crawl/traces/simpleQA_ALL/query_1029.csv

type,startTime,endTime,query,links_found,url,content_length,content,link_idx
tavily_search,0.0,2.0917327404022217,What is the number and name of the first asteroid to have a diacritical character in its name?,5.0,,,,
page_scrape,2.172832489013672,4.538616418838501,,,https://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/science/physics-and-astronomy/astronomy/the-naming-asteroids,2603.0,"# The Naming of Asteroids
How do asteroids get their names?
The first asteroids to be discovered were given names from classical mythology, such as Ceres, Juno, Pallas and Vesta. The International Astronomical Union (IAU) now regulates the naming of asteroids. Names are no longer restricted to mythological characters, but must be inoffensive and not connected with recent political or military activity.
However, no asteroid is awarded a name until it has been observed long enough for its orbit to be determined with a fair degree of precision. This may take several years, but when it is achieved the body is awarded a “permanent designation” (a number issued in strict numerical sequence) and the discoverer is invited to suggest a name for approval by a special committee of the International Astronomical Union.
Until its orbit has been sufficiently well-documented, each new discovery is known only by a “provisional designation” consisting of the year of discovery followed by two letters and, if necessary, numbers that relate more precisely to the date and sequence of discovery.
For example, the asteroid (4179) Toutatis was discovered in early January 1989 and initially had the provisional designation 1989 AC, in which the first letter (A) signifies that it was discovered during the period January 1-15 and the second letter (C) shows that it was the third discovery during that period. The letter I is not used in this convention, so the remaining 25 letters of the alphabet enable 25 asteroids to be designated during each half-month period. When this number is exceeded, the letter code sequence is repeated as any times as necessary with a numerical subscript that is incremented every 25 discoveries (so that 1989 AC1would indicate the 28th discovery during the first half of January 1989).
## Read more articles on asteroids
### What danger do asteroids pose to life on earth?
It was a huge asteroid that led to the extinction of the dinosaurs, so what damage could smaller asteroids do to life on earth. Professor of Planetary and Space Sciences at The Open University, Monica Grady, explores the issue.
### What danger do asteroids pose to life on earth?
It was a huge asteroid that led to the extinction of the dinosaurs, so what damage could smaller asteroids do to life on earth. Professor of Planetary and Space Sciences at The Open University, Monica Grady, explores the issue.
Read nowto access more details of What danger do asteroids pose to life on earth?
* Image 'What danger do asteroids pose to life on earth?' -By Lwp KommunikációunderCreative Commons BY 4.0license
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page_scrape,2.1740920543670654,2.9634110927581787,,,https://pds.nasa.gov/ds-view/pds/viewProfile.jsp?dsid=EAR-A-5-DDR-ASTNAMES-DISCOVERY-V4.0,4253.0,"ASTEROID NAMES AND DISCOVERY V4.0 | Data Set Overview : This data set includes names, designations, and discovery circumstances for the numbered asteroids, sorted in order of number. This data set supercedes past versions of both the ASTNAMES and DISCOVER asteroid data sets. It represents an extension of a file originally prepared by Pilcher (1979) [PILCHER1979] for the Tucson Revised Index of Asteroid Data (TRIAD) and updated in Pilcher (1989) [PILCHER1989] for the Asteroids II database. The data for asteroids numbered 4045 and greater were either provided by the Minor Planet Center or extracted from the Minor Planet Circulars, which are published by the Minor Planet Center on behalf of Commission 20 of the International Astronomical Union. In some cases, an institution or survey is credited with the discovery rather than an individual. No attempt has been made to correct the inconsistencies in the presentation of names (that is, some names are given with initials and some are not), or in the way locations are specified (for example, Pilcher distinguishes between the Lowell Observatory and Anderson Mesa locations in Flagstaff). Due to the limitations of the ASCII character set, diacritical marks are lost in this machine-readable form. No adjustment has been made in the spelling of the names to correct for the loss of diacritical marks. This choice was made to enable users to search on a known spelling of the name. This version of the data set contains the names, designations, and discovery circumstances for all asteroids numbered as of the 1999 February 2 batch of Minor Planet Circulars, and includes 9999 entries. References: Pilcher, F., Circumstances of minor planet discovery, In Asteroids (T. Gehrels, Ed.), pp. 1130-1154, Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson, 1979 [PILCHER1979]. Pilcher, F., The circumstances of minor planet discovery, In Asteroids II (R.P. Binzel, T. Gehrels, and M.S. Matthews, Eds.), pp. 1002-1033, Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson, 1989 [PILCHER1989]. Modification History : The discover data set is a combination of the data originally provided in the astnames and discover data sets. Astname was first introduced into PDS at the April 1993 asteroid data sets review, and has been updated yearly since that time. Discover was first introduced at the April 1994 asteroid data sets review, and has also been updated yearly since then. At the March 1996 review, for the first time the two data sets were combined into a single data set. Updates of both the astnames and discover components consists of adding entries for asteroids numbered since the last update. The 'discnote' file, with notes on individual asteroids, represents notes prepared by Pilcher for his original version, and has not been updated since the first PDS version of this data set. Parameters : The data table includes fields for asteroid catalog number, name, principal provisional designation, discovery date, discovery location, and the name(s) of the discoverer(s). | ASTEROID | ASTEROID | Review : This data set underwent external peer review on April 9, 1999. Limitations : Only asteroids numbered as of February 2, 1999 are included. | This data set includes names, designations, and discovery circumstances for the numbered asteroids, sorted in order of number. This data set supercedes past versions of both the ASTNAMES and DISCOVER asteroid data sets. It represents an extension of a file originally prepared by Pilcher (1979) [PILCHER1979] for the Tucson Revised Index of Asteroid Data (TRIAD) and updated in Pilcher (1989) [PILCHER1989] for the Asteroids II database. The data for asteroids numbered 4045 and greater were either provided by the Minor Planet Center or extracted from the Minor Planet Circulars, which are published by the Minor Planet Center on behalf of Commission 20 of the International Astronomical Union. In some cases, an institution or survey is credited with the discovery rather than an individual. No attempt has been made to correct the inconsistencies in the presentation of names (that is, some names are given with initials and some are not), or in the way locations are specified (for example, Pilcher distinguishes between the Lowell Observatory and Anderson Mesa locations in Flagstaff).
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page_scrape,2.174844264984131,5.157317876815796,,,https://asteroidday.org/resources/event-resources/learn-how-are-asteroids-named/,6135.0,"# LEARN – How Are Asteroids Named?
## LEARN – How Are Asteroids Named?
**Learning Objective:** Learn how asteroids were named throughout history and how the rapid increase in asteroid discovery has influenced their naming convention.
**Overview:** When the first asteroids were discovered, their naming sought to follow the tradition used for planets. As the decades passed and several asteroids were discovered thanks to the use of new technology, the sources of inspiration became more diverse. Currently, asteroid naming follows a convention. However, it does not mean that the discoverers cannot be creative.
**Specifics:****Mythology-Inspired Asteroid Names** In the 19th century, the naming of the first asteroids discovered followed the tradition of using the names of Greco-Roman mythology deities, similarly to the planets. Interestingly asteroids were mostly named after female deities
(From left to right) Ceres, Vesta and Hygiea, three of the first asteroids discovered and statues of the respective deities that inspired their names. (NASA JPL Caltech / Esos VLT / Dawn Mission Vatican Museum. / G.Ferrero / State Hermitage)
The deities that gave their names to asteroids were Ceres, Pallas, Juno, Vesta, Astraea, Hebe, Iris, Flora, Metis and Hygiea. By the middle of the century, new asteroids were discovered. The first exception to the tradition was made in 1850,with an asteroidnamed after Parthenope, one of the Sirens in Greek mythology, who was not part of the pantheon.
New exceptions were made with the use of the Latin names of the French cities Marseille (Massalia) and Paris (Lutetia) in 1852. Four years later, an asteroid discovered in 1856 was named after theEgyptian goddess Isis. It was the first case of an asteroid name being inspired by Egyptian mythology.
Marseille (left) and Paris, first cities to give their names to asteroids (France Comfort/IStock)
**Asteroids Names As a Tribute** Until 1857 the names of living people had been avoided and tributes were made implicitly, mostly by coincidence. The discovery of theasteroid Victoriawas one of them. Officially it is the name of the Roman goddess of victory, but its discoverer, an Englishman, was a subject ofQueen Victoria. The aforementioned asteroid Isis was also another example of implicitly honouring the daughter of its discoverer, who had the same name as the Egyptian goddess.
Naming asteroids after living people started with the discovery of theasteroid Eugenia, named after Empress Eugenia di Montijo, wife of Napoleon III, who was the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte.
Asteroid Eugenia (left) and Empress Eugenia de Montijo, the first case of a person being honored directly in the naming of an asteroid. (VLT/Sphere / Gustave Le Gray – 1856)
German astronomer Max Wolf, responsible for the first discovery of an asteroid using the technique of astrophotography. (Heldelberg Observatory Library)
In 1868 the number of asteroids discovered reached 100 and 11 years later this number doubled. It brought the necessity to widen the naming criteria, including the use of male names. Finally, in 1892 German astronomerMax Wolfused the mythological characterEndymionto name one of his asteroids. It was the first case of the direct use of a male name for an asteroid.
Brucia, discovered in 1891 also by Max Wolf, was the first asteroid identified using astrophotography. This technique allowed an exponential increase in the discovery of asteroids and 30 years later the mark of 1,000 objects was exceeded. The use of new criteria to name them became more than a necessity at this point.
**How Are Asteroids Named Today**
When an asteroid is discovered today it receives a provisional designation, made up of numbers and letters that follow a sequence. The use of these designations began in 1892. Shortly after its creation in 1925, theInternational Astronomical Union (IAU)adopted the system that is in use to this day.
If an asteroid has a well-determined orbit confirmed by observations, it receives a permanent number. This number, as well as the provisional designations, are assigned by theMinor Planet Center.
The asteroid discoverer has the right to propose a name but it must follow certain rules: not to be longer than 16 characters, not to be offensive, not to have anything to do with political or military activities, not to be confused with any product or trademark, and not to coincide with other names of asteroids and moons in the solar system. These rules were adopted by the IAU in the 1980s in order to avoid polemics and the trivialisation of asteroid names.
Nowadays, with a large number of asteroids discovered, their names are often inspired by prominent people.
Asteroid Day Co-founders
Did you know that Asteroid Day Co-founders Astrophysicist and Queen rock band guitaristBrian May, Apollo 9 astronautRusty Schweickart, filmmaker and activistGrigorij Richters, and the first Romanian cosmonautDorin Prunariubecame an inspiration for asteroid names? Here are the asteroids named after them: 52665 Brianmay, 17033 Rusty, 8664 Grigorijrichters, 10707 Prunariu.
Asteroid Day also has an asteroid named in its honour – 248750 Asteroidday! It was proposed in 2017 byMatt Dawson, an English amateur astronomer for over 50 years, living in Luxembourg. Matt Dawson runs the NEA observing program at the Observatoire des Côtes-de-Meuse in France (on behalf ofLuxembourg’s National Museum of Natural History).
That means that there is a chance that an asteroid can be named after you! It only takes an asteroid discoverer to propose it and a 15-person International Astronomical Union committee’s approval.
**Learn more about this subject by visiting these websites:**Asteroid Numbers and Names (ESA)Minor Planet Names: Alphabetical List (Minor Planet Center)Naming of Astronomical Objects (International Astronomical Union)
How to Get an Asteroid Named After You – The AtlanticAsteroid Names – Carrie NugentTop 9 Weird Asteroid Names (and 1 Awesome Asteroid Moon Name) – Universe Today
###### NASA’s DART Impact – The First Successful Asteroid Deflection Demonstration
###### Asteroid Meteor Showers – Organise A Watch Party
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page_scrape,2.175586462020874,3.4215826988220215,,,http://www.actforlibraries.org/how-asteroids-are-named/,4258.0,"# How Asteroids are Named
When an asteroid is first discovered, it is immediately given a provisional designation which consists of 4 parts: the year in which it was discovered, the half-month of discovery, the sequence of discovery during that half-month, and the number of times the entire sequence of discovery cycle has already been used for the sequence of discovery during that half-month. This combination of year, letters, and number identifies the possible asteroid until its orbit has been confirmed by other astronomers.
The year is written using all 4 numbers. The half-month of discovery is assigned a letter of the alphabet in order of progression. The sequence of discovery also goes through the entire alphabet in order. The last number is usually written in subscript, but can be written flattened out.
For example, the near-Earth asteroid 2005 YU55, which passed nearly 200,000 miles from the Earth in November 2011, was first discovered in 2005 during the first half of December (Y). So many other asteroids were discovered before it in that same half-month that the cycle of 25 letters had already been completed 55 times. On its 56th use, 2005 YU55 was the 19th asteroid (U) to be discovered.
The letter “I” is not used at all to avoid similarity with the number “1”. The letter “Z” is not needed for identifying half-months, because each year only has 24 half-months. However, the letter “Z” is used for the sequence of discovery, so that sequence has 25 letters.
The discovery of a new asteroid sometimes leads to the discovery of an entire group of asteroids which follow the same orbital behavior. In one case, the provisional name assigned to the original asteroid (1992 QB1) became the basis for naming all the objects in that category “cubewanos.”
Asteroids which have been discovered during one of the 4 surveys of the 1960s and 1970s also have a special survey designation. Each survey has been assigned its own identifier: Palomar-Leiden (P-L), First Trojan Survey (T-1), Second Trojan Survey (T-2), and Third Trojan Survey (T-3). The survey designation combines the order of discovery within that survey with the survey identifier.
By long-standing tradition, the discoverer of a new asteroid gets to name it. The new name consists of the sequential number in which the asteroid’s orbit has been confirmed, followed by a name of the discoverer’s choosing. The sequential number is often dropped in casual use when it is clear which asteroid is being referred to.
The provisional designation continues to be used until the new name is registered with the Minor Planet Center. Even after a sequential confirmation number has been assigned, the provisional designation is used until the asteroid is also named.
The discoverer is slightly restricted in the types of names he may choose. Asteroids which belong to a particular group of asteroids are traditionally named with related mythological names, although this is no longer common practice. Asteroids can be named after people, cities, or even fictional characters, but they may no longer be named after pets.
For example, most of the Apollo asteroids, which cross Earth’s orbit on a regular basis, do not have permanent names. These are still referred to by their provisional designation. An example of these is 2005 YU55. However, by convention, most of the Apollo asteroids which have been named have mythological names related to the Greco-Roman sun god Apollo.
Unlike the usual practice with comets, the discoverer may also not name the asteroid after himself. This may be because most comets don’t last very long after being discovered, but the asteroid will probably keep orbiting for centuries to come.
Many organizations will let you name an asteroid and give you an official-looking certificate. These organizations are not affiliated with the Minor Planet Center, which is the only organization which can assign an official name to an asteroid. The certificate may look pretty and be a fun gift, but it has no official status.
Asteroids Notable Asteroids Famous Asteroids Astronomy Earth Collision SpaceType and Classification of AsteroidsGuide to Huge near Earth Asteroids of the Sun BeltWhy Binary Asteroids might Pose a Greater Threat to Earth than Single ones
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