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| have you ever wondered how all the |
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| have you ever wondered how all the |
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| have you ever wondered how all the |
| chemical elements are made then join me |
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| chemical elements are made then join me |
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| chemical elements are made then join me |
| as we are lifting all the status secrets |
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| as we are lifting all the status secrets |
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| as we are lifting all the status secrets |
| to understand the cosmic origin of the |
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| to understand the cosmic origin of the |
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| to understand the cosmic origin of the |
| chemical elements let's look at the |
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| chemical elements let's look at the |
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| chemical elements let's look at the |
| early chemical evolution |
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| early chemical evolution |
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| early chemical evolution |
| [Music] |
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| some 14 billion years ago everything |
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| some 14 billion years ago everything |
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| some 14 billion years ago everything |
| started with a big bang bang and it left |
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| started with a big bang bang and it left |
| |
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| started with a big bang bang and it left |
| behind a universe that was made from |
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| behind a universe that was made from |
| |
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| behind a universe that was made from |
| just hydrogen and helium gas I mentioned |
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| just hydrogen and helium gas I mentioned |
| |
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| just hydrogen and helium gas I mentioned |
| before there's a tiny tiny little trace |
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| before there's a tiny tiny little trace |
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| before there's a tiny tiny little trace |
| of lithium but we're not going to worry |
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| of lithium but we're not going to worry |
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| of lithium but we're not going to worry |
| about that so we had a universe but |
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| about that so we had a universe but |
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| about that so we had a universe but |
| there were no stars yet so it was |
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| there were no stars yet so it was |
| |
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| there were no stars yet so it was |
| actually dark and some people call that |
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| actually dark and some people call that |
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| actually dark and some people call that |
| the cosmic Dark Ages but structure began |
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| the cosmic Dark Ages but structure began |
| |
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| the cosmic Dark Ages but structure began |
| to form and gas began to clump and so |
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| to form and gas began to clump and so |
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| to form and gas began to clump and so |
| eventually in a gas cloud the very first |
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| eventually in a gas cloud the very first |
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| eventually in a gas cloud the very first |
| stars formed here are two of the first |
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| stars formed here are two of the first |
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| stars formed here are two of the first |
| stars and they were made just from |
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| stars and they were made just from |
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| stars and they were made just from |
| hydrogen and helium because the gas was |
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| hydrogen and helium because the gas was |
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| hydrogen and helium because the gas was |
| just hydrogen helium but for energy |
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| just hydrogen helium but for energy |
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| just hydrogen helium but for energy |
| generation purposes need stars needed to |
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| generation purposes need stars needed to |
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| generation purposes need stars needed to |
| have nuclear fusion go on in their |
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| have nuclear fusion go on in their |
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| have nuclear fusion go on in their |
| course to produce energy and so the |
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| course to produce energy and so the |
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| course to produce energy and so the |
| first elements heavier than hydrogen |
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| first elements heavier than hydrogen |
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| first elements heavier than hydrogen |
| helium were created inside of these |
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| helium were created inside of these |
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| helium were created inside of these |
| stars and later when they exploded a |
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| stars and later when they exploded a |
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| stars and later when they exploded a |
| supernova they were expelled into this |
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| supernova they were expelled into this |
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| supernova they were expelled into this |
| gas cloud so we had the first elements |
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| gas cloud so we had the first elements |
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| gas cloud so we had the first elements |
| here and of course they also gave the |
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| here and of course they also gave the |
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| here and of course they also gave the |
| first light they lit up the universe for |
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| first light they lit up the universe for |
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| first light they lit up the universe for |
| the first time and changed it in in a |
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| the first time and changed it in in a |
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| the first time and changed it in in a |
| number of ways not just by bringing in |
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| number of ways not just by bringing in |
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| number of ways not just by bringing in |
| light but also by producing the first |
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| light but also by producing the first |
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| light but also by producing the first |
| heavier elements and that set in motion |
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| heavier elements and that set in motion |
| |
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| heavier elements and that set in motion |
| the chemical evolution of the elements |
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| the chemical evolution of the elements |
| |
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| the chemical evolution of the elements |
| that's an ongoing process until today |
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| that's an ongoing process until today |
| |
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| that's an ongoing process until today |
| now these stars here because they form |
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| now these stars here because they form |
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| now these stars here because they form |
| from just hydrogen and helium gas were |
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| from just hydrogen and helium gas were |
| |
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| from just hydrogen and helium gas were |
| very massive rather large maybe |
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| very massive rather large maybe |
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| very massive rather large maybe |
| something like a hundred solar masses so |
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| something like a hundred solar masses so |
| |
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| something like a hundred solar masses so |
| we use the unit here of solar mass this |
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| we use the unit here of solar mass this |
| |
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| we use the unit here of solar mass this |
| is the symbol for the Sun here as a unit |
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| is the symbol for the Sun here as a unit |
| |
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| is the symbol for the Sun here as a unit |
| so a hundred times more hundred times as |
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| so a hundred times more hundred times as |
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| so a hundred times more hundred times as |
| heavy as the Sun and |
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| the reason for that is that hydrogen |
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| the reason for that is that hydrogen |
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| the reason for that is that hydrogen |
| helium gas has trouble getting really |
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| helium gas has trouble getting really |
| |
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| helium gas has trouble getting really |
| cold |
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| cold |
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| cold |
| making small stars the the important |
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| making small stars the the important |
| |
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| making small stars the the important |
| thing with massive stars is that they |
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| thing with massive stars is that they |
| |
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| thing with massive stars is that they |
| have really short lifetime so they have |
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| have really short lifetime so they have |
| |
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| have really short lifetime so they have |
| a short lifetime of maybe a few a few |
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| a short lifetime of maybe a few a few |
| |
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| a short lifetime of maybe a few a few |
| million years only a few million years |
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| million years only a few million years |
| |
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| million years only a few million years |
| is not much for on a cosmic time scale |
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| is not much for on a cosmic time scale |
| |
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| is not much for on a cosmic time scale |
| which means they exploded pretty quickly |
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| which means they exploded pretty quickly |
| |
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| which means they exploded pretty quickly |
| as gigantic supernova and as already |
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| as gigantic supernova and as already |
| |
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| as gigantic supernova and as already |
| indicated what happened at a later time |
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| indicated what happened at a later time |
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| indicated what happened at a later time |
| these stars were gone but they left |
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| these stars were gone but they left |
| |
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| these stars were gone but they left |
| behind all the heavy elements that they |
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| behind all the heavy elements that they |
| |
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| behind all the heavy elements that they |
| are created and I should be specific |
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| are created and I should be specific |
| |
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| are created and I should be specific |
| here these have your elements where all |
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| here these have your elements where all |
| |
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| here these have your elements where all |
| the elements made in fusion processes up |
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| the elements made in fusion processes up |
| |
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| the elements made in fusion processes up |
| to iron so we have fusion elements in in |
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| to iron so we have fusion elements in in |
| |
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| to iron so we have fusion elements in in |
| the gas and with the onset of these |
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| the gas and with the onset of these |
| |
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| the gas and with the onset of these |
| little other elements being in the gas |
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| little other elements being in the gas |
| |
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| little other elements being in the gas |
| now the gas could for a clump much |
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| now the gas could for a clump much |
| |
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| now the gas could for a clump much |
| better and actually make small stars so |
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| better and actually make small stars so |
| |
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| better and actually make small stars so |
| the next generation of stars so this was |
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| the next generation of stars so this was |
| |
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| the next generation of stars so this was |
| the first generation first generation |
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| the first generation first generation |
| |
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| the first generation first generation |
| and here now we have the formation of |
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| and here now we have the formation of |
| |
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| and here now we have the formation of |
| second-generation stars here as a |
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| second-generation stars here as a |
| |
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| second-generation stars here as a |
| second-generation star here's a second |
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| second-generation star here's a second |
| |
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| second-generation star here's a second |
| generation starts off small stars |
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| generation starts off small stars |
| |
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| generation starts off small stars |
| similar to the Sun and perhaps a little |
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| similar to the Sun and perhaps a little |
| |
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| similar to the Sun and perhaps a little |
| bit less massive than the Sun actually |
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| bit less massive than the Sun actually |
| |
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| bit less massive than the Sun actually |
| but of course you're not going to make |
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| but of course you're not going to make |
| |
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| but of course you're not going to make |
| just small stars you're also gonna make |
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| just small stars you're also gonna make |
| |
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| just small stars you're also gonna make |
| big stars so we have a few big stars |
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| big stars so we have a few big stars |
| |
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| big stars so we have a few big stars |
| here again a few intermediate ones |
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| here again a few intermediate ones |
| |
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| here again a few intermediate ones |
| and the big ones the massive ones will |
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| and the big ones the massive ones will |
| |
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| and the big ones the massive ones will |
| again explode on a pretty fast timescale |
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| again explode on a pretty fast timescale |
| |
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| again explode on a pretty fast timescale |
| and make more elements but these little |
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| and make more elements but these little |
| |
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| and make more elements but these little |
| guys and that's the interesting part for |
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| guys and that's the interesting part for |
| |
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| guys and that's the interesting part for |
| us here now so the low mass second |
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| us here now so the low mass second |
| |
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| us here now so the low mass second |
| generations to us they have very long |
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| generations to us they have very long |
| |
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| generations to us they have very long |
| lifetimes long lifetimes of something |
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| lifetimes long lifetimes of something |
| |
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| lifetimes long lifetimes of something |
| like 15 to 20 billion years because they |
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| like 15 to 20 billion years because they |
| |
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| like 15 to 20 billion years because they |
| have I can just write that here solo me |
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| have I can just write that here solo me |
| |
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| have I can just write that here solo me |
| as they had maybe masters or at least |
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| as they had maybe masters or at least |
| |
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| as they had maybe masters or at least |
| some of them had masses between 0.6 to |
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| some of them had masses between 0.6 to |
| |
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| align:start position:0% |
| some of them had masses between 0.6 to |
| 0.8 solar masses so less massive than |
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| 0.8 solar masses so less massive than |
| |
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| 0.8 solar masses so less massive than |
| our Sun and as a good rule of thumb I |
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| our Sun and as a good rule of thumb I |
| |
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| our Sun and as a good rule of thumb I |
| can write this here the Sun has by |
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| can write this here the Sun has by |
| |
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| align:start position:0% |
| can write this here the Sun has by |
| definition a one solar mass and that has |
|
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| align:start position:0% |
| definition a one solar mass and that has |
| |
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| align:start position:0% |
| definition a one solar mass and that has |
| a lifetime or the Sun has a lifetime of |
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| align:start position:0% |
| a lifetime or the Sun has a lifetime of |
| |
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| align:start position:0% |
| a lifetime or the Sun has a lifetime of |
| 10 billion years and so everything that |
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| 10 billion years and so everything that |
| |
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| align:start position:0% |
| 10 billion years and so everything that |
| has less mass will have a longer |
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| align:start position:0% |
| has less mass will have a longer |
| |
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| align:start position:0% |
| has less mass will have a longer |
| lifetime and everything that is more |
|
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| align:start position:0% |
| lifetime and everything that is more |
| |
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| align:start position:0% |
| lifetime and everything that is more |
| massive than one so let me ask will have |
|
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| align:start position:0% |
| massive than one so let me ask will have |
| |
|
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| align:start position:0% |
| massive than one so let me ask will have |
| a much shorter lifetime yeah now what |
|
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| a much shorter lifetime yeah now what |
| |
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| align:start position:0% |
| a much shorter lifetime yeah now what |
| does this imply having a long lifetime |
|
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| align:start position:0% |
| does this imply having a long lifetime |
| |
|
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| align:start position:0% |
| does this imply having a long lifetime |
| it means that these stars are still |
|
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| align:start position:0% |
| it means that these stars are still |
| |
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| align:start position:0% |
| it means that these stars are still |
| around they are around today we can |
|
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| around they are around today we can |
| |
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| around they are around today we can |
| observe them today we can see them today |
|
|
| align:start position:0% |
| observe them today we can see them today |
| |
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| align:start position:0% |
| observe them today we can see them today |
| and that means that we can use them to |
|
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| align:start position:0% |
| and that means that we can use them to |
| |
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| align:start position:0% |
| and that means that we can use them to |
| study the composition of this early gas |
|
|
| align:start position:0% |
| study the composition of this early gas |
| |
|
|
| align:start position:0% |
| study the composition of this early gas |
| here because that's when they're formed |
|
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| here because that's when they're formed |
| |
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| align:start position:0% |
| here because that's when they're formed |
| they have incorporated in in all their |
|
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| align:start position:0% |
| they have incorporated in in all their |
| |
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| align:start position:0% |
| they have incorporated in in all their |
| layers throughout the composition of |
|
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| align:start position:0% |
| layers throughout the composition of |
| |
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| align:start position:0% |
| layers throughout the composition of |
| this gas cloud it has what that was |
|
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| align:start position:0% |
| this gas cloud it has what that was |
| |
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| align:start position:0% |
| this gas cloud it has what that was |
| enriched by these very first stars so we |
|
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| align:start position:0% |
| enriched by these very first stars so we |
| |
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| align:start position:0% |
| enriched by these very first stars so we |
| have means to study the first stars and |
|
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| align:start position:0% |
| have means to study the first stars and |
| |
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| align:start position:0% |
| have means to study the first stars and |
| what came out of their supernova |
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| what came out of their supernova |
| |
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| align:start position:0% |
| what came out of their supernova |
| explosions and what happened at this |
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| explosions and what happened at this |
| |
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| align:start position:0% |
| explosions and what happened at this |
| very early phase of star formation |
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| very early phase of star formation |
| |
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| align:start position:0% |
| very early phase of star formation |
| galaxy formation and formation of all |
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| align:start position:0% |
| galaxy formation and formation of all |
| |
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| align:start position:0% |
| galaxy formation and formation of all |
| the chemical elements |
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| the chemical elements |
| |
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| align:start position:0% |
| the chemical elements |
| if you then wind the clock forward many |
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| align:start position:0% |
| if you then wind the clock forward many |
| |
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| align:start position:0% |
| if you then wind the clock forward many |
| things happened after well of course |
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| align:start position:0% |
| things happened after well of course |
| |
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| align:start position:0% |
| things happened after well of course |
| more stories formed many many more cells |
|
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| more stories formed many many more cells |
| |
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| align:start position:0% |
| more stories formed many many more cells |
| more supernovae and with every |
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| align:start position:0% |
| more supernovae and with every |
| |
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| align:start position:0% |
| more supernovae and with every |
| generation of supernovae more of all the |
|
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| align:start position:0% |
| generation of supernovae more of all the |
| |
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| align:start position:0% |
| generation of supernovae more of all the |
| elements was provided more of all the |
|
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| align:start position:0% |
| elements was provided more of all the |
| |
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| align:start position:0% |
| elements was provided more of all the |
| elements because as we will see later in |
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| elements because as we will see later in |
| |
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| align:start position:0% |
| elements because as we will see later in |
| some of these very early processes |
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| some of these very early processes |
| |
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| some of these very early processes |
| nuclear physics processes all the |
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| nuclear physics processes all the |
| |
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| align:start position:0% |
| nuclear physics processes all the |
| elements from the periodic table could |
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| align:start position:0% |
| elements from the periodic table could |
| |
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| align:start position:0% |
| elements from the periodic table could |
| have been were created already at the |
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| align:start position:0% |
| have been were created already at the |
| |
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| align:start position:0% |
| have been were created already at the |
| earliest times then with time more and |
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| align:start position:0% |
| earliest times then with time more and |
| |
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| align:start position:0% |
| earliest times then with time more and |
| more of all of them were created it's |
|
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| align:start position:0% |
| more of all of them were created it's |
| |
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| align:start position:0% |
| more of all of them were created it's |
| not like that the universe because it |
|
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| align:start position:0% |
| not like that the universe because it |
| |
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| align:start position:0% |
| not like that the universe because it |
| was just hydrogen and helium in the |
|
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| align:start position:0% |
| was just hydrogen and helium in the |
| |
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| align:start position:0% |
| was just hydrogen and helium in the |
| beginning then it took time to build up |
|
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| align:start position:0% |
| beginning then it took time to build up |
| |
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| align:start position:0% |
| beginning then it took time to build up |
| all the elements and march through the |
|
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| align:start position:0% |
| all the elements and march through the |
| |
|
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| align:start position:0% |
| all the elements and march through the |
| periodic table with time that is not the |
|
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| align:start position:0% |
| periodic table with time that is not the |
| |
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| align:start position:0% |
| periodic table with time that is not the |
| case |
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| case |
| |
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| align:start position:0% |
| case |
| everything was produced from early on |
|
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| align:start position:0% |
| everything was produced from early on |
| |
|
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| align:start position:0% |
| everything was produced from early on |
| and then just more and more and so well |
|
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| align:start position:0% |
| and then just more and more and so well |
| |
|
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| align:start position:0% |
| and then just more and more and so well |
| we have more stories and more chemical |
|
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| align:start position:0% |
| we have more stories and more chemical |
| |
|
|
| align:start position:0% |
| we have more stories and more chemical |
| and enrichment but also the formation of |
|
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| align:start position:0% |
| and enrichment but also the formation of |
| |
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| align:start position:0% |
| and enrichment but also the formation of |
| the first bigger structures larger |
|
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| align:start position:0% |
| the first bigger structures larger |
| |
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| align:start position:0% |
| the first bigger structures larger |
| structures including the the Milky Way |
|
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| align:start position:0% |
| structures including the the Milky Way |
| |
|
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| align:start position:0% |
| structures including the the Milky Way |
| just going to breathe yet in like this |
|
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| align:start position:0% |
| just going to breathe yet in like this |
| |
|
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| align:start position:0% |
| just going to breathe yet in like this |
| because this all happened in in small |
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| align:start position:0% |
| because this all happened in in small |
| |
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| align:start position:0% |
| because this all happened in in small |
| gravitationally bound systems and they |
|
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| align:start position:0% |
| gravitationally bound systems and they |
| |
|
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| align:start position:0% |
| gravitationally bound systems and they |
| were then gobbled up later by slightly |
|
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| align:start position:0% |
| were then gobbled up later by slightly |
| |
|
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| align:start position:0% |
| were then gobbled up later by slightly |
| bigger neighbors and then those who may |
|
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| align:start position:0% |
| bigger neighbors and then those who may |
| |
|
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| align:start position:0% |
| bigger neighbors and then those who may |
| be gobbled up by the proton Milky Way |
|
|
| align:start position:0% |
| be gobbled up by the proton Milky Way |
| |
|
|
| align:start position:0% |
| be gobbled up by the proton Milky Way |
| and eventually the Milky Way formed and |
|
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| align:start position:0% |
| and eventually the Milky Way formed and |
| |
|
|
| align:start position:0% |
| and eventually the Milky Way formed and |
| formed from from the remnants of all |
|
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| align:start position:0% |
| formed from from the remnants of all |
| |
|
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| align:start position:0% |
| formed from from the remnants of all |
| these little metal systems and so all of |
|
|
| align:start position:0% |
| these little metal systems and so all of |
| |
|
|
| align:start position:0% |
| these little metal systems and so all of |
| this here happened as time went on and |
|
|
| align:start position:0% |
| this here happened as time went on and |
| |
|
|
| align:start position:0% |
| this here happened as time went on and |
| until today today we have a universe |
|
|
| align:start position:0% |
| until today today we have a universe |
| |
|
|
| align:start position:0% |
| until today today we have a universe |
| that's full of structure and and full of |
|
|
| align:start position:0% |
| that's full of structure and and full of |
| |
|
|
| align:start position:0% |
| that's full of structure and and full of |
| all the elements well a whole two |
|
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| align:start position:0% |
| all the elements well a whole two |
| |
|
|
| align:start position:0% |
| all the elements well a whole two |
| percent but I think we can consider this |
|
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| align:start position:0% |
| percent but I think we can consider this |
| |
|
|
| align:start position:0% |
| percent but I think we can consider this |
| for at least you know if you're an |
|
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| align:start position:0% |
| for at least you know if you're an |
| |
|
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| align:start position:0% |
| for at least you know if you're an |
| astronomer and this and chemical |
|
|
| align:start position:0% |
| astronomer and this and chemical |
| |
|
|
| align:start position:0% |
| astronomer and this and chemical |
| evolution is is an ongoing |
|
|
| align:start position:0% |
| evolution is is an ongoing |
| |
|
|
| align:start position:0% |
| evolution is is an ongoing |
| so in the following we're going to look |
|
|
| align:start position:0% |
| so in the following we're going to look |
| |
|
|
| align:start position:0% |
| so in the following we're going to look |
| in more detail at chemical enrichment |
|
|
| align:start position:0% |
| in more detail at chemical enrichment |
| |
|
|
| align:start position:0% |
| in more detail at chemical enrichment |
| and chemical evolution and also stellar |
|
|
| align:start position:0% |
| and chemical evolution and also stellar |
| |
|
|
| align:start position:0% |
| and chemical evolution and also stellar |
| archaeology which is the way how we use |
|
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| align:start position:0% |
| archaeology which is the way how we use |
| |
|
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| align:start position:0% |
| archaeology which is the way how we use |
| old stars to trace these different early |
|
|
| align:start position:0% |
| old stars to trace these different early |
| |
|
|
| align:start position:0% |
| old stars to trace these different early |
| stages of chemical evolution |
|
|
| align:start position:0% |
| |
| |
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| align:start position:0% |
| |
| you |
