---
license: apache-2.0
language:
  - uk
task_categories:
  - text-classification
tags:
  - legal
  - legislation
  - annotation
  - ukrainian
  - defectradar
  - legdefqa
pretty_name: DefectRadar Human Annotations
size_categories:
  - n<1K
---

# DefectRadar Human Annotations

Human expert annotations of definitional defects in Ukrainian legislation.
Gold-standard labels for the **LegDefQA** benchmark.

## Annotation Task

Given a legal definition extracted from Ukrainian legislation, the annotator classifies it along two independent dimensions.

### Dimension 1: Circulus in definiendo

> **Question:** Does the definition add at least one distinguishing criterion that is not already present in the term itself?

| Label | Description | Example |
|-------|-------------|---------|
| `TRUE_DEFECT` | Definition is normatively empty -- it restates the term without adding content | "програмно-апаратна помилка" defined as "помилка у програмному забезпеченні" |
| `DOMAIN_REUSE` | Root word repeats but the genus provides substantive narrowing | "Державний реєстр лікарських засобів" defined as "єдина державна інформаційна система, що містить відомості про зареєстровані лікарські засоби" |
| `FALSE_POSITIVE` | Pipeline error -- no actual morphological or semantic overlap | Rare; indicates extraction or lemmatization error |

### Dimension 2: Ignotum per ignotum

> **Question:** Can a jurist apply this norm without consulting other laws for the meaning of terms used in the definition?

| Label | Description | Example |
|-------|-------------|---------|
| `CRITICAL` | Term undefined anywhere in the legislative corpus; norm is inapplicable without subjective interpretation | "креативне вираження" -- not defined in any Ukrainian law |
| `CROSS_REF` | Term is defined in another law; an explicit cross-reference would resolve the gap | Financial terms in payment services law defined only in Banking Law |
| `COMMON` | Well-known term; no statutory definition needed | General terms like "особа", "майно" |
| `FALSE_POSITIVE` | Pipeline error -- term is actually defined in the same law | Extraction missed the definition |

## Sampling Strategy

300 definitions sampled from 5,799 extracted by DefectRadar from 44,021 active Ukrainian legislative acts:

| Stratum | Count | Description |
|---------|-------|-------------|
| `circulus` | 50 | Pipeline flagged circulus only |
| `ignotum` | 100 | Pipeline flagged ignotum only |
| `both` | 50 | Pipeline flagged both defects |
| `clean` | 100 | Pipeline found no defects |

## Data Schema

Each annotation record contains:

```json
{
  "annotator_id": "string",
  "definition_id": 1234,
  "rada_id": "1089-IX",
  "definiendum": "term being defined",
  "pipeline_circulus": true,
  "pipeline_ignotum": false,
  "human_circulus": "TRUE_DEFECT|DOMAIN_REUSE|FALSE_POSITIVE|SKIPPED",
  "human_circulus_comment": "optional free text",
  "human_ignotum": "CRITICAL|CROSS_REF|COMMON|FALSE_POSITIVE|SKIPPED",
  "human_ignotum_comment": "optional free text",
  "timestamp": "2026-06-02T...",
  "stratum": "circulus|ignotum|both|clean"
}
```

## Annotation Tool

Interactive tool: [overthelex/defectradar-annotator](https://huggingface.co/spaces/overthelex/defectradar-annotator)

## Usage

```python
from datasets import load_dataset
# After consolidation:
ds = load_dataset("overthelex/defectradar-annotations")
```

## Related Resources

- **Pipeline output**: [overthelex/ua-defectradar](https://huggingface.co/datasets/overthelex/ua-defectradar) (5,799 definitions with pipeline labels)
- **Paper**: DefectRadar: Automated Detection of Definitional Defects in Legislation (Ovcharov & Kyrychenko, 2026)

## Citation

```bibtex
@article{ovcharov2026defectradar,
  title={DefectRadar: Automated Detection of Definitional Defects in Legislation via Morpho-Semantic NLP Pipeline over 24,000 Ukrainian Laws},
  author={Ovcharov, Volodymyr and Kyrychenko, Ihor},
  year={2026}
}
```