| [{"problem sentence":"Chromium has four naturally occurring isotopes: 4.34% of 50Cr, with an atomic weight of 49.9460 amu; 83.79% of 52Cr, with an atomic weight of 51.9405 amu; 9.50% of 53Cr, with an atomic weight of 52.9407 amu; and 2.37% of 54Cr, with an atomic weight of 53.9389 amu. On the basis of these data, calculate the average atomic weight of Cr.","correct answer":"52.00","textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"2-2"},{"problem sentence":"Sodium chloride (NaCl) exhibits predominantly ionic bonding. The Na+ and Cl- ions have electron structures that are identical to which two inert gases, respectively?","correct answer":"Ne, Ar","textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"2-8"},{"problem sentence":"To what group in the periodic table (new IUPAC) would an element with atomic number 114 belong?","correct answer":14,"textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"2-10"},{"problem sentence":"Write down the electron configuration of fluorine in the style such as 1s22s2.","correct answer":"1s22s22p5","textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"2-11"},{"problem sentence":"What electron subshell is being filled for the actinide series?","correct answer":"5f","textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"2-12"},{"problem sentence":"What type of bonding would be expected for aluminum phosphide (AlP)?","correct answer":"ionic","textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"2-22"},{"problem sentence":"Calculate the atomic packing factor for the FCC crystal structure. ","correct answer":0.74,"textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"EXAMPLE PROBLEM 3.2"},{"problem sentence":"Copper has an atomic radius of 0.128 nm, an FCC crystal structure, and an atomic weight of 63.5 g\/mol. Calculate its theoretical density (g\/cm^3).","correct answer":8.89,"textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"EXAMPLE PROBLEM 3.3"},{"problem sentence":"A hypothetical metal has the simple cubic crystal structure. If its atomic weight is 70.4 g\/mol and the atomic radius is 0.126 nm, calculate its density (g\/cm^3).","correct answer":7.31,"textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"3-10"},{"problem sentence":"Iodine has an orthorhombic unit cell for which the a, b, and c lattice parameters are 0.479, 0.725, and 0.978 nm, respectively. If the atomic packing factor and atomic radius are 0.547 and 0.177 nm, respectively, calculate the number of atoms in each unit cell.","correct answer":8,"textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"3-16"},{"problem sentence":"For tetragonal crystals, list the indices of directions that are equivalent to the [110] direction.","correct answer":"[-1-10], [-110], [1-10]","textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"3-33"},{"problem sentence":"List the indices of the direction that results from the intersection of each of the following pairs of planes within a cubic crystal: the (10-1) and (001) planes.","correct answer":"[010] or [0-10]","textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"3-44"},{"problem sentence":"Derive linear density expressions for FCC [100] direction in terms of the atomic radius R.","correct answer":"1\/(2R\u221a2)","textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"3-52"},{"problem sentence":"Calculate a planar density value (m^-2) for (110) plane for vanadium.","correct answer":"1.522 x 10^19 ","textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"3-55"},{"problem sentence":"Calculate the expected 2-theta diffraction angle (degrees) for the first-order reflection from the (113) set of planes for FCC platinum when monochromatic radiation of wavelength 0.1542 nm is used.","correct answer":81.38,"textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"3-59"},{"problem sentence":"The metal rubidium has a BCC crystal structure. If the angle of diffraction for the (321) set of planes occurs at 27.00 degrees (first-order reflection) when monochromatic x-radiation having a wavelength of 0.0711 nm is used, calculate the atomic radius (nm) for the rubidium atom.","correct answer":0.247,"textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"3-62"},{"problem sentence":"Calculate the equilibrium number of vacancies per cubic meter for copper at 1000\u2103. The energy for vacancy formation is 0.9 eV\/atom; the atomic weight and density (at 1000\u2103) for copper are 63.5 g\/mol and 8.4 g\/cm3, respectively.","correct answer":"2.2x10^25","textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"EXAMPLE PROBLEM 4.1"},{"problem sentence":"The surface energy of a single crystal depends on crystallographic orientation. How does this surface energy change with an increase in planar density?","correct answer":"increase","textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"Concept Check 4.1"},{"problem sentence":"Calculate the fraction of atom sites that are vacant for lead at its melting temperature of 327 \u2103 (600 K). Assume an energy for vacancy formation of 0.55 eV\/atom.","correct answer":"2.41x10^-5","textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"4-1"},{"problem sentence":"Calculate the activation energy (eV\/atom) for vacancy formation in aluminum, given that the equilibrium number of vacancies at 500\u2103 (773 K) is 7.57 x 10^23m^-3.The atomic weight and density (at 500\u2103) for aluminum are, respectively, 26.98 g\/mol and 2.62 g\/cm^3.","correct answer":0.75,"textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"4-3"},{"problem sentence":"For both FCC and BCC crystal structures, there are two different types of interstitial sites. In each case, one site is larger than the other and is normally occupied by impurity atoms. For FCC, this larger one is located at the center of each edge of the unit cell; it is termed an octahedral interstitial site. On the other hand, with BCC the larger site type is found at 0 positions\u2014that is, lying on {100} faces and situated midway between two unit cell edges on this face and one-quarter of the distance between the other two unit cell edges; it is termed a tetrahedral interstitial site. ForFCC crystal structure, derive an expression for the radius r of an impurity atom that will just fit into one of these sites in terms of the atomic radius R of the host atom.","correct answer":"r=(\u221a2-1)R","textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"4-5"},{"problem sentence":"What is the composition (Zn at%, Cu at%) of an alloy that consists of 30 wt% Zn and 70 wt% Cu?","correct answer":"Zn:29.4at%, Cu:70.6at%","textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"4-7"},{"problem sentence":"What is the composition (Sn at%, Pb at%) of an alloy that contains 98 g tin and 65 g lead?","correct answer":"Sn: 72.5at%, Pb: 27.5at%","textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"4-10"},{"problem sentence":"Calculate the number of atoms per cubic meter in aluminum.","correct answer":"6.05x10^28","textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"4-14"},{"problem sentence":"Calculate the unit cell edge length (nm) for an 85 wt% Fe\u201315 wt% V alloy. All of the vanadium is in solid solution, and at room temperature the crystal structure for this alloy is BCC.","correct answer":0.289,"textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"4-17"},{"problem sentence":"Gold forms a substitutional solid solution with silver. Calculate the number of gold atoms per cubic centimeter for a silver\u2013gold alloy that contains 10 wt% Au and 90 wt% Ag. The densities of pure gold and silver are 19.32 and 10.49 g\/cm3, respectively.","correct answer":"3.36x10^21","textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"4-20"},{"problem sentence":"For a given material, would you expect the surface energy to be greater than, the same as, or less than the grain boundary energy? \nThe grain boundary energy of a small angle grain boundary is greater or less than for a high angle one? Answer two questions by separating with comma. ","correct answer":"greater, less","textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"4-29"},{"problem sentence":"Aluminum\u2013lithium alloys have been developed by the aircraft industry to reduce the weight and to improve the performance of its aircraft. A commercial aircraft skin material having a density of 2.55 g\/cm3 is desired. Calculate the concentration of Li (in wt%) that is required.","correct answer":1.54,"textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"4.D1"},{"problem sentence":"A 15 mm-thick plate of iron is exposed to a carburizing (carbon-rich) atmosphere on one side and a decarburizing (carbon-deficient) atmosphere on the other side at 700 \u2103. If a condition of steady state is achieved, calculate the diffusion flux of carbon (kg\/m^2s) through the plate if the concentrations of carbon at positions of 5 and 10 mm beneath the carburizing surface are 1.2 and 0.8 kg\/m3, respectively. Assume a diffusion coefficient of 3x 10^-11 m2\/s at this temperature.","correct answer":"2.4x10^- 9","textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"EXAMPLE PROBLEM 5.1"},{"problem sentence":"The diffusion coefficients for copper in aluminum at 500 and 600\u2103 are 4.8 x 10^-14 and 5.3x10^-13 m2\/s, respectively. Calculate the approximate time (h) at 500\u2103 that will produce the same diffusion result (in terms of concentration of Cu at some specific point in Al) as a 10-h heat treatment at 600\u2103.","correct answer":110.4,"textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"EXAMPLE PROBLEM 5.3"},{"problem sentence":"Boron atoms are to be diffused into a silicon wafer using both predeposition and drive-in heat treatments; the background concentration of B in this silicon material is known to be 1 x 10^20 atoms\/m3. The predeposition treatment is to be conducted at 900\u2103 for 30 minutes; the surface concentration of B is to be maintained at a constant level of 3 x 10^26 atoms\/m3. Drive-in diffusion will be carried out at 1100\u2103 for a period of 2 h. For the diffusion coefficient of B in Si, values of Qd and D0 are 3.87 eV\/atom and 2.4 x 10^-3 m2\/s, respectively.\nCalculate the value of xj (\u03bcm) for the drive-in diffusion treatment.","correct answer":2.16,"textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"EXAMPLE PROBLEM 5.6"},{"problem sentence":"The purification of hydrogen gas is considered by diffusion through a palladium sheet. Calculate the number of kilograms of hydrogen that pass per hour (kg\/h) through a 5-mm-thick sheet of palladium having an area of 0.20 m^2 at 500 \u2103. Assume a diffusion coefficient of 1.0 x 10^-8 m2\/s, that the concentrations at the high- and low-pressure sides of the plate are 2.4 and 0.6 kg of hydrogen per cubic meter of palladium, and that steady-state conditions have been attained.","correct answer":"2.6x10^-3","textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"5-6"},{"problem sentence":"For a steel alloy it has been determined that a carburizing heat treatment of 10-h duration will raise the carbon concentration to 0.45 wt% at a point 2.5 mm from the surface. Estimate the time (h) necessary to achieve the same concentration at a 5.0-mm position for an identical steel and at the same carburizing temperature.","correct answer":40,"textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"5-15"},{"problem sentence":"The diffusion coefficients for iron in nickel are given at two temperatures: \nT (K) D (m2\/s)\n1273 9.4 x 10^-16\n1473 2.4 x 10^-14\nCalculate the values of the activation energy Qd (kJ\/mol).","correct answer":252.4,"textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"5-21"},{"problem sentence":"Carbon is allowed to diffuse through a steel plate 15 mm thick. The concentrations of carbon at the two faces are 0.65 and 0.30 kg C\/m3 Fe, which are maintained constant. If the preexponential and activation energy are 6.2 x 10^-7 m2\/s and 80,000 J\/mol, respectively, calculate the temperature (K) at which the diffusion flux is 1.43 x 10^-9 kg\/m2 s.","correct answer":1044,"textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"5-24"},{"problem sentence":"A diffusion couple is prepared using two hypothetical metals A and B. After a 30-h heat treatment at 1000 K (and subsequently cooling to room temperature) the concentration of A in B is 3.2 wt% at the 15.5-mm position within metal B. If another heat treatment is conducted on an identical diffusion couple, only at 800 K for 30 h, at what position (mm) will the composition be 3.2 wt% A? Assume that the preexponential and activation energy for the diffusion coefficient are 1.8 x 10^-5 m2\/s and 152,000 J\/mol, respectively.","correct answer":1.6,"textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"5-29"},{"problem sentence":"A piece of copper originally 305 mm long is pulled in tension with a stress of 276 MPa. If the deformation is entirely elastic, what will be the resultant elongation (mm)?","correct answer":0.77,"textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"EXAMPLE PROBLEM 6.1"},{"problem sentence":"A tensile stress is to be applied along the long axis of a cylindrical brass rod that has a diameter of 10 mm. Calculate the magnitude of the load (N) required to produce a 2.5 x 10^-3 mm change in diameter if the deformation is entirely elastic.","correct answer":5600,"textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"EXAMPLE PROBLEM 6.2"},{"problem sentence":"A cylindrical specimen of steel having an original diameter of 12.8 mm is tensile-tested to fracture and found to have an engineering fracture strength of 460 MPa. If its cross-sectional diameter at fracture is 10.7 mm, calculate the ductility in terms of percent reduction in area.","correct answer":30,"textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"EXAMPLE PROBLEM 6.4"},{"problem sentence":"The following tensile strengths were measured for four specimens of the same steel alloy:\n Sample Number Tensile Strength(MPa)\n1 520\n2 512\n3 515\n4 522\n Calculate the standard deviation (MPa).","correct answer":4.6,"textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"EXAMPLE PROBLEM 6.6"},{"problem sentence":"A tensile-testing apparatus is to be constructed that must withstand a maximum load of 220,000 N. The design calls for two cylindrical support posts, each of which is to support half of the maximum load. Furthermore, plain-carbon (1045) steel ground and polished shafting rounds are to be used; the minimum yield and tensile strengths of this alloy are 310 MPa and 565 MPa, respectively. Specify a suitable diameter (mm) for these support posts when factor of safety is 5.","correct answer":47.5,"textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"DESIGN EXAMPLE 6.1"},{"problem sentence":"A cylindrical specimen of a titanium alloy having an elastic modulus of 107 GPa and an original diameter of 3.8 mm will experience only elastic deformation when a tensile load of 2000 N is applied. Calculate the maximum length (mm) of the specimen before deformation if the maximum allowable elongation is 0.42 mm.","correct answer":255,"textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"6-4"},{"problem sentence":"For a bronze alloy, the stress at which plastic deformation begins is 275 MPa, and the modulus of elasticity is 115 GPa. What is the maximum load (N) that may be applied to a specimen with a cross-sectional area of 325 mm2 without plastic deformation?","correct answer":"89.4x10^3","textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"6-7"},{"problem sentence":"Consider a cylindrical specimen of a steel alloy 10.0 mm in diameter and 75 mm long that is pulled in tension. When the steel is elastic up to 320 MPa with the elastic modulus of 200 GPa, calculate its elongation (mm) when a load of 20,000 N is applied.","correct answer":0.1,"textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"6-10"},{"problem sentence":"A cylindrical bar of steel 10 mm in diameter is to be deformed elastically by application of a force along the bar axis. Using the following data: Modulus of Elasticity = 207 GPa, Shear Modulus = 83 GPa, Poisson\u2019s ratio = 0.30, calculate the force (N) that will produce an elastic reduction of 3 x 10^-3 mm in the diameter.","correct answer":16250,"textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"6-16"},{"problem sentence":"A cylindrical specimen of an alloy 8 mm in diameter is stressed elastically in tension. A force of 15,700 N produces a reduction in specimen diameter of 5 x 10^-3 mm. Calculate Poisson\u2019s ratio for this material if its modulus of elasticity is 140 GPa.","correct answer":0.28,"textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"6-17"},{"problem sentence":"Consider a cylindrical specimen of some hypothetical metal alloy that has a diameter of 8.0 mm. A tensile force of 1000 N produces an elastic reduction in diameter of 2.8 x 10^-4 mm. Calculate the modulus of elasticity (GPa) for this alloy, given that Poisson\u2019s ratio is 0.30.","correct answer":171,"textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"6-19"},{"problem sentence":"A tensile test is performed on a metal specimen, and it is found that a true plastic strain of 0.20 is produced when a true stress of 575 MPa is applied; for the same metal, the value of linear coefficient between true stress and n-th power of true strain is 860 MPa. Calculate the true strain that results from the application of a true stress of 600 MPa.","correct answer":0.237,"textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"6-42"},{"problem sentence":"The following true stresses produce the corresponding true plastic strains for a brass alloy: What true stress (MPa) is necessary to produce a true plastic strain of 0.25?\nTrue Stress(MPa) True Strain\n345.4 0.10\n414.4 0.20","correct answer":440,"textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"6-44"},{"problem sentence":"Consider a single crystal of BCC iron oriented such that a tensile stress is applied along a [010] direction.\nCalculate the resolved shear stress (MPa) along a (110) plane and in a direction when a tensile stress of 52 MPa is applied.","correct answer":21,"textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"EXAMPLE PROBLEM 7.1"},{"problem sentence":"Burgers vectors for FCC and BCC crystal structures are of the form b = a\/2 <uvw> where a is the unit cell edge length. Also, because the magnitudes of these Burgers vectors may be determined from the following equation:\n|b| = a\/2 (u^2 + v^2 + w^2)^(1\/2)\ncalculate values of |b| (nm) for aluminum. Atomic radii of aluminium 0.1431 nm.","correct answer":0.2862,"textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"7-9"},{"problem sentence":"Sometimes cos\u03c6cos\u03bbis termed the Schmid factor. Calculate the magnitude of the Schmid factor for an FCC single crystal oriented with its [100] direction parallel to the loading axis.","correct answer":0.408,"textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"7-11"},{"problem sentence":"A single crystal of aluminum is oriented for a tensile test such that its slip plane normal makes an angle of 28.1 \u00b0 with the tensile axis. Three possible slip directions make angles of 62.4 \u00b0, 72.0 \u00b0 , and 81.1 \u00b0 with the same tensile axis. If plastic deformation begins at a tensile stress of 1.95 MPa, determine the critical resolved shear stress (MPa) for aluminum.","correct answer":0.8,"textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"7-13"},{"problem sentence":"Consider a single crystal of silver oriented such that a tensile stress is applied along a [001] direction. If slip occurs on a (111) plane and in a direction, and is initiated at an applied tensile stress of 1.1 MPa, calculate the critical resolved shear stress (MPa).","correct answer":0.45,"textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"7-14"},{"problem sentence":"The lower yield point for an iron that has an average grain diameter of 5 x 10^-2 mm is 135 MPa. At a grain diameter of 8 x 10^-3 mm, the yield point increases to 260 MPa. At what grain diameter (mm) will the lower yield point be 205 MPa?","correct answer":"1.48 x 10^-2","textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"7-24"},{"problem sentence":"The average grain diameter for a brass material was measured as a function of time at 650 C, which is shown in the following table at two different times:\nTime(min) Grain Diameter(mm)\n30 3.9 x 10^-2\n90 6.6 x 10^-2\nCalculate grain diameter (mm) predict after 150 min at 650 C.","correct answer":0.084,"textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"7-38"},{"problem sentence":"A relatively large plate of a glass is subjected to a tensile stress of 40 MPa. If the specific surface energy and modulus of elasticity for this glass are 0.3 J\/m2 and 69 GPa, respectively, calculate the maximum length of a surface flaw (\u03bcm) that is possible without fracture.","correct answer":8.2,"textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"EXAMPLE PROBLEM 8.1"},{"problem sentence":"What is the magnitude of the maximum stress (MPa) that exists at the tip of an internal crack having a radius of curvature of 2.5 x 10^-4 mm and a crack length of 2.5 x 10^-2 mm when a tensile stress of 170 MPa is applied?","correct answer":2404,"textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"8-1"},{"problem sentence":"If the specific surface energy for soda-lime glass is 0.30 J\/m2, using data: Flexural Strength = 69 MPa; Modulus of Elasticity = 69 GPa, calculate the critical stress (MPa) required for the propagation of a surface crack of length 0.05 mm.","correct answer":16.2,"textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"8-3"},{"problem sentence":"A structural component in the form of a wide plate is to be fabricated from a steel alloy that has a plane strain fracture toughness of 77.0 MPa\u221am and a yield strength of 1400 MPa.The flaw size resolution limit of the flaw detection apparatus is 4.0 mm. If the design stress is one-half of the yield strength and the value of Y (a dimentionless parameter that depends on both crack and specimen sizes and geometries to express fracture toughness) is 1.0, determine whether a critical flaw for this plate is subject to detection by reasoning with the flaw size.","correct answer":"Is not subject to detection because flaw size < 4.0 mm","textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"8-10"},{"problem sentence":"Following is tabulated data that were gathered from a series of Charpy impact tests on a ductile cast iron.\nTemperature (\u2103) Impact Energy (J )\n 25 124\n 50 123\n 75 115\n 85 100\n 100 73\n 110 52\n 125 26\n 150 9\n 175 6\nDetermine a ductile-to-brittle transition temperature (\u2103) as that temperature corresponding to the average of the maximum and minimum impact energies.","correct answer":105,"textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"8-12"},{"problem sentence":"The fatigue data for a brass alloy are given as follows:\nStress Amplitude(MPa) Cycles to Failure\n310 2x10^5\n223 1x10^6\n191 3x10^6\n168 1x10^7\n153 3x10^7\n143 1x10^8\n134 3x10^8\n127 1x10^9\nCalculate the fatigue strength (MPa) at 5 x 10^5 cycles.","correct answer":250,"textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"8-18"},{"problem sentence":"The following creep data were taken on an aluminum alloy at 400 C and a constant stress of 25 MPa. Determine the steady-state or minimum creep rate (min^-1). Note: The initial and instantaneous strain is not included.\nTime (min) Strain\n0 0.000 \n2 0.025 \n4 0.043 \n6 0.065 \n8 0.078 \n10 0.092 \n12 0.109 \n14 0.120\n16 0.135\n18 0.153\n20 0.172\n22 0.193\n24 0.218\n26 0.255\n28 0.307","correct answer":"7.0 x 10^-3","textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"8-27"},{"problem sentence":"Steady-state creep data taken for a stainless steel at a stress level of 70 MPa are given as follows:\n\u03ad(s^-1) T(K)\n1.0x10^-5 977\n2.5x10^-3 1089\nIf it is known that the value of the stress exponent n for this alloy is 7.0, calculate the steady-state creep rate (s^-1) at 1250 K and a stress level of 50 MPa.","correct answer":0.12,"textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"8-35"},{"problem sentence":"Calculate the minimum cation-to-anion radius ratio for the coordination number 3.","correct answer":0.155,"textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"EXAMPLE PROBLEM 12.1"},{"problem sentence":"Based on the crystal structure of sodium chloride and the ionic radii for Na+ and Cl- as 0.102 and 0.181 nm, respectively, calculate the theoretical density (g\/cm^3) of this material.","correct answer":2.14,"textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"EXAMPLE PROBLEM 12.3"},{"problem sentence":"Calculate the number of Schottky defects per cubic meter in potassium chloride at 500 \u2103. The energy required to form each Schottky defect is 2.6 eV, whereas the density for KCl (at 500 \u2103) is 1.955 g\/cm3.","correct answer":"5.31 x 10^19","textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"EXAMPLE PROBLEM 12.4"},{"problem sentence":"At which coordination number the minimum cation-to-anion radius ratio is 0.225?","correct answer":4,"textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"12-2"},{"problem sentence":"On the basis of ionic charge and ionic radii, Cs+ 0.170 nm and I- 0.220 nm, predict crystal structure of CsI","correct answer":"Cesium chloride","textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"12-5"},{"problem sentence":"The zinc blende crystal structure is one that may be generated from close-packed planes of anions. \nWill the stacking sequence for this structure be FCC or HCP? Will cations fill tetrahedral or octahedral positions? Answer the two questions, by connecting comma. ","correct answer":"FCC, tetrahedral","textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"12-8"},{"problem sentence":"Iron sulfide (FeS) may form a crystal structure that consists of an HCP arrangement of S2 ions.\nWhich type of interstitial site will the Fe2 ions occupy?\nWhat fraction of these available interstitial sites will be occupied by Fe2 ions?\n Answer the two questions, by connecting comma.","correct answer":"octahedral, all","textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"12-10"},{"problem sentence":"Magnesium oxide has the rock salt crystal structure and a density of 3.58 g\/cm3.\nCalculate the unit cell edge length (nm).","correct answer":0.421,"textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"12-14"},{"problem sentence":"Using the ionic radii Cs+ 0.170 nm and Cl- 0.181 nm, calculate the theoretical density (g\/cm^3) of CsCl.","correct answer":4.2,"textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"12-18"},{"problem sentence":"Calculate the atomic packing factor for cesium chloride using the ionic radii Cs 0.170 nm Cl 0.181 nm, and assuming that the ions touch along the cube diagonals.","correct answer":0.68,"textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"12-24"},{"problem sentence":"Suppose that Li2O is added as an impurity to CaO. If the Li+ substitutes for Ca2+, what kind of vacancies would you expect to form? How many of these vacancies are created for every Li+ added?","correct answer":"O2 vacancy;one O2 vacancy for every two Li added","textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"12-34"},{"problem sentence":"A three-point bending test was performed on an aluminum oxide specimen having a circular cross section of radius 3.5 mm; the specimen fractured at a load of 950 N when the distance between the support points was 50 mm. Another test is to be performed on a specimen of this same material, but one that has a square cross section of 12 mm length on each edge. At what load (N) would you expect this specimen to fracture if the support point separation is 40 mm?","correct answer":"1.0 x 10^4","textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"12-44"},{"problem sentence":"The modulus of elasticity for beryllium oxide (BeO) having 5 vol% porosity is 310 GPa.\nCalculate the modulus of elasticity (GPa) for the nonporous material.","correct answer":342,"textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"12-47"},{"problem sentence":"A continuous and aligned glass fiber\u2013reinforced composite consists of 40 vol% of glass fibers having a modulus of elasticity of 69 GPa and 60 vol% of a polyester resin that, when hardened, displays a modulus of 3.4 GPa.\nCalculate the modulus of elasticity (GPa) of this composite in the longitudinal direction.","correct answer":30,"textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"EXAMPLE PROBLEM 16.1"},{"problem sentence":"For a glass fiber\u2013epoxy matrix combination, the critical fiber length\u2013fiber diameter ratio is 50. Using the data on the glass below: specific gravity = 2.58, tensile strength = 3.45 GPa, specific strength = 1.34 GPa, modulus of elasticity = 72.5 GPa, specific modulus = 28.1 GPa, calculate the fiber-matrix bond strength (MPa).","correct answer":34.5,"textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"16-6"},{"problem sentence":"Assume a continuous and aligned fiber\u2013reinforced composite is to be produced consisting of 30 vol% aramid fibers and 70 vol% of a polycarbonate matrix, where the modulus of elasticity and tensile strength of armid fire are 131 GPa and 3600 MPa, those of polycarbonate are 2.4 GPa and 65 MPa. It has a cross-sectional area of 320 mm2 and is subjected to a longitudinal load of 44,500 N.\nCalculate the fiber\u2013matrix load ratio.","correct answer":23.4,"textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"16-13"},{"problem sentence":"Calculate the longitudinal strength (MPa) of an aligned carbon fiber\u2013epoxy matrix composite having a 0.25 volume fraction of fibers, assuming the following: (1) an average fiber diameter of 10 x 10^-3 mm, (2) an average fiber length of 5 mm, (3) a fiber fracture strength of 2.5 GPa, (4) a fiber-matrix bond strength of 80 MPa, (5) a matrix stress at fiber failure of 10.0 MPa, and (6) a matrix tensile strength of 75 MPa.","correct answer":633,"textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"16-15"},{"problem sentence":"Calculate the longitudinal tensile strength (MPa) of an aligned glass fiber\u2013epoxy matrix composite in which the average fiber diameter and length are 0.010 mm and 2.5 mm, respectively, and the volume fraction of fibers is 0.40. Assume that (1) the fiber-matrix bond strength is 75 MPa, (2) the fracture strength of the fibers is 3500 MPa, and (3) the matrix stress at fiber failure is 8.0 MPa.","correct answer":1340,"textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"16-17"},{"problem sentence":"One-half of an electrochemical cell consists of a pure nickel electrode in a solution of Ni2+ ions; the other half is a cadmium electrode immersed in a Cd2+ solution.\nCalculate the cell potential (V) at 25 \u2103 if the Cd2+ and Ni2+ concentrations are 1 M.","correct answer":0.153,"textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"EXAMPLE PROBLEM 17.1"},{"problem sentence":"Calculate the voltage (V) at 25\u00baC of an electrochemical cell consisting of pure cadmium immersed in a 2 x 10^(-3) M solution of Cd2+ ions, and pure iron in a 0.4 M solution of Fe2+ ions.","correct answer":"0.031","textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"17.4"},{"problem sentence":"A piece of corroded steel plate was found in a submerged ocean vessel. It was estimated that the original area of the plate was 10 in.2 and that approximately 2.6 kg had corroded away during the submersion. Assuming a corrosion penetration rate of 200 mpy for this alloy in seawater, estimate the time of submersion in years. The density of steel is 7.9 g\/cm3.","correct answer":10,"textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"17.11"},{"problem sentence":"For Sn, calculate the Pilling\u2013Bedworth ratio using metal density of 7.30 (g\/cm3), and the density of metal oxide SnO2 is 6.95 (g\/cm3). Also, on the basis of this value, specify whether you would expect the oxide scale that forms on the surface to be protective.","correct answer":"1.33, protective","textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"17.28"},{"problem sentence":"For intrinsic gallium arsenide, the room-temperature electrical conductivity is 10^-6 (\u03a9\u2219m)^-1; the electron and hole mobilities are, respectively, 0.85 and 0.04 m2\/V\u2219s. Calculate the intrinsic carrier concentration (m^-3) at room temperature.","correct answer":"7.0 x 10^12","textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"EXAMPLE PROBLEM 18.1"},{"problem sentence":"The electrical conductivity and electron mobility for aluminum are 3.8 x 10^7 (\u03a9\u2219m)^-1 and 0.0012 m^2\/V\u2219s, respectively. Calculate the Hall voltage (V) for an aluminum specimen that is 15 mm thick for a current of 25 A and a magnetic field of 0.6 tesla (imposed in a direction perpendicular to the current).","correct answer":"-3.16 x 10^-8","textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"EXAMPLE PROBLEM 18.4"},{"problem sentence":"Consider a parallel-plate capacitor having an area of 6.45 x 10^-4 m2 and a plate separation of 2 x 10^-3 m across which a potential of 10 V is applied. If a material having a dielectric constant of 6.0 is positioned within the region between the plates, calculate the capacitance (F) and the magnitude of the charge (C) stored on each plate.","correct answer":"1.71 x 10^-11, 1.71 x 10^-10","textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"EXAMPLE PROBLEM 18.5"},{"problem sentence":"A copper wire 100 m long must experience a voltage drop of less than 1.5 V when a current of 2.5 A passes through it. Electrical conductivity of copper is 6.0 x 10^7 [(\u03a9\u2219m)^-1]. calculate the minimum diameter (mm) of the wire.","correct answer":1.88,"textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"18-2"},{"problem sentence":"electrical conductivity of copper is 6.0 x 10^7 [(\u03a9\u2219m)^-1]. What would be the current flow (A) of a copper wire 3 mm in diameter and 2 m long if the potential drop across the ends of the wire is 0.05 V?","correct answer":10.6,"textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"18-5"},{"problem sentence":"At room temperature the electrical conductivity and the electron mobility for copper are 6.0 x 10^7 (\u03a9\u2219m)^-1 and 0.0030 m^2\/V\u2219s, respectively.\nCalculate the number of free electrons per cubic meter for copper at room temperature. Assume a density of 8.9 g\/cm3.","correct answer":"1.25 x 10^29","textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"18-11"},{"problem sentence":"An n-type semiconductor is known to have an electron concentration of 3 x 10^18 m^-3. If the electron drift velocity is 100 m\/s in an electric field of 500 V\/m, calculate the conductivity ([\u03a9\u2219m]^-1) of this material.","correct answer":0.096,"textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"18-25"},{"problem sentence":"The following electrical characteristics have been determined for both intrinsic and p-type extrinsic indium phosphide (InP) at room temperature:\n \u03c3 (\u03a9\u2219m)^-1 n (m^-3) p (m^-3)\nIntrinsic 2.5x10^-6 3.0x10^13 3.0x10^13\nExtrinsic(n-type) 3.6x10^-5 4.5x10^14 2.0x10^12\nCalculate electron and hole mobilities (m2\/V\u2219s).","correct answer":"0.50, 0.02","textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"18-31"},{"problem sentence":"How the conductivity changes when temperature increase, for metals and intrinsic semiconductors, respectively?","correct answer":"metals: decrease; semiconductors: increase","textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"18-36"},{"problem sentence":"A metal alloy is known to have electrical conductivity and electron mobility values of 1.5 x 10^7 (\u03a9\u2219m)^-1 and 0.0020 m2\/V s, respectively. Through a specimen of this alloy that is 35 mm thick is passed a current of 45 A. What magnetic field (T) would need to be imposed to yield a Hall voltage of -1.0 x 10^-7 V?","correct answer":0.58,"textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"18-42"},{"problem sentence":"A parallel-plate capacitor using a dielectric material having a dielectric constant of 2.5 has a plate spacing of 1 mm. If another material having a dielectric constant of 4.0 is used and the capacitance is to be unchanged, what must be the new spacing (mm) between the plates?","correct answer":1.6,"textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"18-49"},{"problem sentence":"For NaCl, the ionic radii for Na and Cl ions are 0.102 and 0.181 nm, respectively. If an externally applied electric field produces a 5% expansion of the lattice, calculate the dipole moment (C\u2219m) for each Na \u2013Cl pair. Assume that this material is completely unpolarized in the absence of an electric field.","correct answer":"2.26 x 10^-30","textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"18-53"},{"problem sentence":"A charge of 3.5 x 10^-11 C is to be stored on each plate of a parallel-plate capacitor having an area of 160 mm2 and a plate separation of 3.5 mm.\nWhat voltage (V) is required if a material having a dielectric constant of 5.0 is positioned within the plates?","correct answer":"(a) V 17.3","textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"18-55"},{"problem sentence":"A brass rod is to be used in an application requiring its ends to be held rigid. If the rod is stress free at room temperature (20 \u2103), what is the maximum temperature (\u2103) to which the rod may be heated without exceeding a compressive stress of 172 MPa? Assume a modulus of elasticity of 100 GPa for brass.","correct answer":106,"textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"EXAMPLE PROBLEM 19.1"},{"problem sentence":"For aluminum, the heat capacity at constant volume at 30 K is 0.81 J\/mol\u2219K, and the Debye temperature is 375 K. Estimate the specific heat (J\/kg\u2219K) at 50 K and at 425 K.","correct answer":"139, 923","textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"19-4"},{"problem sentence":"For each of the following pairs of materials, decide which has the larger thermal conductivity by inequality sign.\n(1) Pure copper; aluminum bronze (95 wt% Cu\u20135 wt% Al)\n(2) Fused silica; quartz\n(3) Linear polyethylene; branched polyethylene","correct answer":"(1)>, (2)<, (3)>","textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"19-20"},{"problem sentence":"If a rod of 1025 steel 0.5 m long is heated from 20 to 80 \u2103 while its ends are maintained rigid, determine the magnitude (MPa) and the type of stress that develops. Assume that at 20 \u2103 the rod is stress free.","correct answer":"150, compression","textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"19-25"},{"problem sentence":"Railroad tracks made of 1025 steel are to be laid during the time of year when the temperature averages 10 \u2103. If a joint space of 4.6 mm is allowed between the standard 11.9-m-long rails, what is the hottest possible temperature (\u2103) that can be tolerated without the introduction of thermal stresses?","correct answer":42.2,"textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"19.D1"},{"problem sentence":"Calculate the saturation magnetization (A\/m) for nickel, which has a density of 8.90 g\/cm3.","correct answer":"5.1 x 10^5","textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"EXAMPLE PROBLEM 20.1"},{"problem sentence":"Calculate the saturation magnetization (A\/m) for Fe3O4 given that each cubic unit cell contains 8 Fe2+ and 16 Fe3+ ions, and that the unit cell edge length is 0.839 nm.","correct answer":"5.0 x 10^5","textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"EXAMPLE PROBLEM 20.2"},{"problem sentence":"Design a cubic mixed-ferrite magnetic material that has a saturation magnetization of 5.25 x 10^5 A\/m. Which ion should be used for replacing Fe 2+ and what content?","correct answer":"Mn2+, replace 18.1 at% of the Fe2 in Fe3O4 ","textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"DESIGN EXAMPLE 20.1"},{"problem sentence":"A coil of wire 0.20 m long and having 200 turns carries a current of 10 A.\nWhat is the magnitude of the magnetic field strength H (A turns\/m) ?","correct answer":10000,"textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"20-1"},{"problem sentence":"The magnetic flux density within a bar of some material is 0.435 tesla at an H field of 3.44 x 10^5 A\/m. Calculate the magnetic susceptibility for this material.","correct answer":"6.0 x 10^-3","textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"20-5"},{"problem sentence":"Calculate the saturation magnetization (A\/m) for cobalt, which has a net magnetic moment per atom of 1.72 Bohr magnetons and a density of 8.90 g\/cm3.","correct answer":"1.45 x 10^6","textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"20-7"},{"problem sentence":"The chemical formula for manganese ferrite may be written as (MnFe2O4)8 because there are eight formula units per unit cell. If this material has a saturation magnetization of 5.6 x 10^5 A\/m and a density of 5.00 g\/cm3, estimate the number of Bohr magnetons associated with each Mn2+ ion.","correct answer":4.6,"textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"20-13"},{"problem sentence":"The following data are for a transformer steel:\nH (A\/m) B (teslas)\n0 0 \n10 0.03 \n20 0.07\n50 0.23 \n100 0.70 \n150 0.92\n200 1.04\n400 1.28\n 600 1.36\n800 1.39\n1000 1.41\nWhat are the values of the initial permeability (H\/m) and initial relative permeability? Answer in the style [initial permeability, initial relative permeability].","correct answer":"3 x 10^-3 , 2388","textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"20-19"},{"problem sentence":"The fraction of nonreflected light that is transmitted through a 200-mm thickness of glass is 0.98. Calculate the absorption coefficient (mm^-1) of this material.","correct answer":"1.01 x 10^-4","textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"EXAMPLE PROBLEM 21.1"},{"problem sentence":"Calculate the velocity of light (m\/s) in calcium fluoride (CaF2), which has a dielectric constant of 2.056 (at frequencies within the visible range), and a magnetic susceptibility of -1.43 x 10^-5. ","correct answer":"2.09 x 10^8","textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"21-7"},{"problem sentence":"The indice of refraction of a soda\u2013lime glass within the visible spectrum is 1.51. determine the fraction of the relative dielectric constant at 60 Hz that is due to electronic polarization, using the data of the table below. Neglect any orientation polarization effects.\n----------------------------------\nMaterials Dielectric constant at 60 Hz at 1MHz\nsoda-lime glass 6.9 6.9\nfused silica 4.0 3.8\n------------------------------------","correct answer":0.33,"textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"21-8"},{"problem sentence":"Using the data in the table below, estimate the dielectric constant for polypropylene,\nMaterial Index of reflaction\nborosillicate glass 1.47\npolypropylene 1.49\npolyethylene 1.51","correct answer":2.22,"textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"21-9"},{"problem sentence":"The fraction of nonreflected radiation that is transmitted through a 10-mm thickness of a transparent material is 0.90. If the thickness is increased to 20 mm, what fraction of light will be transmitted?","correct answer":0.81,"textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"21-16"},{"problem sentence":"The transmissivity T of a transparent material 20 mm thick to normally incident light is 0.85. If the index of refraction of this material is 1.6, calculate the thickness of material (mm) that will yield a transmissivity of 0.75. All reflection losses should be considered.","correct answer":67.2,"textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"21-18"},{"problem sentence":"Calculate the difference in energy (eV) between metastable and ground electron states for the ruby laser.","correct answer":1.78,"textbook":"Callister","question number in the text book":"21-27"},{"problem sentence":"What was the original length (m) of a wire that has been strained by 30% and whose final length is 1 m?","correct answer":0.77,"textbook":"Hummel","question number in the text book":2.1},{"problem sentence":"The initial diameter of a wire is 2 cm and needs to be reduced to 1 cm. Calculate the amount of cold work (reduction in area in percent) which is necessary.","correct answer":75,"textbook":"Hummel","question number in the text book":"2.2"},{"problem sentence":"Calculate the initial diameter of a wire (cm) that has been longitudinally strained by 30% and whose final diameter is 0.1 cm. Assume no volume change.","correct answer":0.114,"textbook":"Hummel","question number in the text book":"2.3"},{"problem sentence":"What force (N) is needed to plastically deform a wire of 2 cm diameter whose yield strength is 40 MPa?","correct answer":"1.26*10^4","textbook":"Hummel","question number in the text book":"2.4"},{"problem sentence":"Calculate the Poisson ratio for the case where no volume change takes place.","correct answer":0.5,"textbook":"Hummel","question number in the text book":"2.14"},{"problem sentence":"Calculate the number of atoms for an HCP unit cell.","correct answer":2,"textbook":"Hummel","question number in the text book":"3.4"},{"problem sentence":"State the slip plane (in form of { }) and the slip direction (in form of < >) in a hypothetical simple cubic lattice.","correct answer":"{100}<100> ","textbook":"Hummel","question number in the text book":"3.7"},{"problem sentence":"Determine the coordination number for the CsCl crystal structure.","correct answer":8,"textbook":"Hummel","question number in the text book":"3.9"},{"problem sentence":"Calculate the packing factor for diamond cubic silicon.","correct answer":0.34,"textbook":"Hummel","question number in the text book":"3.11"},{"problem sentence":"Calculate the planar packing fraction in the (111) plane in the FCC structure.","correct answer":0.907,"textbook":"Hummel","question number in the text book":"3.13"},{"problem sentence":"Derive an expression for the distance between two nearest face atoms of the conventional FCC unit cell in terms of the lattice constant a.","correct answer":"\u221a2\/2a","textbook":"Hummel","question number in the text book":"3.16"},{"problem sentence":"Calculate the ratio between the diffusion rates of grain boundary diffusion and volume diffusion assuming an activation energy for grain boundary diffusion to be one-half of that for volume diffusion.\nTake T=500\u00b0C; Qv=2 eV; (f0)v= 6* 10^15 (1\/s) and (f0)g=1.5 10^11 (1\/s).","correct answer":83,"textbook":"Hummel","question number in the text book":"6.3"},{"problem sentence":"Calculate the approximate time (hrs) that is needed for diffusing carbon into steel to a depth of 1 mm when the diffusion coefficient at the temperature of heat treatment is 2*10^-7 cm2\/s.","correct answer":3.47,"textbook":"Hummel","question number in the text book":"6.5"},{"problem sentence":"Carbon atoms can best be interstitially accommodated in FCC \u03b3-iron by occupying the site halfway between two nearest corner atoms. Calculate the size (\u00c5) of this open interstitial site (for carbon radius) by knowing that the radius of a \u03b3-iron atom is 1.29 \u00c5. Now, the radius of a carbon atom is 0.71 \u00c5.","correct answer":0.534,"textbook":"Hummel","question number in the text book":"8.4"},{"problem sentence":"Calculate the electromotive force (V) from a silver half-cell whose electrolyte contains 1 g of Ag+ in 1 dm^3 of water.","correct answer":0.68,"textbook":"Hummel","question number in the text book":"9.2"},{"problem sentence":"How much material (in g) is electrochemically removed from a copper electrode when a current of 5 A flows for 0.5 h through an appropriate electrochemical half-cell?","correct answer":2.96,"textbook":"Hummel","question number in the text book":"9.6"},{"problem sentence":"Calculate the number of free electrons per cubic centimeter for sodium from resistance data ( \u03c1= 4.2 \u2219 10^(-8) \u03a9\/m; relaxation time 3.1 \u2219 10^(-14) s.)","correct answer":"2.73*10^22","textbook":"Hummel","question number in the text book":"11.2"},{"problem sentence":"What current (A) flows through a p\u2013n diode to which a voltage of 0.3 V is applied and a saturation current of 1 \u03bcA is assumed at 300 K?","correct answer":0.11,"textbook":"Hummel","question number in the text book":"11.9"},{"problem sentence":"Calculate the mobility of electrons (m2\/V\u2219s) in a metal when the time between two electron\/atom collisions is 2.5 * 10^(-12) s.","correct answer":0.44,"textbook":"Hummel","question number in the text book":"11.10"},{"problem sentence":"Calculate the Curie constant for a paramagnetic material that was inserted at room temperature (300 K) in a magnetic field of 1.2 x 10^4 A\/m and whose magnetic induction was measured to be 0.05 T. Assume that \u03b8=0.","correct answer":694,"textbook":"Hummel","question number in the text book":"12.2"},{"problem sentence":"A piece of platinum is inserted into a magnetic field that has a magnetic field strength of 10^3 [Oe]. Calculate the magnetic induction (T) in the material.\n(\u03c7Pt=264.4 x 10^-6 mks units.)","correct answer":0.1,"textbook":"Hummel","question number in the text book":"12.7"},{"problem sentence":"The intensity of Na light passing through a gold film was measured to be about 15% of the incoming light. What is the thickness (nm) of the gold film? ( \u03bb = 589 nm; k =3.2)","correct answer":27.8,"textbook":"Hummel","question number in the text book":"13.1"},{"problem sentence":"The plasma frequency, \u03bd1, can be calculated for the alkali metals by assuming one free electron per atom, i.e., by substituting Nf by the number of atoms per unit volume. Calculate \u03bd1 (s^-1) for potassium.","correct answer":"1.05 x 10^15","textbook":"Hummel","question number in the text book":"13.5"},{"problem sentence":"A block of copper whose mass is 100 g is quenched directly from an annealing furnace into a 200-g glass container that holds 500 g of water. What is the temperature of the furnace (K) if the water temperature rises from 0 to 15 \u2103? (cglass = 0.5 J\/g\u2219K)","correct answer":1142,"textbook":"Hummel","question number in the text book":"14.2"},{"problem sentence":"Calculate the rate of heat loss (J\/s\u2219m^2)in a 5-mm-thick window glass when the exterior temperature is 0 \u2103 and the room temperature is 20 \u2103.","correct answer":"3.8 x 10^3","textbook":"Hummel","question number in the text book":"14.3"}] |