology to track people has benefitted people in three areas , socially , in the medical field and in the military sector .
+
+S It should therefore not be banned .
+
+S Socially , surveillance technology is used to track people .
+
+S Radio frequency identification ( RFID ) chips and tags are used to track people .
+
+S It is a boon for parents looking for their children amidst a large crowd , like in an amusement park ( Fortune magazine , 2004 ) .
+
+S Employers can also track the location of their employees to ensure that they are safe , especially at hazardous worksites ( Intelleflex Corporation , 2009 ) using RFID badges .
+
+S Another way would be to implant RFID chips under their skin .
+
+S Citywatcher.com , a surveillance company , is one of those companies to have RFID chips implanted in their employees ' arms ( Gruber , n.d. ) for safety measures .
+A 26 27|||R:OTHER|||as a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:NOUN:NUM|||measure|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , RFID chips implanted under the skin are difficult to remove as they could migrate under the skin ( American Medical Association , 2008 ) and not all employees want to be implanted with these chips .
+
+S This however is not a problem as many states have banned employers from forcing employees to receive a RFID implant ( Jones , 2007 ) .
+
+S Therefore , surveillance technology should not be banned since there are counter-measures in place and less invasive methods like the RFID tags available .
+
+S Another sector using surveillance technology to track people would be the medical field .
+
+S Maternity wards in hospitals ensure that babies are not swapped accidentally with the help of RFID tags ( Fortune magazine , 2004 ) .
+
+S Patients are also given RFID tags to wear so that should they begin to collapse , aid can be given to them immediately ( Kanellos , 2004 ) .
+A 12 14|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S RFID tags are also used to monitor patients with Alzheimer 's disease according to Kanellos ( 2004 ) to prevent them from getting lost .
+
+S The RFID tags are broken once patients are discharged so the bed can be prepared for new patients so waiting time would be reduced .
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||and|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Consequently , if nurses did not break the tag , disorder might result since the bed is no longer occupied but the housekeeping team is not informed .
+
+S Surgeries can also proceed smoothly and timely as both staff and patients can be tracked since they are wearing the tags .
+
+S This clearly shows that surveillance technology brings about many benefits so it should not be banned .
+
+S Surveillance technology is essential in the military sector to track enemies and to search and rescue soldiers .
+
+S Technology like the Global positioning system ( GPS ) is used to track enemies from the air ( Gately , 2009 ) , while the artesian radar and SPY-1 radar is used to monitor the sea ( Evans , 2008 ) .
+
+S All these technologies are to deter and detect enemies so countries are not caught unawares should enemies invade .
+
+S However , these systems are not without flaws as it was reported that Korean Air Lines Flight 007 strayed and was shot down in a Soviet no-fly zone ( Gately , 2009 ) .
+
+S To address this issue , civilians are now able to use the GPS to ensure that they do no stray into these zones although usage is limited ( Gately , 2009 ) .
+
+S Downed pilots are also located and rescued efficiently .
+
+S U.S. Air Force pilot , Captain Scott O'Grady was rescued within hours with the help of the GPS ( LANDAIRSEA , 2009 ) .
+
+S Hence , these technologies should not be banned as it efficiently locates enemies , save lives and at the same time ensures that civilians are not harmed by the new regulations .
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:SVA|||saves|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , there are some issues about using surveillance technologies to track people in the social , medical and military aspects .
+
+S Nevertheless , using surveillance technology to track people has brought about many benefits and there are regulations to ensure that these technologies would not be abused .
+
+S Hence it should not be banned .
+
+S References
+
+S Anonymous ( 2009 , March ) .
+
+S History of GPS Part II .
+
+S Retrieved October 5 , 2009 from http : //www.landairsea.com/gps-tracking-blog/history-of-gps-part- ii/ # more-334
+
+S Evans .
+
+S G. ( 2008 , September 22 ) .
+
+S Watching Over the Sea New Surveillance Technology .
+
+S Retrieved September 14 , 2009 , from : http : //www.naval- technology.com/features/feature41410/
+
+S Gately , J .
+
+S ( 2009 , January 22 ) .
+
+S A GPS PRIMER .
+
+S Retrieved October 5 , 2009 , from http : //www.rmtracking.com/blog/tag/global-positioning-system/
+
+S Gruber , J .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S RFID and Workplace Privacy .
+
+S Retrieved October 5 , 2009 , from http : //www.workrights.org/issue_electronic/RFIDWorkplacePrivacy.html
+
+S Intelleflex Corporation ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Personnel Monitoring .
+
+S Retrieved October 5 , 2009 , from http : //www.intelleflex.com/Solutions.PM.asp
+
+S Jones , K. C. ( 2007 , September 4 ) .
+
+S California Passes Bill To Ban Forced RFID Tagging .
+
+S Retrieved October 5 , 2009 , from http : //www.rfid- world.com/news/201804991 ? queryText = California + Passes + Bill + To + Ban + Forced + RFID + Tagging
+
+S Kanellos , M. ( 2004 , August 23 ) .
+
+S Human chips more than skin-deep .
+
+S CNET News .
+
+S Retrieved October 5 , 2009 from http : //news.cnet.com/Human-chips-more-than- skin-deep/2009-1008_3-5318076.html
+
+S Lewis , P. ( 2004 , August 5 ) .
+
+S RFID : Getting Under Your Skin .
+
+S Fortune Magazine .
+
+S Retrieved October 5 , 2009 , from http : //money.cnn.com/2004/08/05/commentary/ontechnology/rfid/
+
+S Surveillance technology refers to the use of technology such as RFID ( radio-frequency identification ) to observe the activities of certain people or things , in particular to gather information .
+
+S Apart from RFID , there are many types of surveillance technology such as computer , camera , mobile , aerial and biometric surveillance .
+
+S Although the use of surveillance technology , especially to track people , has raised many ethical issues because it intrudes people 's privacy , I believe that it should not be banned .
+
+S However , one has to take note of the limit as in the extent of its implementation and purposes .
+
+S If the benefits it can bring supersede the violation of the individual right , then logically it should be implemented .
+
+S Firstly , surveillance technology can be used for security and deterrent to prevent crimes .
+A 10 10|||M:OTHER|||as a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The concept of human tagging has been widely accepted , but one has to take note on its purpose .
+A 16 17|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Applied Digital Solution produced sub-dermal RFID tags in late 90s and it has found many applications nowadays .
+
+S For those regions where kidnapping are more prevalent such as Mexico , children tagging can actually help their parent identify them after many years or it can serve as a mean to deter kidnapping because parent can locate their children using gadgets ( Wired , February 2000 ) .
+A 30 31|||R:NOUN:NUM|||means|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||R:NOUN:NUM|||parents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , some may say that it brings back the nightmare of the images of George Orwell 's novel with human tagging as RFID takes away the privacy of the person being monitored , but RFID is not being used on the entire population .
+
+S It is just used in specific area or person who actually benefits from its application such as in the case of child kidnapping .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||areas|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||persons|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The parents have the authoritative rights for the well-being of their children .
+
+S Thus , surveillance technology should not be banned but one has to take note of the purpose of its application .
+
+S Secondly , the application of surveillance technology has found its use in sports .
+
+S With the RFID tag being clipped on runners ' shoes , organisers can record the running time of every runner easily and accurately .
+
+S It brings great ease to the organisers of the marathon races in which there are so many contestants .
+
+S The reason why it is so difficult to track and record accurately in the past is that in such a big event , it may take about one hour for certain runners to even reach the starting point and start the race .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For this case , there is no ethical issue involved so surveillance technology such as RFID to track people should not be banned .
+
+S Thirdly , Terrorism has become an enormous threat to the security of many countries in the world especially in the US .
+A 17 17|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Government has gathered various ways to combat terrorism and RFID is one of its mean .
+A 0 1|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Governments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||means|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After the 9/11 World Trade Center attacks in New York , the airport security has been tightened .
+
+S RFID can help the government to gather information such events involving people , mobile and places into the computer system so that they can watch out and catch suspicious personals .
+A 9 9|||M:PREP|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 31|||R:OTHER|||persons|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The welfare of the entire populations supersedes the individual rights for the case of terrorist attacks .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB|||supercedes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , surveillance technology to track people should not be banned .
+
+S Fourthly , we have seen the application of surveillance technology in health care to tag its patients .
+
+S The purpose is to make sure the medical records actually tally with the patients being described .
+
+S It can provide information such as patients ' allergies and it is extremely crucial to ensure correct association .
+
+S Critics may argue that we can also use wrist bands in which there are barcodes on the patients .
+
+S However , there is a tendency that one makes mistakes in typing on a keyboard .
+
+S Thus , those printed labels are susceptible to errors so it is not that reliable .
+
+S Since we have a better technology to ensure the accuracy , I see no reason to ban such surveillance technology .
+
+S Moreover , patients are supposed to be monitored so privacy issues are no concern here .
+
+S In conclusion , surveillance technology should not be banned , but one has to take not of the purposes of its applications .
+A 15 16|||R:MORPH|||note|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Its applications in child kidnapping , marathon races , security of a country and health care have brought great benefits to human beings .
+
+S The benefits actually supersede the violation of people 's privacy or in some case it does not violate at all .
+
+S References
+
+S Roy , W. ( 2006 ) .
+
+S RFID Explained : A Primer on Radio Frequency Identification Technologies .
+
+S The United States of America : Morgan & Claypool .
+
+S M. Alesky , Cyborg 1.0 , Wired Magazine , Issue 8.02 , pp .
+
+S 144-151 , Feb. 2000 .
+
+S We have seen that the identification technology has progressed in leaps and bounds over the last few decades .
+A 9 10|||R:PREP|||by|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One good example of such applications is the usage of RFID , a cutting-edge technology that uses radio waves for the purpose of tracking and monitoring .
+
+S There are however , variety of issue raised associated with the appropriateness to deploy RFID technology to track individuals .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This is primarily due to the fear of privacy invasion , dehumanization , and the social impact of mass surveillance after putting such technology in place .
+
+S Nonetheless , despite RFID is still progressing in its infancy stage , it is seen to possess uncapped potential and can be put into valuable uses , especially in connection with hospital- patient identification , anti-theft tracking as well as in government agencies for identification purpose .
+A 4 5|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 45 46|||R:NOUN:NUM|||purposes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , RFID system can be utilized widely in hospital in-patient identification.The system can be used to monitor the whereabouts of patients and also medical personnel staffs in the hospital .
+A 26 27|||R:NOUN|||s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One good advantage about the device is that it does not require line-of-sight monitoring .
+A 1 2|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S RFID allows health conditions of patients such as blood pressure , heart rate and blood sugar level to be kept in check from time to time with ease .
+
+S These records contain both medical chart information and digital photos to minimize the frequency of surgical errors and improve the efficiency of operating rooms during the clinical process .
+
+S ( Pye,2008 ) In addition , implementation of RFID tag is highly useful in tracking the location of Alzheimer 's patient .
+
+S It ensures a higher level of security and also allows nurses to administer more patients at a time .
+A 12 13|||R:VERB|||monitor|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Opponents of RFID surveillance may voice concerns over the health hazards posed as a result of over exposure to radioactivity which may lead to cancer .
+
+S However , research done has revealed a small and insignificant correlation of cancer risk to RFID .
+
+S Secondly , the sophisticated tracking technology can be put into good use in combating theft and retrieving lost items in department stores .
+
+S Unlike barcodes , RFID do not need to be placed precisely relative to the scanner .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||does|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The adoption of RFID for " logistics units and higher-value , lower volume items " is believed to simultaneously improve the supply chain efficiency as well as prevent property crime .
+
+S ( Raza , 2008 ) .
+
+S RFID provides tight security that allows merchandise to be tracked effectively .
+
+S Whilst some opined that the use of RFID is not favoured due to its expensive nature , its effectiveness is much higher than that of the conventional tracking system .
+
+S Thus , it is relatively more cost-saving in a long run .
+
+S Thirdly , another application of RFID technology that is currently in use in government agencies is that the setting up of centralized nationwide database that would maintain a complete medical history and other relevant information of a person .
+
+S Swedberg ( 2004 ) cited that in countries like New Zealand , Pakistan , as well as Malaysia have embedded RFID chips in their citizen 's identification card .
+A 6 7|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Public transportation systems worldwide use RFID enabled system to track and bill use of the services .
+
+S RFID chips are also being used in identification cards in corporations and school to control unauthorized access .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||schools|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One may argue that these can lead to potential infringement of confidentiality should one 's personal information leak out .
+
+S However , the worries are unnecessary since the increasingly secure and private operations that are being set up could reduce the possibility of unintended access to information .
+
+S With all that have been said , the advantages of the usage of RFID clearly outweigh the drawbacks of the technology .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There is a need for social control of higher security and safety .
+
+S Nevertheless , RFID remains the least intrusive technology that allows us to achieve the objective .
+
+S It is undeniable that there are far-fetched controversial issues surrounding the use of RFID which requires deep consideration by all of us .
+
+S One needs to understand the benefits being brought about by RFID in different sectors .
+A 6 7|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , this labor-saving technology should be utilized optimally as it is capable of bringing numerous benefits and conveniences to the society .
+
+S References :
+
+S Microlise RFID Helps Crack Down on Crime. ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Retrieved from November 6 , 2009 , from http : //www.microlise-america.com/MEDIA/casestudies/CS_ECentre.pdf
+
+S Pye , Dave .
+
+S ( 2008 , November 2 ) .
+
+S Amazing RFID : 8 Current Uses of Radio Frequency Identification .
+
+S Retrieved October 6 , 2009 , from http : //www.buzzle.com/articles/amazing-rfid-8-current-uses-of-radio- frequency-identification.html
+
+S The rapid development of technology has made it possible for a person to track other people by using surveillance technology .
+
+S Surveillance technology is a new technology to monitor and find out other people 's activities and behavior .
+
+S There are many kinds of surveillance technology and RFID is one of them .
+
+S RFID is Radio Frequency Identification that uses electromagnetic spectrum to transmit signal so that we can locate the exact position of someone .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||signals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , as a new technology arises , there may be some controversies that follow and RFID is no exception .
+
+S On one side , some people think that surveillance technology should not be used to track other people because it intrudes other people 's privacy .
+A 21 22|||R:OTHER|||into otherr|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , some argue that this technology should be used , especially for security reason .
+A 17 18|||R:NOUN|||purposes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , because of many detrimental effects that occur , the usage of surveillance technology to track other people should be banned .
+
+S The usages of RFID to track other people will bring about many consequences .
+
+S First , it will intrude other people 's privacy , for example the usage of RFID in smart card that includes a microchip that stores ID , phone number , bank account , or address which are such critical information on each individual ( RFID Journal,2003 ) .
+A 5 5|||M:PREP|||into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||R:PUNCT|||. For|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The problem approaches when there are hackers who can access the information that is stored in RFID smart card .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB|||arises|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This immoral , unfair action will make someone suffer a big loss due to the leak of his/her important information which can be used for mischievous purposes .
+
+S Second , the usage of RFID by company to track other company 's data , such that all fax , telephone , or email are intercepted so that all of the vital and very useful data of one company can be detected by other company ( Bogonikolos,1999 ) .
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These conditions will cause unbalanced competition among the company that will in turn affect many people .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||companies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , the usage of RFID tag may cause individuals to be profiled and tracked without their consent , for example the implementation RFID tag in shoes or clothes ( Blau,2007 ) .
+
+S Generally all of these conditions will only bring inconvenient conditions for someone who is being tracked .
+A 8 9|||R:MORPH|||inconvenience|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , some people may think that the usage of RFID to track other people will turn out to be beneficial especially if it is operated for security purpose such as surveillance security camera .
+
+S By using this technology , all of the activities that are happening can be viewed through camera so it is important to organize the security of the place ( Burnell,2007 ) .
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The other use of RFID that some people think could bring advantage is RFID microchip implanted inside human body , especially in those who suffer chronic illness such as Alzheimer or Dementia .
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This technology will help their family to identify their positions whenever they get lost .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||position|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , in fact , the usage of RFID could increase crime rates .
+
+S The hacker can track other people 's data far easier , causing numerous unmanaged conditions .
+
+S They can take advantage of the information they get by threatening or manipulating others .
+
+S Moreover , by being able to track people wherever they go , the tracker can do unpleasant actions to those people without much difficulty .
+
+S In conclusion , the usage of RFID to track other people will bring tremendous effects to many people 's life .
+A 12 20|||R:OTHER|||affect many people 's lives tremendously.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S People 's privacy might be intruded , unstable economic condition could occur , and criminal rates will be increased .
+
+S Therefore , I agree with the banning of the usage of RFID to track other people because it is such immoral and irresponsible action that will make other people suffer loss .
+A 20 20|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Bogonikolos , Nikos ( 1999 ) .
+
+S Development of Surveillance Technology and Risk of Abuse of Economic Information .
+
+S Retrieved October 2,2009 , from www.cryptome.org/dst-1.htm .
+
+S RFID Journal ( 2003,April ) .
+
+S RFID Smart Cards gain Ground .
+
+S Retrieved October 2,2009 , from { www.rfidjournal.com/article/articleview/374/1/1/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.rfidjournal.com/article/articleview/374/1/1/ ]
+
+S Blau , John ( 2007 , February 3 ) .
+
+S European retailer embeds RFID chips in shoes .
+
+S Retrieved October 2,2009 , from www.networkworld.com/.../030207-european-retailer-embeds-rfid-chips.html
+
+S Burnell , John ( 2007 , June 18 ) .
+
+S RFID Triggers Video Surveillance for Freight Tracking.Retrieved October 2 , 2009 , from www.rfidupdate.com/articles/index.php ? id = 1383
+
+S Surveillance has existed for a long a time .
+
+S ( { http : //www.oppapers.com/essays/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.oppapers.com/essays/ ] -Surveillance-Urban-City/79629 ) However , people have to carry out surveillance physically in the past .
+
+S For example , the police have to keep the suspect under surveillance by following the suspect physically , army has to send soldier to the enemy in order to master enemy condition .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||R:OTHER|||. The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:FORM|||had|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||soldiers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The development of science has made the process of surveillance much simpler and easier .
+
+S Nowadays , we can locate anyone at anytime just with a small chip and a reader .
+A 6 7|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 10|||R:WO|||with just|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Surveillance technology is now widely used in several areas .
+
+S The usage of surveillance technology to track people has given rise to much controversy as people think that their privacy is being infringed .
+
+S However , that the technology has brought numerous advantages to the society is an undeniable fact .
+
+S So , in my opinion , the surveillance technology should be used to track people as it could benefit us in many aspects .
+
+S First and foremost , usage of surveillance technology in hospital can improve the success rate of cure especially for emergency cases .
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN|||treatment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Kennedy , 2006 ) Timing always plays a key role in surgery or even in other processes of curing or healing which the public might not aware of it .
+
+S In many cases , the faster the surgeries can be carry out the higher the success rate of the surgeries are .
+
+S There are cases which the main reason for surgical failure is that the surgeries did not carry out in time .
+
+S Does not it sound pity to you ?
+
+S In many cases lives of the patients can be saved if the surgeries did carry out on time .
+
+S Surveillance technology provide a good solution for this problem by helping the hospital to shorten the time to locate their staffs , the equipment , and most important the patients .
+
+S As tracking of the staffs and the patients is such important in the medical field , surveillance technology should be allowed to use to track people .
+
+S Besides that , surveillance technology also can contribute in crime prevention and detection .
+
+S ( { http : //www.spygearco.com/blog/index.php/how-to-prevent-crime-using-surveillance/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.spygearco.com/blog/index.php/how-to-prevent-crime-using-surveillance/ ] ) Information provided by surveillance is considered as a strong source of evidence in detection of crime .
+
+S For example , police can confirm or disprove an alibi or even can find out the whole criminal process as it can be recorded if there is a surveillance device .
+
+S In some western countries like USA , England and others surveillance technology has been widely used to monitor public action , when a crime happen , cob can track down the crime very efficient .
+
+S As a result , we can bring down the criminal rate by using surveillance technology .
+
+S Last but not least , people find that their privacy is being infringed by the technology so some of them react aggressively and try to ban the technology .
+
+S However , coin has two faces we should not emphasis too much at the disadvantages of the technology but should try the best to overcome the problem .
+
+S Banning the technology in fact is the worst way to solve the problem .
+
+S I believe , with the effort put in by the government , lawmaker , the public and others we will be able to use the technology in a perfect way in near future .
+
+S In other words we should show our demand for surveillance technology which work in a better way but not trying to ban the technology .
+
+S In conclusion , since surveillance technology has bring a lot of advantages to us and has potential to become less harm to the public in the future we should support the technology as it is one of the way to improve our living standard by lowering criminal rate and enhance medical standard .
+
+S References
+
+S * Kennedy,s.Electronic surveillance in hospitals .
+
+S http : //scissec.scis.ecu.edu.au/conference_proceedings/2006/aism/Kennedy % 20- % 20Electronic % 20surveillance % 20in % 20hospitals % 20a % 20review.pdf
+
+S * { http : //www.oppapers.com/essays/-Surveillance-Urban-City/79629 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.oppapers.com/essays/-Surveillance-Urban-City/79629 ]
+
+S * { http : //www.spygearco.com/blog/index.php/how-to-prevent-crime-using-surveillance/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.spygearco.com/blog/index.php/how-to-prevent-crime-using-surveillance/ ]
+
+S " The use of surveillance technology such as RFID to track people should be banned .
+
+S "
+
+S Cameras on streets , GPS ( Global Positioning System ) on vehicles , RFID ( Radio Frequency Identification ) tags on products , animals and people , as well as mobile phones on hands are typical in today 's world .
+
+S We have developed into a surveillance society due to great advancement in technology .
+
+S Such technology provides higher security as it facilitates the monitoring and tracking of people and their actions .
+
+S However , this has also caused a controversy where some argued that surveillance technology has invaded their privacy to a very large extent .
+
+S In my opinion , the use of surveillance technology such as RFID should not be banned as we must protect ourselves from threats such as terrorism which may potentially have a massive impact on our vulnerable lives .
+
+S Firstly , surveillance technology in RFID tagging can be used to track terrorists and criminals .
+
+S This increases convenience and efficiency as more criminals can be easily tracked using such tags and their actions can be monitored closely which can help in combating crimes .
+
+S On the other hand , RFID tagging can also be used on patients for nurses or doctors to keep an eye on them in case they have inappropriate actions such as moving towards unsafe areas or they suffer from a sudden organ failure .
+A 0 5|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , it is crucial for the existence of such technology so that we can live in a safer environment .
+
+S Secondly , surveillance technology can also be used to prevent theft .
+
+S Cameras installed in shops allow shop tenders to observe the behaviours of customers .
+
+S Also , items are tagged with RFID chips which have unique serial number .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||numbers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , once they are dislocated from their original destination , a signal will be sent to notify the shop attendance .
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN|||assistant|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If the item is stolen out of the shop , it can be traced easily , therefore not only the item can be recovered , the thief can also be nabbed .
+A 15 17|||R:PUNCT|||. Therefore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 22|||R:WO|||can the item|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Such chips are useful , cheap to implement and reduce the risk of losing items which lead to capital loss .
+
+S However , critics argued that surveillance technology has greatly intruded their personal space where they have this psychological feeling of 'being watched ' by others on every single day .
+A 25 26|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To think of it , would you rather want a safe environment which your privacy may be compromised , or to choose privacy over safety ?
+A 12 12|||M:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Everyone has different perception on privacy .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||a differentt|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore its bias to say that surveillance technology threatens one 's privacy to a huge extent .
+A 1 2|||R:OTHER|||it 's|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:MORPH|||biased|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , mobile phones , WI-FI ( wireless fidelity ) as well as satellites also have the ability to track people 's actions .
+
+S They are still widely in use nowadays .
+
+S Thus surveillance technology has become a necessity rather than a burden as we can not do without it .
+
+S In conclusion , surveillance technology has undoubtedly brought us great convenience despite the fact that one 's privacy is marginally sacrificed .
+
+S Cameras have aided in many areas such as shops , traffic junctions and even within the household where parents can monitor their children at home while at work , ensuring that their children are safe and sound .
+
+S Hence , surveillance technology should not be banned as it is crucial in the modern society where there are threats around us and the only way to prevent such threats is through the use of such brilliant technology .
+
+S Surveillance is the process of monitoring the behaviours and activities , usually of people without their permission .
+A 6 7|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lots of surveillance tools are invented , such as CCTV ( close circuit television ) cameras , RFID ( radio-frequency identification ) , GPS ( global positioning system ) etc. Extensive and growing use of electronic surveillance technology has resulted in considerable debate especially the ethical questions concerning privacy .
+A 29 29|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||M:DET|||The extensive|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although it appears to be breaching the privacy of communities , surveillance technology has in fact enabled to track the public 's health , ensured the public safety and monitored the employees in companies .
+A 4 6|||R:VERB:TENSE|||breach|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 26|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , I fully agree that the use of surveillance technology to track people should not be banned .
+
+S First of all , surveillance technology should not be banned as it has enabled the tracking of health of public .
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 19|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By means of somatic surveillance , information like heart rate and hormone levels can be translated into data for medical purposes .
+
+S The implantation of RFID into the body facilitates the proper identification of hospital patients .
+
+S Besides that , it can supply detailed body information to hospitals and then public can alter their behaviours like exercise and diet after the interpretation from doctors .
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the implants , RFID chips may convey the messages regarding health conditions of patients , such as those with epilepsy , heart disease , or mental impairment , especially for those who are unable to communicate effectively with hospital staff about their medical histories or current complaints when they are in need of immediate treatment .
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , it also decreases the slight discrepancy of diagnosis by doctor due to the influence of their experiences .
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:NUM|||doctors|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The embedded chip can provide accurate and objective information of patients .
+
+S Thus , surveillance technology to track the health of communities aids in reducing the mortality rate due to health problems and also decreasing the misinterpretation of verbal communication by the doctors .
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||rates|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , surveillance technology can be used by employers to monitor their employees during working hours .
+
+S This is very crucial as to ensure that the productivity and the efficiency of workers are kept to a maximum .
+A 4 5|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , employees might seem to be surfing the web for business purposes at all time , but what they are actually doing is personal business such as online banking , shopping and chatting .
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||all the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Skiving and loafing of employees cause companies to lose many man hours and resources .
+
+S If the behaviour of employees at work is monitored , they will work more efficiently and contribute to the company .
+
+S It has been argued that one 's privacy might be invaded due to surveillance technology ( Heathfield , n.d. , p.2 ) .
+A 1 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||may be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , monitoring can take place under suitable circumstances and to an appropriate extent as it is only installed at the working places .
+
+S It has also been said that surveillance of employees can affect the relationship between employer and employees ( Heathfield , n.d. , p.2 ) .
+A 22 23|||R:ORTH|||p. 2|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , this only applies to those minority spending most of the time online doing personal things and do not meet the company 's goals .
+
+S Using of surveillance technology has no impact for those focusing on work and doing the right thing ( Heathfield , n.d. , p.2 ) .
+A 0 1|||R:MORPH|||Use|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:ORTH|||p. 2|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , security issue is very essential for factories manufacturing coins and jewelleries .
+A 3 4|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:NOUN:INFL|||jewellery|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Surveillance cameras can trace the movement of the workers .
+
+S Suspicious behaviour by the employees can be reviewed by their employers through the electronic records .
+
+S This can alleviate the theft rate in the factories .
+A 3 4|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , surveillance technology can facilitate the employers to monitor their workers with an extent of not breaching their privacy .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB|||help|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 18|||R:OTHER|||to an extent that|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 20|||R:OTHER|||it does not breach|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , surveillance technology is vital in ensuring the safety of public .
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Through video and satellite surveillance , polices can track the movement of dangerous criminals and terrorists .
+
+S Besides that , tracking of missing or kidnapped children ( Stump , 2008 , para.1 ) is made possible too .
+
+S With the help of CCTV cameras , the whole criminal processes can be recorded .
+
+S By that time , polices are able to trace the culprits ' physical appearance and vehicle 's number .
+A 0 4|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||The police|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:VERB|||can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||then|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:NOUN:POSS||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Then , the time taken to solve the criminal cases is tremendously reduced , compared with the crime not being recorded .
+A 0 1|||R:ADV|||Thus|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The video recorded becomes a concrete proof to subject the culprits for sanction .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB|||sanction|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Eventually , public security is guaranteed .
+
+S On the other hand , for those having disease like Alzheimer 's disease , surveillance technology facilitate in finding them out if they get lost in somewhere else .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||diseases|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 18|||R:OTHER|||helps|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:FORM|||find|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 28|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Similarly , those running away from home , possibly caused by family factors or mental problems , can be tracked via CCTV cameras in the shortest period .
+
+S This prevents them from doing things that are unfavourable or irrational .
+
+S Hence , public safety can be ensured by the utilization of surveillance technology .
+
+S In conclusion , surveillance technology should not be banned as it ensures the health and safety of public , besides being used to monitor the performance of employees .
+A 17 17|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If we persist with banning of surveillance technology , public will be exposed to a dangerous environment in which crime will happen frequently .
+A 4 4|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 9|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S After that , crime will lead to adverse consequences to the individual , then to the country and finally to the world .
+
+S Without the surveillance , the decreased productivity of workers may bring the unemployment issue to the surface again .
+A 1 2|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although until now there are still many debates about the ethical issues of surveillance technology , it after all still benefits the communities in many perspectives , so banning of surveillance technology should not be initiated .
+A 25 26|||R:NOUN|||respects|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References :
+
+S Heathfield , S.M .
+
+S ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Electronic Surveillance of Employees .
+
+S About.com .
+
+S Retrieved August 26 , 2009 , from { http : //humanresources.about.com/od/technology/a/surveillance_2.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //humanresources.about.com/od/technology/a/surveillance_2.htm ]
+
+S Stump , J .
+
+S ( 2008 , February 8 ) .
+
+S Video surveillance would help track missing children , legislation says .
+
+S Daily Mail .
+
+S Retrieved August 26 , 2009 , from { http : //www.dailymail.com/News/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.dailymail.com/News/ ] 200802080132
+
+S " The use of surveillance technology such as Radiofrequency Identification ( RFID ) to track people should be banned .
+
+S "
+
+S My stand is to control and not a total ban .
+
+S The increasing use of technology has done much for mankind .
+
+S It has changed many aspects of our lives and has unknowingly penetrated ubiquitously into our society making many of us dependent on it .
+A 10 11|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:ADV|||ubiquitously|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Even though technological advances proves to be a marvel as we move faster into the future , it does not only bring about benefits but also negative repercussions if not dealt with properly .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||prove|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||R:OTHER|||they do|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Surveillance has been around for hundreds of years but technology has 'springboard ' it to a much higher level .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:FORM|||'springboarded|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Due to this drastic change and lack of legislation , many have used new gadgets to their benefits even if it is against human rights .
+
+S Of course , surveillance technology does have its benefits to the society in terms of safety and security but does it outweigh the undesirable problems that it brings ?
+A 18 18|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Tracking of personnel has always been in the spotlight because it steps too much into the boundaries of human rights .
+
+S The use of miniature tracking devices to trail the whereabouts of one 's 'target ' has kept human rights activist in action .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB|||track|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB|||put|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:MORPH|||activism|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One such example dates back to an article " Challenge over tracking devices " , posted on the 21st of November 2000 by the British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC ) , where a security company is taken to court under Britain 's new human rights law to remove all tracking devices in their vans .
+
+S Of course , the company has its reasons to do so such as tracking their vehicles and also providing better service to their customers .
+
+S Yet many have argued that it is against human rights and thus promote the banning of tracking devices .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||R:VERB:TENSE|||promoted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , tracking devices such as the use of Ground Positioning System ( GPS ) have recently been more widely available .
+
+S The use of GPS has provided people with more accessible information .
+
+S It has also benefitted many in the increase level of safety and in locating their vehicles .
+A 5 6|||R:PREP|||through|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:FORM|||increased|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , when one is involved in a car accident that is located in a secluded place and does not have any communication devices on him or her , the presence of a GPS installed in his car can give love ones or the authorities a direction in the search of that person .
+A 25 26|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 41 42|||R:VERB:FORM|||loved|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 46 47|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 48 50|||R:OTHER|||on how to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 51 52|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 52 54|||R:OTHER|||him|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( { GPS to the Rescue : More than Simply Navigation } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.gps.eu/gps-to-the-rescue-more-than-simply-navigation/ ] , 28 July 2009 , para 2 ) .
+
+S Therefore , the use of tracking devices can actually bring about benefits if they are used with caution and thus should not be banned .
+A 18 19|||R:OTHER|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||Thus ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||tracking devices|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , surveillance technology like RFID has also been used in safety of personnel as well as the general public .
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Oakland Coliseum located in the United States has made use of RFID to track their staff so as to increase the efficiency in deploying of quick response teams in times of need .
+A 14 15|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In an incident , their staff will activate the respective standby teams depending on the situation .
+A 4 5|||R:DET|||its|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Oakland Coliseum adopts RFID for safety , September 30 , 2008 , para 2-3 ) .
+
+S This will decrease the company 's reaction time to each incident and thus help solve any problems that will arise .
+
+S In addition to this , Axcess International has also promote the use of RFID in terms of a safety measure by tracking each individual .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:FORM|||promoted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 17|||R:OTHER|||as|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Miners are given ID tags before embarking in their decent into the tunnel .
+A 6 8|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||descent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These ID tags provide real-time location information on the miners ' movement as well as location of the tags in possible cave-in .
+A 19 20|||R:PREP|||during|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Axcess targets RFID for US mining safety , October 1 , 2008 , para 1 )
+A 17 17|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Surveillance technology has also been used in emergency such as the outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ( SARS ) .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||emergencies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One such example in Singapore is the installation of surveillance camera at homes of affected citizens that are quarantined at home .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||cameras|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When they are randomly called , they are to turn on the camera and present themselves at home .
+
+S Even though it does not comply with human rights law , it is for the better of the society and the government has to take such drastic measure to ensure the preservation of the rest of the society ( Information for Home Quarantine , March 24 , 2003 ) Therefore the use of surveillance technology such as cameras and RFID
+A 27 28|||R:NOUN:NUM|||measures|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 49 49|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 50 50|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 50 60|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Undeniably surveillance technologies do overlap with human rights law , but more often than not , the use of these technologies bring about more benefits than negative consequences .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:SVA|||brings|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It boils down to the purpose of these technologies and how one uses it .
+
+S In conclusion , there should not be a complete ban of the use of surveillance but adequate control by oneself or a governing body to restrict the abuse of this powerful tool .
+A 16 16|||M:ADV|||only|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||individuals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S * BBC News .
+
+S ( 2000 , 21 November ) .
+
+S Challenge over tracking devices .
+
+S Retrieved October 5 , 2009 , from { http : //news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/1033169.stm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/1033169.stm ]
+
+S * GPS Blog .
+
+S ( 28 July ) .
+
+S { GPS to the Rescue : More than Simply Navigation } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.gps.eu/gps-to-the-rescue-more-than-simply-navigation/ ] .
+
+S Retrieved October 5,2009 , from http : //www.gps.eu/gps-to-the-rescue-more-than-simply-navigation/
+
+S * Using RFID ( 2008 , September 30 ) .
+
+S Oakland Coliseum adopts RFID for safety .
+
+S Retrieved October 5 , 2009 , from { http : //www.usingrfid.com/news/read.asp ? lc = j26071kx1492zq } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.usingrfid.com/news/read.asp ? lc = j26071kx1492zq ]
+
+S * Using RFID ( 2009 , October 1 ) .
+
+S Axcess targets RFID for US mining safety , Retrieved October 5 , 2009 , from { http : //www.usingrfid.com/news/read.asp ? lc = z72959kx1493zn } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.usingrfid.com/news/read.asp ? lc = z72959kx1493zn ]
+
+S * Ministry of Health Singapore .
+
+S ( 2003 , March 20 ) .
+
+S Information for Home Quarantine .
+
+S Retrieved October 5 , 2009 , from http : //www.moh.gov.sg/mohcorp/diseases.aspx ? id = 7004 # 2
+
+S Surveillance technology and security has become crucial to each country since the terrorist attack in the US on Sept 11 .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||attacks|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Surveillances technology is the use of devices to monitor any behaviour , activities or other changing information that is deemed to be important to any government or personnel 's security .
+A 0 1|||R:NOUN:INFL|||Surveillance|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:OTHER|||the security of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 30|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But this has gone too far , with security came the lost of personal privacy .
+A 6 7|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:OTHER|||loss|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Own freedom is compromised and with much hesitant , I do not agree that surveillance technology should be use to track people .
+A 0 1|||R:ADJ|||Personal|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||thus|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:MORPH|||hesitation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:FORM|||used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Personal privacy is our very own right .
+
+S We live our own way and nobody have the right to monitor or dictate our actions .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Why should they ?
+
+S Be it the government 's security reasons or other excuses , they have no right to impose such a technology on others without our permission .
+A 11 11|||M:ADV|||still|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 13|||R:OTHER|||it has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Public concern for personal and data privacy has also gained momentum in recent years , with government responding by forming an inter-ministerial committee to review the need for a data protection law ( Sim , n.d. ) .
+
+S Secondly , it erodes trust and creates a climate of fear in the person being monitor and the people around them .
+A 15 16|||R:VERB:FORM|||monitored|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Fear is a very strong tool and terrorists use it to create mayhem and destruction in our lives .
+
+S Fear causes psychological problems such as anxiety and the lost of a person 's confident .
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||loss|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:MORPH|||confidence|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Anxiety is a very difficult mental disorder to cure and it takes a very long time for a person to overcome this but with constant disturbances from knowing that he or she is being monitor , it will become a significant problem in their daily lives .
+A 34 35|||R:VERB:FORM|||monitored|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " Collection of personal data ( e.g. , lifestyle information for insurance purposes ) also reveals intimate aspects of the self to others within the work environment " ( Santon , 2003 ) .
+
+S " Symptoms like palpitations , breathlessness and tense feelings that are serious enough to disrupt their daily routine " ( IMH , 2008 ) will appear in the person .
+
+S Thirdly , not all surveillance devise are used without the person knowing it , some of the devices are used with the knowledge of the person .
+A 5 6|||R:MORPH|||devices|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Such devices are used to monitor a person 's whereabouts as in the case of criminals that have been released from prison and under probation .
+
+S A very good example is in certain state in the US where under probation required a device to be fitted to the person 's concern .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||states|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 25|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Medical risk is an issue if we proceed with implanting the device into a person 's body in certain cases .
+
+S Adverse tissue reaction , migration of implanted transponder , compromised information security , failure of implanted transponder , failure of inserter , failure of electronic scanner , electromagnetic interference , electrical hazards , magnetic resonance imaging incompatibility , and needle stick " ( US FDA 2004 , 4 ) .
+
+S These not only causes the person 's distress but also put the whole monitoring agency on high alert if the device malfunction .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:SVA|||cause|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 8|||R:OTHER|||distress in a person|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:NUM|||malfunctions|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Huge cost and time will be wasted and manpower will be mobilized just to rectify these unfortunate problems that arise from this .
+A 18 22|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Why should we waste money and time for this failure of surveillance technology ?
+
+S Its taxpayer 's money we are talking about .
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||It is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Do n't the public have the right to dictate how the money should be generated and used ?
+A 0 1|||R:VERB:SVA|||Does|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For the government worked for the people , not the other way around .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:TENSE|||works|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But this does not imply to certain countries that expect the people to work for them .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB|||apply|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly , the use of Surveillance technology can be abused by the government and or any agency that used it .
+A 5 6|||R:ORTH|||surveillance|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:TENSE|||uses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The government can use it to track any opposition to its policies .
+
+S Like in the case of South Africa during the apartheid period whereby opposing to the regime was monitor using the surveillance technology .
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||the opposition|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 16|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:FORM|||monitored|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thousand of opposition members were arrested and ill treated by the regime .
+A 0 1|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Thousands|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The situation became better when Nelson Mandela successfully became the president but at the price of he himself was the victim of their abuse .
+A 18 19|||R:VERB:FORM|||being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Greed and corruption sink in when the people at the very top refuse to give up their power and used underhand means to keep themselves in power .
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:TENSE|||use|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:MORPH|||underhanded|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They will do anything and that does include using any surveillance device to monitor their nemesis .
+
+S With easy evidence at their disposal , they will use the law to suppress any opposition to their will .
+A 16 17|||R:PREP|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , harm inflicted and personal privacy will be intruded , goes to show that Surveillance technology should not be used to track people as it can be abused by the people who used it .
+A 3 16|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:ORTH|||surveillance|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 34 35|||R:VERB:TENSE|||use|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Institute of Mental Health ( IMH ) .
+
+S Anxiety and mood disorders .
+
+S For Patients & Visitors .
+
+S Retrieved October 1 , 2009 , from http : //www.imh.com.sg/patients_visitors/anxiety_and_mood_disorder.html
+
+S Santon , J .
+
+S M. ( 2003 ) .
+
+S Information technology and privacy : A boundary management perspective .
+
+S Information Technology and Privacy .
+
+S Retrieved October 1 , 2009 , from http : //sise.syr.edu/Stanton05chapFinal.pdf
+
+S Sim , T. ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Biometrics and privacy section 4 .
+
+S There is no easy solutions to the balance of biometrics and privacy .
+
+S Retrieved October 1 , 2009 , from http : //www.itsc.org.sg/pdf/4_Biometrics.pdf
+
+S Surveillance technology systems are tools which can identify , monitor and track movements and data .
+
+S Previously , the common practice for surveillance has always been through physical means such as prison guards , but in modern times it has been improved and upgraded through image amplification devices such as binoculars , closed circuit cameras and high- resolution satellite cameras ( Bogonikolos , 1999 ) .
+A 40 42|||R:ORTH|||high-resolution|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Radio-frequency identification tags ( RFID ) are among the several types of surveillance technologies of today .
+
+S It is a type of automatic identification method that is used to track prescription drugs to pets and , in some cases , even humans .
+
+S Although these surveillance technologies may provide many potential benefits such as law enforcement , the issue raises a great deal of controversies as well .
+
+S Surveillance technology such as RFID should not be used to track people .
+
+S The main concern for this technology is with regards to privacy .
+
+S RFID can be deciphered from afar and they contain more information than barcodes ( Free , 2007 ) .
+
+S Consumers are at the greatest disadvantage when it comes to RFID technology because hidden placement of tags by companies allows information to be retrieved from consumers .
+
+S These tags which are embedded in consumer products could theoretically keep tabs on a person worldwide provided there are readers in certain locations around the globe .
+
+S Personal information may be jeopardized by these tags , leaking information like medical history .
+
+S These devices threaten to deprive mankind of its mysteries , offering a world where people are only told what the government and large corporations approve of .
+
+S Even libraries are rolling out RFID as a means to track books , but the possibility of tracking people carrying the books has not been considered ( Free , 2007 ) .
+
+S Another concern of RFID is the health risks that it imposes on humans .
+
+S Although the implanted chips can aid in storing valuable medical information that could prevent any misfortune or mistreatments to the patients , the United States Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) warns of risks like rejection or adverse tissue reaction with any RFID implants ( CASPIAN Special Report , 2004 ) .
+
+S Not everyone is able to get an implant without side effects because each person 's immunity system differs from one another .
+
+S In addition , patients might suffer severe burns .
+
+S There 's a possibility that the implanted transponder will migrate and travel in the body , causing Magnetic Resonance Imaging ( MRI ) incongruence and electromagnetic interference .
+
+S An MRI machine utilizes strong magnetic fields along with pulsed radio frequency fields that may induce electrical currents in conductive metal implants such as the RFID tags ( CASPIAN Special Report , 2004 ) .
+
+S Presumably , MRI incompatibility with the tags means that patients possessing RFID implants are unable to undergo this potentially life-saving diagnostic procedure , unless they conduct a surgery and have the tag removed beforehand .
+
+S Also , RFID propose the risks of information leak during transmission of information .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB|||pose|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The RFID implant uses radio waves to transmit medical and financial account information to reader devices .
+
+S One would be concerned that this information will be intercepted ; duplicated and abused by others or that the device could be used to track an individual 's movements and location .
+
+S Proof hackers can clone these RFID chips and hence cause the risk of identity theft to increase .
+
+S For example , the United States military were keen on the idea and were amongst the first subscribers of the technology .
+
+S Every pallet , carton and big-ticket item being shipped to the military was affixed with a RFID tag ( Bogonikolos , 1999 ) .
+
+S With complete product information on a tag , enemies can conveniently extract information off a tag .
+
+S The information can then be used to identify the military 's strengths and weaknesses and can be used to endanger the country , its soldiers and civilians should the information fall into the wrong hands .
+
+S In conclusion , surveillance technology such as RFID should not be used to track people .
+
+S Although cost for RFID systems in the future will decrease , privacy issues , health issues and security issues will still exist .
+
+S RFID still has a long way to go before it becomes a feasible technology to be implemented .
+
+S Privacy issues must be given main priority and with sufficient control and attention from all relevant parties , RFID will benefit society as a whole and will not jeopardize human rights .
+
+S Reference :
+
+S CASPIAN Special Report .
+
+S ( 2004 , October 19 ) .
+
+S FDA Letter Raises Questions About VeriChip Safety , Data Security .
+
+S Retrieved October 3 , 2009 , from http : //www.spychips.com/press-releases/verichip-fda.html
+
+S Free , B .
+
+S ( 2007 , April 10 ) .
+
+S Pros and Cons of RFID Technology .
+
+S Retrieved October 3 , 2009 , from http : //ezinearticles.com/ ? Pros-and-Cons-of-RFID- Technology&id = 522015
+
+S Bogonikolos , N. ( 1999 , May ) Development of Surveillance Technology and Risk of Abuse of Economic Information .
+
+S Retrieved October 3 , 2009 , from http : //cryptome.org/dst-1.htm
+
+S [ pic ] [ pic ]
+
+S We live in an age where information proliferates , both in terms of its formulation and its availability .
+
+S Modern surveillance technology has constructed a mean for us to gather information readily .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||means|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S RFID first appeared in 1940 with the primary aim of identifying aircraft for military purposes .
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||aircrafts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , as RFID becomes more prevalent in our society , it is now able to retrieve information from almost anywhere , anyone .
+
+S Tentatively , with surveillance , security is on whole tightened .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , whilst maintaining the level of security , surveillance is often seen as an invasion to privacy .
+
+S Many would agree that the sophisticated surveillance technology has indeed been beneficial in the security arena especially after the September 11th incident and government has since then diverts their attention to tracking potential terrorists instead of tracking explosive devices or substances .
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN:NUM|||governments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:VERB:TENSE|||diverted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For instance , in its effort to locate any suspicious character , Britain has over 4 million CCTV cameras installed along almost every street , every corner just to keep track of every individual ( BBC News , 2006 ) .
+A 24 27|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The implementation of such a system has successfully foiled some of the terrorist 's plan .
+A 12 14|||R:NOUN:POSS|||terrorists '|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:NOUN:NUM|||plans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , individual would behave themselves upon knowing that they are constantly being " watched " , leading to a possible decrease in crime rates .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||individuals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As far as the government is concerned , with the use of surveillance device , security is greatly enhanced and discipline is observed .
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||devices|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , tracking individuals using surveillance technology would result in a safer environment to live in .
+
+S On the other hand , some argued that such method has inevitably threatened the most basic human rights to freedom as every movements or speech , for more advanced devices , they made are meticulously monitored .
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||movement|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 33|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 34|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " Privacy is an inherent human right and a requirement for maintaining the human condition with dignity and respect .
+
+S " ( Schneier B,2006 ) Then , there are individuals who abuse the usage of surveillance technology by sending their partner a gift with RFID attached to it so that they will be able to track the location of their partner and know who they are hanging out with .
+A 3 5|||R:OTHER|||B , 2006 ) .|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||partners|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||R:OTHER|||gifts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 40 41|||R:NOUN:NUM|||partners|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Obviously such acts are morally wrong and hence the use of surveillance technology to track people should be banned if individual misuse it .
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN:NUM|||individuals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Lee and Tan , 2007 ) However , individual should also have their right to security , which in turn allows the intervention of government .
+A 7 7|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:OTHER|||individuals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nation security is altogether far more important then the mere privacy entitled to individual .
+A 0 1|||R:MORPH|||National|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:OTHER|||than|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||individuals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S RFID is also use to track criminals within the prison , detainees or ex-convict .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:FORM|||used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The RFID would be able to trace their location and monitor their behavior .
+
+S If Mas Selamat bin Kastari was to have a RFID tag , he would not be able to escape and there would not have been so much fear instilled among Singaporean during that period of his disappearance .
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||not have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:MORPH|||Singaporeans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||R:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By employing such operation , government would thus be able to prevent any possible mishap from happening .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All these boil down to the question " How much privacy are we willing to sacrifice for the sake of a more secure life ?
+
+S " ( Anderson R , 2007 ) .
+
+S An opinion poll conducted among Americans and Europeans has shown that 75 % of the respondents " want more , not less , surveillance " ( BBC News , 2007 ) Furthermore , " If it prevents criminal behaviour or improves its detection I 'm all for it .
+A 31 31|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S " ( Jones M , 2006 ) .
+
+S Perhaps , the increases in the number of terrorists attack has proven to us that government should also tap on the advantages of current technology to counter those sophisticated attacks carried out by the terrorists .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:SVA|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||governments|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , there should be a balance between maintaining security and protecting privacy .
+
+S On the minor scale , it is the individual themselves who are abusing such technology for their own gain .
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||individuals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , when looking from a broader perspective , surveillance technology would have been the platform to stop any terrorist attacks or crimes from happening .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB|||viewed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , since most people recognize the main objective of surveillance technology , such technology should not be banned even if it includes spying individuals .
+A 25 25|||M:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Recommended references :
+
+S Hawksley , H. ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Big Brother is watching us all .
+
+S Retrieved October 5 , 2009 , from http : //news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/6995061.stm
+
+S Schneier B .
+
+S ( 2006 ) .
+
+S The Eternal Value of Privacy .
+
+S Retrieved October 5 , 2009 , from http : //www.wired.com/politics/security/commentary/securitymatters/2006/05/70 88
+
+S ( Lee , J. , & Tan , C. ( 2007 ) .
+
+S The Sunday Times .
+
+S I know wer u r. Ur fone told me .
+
+S Retrieved October 5 , 2009 , from http : //digital.asiaone.com/Digital/News/Story/A1Story20070821-22656.html
+
+S Anderson , R. ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Technology convergence .
+
+S Retrieved October 5 , 2009 , from http : //www.hideproject.org/downloads/HIDE_FG-Technology_Convergence- Background&Agenda_20080807.pdf
+
+S Jones , M. ( 2006 ) .
+
+S Britain is 'surveillance society ' Retrieved October 5 , 2009 , from http : //news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk/6108496.stm
+
+S Surveillance technology is the utilization of electronic equipment such as RFID , GPS , and CCTV to monitor the behavior of individuals or groups .
+
+S This technology is widely used in public places for the reason of security maintenance , as well as for the purpose of identification and tracking of information .
+A 9 12|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , CCTV is installed in airports , banks , department stores , and even the streets to prevent crime in those areas , while RFID can be used as access key within an organization , means of managing mobile assets of a company , or tool for identifying and tracking of equipment , staffs , and patients in a hospital .
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 31|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 37 37|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 47 47|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 55 56|||R:NOUN:NUM|||staff|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , there are still a lot of applications to RFID in various fields and industries including security , public transport , healthcare , and e-payment that its popularity is increasing rapidly .
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Nevertheless , there are some problems and controversies surrounding the use of such technology despite the convenience it brings to the society .
+
+S Most concerns revolve around the issue of privacy and confidentiality since the technology is capable of collecting personal data about a person without consent .
+
+S As such , the use of surveillance technology such as RFID should be carefully limited so that it is not misused to track people or gather sensitive data about a third party .
+
+S There are some ways RFID can cause privacy concerns .
+
+S RFID tag incorporated into an item can be read from several distances away .
+A 0 0|||M:DET|||An|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The individual carrying the item may be unaware of the presence of the tag , thus rendering him vulnerable of privacy breaches ( Bhaskar 2007 ) .
+A 19 20|||R:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Such cases are most likely to happen to a customer purchasing products with RFID tags .
+
+S Moreover , if the products are paid by a credit card or in conjunction with the use of a loyalty card , the identity of the customer can be linked to the unique serial number of the tag ( Bhaskar 2007 ) .
+
+S This data can eventually be used to find out private information about the customer , which is a serious breach of privacy to the customer concerned .
+
+S Therefore , regulations should be made to protect the privacy of individuals , such as the need to indicate the existence of the tags on customer products and the restriction on information gathering .
+A 22 23|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are some problematic complications that may arise due to the use of RFID to track people .
+
+S For instance , personally identifiable information ( PII ) such as license plate number of an individual carrying an RFID enabled card or travel document can be read by a third party without his consent since unauthorized RFID reader can read the RFID number from the card or document ( US Department of Homeland Security 2008 ) .
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:OTHER|||RFID-enabled|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 36|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , some may argue that the benefits of surveillance technology actually compensate the concerns about privacy .
+A 13 13|||M:PREP|||for|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S RFID tag embedded into items or products can help owners to track down their valuable belongings should their items be stolen or missing .
+A 0 0|||M:DET|||An|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S RFID also helps to identify disaster victims , and provide effective treatment for patients in emergency situation in a hospital .
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||situations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S While these may be true , without the restriction of the use of the technology , abusive use of the information may cost greatly .
+
+S In other words , RFID may be used to track people , but only limited to a certain degree .
+
+S For example , it is acceptable to track patients if the patients concerned really need it .
+
+S In conclusion , the use of surveillance technology to track people should be restricted only to some special cases , as in the case of a dependent patient in a hospital who needs constant surveillance .
+
+S It is a breach of privacy to use this technology for supervising and collecting personal and private information about an individual or group .
+
+S Moreover , any third party with appropriate equipment is able to read information from the individual concerned , which may eventually lead to the abusive use of the information .
+
+S Therefore , the restriction on the usage of surveillance technology such as RFID to track people should be wholly supported .
+
+S References
+
+S Bhaskar SM .
+
+S 2007 .
+
+S Security and Privacy .
+
+S RFID Handbook : Applications , Technology , Security , and Privacy .
+
+S P 470-483 .
+
+S US Department of Homeland Security .
+
+S 2008 Jan 22 .
+
+S Privacy Impact Assessment for the use of Radio Frequency Identification ( RFID ) for Border Crossings .
+
+S 25 p .
+
+S Surveillance technology can be used for instance to monitor the data exchange on network or to observe the activity of someone using a surveillance camera .
+A 5 5|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||exchanges|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the examples of surveillance technology is Radio Frequency Identification or RFID .
+
+S RFID is a system that keeps track of a tagged object by utilizing radio waves ( What is RFID ? ) .
+
+S However people are mainly concerned with their privacy being violated since they are being tracked down .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It can also gives out the important information on the individual without any permission from the person .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:FORM|||give|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , the idea of spying people by using technology such as RFID has to be banned .
+
+S There are two main reasons why RFID should be prohibited .
+
+S The first reason is concerned with the idea of individual 's privacy ( CASPIAN , 2003 ) .
+A 10 11|||U:NOUN:POSS||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S When someone buys a product that is tagged with RFID , the radio wave can still be detected as long as the chip is still active and in range of detection .
+A 27 28|||R:PREP|||within|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This means revealing the position and behavioral information of the person .
+
+S Groups of consumer in UK , France , Germany and Netherland were polled by a consultancy group named Capgemini and 95 % of the consumers were worried that the information gathered from RFID could be used freely without their consent by third parties ( BBC , 2005 ) .
+A 2 3|||R:NOUN:NUM|||consumers|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Netherlands|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This survey indicates that privacy 's breach is indeed an important concern for people .
+A 4 7|||R:OTHER|||breach of privacy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Secondly , the information gathered through RFID can be used in a way that can endanger the life of the individual itself ( CASPIAN , 2003 ) .
+A 21 22|||R:OTHER|||himself or herself|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In fact , every RFID tag is assigned a unique serial number .
+
+S For instance , terrorists with appropriate equipments can target a high-ranking official by setting the bomb to explode as soon as the target is in the detection range .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||equipment|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Robbers can identify rich person just by reading the RFID tag on the things the person buys .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||persons|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All of these can be done in a radius of few meters and these make it even harder for the person to realize that they are being spied .
+A 28 28|||M:PREP|||upon|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These examples illustrate the problem of how the RFID can be utilized to harm people instead of saving them .
+
+S Others argue that RFID can be used to stop terrorists by monitoring the nation 's food supply , hence keeping the food from the terrorists ( Baard , 2003 ) .
+A 10 11|||R:PREP|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However in this age of digital information , people can easily find an Internet connection and type a few keywords like " remove RFID tag " .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The fact that by using technology not more sophisticated than what is in a cell phone , the RFID tag can be disabled completely ( Invoke Media , 2006 ) .
+
+S This shows that the RFID tag is not effective in tracking people particularly the terrorists .
+A 12 12|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S To wrap up the discussion on the controversy of using RFID to track people , the examples above show how ineffective is the RFID system on spying people like the terrorists since the RFID tag can be removed easily .
+A 29 30|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the other hand , some group of people can even misuse this piece of technology to harm others for the sake of their benefit .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||groups|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , survey by a consultancy group Capgemini shows that the majority of the respondents were very concerned over their privacy 's breach particularly on the use of RFID system to track them .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 23|||R:OTHER|||breach of their privacy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 28|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , the use of surveillance technology such as RFID to track people should be banned .
+
+S Reference :
+
+S Anonymous .
+
+S RFID/What is RFID ?
+
+S Retrieved October 4 , 2009 from http : //www.aimglobal.org/technologies/RFID/what_is_rfid.asp
+
+S Baard , M. ( 2003 , August 8 ) .
+
+S Claim : RFID Will Stop Terrorists .
+
+S Wired News .
+
+S Retrieved October 4 , 2009 from http : //www.wired.com/politics/security/news/2003/08/59624
+
+S BBC .
+
+S ( 2005 , February 9 ) .
+
+S Consumer concern over RFID tags .
+
+S BBC NEWS .
+
+S Retrieved October 4 , 2009 from http : //news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/4247275.stm
+
+S Consumers Against Supermarket Privacy Invasion and Numbering .
+
+S ( 2003 , November 14 ) .
+
+S Position Statement on the Use of RFID on Consumer Products .
+
+S Electronic Frontier Foundation .
+
+S Retrieved October 4 , 2009 from http : //w2.eff.org/Privacy/Surveillance/RFID/rfid_position_statement.php
+
+S Invoke Media .
+
+S ( 2006 , February 15 ) .
+
+S How to Disable an RFID Tags with your Cellphone .
+
+S Invoke/Interactive Agency .
+
+S Retrieved October 4 , 2009 from http : //www.invokemedia.com/how-to-disable-an-rfid-tag-with-your-cellphone-2/
+
+S RFID also known as radio frequency identification is a piece of technology , which makes use of electromagnetic or electrostatic waves in the radio frequency so as to identify or pass the information through the radio wave .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:PUNCT||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 27|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , should we ban the use of surveillance technology such as RFID ?
+
+S Like many other pieces of surveillance technology , RFID also infringes on privacy issue .
+A 13 14|||R:OTHER|||of individuals|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , it also possesses some potential hazards to one if one is implanted with the chip .
+A 10 14|||R:OTHER|||someone|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Yet , there are far more important benefits if we incorporate the use of RFID , hence we must not ban RFID due to the few negative effects that RFID will have on the future .
+A 21 22|||R:OTHER|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 35|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is common to hear that most technologies are like a double-edged sword so is the piece of technology , RFID .
+A 13 13|||M:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 20|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Scientists have shown that if the RFID is implanted in the human body , it will interfere with the hospital equipment [ Anonymous , 2008 ] , hence handicapping the doctors in their treatment for the patients .
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus it is not encouraged to implant a RFID chip .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , It will be plain ignorant to ban RFID base on this limitation as there are rooms for improvement since it is still at its developing stage .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:FORM|||based|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The benefits of RFID are its efficiency and the safety it can offer which people in future will enjoy .
+A 16 16|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S If RFID chips are inserted into prisoners , we are able to track down the escapees so as to prevent worst-case scenarios from happening , for example like the case of Singapore 's Mas Selamat case where , Mas Selamat , an important player in terrorism managed to escape from the prison .
+A 9 12|||R:OTHER|||can|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 19|||R:OTHER|||thus|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:FORM|||preventing|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 28|||R:OTHER|||An example is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 37|||R:OTHER|||who|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 38 41|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 46 46|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 50 51|||R:OTHER|||prison|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another use is to insert it in minors so as to track them to prevent the kidnapping of them and they going astray .
+A 8 10|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 14|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:PRON|||them|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 19|||R:OTHER|||from being kidnapped|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||from|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One recent case study will be the famous case of Jaycee Lee Dugard where she was held captive and rape for 18 years by Philip Garrido .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||would|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 15|||R:OTHER|||who|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:MORPH|||raped|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S All these tragedies of minors can be avoided if and only if RFID is implanted in them to monitor the movement of them [ Best , 2004 ] .
+A 3 4|||R:PREP|||among|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB:TENSE|||was|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:DET|||their|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For the past years , the controversy of surveillance technology infringing one 's right to privacy still exists and will continue to happen .
+A 11 11|||M:PREP|||on|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:OTHER|||be so|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , there can be some laws pass down to ensure that technologies like RFID are not abuse and use in the proper direction .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||passed|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 18|||R:VERB:FORM|||abused|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:CONJ|||but|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:VERB:FORM|||used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S For example , like the surveillance camera , peeping toms and other criminals commonly use them for crimes , yet why does the government still allow such technology to be used .
+A 31 32|||R:PUNCT|||?|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The reasons are that the priority of ensuring the privacy of corporations and the safety of the people are of more importance .
+
+S Similarly , RFID , which is more feasible and useful than surveillance camera since it can cover a longer range of area than surveillance camera , should not be banned .
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:ADJ|||wider|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:NOUN:NUM|||areas|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 25|||R:OTHER|||the latter|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , if we weigh the pros and cons of RFID .
+
+S It seems obvious that the benefits outweigh the disadvantages of RFID , thus instead of banning RFID when it is not perfected at this stage , we should encourage the further development of this technology so as to achieve a best situation .
+A 9 11|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:OTHER|||it|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 25|||R:OTHER|||yet perfect|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 42|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Though the debate about the ethical issues of RFID are ongoing , we need to understand that in whatever new piece of technology introduce , there is always a need for as to compromise in some ways since nothing is perfect in this world .
+A 23 24|||R:VERB:FORM|||introduced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 31 32|||R:OTHER|||us|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Anonymous.2008 RFID & Public Health : Is there a Cause for Concern [ Internet ] [ cited 2009 Oct 3 ] Available from : http : //www.scribd.com/doc/14824335/033-RFID-Health-Fact-Sheet
+
+S Jo Best.2004 Schoolchildren to be RFID-chipped [ Internet ] [ cited 2009 Oct 2 ] Available from : http : //networks.silicon.com/lans/0,39024663,39122042,00.htm
+
+S Surveillance technology refers to gadgets that are able to observe and monitor individuals ' behavior and activity from a distance using electronic equipment .
+A 12 12|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S CCTV 's and RIFD ( radio-frequency identification ) are some examples of surveillance technology .
+
+S With the invention of such technology , controversy over the use of this technology has been increasing .
+
+S While some feel that the existence of this technology helps to tackle problems related to tracking people , others are against this technology simply because it is an intrusion into a person 's privacy ( Greene,T 2004 ) .
+
+S I believe that this technology should not be used to track people down .
+A 0 2|||R:OTHER|||This essay will argue|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Firstly , the main reason why people are uncomfortable with the usage of surveillance technology is because it is an invasion of privacy ( Anonymous .
+
+S 2001 ) .
+
+S Privacy is the right to withhold certain information about ourselves and also the right to be left alone .
+
+S Using surveillance technology gives the general public that they are being watched all the time and there is no sense of freedom .
+A 7 7|||M:OTHER|||the feeling|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S By injecting RFID chips into a person it is somehow liken to imprisoning a person because there is no place the person can go where he can go undetected .
+A 0 1|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 1 2|||R:ORTH|||Injecting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 11|||R:OTHER|||like|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 26|||R:OTHER|||, because there is no place where the person|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many might say that by using this technology we are able to detect the location of criminals and medical patients who manage to runaway .
+A 8 24|||R:OTHER|||location of criminals and medical patients who manage to runaway can be detected|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S But the reliability of this gadget has not been tested ; there is no assurance that with the installing of this surveillance technology all criminals and medical patients can be detected easily .
+A 10 23|||R:OTHER|||, and there is no assurance that with the installing of this surveillance technology ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another point to be raised is that surveillance technology may not be effective in preventing nor reducing crime rates as many people would assume that they do .
+A 15 16|||R:CONJ|||or|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the usage of the surveillance technology it gives people a false sense of security because they feel that with technology looking after them they are sure to be safe .
+A 0 2|||U:PREP|||The|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However this may not be the case because surveillance may only help to catch the criminal after the crime has been committed .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Most of the times information from such surveillance technology is redundant because the information recorded during the crime does not provide enough evidence to arrest the criminal .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||time|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore criminals are being wiser each day ; they may outsmart the technology by hacking in to the system to prevent them from being caught .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB|||becoming|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:ORTH|||into|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore it is certainly not a wise choice to use surveillance camera as a replacement of security guards .
+A 1 1|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||cameras|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 14|||R:OTHER|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another concern of using surveillance is the health issue .
+A 2 3|||R:PREP|||about|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The usages of certain surveillance gadgets such as RFID being implanted in to the body of individuals are tested to be harmful to the human body .
+A 12 13|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 21|||R:OTHER|||have tested as being|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Humans that are being implanted by these chips have higher incidences of getting cancer ( Layden , J 2007 ) .
+A 3 4|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 5 6|||R:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thought the possibility of getting cancer is not 100 % but why should humans exposed themselves to a higher risk of this deadly disease ?
+A 0 1|||R:OTHER|||Though|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 10|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 15|||R:VERB:FORM|||expose|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , I strongly disagree in the usage of surveillance technology because it is a invasion to privacy , it does not really reduce crime rates and it raises a problem related to health issues .
+A 3 12|||R:OTHER|||usage of surveillance technology can be strongly argued against ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 32|||R:OTHER|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The money used to futher develop this technology and to implement this technology is better spend on more useful area 's such as the education and medical .
+A 13 16|||R:OTHER|||would be better spent|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 21|||R:NOUN:POSS|||areas|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:OTHER|||medicine|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S [ Anonymous ] .
+
+S 2001 July 11 .
+
+S Proliferation of surveillance devices threatens privacy .
+
+S [ Internet ] American Civil Liberties Union [ cited 2009 Aug 25 ] .
+
+S Available from : HYPERLINK " http : //www.aclu.org/privacy/spying/15374prs20010711.html " http : //www.aclu.org/privacy/spying/15374prs20010711.html
+
+S Greene,T .
+
+S ( 2004 ) .
+
+S Computer Security for the Home and Small Office , Retrieved September 23 , 2009 from { http : //www.theregister.co.uk/2004/11/30/mexican_verichip_hype/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.theregister.co.uk/2004/11/30/mexican_verichip_hype/ ]
+
+S Layden , J. ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Computer Security for the Home and Small Office , Retrieved September 23 , 2009 from http : //www.theregister.co.uk/2007/09/10/rfid_chip_cancer_link/
+
+S Surveillance Technology Should be Banned from Tracking People
+
+S Rapid development of technology enables people to utilize surveillance technology such ad RFID ( radio frequency identification ) to track people .
+
+S Thus , the controversy over whether or not such use of technology should be banned has been feverishly extended ( Bacchetta & Bacchetta , 2005 ; Marshall , 2009 ; Sade , 2007 ; Two stories highlight the RFID debate , 2005 ) .
+A 17 19|||R:OTHER|||erupted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Although some people consider such utilization benefits mankind in ways such as security and health care , concerns of loss of privacy and dehumanization , physical risks , as well as problems of identity theft still makes it controversial .
+A 36 37|||R:VERB:SVA|||make|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the banes overweigh the boons in general , such use of technology on people should be banned .
+
+S RFID is mainly used on tracking employees and patientsneither is reasonable .
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||patients , neither of which|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to a report on July 19 , 2005 ( Two stories highlight the RFID debate ) , the general workers ' union GMB in UK required the European Commission to prohibit the tag of RFID on employees .
+A 25 25|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the employees were monitored through RFID and GPS even when using the bathroom , they felt annoying dehumanization and loss of privacy .
+
+S Proponents claim that implanting RFID chips makes it possible for employers to watch over who sneaks away even during an unauthorized bathroom break ( Albrecht & McIntyre , 2005 ) .
+
+S Though , after weighing the pros and cons , numerous civil rights groups and privacy groups oppose surveillance as a violation of people 's right to privacy , including Electronic Privacy Information Center , Electronic Frontier Foundation ( Wentworth , 2005 ) , American Civil Liberties Union ( 2003 ) as well as US Department of Justice ( 2008 ) .
+A 53 53|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , it is not acceptable to use RFID to track employees .
+
+S Besides undermining employees ' rights to privacy , using RFID on patients also remains a big issue .
+
+S Advocates of surveillance technology argue that RFID tags provide an alternative to access patients ' information and thus , reduce medical errors .
+
+S However , based on a CEJA report ( Sade , 2007 ) , the American Medical Association has officially reported on July 17 , 2007 that RIFD devices contain potential physical risks to the user .
+A 17 18|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Tagging of these small sized devices may allow them to " migrate under the skin " , which makes it hard to extract them .
+
+S Moreover , possible electromagnetic interference will result in a lower efficacy of medication .
+
+S Hence , the advantage claimed from the proponents is not convincing , and the use of RFID to track patients is also not appropriate .
+
+S Apart from the use on tracking employees and patients , use of RFID on consumers also causes problems such as identity theft .
+
+S Security experts have warned against using RFID due to the risk of identity theft ( Hook , 2005 ) .
+
+S Although advocates have assured the security of tagged peoples ' information ( Security assurance and RFID technology , 2008 ) , such assurance is proven invalid when the following case occurred as a counter example .
+
+S The METRO Future Store has been reported of loss of loyalty cardholders ' personal information due to inappropriate use of technology and inadequate customer disclosures ( Scandal : the RFID tag hidden in METRO 's loyalty card , 2004 ) .
+
+S Katherine Albrecht , Director of CASPIAN ( Consumers Against Supermarket Privacy Invasion and Numbering ) , " toured the Future Store on January 31 , 2004 " and discovered hidden RFID tags in the store 's loyalty cards to shopping carts that track customer movements , as well as RFID tag " deactivation " stations that do not work as claimed ( McCullagh , 2004 ) .
+
+S This means not only customers ' movements are under detection , but confidential items such as signature and application forms containing personal information are easily accessed via an RFID reader , too .
+
+S Such a shocking finding convinces people that the RFID trial is not under secure control and thus should be halted .
+
+S In conclusion , using surveillance technology to track people not only brings physical risks to the tagged people , but is also regarded as dehumanizing and unstable .
+
+S People who are tagged may face problems ranging from mental and physical discomfort to identity loss .
+
+S Thus , it is persuasive that surveillance technology such as RFID should not be banned from tracking people .
+A 2 6|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Albrecht , K. & McIntyre , L. ( 2005 , October ) .
+
+S Spychips : how major corporations and government plan to track your every move with RFID .
+
+S Virginia State : Thomas Nelson .
+
+S American Civil Liberties Union .
+
+S ( 2003 , November ) .
+
+S RFID position statement of consumer privacy and civil liberties organizations .
+
+S Retrieved August 25 , 2009 , from { http : //www.aclu.org/safefree/resources/17423pub20031130.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.aclu.org/safefree/resources/17423pub20031130.html ]
+
+S Bacchetta , D. , Bacchetta , S. ( 2005 ) .
+
+S Informed consent : ethical considerations of RFID .
+
+S Retrieved August 25 , 2009 , from { http : //www.sallybacchetta.com/articles_6.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.sallybacchetta.com/articles_6.htm ]
+
+S Hook , B .
+
+S R. ( 2005 , July ) .
+
+S RFID tags : preventing or promoting identity theft ?
+
+S CRM Buyer .
+
+S Retrieved August 25 , 2009 , from { http : //www.crmbuyer.com/story/44320.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.crmbuyer.com/story/44320.html ]
+
+S Marshall , R. ( 2009 ) .
+
+S Privacy at risk in location-based systems .
+
+S IT News .
+
+S Retrieved August 25 , 2009 , from { http : //www.itnews.com.au/News/152310,privacy-at-risk-in-location-based-systems.aspx } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.itnews.com.au/News/152310,privacy-at-risk-in-location-based-systems.aspx ]
+
+S McCullagh , D. ( 2004 , February ) .
+
+S RFID tags reportedly found in German loyalty shopping card .
+
+S Retrieved August 25 , 2009 , from { http : //seclists.org/politech/2004/Feb/27 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //seclists.org/politech/2004/Feb/27 ]
+
+S Sade , R.M .
+
+S ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Radio frequency ID devices in humans .
+
+S Retrieved August 25 , 2009 , from American Medical Association Website : { http : //www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/about-ama/our-people/ama-councils/council-medical-education/reports.shtml } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/about-ama/our-people/ama-councils/council-medical-education/reports.shtml ] Scandal : the RFID tag hidden in METRO 's loyalty card .
+
+S ( 2004 ) .
+
+S Retrieved August 25 , 2009 , from { http : //www.spychips.com/metro/scandal-payback.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.spychips.com/metro/scandal-payback.html ]
+
+S Security assurance and RFID technology .
+
+S ( 2008 ) .
+
+S Retrieved August 25 , 2009 , from { http : //www.security-int.com/categories/radio-frequency-identification-security/security-assurance-and-rfid-technology.asp } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.security-int.com/categories/radio-frequency-identification-security/security-assurance-and-rfid-technology.asp ]
+
+S Two stories highlight the RFID debate .
+
+S ( 2005 , July 19 ) .
+
+S RFID Update : The RFID Industry Daily .
+
+S Retrieved August 25 , 2009 , from { http : //www.rfidupdate.com/articles/index.php ? id = 914 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.rfidupdate.com/articles/index.php ? id = 914 ]
+
+S U.S. Department of Justice .
+
+S ( 2008 , August ) .
+
+S The UHF RFID standards and system .
+
+S Retrieved August 25 , 2009 , from { http : //www.usdoj.gov/atr/public/busreview/238429.htm } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.usdoj.gov/atr/public/busreview/238429.htm ]
+
+S Wentworth , D. ( 2005 , April ) .
+
+S EFF urges state department to drop RFID passport plan .
+
+S Retrieved August 25 , 2009 , from Electronic Frontier Foundation Web site : { http : //www.eff.org/deeplinks/2005/04/eff-urges-state-department-drop-rfid-passport-plan } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.eff.org/deeplinks/2005/04/eff-urges-state-department-drop-rfid-passport-plan ]
+
+S The issue of whether to use radio-frequency identification ( RFID ) to track people has been highly debated ever since it was created .
+
+S It may appear that RFID and other surveillance technology have brought benefits to public security and the efficiency to attend to a patient .
+
+S In fact , the use of RFID and other surveillance technology brings problems to issues such as our basic privacy , health and the public security .
+A 11 14|||R:OTHER|||has raised|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , I totally agree that surveillance technology should not be used to track people .
+
+S Firstly , surveillance technology such as the use of RFID should be banned as it intrudes our privacy .
+A 16 16|||M:PREP|||upon|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights , Article 12 , it says that 'no one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy , family , home or correspondence , nor to attacks upon his honour and reputation ' ( United Nations , 1948 ) .
+
+S By using surveillance technology to track people , it violates the privacy of one self , thus it is a very serious offence .
+A 0 9|||R:OTHER|||Using surveillance technology to track people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 15|||R:OTHER|||their privacy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||R:OTHER|||; thus ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , a study has revealed that it is very easy to hack into devices such as RFID cards in passports .
+
+S According to the experiment conducted by Researcher Chris Paget who is a Security Consultant at NGS Software Ltd , by using simple gadgets such as Matrics antenna and Motorola reader , we will be able to retrieve personal data from the U.S. passport cards ( sixwise.com , 2009 ) .
+
+S Opposition may argue that now passport has a protective RFID-blocking sleeve to prevent intrusion from hackers ( sixwise.com , 2009 ) .
+
+S However , as technology advances to prevent such intrusions , hackers and stalkers can advance to break into such protections too .
+
+S This means that the personal data of a person can be easily retrieved and it thus violates one 's privacy .
+A 14 20|||R:OTHER|||thus one 's privacy is invaded|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , surveillance technology such as RFID should not be used as it violates the human rights for privacy .
+
+S Secondly , the use of RFID can cause serious health hazard .
+
+S RFID is used in hospitals to keep track on the condition of patients .
+
+S It indeed has brought great convenience and efficiency in attending to the needs of patients .
+
+S However , the use of RFID not only poses a threat to the patient , but to everyone around it .
+
+S Study showed that when active RFID tags were shifted around 41 important health devices such as pacemakers , they interfered the devices in 34 tests out of all 123 tests .
+A 0 1|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Studies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S And out of the 34 tests , 22 can cause a serious problem to the patients ( Wasserman , 2008 ) .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||could|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Despite the convenience of being able to attend to the patients efficiently , the real problem will be that what if RFID is interfered by another RFID as well ?
+A 19 21|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:VERB:TENSE|||can be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 30|||R:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will cause a serious problem .
+
+S Furthermore , studies have shown that RFID when implanted into mice , it causes the growth of tumour around RFID ( Wasserman , 2008 ) RFID not only pose a risk to the patients , intensive exposure can be hazardous to a healthy individual too .
+A 6 8|||R:OTHER|||when RFID is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 25|||M:PUNCT|||.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:VERB:SVA|||poses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 35|||M:CONJ|||but|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , RFID can be a health hazard thus it should not be used .
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||; thus ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly , surveillance technology like CCTV cameras does not decrease the crime rate .
+
+S CCTV cameras are used to " keep an eye " on the public and are said to be a good way of crime prevention .
+
+S Opposition argues that with CCTV cameras , criminals will be aware that they are being watched and so it reduces the crime rate .
+A 18 23|||R:OTHER|||the crime rate is reduced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , this is not necessary true .
+A 5 6|||R:MORPH|||necessarily|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S London has more than ten thousand CCTV cameras , however , eighty percent of the crimes are left unsolved ( Davenport , 2007 ) .
+A 8 9|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This substantially supports that with surveillance technology , it does not reduce the crime rate and enhances public security .
+A 4 9|||R:OTHER|||surveillance technology|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:SVA|||enhance|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , it is not necessary to use surveillance technology to track people .
+
+S To conclude , surveillance technology should not be used as it not only can not help in solving crime and maintain order , it poses a health threat to the people using it and around it as well .
+A 16 18|||R:OTHER|||solve|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 18 19|||R:NOUN:NUM|||crimes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:ADV|||also|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Finally , the use of surveillance technology is a violation to human rights .
+
+S Therefore I agree that it should not be used .
+
+S Davenport , J .
+
+S 2007 Sep 19 .
+
+S Tens of thousands of CCTV cameras , yet 80 % of crime unsolved .
+
+S London Evening Standard [ Internet ] [ cited 2009 Sep 22 ] .
+
+S Available from : http : //www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-23412867-tens-of- thousands-of-cctv-cameras-yet-80-of-crime- unsolved.do ; jsessionid = 8638E63930A9C94314BCD8875E339F7A
+
+S Sixwise.com .
+
+S 2009 Aug 26 .
+
+S Will New RFID Chips Threaten Your Right to Privacy ?
+
+S Sixwise.com [ Internet ] [ cited 2009 Sep 22 ] .
+
+S Available from : http : //www.sixwise.com/Newsletters/2009/August/26/Will-New-RFID-Chips- Threaten-Your-Right-to-Privacy.htm
+
+S United Nations .
+
+S 1948 Dec 10 .
+
+S UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS [ Internet ] .
+
+S United Nations [ cited 2009 Sep 22 ] .
+
+S Available from : http : //www.un.org/rights/50/decla.htm
+
+S Wasserman , B .
+
+S 2008 Jun 25 .
+
+S RFID tags useful , but potentially risky [ Internet ] [ cited 2009 Sep 22 ] .
+
+S Available from : http : //foodconsumer.org/7777/8888/M_edicare_54/062502062008_RFID_tags_useful _but_risky.shtml
+
+S Radio-frequency identification ( RFID ) is a type of surveillance technology which has been used for a while now .
+
+S It works by storing and retrieving data using RFID tags .
+
+S An RFID tag is a small object which can be attached to or integrated into a product or even a person in order to track them .
+
+S Although RFID has been claimed to be a useful technology such as in the identification and tracking of criminals , the use of RFID has aroused considerable controversy especially in the area of privacy concerns .
+
+S Shop outlets , employers and even potential crime-doers can use RFID to prey on their desired targets , hence intruding their privacy .
+A 20 20|||M:PREP|||upon|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , surveillance technology such as RFID should not be used to track people .
+
+S Firstly , stores can use RFID to track and identify customers without their awareness and price items discriminatively .
+A 15 16|||R:OTHER|||pricey|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Shop outlets can charge customers the maximum amount he or she is prepared to pay instead of selling at the same price to every customer by using RFID tags to observe their shopping habits .
+
+S For example , stores would definitely charge higher prices for a customer who is price-insensitive and loves to buy branded goods .
+
+S The counterargument could be that RFID can be used to provide a better customer service by knowing their customers ' preferences .
+
+S However , this is not true for all cases since the use of RFID for the purpose of better service could fall into the hands of unscrupulous sellers who only care for lucrative profits .
+
+S This can lead to a strong incentive to interfere with customer privacy .
+
+S Hence , to be on the safe side , RFID should not be used for any tracking purposes .
+
+S Secondly , the use of RFID would allow the employer to monitor every movement of his employees , whether at work or not , in order to assess the performance of his employees .
+
+S The employees may not be aware that their personal information is being collected and how this information is being used .
+
+S Thus , the privacy of the employees is being invaded when RFID is used for tracking purposes including tracking someone going to the toilet .
+
+S The opposition can claim that there is an existing employment law and privacy act to govern the employees ' privacy interests .
+A 15 16|||R:VERB|||protect|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The law states that the employer is entitled to monitor worker movements and conduct during working hours , so long as the means employed are fair and reasonable and do not unjustifiably disadvantage employees ( Roth 2006 ) .
+A 4 5|||R:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , we have to note that RFID is a special surveillance technology with unique characteristics and implications .
+
+S Hence , some special provision may need to be made under the law to account specifically for RFID .
+
+S Finally , criminals will be able to use RFID tags to help pick their targets .
+
+S For instance , they can attach RFID tags onto wealthy people and this would allow them to track their daily routine and whereabouts and can thus work out their robbing or kidnapping plan .
+
+S In addition , terrorists can also use RFID to bomb citizens of a particular nationality by setting the bombs to explode when such citizens are nearby .
+
+S However , the opposition argued that another novel surveillance technology will probably be invented to counter against such criminals .
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:TENSE|||may argue|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Moreover , the main intention of RFID is to protect the society since the police can use the technology to detect criminals .
+
+S The opposition may not be completely correct since it will take time to produce a new technology to close in on the criminals and several crimes would have occurred during this period .
+
+S Also , a vicious cycle will be created by the criminals using RFID to attack their targets and followed by the police using RFID to detect those criminals .
+A 17 18|||R:OTHER|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There will be no end to this and therefore RFID should not be used to track people .
+
+S In conclusion , the use of RFID to track people should be banned , not only because it violates an individual 's privacy but it could also encourage more potential criminals to commit atrocities and to stir up the greed within businessmen .
+A 24 24|||M:OTHER|||also because|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 36|||U:VERB:FORM||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S References
+
+S Stajano F. 2005 Aug. RFID is X-ray vision .
+
+S [ Internet ] [ cited 2009 Oct 4 ] .
+
+S Available from : http : //www.cl.cam.ac.uk/techreports/UCAM-CL-TR-645.pdf
+
+S Yun KJ , Louit A , Madhwacharyula C , Murao K , Pearson M , Wooldridge M. RFID and privacy outline .
+
+S [ Internet ] [ cited 2009 Oct 4 ] .
+
+S Available from : http : //www.rfidinfo.jp/whitepaper/843.pdf
+
+S Roth P. 2006 Mar 30 .
+
+S Workplace privacy issues raised by RFID technology .
+
+S [ Internet ] [ cited 2009 Oct 4 ] .
+
+S Available from : http : //www.privacy.org.nz/workplace-privacy-issues-raised-by-rfid- technology-paul-roth/
+
+S The use of surveillance technology such as RFID to track people should be banned
+
+S It is not a dream for your parents to know where you are and what you are doing any more , even if they are both miles away from you .
+
+S In the 21st century , not only superman has the power to privies what is in your bag without asking you .
+A 5 7|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 7|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 8|||M:OTHER|||is not the only one who|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||UNK||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 21|||M:OTHER|||, but ordinary people can also have the power to do so.|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S What they rely on is not a magic mirror but a kind of surveillance technology called RFID ( radio frequency identification ) .
+
+S By implanting a chip to human body or attaching a tag to a product , the information of a certain people or an object can be scanned easily by a scanner .
+A 20 21|||R:NOUN|||person|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , does a child really want his or her parents tracking him or her all the time ?
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:FORM|||to track|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S At the same time , will you feel comfortable when everyone can have the access to know what you are taking with you ?
+
+S The convenience and problems this technology brings to us make it hard for us to decide whether it should be legal to track people making use of it .
+A 24 27|||R:OTHER|||by using|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:OTHER|||the technology|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this case it can not be denied that RFID is a beneficial technology , while it is an " expensive and intrusive way to track people " , because of three main reasons ( Schatz , 2006 ) .
+
+S Firstly , the RFID technology is still immature which means we can not guaranty both the accuracy of information we get and the harmlessness of these chips implanted in our body .
+A 8 8|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:VERB|||guarantee|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:NOUN|||safety|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Actually , when two or more readers want to scan the same tag , the " signals from their scanners may overlap " which will cause the tag " unable to reply " ( Reported on Techonovelgy.com ) .
+A 25 26|||R:VERB|||leave|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S We call this reader collision .
+
+S Similarly , " tag collision " may occur when " tags are present in a small area " ( Reported on Techonovelgy.com ) .
+
+S Furthermore , the RFID chips work by using electromagnetic waves , which may have some potential harm to our bodies .
+
+S However , people may argue that the chips and tags will be tested before using .
+
+S As another evidence for this technology 's immaturity , there is no " standard " ( Campbell , 2004 ) in this area .
+
+S As a result , the organizations which conduct these tests are the RFID companies themselves .
+
+S Thus their accuracy and safety declarations are usually not objective .
+
+S Secondly , tracking people may result in privacy crisis , which can cause more serious problems .
+
+S When you are implanted a RFID chip or taking some objects with RFID tags , the information about your location , your purchase list and so forth can be easily disclosed .
+A 4 4|||M:PREP|||with|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||when you take|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S You can never have a leisurely afternoon , because your fellows can always find you during your vocation .
+
+S You can never keep your diet a secret , since your neighbors can easily know what you buy for food today .
+
+S The RFID supporters may argue that a lot protecting means are provides in this case .
+A 8 8|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 10|||R:OTHER|||protection|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 12|||R:OTHER|||is provided|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , they should take note that electromagnetic waves are neither some entity which can be locked in a safe , nor digital data which can be stored in a computer .
+
+S " Coding " or " adding pin numbers " to them can not stop people from getting them ( Reported on Technovelgy.com ) .
+
+S Thirdly , it is purposeless to tracking everyone .
+A 6 7|||R:VERB:FORM|||track|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is true that RFID is really helpful for finding the lost children or tracing thefts .
+A 10 11|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , only a very small percentage of people will get lost .
+
+S Similarly , not so many products will be stolen .
+
+S It will be meaningless and costly to tracking everyone just in case some of them may get lost someday .
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:FORM|||track|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Based on the three reasons showing above , the RFID are not reliable enough to give correct information about the tracked person .
+A 5 6|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Meanwhile , it may invade the users ' privacy .
+A 5 6|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Finally , it is costly as well as unnecessary to tracking people .
+A 10 11|||R:VERB:FORM|||track|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , it should be clear that tracking people by RFID should be banned .
+
+S Reference :
+
+S * Schatz , T. ( 2006 , December 5 ) .
+
+S RFID sabotages privacy , says government watchdog .
+
+S Retrieved October 2 , 2009 , from { http : //www.rfidnews.org/2006/12/05/rfid-sabotages-privacy-says-government-watchdog } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.rfidnews.org/2006/12/05/rfid-sabotages-privacy-says-government-watchdog ]
+
+S 2 .
+
+S Technovelgy website .
+
+S Problems with RFID .
+
+S Retrieved October 2 , 2009 , from { http : //www.technovelgy.com/ct/Technology-Article.asp ? ArtNum = 20 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.technovelgy.com/ct/Technology-Article.asp ? ArtNum = 20 ]
+
+S 3 .
+
+S Campbell , A .
+
+S The problem with RFID .
+
+S Retrieved October 2 , 2009 , from { http : //www.rfid-weblog.com/50226711/the_problem_with_rfid.php } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.rfid-weblog.com/50226711/the_problem_with_rfid.php ]
+
+S 3 .
+
+S Technovelgy website .
+
+S Is RFID technology Secure and Private ?
+
+S Retrieved October 2 , 2009 , from { http : //www.technovelgy.com/ct/Technology-Article.asp ? ArtNum = 5 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.technovelgy.com/ct/Technology-Article.asp ? ArtNum = 5 ]
+
+S Surveillance technology has been an increasingly important tool in both public and private sectors over the 50 years .
+
+S It is widely use to monitor the individual 's activities and behaviors , for instance , to reduce theft or for security .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:FORM|||used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||R:OTHER|||to enhance|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The few examples of surveillance technology are digital video recorders , hidden spy cameras and RFID .
+
+S RFID will be focus in this context .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S RFID stands for " Radio-Frequency Identification " which is a technology that uses radio waves to identify people or objects .
+A 6 6|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The use of RFID tags on products and humans had raised concern for unauthorized access and invasion of privacy ( Sottile , 2005 ) .
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||R:NOUN:NUM|||concerns|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , I do not agree that surveillance technology such as RFID should not be used in tracking people because of its importance benefits like children kidnapping prevention and elderly health care improvement .
+A 22 23|||R:MORPH|||important|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 33|||R:OTHER|||the prevention of children kidnapping and the improvement of elderly health care|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S RFID technology , tag or implant , is useful in tracking children for kidnapping prevention .
+
+S Mexico ranked the second highest for the number of abductions happened in each year ( McHugh , 2004 ) .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:TENSE|||ranks|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As the kidnapping rates in Mexico rises , a Mexican firm implemented RFID implants to prevent kidnapping .
+A 3 4|||R:NOUN:NUM|||rate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Xega , a security firm , offered RFID implantation to help in locating kidnap victims and it had been to proven to be successful as the business in booming ( Rosenberg , 2008 ) .
+A 17 20|||R:OTHER|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||R:OTHER|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , a fashion designer Lauren Scott came out with a line of children 's clothing that uses the RFID tag devices to track a child that have been taken more than 30 feet beyond their home .
+A 28 29|||R:VERB:SVA|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The design was sold in the Spring of 2006 ( Sottile , 2005 ) .
+
+S Although the parents can make use of such benefit to keep track of their children activities through a RFID reader , however , safely of a child is more important than their privacy .
+A 4 10|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 23|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 23 24|||R:OTHER|||the safety|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 25 27|||R:OTHER|||children|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , RFID can be use to track a child as it can prevent kidnapping .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:FORM|||used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S RFID technology can improve the health care of the elderly .
+
+S Researchers from Georgia Institute of Technology and Intel Research Seattle found out that the caregivers can monitor the seniors ' daily activities through the data received via internet from the RFID readers and record when and which tagged items they have picked up ( Baard , 2004 ) .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This also means that the elderly will lose their freedom in which food they eat and thing they do .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN|||privacy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 17|||R:OTHER|||as to what they need and what|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , caregivers need the real-time data and record of an individual 's normal daily routine for comparison to identify any significant changes which according to the physician and expert on aging , those changes seen often indicate onset of illness and cognitive decline ( Baard , 2004 ) .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 24|||M:PUNCT|||,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 30|||R:OTHER|||physicians and experts|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 33 36|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the use of RFID to track seniors ' daily routine can improve their health care through early detection of health problem when they are at home .
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||problems|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , RFID is useful to track children activities and seniors ' daily routine to prevent kidnapping and improve health care respectively .
+A 9 9|||M:NOUN:POSS|||'s|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S I disagree against the idea that surveillance technology such as RFID should not be used to track people as some of its benefits are more important than privacy and freedom concerns .
+A 0 6|||R:OTHER|||Therefore ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference :
+
+S Baard , M. ( 2004 , March 19 ) .
+
+S RFID Keeps Track of Seniors .
+
+S Wired Magazine .
+
+S Retrieved on 4 October 2009 from { http : //www.wired.com/medtech/health/news/2004/03/62723 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.wired.com/medtech/health/news/2004/03/62723 ]
+
+S McHugh , J .
+
+S ( 2004 , November 10 ) .
+
+S A Chip in Your Shoulder .
+
+S Should I get an RFID implant ?
+
+S Slate Magazine Retrieved October 5 , 2009 from { http : //slate.msn.com/id/2109477/ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //slate.msn.com/id/2109477/ ]
+
+S Rosenberg , M. ( 2008 , August 21 ) .
+
+S Satellites track Mexico kidnap victims with chips .
+
+S Reuters .
+
+S Retrieved October 3 , 2009 from { http : //www.reuters.com/article/technologyNews/idUSN2041333820080822 ? sp = true } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.reuters.com/article/technologyNews/idUSN2041333820080822 ? sp = true ]
+
+S Sottile , S. ( 2005 , September 2 ) .
+
+S RFID Tags and GPS Personal Locators Track Peopl .
+
+S Associated Content .
+
+S Retrieved October 3 , 2009 from { http : //www.associatedcontent.com/article/8142/rfid_tags_and_gps_personal_locators.html ? cat = 46 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.associatedcontent.com/article/8142/rfid_tags_and_gps_personal_locators.html ? cat = 46 ]
+
+S The use of surveillance technology to track people had become possible due to the advancement in technology .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Among the technologies available , radio- frequency identification ( RFID ) is emerging mainly due to its ability to transmit information wirelessly via magnetic fields as well as the possibility of low cost tag in the future .
+
+S ( Michalek , 2008 ) .
+
+S Even though the use of RFID in human tracking could help to improve on the safety and security , there are several threats such as privacy and health hazardous that we need to consider .
+A 28 29|||R:MORPH|||hazards|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , RFID should not be used to track on people when threats outweigh the benefits of it .
+A 9 10|||U:PART||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 18|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of the main concerns on RFID tracking would be Privacy issue .The use of RFID tag on consumer products could track human in an indirect way .
+A 10 11|||R:ORTH|||privacy|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 12|||U:NOUN||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:NOUN:NUM|||tags|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:NOUN:NUM|||humans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With the function of wireless transmission , manufacturers and retailers would be able to track every single product and hence help to maintain security and keep track of the sale and stock .
+
+S The benefits go to the manufacturers and retailers but not the consumers as the ability to keep track of the products that every single consumer bought would expose the identity of the consumer and intrude one 's privacy .
+A 10 10|||M:PREP|||to|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 35|||M:PREP|||upon|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Hamblen ,2007 ) .In hospital , RFID implant had been used to store patient 's clinical information with the claim that it could help to improve on medical services .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||In|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||implants|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||R:VERB:TENSE|||have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 14 16|||R:NOUN:POSS|||patients '|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||R:PRON|||they|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 28|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It is very hard to ensure that patient 's personal information is solely used for clinical beneficial purposes .
+A 16 17|||U:ADJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Both of previously mentioned usage of RFID faced the same distinct problem which is third party tracking .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||usages|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||face|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Hamblen , 2007 ) .
+
+S This is mainly due to the reason that as long as one own 's antenna that have could receive the same frequency of as the RFID tag , he would be able to track all the information .
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN|||fact|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 12 13|||U:PRON||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 17|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 22 23|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The other main concern would be the health hazardous .
+A 8 9|||R:MORPH|||hazards|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S According to some of the research conducted to address on tissue reactions to microchip implants in laboratory animals , 0.8 % to 10.2 % of laboratory mice and 2 cases in dog had developed malignant tumors 2 cases on dog showed that caused by implant chips .Although the tests were not done on human but the result is relevant to human as human are naturally subject to malignant tumor in response to foreign body implant .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN|||studies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 9|||U:VERB||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 29 32|||R:OTHER|||dogs|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 32 33|||U:VERB:TENSE||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 36 42|||U:OTHER||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 53 54|||R:OTHER|||humans ,|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 54 55|||U:CONJ||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 60 61|||R:NOUN:NUM|||humans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 62 63|||R:NOUN:NUM|||humans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S ( Albrecht , n.d. ) .One might argue that health hazardous could be eliminated if RFID tag is used to replace the implant chips .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN|||One|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:MORPH|||hazards|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Long term exposure to electromagnetic fields emitted by the antenna could be another health hazardous that could not be treated lightly .
+A 14 15|||R:MORPH|||hazard|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , RFID usage in human tracking is not as simple and beneficial as we thought of .
+A 16 16|||M:VERB:TENSE|||may have|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S There are a lot of hidden threats such as privacy issue and health hazardous which we should really consider .
+A 13 14|||R:MORPH|||hazards|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , RFID should not be used to track on people .
+
+S References :
+
+S Michalek , I. , & Vaculik , J .
+
+S ( 2008 ) .
+
+S History and Evolution of RFID Technology .
+
+S Retrieved October 1 , 2009 , from http : //ks.utc.sk/casopis/pdf/III2008/michalek_vaculik.pdf
+
+S Hamblen , M. ( 2007 , September 21 ) .
+
+S Privacy a hot topic as RFID tagging grows in use .
+
+S Retrieved October 1 , 2009 , from http : //www.computerworld.com.au/article/195242/privacy_hot_topic_rfid_taggin g_grows_use
+
+S Albrecht , K. ( Ed ) .
+
+S ( 2007 , November 19 ) .
+
+S Synopsis of " MicrochipInduced Tumors in Laboratory Rodents and Dogs : A Review of the Literature 19902006 " .
+
+S Retrieved October 1 , 2009 , from http : //www.antichips.com/cancer/albrecht-microchip-cancer-synopsis.pdf
+
+S Technology such as in surveillance had been an integral part of mankind 's progress in the past , and it will continue to play a vital role in the 21st century .
+
+S There is an increase in the usage of surveillance technology such as radio-frequency identification ( RFID ) these days especially in passports and hospitals .
+A 6 7|||R:MORPH|||use|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These usages of surveillance technology have in many cases , brought about many benefits to mankind but there is also an increasing call for the ban of the usage of surveillance technology to track people as many are concerned with the loss of privacy and the exploitation of personal information .
+A 1 2|||R:MORPH|||uses|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , we should never ignore the benefits that surveillance technology brings which outweigh the concerns .
+
+S Many countries are beginning to use RFID technology in passports .
+
+S By implanting RFID into passports , it will enhance security and at the same time , facilitate travel .
+
+S The RFID system will be embedded with the travelers ' information and their travel history will also be automatically updated .
+
+S In addition , plane tickets implanted with RFID technology can also be issued .
+
+S These tickets will have the passengers ' information in them and this will help to ensure a much efficient boarding and prevent unauthorized person from boarding the plane ( ActiveWave Inc. , 2009 ) .
+
+S Opponent of this position argues that RFID-installed passport is in fact , less secure than normal passport as anyone may be able to attain someone else 's personal information with an RFID-reader .
+A 0 1|||R:NOUN:NUM|||opponents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||argue|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S They further argued that information in passport can easily be copied and embedded into a forged passport ( Campbell , 2004 ) .
+A 2 3|||R:VERB:TENSE|||argue|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 6 7|||R:NOUN:NUM|||passports|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , those arguments are not entirely valid as the US State department has highlighted that many precautionary measures have been implemented to prevent such security breaches from happening ( Broache , 2006 ) .
+
+S The passport will be installed with a metallic layer which prevents others from obtaining information of the passport holder from a distance .
+
+S In addition , the information of the passport will be encrypted into codes and will only readable by authorities that are able to access the database ( Broache , 2006 ) .
+
+S Although the use of surveillance technology in passport may not be perfect , with the rapid advancement in technological research , continuous improvement can be done in order to further enhance the security aspect of a passport .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||passports|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , surveillance technology should be used in tracking people for security purposes .
+
+S Another area in which surveillance technology has been widely used is in medical sector .
+
+S RFID have proven to be very useful as medical staffs will be able to access the patients ' medical and personal information quickly anywhere with just an RFID-reader ( Stein , 2006 ) .
+A 9 10|||R:NOUN:NUM|||staff|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This enable doctors to get to know patients ' medical condition quickly especially in time of emergency and also allows the patient 's family members to be contacted immediately .
+A 1 2|||R:VERB:SVA|||enables|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In addition , RFID can also be used for tracking of patients .
+
+S Tracking of patients using RFID helps to solve the problem of medical staff searching for patients that were lost when moving about between medical facilities for treatment .
+
+S This will raise the efficiency of treatment done in the hospital and also prevent patients from leaving the hospital without receiving full treatment .
+
+S According to Cox ( 2008 ) , a study was done by Spyglass Consulting Group in 2008 and the result has shown that the usage of RFID technology in hospitals has tripled since its last study in 2005 .
+
+S The increasing use of RFID technology in hospitals not only in the United State , but all around the world is a testimony of a growing approval by the medical staffs and general public alike , of the use of RFID technology in hospital .
+
+S One 's privacy has always been the utmost importance in our society but the benefits brought about by surveillance technology have been numerous and can not be ignored .
+
+S Its wide ranges of benefits especially in term of security and efficiency have definitely improved human lives when used appropriately .
+
+S Thus , surveillance technology should be used to track people as we have to use the best technology available to our benefit .
+
+S References :
+
+S Activewave Inc. ( 2009 , N.A ) Airports and high Security .
+
+S Retrieved October 4 , 2009 , from HYPERLINK " http : //www.activewaveinc.com/applications_airport_security.php " http : //www.activewaveinc.com/applications_airport_security.php
+
+S Broache , A .
+
+S ( 2006 , August 14 ) .
+
+S RFID passports arrive for Americans .
+
+S CNET News .
+
+S Retrieved October 4 , 2009 from { http : //news.cnet.com/RFID-passports-arrive-for-Americans/2100-1028_3-6105534.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //news.cnet.com/RFID-passports-arrive-for-Americans/2100-1028_3-6105534.html ]
+
+S Campbell , A .
+
+S ( 2004 , October 24 ) .
+
+S RFID in Passports - Do n't jump to Conclusions .
+
+S Retrieved October 4 , 2009 from { http : //www.rfid-weblog.com/50226711/rfid_in_passports_dont_jump_to_conclusions.php \ } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.rfid-weblog.com/50226711/rfid_in_passports_dont_jump_to_conclusions.php \ ]
+
+S Cox , R. ( 2008 , August 20 ) .
+
+S RFID , radio location services use soaring at hospitals , study shows .
+
+S Retrieved October 4 , 2009 from { http : //www.networkworld.com/news/2008/082008-rfid-radio-location-services-hospitals.html ? page = 1 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.networkworld.com/news/2008/082008-rfid-radio-location-services-hospitals.html ? page = 1 ]
+
+S Simpson , G. ( 2006 , October 13 ) .
+
+S RFID New RFID tech would track airport passengers .
+
+S CNET News .
+
+S Retrieved October 4 , 2009 from { http : //news.cnet.com/New-RFID-tech-would-track-airport-passengers/2100-7355_3-6125799.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //news.cnet.com/New-RFID-tech-would-track-airport-passengers/2100-7355_3-6125799.html ]
+
+S Stein , R. ( 2006 , March 15 ) .
+
+S Use of Implanted Patient-Data Chips Stirs Debate on Medicine vs .
+
+S Privacy .
+
+S The Washington Post .
+
+S Retrieved October 4 , 2009 from { http : //www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/03/14/AR2006031402039_2.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/03/14/AR2006031402039_2.html ]
+
+S The advances in technology have brought about much convenience to the society of modern times .
+
+S Radio-Frequency Identification ( RFID ) is one of it .
+
+S RFID is an automatic contact-less identification and data capturing technology using Radio Frequency ( RF ) signal .
+
+S The data can be read from a distance without the need of line of sight .
+
+S It can be used to track workers in dangerous working environment and identification of patients in hospitals .
+
+S To complete a RFID system , a tag which is known as transponder and a reader which is known as transceiver are used .
+A 20 20|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:VERB:TENSE|||is used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The tag emits RF signal which is received by the reader and data will be captured on the computer .
+
+S Although there are arguments that using RFID is invading people 's privacy , the benefits are more prominent .
+
+S Thus , RFID should be used to track people .
+
+S RFID is used in dangerous workplaces to help in ensuring the safety of the workers .
+
+S Mining fields are one of the places .
+
+S Miners have to work in confined spaces with stale air , coal dust and hazardous equipments .
+
+S The used of RFID can help to minimize the risk involved .
+
+S In China , mining team used KJ-241 personnel and equipments locating system to track their miners ( KJ-241 personnel and equipments Locating system for mining , 2007 ) .
+
+S Wearing the RFID tags allows the movements and attendance of the miners to be monitored .
+
+S In the case of accidents , the supervisors can get information on the numbers of trapped miners in the mining fields ( KJ-241 personnel and equipments Locating system for mining , 2007 ) and thus able to plan evacuation route .
+A 34 35|||R:OTHER|||through this|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 35 35|||M:VERB|||be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 39 40|||R:NOUN:NUM|||routes|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This will greatly increased the efficiency in dealing with emergency .
+A 3 4|||R:VERB:FORM|||increase|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , RFID has good use in terms of tracking people .
+
+S Hospitals are another area that using RFID to track people can be of great effect .
+
+S Patients , doctors nurses do not need to have any RFID chips implanted in them .
+
+S They just need to wear removable RFID bracelets to allow the tracking of their movement .
+
+S This is especially useful when dealing with at risk patients with alzheimers ( Healthcare Solutions n.d. ) .
+
+S It will dangerous for them to roam around the hospitals alone as there are dangerous equipments and they may cause hindrance to life saving procedures .
+
+S Therefore , the hospitals staffs are able to track the patients ' movements using the RFID bracelets on them .
+A 2 3|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||staff|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The most controversy issue in the used of RFID to track people is the invasion of privacy .
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||controversial|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Products bought by consumers may have RFID chips attached on them .
+
+S These chips are difficult to remove as they can be as small as half-millimeters squares in size and as thin as paper .
+
+S Usually , the chips are placed at area of products that are less visible ( RFID tags are difficult to remove n.d. ) .
+
+S Unknowingly , the movements and information of the consumers are being tracked by the vendors selling the products .
+
+S This can be seen as a form of invasion of privacy ( Harper,J .
+
+S 2004 ) .
+
+S However , the used of RFID to store information can bring about much convenience and efficiency in hospitals .
+A 3 4|||R:MORPH|||use|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The tags that patients wear contain their medical records like allergies , family medical history , current medication which the staffs are able to access with the help of RFID reader .
+
+S This greatly improves the efficiency in hospitals as compared to the past when all the information are documented in paper ( Latest RFID Development Kit for Hospital Tracking Solution n.d. ) .
+
+S Once again , this shows that RFID should be used to track people .
+
+S In conclusion , the used of RFID to track people have more concrete and constructive advantages that can help to save lives .
+
+S The miners are able to work with a safe mind as they know their safeties are under monitored .
+
+S The used of RFID help to increase work efficiency in hospitals as information are available easier .
+
+S Every new technology has its own downside ; it is up to the users to fully maximize the positive area .
+
+S In this case , the plus points of using RFID to track people outweigh the negative aspects .
+
+S Thus we should continue to use RFID to track people .
+
+S REFERENCES :
+
+S * KJ-241 personnel and equipments Locating system for mining ( 2007 ) .
+
+S Retrieved September 18 , 2009 , from { http : //www.superrfid.net/english/index/view.asp ? id = 407 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.superrfid.net/english/index/view.asp ? id = 407 ]
+
+S * Healthcare Solutions ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Retrieved September 19 , 2009 , from { http : //www.aeroscout.com/content/healthcare } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.aeroscout.com/content/healthcare ]
+
+S * Harper,J .
+
+S ( 2004 , June 21 ) .
+
+S RFID Tags and Privacy .
+
+S Retrieved September 22 , 2009 , from { http : //cei.org/pdf/4080.pdf } [ HYPERLINK : http : //cei.org/pdf/4080.pdf ]
+
+S * Latest RFID Development Kit for Hospital Tracking Solution ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Retrieved September 23 , 2009 , from { http : //www.rfidsolutionsonline.com/article.mvc/RFID-Development-Kit-For-Hospital-Tracking-0001 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.rfidsolutionsonline.com/article.mvc/RFID-Development-Kit-For-Hospital-Tracking-0001 ]
+
+S * RFID tags are difficult to remove ( n.d. ) .
+
+S Retrieved September 23 , 2009 , from { http : //www.technovelgy.com/ct/Technology-Article.asp ? ArtNum = 20 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.technovelgy.com/ct/Technology-Article.asp ? ArtNum = 20 ]
+
+S Title : The use of surveillance technology such as RFID to track people should be banned .
+
+S Technological advancement has made it possible to track people using electronic devices .
+
+S This inevitably has brought about many debates on the moral and ethical grounds .
+
+S There are views that it should be allowed on the ground that such tracking devices actually brings about many benefits , but these benefits comes at a heavy price ; our privacy and rights .
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||grounds|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 16 17|||R:VERB:SVA|||bring|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 24 25|||R:VERB:SVA|||come|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus the using of surveillance technology should not be allowed .
+A 2 3|||R:MORPH|||use|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Installation of surveillance devices are getting common and it is actually demonstration of lack of trust between the management and the employee .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||the installation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 4 5|||R:VERB:SVA|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 11 11|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Productivity of the employee is a major concern of the company .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The productivity|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Such devices enable the management to keep an eye on the employees ' activities making sure that it is in compliance with the company guideline and performing their duties .
+A 24 25|||R:NOUN:NUM|||guidelines|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 26|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||R:MORPH|||performance|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 27 27|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , taking such a measure by the management is a violation of the employees ' rights and privacy .
+A 2 2|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 2 3|||R:OTHER|||implementation|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 3 3|||M:PREP|||of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S It will inevitably strain the relationship between the 2 parties and affects employee commitment and motivation towards their work .
+A 11 12|||R:VERB:SVA|||affect|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In the end productivity of the company suffered as well due to the drastic change in the work culture .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 7 8|||R:VERB:TENSE|||will suffer|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Many surveillance devices like RFID is actually capable of storing information , and hospitals have used it in tagging patient with critical conditions .
+A 5 6|||R:VERB:SVA|||are|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The advantage of it is that all the vital medical history of the patient can be easily retrieved if there is a need for emergency procedure .
+A 15 17|||R:WO|||easily be|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S That would save a lot of preliminary assessment procedures and avoid many unnecessary complications like allergies .
+A 10 10|||M:VERB|||help|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S On the surface the devices ability to save life seems remarkable , but it has serious risks of being abused .
+A 4 6|||R:OTHER|||ability of the devices|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Medical history of a patient is confidential , and storing all these information on the RFID tag/chip risk leaking out these information .
+
+S It is actually technological feasible to steal such information with just the access to a compatible tag/chip reader .
+
+S It is against one rights and privacy if such information got leaked , and prominent figures like celebrities and politicians are most likely the target of these hackers .
+
+S In 2006 , RFID was implanted into employees of citywatch.com working in the classified department , this ensure that only authorized personal has the rights to access the sensitive legal data and images .
+
+S The usage of such sophistical technology no doubt preserves the integrity of these data , but it gave rise to the concern being tagged against one 's will to be remained employed .
+A 1 2|||R:MORPH|||use|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The implantations process us a " quick and relatively simple procedures " , but the removal of it is not .
+A 3 4|||R:OTHER|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:NOUN:NUM|||procedure|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These chips might migrate over the years or was placed too deeply .
+A 8 9|||R:VERB:TENSE|||may have been|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Specialist like plastic surgeon and X-ray might be required to remove the chip .
+
+S In another word , if one was tagged , he risked being permanently marked for life due to the difficulty of removing the chip .
+
+S The use of RFID for tracking purpose exist as early the 1970s by the farmers to keep track of the cattles herd eating and reproductive habits .
+
+S It is still common use for tagging of endangered animals to aid in the study of their behavior in order to preserve their population .
+A 3 5|||R:OTHER|||commonly used|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Such technology has now being shifted from the animals and to be used on human ; it is very degrading and this act displays a total lack of respect towards the tagged personnel .
+A 14 16|||R:OTHER|||humans|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As mentioned in the earlier passage , the removal of such tag is not easy and it poses a very high risk of leaking out confidential data of the personnel against his wish .
+
+S Hence , the use of such tagging devices should remain on the studies of the endangered wildlife and never on human .
+
+S In conclusion , the use of surveillance technology on tagging on people poses very high risk in leaking out personal privacy data and it is an invasion of personal privacy .
+A 10 11|||R:OTHER|||tagging people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 13|||M:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The removal of implanted chip was not easy even if one wishes to reverse it .
+A 3 3|||M:DET|||an|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Lastly it is an extremely degrading act to a fellow human , tagging him like a cattles in the farm , and hence the use of surveillance technology like RFID should be banned .
+
+S Surveillance technology should be used to track people
+
+S Nowadays in this high pacing society , everything is required to be precise .
+A 3 5|||R:OTHER|||fast-paced|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Managers want their employees ' location at anytime , retailers need information of customers in the store and policeman need identification of the suspicious at the spot .
+A 8 9|||R:PUNCT|||;|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , with the emergency of surveillance technology such as RFID , which allows automatic identification of objects , animals or people by incorporating a small electronic chip on its " host " ( Europe 's Information Society , n.d. ) , people 's accurate location can be tracked and returned in time .
+A 4 5|||R:MORPH|||emergence|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S This results in furious debate in the society since it brings the potential problems about privacy .
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , since the surveillance technology can not only help companies to keep their effectiveness but also assist to secure public safety .
+A 0 23|||R:OTHER|||no main clause|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Hence , the use of surveillance technology such as RFID should be necessary .
+
+S One important reason why we should use RFID is that it can help companies to improve working efficiency as well as protect their assets .
+
+S Company can make a standard on working time according to the conditions of the workers by putting an RFID tags on the them ( Barker , 2009 ) .
+A 0 1|||R:NOUN:NUM|||Companies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Besides , by tracking employees using RFID tags , managers of the companies can locate their workers immediately therefore they can know whether he or she is doing the job right there .
+
+S In this way , companies can make their goal in a much faster way .
+
+S Moreover , for retail company , RFID is also a possible tool for them to reduce theft and sabotage .
+A 4 5|||R:NOUN:NUM|||companies|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since they can track every single customer in the store so that when theft occurs , they can get the information of the customer simultaneously .
+
+S Therefore , RFID can help to keep companies assets as well .
+A 7 8|||R:NOUN:NUM|||company|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Another reason of using surveillance technology such as RFID to track people is that it can help to prevent crimes .
+
+S On important occasions , when there are a large number of people involved , it is nearly impossible for police and security stuffs to identify the criminals when crime occurs .
+A 22 23|||R:OTHER|||staff|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , with the help of the surveillance technology , policeman can identify the crinimals very fast and catch them or pay attention to the suspicious at very first to prevent the crime before it can be committed .
+A 27 28|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In this way , such technology like RFID can be used to keep public safety .
+
+S While those who are against the surveillance technology insist that tracking people with RFID is a kind of intrusion to privacy and it shows disrespect to the individual .
+
+S They argue that the potential threaten of RFID is substantial since it contains so much private information , therefore , if abusing RFID will lead to a serious consequence .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN|||threat|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 19|||R:PUNCT|||. Therefore|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 21|||U:PREP||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 21 22|||R:OTHER|||the abuse|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 26 27|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 28 29|||R:NOUN:NUM|||consequences|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , legislation is already in place national level and data protection authorities have been established to safeguard the unauthorized use of personal data ( RFID Consultation , n.d. ) .
+A 7 7|||M:PREP|||at|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Furthermore , the authorities have elaborated working documents on Data protection Issues about RFID to rigorously guide RFID deployers on application ( RFID Consultation , n.d. ) .
+A 5 6|||R:MORPH|||elaborate|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Therefore , the data acquired from individuals with RFID will be safely kept to ensure the privacy of the individual .
+
+S In conclusion , it is apparent that the surveillance technology such as RFID to track people is an useful tool this modern society .
+A 17 18|||R:DET|||a|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 20 20|||M:PREP|||in|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Since it substantially improves the efficiency of the employees of companies and helps to protect assets .
+
+S Additionally , it is a effective way for policeman to identify criminals and prevent crimes at the beginning .
+A 4 5|||R:OTHER|||an effective|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 8 9|||R:NOUN:NUM|||policemen|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , if we can utilize this kind of surveillance technology more appropriately and keep more strict regulation on its application all long , it will surely be supported worldwide .
+A 21 23|||U:ADV||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Reference :
+
+S Baker,J .
+
+S ( 2009 ) .Business use RFID to track workers , pay for fewer hours .
+
+S Retrieved on October 4th 2009 from http : //news.medill.northwestern.edu/chicago/news.aspx ? id = 111561
+
+S Europe 's Information Society. ( n.d .
+
+S ) What is Radio Frequency Identification ?
+
+S Retrieved on October 4th 2009 from http : //ec.europa.eu/information_society/policy/rfid/about_rfid/index_en.htm
+
+S RFID Consultation ( n.d ) .
+
+S Privacy and Data .
+
+S Retrieved on October 4th 2009 from http : //www.rfidconsultation.eu/workshops/19/145.html
+
+S As the application of surveillance technology such as RFID becoming more common and widespread , the community raised an issue of tracking people using these surveillance technologies will harm human rights .
+A 9 9|||M:VERB:TENSE|||is|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 17 17|||M:VERB:TENSE|||has|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 19 20|||R:OTHER|||that the tracking of people|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S However , I think that the benefits of such surveillance technologies outweigh its cost of intruding human 's privacy .
+A 12 13|||R:OTHER|||the cost|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S These technologies are beneficial in medical field , social security and natural disaster rescue or investigation .
+
+S There are several applications of surveillance technologies in medical field .
+A 8 8|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S One of them is implanting a RFID chip which contains the medical record of the patient in their body .
+
+S This RFID chip plays an important role to let the doctors to access to the patients ' medical information when the patients are incapable to communicate ( Ahuja,A. , 2006 ) .
+A 7 9|||R:OTHER|||in letting|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 9 10|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S With this easy access to patients ' medical information , the fatality rate due to lack of information available to medical personnel will be reduced dramatically .
+
+S A solid example for the benefit of surveillance technology in medical field is the implanting of RFID chip into Alzheimer patients ( Swedberg,C. , 2009 ) .
+
+S With the help of the chip implanted in these patients , medical personnel will encounter less difficulty in understanding the patients ' medical information even if the patients ' suffer from loss of memory due to the disease .
+
+S Furthermore , surveillance technologies also can be used to improve the social security .
+A 4 6|||R:WO|||can also|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Equipped with these surveillance technologies , our family member can locate us easily and hence decrease the kidnapping rate .
+
+S This application is proven to be effective when the Mexican Agency tried to use these surveillance technologies to curb the kidnapping epidemic in the country .
+
+S In the same time , United States also implemented the usage of surveillance technologies in their prison to control the violence rate .
+A 5 5|||M:DET|||the|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 10 11|||R:MORPH|||use|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The 60 % decrease in the violence rate in these prisons proved that surveillance technology is effective in preventing the violence from happening ( { Kanellos } [ HYPERLINK : mailto : michael.kanellos @ cnet.com ] ,M. , 2004 ) .
+
+S Thus , surveillance technologies in tracking people might be a good alternative in preventing criminal act from happening .
+
+S In addition , these surveillance technologies are also very effective during the rescue operation or investigation .
+A 11 12|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 13 14|||R:NOUN:NUM|||operations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 15 16|||R:NOUN:NUM|||investigations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Implanted RFID chip can help the rescue team or investigation team to identify the deceased in case they are disfigured or trapped .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||An implanted|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As an example , the during the 911 incident rescue operations , the firefighters wrote their badge numbers on their arms so that they could be identified in case they are disfigured or trapped ( { Kanellos } [ HYPERLINK : mailto : michael.kanellos @ cnet.com ] ,M. , 2004 ) .
+A 4 5|||U:DET||||||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+A 30 31|||R:VERB:TENSE|||were|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , it will be much more convenient effective if these firefighters have implanted RFID chip which record their information .
+
+S It is no doubt that there are disadvantages in using surveillance technologies in tracking people .
+
+S However , surveillance technology is a tool ; all technologies can be used in positive or negative way .
+
+S Just like the drugs , it can be used as poison but in the same time it is the medicine .
+
+S Although applying surveillance technology on people might lead harming human rights , we can minimise this situation by raising the security level of these RFID chip by encrypting the information it contains .
+A 8 9|||R:OTHER|||to the harming of|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S In conclusion , surveillance technology on people is like a double-edge sword .
+
+S We have to use it carefully to utilise it to the maximum in the medical field , improving social security and assists in rescues or investigation operations .
+
+S References :
+
+S Ahuja,A .
+
+S ( 2006 ) TIMES ONLINE .
+
+S Retrieved 1st October 2009 : { http : //www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/guest_contributors/article691731.ece # } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/guest_contributors/article691731.ece ]
+
+S Swedberg,C .
+
+S ( 2009 ) RFID Journal .
+
+S Retrieved 1st October 2009 : { http : //www.rfidjournal.com/article/view/3340/2 } [ HYPERLINK : http : //www.rfidjournal.com/article/view/3340/2 ]
+
+S { Kanellos } [ HYPERLINK : mailto : michael.kanellos @ cnet.com ] ,M. ( 2004 ) Idea of implanting ID tags raises Orwellian fears .
+
+S Retrieved 1st October 2009 : { http : //news.cnet.com/Human-chips-more-than-skin-deep/2009-1008_3-5318076.html } [ HYPERLINK : http : //news.cnet.com/Human-chips-more-than-skin-deep/2009-1008_3-5318076.html ]
+
+S With the advances in technology , the use of surveillance technology is inevitable .
+
+S This results in the controversy on whether surveillance technology such as RFID ( radio-frequency identification ) should be banned as it invades privacy .
+
+S However , surveillance technology also has its benefits such as security , safety and work efficiency .
+
+S Thus , I do not agree that surveillance technology should not be used to track people as the benefits outweigh the problems .
+
+S Surveillance technology helps to ensure security in the society .
+
+S It is useful in anti-terrorism .
+
+S Surveillance technology can be used to track the movement of the terrorists and arrest them before they cause greater damage to the society .
+
+S In New York , a group of men are under surveillance as they are suspected in a plot to use homemade bombs to attack New York City commuter trains ( Hays & Barrett , 2009 ) .
+
+S With surveillance technology , such incident can be prevented .
+A 5 6|||R:NOUN:NUM|||incidents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S Thus , this results in a better security in the society .
+
+S Therefore , surveillance technology should be used to track people such as terrorists to ensure better security .
+
+S Surveillance technology results in safety in the medical sector .
+
+S RFID can be used to monitor patients with Alzheimer 's diseases .
+
+S This reduces the risk of these patients getting lost .
+
+S RFID will able to track their location and find them .
+
+S This reduces the chance of patients getting themselves into danger .
+
+S Another advantage is that RFID can ensure the safety of infants .
+
+S For example , on July 15 , 2005 , with the use of RFID in infant protection system , a baby was prevented from being abducted at Presbyterian Hospital in Charlotte , North Carolina .
+
+S An alarm will be triggered if the infant should not be leaving the specific area .
+
+S Thus , surveillance technology should be used to track patients and infants to ensure safety .
+
+S Surveillance technology can help to increase work efficiency .
+
+S In works that involve delivery , RFID can be used to ensure that employees do not go to any unauthorised places or misuse the vehicles during work .
+
+S Similar situation can be seen in the military vehicles in Singapore .
+A 1 2|||R:NOUN:NUM|||situations|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S The movement of the vehicles are tracked to ensure that soldiers follow their tasks and do not misuse the vehicles for other personal reasons .
+
+S Critics of this position claim that it is invading their freedom .
+
+S However , during working hours , employees should be following their work .
+
+S They should not misuse the vehicles unless it is an emergency .
+
+S Thus , surveillance technology should be used to track people to increase work efficiency .
+
+S Opponents of surveillance technology argue that surveillance technology invades privacy .
+A 0 1|||M:DET|||The opponents|||REQUIRED|||-NONE-|||0
+
+S As a result , surveillance technology should not be used to track people .
+
+S This argument is insufficient as security and safety are more important than privacy .
+
+S Privacy should be compromise for security and safety .
+
+S Hence , surveillance technology should be used to track people to allow better security and safety .
+
+S In conclusion , surveillance technology results in better security , safety and increases work efficiency .
+
+S The benefits of surveillance technology outweigh the problems .
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+S Therefore , I do not agree that surveillance technology should not be used to track people .
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+S References
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+S Hays , T. , & Barrett , D. ( 2009 , October 1 ) .
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+S Official : NY men being watched in terrorism probe .
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+S Retrieved October 4 , 2009 from http : //sg.news.yahoo.com/ap/20091001/twl-us-nyc-terror-ef375f8.html
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