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| #### Early Juneteenth celebrations |
| Formerly enslaved people in Galveston rejoiced after General Order No. 3.[48]One year later, on June 19, 1866,freedmenin Texas organized the first of what became annual commemorations of ""Jubilee Day.""[40]Early celebrations were used as political rallies to give voting instructions to newly freed African Americans.[49]Other independence observances occurred on January 1 or 4.[50] The observation was soon drawing thousands of attendees across Texas. InLimestone County, an estimated 30,000 Black people celebrated at Booker T. Washington Park, established in 1898 for Juneteenth celebrations.[44][12]The Black community began using the word _Juneteenth_ for Jubilee Day early in the 1890s.[8]The word _Juneteenth_ appeared in print in the _Brenham Weekly Banner_ , a white newspaper fromBrenham, Texas, as early as 1891.[52]Mentions of Juneteenth celebrations outside of Texas appeared as early as 1909 inShreveport, Louisiana.[53] In the early 20th century, economic and political forces led to a decline in Juneteenth celebrations. From 1890 to 1908, Texas and all former Confederate states passed new constitutions or amendments that effectivelydisenfranchised Black people, excluding them from the political process. White-dominated state legislatures passedJim Crow lawsimposing second-class status.[54]Gladys L. Knight writes the decline in celebration was in part because ""upwardly mobile blacks ... were ashamed of their slave past and aspired toassimilateinto mainstream culture. Younger generations of blacks, becoming further removed from slavery were occupied with school ... and other pursuits."" Others who migrated to theNorthern United Statescould not take time off or simply dropped the celebration.[12] TheGreat Depressionforced many Black people off farms and into the cities to find work, where they had difficulty taking the day off to celebrate. From 1936 to 1951, theTexas State Fairserved as a destination for celebrating the holiday, contributing to its revival. In 1936, an estimated 150,000 to 200,000 people joined the holiday's celebration in Dallas. In 1938, Governor of TexasJames Allredissued a proclamation stating in part:[55] Whereas, since that time, Texas Negroes have observed this day with suitable holiday ceremony, except during such years when the day comes on a Sunday; when the Governor of the State is asked to proclaim the following day as the holiday for State observance by Negroes; and Whereas, June 19, 1938, this year falls on Sunday; NOW, THEREFORE, I, JAMES V. ALLRED, Governor of the State of Texas, do set aside and proclaim the day of June 20, 1938, as the date for observance of EMANCIPATION DAY Seventy thousand people attended a ""Juneteenth Jamboree"" in 1951.[55]From 1940 through 1970, in the second wave of theGreat Migration, more than five million Black people left Texas, Louisiana and other parts of the South for the North and the West Coast. As historianIsabel Wilkersonwrites, ""The people from Texas took Juneteenth Day to Los Angeles,Oakland,Seattle, and other places they went.""[56]In 1945, Juneteenth was introduced in San Francisco by a migrant from Texas, Wesley Johnson.[57] Flyer for a 1980 Juneteenth celebration at theSeattle Center Juneteenth soon saw a revival as Black people began tying their struggle to that of ending slavery. InAtlanta, some campaigners for equality wore Juneteenth buttons. During the 1968Poor People's CampaigntoWashington, DC, called by Rev.Ralph Abernathy, theSouthern Christian Leadership Conferencemade June 19 the ""Solidarity Day of the Poor People's Campaign.""[44][57]In the subsequent revival, large celebrations inMinneapolisandMilwaukeeemerged,[16]as well as across the Eastern United States.[58] In 1974, Houston began holding large-scale celebrations again,[8]andFort Worth, Texas, followed the next year. Around 30,000 people attended festivities at Sycamore Park in Fort Worth the following year.[49]The 1978 Milwaukee celebration was described as drawing over 100,000 attendees.[58]In 1979, the Texas Legislature made the occasion a state holiday.[59]In the late 1980s, there were major celebrations of Juneteenth in California, Wisconsin, Illinois, Georgia, and Washington, D.C.[8] In 1979, Democratic State RepresentativeAl Edwardsof Houston successfully sponsored legislation to make Juneteenth a paid Texas state holiday. The same year, he hosted the inaugural Al Edwards prayer breakfast and commemorative celebration on the grounds of the 1859 home, Ashton Villa. As one of the few existing buildings from the Civil War era and popular in local myth and legend as the location of Major General Granger's order, Edwards's annual celebration includes a local historian dressed as the Union general[60]reading General Order No. 3 from the second-story balcony of the home. The Emancipation Proclamation is also read and speeches are made.[61][62]Representative Al Edwards died of natural causes April 29, 2020, at the age of 83,[63]but the annual prayer breakfast and commemorative celebration continued at Ashton Villa, with the late legislator's son Jason Edwards speaking in his father's place.[64][65] In the late 1970s, when theTexas Legislaturedeclared Juneteenth a ""holiday of significance ... particularly to the blacks of Texas,""[50]it became the first state to establish Juneteenth as a state holiday.[66]The bill passed through the Texas Legislature in 1979 and was officially made a state holiday on January 1, 1980. Before 2000, three moreU.S. statesofficially observed the day, and over the next two decades it was recognized as an official observance in all states, exceptSouth Dakota, until becoming a federal holiday.[4] |
| #### Juneteenth in pop culture and the mass media |
| The holiday gained mainstream awareness outside African-American communities through depictions in media, such as episodes of TV series (2016)[72]and (2017),[73]the latter of which featured musical numbers about the holiday byAloe Blacc,The Roots,[74]andFonzworth Bentley.[75][76]In 2018,Appleadded Juneteenth to its calendars iniOSunder official U.S. holidays.[77]Some private companies have adopted Juneteenth as a paid day off for employees, while others have officially marked the day in other ways, such as amoment of silence.[78][79] In 2020, several American corporations and educational institutions, includingTwitter, theNational Football League,Nike, began treating Juneteenth as a company holiday, providing a paid day off to their workers,[80]andGoogle Calendaradded Juneteenth to its U.S. Holidays calendar.[81]Also in 2020, a number of major universities formally recognized Juneteenth,[82][83]either as a ""day of reflection"" or as a university holiday with paid time off for faculty and staff.[83] President Joe Biden signed the Juneteenth National Independence Day Act into law, June 17, 2021.Opal Leeis third from left. In 1996, the first federal legislation to recognize ""Juneteenth Independence Day"" was introduced in the U.S. House of Representatives, H.J. Res. 195, sponsored byBarbara-Rose Collins(D-MI). In 1997, Congress recognized the day through Senate Joint Resolution 11 and House Joint Resolution 56. In 2013, the U.S. Senate passed Senate Resolution 175, acknowledging Lula Briggs Galloway (late president of the National Association of Juneteenth Lineage), who ""successfully worked to bring national recognition to Juneteenth Independence Day"", and the continued leadership of the National Juneteenth Observance Foundation.[85] In the 2000s and 2010s, activists continued a long process to push Congress towards official recognition of Juneteenth.[86]Organizations such as the National Juneteenth Observance Foundation sought a Congressional designation of Juneteenth as a national day of observance.[9]By 2016, 45 states were recognizing the occasion.[59]ActivistOpal Lee, often referred to as the ""grandmother of Juneteenth"",[87]campaigned for decades to make Juneteenth a federal holiday, leading walks in many states to promote the idea.[88]In 2016–17 at the age of 89, she led a symbolic walk from Fort Worth, Texas to Washington D.C. to advocate for the federal holiday.[59][89]When it was officially made a federal holiday on June 17, 2021, she was standing beside PresidentJoe Bidenas he signed the bill.[88] Juneteenth became one of five date-specific federal holidays along with New Year's Day (January 1), Independence Day (July 4), Veterans Day (November 11), and Christmas Day (December 25). Juneteenth is the first new federal holiday sinceMartin Luther King Jr. Daywas declared a holiday in 1986.[90][91][92]Juneteenth also falls within the statutoryHonor America Daysperiod, which lasts for 21 days fromFlag Day(June 14) toIndependence Day(July 4). Recognized before 2000 Recognized between 2000 and 2009 Recognized between 2010 and 2021 Texas was the firststateto recognize the date by enacted law, in 1980. By 2002, eight states officially recognized Juneteenth[93]and four years later 15 states recognized the holiday.[50]By 2008, just over half of the states recognized Juneteenth in some way.[94]By 2019, 47 states and the District of Columbia recognized Juneteenth,[95]although as of 2020 only Texas had adopted the holiday as a paid holiday for state employees.[96] In June 2019, Governor of PennsylvaniaTom Wolfrecognized Juneteenth as a holiday in the state.[97]In the yearlong aftermath of themurder of George Floydthat occurred on May 25, 2020, nine states designated Juneteenth a paid holiday,[98]including New York, Washington, and Virginia.[99]In 2020,MassachusettsGovernorCharlie Bakerissued a proclamation that the day would be marked as ""Juneteenth Independence Day."" This followed the filing of bills by both the House and Senate to make Juneteenth a state holiday. Baker did not comment on these bills specifically but promised to grant the observance of Juneteenth greater importance.[100]On June 16, 2021, Illinois adopted a law changing its ceremonial holiday to a paid state holiday.[101] Some cities and counties have also recognized Juneteenth through proclamation. In 2020, Juneteenth was formally recognized byNew York City(as an annual official city holiday and public school holiday, starting in 2021).[102][103]Cook County, Illinois, adopted an ordinance to make Juneteenth a paid county holiday.[104]TheCity and County of Honolulurecognizes it as an ""annual day of honor and reflection"",[105]andPortland, Oregon(as a day of remembrance and action and a paid holiday for city employees).[106] North Dakotaapproved recognition of Juneteenth as a state-recognized annual holiday on April 13, 2021,[107]with Hawaii becoming the 49th state to recognize the holiday on June 16, 2021.[f][108][109]On June 16, 2020, South Dakota GovernorKristi Noemproclaimed that the following June 19, 2020, was to be Juneteenth Day for that year only, spurning calls for it to be recognized annually, rather than just for 2020.[110]In February 2022, South Dakota became the last state to recognize Juneteenth as an annual state holiday or observance.[111]Its law provided for following the federal law even before it was official.[112]On May 2, 2022, Colorado GovernorJared Polissigned a bill changing the state's ceremonial observance to a state holiday and it is now the 11th state holiday in Colorado.[113] As of 2024, 27 states and the District of Columbia have made Juneteenth an annualized paid holiday for state employees, with the remainder maintaining at least a ceremonial observance (New Mexico's personnel board declared it a paid worker holiday, although it is not a statutory holiday in New Mexico).[114]Additional states may observe it as a paid holiday for state workers but rely on a decision, often of the governor, in each year, instead of perpetual by statute, which may or may not occur again the next year. Local governments including counties and municipalities also may close their offices and pay their workers time-off.[115]The table below only includes the state's with perpetual, annual, paid holiday laws identified by the Congressional Research Service in 2023 or subsequent sources:[116] States and Juneteenth paid holiday Juneteenth National Independence Day Act | An Act to amend title 5, United States Code, to designate Juneteenth National Independence Day as a legal public holiday. Juneteenth is afederal holidayin the United States. For decades, activists and congress members (led by many African Americans) proposed legislation, advocated for, and built support for state and national observances. During his campaign for president in June 2020,Joe Bidenpublicly celebrated the holiday.[125]President Donald Trump, during his 2020 campaign for reelection, added making the day a national holiday part of his ""Platinum Plan for Black America.""[126]Spurred on byOpal Lee,the racial justice movementand theCongressional Black Caucus, on June 15, 2021, theSenateunanimouslypassed the**Juneteenth National Independence Day Act** ,[127]establishing Juneteenth as a federal holiday. It passed through theHouse of Representativesby a 415–14 vote on June 16.[128][129] President Joe Bidensigned the bill (Pub. L.117–17 (text)(PDF))[130][131]on June 17, 2021, making Juneteenth the eleventh American federal holiday and the first to obtain legal observance as a federal holiday sinceMartin Luther King Jr. Daywas designated in 1983.[132][91][92]According to the bill, federal government employees will now get to take the day off every year on June 19, or should the date fall on a Saturday or Sunday, they will get the Friday or Monday closest to the Saturday or Sunday on which the date falls.[133] |
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| Juneteenth |
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| ",1.0 |
| page_scrape,2.452385425567627,13.056382656097412,,,https: |
| Sue Johnson was born and raised in Galveston, Texas, a city on the Gulf Coast. She still remembers every year when she and her family would pack up the car and head to the beach for a day of celebration to commemorate America’s second independence day: Juneteenth. |
| Juneteenth is recognized June 19 to commemorate the last of the enslaved peoples being freed in Galveston by Union forces. Though the city of Galveston has celebrated the holiday since 1866, the push to make the day a federal holiday dates back more than 100 years. |
| President had legally freed the enslaved in Texas more than two years previously with the signing of the Emancipation Proclamation. But the nearly 250,000 enslaved people in Galveston had no idea they had been freed. |
| Early Juneteenth celebrations were primarily held in Texas following General Order No. 3. |
| Then, in 1872, a group of African American ministers and businessmen in Houston bought 10 acres of land and declared the propertyEmancipation Parkto be used for annual Juneteenth celebrations. |
| Today, Juneteenth is also called Emancipation Day, Freedom Day and Jubilee Day. |
| “While Granger is there and has been celebrated as the hero of the Juneteenth story, he was not alone,” said Collins, co-founder of Galveston’s Nia Cultural Center Juneteenth Legacy Project Headquarters. “Some reports estimate as high as 75 percent [of soldiers] were United States Colored Troops.” |
| It wasn’t until the murder of George Floyd by Minneapolis police officers in 2020 that attention around Juneteenth really began to grow, said Collins. |
| Thatpetition was createdby activist Opal Lee, who at the time was 94 years old. Lee was born and raised in Texas, and at the age of 12, a white mob torched her family’s home — on Juneteenth. |
| “It is not lost on me that the summer of 2020 saw the largest support of Juneteenth to be a national holiday because of the death of George Floyd highlighted the systemic racism that still exists because of the residual effects of slavery,” Lee wrote in her petition. “We can’t let the swell of support just simply disappear until the summer rolls around again. We have make sure Congress follows through with their commitment to honor the lives of those who came before us.” |
| “By making Juneteenth a federal holiday, all Americans can feel the power of this day, and learn from our history, and celebrate progress, and grapple with the distance we’ve come but the distance we have to travel,” Biden said. |
| When Biden signed the legislation making Juneteenth a federal holiday, recognizing “America’s original sin,” he was also surrounded by prominent Black figures including Sen. Raphael Warnock (D-Ga.), and Reps. Jim Clyburn (D-S.C.), Barbara Lee (D-Calif.), Danny K. Davis (D-Ill.), Joyce Beatty (D-Ohio) and Sheila Jackson Lee (D-Texas). These leaders, as well as others, had helped lead the push for the federal legislation. |
| But they weren’t the first ones to urge the nation to legally recognize the holiday. The effort to make Juneteenth a federal holiday had been in the works since the 1800s. |
| Back in 1879, Texas State Rep. Robert Evans (R) tried to pass legislation declaring Juneteenth a holiday. It would take 100 years before State Rep. Albert Ely Edwards (D) authored House Bill 1016 to make Juneteenth a paid holiday in Texas. |
| Edwards, who died just one year before Biden’s signing, became known as Mr. Juneteenth. |
| Myers worked for more than 25 years in the push to federally recognize Juneteenth, even establishing the Juneteenth Observance Foundation. He died in 2018. |
| |
| ",3.0 |
| page_scrape,2.453099250793457,7.954390048980713,,,https: |
| # In states where Juneteenth is still not a day off, activists see a missed opportunity |
| Prescylia Mae raises her fist in the air during a Juneteenth re-enactment celebration in Galveston, Texas, on June 19, 2021.**Mark Felix/AFP via Getty Images******hide caption**** |
| Prescylia Mae raises her fist in the air during a Juneteenth re-enactment celebration in Galveston, Texas, on June 19, 2021. |
| When Juneteenth became a federal holiday last year, South Carolina organizer Jamal Bradley was excited for it to finally get the recognition it deserves. But his enthusiasm was quickly dashed when he learned state leaders decided not to follow suit in observing the holiday. |
| ""It just lets me know there's still work left to do in South Carolina,"" said Bradley, who started a petition for Juneteenth to become a state holiday. |
| Also known as ""Emancipation Day"" or ""Freedom Day,"" Juneteenth commemoratesJune 19, 1865when federal troops arrived in Galveston, Texas and gave word to enslaved African Americans that they were free — more than two years after the Emancipation Proclamation was signed. The holiday has been celebrated by many Black families for generations, but began to gain wider attention in 2020 after the murder of George Floyd and Breonna Taylor. |
| ### Juneteenth |
| ### Juneteenth is a jubilant celebration — and a sacred lament |
| Despite the federal recognition, some Black organizers are beginning to see that local support can be a harder lift. While every state has at some point recognized Juneteenth as a day of observance, 26 states have yet to adopt Juneteenth as a paid public holiday, including seven former Confederate states, according tothe Pew Research Center. |
| Likewise, there's a range of implications. On a practical level, the lack of a state holiday means local employees may not be able to take time off to observe Juneteenth. It may also mean state government buildings will remain open on the holiday. But to many Black activists, the extent to which Juneteenth is embraced by state governments speaks volumes about their progress toward racial justice. |
| ### It could be years until every states adopt Juneteenth |
| Bradley believes it's particularly important for former Confederate states to recognize Juneteenth. His home state, South Carolina, was thefirst state to secedefrom the Union. For South Carolina to officially recognize Juneteenth, Bradley says, it would be a milestone for both the state and the nation. |
| ### Juneteenth |
| ### Poet Amanda Gorman celebrates the gift of Blackness for Juneteenth |
| ""It wouldn't have fully reconciled what has taken place, but it would've been a good start,"" said Bradley, who's organized Juneteenth celebrations in the capital of Columbia for the past five years. |
| ### Some activists want Juneteenth to be equal to July 4th |
| Doris Moore Bailey from Lakeland, Fla., believes it's time for Juneteenth to be treated like July Fourth. |
| Florida also has yet to designate Juneteenth as an official state holiday, in part because of a controversy over what day to commemorate: June 19 or on the day enslaved people in Florida learned they were emancipated. A Juneteenth state holiday bill died after some historians argued the state should honor Florida's Emancipation Day instead. A Union general read the Emancipation Proclamation in Tallahassee on May 20, 1865. |
| Since 1992, she and former state representative, Dr. Alzo Reddick, has worked to establish Juneteenth as an annual tradition in her city. Three decades ago, her event garnered less than 50 people. This year, over 300 residents attended. |
| ### On Juneteenth weekend, Black activists march for abortion rights |
| Despite the growing popularity in Lakeland and across Florida, Bailey says she still struggles to receive support from city leaders. The city has publicly proclaimed June 19 as Juneteenth Day in Lakeland, but it has yet to be recognized as an official public holiday. |
| Mayor Bill Mutz saidit wasn't consideredto be a public holiday because the city calendar is planned a year in advance, but that Juneteenth was ""certainly something we can observe in the future."" |
| But Bailey believes there's still work to be done for non-African American lawmakers to take Juneteenth more seriously and more quickly. |
| So far, Alabama has only adopted Juneteenth as a state holiday for this year, but whether that will be a permanent policy isultimately to the state legislature. To Unique Morgan Dunston, a state-recognized Juneteenth is an opportunity to tell a more accurate, complete portrayal of American history. |
| ### Juneteenth |
| ### Companies are selling Juneteenth branded products. Here's why that's a big problem |
| It wasn't until 2020 that Dunston says she understood Juneteenth's significance. Now, she's been working to help raise awareness about the holiday and organize celebrations for her community. |
| Having Juneteenth recognized in all levels of government can be especially meaningful in places like Marshall County, Dunston says, where Black residents make up less than 3% of the population. |
| ""It's weird, Juneteenth feels new but we're talking about something that happened in 1865,"" Dunston said. ""But I love that children will know what Juneteenth is and not have to learn about it as an adult like I had to."" |
| ",4.0 |
| page_scrape,2.4538066387176514,8.388944149017334,,,https: |
| # One Woman's Decades-Long Fight To Make Juneteenth A U.S. Holiday |
| Opal Lee, shown earlier this month, is celebrating this week's passage of legislation making Juneteenth a federal holiday. President Biden signed the bill Thursday.**Amanda McCoy/Fort Worth Star-Telegram/Tribune News Service via Getty Images******hide caption**** |
| Opal Lee, shown earlier this month, is celebrating this week's passage of legislation making Juneteenth a federal holiday. President Biden signed the bill Thursday. |
| Ever since Maj. Gen. Gordon Granger rode into Galveston, Texas, on June 19, 1865, to spread the news of the Emancipation Proclamation outlawing slavery in Confederate states. President Abraham Lincoln had signed it more than two years earlier. |
| ### She's known as the Grandmother of Juneteenth |
| In a warm and raspy voice, Lee recalls her decades of work in the Juneteenth movement after joining the Tarrant County Black Historical and Genealogical Society, which oversaw local Juneteenth celebrations. But she said that after more than 40 years as a community activist, she ""really doubled down in 2016"" by ""going bigger."" |
| At the age of 89, Lee decided her new life mission was much like that of Granger: ""I knew I just had to spread the word about Juneteenth to everybody."" The best way to do that, she figured, was to help get Juneteenth accepted as a national holiday. |
| She decided to start with a walking campaign in cities along a route from her home in Fort Worth, Texas, to Washington, D.C. It wasn't a straight line. Over several weeks, Lee arrived in cities where she'd been invited to speak and walked 2½ miles to symbolize the 2½ years that it took for enslaved people in Texas to learn they were free. |
| Protesters chant last year as they march after a Juneteenth rally at the Brooklyn Museum in New York City.**John Minchillo/AP******hide caption**** |
| Protesters chant last year as they march after a Juneteenth rally at the Brooklyn Museum in New York City. |
| Undeterred, she returned again in February as a new version of the Juneteenth National Independence Day Act was reintroduced. |
| Before the passage of the Juneteenth legislation by the House and Senate this week, there have only been four new holidays added to the national calendar in the past 100 years. |
| The last one was in 1983 when President Ronald Reagan signed a bill adding Martin Luther King Jr. Day to celebrate King's contribution to the civil rights movement. It was a 15-year journey that began in 1968, four days after King was assassinated, and it wasn't observed until 1986. Even then, it took nearly two more decades for all individual states also to recognize the holiday. |
| Among the most avid opponents was Arizona, whichdidn't come around until 1995— a couple of years after the NFL moved a Super Bowl game to California in protest. It was a move that cost the state anestimated $500 million in revenue. |
| Rep. Sheila Jackson Lee, shown here speaking last year, was a co-sponsor of the bill to make Juneteenth a federal holiday.**Michael M. Santiago/Getty Images******hide caption**** |
| Rep. Sheila Jackson Lee, shown here speaking last year, was a co-sponsor of the bill to make Juneteenth a federal holiday. |
| South Carolina also resisted national pressure to acknowledge the day until 2000, when it finally agreed to give state employees a paid holiday off. The fight in that state revolved around an effort by the governor to fly the Confederate battle flag over the Statehouse. To get around the controversy, he eventually signed a bill declaring two holidays: Martin Luther King Jr. Day and Confederate Memorial Day, which is celebrated in May. |
| As for Juneteenth, there has been a surge in recognition in recent years by local and state governments — 47 states acknowledge it in some way, with some, including Texas, declaring it a paid holiday. |
| That was the stumbling block for Republican Sen. Ron Johnson of Wisconsin, who voted against the Juneteenth legislation in 2020 when it was first introduced. While he favored celebrating the end of chattelslavery — the practice of enslaving and owning people and their offspring as property, to be bought, sold and forced to work without wages — he said he could not get behind paying for another day off for federal workers. At the time, he suggested dropping one of the 10 federal holidays. |
| On the phone, Jackson Lee remarked on the inherent contradictions of celebrating Juneteenth and the sadness in knowing that freed people remained enslaved after they should have been released from bondage. |
| ""Two years and they did not know,"" she said. |
| Professor emeritus Clayborne Carson, director of the Martin Luther King Jr. Papers Project at Stanford University _,_ sees some similarities between the movements for a King holiday and the one commemorating Juneteenth. But he said he's amazed by the momentum of the latest movement, which until a few years ago was not a part of the mainstream conversation. |
| For Opal Lee, whose paternal great-grandmother was born into bondage in Louisiana, this Juneteenth ""is like a dream."" |
| The walk this year will be national, Lee said. In addition to the Fort Worth event, organizers in Houston, Los Angeles, Atlanta, New York and other cities have set up walks to commemorate the day. |
| ",5.0 |
| page_scrape,9.06926155090332,10.376179695129395,,,https: |
| #### Early Juneteenth celebrations |
| Formerly enslaved people in Galveston rejoiced after General Order No. 3.[48]One year later, on June 19, 1866,freedmenin Texas organized the first of what became annual commemorations of ""Jubilee Day.""[40]Early celebrations were used as political rallies to give voting instructions to newly freed African Americans.[49]Other independence observances occurred on January 1 or 4.[50] The observation was soon drawing thousands of attendees across Texas. InLimestone County, an estimated 30,000 Black people celebrated at Booker T. Washington Park, established in 1898 for Juneteenth celebrations.[44][12]The Black community began using the word _Juneteenth_ for Jubilee Day early in the 1890s.[8]The word _Juneteenth_ appeared in print in the _Brenham Weekly Banner_ , a white newspaper fromBrenham, Texas, as early as 1891.[52]Mentions of Juneteenth celebrations outside of Texas appeared as early as 1909 inShreveport, Louisiana.[53] In the early 20th century, economic and political forces led to a decline in Juneteenth celebrations. From 1890 to 1908, Texas and all former Confederate states passed new constitutions or amendments that effectivelydisenfranchised Black people, excluding them from the political process. White-dominated state legislatures passedJim Crow lawsimposing second-class status.[54]Gladys L. Knight writes the decline in celebration was in part because ""upwardly mobile blacks ... were ashamed of their slave past and aspired toassimilateinto mainstream culture. Younger generations of blacks, becoming further removed from slavery were occupied with school ... and other pursuits."" Others who migrated to theNorthern United Statescould not take time off or simply dropped the celebration.[12] TheGreat Depressionforced many Black people off farms and into the cities to find work, where they had difficulty taking the day off to celebrate. From 1936 to 1951, theTexas State Fairserved as a destination for celebrating the holiday, contributing to its revival. In 1936, an estimated 150,000 to 200,000 people joined the holiday's celebration in Dallas. In 1938, Governor of TexasJames Allredissued a proclamation stating in part:[55] Whereas, since that time, Texas Negroes have observed this day with suitable holiday ceremony, except during such years when the day comes on a Sunday; when the Governor of the State is asked to proclaim the following day as the holiday for State observance by Negroes; and Whereas, June 19, 1938, this year falls on Sunday; NOW, THEREFORE, I, JAMES V. ALLRED, Governor of the State of Texas, do set aside and proclaim the day of June 20, 1938, as the date for observance of EMANCIPATION DAY Seventy thousand people attended a ""Juneteenth Jamboree"" in 1951.[55]From 1940 through 1970, in the second wave of theGreat Migration, more than five million Black people left Texas, Louisiana and other parts of the South for the North and the West Coast. As historianIsabel Wilkersonwrites, ""The people from Texas took Juneteenth Day to Los Angeles,Oakland,Seattle, and other places they went.""[56]In 1945, Juneteenth was introduced in San Francisco by a migrant from Texas, Wesley Johnson.[57] Flyer for a 1980 Juneteenth celebration at theSeattle Center Juneteenth soon saw a revival as Black people began tying their struggle to that of ending slavery. InAtlanta, some campaigners for equality wore Juneteenth buttons. During the 1968Poor People's CampaigntoWashington, DC, called by Rev.Ralph Abernathy, theSouthern Christian Leadership Conferencemade June 19 the ""Solidarity Day of the Poor People's Campaign.""[44][57]In the subsequent revival, large celebrations inMinneapolisandMilwaukeeemerged,[16]as well as across the Eastern United States.[58] In 1974, Houston began holding large-scale celebrations again,[8]andFort Worth, Texas, followed the next year. Around 30,000 people attended festivities at Sycamore Park in Fort Worth the following year.[49]The 1978 Milwaukee celebration was described as drawing over 100,000 attendees.[58]In 1979, the Texas Legislature made the occasion a state holiday.[59]In the late 1980s, there were major celebrations of Juneteenth in California, Wisconsin, Illinois, Georgia, and Washington, D.C.[8] In 1979, Democratic State RepresentativeAl Edwardsof Houston successfully sponsored legislation to make Juneteenth a paid Texas state holiday. The same year, he hosted the inaugural Al Edwards prayer breakfast and commemorative celebration on the grounds of the 1859 home, Ashton Villa. As one of the few existing buildings from the Civil War era and popular in local myth and legend as the location of Major General Granger's order, Edwards's annual celebration includes a local historian dressed as the Union general[60]reading General Order No. 3 from the second-story balcony of the home. The Emancipation Proclamation is also read and speeches are made.[61][62]Representative Al Edwards died of natural causes April 29, 2020, at the age of 83,[63]but the annual prayer breakfast and commemorative celebration continued at Ashton Villa, with the late legislator's son Jason Edwards speaking in his father's place.[64][65] In the late 1970s, when theTexas Legislaturedeclared Juneteenth a ""holiday of significance ... particularly to the blacks of Texas,""[50]it became the first state to establish Juneteenth as a state holiday.[66]The bill passed through the Texas Legislature in 1979 and was officially made a state holiday on January 1, 1980. Before 2000, three moreU.S. statesofficially observed the day, and over the next two decades it was recognized as an official observance in all states, exceptSouth Dakota, until becoming a federal holiday.[4] |
| #### Juneteenth in pop culture and the mass media |
| The holiday gained mainstream awareness outside African-American communities through depictions in media, such as episodes of TV series (2016)[72]and (2017),[73]the latter of which featured musical numbers about the holiday byAloe Blacc,The Roots,[74]andFonzworth Bentley.[75][76]In 2018,Appleadded Juneteenth to its calendars iniOSunder official U.S. holidays.[77]Some private companies have adopted Juneteenth as a paid day off for employees, while others have officially marked the day in other ways, such as amoment of silence.[78][79] In 2020, several American corporations and educational institutions, includingTwitter, theNational Football League,Nike, began treating Juneteenth as a company holiday, providing a paid day off to their workers,[80]andGoogle Calendaradded Juneteenth to its U.S. Holidays calendar.[81]Also in 2020, a number of major universities formally recognized Juneteenth,[82][83]either as a ""day of reflection"" or as a university holiday with paid time off for faculty and staff.[83] President Joe Biden signed the Juneteenth National Independence Day Act into law, June 17, 2021.Opal Leeis third from left. In 1996, the first federal legislation to recognize ""Juneteenth Independence Day"" was introduced in the U.S. House of Representatives, H.J. Res. 195, sponsored byBarbara-Rose Collins(D-MI). In 1997, Congress recognized the day through Senate Joint Resolution 11 and House Joint Resolution 56. In 2013, the U.S. Senate passed Senate Resolution 175, acknowledging Lula Briggs Galloway (late president of the National Association of Juneteenth Lineage), who ""successfully worked to bring national recognition to Juneteenth Independence Day"", and the continued leadership of the National Juneteenth Observance Foundation.[85] In the 2000s and 2010s, activists continued a long process to push Congress towards official recognition of Juneteenth.[86]Organizations such as the National Juneteenth Observance Foundation sought a Congressional designation of Juneteenth as a national day of observance.[9]By 2016, 45 states were recognizing the occasion.[59]ActivistOpal Lee, often referred to as the ""grandmother of Juneteenth"",[87]campaigned for decades to make Juneteenth a federal holiday, leading walks in many states to promote the idea.[88]In 2016–17 at the age of 89, she led a symbolic walk from Fort Worth, Texas to Washington D.C. to advocate for the federal holiday.[59][89]When it was officially made a federal holiday on June 17, 2021, she was standing beside PresidentJoe Bidenas he signed the bill.[88] Juneteenth became one of five date-specific federal holidays along with New Year's Day (January 1), Independence Day (July 4), Veterans Day (November 11), and Christmas Day (December 25). Juneteenth is the first new federal holiday sinceMartin Luther King Jr. Daywas declared a holiday in 1986.[90][91][92]Juneteenth also falls within the statutoryHonor America Daysperiod, which lasts for 21 days fromFlag Day(June 14) toIndependence Day(July 4). Recognized before 2000 Recognized between 2000 and 2009 Recognized between 2010 and 2021 Texas was the firststateto recognize the date by enacted law, in 1980. By 2002, eight states officially recognized Juneteenth[93]and four years later 15 states recognized the holiday.[50]By 2008, just over half of the states recognized Juneteenth in some way.[94]By 2019, 47 states and the District of Columbia recognized Juneteenth,[95]although as of 2020 only Texas had adopted the holiday as a paid holiday for state employees.[96] In June 2019, Governor of PennsylvaniaTom Wolfrecognized Juneteenth as a holiday in the state.[97]In the yearlong aftermath of themurder of George Floydthat occurred on May 25, 2020, nine states designated Juneteenth a paid holiday,[98]including New York, Washington, and Virginia.[99]In 2020,MassachusettsGovernorCharlie Bakerissued a proclamation that the day would be marked as ""Juneteenth Independence Day."" This followed the filing of bills by both the House and Senate to make Juneteenth a state holiday. Baker did not comment on these bills specifically but promised to grant the observance of Juneteenth greater importance.[100]On June 16, 2021, Illinois adopted a law changing its ceremonial holiday to a paid state holiday.[101] Some cities and counties have also recognized Juneteenth through proclamation. In 2020, Juneteenth was formally recognized byNew York City(as an annual official city holiday and public school holiday, starting in 2021).[102][103]Cook County, Illinois, adopted an ordinance to make Juneteenth a paid county holiday.[104]TheCity and County of Honolulurecognizes it as an ""annual day of honor and reflection"",[105]andPortland, Oregon(as a day of remembrance and action and a paid holiday for city employees).[106] North Dakotaapproved recognition of Juneteenth as a state-recognized annual holiday on April 13, 2021,[107]with Hawaii becoming the 49th state to recognize the holiday on June 16, 2021.[f][108][109]On June 16, 2020, South Dakota GovernorKristi Noemproclaimed that the following June 19, 2020, was to be Juneteenth Day for that year only, spurning calls for it to be recognized annually, rather than just for 2020.[110]In February 2022, South Dakota became the last state to recognize Juneteenth as an annual state holiday or observance.[111]Its law provided for following the federal law even before it was official.[112]On May 2, 2022, Colorado GovernorJared Polissigned a bill changing the state's ceremonial observance to a state holiday and it is now the 11th state holiday in Colorado.[113] As of 2024, 27 states and the District of Columbia have made Juneteenth an annualized paid holiday for state employees, with the remainder maintaining at least a ceremonial observance (New Mexico's personnel board declared it a paid worker holiday, although it is not a statutory holiday in New Mexico).[114]Additional states may observe it as a paid holiday for state workers but rely on a decision, often of the governor, in each year, instead of perpetual by statute, which may or may not occur again the next year. Local governments including counties and municipalities also may close their offices and pay their workers time-off.[115]The table below only includes the state's with perpetual, annual, paid holiday laws identified by the Congressional Research Service in 2023 or subsequent sources:[116] States and Juneteenth paid holiday Juneteenth National Independence Day Act | An Act to amend title 5, United States Code, to designate Juneteenth National Independence Day as a legal public holiday. Juneteenth is afederal holidayin the United States. For decades, activists and congress members (led by many African Americans) proposed legislation, advocated for, and built support for state and national observances. During his campaign for president in June 2020,Joe Bidenpublicly celebrated the holiday.[125]President Donald Trump, during his 2020 campaign for reelection, added making the day a national holiday part of his ""Platinum Plan for Black America.""[126]Spurred on byOpal Lee,the racial justice movementand theCongressional Black Caucus, on June 15, 2021, theSenateunanimouslypassed the**Juneteenth National Independence Day Act** ,[127]establishing Juneteenth as a federal holiday. It passed through theHouse of Representativesby a 415–14 vote on June 16.[128][129] President Joe Bidensigned the bill (Pub. L.117–17 (text)(PDF))[130][131]on June 17, 2021, making Juneteenth the eleventh American federal holiday and the first to obtain legal observance as a federal holiday sinceMartin Luther King Jr. Daywas designated in 1983.[132][91][92]According to the bill, federal government employees will now get to take the day off every year on June 19, or should the date fall on a Saturday or Sunday, they will get the Friday or Monday closest to the Saturday or Sunday on which the date falls.[133] |
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| Juneteenth |
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| page_scrape,9.17011833190918,14.399438858032227,,,https: |
| #### Early Juneteenth celebrations |
| Formerly enslaved people in Galveston rejoiced after General Order No. 3.[48]One year later, on June 19, 1866,freedmenin Texas organized the first of what became annual commemorations of ""Jubilee Day.""[40]Early celebrations were used as political rallies to give voting instructions to newly freed African Americans.[49]Other independence observances occurred on January 1 or 4.[50] The observation was soon drawing thousands of attendees across Texas. InLimestone County, an estimated 30,000 Black people celebrated at Booker T. Washington Park, established in 1898 for Juneteenth celebrations.[44][12]The Black community began using the word _Juneteenth_ for Jubilee Day early in the 1890s.[8]The word _Juneteenth_ appeared in print in the _Brenham Weekly Banner_ , a white newspaper fromBrenham, Texas, as early as 1891.[52]Mentions of Juneteenth celebrations outside of Texas appeared as early as 1909 inShreveport, Louisiana.[53] In the early 20th century, economic and political forces led to a decline in Juneteenth celebrations. From 1890 to 1908, Texas and all former Confederate states passed new constitutions or amendments that effectivelydisenfranchised Black people, excluding them from the political process. White-dominated state legislatures passedJim Crow lawsimposing second-class status.[54]Gladys L. Knight writes the decline in celebration was in part because ""upwardly mobile blacks ... were ashamed of their slave past and aspired toassimilateinto mainstream culture. Younger generations of blacks, becoming further removed from slavery were occupied with school ... and other pursuits."" Others who migrated to theNorthern United Statescould not take time off or simply dropped the celebration.[12] TheGreat Depressionforced many Black people off farms and into the cities to find work, where they had difficulty taking the day off to celebrate. From 1936 to 1951, theTexas State Fairserved as a destination for celebrating the holiday, contributing to its revival. In 1936, an estimated 150,000 to 200,000 people joined the holiday's celebration in Dallas. In 1938, Governor of TexasJames Allredissued a proclamation stating in part:[55] Whereas, since that time, Texas Negroes have observed this day with suitable holiday ceremony, except during such years when the day comes on a Sunday; when the Governor of the State is asked to proclaim the following day as the holiday for State observance by Negroes; and Whereas, June 19, 1938, this year falls on Sunday; NOW, THEREFORE, I, JAMES V. ALLRED, Governor of the State of Texas, do set aside and proclaim the day of June 20, 1938, as the date for observance of EMANCIPATION DAY Seventy thousand people attended a ""Juneteenth Jamboree"" in 1951.[55]From 1940 through 1970, in the second wave of theGreat Migration, more than five million Black people left Texas, Louisiana and other parts of the South for the North and the West Coast. As historianIsabel Wilkersonwrites, ""The people from Texas took Juneteenth Day to Los Angeles,Oakland,Seattle, and other places they went.""[56]In 1945, Juneteenth was introduced in San Francisco by a migrant from Texas, Wesley Johnson.[57] Flyer for a 1980 Juneteenth celebration at theSeattle Center Juneteenth soon saw a revival as Black people began tying their struggle to that of ending slavery. InAtlanta, some campaigners for equality wore Juneteenth buttons. During the 1968Poor People's CampaigntoWashington, DC, called by Rev.Ralph Abernathy, theSouthern Christian Leadership Conferencemade June 19 the ""Solidarity Day of the Poor People's Campaign.""[44][57]In the subsequent revival, large celebrations inMinneapolisandMilwaukeeemerged,[16]as well as across the Eastern United States.[58] In 1974, Houston began holding large-scale celebrations again,[8]andFort Worth, Texas, followed the next year. Around 30,000 people attended festivities at Sycamore Park in Fort Worth the following year.[49]The 1978 Milwaukee celebration was described as drawing over 100,000 attendees.[58]In 1979, the Texas Legislature made the occasion a state holiday.[59]In the late 1980s, there were major celebrations of Juneteenth in California, Wisconsin, Illinois, Georgia, and Washington, D.C.[8] In 1979, Democratic State RepresentativeAl Edwardsof Houston successfully sponsored legislation to make Juneteenth a paid Texas state holiday. The same year, he hosted the inaugural Al Edwards prayer breakfast and commemorative celebration on the grounds of the 1859 home, Ashton Villa. As one of the few existing buildings from the Civil War era and popular in local myth and legend as the location of Major General Granger's order, Edwards's annual celebration includes a local historian dressed as the Union general[60]reading General Order No. 3 from the second-story balcony of the home. The Emancipation Proclamation is also read and speeches are made.[61][62]Representative Al Edwards died of natural causes April 29, 2020, at the age of 83,[63]but the annual prayer breakfast and commemorative celebration continued at Ashton Villa, with the late legislator's son Jason Edwards speaking in his father's place.[64][65] In the late 1970s, when theTexas Legislaturedeclared Juneteenth a ""holiday of significance ... particularly to the blacks of Texas,""[50]it became the first state to establish Juneteenth as a state holiday.[66]The bill passed through the Texas Legislature in 1979 and was officially made a state holiday on January 1, 1980. Before 2000, three moreU.S. statesofficially observed the day, and over the next two decades it was recognized as an official observance in all states, exceptSouth Dakota, until becoming a federal holiday.[4] |
| #### Juneteenth in pop culture and the mass media |
| The holiday gained mainstream awareness outside African-American communities through depictions in media, such as episodes of TV series (2016)[72]and (2017),[73]the latter of which featured musical numbers about the holiday byAloe Blacc,The Roots,[74]andFonzworth Bentley.[75][76]In 2018,Appleadded Juneteenth to its calendars iniOSunder official U.S. holidays.[77]Some private companies have adopted Juneteenth as a paid day off for employees, while others have officially marked the day in other ways, such as amoment of silence.[78][79] In 2020, several American corporations and educational institutions, includingTwitter, theNational Football League,Nike, began treating Juneteenth as a company holiday, providing a paid day off to their workers,[80]andGoogle Calendaradded Juneteenth to its U.S. Holidays calendar.[81]Also in 2020, a number of major universities formally recognized Juneteenth,[82][83]either as a ""day of reflection"" or as a university holiday with paid time off for faculty and staff.[83] President Joe Biden signed the Juneteenth National Independence Day Act into law, June 17, 2021.Opal Leeis third from left. In 1996, the first federal legislation to recognize ""Juneteenth Independence Day"" was introduced in the U.S. House of Representatives, H.J. Res. 195, sponsored byBarbara-Rose Collins(D-MI). In 1997, Congress recognized the day through Senate Joint Resolution 11 and House Joint Resolution 56. In 2013, the U.S. Senate passed Senate Resolution 175, acknowledging Lula Briggs Galloway (late president of the National Association of Juneteenth Lineage), who ""successfully worked to bring national recognition to Juneteenth Independence Day"", and the continued leadership of the National Juneteenth Observance Foundation.[85] In the 2000s and 2010s, activists continued a long process to push Congress towards official recognition of Juneteenth.[86]Organizations such as the National Juneteenth Observance Foundation sought a Congressional designation of Juneteenth as a national day of observance.[9]By 2016, 45 states were recognizing the occasion.[59]ActivistOpal Lee, often referred to as the ""grandmother of Juneteenth"",[87]campaigned for decades to make Juneteenth a federal holiday, leading walks in many states to promote the idea.[88]In 2016–17 at the age of 89, she led a symbolic walk from Fort Worth, Texas to Washington D.C. to advocate for the federal holiday.[59][89]When it was officially made a federal holiday on June 17, 2021, she was standing beside PresidentJoe Bidenas he signed the bill.[88] Juneteenth became one of five date-specific federal holidays along with New Year's Day (January 1), Independence Day (July 4), Veterans Day (November 11), and Christmas Day (December 25). Juneteenth is the first new federal holiday sinceMartin Luther King Jr. Daywas declared a holiday in 1986.[90][91][92]Juneteenth also falls within the statutoryHonor America Daysperiod, which lasts for 21 days fromFlag Day(June 14) toIndependence Day(July 4). Recognized before 2000 Recognized between 2000 and 2009 Recognized between 2010 and 2021 Texas was the firststateto recognize the date by enacted law, in 1980. By 2002, eight states officially recognized Juneteenth[93]and four years later 15 states recognized the holiday.[50]By 2008, just over half of the states recognized Juneteenth in some way.[94]By 2019, 47 states and the District of Columbia recognized Juneteenth,[95]although as of 2020 only Texas had adopted the holiday as a paid holiday for state employees.[96] In June 2019, Governor of PennsylvaniaTom Wolfrecognized Juneteenth as a holiday in the state.[97]In the yearlong aftermath of themurder of George Floydthat occurred on May 25, 2020, nine states designated Juneteenth a paid holiday,[98]including New York, Washington, and Virginia.[99]In 2020,MassachusettsGovernorCharlie Bakerissued a proclamation that the day would be marked as ""Juneteenth Independence Day."" This followed the filing of bills by both the House and Senate to make Juneteenth a state holiday. Baker did not comment on these bills specifically but promised to grant the observance of Juneteenth greater importance.[100]On June 16, 2021, Illinois adopted a law changing its ceremonial holiday to a paid state holiday.[101] Some cities and counties have also recognized Juneteenth through proclamation. In 2020, Juneteenth was formally recognized byNew York City(as an annual official city holiday and public school holiday, starting in 2021).[102][103]Cook County, Illinois, adopted an ordinance to make Juneteenth a paid county holiday.[104]TheCity and County of Honolulurecognizes it as an ""annual day of honor and reflection"",[105]andPortland, Oregon(as a day of remembrance and action and a paid holiday for city employees).[106] North Dakotaapproved recognition of Juneteenth as a state-recognized annual holiday on April 13, 2021,[107]with Hawaii becoming the 49th state to recognize the holiday on June 16, 2021.[f][108][109]On June 16, 2020, South Dakota GovernorKristi Noemproclaimed that the following June 19, 2020, was to be Juneteenth Day for that year only, spurning calls for it to be recognized annually, rather than just for 2020.[110]In February 2022, South Dakota became the last state to recognize Juneteenth as an annual state holiday or observance.[111]Its law provided for following the federal law even before it was official.[112]On May 2, 2022, Colorado GovernorJared Polissigned a bill changing the state's ceremonial observance to a state holiday and it is now the 11th state holiday in Colorado.[113] As of 2024, 27 states and the District of Columbia have made Juneteenth an annualized paid holiday for state employees, with the remainder maintaining at least a ceremonial observance (New Mexico's personnel board declared it a paid worker holiday, although it is not a statutory holiday in New Mexico).[114]Additional states may observe it as a paid holiday for state workers but rely on a decision, often of the governor, in each year, instead of perpetual by statute, which may or may not occur again the next year. Local governments including counties and municipalities also may close their offices and pay their workers time-off.[115]The table below only includes the state's with perpetual, annual, paid holiday laws identified by the Congressional Research Service in 2023 or subsequent sources:[116] States and Juneteenth paid holiday Juneteenth National Independence Day Act | An Act to amend title 5, United States Code, to designate Juneteenth National Independence Day as a legal public holiday. Juneteenth is afederal holidayin the United States. For decades, activists and congress members (led by many African Americans) proposed legislation, advocated for, and built support for state and national observances. During his campaign for president in June 2020,Joe Bidenpublicly celebrated the holiday.[125]President Donald Trump, during his 2020 campaign for reelection, added making the day a national holiday part of his ""Platinum Plan for Black America.""[126]Spurred on byOpal Lee,the racial justice movementand theCongressional Black Caucus, on June 15, 2021, theSenateunanimouslypassed the**Juneteenth National Independence Day Act** ,[127]establishing Juneteenth as a federal holiday. It passed through theHouse of Representativesby a 415–14 vote on June 16.[128][129] President Joe Bidensigned the bill (Pub. L.117–17 (text)(PDF))[130][131]on June 17, 2021, making Juneteenth the eleventh American federal holiday and the first to obtain legal observance as a federal holiday sinceMartin Luther King Jr. Daywas designated in 1983.[132][91][92]According to the bill, federal government employees will now get to take the day off every year on June 19, or should the date fall on a Saturday or Sunday, they will get the Friday or Monday closest to the Saturday or Sunday on which the date falls.[133] |
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