align:start position:0% foreign align:start position:0% align:start position:0% okay align:start position:0% okay align:start position:0% okay so last time we ended on one of these align:start position:0% so last time we ended on one of these align:start position:0% so last time we ended on one of these Cliffhangers uh and uh so I rushed you align:start position:0% Cliffhangers uh and uh so I rushed you align:start position:0% Cliffhangers uh and uh so I rushed you through a bunch of Japanese data and align:start position:0% through a bunch of Japanese data and align:start position:0% through a bunch of Japanese data and then we got to align:start position:0% then we got to align:start position:0% then we got to um this new bit of linguistic technology align:start position:0% um this new bit of linguistic technology align:start position:0% um this new bit of linguistic technology that's going to be annoying align:start position:0% that's going to be annoying align:start position:0% that's going to be annoying um this new bit of linguistic technology align:start position:0% um this new bit of linguistic technology align:start position:0% um this new bit of linguistic technology and uh sort of went through it pretty align:start position:0% and uh sort of went through it pretty align:start position:0% and uh sort of went through it pretty fast so what I want to do is do the align:start position:0% fast so what I want to do is do the align:start position:0% fast so what I want to do is do the run-up to that again a little more align:start position:0% run-up to that again a little more align:start position:0% run-up to that again a little more carefully and show you what it is that align:start position:0% carefully and show you what it is that align:start position:0% carefully and show you what it is that we're talking about what we were talking align:start position:0% we're talking about what we were talking align:start position:0% we're talking about what we were talking about at the end was the position of align:start position:0% about at the end was the position of align:start position:0% about at the end was the position of accent and Japanese compounds so here align:start position:0% accent and Japanese compounds so here align:start position:0% accent and Japanese compounds so here are a bunch of compound nouns uh in align:start position:0% are a bunch of compound nouns uh in align:start position:0% are a bunch of compound nouns uh in Japanese and the observation was that align:start position:0% Japanese and the observation was that align:start position:0% Japanese and the observation was that when you have two compound consisting of align:start position:0% when you have two compound consisting of align:start position:0% when you have two compound consisting of two parts uh you the result always has align:start position:0% two parts uh you the result always has align:start position:0% two parts uh you the result always has one accent it has Accent on one align:start position:0% one accent it has Accent on one align:start position:0% one accent it has Accent on one particular syllable align:start position:0% particular syllable align:start position:0% particular syllable um the accented syllable doesn't have to align:start position:0% um the accented syllable doesn't have to align:start position:0% um the accented syllable doesn't have to be the accented syllable in either of align:start position:0% be the accented syllable in either of align:start position:0% be the accented syllable in either of the original you know parts of the align:start position:0% the original you know parts of the align:start position:0% the original you know parts of the compounds so like raw egg which is the align:start position:0% compounds so like raw egg which is the align:start position:0% compounds so like raw egg which is the first example on this slide align:start position:0% first example on this slide align:start position:0% first example on this slide raw and egg uh you know they have align:start position:0% raw and egg uh you know they have align:start position:0% raw and egg uh you know they have accents where they have accents raw has align:start position:0% accents where they have accents raw has align:start position:0% accents where they have accents raw has an accent on the first syllable egg has align:start position:0% an accent on the first syllable egg has align:start position:0% an accent on the first syllable egg has snacks in on the second syllable but raw align:start position:0% snacks in on the second syllable but raw align:start position:0% snacks in on the second syllable but raw egg has an accent on the syllable which align:start position:0% egg has an accent on the syllable which align:start position:0% egg has an accent on the syllable which is not normally accented in a align:start position:0% is not normally accented in a align:start position:0% is not normally accented in a um what we said was you know there is a align:start position:0% um what we said was you know there is a align:start position:0% um what we said was you know there is a set of rules for where accent goes in align:start position:0% set of rules for where accent goes in align:start position:0% set of rules for where accent goes in these compounds align:start position:0% these compounds align:start position:0% these compounds and the rules go something like this uh align:start position:0% and the rules go something like this uh align:start position:0% and the rules go something like this uh there's only going to be one accent it align:start position:0% there's only going to be one accent it align:start position:0% there's only going to be one accent it needs to be next to the boundary between align:start position:0% needs to be next to the boundary between align:start position:0% needs to be next to the boundary between the words align:start position:0% the words align:start position:0% the words um and if possible it should be on the align:start position:0% um and if possible it should be on the align:start position:0% um and if possible it should be on the second word that is it should be after align:start position:0% second word that is it should be after align:start position:0% second word that is it should be after the boundary between the words align:start position:0% the boundary between the words align:start position:0% the boundary between the words but you don't do that if that would align:start position:0% but you don't do that if that would align:start position:0% but you don't do that if that would result in the accident being on the last align:start position:0% result in the accident being on the last align:start position:0% result in the accident being on the last syllable so the sort of General pattern align:start position:0% syllable so the sort of General pattern align:start position:0% syllable so the sort of General pattern is the one you're getting in french align:start position:0% is the one you're getting in french align:start position:0% is the one you're getting in french fries align:start position:0% fries align:start position:0% fries where you get accent at the beginning of align:start position:0% where you get accent at the beginning of align:start position:0% where you get accent at the beginning of the second half of the compound potato align:start position:0% the second half of the compound potato align:start position:0% the second half of the compound potato yeah align:start position:0% yeah align:start position:0% yeah um that's what you get in most of the align:start position:0% um that's what you get in most of the align:start position:0% um that's what you get in most of the examples on the preceding slide if we go align:start position:0% examples on the preceding slide if we go align:start position:0% examples on the preceding slide if we go back to the preceding slide you can see align:start position:0% back to the preceding slide you can see align:start position:0% back to the preceding slide you can see that in raw egg right it's at the align:start position:0% that in raw egg right it's at the align:start position:0% that in raw egg right it's at the beginning of egg you can see it in field align:start position:0% beginning of egg you can see it in field align:start position:0% beginning of egg you can see it in field mouse it's at the beginning of mouse and align:start position:0% mouse it's at the beginning of mouse and align:start position:0% mouse it's at the beginning of mouse and uh you're also getting it in French fry align:start position:0% uh you're also getting it in French fry align:start position:0% uh you're also getting it in French fry but there's this class sort of coherent align:start position:0% but there's this class sort of coherent align:start position:0% but there's this class sort of coherent class of exceptions if the second half align:start position:0% class of exceptions if the second half align:start position:0% class of exceptions if the second half of the compound is only one syllable align:start position:0% of the compound is only one syllable align:start position:0% of the compound is only one syllable long then you don't put accent on the align:start position:0% long then you don't put accent on the align:start position:0% long then you don't put accent on the second half you put it at the end of the align:start position:0% second half you put it at the end of the align:start position:0% second half you put it at the end of the first half so Kagawa prefecture uh align:start position:0% first half so Kagawa prefecture uh align:start position:0% first half so Kagawa prefecture uh Kagawa is uh its name of a place and align:start position:0% Kagawa is uh its name of a place and align:start position:0% Kagawa is uh its name of a place and it's got Accent on its first syllable align:start position:0% it's got Accent on its first syllable align:start position:0% it's got Accent on its first syllable but the expression for Kagawa prefecture align:start position:0% but the expression for Kagawa prefecture align:start position:0% but the expression for Kagawa prefecture has accent at almost at the boundary align:start position:0% has accent at almost at the boundary align:start position:0% has accent at almost at the boundary it's right before the boundary between align:start position:0% it's right before the boundary between align:start position:0% it's right before the boundary between them not on the second half of the align:start position:0% them not on the second half of the align:start position:0% them not on the second half of the compound unusually because the second align:start position:0% compound unusually because the second align:start position:0% compound unusually because the second half of the compound is only one align:start position:0% half of the compound is only one align:start position:0% half of the compound is only one syllable longs align:start position:0% align:start position:0% I'm telling you all this not just to align:start position:0% I'm telling you all this not just to align:start position:0% I'm telling you all this not just to educate you in what a cool and align:start position:0% educate you in what a cool and align:start position:0% educate you in what a cool and complicated language Japanese is uh but align:start position:0% complicated language Japanese is uh but align:start position:0% complicated language Japanese is uh but to show you that there are cases of cool align:start position:0% to show you that there are cases of cool align:start position:0% to show you that there are cases of cool and complicated phenomena uh that can be align:start position:0% and complicated phenomena uh that can be align:start position:0% and complicated phenomena uh that can be fruitfully thought of as a series of align:start position:0% fruitfully thought of as a series of align:start position:0% fruitfully thought of as a series of things that you're trying to do which align:start position:0% things that you're trying to do which align:start position:0% things that you're trying to do which are in conflict with each other align:start position:0% are in conflict with each other align:start position:0% are in conflict with each other sometimes so Japanese wants the accent align:start position:0% sometimes so Japanese wants the accent align:start position:0% sometimes so Japanese wants the accent to be on the second word right and next align:start position:0% to be on the second word right and next align:start position:0% to be on the second word right and next to the boundary between the words but it align:start position:0% to the boundary between the words but it align:start position:0% to the boundary between the words but it also wants it not to be final align:start position:0% also wants it not to be final align:start position:0% also wants it not to be final and if it can't have all of those things align:start position:0% and if it can't have all of those things align:start position:0% and if it can't have all of those things at once like in gagawa prefecture it has align:start position:0% at once like in gagawa prefecture it has align:start position:0% at once like in gagawa prefecture it has to decide do I care more about it not align:start position:0% to decide do I care more about it not align:start position:0% to decide do I care more about it not being final or do I care more about it align:start position:0% being final or do I care more about it align:start position:0% being final or do I care more about it being on the second word and Japanese align:start position:0% being on the second word and Japanese align:start position:0% being on the second word and Japanese cares more about it not about it uh not align:start position:0% cares more about it not about it uh not align:start position:0% cares more about it not about it uh not being final right so it retracts it from align:start position:0% being final right so it retracts it from align:start position:0% being final right so it retracts it from the second word to the end of the first align:start position:0% the second word to the end of the first align:start position:0% the second word to the end of the first word so this is this case does anybody align:start position:0% word so this is this case does anybody align:start position:0% word so this is this case does anybody still read Isaac Asimov had these align:start position:0% still read Isaac Asimov had these align:start position:0% still read Isaac Asimov had these stories the robot stories uh I had a align:start position:0% stories the robot stories uh I had a align:start position:0% stories the robot stories uh I had a book I Robot it was a series of stories align:start position:0% book I Robot it was a series of stories align:start position:0% book I Robot it was a series of stories some of you have heard of them at least align:start position:0% some of you have heard of them at least align:start position:0% some of you have heard of them at least yeah so they feature uh robots that uh align:start position:0% yeah so they feature uh robots that uh align:start position:0% yeah so they feature uh robots that uh have these laws governing how they work align:start position:0% have these laws governing how they work align:start position:0% have these laws governing how they work and the laws act like these kinds of align:start position:0% and the laws act like these kinds of align:start position:0% and the laws act like these kinds of laws so there's the first law uh and align:start position:0% laws so there's the first law uh and align:start position:0% laws so there's the first law uh and then there's the second law and the rule align:start position:0% then there's the second law and the rule align:start position:0% then there's the second law and the rule for the second law is you must obey the align:start position:0% for the second law is you must obey the align:start position:0% for the second law is you must obey the second law unless it comes in conflict align:start position:0% second law unless it comes in conflict align:start position:0% second law unless it comes in conflict with the first law then you disobey the align:start position:0% with the first law then you disobey the align:start position:0% with the first law then you disobey the second law and do the first law right align:start position:0% second law and do the first law right align:start position:0% second law and do the first law right and there's a third law which you should align:start position:0% and there's a third law which you should align:start position:0% and there's a third law which you should do unless it conflicts with the first or align:start position:0% do unless it conflicts with the first or align:start position:0% do unless it conflicts with the first or the second laws uh this is like that align:start position:0% the second laws uh this is like that align:start position:0% the second laws uh this is like that right so align:start position:0% right so align:start position:0% right so um Japanese wants the accent to be on align:start position:0% um Japanese wants the accent to be on align:start position:0% um Japanese wants the accent to be on the second word oh unless that's going align:start position:0% the second word oh unless that's going align:start position:0% the second word oh unless that's going to make the accent final then you don't align:start position:0% to make the accent final then you don't align:start position:0% to make the accent final then you don't do that align:start position:0% do that align:start position:0% do that does that make sense align:start position:0% does that make sense align:start position:0% does that make sense uh that's a way align:start position:0% uh that's a way align:start position:0% uh that's a way or to put that another way don't put the align:start position:0% or to put that another way don't put the align:start position:0% or to put that another way don't put the accent on the last syllable is more align:start position:0% accent on the last syllable is more align:start position:0% accent on the last syllable is more important than put the accent on the align:start position:0% important than put the accent on the align:start position:0% important than put the accent on the second word that's the picture so you align:start position:0% second word that's the picture so you align:start position:0% second word that's the picture so you get align:start position:0% get align:start position:0% get um uh Kagawa can with the accent at the align:start position:0% um uh Kagawa can with the accent at the align:start position:0% um uh Kagawa can with the accent at the end of Kagawa uh uh and not Kagawa King align:start position:0% end of Kagawa uh uh and not Kagawa King align:start position:0% end of Kagawa uh uh and not Kagawa King you know put accent on the at the end align:start position:0% you know put accent on the at the end align:start position:0% you know put accent on the at the end um align:start position:0% um align:start position:0% um there's a standard way of representing align:start position:0% there's a standard way of representing align:start position:0% there's a standard way of representing these kinds of facts these bodies of align:start position:0% these kinds of facts these bodies of align:start position:0% these kinds of facts these bodies of facts which involves this table that align:start position:0% facts which involves this table that align:start position:0% facts which involves this table that I've got here at the bottom of the uh align:start position:0% I've got here at the bottom of the uh align:start position:0% I've got here at the bottom of the uh the slide this was uh is an approach to align:start position:0% the slide this was uh is an approach to align:start position:0% the slide this was uh is an approach to phonology that was invented by people uh align:start position:0% phonology that was invented by people uh align:start position:0% phonology that was invented by people uh who align:start position:0% who align:start position:0% who um one of them in particular Ellen align:start position:0% um one of them in particular Ellen align:start position:0% um one of them in particular Ellen Prince is uh brilliant brilliant men but align:start position:0% Prince is uh brilliant brilliant men but align:start position:0% Prince is uh brilliant brilliant men but he enjoys intimidating people and so align:start position:0% he enjoys intimidating people and so align:start position:0% he enjoys intimidating people and so instead of calling this a table uh he align:start position:0% instead of calling this a table uh he align:start position:0% instead of calling this a table uh he decided to call it a tableau so he gives align:start position:0% decided to call it a tableau so he gives align:start position:0% decided to call it a tableau so he gives it a French name uh in order to be as align:start position:0% it a French name uh in order to be as align:start position:0% it a French name uh in order to be as intimidating as possible align:start position:0% intimidating as possible align:start position:0% intimidating as possible um so I'll I'll adopt that because align:start position:0% um so I'll I'll adopt that because align:start position:0% um so I'll I'll adopt that because that's what the tactician standard align:start position:0% that's what the tactician standard align:start position:0% that's what the tactician standard phonologists uh linguists standardly align:start position:0% phonologists uh linguists standardly align:start position:0% phonologists uh linguists standardly call these objects this is a tableau align:start position:0% call these objects this is a tableau align:start position:0% call these objects this is a tableau um and what the Tableau represents is align:start position:0% um and what the Tableau represents is align:start position:0% um and what the Tableau represents is this kind of interplay between the align:start position:0% this kind of interplay between the align:start position:0% this kind of interplay between the different laws that are governing uh align:start position:0% different laws that are governing uh align:start position:0% different laws that are governing uh where the accent goes the idea is the align:start position:0% where the accent goes the idea is the align:start position:0% where the accent goes the idea is the most important laws are toward the left align:start position:0% most important laws are toward the left align:start position:0% most important laws are toward the left and the least important laws are toward align:start position:0% and the least important laws are toward align:start position:0% and the least important laws are toward the right and what you do is Imagine align:start position:0% the right and what you do is Imagine align:start position:0% the right and what you do is Imagine imagine all of the places where you align:start position:0% imagine all of the places where you align:start position:0% imagine all of the places where you could put the accent and you ask align:start position:0% could put the accent and you ask align:start position:0% could put the accent and you ask yourself align:start position:0% yourself align:start position:0% yourself how does that placement of the accent align:start position:0% how does that placement of the accent align:start position:0% how does that placement of the accent you know square with the various align:start position:0% you know square with the various align:start position:0% you know square with the various different laws the little asterisks Mark align:start position:0% different laws the little asterisks Mark align:start position:0% different laws the little asterisks Mark places where one of the candidates one align:start position:0% places where one of the candidates one align:start position:0% places where one of the candidates one of the sort of options you're align:start position:0% of the sort of options you're align:start position:0% of the sort of options you're considering violates one of the laws so align:start position:0% considering violates one of the laws so align:start position:0% considering violates one of the laws so for example the first one which kept align:start position:0% for example the first one which kept align:start position:0% for example the first one which kept both of the Accents in in the parts of align:start position:0% both of the Accents in in the parts of align:start position:0% both of the Accents in in the parts of the compound just kept them both align:start position:0% the compound just kept them both align:start position:0% the compound just kept them both violates the most important law which is align:start position:0% violates the most important law which is align:start position:0% violates the most important law which is you may only have one accent so it gets align:start position:0% you may only have one accent so it gets align:start position:0% you may only have one accent so it gets a star right there yeah and that align:start position:0% a star right there yeah and that align:start position:0% a star right there yeah and that eliminates that one from competition align:start position:0% eliminates that one from competition align:start position:0% eliminates that one from competition because you know it's violated the most align:start position:0% because you know it's violated the most align:start position:0% because you know it's violated the most important law the one that's furthest on align:start position:0% important law the one that's furthest on align:start position:0% important law the one that's furthest on the left uh and then what what I've done align:start position:0% the left uh and then what what I've done align:start position:0% the left uh and then what what I've done is consider examples where the accent is align:start position:0% is consider examples where the accent is align:start position:0% is consider examples where the accent is a four-syllable word so we're align:start position:0% a four-syllable word so we're align:start position:0% a four-syllable word so we're considering putting the single accent in align:start position:0% considering putting the single accent in align:start position:0% considering putting the single accent in on any of the four syllables the first align:start position:0% on any of the four syllables the first align:start position:0% on any of the four syllables the first two uh which have the accent on the align:start position:0% two uh which have the accent on the align:start position:0% two uh which have the accent on the first or the second syllable violate the align:start position:0% first or the second syllable violate the align:start position:0% first or the second syllable violate the second law which says put the accent align:start position:0% second law which says put the accent align:start position:0% second law which says put the accent near the boundary between the two halves align:start position:0% near the boundary between the two halves align:start position:0% near the boundary between the two halves of the compound so uh those are ones in align:start position:0% of the compound so uh those are ones in align:start position:0% of the compound so uh those are ones in which uh the accent is not on a syllable align:start position:0% which uh the accent is not on a syllable align:start position:0% which uh the accent is not on a syllable that's next to the boundary align:start position:0% that's next to the boundary align:start position:0% that's next to the boundary um and then uh the the next last one align:start position:0% um and then uh the the next last one align:start position:0% um and then uh the the next last one which is the one that wins that's the align:start position:0% which is the one that wins that's the align:start position:0% which is the one that wins that's the one that obeys all of the conditions align:start position:0% one that obeys all of the conditions align:start position:0% one that obeys all of the conditions except for the least important one which align:start position:0% except for the least important one which align:start position:0% except for the least important one which is align:start position:0% is align:start position:0% is um uh it's best to put your accent on align:start position:0% um uh it's best to put your accent on align:start position:0% um uh it's best to put your accent on the last word right right that's not align:start position:0% the last word right right that's not align:start position:0% the last word right right that's not there there is no you notice there is no align:start position:0% there there is no you notice there is no align:start position:0% there there is no you notice there is no perfect candidate there isn't anything align:start position:0% perfect candidate there isn't anything align:start position:0% perfect candidate there isn't anything that doesn't have any stars align:start position:0% that doesn't have any stars align:start position:0% that doesn't have any stars um what the Tableau does is allow us to align:start position:0% um what the Tableau does is allow us to align:start position:0% um what the Tableau does is allow us to think in a you know formal kind of way align:start position:0% think in a you know formal kind of way align:start position:0% think in a you know formal kind of way about uh how you satisfy conditions that align:start position:0% about uh how you satisfy conditions that align:start position:0% about uh how you satisfy conditions that are not compatible with each other and I align:start position:0% are not compatible with each other and I align:start position:0% are not compatible with each other and I just realized I get to take this off I align:start position:0% just realized I get to take this off I align:start position:0% just realized I get to take this off I keep forgetting that align:start position:0% keep forgetting that align:start position:0% keep forgetting that yeah align:start position:0% yeah align:start position:0% yeah so that's what the tip low is meant to align:start position:0% so that's what the tip low is meant to align:start position:0% so that's what the tip low is meant to represent are there questions about the align:start position:0% represent are there questions about the align:start position:0% represent are there questions about the tableau align:start position:0% tableau align:start position:0% tableau there's a standard way to represent the align:start position:0% there's a standard way to represent the align:start position:0% there's a standard way to represent the fact that the winner is that next last align:start position:0% fact that the winner is that next last align:start position:0% fact that the winner is that next last one there where the stress is on the align:start position:0% one there where the stress is on the align:start position:0% one there where the stress is on the next last syllable the accent is on the align:start position:0% next last syllable the accent is on the align:start position:0% next last syllable the accent is on the next last syllable which is to put a align:start position:0% next last syllable which is to put a align:start position:0% next last syllable which is to put a pointing finger next to it like that align:start position:0% pointing finger next to it like that align:start position:0% pointing finger next to it like that this is the one that wins align:start position:0% this is the one that wins align:start position:0% this is the one that wins optimality Theory this approach to to align:start position:0% optimality Theory this approach to to align:start position:0% optimality Theory this approach to to phonology is called optimality Theory align:start position:0% phonology is called optimality Theory align:start position:0% phonology is called optimality Theory and uh align:start position:0% and uh align:start position:0% and uh um I don't know I guess they just liked align:start position:0% um I don't know I guess they just liked align:start position:0% um I don't know I guess they just liked the font that had the pointing finger in align:start position:0% the font that had the pointing finger in align:start position:0% the font that had the pointing finger in it so they decided to use it align:start position:0% it so they decided to use it align:start position:0% it so they decided to use it okay this is an approach yeah align:start position:0% align:start position:0% Oh you mean why am I putting an accent align:start position:0% Oh you mean why am I putting an accent align:start position:0% Oh you mean why am I putting an accent on Ken over there align:start position:0% align:start position:0% yeah that's a very good point align:start position:0% yeah that's a very good point align:start position:0% yeah that's a very good point um it is possible to pronounce Ken by align:start position:0% um it is possible to pronounce Ken by align:start position:0% um it is possible to pronounce Ken by itself not as part of a compound so if align:start position:0% itself not as part of a compound so if align:start position:0% itself not as part of a compound so if you want to talk about the prefecture align:start position:0% you want to talk about the prefecture align:start position:0% you want to talk about the prefecture it's a word it means prefecture so it's align:start position:0% it's a word it means prefecture so it's align:start position:0% it's a word it means prefecture so it's which is a sort of kind of like a state align:start position:0% which is a sort of kind of like a state align:start position:0% which is a sort of kind of like a state it's an administrative subdivision of align:start position:0% it's an administrative subdivision of align:start position:0% it's an administrative subdivision of Japan align:start position:0% Japan align:start position:0% Japan um and it's possible to say that word by align:start position:0% um and it's possible to say that word by align:start position:0% um and it's possible to say that word by itself align:start position:0% itself align:start position:0% itself sorry align:start position:0% align:start position:0% it's align:start position:0% it's align:start position:0% it's um Ken is align:start position:0% um Ken is align:start position:0% um Ken is unbounded I don't think I know what you align:start position:0% unbounded I don't think I know what you align:start position:0% unbounded I don't think I know what you mean you could you oh it's not a bound align:start position:0% mean you could you oh it's not a bound align:start position:0% mean you could you oh it's not a bound morpheme that's right it can be it can align:start position:0% morpheme that's right it can be it can align:start position:0% morpheme that's right it can be it can be a free morphine yes yes that's right align:start position:0% be a free morphine yes yes that's right align:start position:0% be a free morphine yes yes that's right so so uh you can say in Japanese you align:start position:0% so so uh you can say in Japanese you align:start position:0% so so uh you can say in Japanese you know the the prefecture is large or align:start position:0% know the the prefecture is large or align:start position:0% know the the prefecture is large or whatever uh and then you can show that align:start position:0% whatever uh and then you can show that align:start position:0% whatever uh and then you can show that it's accented yeah align:start position:0% align:start position:0% yeah good question there are other align:start position:0% yeah good question there are other align:start position:0% yeah good question there are other questions people have about this align:start position:0% questions people have about this align:start position:0% questions people have about this okay so this is just meant to illustrate align:start position:0% okay so this is just meant to illustrate align:start position:0% okay so this is just meant to illustrate um the workings of optimality theory align:start position:0% um the workings of optimality theory align:start position:0% um the workings of optimality theory um why am i showing you this one align:start position:0% um why am i showing you this one align:start position:0% um why am i showing you this one sure align:start position:0% sure align:start position:0% sure okay oh I I see this is a similar align:start position:0% okay oh I I see this is a similar align:start position:0% okay oh I I see this is a similar Tableau for french fry align:start position:0% Tableau for french fry align:start position:0% Tableau for french fry so it says the same uh the same align:start position:0% so it says the same uh the same align:start position:0% so it says the same uh the same constraints these things that I put in align:start position:0% constraints these things that I put in align:start position:0% constraints these things that I put in in all caps up at the top uh in this align:start position:0% in all caps up at the top uh in this align:start position:0% in all caps up at the top uh in this case you do end up with Accent on the at align:start position:0% case you do end up with Accent on the at align:start position:0% case you do end up with Accent on the at the beginning of potato on the second align:start position:0% the beginning of potato on the second align:start position:0% the beginning of potato on the second word that actually is a perfect align:start position:0% word that actually is a perfect align:start position:0% word that actually is a perfect candidate so this is an example in which align:start position:0% candidate so this is an example in which align:start position:0% candidate so this is an example in which none of the laws are violated by uh by align:start position:0% none of the laws are violated by uh by align:start position:0% none of the laws are violated by uh by the best candidate the laws aren't doing align:start position:0% the best candidate the laws aren't doing align:start position:0% the best candidate the laws aren't doing conflict with each other so you can put align:start position:0% conflict with each other so you can put align:start position:0% conflict with each other so you can put accent at the beginning of the last word align:start position:0% accent at the beginning of the last word align:start position:0% accent at the beginning of the last word and potato and it won't be final yeah align:start position:0% align:start position:0% that's absolutely right so if for some align:start position:0% that's absolutely right so if for some align:start position:0% that's absolutely right so if for some reason that fourth candidate were align:start position:0% reason that fourth candidate were align:start position:0% reason that fourth candidate were impossible say there was another very align:start position:0% impossible say there was another very align:start position:0% impossible say there was another very high ranking constraint don't uh don't align:start position:0% high ranking constraint don't uh don't align:start position:0% high ranking constraint don't uh don't stress the first don't put accent on align:start position:0% stress the first don't put accent on align:start position:0% stress the first don't put accent on potato align:start position:0% potato align:start position:0% potato um then yes the third would win that's align:start position:0% um then yes the third would win that's align:start position:0% um then yes the third would win that's right and uh actually we can kind of see align:start position:0% right and uh actually we can kind of see align:start position:0% right and uh actually we can kind of see that by looking at the behavior of align:start position:0% that by looking at the behavior of align:start position:0% that by looking at the behavior of kagawaken so if we eliminate align:start position:0% kagawaken so if we eliminate align:start position:0% kagawaken so if we eliminate the option of putting Accent on the last align:start position:0% the option of putting Accent on the last align:start position:0% the option of putting Accent on the last word that's where the accent goes It align:start position:0% word that's where the accent goes It align:start position:0% word that's where the accent goes It goes at the end of the first word align:start position:0% goes at the end of the first word align:start position:0% goes at the end of the first word and so it's the best you can do right uh align:start position:0% and so it's the best you can do right uh align:start position:0% and so it's the best you can do right uh still near the boundary still only one align:start position:0% still near the boundary still only one align:start position:0% still near the boundary still only one accent uh just didn't manage to Accent align:start position:0% accent uh just didn't manage to Accent align:start position:0% accent uh just didn't manage to Accent the last word which is what you'd like align:start position:0% the last word which is what you'd like align:start position:0% the last word which is what you'd like to do but it's not high on your list of align:start position:0% to do but it's not high on your list of align:start position:0% to do but it's not high on your list of list of constraints yep align:start position:0% list of constraints yep align:start position:0% list of constraints yep does that make sense align:start position:0% does that make sense align:start position:0% does that make sense so this is an approach to thinking about align:start position:0% so this is an approach to thinking about align:start position:0% so this is an approach to thinking about phenology align:start position:0% align:start position:0% um optimality theory is the name for it align:start position:0% um optimality theory is the name for it align:start position:0% um optimality theory is the name for it it says you know in a way it's a kind of align:start position:0% it says you know in a way it's a kind of align:start position:0% it says you know in a way it's a kind of comforting Theory it says do the best align:start position:0% comforting Theory it says do the best align:start position:0% comforting Theory it says do the best you can you know you have all of these align:start position:0% you can you know you have all of these align:start position:0% you can you know you have all of these things probably all of you have align:start position:0% things probably all of you have align:start position:0% things probably all of you have encountered things like this in other align:start position:0% encountered things like this in other align:start position:0% encountered things like this in other domains at MIT if you've ever dealt with align:start position:0% domains at MIT if you've ever dealt with align:start position:0% domains at MIT if you've ever dealt with engineering problems there are probably align:start position:0% engineering problems there are probably align:start position:0% engineering problems there are probably cases where you know you have various align:start position:0% cases where you know you have various align:start position:0% cases where you know you have various things that you want to achieve and you align:start position:0% things that you want to achieve and you align:start position:0% things that you want to achieve and you can't optimize all of them you have to align:start position:0% can't optimize all of them you have to align:start position:0% can't optimize all of them you have to decide which ones are the most important align:start position:0% decide which ones are the most important align:start position:0% decide which ones are the most important and the idea here is that language is align:start position:0% and the idea here is that language is align:start position:0% and the idea here is that language is like that there are cases where align:start position:0% like that there are cases where align:start position:0% like that there are cases where you have to decide among your various uh align:start position:0% you have to decide among your various uh align:start position:0% you have to decide among your various uh your various desiderata which ones you align:start position:0% your various desiderata which ones you align:start position:0% your various desiderata which ones you care about the most align:start position:0% care about the most align:start position:0% care about the most The Hope in optimality theory is that align:start position:0% The Hope in optimality theory is that align:start position:0% The Hope in optimality theory is that we'll end up with a list of these align:start position:0% we'll end up with a list of these align:start position:0% we'll end up with a list of these constraints these laws these rules uh align:start position:0% constraints these laws these rules uh align:start position:0% constraints these laws these rules uh that'll be Universal and the differences align:start position:0% that'll be Universal and the differences align:start position:0% that'll be Universal and the differences between languages are just a matter of align:start position:0% between languages are just a matter of align:start position:0% between languages are just a matter of deciding what order the different align:start position:0% deciding what order the different align:start position:0% deciding what order the different constraints are in you know so that align:start position:0% constraints are in you know so that align:start position:0% constraints are in you know so that there could be uh uh languages in which align:start position:0% there could be uh uh languages in which align:start position:0% there could be uh uh languages in which you know uh the one accent rule is very align:start position:0% you know uh the one accent rule is very align:start position:0% you know uh the one accent rule is very low rank and the first uh the first align:start position:0% low rank and the first uh the first align:start position:0% low rank and the first uh the first candidate maybe wins right you could align:start position:0% candidate maybe wins right you could align:start position:0% candidate maybe wins right you could imagine a language like that uh Tokyo align:start position:0% imagine a language like that uh Tokyo align:start position:0% imagine a language like that uh Tokyo Japanese doesn't work that way yeah so align:start position:0% Japanese doesn't work that way yeah so align:start position:0% Japanese doesn't work that way yeah so differences between languages are all a align:start position:0% differences between languages are all a align:start position:0% differences between languages are all a matter of re-ranking the constraints align:start position:0% matter of re-ranking the constraints align:start position:0% matter of re-ranking the constraints that's sort of the the mission statement align:start position:0% that's sort of the the mission statement align:start position:0% that's sort of the the mission statement of optimality theories try to figure out align:start position:0% of optimality theories try to figure out align:start position:0% of optimality theories try to figure out how the world could work that way align:start position:0% how the world could work that way align:start position:0% how the world could work that way yep align:start position:0% align:start position:0% okay align:start position:0% okay align:start position:0% okay um align:start position:0% um align:start position:0% um optimality theory was partly inspired by align:start position:0% optimality theory was partly inspired by align:start position:0% optimality theory was partly inspired by the discovery of these kinds of align:start position:0% the discovery of these kinds of align:start position:0% the discovery of these kinds of conspiracies that we started talking align:start position:0% conspiracies that we started talking align:start position:0% conspiracies that we started talking about when I was showing you some stuff align:start position:0% about when I was showing you some stuff align:start position:0% about when I was showing you some stuff about yellow money and now we've seen align:start position:0% about yellow money and now we've seen align:start position:0% about yellow money and now we've seen another example from Japanese for yellow align:start position:0% another example from Japanese for yellow align:start position:0% another example from Japanese for yellow money the conspiracy was uh I don't want align:start position:0% money the conspiracy was uh I don't want align:start position:0% money the conspiracy was uh I don't want three consonants in a row and I'll do align:start position:0% three consonants in a row and I'll do align:start position:0% three consonants in a row and I'll do various things to achieve that we said align:start position:0% various things to achieve that we said align:start position:0% various things to achieve that we said you know you could State rules governing align:start position:0% you know you could State rules governing align:start position:0% you know you could State rules governing the various things and maybe in a sense align:start position:0% the various things and maybe in a sense align:start position:0% the various things and maybe in a sense you should uh but you sort of the idea align:start position:0% you should uh but you sort of the idea align:start position:0% you should uh but you sort of the idea is let's try to keep sight of the fact align:start position:0% is let's try to keep sight of the fact align:start position:0% is let's try to keep sight of the fact that all of these rules are trying to align:start position:0% that all of these rules are trying to align:start position:0% that all of these rules are trying to achieve the same thing that's we want to align:start position:0% achieve the same thing that's we want to align:start position:0% achieve the same thing that's we want to also capture that kind of a fact and align:start position:0% also capture that kind of a fact and align:start position:0% also capture that kind of a fact and there's something similar going on here align:start position:0% there's something similar going on here align:start position:0% there's something similar going on here in Japanese uh one of the rules the align:start position:0% in Japanese uh one of the rules the align:start position:0% in Japanese uh one of the rules the highest ranking rule uh was uh don't align:start position:0% highest ranking rule uh was uh don't align:start position:0% highest ranking rule uh was uh don't have more than one accent in word yeah align:start position:0% have more than one accent in word yeah align:start position:0% have more than one accent in word yeah and what we saw last time was that there align:start position:0% and what we saw last time was that there align:start position:0% and what we saw last time was that there are various things that Japanese does to align:start position:0% are various things that Japanese does to align:start position:0% are various things that Japanese does to achieve this depending on the situation align:start position:0% achieve this depending on the situation align:start position:0% achieve this depending on the situation so there are align:start position:0% so there are align:start position:0% so there are words uh uh like gurai which I think I align:start position:0% words uh uh like gurai which I think I align:start position:0% words uh uh like gurai which I think I translated last time is even which are align:start position:0% translated last time is even which are align:start position:0% translated last time is even which are accented and if you attach them to align:start position:0% accented and if you attach them to align:start position:0% accented and if you attach them to another word that's also accented you align:start position:0% another word that's also accented you align:start position:0% another word that's also accented you delete the accent on the first word on align:start position:0% delete the accent on the first word on align:start position:0% delete the accent on the first word on the word you're attaching good eye to align:start position:0% the word you're attaching good eye to align:start position:0% the word you're attaching good eye to and there are other words like made align:start position:0% and there are other words like made align:start position:0% and there are other words like made which means to up to as far as uh which align:start position:0% which means to up to as far as uh which align:start position:0% which means to up to as far as uh which are accented but only if they are align:start position:0% are accented but only if they are align:start position:0% are accented but only if they are attached to unaccented words align:start position:0% attached to unaccented words align:start position:0% attached to unaccented words and then we've done all this talking align:start position:0% and then we've done all this talking align:start position:0% and then we've done all this talking about compounds uh these are all align:start position:0% about compounds uh these are all align:start position:0% about compounds uh these are all different kinds of examples in which align:start position:0% different kinds of examples in which align:start position:0% different kinds of examples in which different things happen there are align:start position:0% different things happen there are align:start position:0% different things happen there are different strategies right so for good I align:start position:0% different strategies right so for good I align:start position:0% different strategies right so for good I it's delete the accent on the word align:start position:0% it's delete the accent on the word align:start position:0% it's delete the accent on the word you've attached good eye to uh for a mad align:start position:0% you've attached good eye to uh for a mad align:start position:0% you've attached good eye to uh for a mad it's delete the accent on Monday for the align:start position:0% it's delete the accent on Monday for the align:start position:0% it's delete the accent on Monday for the compounds we've now talked about this align:start position:0% compounds we've now talked about this align:start position:0% compounds we've now talked about this computation that you go through to try align:start position:0% computation that you go through to try align:start position:0% computation that you go through to try to figure out where the single accent align:start position:0% to figure out where the single accent align:start position:0% to figure out where the single accent should go but what all of these things align:start position:0% should go but what all of these things align:start position:0% should go but what all of these things are doing is trying to arrange for there align:start position:0% are doing is trying to arrange for there align:start position:0% are doing is trying to arrange for there to just be a single accent and one of align:start position:0% to just be a single accent and one of align:start position:0% to just be a single accent and one of the virtues of optimality theory is that align:start position:0% the virtues of optimality theory is that align:start position:0% the virtues of optimality theory is that it allows us to sort of make that part align:start position:0% it allows us to sort of make that part align:start position:0% it allows us to sort of make that part of our analysis uh we don't if we just align:start position:0% of our analysis uh we don't if we just align:start position:0% of our analysis uh we don't if we just stated these rules we'd be sort of align:start position:0% stated these rules we'd be sort of align:start position:0% stated these rules we'd be sort of losing sight of the fact that these align:start position:0% losing sight of the fact that these align:start position:0% losing sight of the fact that these rules all seem to be trying to achieve align:start position:0% rules all seem to be trying to achieve align:start position:0% rules all seem to be trying to achieve the same thing align:start position:0% the same thing align:start position:0% the same thing things people who work on optimality align:start position:0% things people who work on optimality align:start position:0% things people who work on optimality Theory are trying to get and then of align:start position:0% Theory are trying to get and then of align:start position:0% Theory are trying to get and then of course the goal is to try to understand align:start position:0% course the goal is to try to understand align:start position:0% course the goal is to try to understand why we have the constraints that we have align:start position:0% why we have the constraints that we have align:start position:0% why we have the constraints that we have and not others it's another kind of align:start position:0% and not others it's another kind of align:start position:0% and not others it's another kind of thing people who work on this try to do align:start position:0% align:start position:0% uh yes I just said that align:start position:0% uh yes I just said that align:start position:0% uh yes I just said that and that so remember yellow money which align:start position:0% and that so remember yellow money which align:start position:0% and that so remember yellow money which was avoid strings of three consonants align:start position:0% was avoid strings of three consonants align:start position:0% was avoid strings of three consonants either by inserting vowels or by align:start position:0% either by inserting vowels or by align:start position:0% either by inserting vowels or by deleting H if you have an H align:start position:0% deleting H if you have an H align:start position:0% deleting H if you have an H um so uh align:start position:0% um so uh align:start position:0% um so uh I've been saying we could just State align:start position:0% I've been saying we could just State align:start position:0% I've been saying we could just State these rules but we'd be missing a align:start position:0% these rules but we'd be missing a align:start position:0% these rules but we'd be missing a generalization yellow money is trying to align:start position:0% generalization yellow money is trying to align:start position:0% generalization yellow money is trying to avoid three constants in a row Japanese align:start position:0% avoid three constants in a row Japanese align:start position:0% avoid three constants in a row Japanese is trying to avoid two Accents in a align:start position:0% is trying to avoid two Accents in a align:start position:0% is trying to avoid two Accents in a single word align:start position:0% single word align:start position:0% single word um uh maybe it's obvious we don't want align:start position:0% um uh maybe it's obvious we don't want align:start position:0% um uh maybe it's obvious we don't want to miss generalizations like that we align:start position:0% to miss generalizations like that we align:start position:0% to miss generalizations like that we want to find them and understand them align:start position:0% want to find them and understand them align:start position:0% want to find them and understand them um align:start position:0% um align:start position:0% um so similar kind of thing that we could align:start position:0% so similar kind of thing that we could align:start position:0% so similar kind of thing that we could think about here uh we've talked now a align:start position:0% think about here uh we've talked now a align:start position:0% think about here uh we've talked now a couple of times about Polish Polish is align:start position:0% couple of times about Polish Polish is align:start position:0% couple of times about Polish Polish is one of a number of languages in which uh align:start position:0% one of a number of languages in which uh align:start position:0% one of a number of languages in which uh if you have certain kinds of consonants align:start position:0% if you have certain kinds of consonants align:start position:0% if you have certain kinds of consonants at the ends of words uh consonants like align:start position:0% at the ends of words uh consonants like align:start position:0% at the ends of words uh consonants like B and D and G and Z we convinced align:start position:0% B and D and G and Z we convinced align:start position:0% B and D and G and Z we convinced ourselves that they devoice they become align:start position:0% ourselves that they devoice they become align:start position:0% ourselves that they devoice they become voiceless at the ends of words that align:start position:0% voiceless at the ends of words that align:start position:0% voiceless at the ends of words that allows us to capture various kinds of align:start position:0% allows us to capture various kinds of align:start position:0% allows us to capture various kinds of facts about what happens to polish words align:start position:0% facts about what happens to polish words align:start position:0% facts about what happens to polish words when they become plural namely but words align:start position:0% when they become plural namely but words align:start position:0% when they become plural namely but words that sound voiceless sound consonants align:start position:0% that sound voiceless sound consonants align:start position:0% that sound voiceless sound consonants that sound voiceless when they're at the align:start position:0% that sound voiceless when they're at the align:start position:0% that sound voiceless when they're at the ends of words uh become voiced sometimes align:start position:0% ends of words uh become voiced sometimes align:start position:0% ends of words uh become voiced sometimes when they're no longer at the end of align:start position:0% when they're no longer at the end of align:start position:0% when they're no longer at the end of words we decided that's because they're align:start position:0% words we decided that's because they're align:start position:0% words we decided that's because they're underlying the uh voiced and they they align:start position:0% underlying the uh voiced and they they align:start position:0% underlying the uh voiced and they they devoice when they're at the ends of align:start position:0% devoice when they're at the ends of align:start position:0% devoice when they're at the ends of words align:start position:0% words align:start position:0% words now so right this is all kind of align:start position:0% now so right this is all kind of align:start position:0% now so right this is all kind of familiar you all remember polish yeah align:start position:0% familiar you all remember polish yeah align:start position:0% familiar you all remember polish yeah it's not just polish there are lots of align:start position:0% it's not just polish there are lots of align:start position:0% it's not just polish there are lots of languages that do this align:start position:0% languages that do this align:start position:0% languages that do this um align:start position:0% um align:start position:0% um uh and so what I'm inviting you to do at align:start position:0% uh and so what I'm inviting you to do at align:start position:0% uh and so what I'm inviting you to do at the end of this slide is to imagine two align:start position:0% the end of this slide is to imagine two align:start position:0% the end of this slide is to imagine two kinds of stories about polish one that align:start position:0% kinds of stories about polish one that align:start position:0% kinds of stories about polish one that would say yeah final consonants the align:start position:0% would say yeah final consonants the align:start position:0% would say yeah final consonants the voice in Polish and another that would align:start position:0% voice in Polish and another that would align:start position:0% voice in Polish and another that would say well there are four rules actually align:start position:0% say well there are four rules actually align:start position:0% say well there are four rules actually there's a rule that says b d voices when align:start position:0% there's a rule that says b d voices when align:start position:0% there's a rule that says b d voices when it's final and a rule that says d d align:start position:0% it's final and a rule that says d d align:start position:0% it's final and a rule that says d d voices when it's final and a rule that align:start position:0% voices when it's final and a rule that align:start position:0% voices when it's final and a rule that says G devices yeah align:start position:0% says G devices yeah align:start position:0% says G devices yeah both of those would capture all of the align:start position:0% both of those would capture all of the align:start position:0% both of those would capture all of the Polish facts one of them is clearly align:start position:0% Polish facts one of them is clearly align:start position:0% Polish facts one of them is clearly better yeah uh so we want to understand align:start position:0% better yeah uh so we want to understand align:start position:0% better yeah uh so we want to understand why we get the particular phenomena that align:start position:0% why we get the particular phenomena that align:start position:0% why we get the particular phenomena that we do in Polish is it clear to everybody align:start position:0% we do in Polish is it clear to everybody align:start position:0% we do in Polish is it clear to everybody that that's that it would be better to align:start position:0% that that's that it would be better to align:start position:0% that that's that it would be better to do things that way align:start position:0% do things that way align:start position:0% do things that way and what we're doing here is uh sort of align:start position:0% and what we're doing here is uh sort of align:start position:0% and what we're doing here is uh sort of similar align:start position:0% similar align:start position:0% similar why would it be better align:start position:0% align:start position:0% what would be wrong why why is it better align:start position:0% what would be wrong why why is it better align:start position:0% what would be wrong why why is it better to be able to say final continent is The align:start position:0% to be able to say final continent is The align:start position:0% to be able to say final continent is The Voice align:start position:0% Voice align:start position:0% Voice than to say align:start position:0% than to say align:start position:0% than to say well we have these four rules yeah align:start position:0% align:start position:0% yeah so it might make it easier to make align:start position:0% yeah so it might make it easier to make align:start position:0% yeah so it might make it easier to make cross-linguistic comparisons so yeah align:start position:0% cross-linguistic comparisons so yeah align:start position:0% cross-linguistic comparisons so yeah that's a very good point yeah align:start position:0% that's a very good point yeah align:start position:0% that's a very good point yeah yeah align:start position:0% yeah align:start position:0% yeah yeah align:start position:0% align:start position:0% we also maybe align:start position:0% we also maybe align:start position:0% we also maybe I don't know if this is a good way to align:start position:0% I don't know if this is a good way to align:start position:0% I don't know if this is a good way to say it maybe it is align:start position:0% say it maybe it is align:start position:0% say it maybe it is we want to understand why align:start position:0% we want to understand why align:start position:0% we want to understand why the sounds that become voiceless at the align:start position:0% the sounds that become voiceless at the align:start position:0% the sounds that become voiceless at the ends of words in Polish are bdg and z align:start position:0% ends of words in Polish are bdg and z align:start position:0% ends of words in Polish are bdg and z and not b d a and o right align:start position:0% and not b d a and o right align:start position:0% and not b d a and o right um align:start position:0% um align:start position:0% um if we're just making four rules for align:start position:0% if we're just making four rules for align:start position:0% if we're just making four rules for those four letters then uh it's not align:start position:0% those four letters then uh it's not align:start position:0% those four letters then uh it's not clear there's no reason why one of those align:start position:0% clear there's no reason why one of those align:start position:0% clear there's no reason why one of those rules is more natural than the other but align:start position:0% rules is more natural than the other but align:start position:0% rules is more natural than the other but as I keep saying align:start position:0% as I keep saying align:start position:0% as I keep saying What's Happening Here in Polish is align:start position:0% What's Happening Here in Polish is align:start position:0% What's Happening Here in Polish is extremely common uh so you get it in align:start position:0% extremely common uh so you get it in align:start position:0% extremely common uh so you get it in Turkish you get it in Russian you get it align:start position:0% Turkish you get it in Russian you get it align:start position:0% Turkish you get it in Russian you get it in a bunch of different languages German align:start position:0% in a bunch of different languages German align:start position:0% in a bunch of different languages German um and so we want to understand why it's align:start position:0% um and so we want to understand why it's align:start position:0% um and so we want to understand why it's common and part of understanding why align:start position:0% common and part of understanding why align:start position:0% common and part of understanding why it's common is being able to say that align:start position:0% it's common is being able to say that align:start position:0% it's common is being able to say that that's a common rule a standard rule align:start position:0% that's a common rule a standard rule align:start position:0% that's a common rule a standard rule that we see all over the place and then align:start position:0% that we see all over the place and then align:start position:0% that we see all over the place and then we can get to work on understanding it align:start position:0% we can get to work on understanding it align:start position:0% we can get to work on understanding it if we just have these four rules then align:start position:0% if we just have these four rules then align:start position:0% if we just have these four rules then it's unclear why those four rules are so align:start position:0% it's unclear why those four rules are so align:start position:0% it's unclear why those four rules are so common whereas uh b d a and o d voice at align:start position:0% common whereas uh b d a and o d voice at align:start position:0% common whereas uh b d a and o d voice at the ends of words is not at all common I align:start position:0% the ends of words is not at all common I align:start position:0% the ends of words is not at all common I don't know of any languages that do that align:start position:0% don't know of any languages that do that align:start position:0% don't know of any languages that do that that makes sense that's another sense in align:start position:0% that makes sense that's another sense in align:start position:0% that makes sense that's another sense in which yeah making generalizations is align:start position:0% which yeah making generalizations is align:start position:0% which yeah making generalizations is good this is this is becoming a align:start position:0% good this is this is becoming a align:start position:0% good this is this is becoming a philosophy of science question yeah it's align:start position:0% philosophy of science question yeah it's align:start position:0% philosophy of science question yeah it's like you know why why is science good align:start position:0% like you know why why is science good align:start position:0% like you know why why is science good why is it good to make generalizations align:start position:0% why is it good to make generalizations align:start position:0% why is it good to make generalizations um because it helps us to understand the align:start position:0% um because it helps us to understand the align:start position:0% um because it helps us to understand the world we're all better for Faith's align:start position:0% world we're all better for Faith's align:start position:0% world we're all better for Faith's reason as well as the reason I just align:start position:0% reason as well as the reason I just align:start position:0% reason as well as the reason I just offered yeah align:start position:0% align:start position:0% it's um yeah align:start position:0% it's um yeah align:start position:0% it's um yeah yes arguably so there are languages that align:start position:0% yes arguably so there are languages that align:start position:0% yes arguably so there are languages that D voice vowels align:start position:0% D voice vowels align:start position:0% D voice vowels um align:start position:0% um align:start position:0% um uh mokalis is one no Japanese is another align:start position:0% uh mokalis is one no Japanese is another align:start position:0% uh mokalis is one no Japanese is another um so Japanese has a general rule align:start position:0% um so Japanese has a general rule align:start position:0% um so Japanese has a general rule devoicing align:start position:0% devoicing align:start position:0% devoicing um it's High vowels align:start position:0% um it's High vowels align:start position:0% um it's High vowels when they are align:start position:0% when they are align:start position:0% when they are between voiceless consonants I guess so align:start position:0% between voiceless consonants I guess so align:start position:0% between voiceless consonants I guess so uh here's the Japanese word for like and align:start position:0% uh here's the Japanese word for like and align:start position:0% uh here's the Japanese word for like and it's pronounced ski ski so the uh isn't align:start position:0% it's pronounced ski ski so the uh isn't align:start position:0% it's pronounced ski ski so the uh isn't proud you can't you don't say Suki align:start position:0% proud you can't you don't say Suki align:start position:0% proud you can't you don't say Suki unless you're being very slow and align:start position:0% unless you're being very slow and align:start position:0% unless you're being very slow and careful align:start position:0% careful align:start position:0% careful and uh it's still a vowel in the sense align:start position:0% and uh it's still a vowel in the sense align:start position:0% and uh it's still a vowel in the sense that your tongue and the rest of your align:start position:0% that your tongue and the rest of your align:start position:0% that your tongue and the rest of your vocal tract is still in the align:start position:0% vocal tract is still in the align:start position:0% vocal tract is still in the configuration that it would be if your align:start position:0% configuration that it would be if your align:start position:0% configuration that it would be if your vocal cords were vibrating but they align:start position:0% vocal cords were vibrating but they align:start position:0% vocal cords were vibrating but they aren't yeah so so yeah they're arguably align:start position:0% aren't yeah so so yeah they're arguably align:start position:0% aren't yeah so so yeah they're arguably are voiceless vaults yeah yes Joseph align:start position:0% align:start position:0% oh align:start position:0% oh align:start position:0% oh um so in this particular example there align:start position:0% um so in this particular example there align:start position:0% um so in this particular example there aren't any affixes you can add to ski to align:start position:0% aren't any affixes you can add to ski to align:start position:0% aren't any affixes you can add to ski to to devoice the vowel align:start position:0% to devoice the vowel align:start position:0% to devoice the vowel um but uh align:start position:0% um but uh align:start position:0% um but uh um let me think of a of an example align:start position:0% um let me think of a of an example align:start position:0% um let me think of a of an example uh align:start position:0% uh align:start position:0% uh yeah so align:start position:0% yeah so align:start position:0% yeah so um align:start position:0% um align:start position:0% um uh align:start position:0% uh align:start position:0% uh Tatsu align:start position:0% Tatsu align:start position:0% Tatsu um so this is not high so it doesn't align:start position:0% um so this is not high so it doesn't align:start position:0% um so this is not high so it doesn't devoice this is the verb to stand align:start position:0% devoice this is the verb to stand align:start position:0% devoice this is the verb to stand um the more polite version of this align:start position:0% align:start position:0% um align:start position:0% align:start position:0% let me try to think of an example let me align:start position:0% let me try to think of an example let me align:start position:0% let me try to think of an example let me try to think of an example that does align:start position:0% try to think of an example that does align:start position:0% try to think of an example that does what you want but there aren't any align:start position:0% what you want but there aren't any align:start position:0% what you want but there aren't any examples that will work with ski yeah align:start position:0% examples that will work with ski yeah align:start position:0% examples that will work with ski yeah um align:start position:0% um align:start position:0% um uh align:start position:0% uh align:start position:0% uh okay so when I think of an example at align:start position:0% okay so when I think of an example at align:start position:0% okay so when I think of an example at three in the morning I'll give you a align:start position:0% three in the morning I'll give you a align:start position:0% three in the morning I'll give you a call leave me your phone number and uh align:start position:0% call leave me your phone number and uh align:start position:0% call leave me your phone number and uh think of that align:start position:0% think of that align:start position:0% think of that it's got to be a straightforward way to align:start position:0% it's got to be a straightforward way to align:start position:0% it's got to be a straightforward way to do this it's going to bother me now uh align:start position:0% do this it's going to bother me now uh align:start position:0% do this it's going to bother me now uh yeah other questions about this align:start position:0% align:start position:0% ah align:start position:0% ah align:start position:0% ah try to think of questions while I tried align:start position:0% try to think of questions while I tried align:start position:0% try to think of questions while I tried to think of examples that do what Joseph align:start position:0% to think of examples that do what Joseph align:start position:0% to think of examples that do what Joseph wants because the past tense suffix in align:start position:0% wants because the past tense suffix in align:start position:0% wants because the past tense suffix in Japanese oh oh align:start position:0% Japanese oh oh align:start position:0% Japanese oh oh yeah yeah okay here's one align:start position:0% yeah yeah okay here's one align:start position:0% yeah yeah okay here's one um uh uh adjectives in Japanese align:start position:0% align:start position:0% so this is the the word for new align:start position:0% so this is the the word for new align:start position:0% so this is the the word for new atarashi align:start position:0% atarashi align:start position:0% atarashi um and uh align:start position:0% um and uh align:start position:0% um and uh negative of it align:start position:0% align:start position:0% and I align:start position:0% and I align:start position:0% and I uh and so there's a coup that you add to align:start position:0% uh and so there's a coup that you add to align:start position:0% uh and so there's a coup that you add to make the negative form align:start position:0% make the negative form align:start position:0% make the negative form um and it ends up putting this vowel align:start position:0% um and it ends up putting this vowel align:start position:0% um and it ends up putting this vowel between bracelets between voiceless align:start position:0% between bracelets between voiceless align:start position:0% between bracelets between voiceless sounds and then yeah City voices so it align:start position:0% sounds and then yeah City voices so it align:start position:0% sounds and then yeah City voices so it goes from atarashi to uh align:start position:0% align:start position:0% uh or the past tense actually so it was align:start position:0% uh or the past tense actually so it was align:start position:0% uh or the past tense actually so it was if you want to say something was new align:start position:0% if you want to say something was new align:start position:0% if you want to say something was new it's align:start position:0% align:start position:0% again the e that's after the voices align:start position:0% again the e that's after the voices align:start position:0% again the e that's after the voices because there's a voiceless sound good align:start position:0% because there's a voiceless sound good align:start position:0% because there's a voiceless sound good now I won't call you at two in the align:start position:0% now I won't call you at two in the align:start position:0% now I won't call you at two in the morning align:start position:0% morning align:start position:0% morning any other questions about this align:start position:0% align:start position:0% uh okay align:start position:0% uh okay align:start position:0% uh okay so align:start position:0% so align:start position:0% so um align:start position:0% um align:start position:0% um let's go back now to the English plural align:start position:0% let's go back now to the English plural align:start position:0% let's go back now to the English plural suffix align:start position:0% suffix align:start position:0% suffix um and kind of uh review something that align:start position:0% um and kind of uh review something that align:start position:0% um and kind of uh review something that we have talked about but in the in the align:start position:0% we have talked about but in the in the align:start position:0% we have talked about but in the in the light of all of the things that we've align:start position:0% light of all of the things that we've align:start position:0% light of all of the things that we've talked about since then I hope align:start position:0% talked about since then I hope align:start position:0% talked about since then I hope it'll become a little clearer so again align:start position:0% it'll become a little clearer so again align:start position:0% it'll become a little clearer so again we're talking about the regular English align:start position:0% we're talking about the regular English align:start position:0% we're talking about the regular English plural suffix stop thinking about oxen align:start position:0% plural suffix stop thinking about oxen align:start position:0% plural suffix stop thinking about oxen and fish and sheep align:start position:0% and fish and sheep align:start position:0% and fish and sheep um cats and dogs and bushes we decided align:start position:0% um cats and dogs and bushes we decided align:start position:0% um cats and dogs and bushes we decided the underlying form of the plural suffix align:start position:0% the underlying form of the plural suffix align:start position:0% the underlying form of the plural suffix is a z right and it undergoes various align:start position:0% is a z right and it undergoes various align:start position:0% is a z right and it undergoes various kinds of sound changes depending on align:start position:0% kinds of sound changes depending on align:start position:0% kinds of sound changes depending on what's before it so you add Z to all align:start position:0% what's before it so you add Z to all align:start position:0% what's before it so you add Z to all three of these underlyingly and then align:start position:0% three of these underlyingly and then align:start position:0% three of these underlyingly and then there are generalizations like English align:start position:0% there are generalizations like English align:start position:0% there are generalizations like English doesn't like words that end in a z align:start position:0% doesn't like words that end in a z align:start position:0% doesn't like words that end in a z that's preceded by a voiceless sound align:start position:0% that's preceded by a voiceless sound align:start position:0% that's preceded by a voiceless sound and words don't get to end in two align:start position:0% and words don't get to end in two align:start position:0% and words don't get to end in two strident consonants right where align:start position:0% strident consonants right where align:start position:0% strident consonants right where stridents or things like the Shu and the align:start position:0% stridents or things like the Shu and the align:start position:0% stridents or things like the Shu and the Z that's at the end of bushes yeah align:start position:0% Z that's at the end of bushes yeah align:start position:0% Z that's at the end of bushes yeah um align:start position:0% um align:start position:0% um so those are generalizations but we said align:start position:0% so those are generalizations but we said align:start position:0% so those are generalizations but we said one of the attractive things about this align:start position:0% one of the attractive things about this align:start position:0% one of the attractive things about this way of thinking about the English plural align:start position:0% way of thinking about the English plural align:start position:0% way of thinking about the English plural is that these are generalizations that align:start position:0% is that these are generalizations that align:start position:0% is that these are generalizations that just seem to hold about English align:start position:0% just seem to hold about English align:start position:0% just seem to hold about English generally English doesn't have any words align:start position:0% generally English doesn't have any words align:start position:0% generally English doesn't have any words that end in a z preceded by a voiceless align:start position:0% that end in a z preceded by a voiceless align:start position:0% that end in a z preceded by a voiceless sound and we can kind of rely on English align:start position:0% sound and we can kind of rely on English align:start position:0% sound and we can kind of rely on English phonology to demand that you do align:start position:0% phonology to demand that you do align:start position:0% phonology to demand that you do something if you add Z to cat yeah align:start position:0% something if you add Z to cat yeah align:start position:0% something if you add Z to cat yeah um align:start position:0% um align:start position:0% um and then align:start position:0% and then align:start position:0% and then again we've said this before I just want align:start position:0% again we've said this before I just want align:start position:0% again we've said this before I just want to say it again a little more clearly align:start position:0% to say it again a little more clearly align:start position:0% to say it again a little more clearly there are these conditions and then align:start position:0% there are these conditions and then align:start position:0% there are these conditions and then there are also these procedures for align:start position:0% there are also these procedures for align:start position:0% there are also these procedures for repairing these violations so you know align:start position:0% repairing these violations so you know align:start position:0% repairing these violations so you know what do you do about the fact that you align:start position:0% what do you do about the fact that you align:start position:0% what do you do about the fact that you added Z to cat well you D voice the Z align:start position:0% added Z to cat well you D voice the Z align:start position:0% added Z to cat well you D voice the Z if the condition just says you can't align:start position:0% if the condition just says you can't align:start position:0% if the condition just says you can't have a z preceded by something voiceless align:start position:0% have a z preceded by something voiceless align:start position:0% have a z preceded by something voiceless there are various things you could have align:start position:0% there are various things you could have align:start position:0% there are various things you could have done to fix that problem you could have align:start position:0% done to fix that problem you could have align:start position:0% done to fix that problem you could have voiced the D right so the plural of cat align:start position:0% voiced the D right so the plural of cat align:start position:0% voiced the D right so the plural of cat could be cads right that would be a good align:start position:0% could be cads right that would be a good align:start position:0% could be cads right that would be a good English word or you could add a vowel align:start position:0% English word or you could add a vowel align:start position:0% English word or you could add a vowel like you do in bushes right the plural align:start position:0% like you do in bushes right the plural align:start position:0% like you do in bushes right the plural of cat could be catas you know there are align:start position:0% of cat could be catas you know there are align:start position:0% of cat could be catas you know there are various things that would fix that align:start position:0% various things that would fix that align:start position:0% various things that would fix that problem if that's the problem but this align:start position:0% problem if that's the problem but this align:start position:0% problem if that's the problem but this is the thing that you do yeah it's kind align:start position:0% is the thing that you do yeah it's kind align:start position:0% is the thing that you do yeah it's kind of like when we were talking about yeah align:start position:0% of like when we were talking about yeah align:start position:0% of like when we were talking about yeah well money we said you can't have three align:start position:0% well money we said you can't have three align:start position:0% well money we said you can't have three consonants in a row what do you do about align:start position:0% consonants in a row what do you do about align:start position:0% consonants in a row what do you do about it well it depends on the situation align:start position:0% it well it depends on the situation align:start position:0% it well it depends on the situation right so if one of them is an H you get align:start position:0% right so if one of them is an H you get align:start position:0% right so if one of them is an H you get rid of the H if not then you insert a align:start position:0% rid of the H if not then you insert a align:start position:0% rid of the H if not then you insert a vowel in this position and not that align:start position:0% vowel in this position and not that align:start position:0% vowel in this position and not that position so a similar kind of thing align:start position:0% position so a similar kind of thing align:start position:0% position so a similar kind of thing um align:start position:0% um align:start position:0% um so this is all a way of saying what we align:start position:0% so this is all a way of saying what we align:start position:0% so this is all a way of saying what we it's it's uh worthwhile maybe to align:start position:0% it's it's uh worthwhile maybe to align:start position:0% it's it's uh worthwhile maybe to distinguish between uh the phonotactic align:start position:0% distinguish between uh the phonotactic align:start position:0% distinguish between uh the phonotactic considerations or the the well informed align:start position:0% considerations or the the well informed align:start position:0% considerations or the the well informed in this considerations that tell you align:start position:0% in this considerations that tell you align:start position:0% in this considerations that tell you this language doesn't like uh three align:start position:0% this language doesn't like uh three align:start position:0% this language doesn't like uh three consonants in a row or two accented align:start position:0% consonants in a row or two accented align:start position:0% consonants in a row or two accented syllables in your word or uh words align:start position:0% syllables in your word or uh words align:start position:0% syllables in your word or uh words ending in a z preceded by a voiceless align:start position:0% ending in a z preceded by a voiceless align:start position:0% ending in a z preceded by a voiceless sound there's that kind of condition and align:start position:0% sound there's that kind of condition and align:start position:0% sound there's that kind of condition and then there's how do you repair it what align:start position:0% then there's how do you repair it what align:start position:0% then there's how do you repair it what kind of a repair do you use align:start position:0% kind of a repair do you use align:start position:0% kind of a repair do you use um so there's the well-formed in this align:start position:0% um so there's the well-formed in this align:start position:0% um so there's the well-formed in this condition and then there's the repair align:start position:0% condition and then there's the repair align:start position:0% condition and then there's the repair yeah so in this particular case the align:start position:0% yeah so in this particular case the align:start position:0% yeah so in this particular case the procedures are devoice and insert schwa align:start position:0% procedures are devoice and insert schwa align:start position:0% procedures are devoice and insert schwa um there's a particularly sort of align:start position:0% um there's a particularly sort of align:start position:0% um there's a particularly sort of striking bit of evidence for this way of align:start position:0% striking bit of evidence for this way of align:start position:0% striking bit of evidence for this way of dividing things up uh this distinction align:start position:0% dividing things up uh this distinction align:start position:0% dividing things up uh this distinction that I'm drawing between well-formedness align:start position:0% that I'm drawing between well-formedness align:start position:0% that I'm drawing between well-formedness conditions on words on the one hand and align:start position:0% conditions on words on the one hand and align:start position:0% conditions on words on the one hand and uh types of possible repair on the other align:start position:0% uh types of possible repair on the other align:start position:0% uh types of possible repair on the other that we need to think about both of align:start position:0% that we need to think about both of align:start position:0% that we need to think about both of those things if we're going to describe align:start position:0% those things if we're going to describe align:start position:0% those things if we're going to describe what the language is doing align:start position:0% what the language is doing align:start position:0% what the language is doing this is a classic test in 1957 I align:start position:0% this is a classic test in 1957 I align:start position:0% this is a classic test in 1957 I mentioned it in class before but I align:start position:0% mentioned it in class before but I align:start position:0% mentioned it in class before but I wanted to talk about it a little more align:start position:0% wanted to talk about it a little more align:start position:0% wanted to talk about it a little more now that we've drawn this distinction uh align:start position:0% now that we've drawn this distinction uh align:start position:0% now that we've drawn this distinction uh so uh Gene burco later Jean burko align:start position:0% so uh Gene burco later Jean burko align:start position:0% so uh Gene burco later Jean burko Gleason uh did this work in 1957 with align:start position:0% Gleason uh did this work in 1957 with align:start position:0% Gleason uh did this work in 1957 with children she was demonstrating that they align:start position:0% children she was demonstrating that they align:start position:0% children she was demonstrating that they know these generalizations about plurals align:start position:0% know these generalizations about plurals align:start position:0% know these generalizations about plurals uh even with words they've never heard align:start position:0% uh even with words they've never heard align:start position:0% uh even with words they've never heard before so she would show them pictures align:start position:0% before so she would show them pictures align:start position:0% before so she would show them pictures like this one this is one of her align:start position:0% like this one this is one of her align:start position:0% like this one this is one of her pictures she said this is a wug align:start position:0% pictures she said this is a wug align:start position:0% pictures she said this is a wug um and then she would show them align:start position:0% um and then she would show them align:start position:0% um and then she would show them two pictures of the same thing and she align:start position:0% two pictures of the same thing and she align:start position:0% two pictures of the same thing and she would say now there are two of them align:start position:0% would say now there are two of them align:start position:0% would say now there are two of them there are two and children were supposed align:start position:0% there are two and children were supposed align:start position:0% there are two and children were supposed to say align:start position:0% to say align:start position:0% to say bugs yeah uh even though they'd never align:start position:0% bugs yeah uh even though they'd never align:start position:0% bugs yeah uh even though they'd never heard anybody say well before right so align:start position:0% heard anybody say well before right so align:start position:0% heard anybody say well before right so Jean Virgo Gleason Gene burko uh made up align:start position:0% Jean Virgo Gleason Gene burko uh made up align:start position:0% Jean Virgo Gleason Gene burko uh made up a bunch of words she worked hard to make align:start position:0% a bunch of words she worked hard to make align:start position:0% a bunch of words she worked hard to make sure they were not real words and then align:start position:0% sure they were not real words and then align:start position:0% sure they were not real words and then she Drew many cute pictures uh and align:start position:0% she Drew many cute pictures uh and align:start position:0% she Drew many cute pictures uh and showed children singulars and plurals align:start position:0% showed children singulars and plurals align:start position:0% showed children singulars and plurals and said okay here's the singular what's align:start position:0% and said okay here's the singular what's align:start position:0% and said okay here's the singular what's the plural right and the kids align:start position:0% the plural right and the kids align:start position:0% the plural right and the kids um responded and she wrote down their align:start position:0% um responded and she wrote down their align:start position:0% um responded and she wrote down their responses and their responses align:start position:0% responses and their responses align:start position:0% responses and their responses interestingly were accurate uh in one align:start position:0% interestingly were accurate uh in one align:start position:0% interestingly were accurate uh in one way and sometimes inaccurate in another align:start position:0% way and sometimes inaccurate in another align:start position:0% way and sometimes inaccurate in another um align:start position:0% um align:start position:0% um interesting to think about so she was align:start position:0% interesting to think about so she was align:start position:0% interesting to think about so she was working with children who were five align:start position:0% working with children who were five align:start position:0% working with children who were five years old and children who were seven align:start position:0% years old and children who were seven align:start position:0% years old and children who were seven years old uh what she discovered was align:start position:0% years old uh what she discovered was align:start position:0% years old uh what she discovered was that by the time they're five years old align:start position:0% that by the time they're five years old align:start position:0% that by the time they're five years old they are in a sense perfect uh in the align:start position:0% they are in a sense perfect uh in the align:start position:0% they are in a sense perfect uh in the sense that all of the words that they align:start position:0% sense that all of the words that they align:start position:0% sense that all of the words that they came up with were phonatactically align:start position:0% came up with were phonatactically align:start position:0% came up with were phonatactically well-formed English words uh so here are align:start position:0% well-formed English words uh so here are align:start position:0% well-formed English words uh so here are three of uh burko's words heaths and align:start position:0% three of uh burko's words heaths and align:start position:0% three of uh burko's words heaths and Muzz yeah and uh well I think everybody align:start position:0% Muzz yeah and uh well I think everybody align:start position:0% Muzz yeah and uh well I think everybody did well perfectly everybody said the align:start position:0% did well perfectly everybody said the align:start position:0% did well perfectly everybody said the plural bug is wugs align:start position:0% plural bug is wugs align:start position:0% plural bug is wugs um but there were other cases where you align:start position:0% um but there were other cases where you align:start position:0% um but there were other cases where you know uh children would say sometimes align:start position:0% know uh children would say sometimes align:start position:0% know uh children would say sometimes things like the plural Thief is heifas align:start position:0% things like the plural Thief is heifas align:start position:0% things like the plural Thief is heifas or the plural of fast is fast or the align:start position:0% or the plural of fast is fast or the align:start position:0% or the plural of fast is fast or the plural of Moses Muzz align:start position:0% align:start position:0% these are all words where align:start position:0% these are all words where align:start position:0% these are all words where um and then there were other kinds of align:start position:0% um and then there were other kinds of align:start position:0% um and then there were other kinds of mistakes that children didn't make so um align:start position:0% mistakes that children didn't make so um align:start position:0% mistakes that children didn't make so um nobody said that the plural of wug was align:start position:0% nobody said that the plural of wug was align:start position:0% nobody said that the plural of wug was wugs you know or that the plural of wook align:start position:0% wugs you know or that the plural of wook align:start position:0% wugs you know or that the plural of wook is right or that the plural fast as fast align:start position:0% is right or that the plural fast as fast align:start position:0% is right or that the plural fast as fast as align:start position:0% align:start position:0% what were children doing well children align:start position:0% what were children doing well children align:start position:0% what were children doing well children know if you show them something that's align:start position:0% know if you show them something that's align:start position:0% know if you show them something that's underlyingly you know you give them align:start position:0% underlyingly you know you give them align:start position:0% underlyingly you know you give them Heath align:start position:0% Heath align:start position:0% Heath for some reason I'm spelling backwards align:start position:0% for some reason I'm spelling backwards align:start position:0% for some reason I'm spelling backwards you give them Heath and you ask them the align:start position:0% you give them Heath and you ask them the align:start position:0% you give them Heath and you ask them the plural they know that you're supposed to align:start position:0% plural they know that you're supposed to align:start position:0% plural they know that you're supposed to add a z and they know that English align:start position:0% add a z and they know that English align:start position:0% add a z and they know that English doesn't allow words that end in a z align:start position:0% doesn't allow words that end in a z align:start position:0% doesn't allow words that end in a z preceded by a voiceless sound align:start position:0% preceded by a voiceless sound align:start position:0% preceded by a voiceless sound but some of these five and align:start position:0% but some of these five and align:start position:0% but some of these five and seven-year-olds were a little fuzzy on align:start position:0% seven-year-olds were a little fuzzy on align:start position:0% seven-year-olds were a little fuzzy on on the possible repairs align:start position:0% on the possible repairs align:start position:0% on the possible repairs so align:start position:0% so align:start position:0% so um they none of them said oh yeah it's align:start position:0% um they none of them said oh yeah it's align:start position:0% um they none of them said oh yeah it's he right align:start position:0% he right align:start position:0% he right but I just said this if the only problem align:start position:0% but I just said this if the only problem align:start position:0% but I just said this if the only problem is well this word ends in the voiceless align:start position:0% is well this word ends in the voiceless align:start position:0% is well this word ends in the voiceless sound followed by a z in fact what align:start position:0% sound followed by a z in fact what align:start position:0% sound followed by a z in fact what you're supposed to do is devoice the Z align:start position:0% you're supposed to do is devoice the Z align:start position:0% you're supposed to do is devoice the Z that's what an adult would do it's a align:start position:0% that's what an adult would do it's a align:start position:0% that's what an adult would do it's a plural Thief is heafs yeah but if you align:start position:0% plural Thief is heafs yeah but if you align:start position:0% plural Thief is heafs yeah but if you were instead to insert a schwa well that align:start position:0% were instead to insert a schwa well that align:start position:0% were instead to insert a schwa well that would fix it too right so uh now the Z align:start position:0% would fix it too right so uh now the Z align:start position:0% would fix it too right so uh now the Z is preceded by a voiced sound the plural align:start position:0% is preceded by a voiced sound the plural align:start position:0% is preceded by a voiced sound the plural Thief is yeah and there were some kids align:start position:0% Thief is yeah and there were some kids align:start position:0% Thief is yeah and there were some kids who were going through a stage who were align:start position:0% who were going through a stage who were align:start position:0% who were going through a stage who were entertaining that possibility you know align:start position:0% entertaining that possibility you know align:start position:0% entertaining that possibility you know that that was the correct repair for align:start position:0% that that was the correct repair for align:start position:0% that that was the correct repair for that so what what uh berko found was align:start position:0% that so what what uh berko found was align:start position:0% that so what what uh berko found was that children uh universally knew the align:start position:0% that children uh universally knew the align:start position:0% that children uh universally knew the phono tactics right they they knew that align:start position:0% phono tactics right they they knew that align:start position:0% phono tactics right they they knew that English doesn't allow words that end in align:start position:0% English doesn't allow words that end in align:start position:0% English doesn't allow words that end in the Z preceded by a voiceless sound but align:start position:0% the Z preceded by a voiceless sound but align:start position:0% the Z preceded by a voiceless sound but they made sort of uh intriguing mistakes align:start position:0% they made sort of uh intriguing mistakes align:start position:0% they made sort of uh intriguing mistakes of various kinds not very often most of align:start position:0% of various kinds not very often most of align:start position:0% of various kinds not very often most of the kids just did everything perfectly align:start position:0% the kids just did everything perfectly align:start position:0% the kids just did everything perfectly but every so often she would get kids align:start position:0% but every so often she would get kids align:start position:0% but every so often she would get kids who made some mistakes and the mistakes align:start position:0% who made some mistakes and the mistakes align:start position:0% who made some mistakes and the mistakes were of this class that is mistakes align:start position:0% were of this class that is mistakes align:start position:0% were of this class that is mistakes where they knew that there needed to be align:start position:0% where they knew that there needed to be align:start position:0% where they knew that there needed to be a repair but got the repair wrong align:start position:0% a repair but got the repair wrong align:start position:0% a repair but got the repair wrong similarly for Muzz this was a kid who align:start position:0% similarly for Muzz this was a kid who align:start position:0% similarly for Muzz this was a kid who you know the singular is Muzz and the align:start position:0% you know the singular is Muzz and the align:start position:0% you know the singular is Muzz and the kid knows that you need to add a z and align:start position:0% kid knows that you need to add a z and align:start position:0% kid knows that you need to add a z and the kid knows that you can't have two align:start position:0% the kid knows that you can't have two align:start position:0% the kid knows that you can't have two stridents at the end of a word the align:start position:0% stridents at the end of a word the align:start position:0% stridents at the end of a word the correct answer the adult's answer is to align:start position:0% correct answer the adult's answer is to align:start position:0% correct answer the adult's answer is to insert a schwa so the plural of Muzz align:start position:0% insert a schwa so the plural of Muzz align:start position:0% insert a schwa so the plural of Muzz will be muzzes but uh deleting the Z one align:start position:0% will be muzzes but uh deleting the Z one align:start position:0% will be muzzes but uh deleting the Z one of the Z is hard to know which one uh align:start position:0% of the Z is hard to know which one uh align:start position:0% of the Z is hard to know which one uh also fixes that problem and so uh that align:start position:0% also fixes that problem and so uh that align:start position:0% also fixes that problem and so uh that was a kid who thought yeah I'll delete a align:start position:0% was a kid who thought yeah I'll delete a align:start position:0% was a kid who thought yeah I'll delete a z yeah yeah Joseph align:start position:0% align:start position:0% as something that English does yeah no align:start position:0% as something that English does yeah no align:start position:0% as something that English does yeah no so English there aren't I don't think align:start position:0% so English there aren't I don't think align:start position:0% so English there aren't I don't think any English nouns align:start position:0% any English nouns align:start position:0% any English nouns that form their plural by adding a z and align:start position:0% that form their plural by adding a z and align:start position:0% that form their plural by adding a z and deleting something before the Z don't align:start position:0% deleting something before the Z don't align:start position:0% deleting something before the Z don't believe align:start position:0% believe align:start position:0% believe that ever happens yeah this is me align:start position:0% that ever happens yeah this is me align:start position:0% that ever happens yeah this is me slowing down while I tried to think of align:start position:0% slowing down while I tried to think of align:start position:0% slowing down while I tried to think of English nouns of which I know several align:start position:0% English nouns of which I know several align:start position:0% English nouns of which I know several but align:start position:0% but align:start position:0% but um I can't think of any of it I can't align:start position:0% um I can't think of any of it I can't align:start position:0% um I can't think of any of it I can't think of any to do that yeah align:start position:0% align:start position:0% um yeah so is this clear another reason align:start position:0% um yeah so is this clear another reason align:start position:0% um yeah so is this clear another reason to draw this distinction between on the align:start position:0% to draw this distinction between on the align:start position:0% to draw this distinction between on the one hand align:start position:0% one hand align:start position:0% one hand what I was calling phonotactics these align:start position:0% what I was calling phonotactics these align:start position:0% what I was calling phonotactics these rules for which kinds of sounds can be align:start position:0% rules for which kinds of sounds can be align:start position:0% rules for which kinds of sounds can be where uh and on the other hand the align:start position:0% where uh and on the other hand the align:start position:0% where uh and on the other hand the repairs so uh uh the kids that burka was align:start position:0% repairs so uh uh the kids that burka was align:start position:0% repairs so uh uh the kids that burka was working with uh knew the founder tactics align:start position:0% working with uh knew the founder tactics align:start position:0% working with uh knew the founder tactics but were sometimes fuzzy on what the align:start position:0% but were sometimes fuzzy on what the align:start position:0% but were sometimes fuzzy on what the correct repairs were um align:start position:0% align:start position:0% okay align:start position:0% okay align:start position:0% okay so moral yet again needed to distinguish align:start position:0% so moral yet again needed to distinguish align:start position:0% so moral yet again needed to distinguish between on the one hand the phony align:start position:0% between on the one hand the phony align:start position:0% between on the one hand the phony tactics and on the other hand the align:start position:0% tactics and on the other hand the align:start position:0% tactics and on the other hand the particular sound changes the repairs align:start position:0% particular sound changes the repairs align:start position:0% particular sound changes the repairs that enforce the phonotactics it's align:start position:0% that enforce the phonotactics it's align:start position:0% that enforce the phonotactics it's apparently possible to know one of those align:start position:0% apparently possible to know one of those align:start position:0% apparently possible to know one of those but not the other align:start position:0% align:start position:0% um okay that align:start position:0% um okay that align:start position:0% um okay that ends a chapter yeah now we're going to align:start position:0% ends a chapter yeah now we're going to align:start position:0% ends a chapter yeah now we're going to talk about something else align:start position:0% talk about something else align:start position:0% talk about something else so are there any questions about that is align:start position:0% so are there any questions about that is align:start position:0% so are there any questions about that is that clear align:start position:0% that clear align:start position:0% that clear um we've already done some of this but I align:start position:0% um we've already done some of this but I align:start position:0% um we've already done some of this but I want to do more align:start position:0% want to do more align:start position:0% want to do more we've been talking about how uh there align:start position:0% we've been talking about how uh there align:start position:0% we've been talking about how uh there are some kinds of sound changes that are align:start position:0% are some kinds of sound changes that are align:start position:0% are some kinds of sound changes that are natural because they apply to Natural align:start position:0% natural because they apply to Natural align:start position:0% natural because they apply to Natural classes of things uh sort of can be align:start position:0% classes of things uh sort of can be align:start position:0% classes of things uh sort of can be almost circular uh so you know I quickly align:start position:0% almost circular uh so you know I quickly align:start position:0% almost circular uh so you know I quickly introduced you to the word strivons align:start position:0% introduced you to the word strivons align:start position:0% introduced you to the word strivons because the generalization about English align:start position:0% because the generalization about English align:start position:0% because the generalization about English plurals is that two stridents can't end align:start position:0% plurals is that two stridents can't end align:start position:0% plurals is that two stridents can't end the word in English and that's why you align:start position:0% the word in English and that's why you align:start position:0% the word in English and that's why you introduce a schwa just in case you're in align:start position:0% introduce a schwa just in case you're in align:start position:0% introduce a schwa just in case you're in danger of having two stridents at the align:start position:0% danger of having two stridents at the align:start position:0% danger of having two stridents at the end of your word align:start position:0% end of your word align:start position:0% end of your word um uh straight in the word strident uh align:start position:0% um uh straight in the word strident uh align:start position:0% um uh straight in the word strident uh has an acoustic definition they are align:start position:0% has an acoustic definition they are align:start position:0% has an acoustic definition they are fricatives that have lots of high align:start position:0% fricatives that have lots of high align:start position:0% fricatives that have lots of high frequency noise uh but uh it's kind of align:start position:0% frequency noise uh but uh it's kind of align:start position:0% frequency noise uh but uh it's kind of of interest that there are phenomena align:start position:0% of interest that there are phenomena align:start position:0% of interest that there are phenomena like the alamorphy and English plurals align:start position:0% like the alamorphy and English plurals align:start position:0% like the alamorphy and English plurals that make reference to That acoustic align:start position:0% that make reference to That acoustic align:start position:0% that make reference to That acoustic fact that's apparently something that a align:start position:0% fact that's apparently something that a align:start position:0% fact that's apparently something that a language can care about uh how much high align:start position:0% language can care about uh how much high align:start position:0% language can care about uh how much high frequency noise you have at once align:start position:0% frequency noise you have at once align:start position:0% frequency noise you have at once um it's also something that varies from align:start position:0% um it's also something that varies from align:start position:0% um it's also something that varies from language to language there are certain align:start position:0% language to language there are certain align:start position:0% language to language there are certain languages that are perfectly happy to align:start position:0% languages that are perfectly happy to align:start position:0% languages that are perfectly happy to have long strings of stridents uh align:start position:0% have long strings of stridents uh align:start position:0% have long strings of stridents uh English just isn't one of them align:start position:0% English just isn't one of them align:start position:0% English just isn't one of them yep align:start position:0% align:start position:0% so align:start position:0% so align:start position:0% so we've already done as I said some align:start position:0% we've already done as I said some align:start position:0% we've already done as I said some talking about this so when I was first align:start position:0% talking about this so when I was first align:start position:0% talking about this so when I was first introducing you to consonants or align:start position:0% introducing you to consonants or align:start position:0% introducing you to consonants or introducing you to vowels I mean you'd align:start position:0% introducing you to vowels I mean you'd align:start position:0% introducing you to vowels I mean you'd already met Constance at some point in align:start position:0% already met Constance at some point in align:start position:0% already met Constance at some point in your life but we were talking about them align:start position:0% your life but we were talking about them align:start position:0% your life but we were talking about them in a particular systematic way uh we align:start position:0% in a particular systematic way uh we align:start position:0% in a particular systematic way uh we talked about various ways of classifying align:start position:0% talked about various ways of classifying align:start position:0% talked about various ways of classifying them uh saying you know there are some align:start position:0% them uh saying you know there are some align:start position:0% them uh saying you know there are some consonants that are fricatives and some align:start position:0% consonants that are fricatives and some align:start position:0% consonants that are fricatives and some consonants that are stops or saying align:start position:0% consonants that are stops or saying align:start position:0% consonants that are stops or saying there are some consonants that are align:start position:0% there are some consonants that are align:start position:0% there are some consonants that are voiced and some consonants that are align:start position:0% voiced and some consonants that are align:start position:0% voiced and some consonants that are voiceless so what I want to do today is align:start position:0% voiceless so what I want to do today is align:start position:0% voiceless so what I want to do today is to introduce you to some other kinds of align:start position:0% to introduce you to some other kinds of align:start position:0% to introduce you to some other kinds of classification and they'll as much as align:start position:0% classification and they'll as much as align:start position:0% classification and they'll as much as possible try to show you places where align:start position:0% possible try to show you places where align:start position:0% possible try to show you places where languages care about a particular class align:start position:0% languages care about a particular class align:start position:0% languages care about a particular class of sounds again this is all in the align:start position:0% of sounds again this is all in the align:start position:0% of sounds again this is all in the service of making it easier easier for align:start position:0% service of making it easier easier for align:start position:0% service of making it easier easier for us to understand why certain kinds of align:start position:0% us to understand why certain kinds of align:start position:0% us to understand why certain kinds of sound changes are natural and others uh align:start position:0% sound changes are natural and others uh align:start position:0% sound changes are natural and others uh are are not align:start position:0% align:start position:0% so align:start position:0% so align:start position:0% so here's one that we've already seen there align:start position:0% here's one that we've already seen there align:start position:0% here's one that we've already seen there are sounds that are nasal align:start position:0% are sounds that are nasal align:start position:0% are sounds that are nasal this is a contrast that I believe I have align:start position:0% this is a contrast that I believe I have align:start position:0% this is a contrast that I believe I have introduced you to before but let me align:start position:0% introduced you to before but let me align:start position:0% introduced you to before but let me introduce you to it again there's a align:start position:0% introduce you to it again there's a align:start position:0% introduce you to it again there's a distinction align:start position:0% distinction align:start position:0% distinction um I think I brought this up last time align:start position:0% um I think I brought this up last time align:start position:0% um I think I brought this up last time actually there's a distinction when we align:start position:0% actually there's a distinction when we align:start position:0% actually there's a distinction when we talk about consonants between what are align:start position:0% talk about consonants between what are align:start position:0% talk about consonants between what are called sonorants align:start position:0% called sonorants align:start position:0% called sonorants and what are called obstructs so these align:start position:0% and what are called obstructs so these align:start position:0% and what are called obstructs so these are opposites of each other I hope I align:start position:0% are opposites of each other I hope I align:start position:0% are opposites of each other I hope I have the word obstrand on a later slide align:start position:0% have the word obstrand on a later slide align:start position:0% have the word obstrand on a later slide but just in case I don't there are these align:start position:0% but just in case I don't there are these align:start position:0% but just in case I don't there are these two kinds of sounds obstruents align:start position:0% two kinds of sounds obstruents align:start position:0% two kinds of sounds obstruents and sonorants align:start position:0% and sonorants align:start position:0% and sonorants and the distinction between them has to align:start position:0% and the distinction between them has to align:start position:0% and the distinction between them has to do with whether you are building up align:start position:0% do with whether you are building up align:start position:0% do with whether you are building up pressure in the oral cavity so uh the align:start position:0% pressure in the oral cavity so uh the align:start position:0% pressure in the oral cavity so uh the sonorants are the nasals and the liquids align:start position:0% sonorants are the nasals and the liquids align:start position:0% sonorants are the nasals and the liquids and the Glides the the consonants in align:start position:0% and the Glides the the consonants in align:start position:0% and the Glides the the consonants in which there's no pressure building up in align:start position:0% which there's no pressure building up in align:start position:0% which there's no pressure building up in the oral cavity align:start position:0% the oral cavity align:start position:0% the oral cavity whereas the obstruents those are the align:start position:0% whereas the obstruents those are the align:start position:0% whereas the obstruents those are the stops and the fricatives the oral stops align:start position:0% stops and the fricatives the oral stops align:start position:0% stops and the fricatives the oral stops the fricatives those are the sounds in align:start position:0% the fricatives those are the sounds in align:start position:0% the fricatives those are the sounds in which there is pressure building up in align:start position:0% which there is pressure building up in align:start position:0% which there is pressure building up in the oral cavity for a stop it's because align:start position:0% the oral cavity for a stop it's because align:start position:0% the oral cavity for a stop it's because well you've stopped the flow there at align:start position:0% well you've stopped the flow there at align:start position:0% well you've stopped the flow there at the mouth and so pressure is building up align:start position:0% the mouth and so pressure is building up align:start position:0% the mouth and so pressure is building up and for a fricative uh well you haven't align:start position:0% and for a fricative uh well you haven't align:start position:0% and for a fricative uh well you haven't stopped the flow of air but you're align:start position:0% stopped the flow of air but you're align:start position:0% stopped the flow of air but you're constricting it that's how you make a align:start position:0% constricting it that's how you make a align:start position:0% constricting it that's how you make a fricative and so pressure is building up align:start position:0% fricative and so pressure is building up align:start position:0% fricative and so pressure is building up in the oral cavity and when I say align:start position:0% in the oral cavity and when I say align:start position:0% in the oral cavity and when I say pressure is building up in the oral align:start position:0% pressure is building up in the oral align:start position:0% pressure is building up in the oral cavity what I mean is that phoneticists align:start position:0% cavity what I mean is that phoneticists align:start position:0% cavity what I mean is that phoneticists have put instruments inside people's align:start position:0% have put instruments inside people's align:start position:0% have put instruments inside people's mouths to measure air pressure to find align:start position:0% mouths to measure air pressure to find align:start position:0% mouths to measure air pressure to find out what happens and they've discovered align:start position:0% out what happens and they've discovered align:start position:0% out what happens and they've discovered that this is true yeah so align:start position:0% that this is true yeah so align:start position:0% that this is true yeah so um I I try not to lie to you in this align:start position:0% um I I try not to lie to you in this align:start position:0% um I I try not to lie to you in this class any more than I can help it but in align:start position:0% class any more than I can help it but in align:start position:0% class any more than I can help it but in this particular case what I'm saying is align:start position:0% this particular case what I'm saying is align:start position:0% this particular case what I'm saying is absolutely true yeah align:start position:0% align:start position:0% um okay so there's honorance and there align:start position:0% um okay so there's honorance and there align:start position:0% um okay so there's honorance and there are obstrands uh we have already talked align:start position:0% are obstrands uh we have already talked align:start position:0% are obstrands uh we have already talked about the classification of sounds into align:start position:0% about the classification of sounds into align:start position:0% about the classification of sounds into voiced and voiceless sounds so the red align:start position:0% voiced and voiceless sounds so the red align:start position:0% voiced and voiceless sounds so the red sounds on this slide are voiced uh and align:start position:0% sounds on this slide are voiced uh and align:start position:0% sounds on this slide are voiced uh and as you can see this crosscuts some of align:start position:0% as you can see this crosscuts some of align:start position:0% as you can see this crosscuts some of the other classifications so you know align:start position:0% the other classifications so you know align:start position:0% the other classifications so you know you can be uh you can be an obstruent align:start position:0% you can be uh you can be an obstruent align:start position:0% you can be uh you can be an obstruent like a stop or a fricative and you can align:start position:0% like a stop or a fricative and you can align:start position:0% like a stop or a fricative and you can be either voiced or voiceless yeah so uh align:start position:0% be either voiced or voiceless yeah so uh align:start position:0% be either voiced or voiceless yeah so uh English stops can be voiced or voiceless align:start position:0% English stops can be voiced or voiceless align:start position:0% English stops can be voiced or voiceless English fricatives can be voiced or align:start position:0% English fricatives can be voiced or align:start position:0% English fricatives can be voiced or voiceless align:start position:0% voiceless align:start position:0% voiceless English sonorants interestingly can only align:start position:0% English sonorants interestingly can only align:start position:0% English sonorants interestingly can only be voiced they cannot be voiceless we align:start position:0% be voiced they cannot be voiceless we align:start position:0% be voiced they cannot be voiceless we have sonderance like like L like little align:start position:0% have sonderance like like L like little align:start position:0% have sonderance like like L like little but we don't have a voiceless version of align:start position:0% but we don't have a voiceless version of align:start position:0% but we don't have a voiceless version of L we talked about this when we were align:start position:0% L we talked about this when we were align:start position:0% L we talked about this when we were first going through uh sounds there are align:start position:0% first going through uh sounds there are align:start position:0% first going through uh sounds there are languages out there that have a align:start position:0% languages out there that have a align:start position:0% languages out there that have a voiceless version of L that have a sound align:start position:0% voiceless version of L that have a sound align:start position:0% voiceless version of L that have a sound uh Tibetan has one for example uh so if align:start position:0% uh Tibetan has one for example uh so if align:start position:0% uh Tibetan has one for example uh so if you go to Casa the capital of Tibet you align:start position:0% you go to Casa the capital of Tibet you align:start position:0% you go to Casa the capital of Tibet you must learn to make voiceless cells uh uh align:start position:0% must learn to make voiceless cells uh uh align:start position:0% must learn to make voiceless cells uh uh Welsh align:start position:0% Welsh align:start position:0% Welsh um has a voiceless L it's they spell it align:start position:0% um has a voiceless L it's they spell it align:start position:0% um has a voiceless L it's they spell it with two L's so if you look at Welsh align:start position:0% with two L's so if you look at Welsh align:start position:0% with two L's so if you look at Welsh words you'll see pairs of L's that's align:start position:0% words you'll see pairs of L's that's align:start position:0% words you'll see pairs of L's that's their way of spelling of voiceless a align:start position:0% their way of spelling of voiceless a align:start position:0% their way of spelling of voiceless a voiceless cell so there's a traditional align:start position:0% voiceless cell so there's a traditional align:start position:0% voiceless cell so there's a traditional Welsh name spelled like this and align:start position:0% Welsh name spelled like this and align:start position:0% Welsh name spelled like this and pronounced Floyd align:start position:0% pronounced Floyd align:start position:0% pronounced Floyd uh which has been borrowed into English align:start position:0% uh which has been borrowed into English align:start position:0% uh which has been borrowed into English twice as the name Lloyd and the name align:start position:0% twice as the name Lloyd and the name align:start position:0% twice as the name Lloyd and the name Floyd align:start position:0% Floyd align:start position:0% Floyd these are both attempts to pronounce align:start position:0% these are both attempts to pronounce align:start position:0% these are both attempts to pronounce Floyd which we can't pronounce because align:start position:0% Floyd which we can't pronounce because align:start position:0% Floyd which we can't pronounce because we don't have that sound align:start position:0% we don't have that sound align:start position:0% we don't have that sound um uh yeah so uh English has uh voiced align:start position:0% um uh yeah so uh English has uh voiced align:start position:0% um uh yeah so uh English has uh voiced and voiceless obstruents stops and align:start position:0% and voiceless obstruents stops and align:start position:0% and voiceless obstruents stops and fricatives but it only has voiced align:start position:0% fricatives but it only has voiced align:start position:0% fricatives but it only has voiced dishonorance that's a very common state align:start position:0% dishonorance that's a very common state align:start position:0% dishonorance that's a very common state of affairs uh if you're gonna have a align:start position:0% of affairs uh if you're gonna have a align:start position:0% of affairs uh if you're gonna have a voicing distinction in only one of these align:start position:0% voicing distinction in only one of these align:start position:0% voicing distinction in only one of these places it's in the obstrands uh language align:start position:0% places it's in the obstrands uh language align:start position:0% places it's in the obstrands uh language is only having voiced sonorants that's align:start position:0% is only having voiced sonorants that's align:start position:0% is only having voiced sonorants that's very common yeah align:start position:0% very common yeah align:start position:0% very common yeah though not Universal as we've said align:start position:0% align:start position:0% um quick interlude align:start position:0% um quick interlude align:start position:0% um quick interlude to use one of these features here are a align:start position:0% to use one of these features here are a align:start position:0% to use one of these features here are a bunch of uh verbs that you can make out align:start position:0% bunch of uh verbs that you can make out align:start position:0% bunch of uh verbs that you can make out of adjectives so you can take an align:start position:0% of adjectives so you can take an align:start position:0% of adjectives so you can take an adjective like black align:start position:0% adjective like black align:start position:0% adjective like black and you can make a verb blackened which align:start position:0% and you can make a verb blackened which align:start position:0% and you can make a verb blackened which can be either a transitive verb or an align:start position:0% can be either a transitive verb or an align:start position:0% can be either a transitive verb or an intrinsic verb I guess so uh you can you align:start position:0% intrinsic verb I guess so uh you can you align:start position:0% intrinsic verb I guess so uh you can you can blacken align:start position:0% can blacken align:start position:0% can blacken um the paper or blacken the fish I guess align:start position:0% um the paper or blacken the fish I guess align:start position:0% um the paper or blacken the fish I guess it means to make it black yeah align:start position:0% it means to make it black yeah align:start position:0% it means to make it black yeah similarly something can whiten or lessen align:start position:0% similarly something can whiten or lessen align:start position:0% similarly something can whiten or lessen or freshen or darkening you can offer to align:start position:0% or freshen or darkening you can offer to align:start position:0% or freshen or darkening you can offer to freshen a drink say yeah it means to align:start position:0% freshen a drink say yeah it means to align:start position:0% freshen a drink say yeah it means to make it fresh right so this is there's align:start position:0% make it fresh right so this is there's align:start position:0% make it fresh right so this is there's this um that you can add to adjectives align:start position:0% this um that you can add to adjectives align:start position:0% this um that you can add to adjectives to make verbs align:start position:0% to make verbs align:start position:0% to make verbs sound right align:start position:0% sound right align:start position:0% sound right on the other hand there are these other align:start position:0% on the other hand there are these other align:start position:0% on the other hand there are these other adjectives align:start position:0% align:start position:0% which can't happen yeah so align:start position:0% which can't happen yeah so align:start position:0% which can't happen yeah so um the the screen of a computer can align:start position:0% um the the screen of a computer can align:start position:0% um the the screen of a computer can darken but it cannot yellow in yeah a align:start position:0% darken but it cannot yellow in yeah a align:start position:0% darken but it cannot yellow in yeah a piece of paper uh that gets old uh you align:start position:0% piece of paper uh that gets old uh you align:start position:0% piece of paper uh that gets old uh you what you say is that it yellows it align:start position:0% what you say is that it yellows it align:start position:0% what you say is that it yellows it yellowed with age you don't say that it align:start position:0% yellowed with age you don't say that it align:start position:0% yellowed with age you don't say that it yellow end yeah similarly you can't align:start position:0% yellow end yeah similarly you can't align:start position:0% yellow end yeah similarly you can't demon or gray in or clearing or Browning align:start position:0% demon or gray in or clearing or Browning align:start position:0% demon or gray in or clearing or Browning yeah all of those things if you want to align:start position:0% yeah all of those things if you want to align:start position:0% yeah all of those things if you want to make them into verbs you just they're align:start position:0% make them into verbs you just they're align:start position:0% make them into verbs you just they're verbs yeah align:start position:0% verbs yeah align:start position:0% verbs yeah yeah does that sound right align:start position:0% yeah does that sound right align:start position:0% yeah does that sound right what's the difference between black align:start position:0% what's the difference between black align:start position:0% what's the difference between black white less fresh and dark on the one align:start position:0% white less fresh and dark on the one align:start position:0% white less fresh and dark on the one hand and yellow dim gray clear and brown align:start position:0% hand and yellow dim gray clear and brown align:start position:0% hand and yellow dim gray clear and brown on the other align:start position:0% on the other align:start position:0% on the other the endless voiceless align:start position:0% the endless voiceless align:start position:0% the endless voiceless stops on the first line in the first align:start position:0% stops on the first line in the first align:start position:0% stops on the first line in the first line black white and dark end with align:start position:0% line black white and dark end with align:start position:0% line black white and dark end with voiceless stops and less and fresh align:start position:0% voiceless stops and less and fresh align:start position:0% voiceless stops and less and fresh and with voiceless fricatives yeah yeah align:start position:0% and with voiceless fricatives yeah yeah align:start position:0% and with voiceless fricatives yeah yeah yeah yeah nice align:start position:0% align:start position:0% and yellow dim gray clear and brown align:start position:0% and yellow dim gray clear and brown align:start position:0% and yellow dim gray clear and brown and in voiced sounds align:start position:0% align:start position:0% what's the cover term for uh stops and align:start position:0% what's the cover term for uh stops and align:start position:0% what's the cover term for uh stops and fricatives align:start position:0% fricatives align:start position:0% fricatives obstreams yeah so um can be added to align:start position:0% obstreams yeah so um can be added to align:start position:0% obstreams yeah so um can be added to words ending and obstruents uh and it align:start position:0% words ending and obstruents uh and it align:start position:0% words ending and obstruents uh and it can't be added to two adjectives ending align:start position:0% can't be added to two adjectives ending align:start position:0% can't be added to two adjectives ending in sonorance yeah align:start position:0% in sonorance yeah align:start position:0% in sonorance yeah okay align:start position:0% okay align:start position:0% okay another place where it's useful to align:start position:0% another place where it's useful to align:start position:0% another place where it's useful to distinguish uh sonorants from uh align:start position:0% distinguish uh sonorants from uh align:start position:0% distinguish uh sonorants from uh obstruents polish plurals I think this align:start position:0% obstruents polish plurals I think this align:start position:0% obstruents polish plurals I think this is the last time I will say anything align:start position:0% is the last time I will say anything align:start position:0% is the last time I will say anything about polish plurals I can't promise align:start position:0% about polish plurals I can't promise align:start position:0% about polish plurals I can't promise because you know it's a very useful align:start position:0% because you know it's a very useful align:start position:0% because you know it's a very useful example but if you're getting tired of align:start position:0% example but if you're getting tired of align:start position:0% example but if you're getting tired of Polish plurals I apologize I think we're align:start position:0% Polish plurals I apologize I think we're align:start position:0% Polish plurals I apologize I think we're just about to the end on the other hand align:start position:0% just about to the end on the other hand align:start position:0% just about to the end on the other hand if you've become fond of Polish plurals align:start position:0% if you've become fond of Polish plurals align:start position:0% if you've become fond of Polish plurals please gaze at this this slide for a align:start position:0% please gaze at this this slide for a align:start position:0% please gaze at this this slide for a while you know because this is your last align:start position:0% while you know because this is your last align:start position:0% while you know because this is your last big chance align:start position:0% big chance align:start position:0% big chance um align:start position:0% um align:start position:0% um what we said about polish florals was align:start position:0% what we said about polish florals was align:start position:0% what we said about polish florals was that it's useful to say that there are align:start position:0% that it's useful to say that there are align:start position:0% that it's useful to say that there are words that end underlyingly in sounds align:start position:0% words that end underlyingly in sounds align:start position:0% words that end underlyingly in sounds like G and B and z and that those final align:start position:0% like G and B and z and that those final align:start position:0% like G and B and z and that those final sounds G and B and Z devoice when align:start position:0% sounds G and B and Z devoice when align:start position:0% sounds G and B and Z devoice when they're at the ends of words so align:start position:0% they're at the ends of words so align:start position:0% they're at the ends of words so underlying the word for lie becomes if align:start position:0% underlying the word for lie becomes if align:start position:0% underlying the word for lie becomes if you don't add anything to after it all align:start position:0% you don't add anything to after it all align:start position:0% you don't add anything to after it all right and same with the word for club align:start position:0% right and same with the word for club align:start position:0% right and same with the word for club and the word for Rubble and I have been align:start position:0% and the word for Rubble and I have been align:start position:0% and the word for Rubble and I have been in cautiously saying things like polish align:start position:0% in cautiously saying things like polish align:start position:0% in cautiously saying things like polish devoices its final consonants align:start position:0% devoices its final consonants align:start position:0% devoices its final consonants which was a lie I think I told you just align:start position:0% which was a lie I think I told you just align:start position:0% which was a lie I think I told you just now that I try not to lie to you any align:start position:0% now that I try not to lie to you any align:start position:0% now that I try not to lie to you any more than I have to align:start position:0% more than I have to align:start position:0% more than I have to um align:start position:0% um align:start position:0% um it doesn't devoice its final consonants align:start position:0% it doesn't devoice its final consonants align:start position:0% it doesn't devoice its final consonants right because uh polish has words like align:start position:0% right because uh polish has words like align:start position:0% right because uh polish has words like Dom which is the word for house and that align:start position:0% Dom which is the word for house and that align:start position:0% Dom which is the word for house and that ends in a voiced sound right Dom doesn't align:start position:0% ends in a voiced sound right Dom doesn't align:start position:0% ends in a voiced sound right Dom doesn't become Dom yeah align:start position:0% become Dom yeah align:start position:0% become Dom yeah right align:start position:0% right align:start position:0% right so it's not the case that final align:start position:0% so it's not the case that final align:start position:0% so it's not the case that final consonants become voiceless in Polish align:start position:0% consonants become voiceless in Polish align:start position:0% consonants become voiceless in Polish what are the things that become align:start position:0% what are the things that become align:start position:0% what are the things that become voiceless in Polish align:start position:0% align:start position:0% obstrands yeah stop centricatives yeah align:start position:0% obstrands yeah stop centricatives yeah align:start position:0% obstrands yeah stop centricatives yeah those are the things that become align:start position:0% those are the things that become align:start position:0% those are the things that become voiceless in Polish relatedly polish is align:start position:0% voiceless in Polish relatedly polish is align:start position:0% voiceless in Polish relatedly polish is like English in having voiced and align:start position:0% like English in having voiced and align:start position:0% like English in having voiced and voiceless obstruents but not in having align:start position:0% voiceless obstruents but not in having align:start position:0% voiceless obstruents but not in having voiced and not having voiced and align:start position:0% voiced and not having voiced and align:start position:0% voiced and not having voiced and voiceless honorings uh polish you know align:start position:0% voiceless honorings uh polish you know align:start position:0% voiceless honorings uh polish you know the m in a sense doesn't have anywhere align:start position:0% the m in a sense doesn't have anywhere align:start position:0% the m in a sense doesn't have anywhere to go align:start position:0% to go align:start position:0% to go polish doesn't have that sound align:start position:0% align:start position:0% common situation so it's really final align:start position:0% common situation so it's really final align:start position:0% common situation so it's really final obstruents that are becoming voiceless align:start position:0% align:start position:0% okay all right so that's that's that's a align:start position:0% okay all right so that's that's that's a align:start position:0% okay all right so that's that's that's a reason to want to care about the align:start position:0% reason to want to care about the align:start position:0% reason to want to care about the distinction between sunrings and align:start position:0% distinction between sunrings and align:start position:0% distinction between sunrings and obstrids uh not just because you want to align:start position:0% obstrids uh not just because you want to align:start position:0% obstrids uh not just because you want to understand why it's white and darkened align:start position:0% understand why it's white and darkened align:start position:0% understand why it's white and darkened and lessened but not yellowing yeah align:start position:0% and lessened but not yellowing yeah align:start position:0% and lessened but not yellowing yeah uh it seems to be a distinction that align:start position:0% uh it seems to be a distinction that align:start position:0% uh it seems to be a distinction that cares about sonorants and obstruents align:start position:0% cares about sonorants and obstruents align:start position:0% cares about sonorants and obstruents here's another one uh polish which as align:start position:0% here's another one uh polish which as align:start position:0% here's another one uh polish which as I've said now several times and I think align:start position:0% I've said now several times and I think align:start position:0% I've said now several times and I think this might be the last time uh polish is align:start position:0% this might be the last time uh polish is align:start position:0% this might be the last time uh polish is doing something that is very common in align:start position:0% doing something that is very common in align:start position:0% doing something that is very common in languages of the world it's devoicing align:start position:0% languages of the world it's devoicing align:start position:0% languages of the world it's devoicing final obstrands align:start position:0% final obstrands align:start position:0% final obstrands um uh uh that's a that's a thing that align:start position:0% um uh uh that's a that's a thing that align:start position:0% um uh uh that's a that's a thing that happens a lot align:start position:0% align:start position:0% all right so align:start position:0% all right so align:start position:0% all right so um phonology so far we've been doing align:start position:0% um phonology so far we've been doing align:start position:0% um phonology so far we've been doing phenology for a couple days now uh it's align:start position:0% phenology for a couple days now uh it's align:start position:0% phenology for a couple days now uh it's useful to think of sounds as undergoing align:start position:0% useful to think of sounds as undergoing align:start position:0% useful to think of sounds as undergoing changes uh sometimes uh driven by sounds align:start position:0% changes uh sometimes uh driven by sounds align:start position:0% changes uh sometimes uh driven by sounds coming in contact with each other align:start position:0% coming in contact with each other align:start position:0% coming in contact with each other um and we can describe these changes in align:start position:0% um and we can describe these changes in align:start position:0% um and we can describe these changes in terms of rules here's the formalism for align:start position:0% terms of rules here's the formalism for align:start position:0% terms of rules here's the formalism for rules that I've been showing you uh so align:start position:0% rules that I've been showing you uh so align:start position:0% rules that I've been showing you uh so we'll say you know sound a changes into align:start position:0% we'll say you know sound a changes into align:start position:0% we'll say you know sound a changes into sound B the slash introduces you to the align:start position:0% sound B the slash introduces you to the align:start position:0% sound B the slash introduces you to the environment this is a description of align:start position:0% environment this is a description of align:start position:0% environment this is a description of what's happening in Polish and Turkish align:start position:0% what's happening in Polish and Turkish align:start position:0% what's happening in Polish and Turkish and German Russian lots of other align:start position:0% and German Russian lots of other align:start position:0% and German Russian lots of other languages uh final obstruents so if you align:start position:0% languages uh final obstruents so if you align:start position:0% languages uh final obstruents so if you are an obstrom that is something which align:start position:0% are an obstrom that is something which align:start position:0% are an obstrom that is something which is now the sonorant you become something align:start position:0% is now the sonorant you become something align:start position:0% is now the sonorant you become something which is not voiced if you are at the align:start position:0% which is not voiced if you are at the align:start position:0% which is not voiced if you are at the end of a word that environment align:start position:0% end of a word that environment align:start position:0% end of a word that environment description is the way to write at the align:start position:0% description is the way to write at the align:start position:0% description is the way to write at the end of a word that hash symbol is the align:start position:0% end of a word that hash symbol is the align:start position:0% end of a word that hash symbol is the symbol for a boundary between words and align:start position:0% symbol for a boundary between words and align:start position:0% symbol for a boundary between words and and the underscore is where the change align:start position:0% and the underscore is where the change align:start position:0% and the underscore is where the change takes place so this rule says this align:start position:0% takes place so this rule says this align:start position:0% takes place so this rule says this change happens uh when the sound is align:start position:0% change happens uh when the sound is align:start position:0% change happens uh when the sound is before a word boundary or if there's align:start position:0% before a word boundary or if there's align:start position:0% before a word boundary or if there's another way when it is at the end of a align:start position:0% another way when it is at the end of a align:start position:0% another way when it is at the end of a word align:start position:0% word align:start position:0% word does that make sense this is a way of align:start position:0% does that make sense this is a way of align:start position:0% does that make sense this is a way of writing rules align:start position:0% writing rules align:start position:0% writing rules um align:start position:0% um align:start position:0% um these rules are part of our knowledge of align:start position:0% these rules are part of our knowledge of align:start position:0% these rules are part of our knowledge of a language so you know we've talked align:start position:0% a language so you know we've talked align:start position:0% a language so you know we've talked about this uh align:start position:0% about this uh align:start position:0% about this uh uh align:start position:0% uh align:start position:0% uh as adults uh all of anybody who is a align:start position:0% as adults uh all of anybody who is a align:start position:0% as adults uh all of anybody who is a native speaker of English knows how to align:start position:0% native speaker of English knows how to align:start position:0% native speaker of English knows how to make the plural of wug or how to make align:start position:0% make the plural of wug or how to make align:start position:0% make the plural of wug or how to make the plural of Bach even so uh how to align:start position:0% the plural of Bach even so uh how to align:start position:0% the plural of Bach even so uh how to make plurals of words you've never heard align:start position:0% make plurals of words you've never heard align:start position:0% make plurals of words you've never heard before and even words that end in sounds align:start position:0% before and even words that end in sounds align:start position:0% before and even words that end in sounds that your language doesn't have right align:start position:0% that your language doesn't have right align:start position:0% that your language doesn't have right so if I insist on calling the composer align:start position:0% so if I insist on calling the composer align:start position:0% so if I insist on calling the composer Bach if I insist on the original align:start position:0% Bach if I insist on the original align:start position:0% Bach if I insist on the original pronunciation of the word kayak which is align:start position:0% pronunciation of the word kayak which is align:start position:0% pronunciation of the word kayak which is you know kayaka a single-person vote align:start position:0% you know kayaka a single-person vote align:start position:0% you know kayaka a single-person vote which in in yupiak begins and ends with align:start position:0% which in in yupiak begins and ends with align:start position:0% which in in yupiak begins and ends with a uvular stop so if I'm trying to align:start position:0% a uvular stop so if I'm trying to align:start position:0% a uvular stop so if I'm trying to impress you with my ability to make align:start position:0% impress you with my ability to make align:start position:0% impress you with my ability to make uvular stops and I insist on calling a align:start position:0% uvular stops and I insist on calling a align:start position:0% uvular stops and I insist on calling a kayak a kayak then my plural for it is align:start position:0% kayak a kayak then my plural for it is align:start position:0% kayak a kayak then my plural for it is going to be kayaks right so I'm going to align:start position:0% going to be kayaks right so I'm going to align:start position:0% going to be kayaks right so I'm going to add an S sound I'm going to devoice it align:start position:0% add an S sound I'm going to devoice it align:start position:0% add an S sound I'm going to devoice it because that uvular stop although it's a align:start position:0% because that uvular stop although it's a align:start position:0% because that uvular stop although it's a sound we don't have in English it's align:start position:0% sound we don't have in English it's align:start position:0% sound we don't have in English it's voiceless and so we're going to devoice align:start position:0% voiceless and so we're going to devoice align:start position:0% voiceless and so we're going to devoice uh do voice after it yeah uh so these align:start position:0% uh do voice after it yeah uh so these align:start position:0% uh do voice after it yeah uh so these rules are part of our knowledge of a align:start position:0% rules are part of our knowledge of a align:start position:0% rules are part of our knowledge of a language and we can apply them to uh align:start position:0% language and we can apply them to uh align:start position:0% language and we can apply them to uh unfamiliar problems unfamiliar words and align:start position:0% unfamiliar problems unfamiliar words and align:start position:0% unfamiliar problems unfamiliar words and even unfamiliar sounds align:start position:0% even unfamiliar sounds align:start position:0% even unfamiliar sounds um and I've now tried to convince you align:start position:0% um and I've now tried to convince you align:start position:0% um and I've now tried to convince you the best way to State these rules align:start position:0% the best way to State these rules align:start position:0% the best way to State these rules sometimes at least is in terms of align:start position:0% sometimes at least is in terms of align:start position:0% sometimes at least is in terms of features that is align:start position:0% features that is align:start position:0% features that is um we don't just want to list the sounds align:start position:0% um we don't just want to list the sounds align:start position:0% um we don't just want to list the sounds that undergo a change we want to have align:start position:0% that undergo a change we want to have align:start position:0% that undergo a change we want to have these features which are ways of align:start position:0% these features which are ways of align:start position:0% these features which are ways of capturing sets of sounds we we think align:start position:0% capturing sets of sounds we we think align:start position:0% capturing sets of sounds we we think that there are natural classes of sounds align:start position:0% that there are natural classes of sounds align:start position:0% that there are natural classes of sounds that undergo particular changes so there align:start position:0% that undergo particular changes so there align:start position:0% that undergo particular changes so there are sound changes that apply say to align:start position:0% are sound changes that apply say to align:start position:0% are sound changes that apply say to obstruents to tolerance or to vowels or align:start position:0% obstruents to tolerance or to vowels or align:start position:0% obstruents to tolerance or to vowels or to voice sounds or to voiceless sounds align:start position:0% to voice sounds or to voiceless sounds align:start position:0% to voice sounds or to voiceless sounds we're not just going to list the sounds align:start position:0% we're not just going to list the sounds align:start position:0% we're not just going to list the sounds that undergo sound changes we're gonna align:start position:0% that undergo sound changes we're gonna align:start position:0% that undergo sound changes we're gonna we're gonna State these uh in terms of align:start position:0% we're gonna State these uh in terms of align:start position:0% we're gonna State these uh in terms of features okay align:start position:0% align:start position:0% all right align:start position:0% all right align:start position:0% all right and then the other thing that I've align:start position:0% and then the other thing that I've align:start position:0% and then the other thing that I've introduced you to is the idea that at align:start position:0% introduced you to is the idea that at align:start position:0% introduced you to is the idea that at least sometimes align:start position:0% least sometimes align:start position:0% least sometimes it's fruitful to model these as these align:start position:0% it's fruitful to model these as these align:start position:0% it's fruitful to model these as these kinds of sound changes as involving uh align:start position:0% kinds of sound changes as involving uh align:start position:0% kinds of sound changes as involving uh ranked constraints this was the the align:start position:0% ranked constraints this was the the align:start position:0% ranked constraints this was the the optimality theory tableaus uh that is to align:start position:0% optimality theory tableaus uh that is to align:start position:0% optimality theory tableaus uh that is to imagine that languages have a list of align:start position:0% imagine that languages have a list of align:start position:0% imagine that languages have a list of things that they are trying to achieve align:start position:0% things that they are trying to achieve align:start position:0% things that they are trying to achieve and it's a list that's ranked in order align:start position:0% and it's a list that's ranked in order align:start position:0% and it's a list that's ranked in order of priority align:start position:0% of priority align:start position:0% of priority and you get to observe the interplay align:start position:0% and you get to observe the interplay align:start position:0% and you get to observe the interplay between these different priorities uh in align:start position:0% between these different priorities uh in align:start position:0% between these different priorities uh in certain kinds of complicated cases uh align:start position:0% certain kinds of complicated cases uh align:start position:0% certain kinds of complicated cases uh the the Japanese accent case was one of align:start position:0% the the Japanese accent case was one of align:start position:0% the the Japanese accent case was one of the ones that we looked at align:start position:0% the ones that we looked at align:start position:0% the ones that we looked at okay align:start position:0% align:start position:0% and I think that's it for this review align:start position:0% and I think that's it for this review align:start position:0% and I think that's it for this review slide is there something else oh okay is align:start position:0% slide is there something else oh okay is align:start position:0% slide is there something else oh okay is everyone happy with all of this is there align:start position:0% everyone happy with all of this is there align:start position:0% everyone happy with all of this is there any of this that people are looking at align:start position:0% any of this that people are looking at align:start position:0% any of this that people are looking at and going no wait how did how did we see align:start position:0% and going no wait how did how did we see align:start position:0% and going no wait how did how did we see that or what does that mean or anything align:start position:0% that or what does that mean or anything align:start position:0% that or what does that mean or anything like that it's an attempt to make sure align:start position:0% like that it's an attempt to make sure align:start position:0% like that it's an attempt to make sure we're all align:start position:0% we're all align:start position:0% we're all in the same ballpark here yeah align:start position:0% in the same ballpark here yeah align:start position:0% in the same ballpark here yeah oh all I mean by feature are uh things align:start position:0% oh all I mean by feature are uh things align:start position:0% oh all I mean by feature are uh things like voiced or sonorant or you know align:start position:0% like voiced or sonorant or you know align:start position:0% like voiced or sonorant or you know those kinds of things yeah good question align:start position:0% those kinds of things yeah good question align:start position:0% those kinds of things yeah good question um and a standard way to write rules align:start position:0% um and a standard way to write rules align:start position:0% um and a standard way to write rules involves putting features in Brackets align:start position:0% involves putting features in Brackets align:start position:0% involves putting features in Brackets like that so you know the fancy way to align:start position:0% like that so you know the fancy way to align:start position:0% like that so you know the fancy way to say something is voiceless is to say align:start position:0% say something is voiceless is to say align:start position:0% say something is voiceless is to say that it's its value for the feature align:start position:0% that it's its value for the feature align:start position:0% that it's its value for the feature voice is minus right so it is not voiced align:start position:0% voice is minus right so it is not voiced align:start position:0% voice is minus right so it is not voiced yeah that's all that means align:start position:0% yeah that's all that means align:start position:0% yeah that's all that means yeah yeah align:start position:0% yeah yeah align:start position:0% yeah yeah okay when we ask you to do phonology we align:start position:0% okay when we ask you to do phonology we align:start position:0% okay when we ask you to do phonology we will tell you whether we want you to align:start position:0% will tell you whether we want you to align:start position:0% will tell you whether we want you to what extent we want you to be formal align:start position:0% what extent we want you to be formal align:start position:0% what extent we want you to be formal about how you write your rules yeah so I align:start position:0% about how you write your rules yeah so I align:start position:0% about how you write your rules yeah so I think the problem set that I just send align:start position:0% think the problem set that I just send align:start position:0% think the problem set that I just send out uh asks you to look around for align:start position:0% out uh asks you to look around for align:start position:0% out uh asks you to look around for possible rules in your in the align:start position:0% possible rules in your in the align:start position:0% possible rules in your in the what is it it's a green Landing data I align:start position:0% what is it it's a green Landing data I align:start position:0% what is it it's a green Landing data I think align:start position:0% think align:start position:0% think um uh you don't have to sweat this level align:start position:0% um uh you don't have to sweat this level align:start position:0% um uh you don't have to sweat this level of formality in your rules so if your align:start position:0% of formality in your rules so if your align:start position:0% of formality in your rules so if your rule for that problem said so if you align:start position:0% rule for that problem said so if you align:start position:0% rule for that problem said so if you think you've figured out what's going on align:start position:0% think you've figured out what's going on align:start position:0% think you've figured out what's going on you can just tell us more or less align:start position:0% you can just tell us more or less align:start position:0% you can just tell us more or less don't feel like we're going to count off align:start position:0% don't feel like we're going to count off align:start position:0% don't feel like we're going to count off for not using features or not not align:start position:0% for not using features or not not align:start position:0% for not using features or not not writing your rules this way align:start position:0% align:start position:0% all right then align:start position:0% all right then align:start position:0% all right then now I told you just now align:start position:0% now I told you just now align:start position:0% now I told you just now tried to convince you earlier that there align:start position:0% tried to convince you earlier that there align:start position:0% tried to convince you earlier that there are cases where uh the Japanese accent align:start position:0% are cases where uh the Japanese accent align:start position:0% are cases where uh the Japanese accent case was the one that we spent the most align:start position:0% case was the one that we spent the most align:start position:0% case was the one that we spent the most time on where uh it's sort of fruitful align:start position:0% time on where uh it's sort of fruitful align:start position:0% time on where uh it's sort of fruitful to think of the phenomenon as involving align:start position:0% to think of the phenomenon as involving align:start position:0% to think of the phenomenon as involving a bunch of ranked priorities a bunch of align:start position:0% a bunch of ranked priorities a bunch of align:start position:0% a bunch of ranked priorities a bunch of constraints that are all pulling in align:start position:0% constraints that are all pulling in align:start position:0% constraints that are all pulling in different directions and you sort of align:start position:0% different directions and you sort of align:start position:0% different directions and you sort of solve that problem by deciding which is align:start position:0% solve that problem by deciding which is align:start position:0% solve that problem by deciding which is the most important one align:start position:0% the most important one align:start position:0% the most important one uh which ones are more important than align:start position:0% uh which ones are more important than align:start position:0% uh which ones are more important than which other ones ranking your various align:start position:0% which other ones ranking your various align:start position:0% which other ones ranking your various constraints with respect to each other align:start position:0% constraints with respect to each other align:start position:0% constraints with respect to each other there are other cases though uh that are align:start position:0% there are other cases though uh that are align:start position:0% there are other cases though uh that are uh problematic for that way of thinking align:start position:0% uh problematic for that way of thinking align:start position:0% uh problematic for that way of thinking about things uh and there's a sort of align:start position:0% about things uh and there's a sort of align:start position:0% about things uh and there's a sort of big literature on trying to reconcile align:start position:0% big literature on trying to reconcile align:start position:0% big literature on trying to reconcile these kinds of observations on the one align:start position:0% these kinds of observations on the one align:start position:0% these kinds of observations on the one hand uh the observation that there do align:start position:0% hand uh the observation that there do align:start position:0% hand uh the observation that there do seem to be these conspiracies where a align:start position:0% seem to be these conspiracies where a align:start position:0% seem to be these conspiracies where a language is doing the same thing in a align:start position:0% language is doing the same thing in a align:start position:0% language is doing the same thing in a variety of ways which is the kind of align:start position:0% variety of ways which is the kind of align:start position:0% variety of ways which is the kind of thing that makes people want to think in align:start position:0% thing that makes people want to think in align:start position:0% thing that makes people want to think in terms of running to constraints and on align:start position:0% terms of running to constraints and on align:start position:0% terms of running to constraints and on the other hand the kinds of cases which align:start position:0% the other hand the kinds of cases which align:start position:0% the other hand the kinds of cases which we've talked about before where it looks align:start position:0% we've talked about before where it looks align:start position:0% we've talked about before where it looks more like what's happening is that you align:start position:0% more like what's happening is that you align:start position:0% more like what's happening is that you have a bunch of rules and they're align:start position:0% have a bunch of rules and they're align:start position:0% have a bunch of rules and they're applying in an order uh and you they align:start position:0% applying in an order uh and you they align:start position:0% applying in an order uh and you they they don't necessarily all get align:start position:0% they don't necessarily all get align:start position:0% they don't necessarily all get um get obeyed we did this on the board align:start position:0% um get obeyed we did this on the board align:start position:0% um get obeyed we did this on the board um when was it last time I think but align:start position:0% um when was it last time I think but align:start position:0% um when was it last time I think but let's let's do it on the slide a little align:start position:0% let's let's do it on the slide a little align:start position:0% let's let's do it on the slide a little more carefully so cast your minds back align:start position:0% more carefully so cast your minds back align:start position:0% more carefully so cast your minds back to when we were talking about Lardo I align:start position:0% to when we were talking about Lardo I align:start position:0% to when we were talking about Lardo I tried to convince you we worked out an align:start position:0% tried to convince you we worked out an align:start position:0% tried to convince you we worked out an analysis of Lardo align:start position:0% analysis of Lardo align:start position:0% analysis of Lardo in which again uh Bearer nominative align:start position:0% in which again uh Bearer nominative align:start position:0% in which again uh Bearer nominative singular lardol doesn't Mark number but align:start position:0% singular lardol doesn't Mark number but align:start position:0% singular lardol doesn't Mark number but uh bare nominative forms of uh nouns align:start position:0% uh bare nominative forms of uh nouns align:start position:0% uh bare nominative forms of uh nouns um undergo various kinds of sound align:start position:0% um undergo various kinds of sound align:start position:0% um undergo various kinds of sound changes so lardel has words that align:start position:0% changes so lardel has words that align:start position:0% changes so lardel has words that underlyingly end in a k for example and align:start position:0% underlyingly end in a k for example and align:start position:0% underlyingly end in a k for example and there was a a general rule in lardel align:start position:0% there was a a general rule in lardel align:start position:0% there was a a general rule in lardel that said uh if you have a word that align:start position:0% that said uh if you have a word that align:start position:0% that said uh if you have a word that ends in a k get rid of the K you know so align:start position:0% ends in a k get rid of the K you know so align:start position:0% ends in a k get rid of the K you know so I'll start writing these down uh some align:start position:0% I'll start writing these down uh some align:start position:0% I'll start writing these down uh some marital rules one of them was uh align:start position:0% marital rules one of them was uh align:start position:0% marital rules one of them was uh eliminate and I won't try to write them align:start position:0% eliminate and I won't try to write them align:start position:0% eliminate and I won't try to write them formally eliminate finally align:start position:0% formally eliminate finally align:start position:0% formally eliminate finally okay so the word that we think is align:start position:0% okay so the word that we think is align:start position:0% okay so the word that we think is underlying out the word for Boomerang uh align:start position:0% underlying out the word for Boomerang uh align:start position:0% underlying out the word for Boomerang uh in Islam and the form is the reason we align:start position:0% in Islam and the form is the reason we align:start position:0% in Islam and the form is the reason we think that it's underlying liuang is align:start position:0% think that it's underlying liuang is align:start position:0% think that it's underlying liuang is that if you add any suffixes to it you align:start position:0% that if you add any suffixes to it you align:start position:0% that if you add any suffixes to it you you get to see that K so the accusative align:start position:0% you get to see that K so the accusative align:start position:0% you get to see that K so the accusative I think I told you was align:start position:0% I think I told you was align:start position:0% I think I told you was um uh so you know the K shows up uh in align:start position:0% um uh so you know the K shows up uh in align:start position:0% um uh so you know the K shows up uh in and in other forms as well align:start position:0% and in other forms as well align:start position:0% and in other forms as well we thought there was another rule that align:start position:0% we thought there was another rule that align:start position:0% we thought there was another rule that said uh final align:start position:0% said uh final align:start position:0% said uh final U becomes ah align:start position:0% U becomes ah align:start position:0% U becomes ah uh and that was why uh gandu which is align:start position:0% uh and that was why uh gandu which is align:start position:0% uh and that was why uh gandu which is the word for blood uh underlyingly align:start position:0% the word for blood uh underlyingly align:start position:0% the word for blood uh underlyingly becomes Kanda uh in the nominative and align:start position:0% becomes Kanda uh in the nominative and align:start position:0% becomes Kanda uh in the nominative and in the excuse align:start position:0% in the excuse align:start position:0% in the excuse why we think it starts out as gandu align:start position:0% why we think it starts out as gandu align:start position:0% why we think it starts out as gandu um so we have these two rules and what align:start position:0% um so we have these two rules and what align:start position:0% um so we have these two rules and what we said when we were doing Laredo before align:start position:0% we said when we were doing Laredo before align:start position:0% we said when we were doing Laredo before was something like uh we might want align:start position:0% was something like uh we might want align:start position:0% was something like uh we might want these rules to apply in a particular align:start position:0% these rules to apply in a particular align:start position:0% these rules to apply in a particular order uh in fact I see that I have align:start position:0% order uh in fact I see that I have align:start position:0% order uh in fact I see that I have written them in the wrong order align:start position:0% written them in the wrong order align:start position:0% written them in the wrong order um if you were to uh take the word nalok align:start position:0% um if you were to uh take the word nalok align:start position:0% um if you were to uh take the word nalok which is the underlying form for story align:start position:0% which is the underlying form for story align:start position:0% which is the underlying form for story and apply this Rule and then this rule align:start position:0% and apply this Rule and then this rule align:start position:0% and apply this Rule and then this rule well then you know you would eliminate align:start position:0% well then you know you would eliminate align:start position:0% well then you know you would eliminate the final K that would get you Malu and align:start position:0% the final K that would get you Malu and align:start position:0% the final K that would get you Malu and then you would change the final uh align:start position:0% then you would change the final uh align:start position:0% then you would change the final uh but that's not in fact the nominative align:start position:0% but that's not in fact the nominative align:start position:0% but that's not in fact the nominative form for story The nominative form for align:start position:0% form for story The nominative form for align:start position:0% form for story The nominative form for story is yeah and so what I said at the align:start position:0% story is yeah and so what I said at the align:start position:0% story is yeah and so what I said at the time was one way of thinking about this align:start position:0% time was one way of thinking about this align:start position:0% time was one way of thinking about this a popular way of thinking about this is align:start position:0% a popular way of thinking about this is align:start position:0% a popular way of thinking about this is to think there are these rules and it's align:start position:0% to think there are these rules and it's align:start position:0% to think there are these rules and it's like an assembly line you know there's align:start position:0% like an assembly line you know there's align:start position:0% like an assembly line you know there's first the first station is the one where align:start position:0% first the first station is the one where align:start position:0% first the first station is the one where you do this where you get rid of final align:start position:0% you do this where you get rid of final align:start position:0% you do this where you get rid of final ooh and then after you're done with that align:start position:0% ooh and then after you're done with that align:start position:0% ooh and then after you're done with that you get handed off to another another align:start position:0% you get handed off to another another align:start position:0% you get handed off to another another place in the assembly line where they align:start position:0% place in the assembly line where they align:start position:0% place in the assembly line where they eliminate final K and what's happened align:start position:0% eliminate final K and what's happened align:start position:0% eliminate final K and what's happened with underlying is that it got handed to align:start position:0% with underlying is that it got handed to align:start position:0% with underlying is that it got handed to the first station first first station align:start position:0% the first station first first station align:start position:0% the first station first first station said well this word and I look it align:start position:0% said well this word and I look it align:start position:0% said well this word and I look it doesn't end in ooh I'm not going to do align:start position:0% doesn't end in ooh I'm not going to do align:start position:0% doesn't end in ooh I'm not going to do anything and then it gets handed to the align:start position:0% anything and then it gets handed to the align:start position:0% anything and then it gets handed to the second station the second station says align:start position:0% second station the second station says align:start position:0% second station the second station says oh I need to get rid of the final K align:start position:0% oh I need to get rid of the final K align:start position:0% oh I need to get rid of the final K it'll be Yeah by which point the people align:start position:0% it'll be Yeah by which point the people align:start position:0% it'll be Yeah by which point the people in the first station might have been align:start position:0% in the first station might have been align:start position:0% in the first station might have been saying wait wait let us have that back align:start position:0% saying wait wait let us have that back align:start position:0% saying wait wait let us have that back but it's too late it was the idea yes align:start position:0% but it's too late it was the idea yes align:start position:0% but it's too late it was the idea yes these are rules that apply in a align:start position:0% these are rules that apply in a align:start position:0% these are rules that apply in a particular order that's the way we were align:start position:0% particular order that's the way we were align:start position:0% particular order that's the way we were talking about lairdo align:start position:0% talking about lairdo align:start position:0% talking about lairdo does that all sound Vaguely Familiar no align:start position:0% does that all sound Vaguely Familiar no align:start position:0% does that all sound Vaguely Familiar no that there are these procedures and the align:start position:0% that there are these procedures and the align:start position:0% that there are these procedures and the procedures happen in an order align:start position:0% align:start position:0% but if we imagine thinking about things align:start position:0% but if we imagine thinking about things align:start position:0% but if we imagine thinking about things in an optimality theoretic kind of way align:start position:0% in an optimality theoretic kind of way align:start position:0% in an optimality theoretic kind of way well it's not hard to come up with align:start position:0% well it's not hard to come up with align:start position:0% well it's not hard to come up with constraints right that say this you know align:start position:0% constraints right that say this you know align:start position:0% constraints right that say this you know uh star final align:start position:0% uh star final align:start position:0% uh star final I have to write it in capital letters align:start position:0% I have to write it in capital letters align:start position:0% I have to write it in capital letters because that's what you do in optimality align:start position:0% because that's what you do in optimality align:start position:0% because that's what you do in optimality theory uh no final k no final align:start position:0% theory uh no final k no final align:start position:0% theory uh no final k no final oh yeah align:start position:0% oh yeah align:start position:0% oh yeah um and those constraints would look at align:start position:0% um and those constraints would look at align:start position:0% um and those constraints would look at and I look uh sorry it went out and they align:start position:0% and I look uh sorry it went out and they align:start position:0% and I look uh sorry it went out and they would say no we can't have the final K align:start position:0% would say no we can't have the final K align:start position:0% would say no we can't have the final K it'll be one now and they would look at align:start position:0% it'll be one now and they would look at align:start position:0% it'll be one now and they would look at gandu and they would say no can't have align:start position:0% gandu and they would say no can't have align:start position:0% gandu and they would say no can't have the final ooh it'll be uh it's got to be align:start position:0% the final ooh it'll be uh it's got to be align:start position:0% the final ooh it'll be uh it's got to be Kanda uh it might have other constraints align:start position:0% Kanda uh it might have other constraints align:start position:0% Kanda uh it might have other constraints that are responsible for helping you align:start position:0% that are responsible for helping you align:start position:0% that are responsible for helping you decide you know the best thing to do align:start position:0% decide you know the best thing to do align:start position:0% decide you know the best thing to do with kandu is to change it to Kanda align:start position:0% with kandu is to change it to Kanda align:start position:0% with kandu is to change it to Kanda instead of you know Kandi or kand or any align:start position:0% instead of you know Kandi or kand or any align:start position:0% instead of you know Kandi or kand or any of the variety of other things you could align:start position:0% of the variety of other things you could align:start position:0% of the variety of other things you could have done so it's not all that hard to align:start position:0% have done so it's not all that hard to align:start position:0% have done so it's not all that hard to have constraints that say there's align:start position:0% have constraints that say there's align:start position:0% have constraints that say there's something wrong with one Oak there's align:start position:0% something wrong with one Oak there's align:start position:0% something wrong with one Oak there's something wrong with kandu align:start position:0% align:start position:0% but it's not easy to figure out what to align:start position:0% but it's not easy to figure out what to align:start position:0% but it's not easy to figure out what to do next and so if you have those align:start position:0% do next and so if you have those align:start position:0% do next and so if you have those conditions that say that adult cannot align:start position:0% conditions that say that adult cannot align:start position:0% conditions that say that adult cannot stand words that end in K or words that align:start position:0% stand words that end in K or words that align:start position:0% stand words that end in K or words that end in you align:start position:0% end in you align:start position:0% end in you um that's the kind of thing we were align:start position:0% um that's the kind of thing we were align:start position:0% um that's the kind of thing we were saying about you know Japanese accent align:start position:0% saying about you know Japanese accent align:start position:0% saying about you know Japanese accent Japanese doesn't like Accent on the last align:start position:0% Japanese doesn't like Accent on the last align:start position:0% Japanese doesn't like Accent on the last syllable so avoid it if you're making a align:start position:0% syllable so avoid it if you're making a align:start position:0% syllable so avoid it if you're making a compound align:start position:0% compound align:start position:0% compound those generalizations hold for align:start position:0% those generalizations hold for align:start position:0% those generalizations hold for boomeranging for blood but they don't align:start position:0% boomeranging for blood but they don't align:start position:0% boomeranging for blood but they don't hold for story the one about not having align:start position:0% hold for story the one about not having align:start position:0% hold for story the one about not having a word ending in ooh doesn't hold yes align:start position:0% align:start position:0% are optimality Theory yeah align:start position:0% align:start position:0% it is align:start position:0% align:start position:0% both like align:start position:0% both like align:start position:0% both like like if it were to do not a lot align:start position:0% like if it were to do not a lot align:start position:0% like if it were to do not a lot um align:start position:0% align:start position:0% Theory like align:start position:0% Theory like align:start position:0% Theory like certain words each align:start position:0% certain words each align:start position:0% certain words each so that's just it it doesn't right so align:start position:0% so that's just it it doesn't right so align:start position:0% so that's just it it doesn't right so the conditions align:start position:0% the conditions align:start position:0% the conditions um the sense in which it has something align:start position:0% um the sense in which it has something align:start position:0% um the sense in which it has something like an order is that the conditions are align:start position:0% like an order is that the conditions are align:start position:0% like an order is that the conditions are ranked with respect to each other align:start position:0% ranked with respect to each other align:start position:0% ranked with respect to each other there's the one that's most important align:start position:0% there's the one that's most important align:start position:0% there's the one that's most important and the one that's next most important align:start position:0% and the one that's next most important align:start position:0% and the one that's next most important and so on align:start position:0% and so on align:start position:0% and so on um but if we were to build a tableau align:start position:0% um but if we were to build a tableau align:start position:0% um but if we were to build a tableau right we would have these two conditions align:start position:0% right we would have these two conditions align:start position:0% right we would have these two conditions don't have final k align:start position:0% don't have final k align:start position:0% don't have final k don't have align:start position:0% don't have align:start position:0% don't have final align:start position:0% final align:start position:0% final oh align:start position:0% oh align:start position:0% oh um and we would start off with the look align:start position:0% um and we would start off with the look align:start position:0% um and we would start off with the look and we'd consider keeping a look align:start position:0% and we'd consider keeping a look align:start position:0% and we'd consider keeping a look and we'd consider getting rid of align:start position:0% and we'd consider getting rid of align:start position:0% and we'd consider getting rid of the K at the end and maybe we consider align:start position:0% the K at the end and maybe we consider align:start position:0% the K at the end and maybe we consider right and this one would get knocked out align:start position:0% right and this one would get knocked out align:start position:0% right and this one would get knocked out by star final K right because it would align:start position:0% by star final K right because it would align:start position:0% by star final K right because it would end in K and this one would get knocked align:start position:0% end in K and this one would get knocked align:start position:0% end in K and this one would get knocked out by star final ooh yeah and this one align:start position:0% out by star final ooh yeah and this one align:start position:0% out by star final ooh yeah and this one would pass both of those conditions align:start position:0% would pass both of those conditions align:start position:0% would pass both of those conditions so if we just did a tableau like this if align:start position:0% so if we just did a tableau like this if align:start position:0% so if we just did a tableau like this if we said you know lardel seems to not align:start position:0% we said you know lardel seems to not align:start position:0% we said you know lardel seems to not like this and not like that and we have align:start position:0% like this and not like that and we have align:start position:0% like this and not like that and we have evidence for that in these other cases align:start position:0% evidence for that in these other cases align:start position:0% evidence for that in these other cases it seems as though align:start position:0% it seems as though align:start position:0% it seems as though but that's wrong yeah so the fact is align:start position:0% but that's wrong yeah so the fact is align:start position:0% but that's wrong yeah so the fact is this is the one we want to win and it's align:start position:0% this is the one we want to win and it's align:start position:0% this is the one we want to win and it's hard to see how once we've posited these align:start position:0% hard to see how once we've posited these align:start position:0% hard to see how once we've posited these conditions how we can get this to win align:start position:0% conditions how we can get this to win align:start position:0% conditions how we can get this to win this seems like it ought to be better align:start position:0% this seems like it ought to be better align:start position:0% this seems like it ought to be better once we posited these conditions so the align:start position:0% once we posited these conditions so the align:start position:0% once we posited these conditions so the puzzle and there's something people work align:start position:0% puzzle and there's something people work align:start position:0% puzzle and there's something people work on just try to figure out why why is align:start position:0% on just try to figure out why why is align:start position:0% on just try to figure out why why is that second one better than the third align:start position:0% that second one better than the third align:start position:0% that second one better than the third one align:start position:0% one align:start position:0% one yeah how about we rephrase yeah align:start position:0% align:start position:0% okay so we could have a rule that says align:start position:0% okay so we could have a rule that says align:start position:0% okay so we could have a rule that says that's nice we could say no final oh align:start position:0% that's nice we could say no final oh align:start position:0% that's nice we could say no final oh this is another way of saying what you align:start position:0% this is another way of saying what you align:start position:0% this is another way of saying what you just said uh no final ooh that was final align:start position:0% just said uh no final ooh that was final align:start position:0% just said uh no final ooh that was final in original form align:start position:0% align:start position:0% yep so we need more capital letters but align:start position:0% yep so we need more capital letters but align:start position:0% yep so we need more capital letters but it's okay so yes if we if we state it align:start position:0% it's okay so yes if we if we state it align:start position:0% it's okay so yes if we if we state it that way align:start position:0% that way align:start position:0% that way um then uh align:start position:0% um then uh align:start position:0% um then uh um this passes that version of it align:start position:0% um this passes that version of it align:start position:0% um this passes that version of it and as long as we have some other align:start position:0% and as long as we have some other align:start position:0% and as long as we have some other condition that says Don't Change vowels align:start position:0% condition that says Don't Change vowels align:start position:0% condition that says Don't Change vowels just for the fun of it don't change ooh align:start position:0% just for the fun of it don't change ooh align:start position:0% just for the fun of it don't change ooh because you you want to uh which we align:start position:0% because you you want to uh which we align:start position:0% because you you want to uh which we surely need right if you give lerdal uh align:start position:0% surely need right if you give lerdal uh align:start position:0% surely need right if you give lerdal uh a word that has an ooh in it that's not align:start position:0% a word that has an ooh in it that's not align:start position:0% a word that has an ooh in it that's not at the end uh it's not going to change align:start position:0% at the end uh it's not going to change align:start position:0% at the end uh it's not going to change um then yes uh then this would win align:start position:0% um then yes uh then this would win align:start position:0% um then yes uh then this would win that's right that is indeed one of the align:start position:0% that's right that is indeed one of the align:start position:0% that's right that is indeed one of the kinds of things people do in order to align:start position:0% kinds of things people do in order to align:start position:0% kinds of things people do in order to handle this kind of problem they make align:start position:0% handle this kind of problem they make align:start position:0% handle this kind of problem they make these conditions align:start position:0% these conditions align:start position:0% these conditions more complicated yeah because now the align:start position:0% more complicated yeah because now the align:start position:0% more complicated yeah because now the conditions the conditions we've had so align:start position:0% conditions the conditions we've had so align:start position:0% conditions the conditions we've had so far are all about the form that gets align:start position:0% far are all about the form that gets align:start position:0% far are all about the form that gets pronounced they say things like the form align:start position:0% pronounced they say things like the form align:start position:0% pronounced they say things like the form that gets pronounced had better not end align:start position:0% that gets pronounced had better not end align:start position:0% that gets pronounced had better not end in a k or the form that gets pronounced align:start position:0% in a k or the form that gets pronounced align:start position:0% in a k or the form that gets pronounced it better not end in a voiced obstrand align:start position:0% it better not end in a voiced obstrand align:start position:0% it better not end in a voiced obstrand if we're doing polish sure you know uh align:start position:0% if we're doing polish sure you know uh align:start position:0% if we're doing polish sure you know uh better not have two stridents at the end align:start position:0% better not have two stridents at the end align:start position:0% better not have two stridents at the end of the word in a language like English align:start position:0% of the word in a language like English align:start position:0% of the word in a language like English this is a more complicated constraint it align:start position:0% this is a more complicated constraint it align:start position:0% this is a more complicated constraint it says it had better not end in this kind align:start position:0% says it had better not end in this kind align:start position:0% says it had better not end in this kind of sound if it ended in this kind of align:start position:0% of sound if it ended in this kind of align:start position:0% of sound if it ended in this kind of sound if it originally you know before align:start position:0% sound if it originally you know before align:start position:0% sound if it originally you know before before we started so being so there's a align:start position:0% before we started so being so there's a align:start position:0% before we started so being so there's a a an actual debate going on an align:start position:0% a an actual debate going on an align:start position:0% a an actual debate going on an optimality theory about whether we want align:start position:0% optimality theory about whether we want align:start position:0% optimality theory about whether we want to allow ourselves that kind of power align:start position:0% to allow ourselves that kind of power align:start position:0% to allow ourselves that kind of power allowing constraints to make reference align:start position:0% allowing constraints to make reference align:start position:0% allowing constraints to make reference not just to the pronounced version but align:start position:0% not just to the pronounced version but align:start position:0% not just to the pronounced version but to an earlier version but you're align:start position:0% to an earlier version but you're align:start position:0% to an earlier version but you're absolutely right that's the kind of move align:start position:0% absolutely right that's the kind of move align:start position:0% absolutely right that's the kind of move people people make people argue for align:start position:0% people people make people argue for align:start position:0% people people make people argue for I'm bringing this up just to show you align:start position:0% I'm bringing this up just to show you align:start position:0% I'm bringing this up just to show you there's this tension between these two align:start position:0% there's this tension between these two align:start position:0% there's this tension between these two ways of thinking about uh phonology and align:start position:0% ways of thinking about uh phonology and align:start position:0% ways of thinking about uh phonology and you've just raised one of the ways one align:start position:0% you've just raised one of the ways one align:start position:0% you've just raised one of the ways one of the ways in that indeed is has been align:start position:0% of the ways in that indeed is has been align:start position:0% of the ways in that indeed is has been taken in the literature to try to figure align:start position:0% taken in the literature to try to figure align:start position:0% taken in the literature to try to figure out uh how to deal with this tension but align:start position:0% out uh how to deal with this tension but align:start position:0% out uh how to deal with this tension but if you thought that Linguistics was like align:start position:0% if you thought that Linguistics was like align:start position:0% if you thought that Linguistics was like finished like we understood everything align:start position:0% finished like we understood everything align:start position:0% finished like we understood everything no yeah so this is one of the kinds of align:start position:0% no yeah so this is one of the kinds of align:start position:0% no yeah so this is one of the kinds of things that linguists still fight about align:start position:0% things that linguists still fight about align:start position:0% things that linguists still fight about like how to how to deal with these kinds align:start position:0% like how to how to deal with these kinds align:start position:0% like how to how to deal with these kinds of tensions yes align:start position:0% of tensions yes align:start position:0% of tensions yes I think we can still think align:start position:0% align:start position:0% we can you know make it like Assembly align:start position:0% we can you know make it like Assembly align:start position:0% we can you know make it like Assembly Language align:start position:0% align:start position:0% yeah align:start position:0% align:start position:0% yeah yeah align:start position:0% yeah yeah align:start position:0% yeah yeah so that is another kind of move that align:start position:0% so that is another kind of move that align:start position:0% so that is another kind of move that people make sorry this uh slide has gone align:start position:0% people make sorry this uh slide has gone align:start position:0% people make sorry this uh slide has gone away align:start position:0% align:start position:0% um that isn't another kind of move that align:start position:0% um that isn't another kind of move that align:start position:0% um that isn't another kind of move that people make where they say align:start position:0% people make where they say align:start position:0% people make where they say um well there are various ways of align:start position:0% um well there are various ways of align:start position:0% um well there are various ways of interpreting what you just said uh one align:start position:0% interpreting what you just said uh one align:start position:0% interpreting what you just said uh one thing that one move that people made align:start position:0% thing that one move that people made align:start position:0% thing that one move that people made especially early on when people were align:start position:0% especially early on when people were align:start position:0% especially early on when people were worried about this problem in optimality align:start position:0% worried about this problem in optimality align:start position:0% worried about this problem in optimality theory was to say uh we're going to do align:start position:0% theory was to say uh we're going to do align:start position:0% theory was to say uh we're going to do something an optimality theory that align:start position:0% something an optimality theory that align:start position:0% something an optimality theory that allows us to simulate having rules in align:start position:0% allows us to simulate having rules in align:start position:0% allows us to simulate having rules in order so what we'll do is we'll have a align:start position:0% order so what we'll do is we'll have a align:start position:0% order so what we'll do is we'll have a word go through the tableaus more than align:start position:0% word go through the tableaus more than align:start position:0% word go through the tableaus more than once align:start position:0% once align:start position:0% once and the or the conditions can be in align:start position:0% and the or the conditions can be in align:start position:0% and the or the conditions can be in different orders in the different align:start position:0% different orders in the different align:start position:0% different orders in the different tableaus so we'll have a tableau first align:start position:0% tableaus so we'll have a tableau first align:start position:0% tableaus so we'll have a tableau first that says uh you know final K is very align:start position:0% that says uh you know final K is very align:start position:0% that says uh you know final K is very bad let's say and it doesn't have align:start position:0% bad let's say and it doesn't have align:start position:0% bad let's say and it doesn't have final ooh is bad right and then we'll align:start position:0% final ooh is bad right and then we'll align:start position:0% final ooh is bad right and then we'll have another Tableau that maybe doesn't align:start position:0% have another Tableau that maybe doesn't align:start position:0% have another Tableau that maybe doesn't have final K is very bad but has final align:start position:0% have final K is very bad but has final align:start position:0% have final K is very bad but has final ooh is bad right and that's a way to align:start position:0% ooh is bad right and that's a way to align:start position:0% ooh is bad right and that's a way to simulate ordered rules basically is to align:start position:0% simulate ordered rules basically is to align:start position:0% simulate ordered rules basically is to say we go through tableaus multiple align:start position:0% say we go through tableaus multiple align:start position:0% say we go through tableaus multiple times and the the tableaus look align:start position:0% times and the the tableaus look align:start position:0% times and the the tableaus look different from each other they have align:start position:0% different from each other they have align:start position:0% different from each other they have different conditions in them or they align:start position:0% different conditions in them or they align:start position:0% different conditions in them or they have the conditions in different orders align:start position:0% have the conditions in different orders align:start position:0% have the conditions in different orders that's one way one way to talk about it align:start position:0% that's one way one way to talk about it align:start position:0% that's one way one way to talk about it you might have had a more clever idea align:start position:0% you might have had a more clever idea align:start position:0% you might have had a more clever idea though which was the tableaus I was align:start position:0% though which was the tableaus I was align:start position:0% though which was the tableaus I was talking as though these rules are uh align:start position:0% talking as though these rules are uh align:start position:0% talking as though these rules are uh ranked with respect to each other you align:start position:0% ranked with respect to each other you align:start position:0% ranked with respect to each other you know which ones are more important than align:start position:0% know which ones are more important than align:start position:0% know which ones are more important than which other ones but optimality Theory align:start position:0% which other ones but optimality Theory align:start position:0% which other ones but optimality Theory people are generally talking novice align:start position:0% people are generally talking novice align:start position:0% people are generally talking novice though those happen one at a time uh align:start position:0% though those happen one at a time uh align:start position:0% though those happen one at a time uh it's just you're considering all these align:start position:0% it's just you're considering all these align:start position:0% it's just you're considering all these possibilities and you decide which one align:start position:0% possibilities and you decide which one align:start position:0% possibilities and you decide which one is best by all of these conditions you align:start position:0% is best by all of these conditions you align:start position:0% is best by all of these conditions you sound like you're thinking about align:start position:0% sound like you're thinking about align:start position:0% sound like you're thinking about something different where you would say align:start position:0% something different where you would say align:start position:0% something different where you would say you'd go back to the simple one align:start position:0% you'd go back to the simple one align:start position:0% you'd go back to the simple one and you'd say we start with LA look align:start position:0% align:start position:0% um and uh what we want is something that align:start position:0% um and uh what we want is something that align:start position:0% um and uh what we want is something that says something like well I should have align:start position:0% says something like well I should have align:start position:0% says something like well I should have put star final ooh first align:start position:0% put star final ooh first align:start position:0% put star final ooh first maybe I'll just reverse these align:start position:0% align:start position:0% um align:start position:0% um align:start position:0% um uh we have all of our all of our align:start position:0% uh we have all of our all of our align:start position:0% uh we have all of our all of our candidates here and we first consider align:start position:0% candidates here and we first consider align:start position:0% candidates here and we first consider star final ooh uh-oh but if we consider align:start position:0% star final ooh uh-oh but if we consider align:start position:0% star final ooh uh-oh but if we consider a star final ooh star final ooh we'll align:start position:0% a star final ooh star final ooh we'll align:start position:0% a star final ooh star final ooh we'll look at nalu and it will it will knock align:start position:0% look at nalu and it will it will knock align:start position:0% look at nalu and it will it will knock it out right right so that that will be align:start position:0% it out right right so that that will be align:start position:0% it out right right so that that will be bad right there and and we won't ever align:start position:0% bad right there and and we won't ever align:start position:0% bad right there and and we won't ever get it back if we do that so what we align:start position:0% get it back if we do that so what we align:start position:0% get it back if we do that so what we want is something more like using the align:start position:0% want is something more like using the align:start position:0% want is something more like using the teplo to to do something like ordered align:start position:0% teplo to to do something like ordered align:start position:0% teplo to to do something like ordered rules you know something that says align:start position:0% rules you know something that says align:start position:0% rules you know something that says um we look at this first thing and we we align:start position:0% um we look at this first thing and we we align:start position:0% um we look at this first thing and we we are now basically doing rules in an align:start position:0% are now basically doing rules in an align:start position:0% are now basically doing rules in an order uh we look at this first thing and align:start position:0% order uh we look at this first thing and align:start position:0% order uh we look at this first thing and we ask ourselves what's not look well uh align:start position:0% we ask ourselves what's not look well uh align:start position:0% we ask ourselves what's not look well uh it doesn't it doesn't violate this first align:start position:0% it doesn't it doesn't violate this first align:start position:0% it doesn't it doesn't violate this first rule and so we'll keep it align:start position:0% rule and so we'll keep it align:start position:0% rule and so we'll keep it and then we'll consider the next rule it align:start position:0% and then we'll consider the next rule it align:start position:0% and then we'll consider the next rule it does violate that rule and so we'll align:start position:0% does violate that rule and so we'll align:start position:0% does violate that rule and so we'll change it we'll make a minimal change to align:start position:0% change it we'll make a minimal change to align:start position:0% change it we'll make a minimal change to it this is a way of converting tableaus align:start position:0% it this is a way of converting tableaus align:start position:0% it this is a way of converting tableaus into ordered rules I think that's what align:start position:0% into ordered rules I think that's what align:start position:0% into ordered rules I think that's what we're now doing align:start position:0% we're now doing align:start position:0% we're now doing um and uh it could be yeah after all align:start position:0% um and uh it could be yeah after all align:start position:0% um and uh it could be yeah after all things things to think about open align:start position:0% things things to think about open align:start position:0% things things to think about open research questions align:start position:0% research questions align:start position:0% research questions cool align:start position:0% cool align:start position:0% cool okay so the goal here was to get all of align:start position:0% okay so the goal here was to get all of align:start position:0% okay so the goal here was to get all of you to try to do better than Linguistics align:start position:0% you to try to do better than Linguistics align:start position:0% you to try to do better than Linguistics is so far done so right now we have align:start position:0% is so far done so right now we have align:start position:0% is so far done so right now we have these two ways of thinking about align:start position:0% these two ways of thinking about align:start position:0% these two ways of thinking about phonology and there are in some kind of align:start position:0% phonology and there are in some kind of align:start position:0% phonology and there are in some kind of conflict with each other and there's align:start position:0% conflict with each other and there's align:start position:0% conflict with each other and there's active work on trying to figure out how align:start position:0% active work on trying to figure out how align:start position:0% active work on trying to figure out how to get them to mesh align:start position:0% to get them to mesh align:start position:0% to get them to mesh okay align:start position:0% align:start position:0% um okay align:start position:0% um okay align:start position:0% um okay cool align:start position:0% cool align:start position:0% cool where are we align:start position:0% where are we align:start position:0% where are we here we are Center and some obstruents align:start position:0% here we are Center and some obstruents align:start position:0% here we are Center and some obstruents we did that we did that align:start position:0% we did that we did that align:start position:0% we did that we did that okay so um let me introduce you we're align:start position:0% okay so um let me introduce you we're align:start position:0% okay so um let me introduce you we're running yeah yeah let me introduce you align:start position:0% running yeah yeah let me introduce you align:start position:0% running yeah yeah let me introduce you to another align:start position:0% to another align:start position:0% to another um align:start position:0% um align:start position:0% um uh another class of sounds uh again the align:start position:0% uh another class of sounds uh again the align:start position:0% uh another class of sounds uh again the the point is to show you uh ways in align:start position:0% the point is to show you uh ways in align:start position:0% the point is to show you uh ways in which it's useful to categorize sounds align:start position:0% which it's useful to categorize sounds align:start position:0% which it's useful to categorize sounds and the way to try to convince you of align:start position:0% and the way to try to convince you of align:start position:0% and the way to try to convince you of that is to show you phenomena that care align:start position:0% that is to show you phenomena that care align:start position:0% that is to show you phenomena that care about certain classes of sounds and not align:start position:0% about certain classes of sounds and not align:start position:0% about certain classes of sounds and not others uh here are a bunch of Arabic align:start position:0% others uh here are a bunch of Arabic align:start position:0% others uh here are a bunch of Arabic nouns together with their definite align:start position:0% nouns together with their definite align:start position:0% nouns together with their definite article which you can see is of uh align:start position:0% article which you can see is of uh align:start position:0% article which you can see is of uh English is borrowed a bunch of Arabic align:start position:0% English is borrowed a bunch of Arabic align:start position:0% English is borrowed a bunch of Arabic words uh that have kept this all so we align:start position:0% words uh that have kept this all so we align:start position:0% words uh that have kept this all so we have words like algebra for example or align:start position:0% have words like algebra for example or align:start position:0% have words like algebra for example or algorithm where the owl at the end is align:start position:0% algorithm where the owl at the end is align:start position:0% algorithm where the owl at the end is this word for the yeah align:start position:0% this word for the yeah align:start position:0% this word for the yeah uh so here are some Arabic nouns with align:start position:0% uh so here are some Arabic nouns with align:start position:0% uh so here are some Arabic nouns with the word for the in front of them align:start position:0% the word for the in front of them align:start position:0% the word for the in front of them but there's this other class of nouns align:start position:0% but there's this other class of nouns align:start position:0% but there's this other class of nouns where the word for the changes it's no align:start position:0% where the word for the changes it's no align:start position:0% where the word for the changes it's no longer Al align:start position:0% longer Al align:start position:0% longer Al um what it gets it still starts with ah align:start position:0% um what it gets it still starts with ah align:start position:0% um what it gets it still starts with ah that the consonant in it becomes a copy align:start position:0% that the consonant in it becomes a copy align:start position:0% that the consonant in it becomes a copy of the consonant that's after it align:start position:0% of the consonant that's after it align:start position:0% of the consonant that's after it so the word for sun which is Shams uh align:start position:0% so the word for sun which is Shams uh align:start position:0% so the word for sun which is Shams uh the sun is Ash it's not al-shams align:start position:0% the sun is Ash it's not al-shams align:start position:0% the sun is Ash it's not al-shams here I am pretending to speak Arabic is align:start position:0% here I am pretending to speak Arabic is align:start position:0% here I am pretending to speak Arabic is there anyone here who actually speaks align:start position:0% there anyone here who actually speaks align:start position:0% there anyone here who actually speaks Arabic align:start position:0% Arabic align:start position:0% Arabic okay cool I'll just keep pretending align:start position:0% okay cool I'll just keep pretending align:start position:0% okay cool I'll just keep pretending um align:start position:0% um align:start position:0% um okay uh this is a classic observation align:start position:0% okay uh this is a classic observation align:start position:0% okay uh this is a classic observation Arabic linguists noticed this about align:start position:0% Arabic linguists noticed this about align:start position:0% Arabic linguists noticed this about their language uh um they name uh and align:start position:0% their language uh um they name uh and align:start position:0% their language uh um they name uh and and noticed the relevant condition is align:start position:0% and noticed the relevant condition is align:start position:0% and noticed the relevant condition is that there are certain kinds of sounds align:start position:0% that there are certain kinds of sounds align:start position:0% that there are certain kinds of sounds that get the phenomenon on the right align:start position:0% that get the phenomenon on the right align:start position:0% that get the phenomenon on the right where the definite article ends in a align:start position:0% where the definite article ends in a align:start position:0% where the definite article ends in a copy of the first consonant of the uh align:start position:0% copy of the first consonant of the uh align:start position:0% copy of the first consonant of the uh the following noun and other consonants align:start position:0% the following noun and other consonants align:start position:0% the following noun and other consonants that don't do that they're they're align:start position:0% that don't do that they're they're align:start position:0% that don't do that they're they're called Moon letters and Sun letters align:start position:0% called Moon letters and Sun letters align:start position:0% called Moon letters and Sun letters um in the in the Arabic tradition align:start position:0% um in the in the Arabic tradition align:start position:0% um in the in the Arabic tradition because well moon is one of the words in align:start position:0% because well moon is one of the words in align:start position:0% because well moon is one of the words in the column on the left and sun is one of align:start position:0% the column on the left and sun is one of align:start position:0% the column on the left and sun is one of the words in the column on the right align:start position:0% the words in the column on the right align:start position:0% the words in the column on the right mnemonic these classes of sounds so the align:start position:0% mnemonic these classes of sounds so the align:start position:0% mnemonic these classes of sounds so the moon letters are letters like and K and align:start position:0% moon letters are letters like and K and align:start position:0% moon letters are letters like and K and H and Global stop align:start position:0% H and Global stop align:start position:0% H and Global stop and the sun letters are sounds like align:start position:0% align:start position:0% the moon letters align:start position:0% the moon letters align:start position:0% the moon letters no the sun letters yes the sun letters align:start position:0% no the sun letters yes the sun letters align:start position:0% no the sun letters yes the sun letters uh are the ones that I've got in the box align:start position:0% uh are the ones that I've got in the box align:start position:0% uh are the ones that I've got in the box there they are what are called coronals align:start position:0% there they are what are called coronals align:start position:0% there they are what are called coronals so coronals are the interdentals and the align:start position:0% so coronals are the interdentals and the align:start position:0% so coronals are the interdentals and the alveolars and the post alveolars if you align:start position:0% alveolars and the post alveolars if you align:start position:0% alveolars and the post alveolars if you think about them so you know feel free align:start position:0% think about them so you know feel free align:start position:0% think about them so you know feel free to sit there making those noises to align:start position:0% to sit there making those noises to align:start position:0% to sit there making those noises to yourself if you want to align:start position:0% yourself if you want to align:start position:0% yourself if you want to um what what all of them do is make a align:start position:0% um what what all of them do is make a align:start position:0% um what what all of them do is make a consonant sound that's articulated with align:start position:0% consonant sound that's articulated with align:start position:0% consonant sound that's articulated with the tip or the blade of your tongue sort align:start position:0% the tip or the blade of your tongue sort align:start position:0% the tip or the blade of your tongue sort of the front of your tongue is touching align:start position:0% of the front of your tongue is touching align:start position:0% of the front of your tongue is touching some part of the top of your mouth or or align:start position:0% some part of the top of your mouth or or align:start position:0% some part of the top of your mouth or or other places so the interdentals your align:start position:0% other places so the interdentals your align:start position:0% other places so the interdentals your tongue is sticking out between your align:start position:0% tongue is sticking out between your align:start position:0% tongue is sticking out between your teeth are the alveolars or the post align:start position:0% teeth are the alveolars or the post align:start position:0% teeth are the alveolars or the post alveolars the tip of your tongue or the align:start position:0% alveolars the tip of your tongue or the align:start position:0% alveolars the tip of your tongue or the blade of your tongue is coming into align:start position:0% blade of your tongue is coming into align:start position:0% blade of your tongue is coming into contact almost with the top of your align:start position:0% contact almost with the top of your align:start position:0% contact almost with the top of your mouth yeah align:start position:0% mouth yeah align:start position:0% mouth yeah as opposed to say bilabials where your align:start position:0% as opposed to say bilabials where your align:start position:0% as opposed to say bilabials where your tongue can do whatever the heck it feels align:start position:0% tongue can do whatever the heck it feels align:start position:0% tongue can do whatever the heck it feels like or veelers which involve your align:start position:0% like or veelers which involve your align:start position:0% like or veelers which involve your tongue or uvulus which involve your align:start position:0% tongue or uvulus which involve your align:start position:0% tongue or uvulus which involve your tongue but it's the back of your tongue align:start position:0% tongue but it's the back of your tongue align:start position:0% tongue but it's the back of your tongue as opposed to the front of your tongue align:start position:0% as opposed to the front of your tongue align:start position:0% as opposed to the front of your tongue which is what you're using for things align:start position:0% which is what you're using for things align:start position:0% which is what you're using for things like and align:start position:0% align:start position:0% is that clear the distinction clear and align:start position:0% is that clear the distinction clear and align:start position:0% is that clear the distinction clear and uh Arabic gives us a nice align:start position:0% uh Arabic gives us a nice align:start position:0% uh Arabic gives us a nice um uh sort of illustration of this the align:start position:0% um uh sort of illustration of this the align:start position:0% um uh sort of illustration of this the coronal sounds are the ones that are the align:start position:0% coronal sounds are the ones that are the align:start position:0% coronal sounds are the ones that are the the sun letters they're the ones where align:start position:0% the sun letters they're the ones where align:start position:0% the sun letters they're the ones where you uh the the last consonant of the align:start position:0% you uh the the last consonant of the align:start position:0% you uh the the last consonant of the definite article just becomes a copy of align:start position:0% definite article just becomes a copy of align:start position:0% definite article just becomes a copy of the following consonant notice that the align:start position:0% the following consonant notice that the align:start position:0% the following consonant notice that the last consonant of the indefinite article align:start position:0% last consonant of the indefinite article align:start position:0% last consonant of the indefinite article underlyingly is L which is itself align:start position:0% underlyingly is L which is itself align:start position:0% underlyingly is L which is itself coronal so uh it's like the end of the align:start position:0% coronal so uh it's like the end of the align:start position:0% coronal so uh it's like the end of the definite article is going to be coronal align:start position:0% definite article is going to be coronal align:start position:0% definite article is going to be coronal uh if nothing else happens it's going to align:start position:0% uh if nothing else happens it's going to align:start position:0% uh if nothing else happens it's going to be L but if there's a cardinal right align:start position:0% be L but if there's a cardinal right align:start position:0% be L but if there's a cardinal right after it it just becomes a copy of the align:start position:0% after it it just becomes a copy of the align:start position:0% after it it just becomes a copy of the following chordal does that make sense align:start position:0% following chordal does that make sense align:start position:0% following chordal does that make sense that's what's going on in all of these align:start position:0% that's what's going on in all of these align:start position:0% that's what's going on in all of these examples so with moon and Mare and book align:start position:0% examples so with moon and Mare and book align:start position:0% examples so with moon and Mare and book and more and father the L of the align:start position:0% and more and father the L of the align:start position:0% and more and father the L of the definite article can't become a copy of align:start position:0% definite article can't become a copy of align:start position:0% definite article can't become a copy of the following consonant and remain align:start position:0% the following consonant and remain align:start position:0% the following consonant and remain coronal yeah whereas in the sun letters align:start position:0% coronal yeah whereas in the sun letters align:start position:0% coronal yeah whereas in the sun letters the ones on the right by copying the align:start position:0% the ones on the right by copying the align:start position:0% the ones on the right by copying the following consonant the the L of the align:start position:0% following consonant the the L of the align:start position:0% following consonant the the L of the definite article is still a coronal align:start position:0% align:start position:0% [Music] align:start position:0% [Music] align:start position:0% [Music] somebody had a great idea about that align:start position:0% align:start position:0% uh so that's what's going on in these uh align:start position:0% uh so that's what's going on in these uh align:start position:0% uh so that's what's going on in these uh in these Arabic examples align:start position:0% align:start position:0% um okay a rule that we could have for align:start position:0% um okay a rule that we could have for align:start position:0% um okay a rule that we could have for the Arabic definite article yes I just align:start position:0% the Arabic definite article yes I just align:start position:0% the Arabic definite article yes I just said this thank you L is also Cardinal align:start position:0% said this thank you L is also Cardinal align:start position:0% said this thank you L is also Cardinal uh a rule we could have for the Arabic align:start position:0% uh a rule we could have for the Arabic align:start position:0% uh a rule we could have for the Arabic definite article would say you know in align:start position:0% definite article would say you know in align:start position:0% definite article would say you know in the definite article and L becomes a align:start position:0% the definite article and L becomes a align:start position:0% the definite article and L becomes a copy of a following coronal consonant so align:start position:0% copy of a following coronal consonant so align:start position:0% copy of a following coronal consonant so you know we have sort of a variable align:start position:0% you know we have sort of a variable align:start position:0% you know we have sort of a variable consonants uh subscript I which says align:start position:0% consonants uh subscript I which says align:start position:0% consonants uh subscript I which says whatever the con following consonant is align:start position:0% whatever the con following consonant is align:start position:0% whatever the con following consonant is if it's coronal uh the L will also get align:start position:0% if it's coronal uh the L will also get align:start position:0% if it's coronal uh the L will also get the value consonant sub I but it'll align:start position:0% the value consonant sub I but it'll align:start position:0% the value consonant sub I but it'll it'll it'll have the same form as the align:start position:0% it'll it'll have the same form as the align:start position:0% it'll it'll have the same form as the following consonant yeah align:start position:0% align:start position:0% you know align:start position:0% you know align:start position:0% you know or like uh which means home yeah align:start position:0% or like uh which means home yeah align:start position:0% or like uh which means home yeah and uh Arabic actually has align:start position:0% and uh Arabic actually has align:start position:0% and uh Arabic actually has like which like duplicates uh one letter align:start position:0% like which like duplicates uh one letter align:start position:0% like which like duplicates uh one letter yeah so align:start position:0% yeah so align:start position:0% yeah so so I think is that when you can align:start position:0% so I think is that when you can align:start position:0% so I think is that when you can duplicate the letter you just duplicate align:start position:0% duplicate the letter you just duplicate align:start position:0% duplicate the letter you just duplicate it align:start position:0% it align:start position:0% it yeah yeah align:start position:0% yeah yeah align:start position:0% yeah yeah there's like the the moon yeah you can align:start position:0% there's like the the moon yeah you can align:start position:0% there's like the the moon yeah you can do that so yeah so but there are I see align:start position:0% do that so yeah so but there are I see align:start position:0% do that so yeah so but there are I see what you mean but look there there are align:start position:0% what you mean but look there there are align:start position:0% what you mean but look there there are uh consonants like uh p and t and K align:start position:0% uh consonants like uh p and t and K align:start position:0% uh consonants like uh p and t and K which are all stops but T is coronal and align:start position:0% which are all stops but T is coronal and align:start position:0% which are all stops but T is coronal and P and K are not right and so all of align:start position:0% P and K are not right and so all of align:start position:0% P and K are not right and so all of those are equally hard to maintain for a align:start position:0% those are equally hard to maintain for a align:start position:0% those are equally hard to maintain for a long time I think or similarly I think align:start position:0% long time I think or similarly I think align:start position:0% long time I think or similarly I think what we're hoping you can stop me if align:start position:0% what we're hoping you can stop me if align:start position:0% what we're hoping you can stop me if this is not true is that if there are align:start position:0% this is not true is that if there are align:start position:0% this is not true is that if there are Arabic words that start with M uh those align:start position:0% Arabic words that start with M uh those align:start position:0% Arabic words that start with M uh those you'll get Al before that before in M align:start position:0% you'll get Al before that before in M align:start position:0% you'll get Al before that before in M yeah but for Arabic words that start align:start position:0% yeah but for Arabic words that start align:start position:0% yeah but for Arabic words that start with n you get a copy of the N yeah and align:start position:0% with n you get a copy of the N yeah and align:start position:0% with n you get a copy of the N yeah and again those are all sort of equally easy align:start position:0% again those are all sort of equally easy align:start position:0% again those are all sort of equally easy to hold on for a long time so that's a align:start position:0% to hold on for a long time so that's a align:start position:0% to hold on for a long time so that's a good this is a good example of science align:start position:0% good this is a good example of science align:start position:0% good this is a good example of science you know you had a good hypothesis and align:start position:0% you know you had a good hypothesis and align:start position:0% you know you had a good hypothesis and now we're finding data yeah and you align:start position:0% now we're finding data yeah and you align:start position:0% now we're finding data yeah and you speak I should have called on you to do align:start position:0% speak I should have called on you to do align:start position:0% speak I should have called on you to do to to say these Arabic words yeah Joseph align:start position:0% align:start position:0% algebra align:start position:0% algebra align:start position:0% algebra at least the English pronunciation align:start position:0% at least the English pronunciation align:start position:0% at least the English pronunciation starts really oh yeah but in Arabic I align:start position:0% starts really oh yeah but in Arabic I align:start position:0% starts really oh yeah but in Arabic I think it doesn't so uh so the baby maybe align:start position:0% think it doesn't so uh so the baby maybe align:start position:0% think it doesn't so uh so the baby maybe you know do you know what algebra is in align:start position:0% you know do you know what algebra is in align:start position:0% you know do you know what algebra is in in Arabic align:start position:0% align:start position:0% oh okay align:start position:0% oh okay align:start position:0% oh okay so I got it backwards yeah so we we uh align:start position:0% so I got it backwards yeah so we we uh align:start position:0% so I got it backwards yeah so we we uh we kept the L we didn't do the change so align:start position:0% we kept the L we didn't do the change so align:start position:0% we kept the L we didn't do the change so it starts it starts with a J uh starts align:start position:0% it starts it starts with a J uh starts align:start position:0% it starts it starts with a J uh starts with a chord and I'll but it didn't do align:start position:0% with a chord and I'll but it didn't do align:start position:0% with a chord and I'll but it didn't do the change I wonder whether we borrowed align:start position:0% the change I wonder whether we borrowed align:start position:0% the change I wonder whether we borrowed it before Arabic did this sound change align:start position:0% it before Arabic did this sound change align:start position:0% it before Arabic did this sound change uh I have no idea I don't know enough align:start position:0% uh I have no idea I don't know enough align:start position:0% uh I have no idea I don't know enough about the history of Arabic align:start position:0% about the history of Arabic align:start position:0% about the history of Arabic cool align:start position:0% cool align:start position:0% cool yep align:start position:0% align:start position:0% all right align:start position:0% all right align:start position:0% all right um align:start position:0% um align:start position:0% um so this is one kind of rule uh it's a align:start position:0% so this is one kind of rule uh it's a align:start position:0% so this is one kind of rule uh it's a very common kind of rule where one sound align:start position:0% very common kind of rule where one sound align:start position:0% very common kind of rule where one sound becomes more like another sound it's align:start position:0% becomes more like another sound it's align:start position:0% becomes more like another sound it's called the simulation align:start position:0% called the simulation align:start position:0% called the simulation um and uh this particular case it's align:start position:0% um and uh this particular case it's align:start position:0% um and uh this particular case it's what's sometimes called total align:start position:0% what's sometimes called total align:start position:0% what's sometimes called total assimilation where uh one sound just align:start position:0% assimilation where uh one sound just align:start position:0% assimilation where uh one sound just becomes a complete copy of another sound align:start position:0% becomes a complete copy of another sound align:start position:0% becomes a complete copy of another sound we'll see other cases where one sound align:start position:0% we'll see other cases where one sound align:start position:0% we'll see other cases where one sound just kind of changes in ways that align:start position:0% just kind of changes in ways that align:start position:0% just kind of changes in ways that resemble a nearby sound align:start position:0% resemble a nearby sound align:start position:0% resemble a nearby sound um uh why do you do assimilation align:start position:0% um uh why do you do assimilation align:start position:0% um uh why do you do assimilation languages do assimilation all the time align:start position:0% languages do assimilation all the time align:start position:0% languages do assimilation all the time and you sort of not hard to have align:start position:0% and you sort of not hard to have align:start position:0% and you sort of not hard to have pre-theoretical Notions about why right align:start position:0% pre-theoretical Notions about why right align:start position:0% pre-theoretical Notions about why right that you're saving wear and tear on your align:start position:0% that you're saving wear and tear on your align:start position:0% that you're saving wear and tear on your articulators uh so you know making it so align:start position:0% articulators uh so you know making it so align:start position:0% articulators uh so you know making it so that your articulators your tongue your align:start position:0% that your articulators your tongue your align:start position:0% that your articulators your tongue your lips you know uh uh velum don't have to align:start position:0% lips you know uh uh velum don't have to align:start position:0% lips you know uh uh velum don't have to do as much moving around uh things uh align:start position:0% do as much moving around uh things uh align:start position:0% do as much moving around uh things uh don't move as far or don't move at all align:start position:0% don't move as far or don't move at all align:start position:0% don't move as far or don't move at all it probably also makes perception easier align:start position:0% it probably also makes perception easier align:start position:0% it probably also makes perception easier in the sense that align:start position:0% in the sense that align:start position:0% in the sense that um if you're speaking Arabic and you uh align:start position:0% um if you're speaking Arabic and you uh align:start position:0% um if you're speaking Arabic and you uh instead of an L so for uh let's take the align:start position:0% instead of an L so for uh let's take the align:start position:0% instead of an L so for uh let's take the Sun align:start position:0% align:start position:0% um uh you know if you know that the word align:start position:0% um uh you know if you know that the word align:start position:0% um uh you know if you know that the word for sun is shem's uh and you've got this align:start position:0% for sun is shem's uh and you've got this align:start position:0% for sun is shem's uh and you've got this thing before it align:start position:0% thing before it align:start position:0% thing before it um basically it's as though you only align:start position:0% um basically it's as though you only align:start position:0% um basically it's as though you only need to give your hearer enough align:start position:0% need to give your hearer enough align:start position:0% need to give your hearer enough information to help them to know that align:start position:0% information to help them to know that align:start position:0% information to help them to know that they're hearing a definite article align:start position:0% they're hearing a definite article align:start position:0% they're hearing a definite article before the word for sun align:start position:0% before the word for sun align:start position:0% before the word for sun um and Arabic has decided uh it's enough align:start position:0% um and Arabic has decided uh it's enough align:start position:0% um and Arabic has decided uh it's enough if you hear the glottal stop and the align:start position:0% if you hear the glottal stop and the align:start position:0% if you hear the glottal stop and the vowel and then a coronal yeah align:start position:0% vowel and then a coronal yeah align:start position:0% vowel and then a coronal yeah underlyingly that Cardinal maybe is an L align:start position:0% underlyingly that Cardinal maybe is an L align:start position:0% underlyingly that Cardinal maybe is an L but as long as we keep it coronal we've align:start position:0% but as long as we keep it coronal we've align:start position:0% but as long as we keep it coronal we've given the hearer enough uh that they get align:start position:0% given the hearer enough uh that they get align:start position:0% given the hearer enough uh that they get to hear it and in fact we give the align:start position:0% to hear it and in fact we give the align:start position:0% to hear it and in fact we give the hearer in a sense two shots of hearing align:start position:0% hearer in a sense two shots of hearing align:start position:0% hearer in a sense two shots of hearing the beginning of the word for sun you align:start position:0% the beginning of the word for sun you align:start position:0% the beginning of the word for sun you know so we'll have we'll we'll and we'll align:start position:0% know so we'll have we'll we'll and we'll align:start position:0% know so we'll have we'll we'll and we'll lengthen that sound right so we'll we'll align:start position:0% lengthen that sound right so we'll we'll align:start position:0% lengthen that sound right so we'll we'll pronounce it twice align:start position:0% pronounce it twice align:start position:0% pronounce it twice um so we're sort of redistributing the align:start position:0% um so we're sort of redistributing the align:start position:0% um so we're sort of redistributing the signal in a way uh to the hearer to make align:start position:0% signal in a way uh to the hearer to make align:start position:0% signal in a way uh to the hearer to make to make their life arguably easier align:start position:0% to make their life arguably easier align:start position:0% to make their life arguably easier giving up some of what makes the align:start position:0% giving up some of what makes the align:start position:0% giving up some of what makes the definite article distinctive in order to align:start position:0% definite article distinctive in order to align:start position:0% definite article distinctive in order to emphasize some of some the beginning of align:start position:0% emphasize some of some the beginning of align:start position:0% emphasize some of some the beginning of the word for sun no align:start position:0% the word for sun no align:start position:0% the word for sun no questions about any of this yes align:start position:0% align:start position:0% so I I was I was trying to to sort of align:start position:0% so I I was I was trying to to sort of align:start position:0% so I I was I was trying to to sort of float the idea that it's partly to make align:start position:0% float the idea that it's partly to make align:start position:0% float the idea that it's partly to make the pronunciation easier it's so that uh align:start position:0% the pronunciation easier it's so that uh align:start position:0% the pronunciation easier it's so that uh your articulators are not having to move align:start position:0% your articulators are not having to move align:start position:0% your articulators are not having to move as fast or as far align:start position:0% as fast or as far align:start position:0% as fast or as far um but it might also uh make perception align:start position:0% um but it might also uh make perception align:start position:0% um but it might also uh make perception in some ways easier in a case like this align:start position:0% in some ways easier in a case like this align:start position:0% in some ways easier in a case like this so uh the idea is we'll give up some of align:start position:0% so uh the idea is we'll give up some of align:start position:0% so uh the idea is we'll give up some of the special properties of the definite align:start position:0% the special properties of the definite align:start position:0% the special properties of the definite article in favor of emphasizing or align:start position:0% article in favor of emphasizing or align:start position:0% article in favor of emphasizing or holding for longer the special align:start position:0% holding for longer the special align:start position:0% holding for longer the special properties of the word for sun align:start position:0% properties of the word for sun align:start position:0% properties of the word for sun or whatever you know the consonant align:start position:0% or whatever you know the consonant align:start position:0% or whatever you know the consonant that's at the beginning of the of the align:start position:0% that's at the beginning of the of the align:start position:0% that's at the beginning of the of the following now align:start position:0% following now align:start position:0% following now um so we'll emphasize some parts of the align:start position:0% um so we'll emphasize some parts of the align:start position:0% um so we'll emphasize some parts of the in some ways least predictable part of align:start position:0% in some ways least predictable part of align:start position:0% in some ways least predictable part of this you presumably hear definite align:start position:0% this you presumably hear definite align:start position:0% this you presumably hear definite articles all the time it's not so align:start position:0% articles all the time it's not so align:start position:0% articles all the time it's not so important that you you know get lots of align:start position:0% important that you you know get lots of align:start position:0% important that you you know get lots of Clues to the fact that this is an align:start position:0% Clues to the fact that this is an align:start position:0% Clues to the fact that this is an infinite article the nouns are going to align:start position:0% infinite article the nouns are going to align:start position:0% infinite article the nouns are going to vary you know here are more different align:start position:0% vary you know here are more different align:start position:0% vary you know here are more different kinds of nouns align:start position:0% align:start position:0% yep okay cool uh this is probably a good align:start position:0% yep okay cool uh this is probably a good align:start position:0% yep okay cool uh this is probably a good place to stop so let's stop here and uh align:start position:0% place to stop so let's stop here and uh align:start position:0% place to stop so let's stop here and uh have a good weekend and I'll see you align:start position:0% have a good weekend and I'll see you align:start position:0% have a good weekend and I'll see you guys uh see you guys next week