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license: mit
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####
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``` bash
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---
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license: mit
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task_categories:
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- question-answering
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- table-question-answering
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language:
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- en
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tags:
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- research
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- climate
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- finance
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---
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# pdfQA: Diverse, Challenging, and Realistic Question Answering over PDFs
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[pdfQA](https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.02285) is a structured benchmark collection for document-level question answering and PDF understanding research.
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The dataset is organized to support:
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* Raw document processing research
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* Structured extraction pipelines
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* Retrieval-augmented QA
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* End-to-end document reasoning systems
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It preserves original documents alongside structured derivatives to enable reproducible evaluation across preprocessing strategies.
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---
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## Dataset Structure
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The repository follows a strict hierarchical layout:
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```
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<category>/<type>/<dataset>/...
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```
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### Categories
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* `real-pdfQA/` — Real-world benchmark datasets
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* `syn-pdfQA/` — Synthetic benchmark datasets
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### Types
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Each dataset contains three file-type folders:
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* `01.1_Input_Files_Non_PDF/` — Original source formats (e.g., xlsx, epub, htm, tex, txt)
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* `01.2_Input_Files_PDF/` — Original PDF files
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* `01.3_Input_Files_CSV/` — Structured annotations / tabular representations
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### Datasets
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Each type folder contains subfolders for individual datasets. Supported datasets include:
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#### Real-world Datasets
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- `ClimateFinanceBench/`
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- `ClimRetrieve/`
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- `FeTaQA/`
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- `FinanceBench/`
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- `FinQA/`
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- `NaturalQuestions/`
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- `PaperTab/`
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- `PaperText/`
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- `Tat-QA/`
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#### Synthetic Datasets
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- `books/`
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- `financial_reports/`
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- `sustainability_disclosures/`
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- `research_articles/`
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### Example
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```
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syn-pdfQA/
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01.2_Input_Files_PDF/
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books/
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file1.pdf
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01.3_Input_Files_CSV/
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books/
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file1.csv
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01.1_Input_Files_Non_PDF/
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books/
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file1.xlsx
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```
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This design allows:
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* Access to original PDFs
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* Access to structured evaluation data
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* Access to original source formats for preprocessing research
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---
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## Intended Use
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This dataset is intended for:
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* PDF parsing and layout understanding
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* Financial and sustainability document QA
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* Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG)
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* Multi-modal document pipelines
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* Table extraction and structured reasoning
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* Robustness evaluation across preprocessing pipelines
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It is particularly useful for comparing:
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* Direct PDF-based reasoning
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* OCR pipelines
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* Structured table extraction
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* Raw-source ingestion approaches
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---
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## Access Patterns
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The dataset supports multiple access patterns depending on research
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needs.
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All official download scripts are available in the GitHub repository:
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👉 https://github.com/tobischimanski/pdfQA
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Scripts are provided in both:
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- **Bash (git + Git LFS)** --- recommended for large-scale downloads\
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- **Python (huggingface_hub API)** --- recommended for programmatic
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workflows
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------------------------------------------------------------------------
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### 1️⃣ Download Everything
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Download the entire repository (all categories, types, and datasets).
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#### Bash (git + LFS)
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``` bash
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./tools/download_using_bash/download_all.sh
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```
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[Bash script](https://github.com/tobischimanski/pdfQA/blob/main/tools/download_using_bash/download_all.sh)
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#### Python (HF API)
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``` bash
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python tools/download_using_python/download_all.py
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```
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[Python script](https://github.com/tobischimanski/pdfQA/blob/main/tools/download_using_python/download_all.py)
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------------------------------------------------------------------------
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### 2️⃣ Download by Category
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Download only:
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- `real-pdfQA/`
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- or `syn-pdfQA/`
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#### Example
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``` bash
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./tools/download_using_bash/download_category.sh syn-pdfQA
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```
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[Bash script](https://github.com/tobischimanski/pdfQA/blob/main/tools/download_using_bash/download_category.sh)
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[Python script](https://github.com/tobischimanski/pdfQA/blob/main/tools/download_using_python/download_category.py)
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------------------------------------------------------------------------
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### 3️⃣ Download by Dataset (All Types)
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Download a single dataset across all three file-type folders:
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- `01.1_Input_Files_Non_PDF/`
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- `01.2_Input_Files_PDF/`
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- `01.3_Input_Files_CSV/`
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#### Example
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``` bash
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./tools/download_using_bash/download_dataset.sh syn-pdfQA books
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```
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[Bash script](https://github.com/tobischimanski/pdfQA/blob/main/tools/download_using_bash/download_dataset.sh)
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[Python script](https://github.com/tobischimanski/pdfQA/blob/main/tools/download_using_python/download_dataset.py)
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------------------------------------------------------------------------
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### 4️⃣ Download Arbitrary Folders
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Download one or multiple arbitrary folder paths.
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#### Example
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``` bash
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./tools/download_using_bash/download_folders.sh \
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"syn-pdfQA/01.2_Input_Files_PDF/books" \
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"syn-pdfQA/01.3_Input_Files_CSV/books"
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```
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[Bash script](https://github.com/tobischimanski/pdfQA/blob/main/tools/download_using_bash/download_folders.sh)
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[Python script](https://github.com/tobischimanski/pdfQA/blob/main/tools/download_using_python/download_folders.py)
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------------------------------------------------------------------------
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### 5️⃣ Download Specific Files
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Download one or more individual files.
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#### Example (Bash)
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``` bash
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./tools/download_using_bash/download_files.sh \
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"syn-pdfQA/01.2_Input_Files_PDF/books/file1.pdf"
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```
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[Bash script](https://github.com/tobischimanski/pdfQA/blob/main/tools/download_using_bash/download_files.sh)
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[Python script](https://github.com/tobischimanski/pdfQA/blob/main/tools/download_using_python/download_files.py)
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------------------------------------------------------------------------
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### 6️⃣ Direct API Access (Single File)
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Files can also be downloaded directly using the Hugging Face API. Example:
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``` python
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from huggingface_hub import hf_hub_download
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hf_hub_download(
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repo_id="pdfqa/pdfQA-Benchmark",
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repo_type="dataset",
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filename="syn-pdfQA/01.2_Input_Files_PDF/FinQA/AAL_2010.pdf"
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)
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```
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------------------------------------------------------------------------
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## Recommended Usage
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- For **large-scale research experiments** → use **Bash + git LFS**
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(fully resumable).
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- For **automated pipelines** → use **Python scripts**.
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- For **fine-grained subset control** → use folder or file-based
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scripts.
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---
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+
## Data Modalities
|
| 255 |
+
|
| 256 |
+
Depending on the dataset:
|
| 257 |
+
|
| 258 |
+
* Financial reports
|
| 259 |
+
* Sustainability disclosures
|
| 260 |
+
* Structured financial QA corpora
|
| 261 |
+
* Table-heavy documents
|
| 262 |
+
* Mixed structured/unstructured content
|
| 263 |
+
|
| 264 |
+
Formats may include: `PDF`, `CSV`, `XLS/XLSX`, `EPUB`, `HTML/HTM`, `TEX`, `TXT`
|
| 265 |
+
|
| 266 |
+
---
|
| 267 |
+
|
| 268 |
+
## Research Motivation
|
| 269 |
+
|
| 270 |
+
Many document QA benchmarks release only structured data or only PDFs.
|
| 271 |
+
pdfQA preserves **all representations**:
|
| 272 |
+
|
| 273 |
+
* Original document
|
| 274 |
+
* Structured derivative
|
| 275 |
+
* Raw source format (if available)
|
| 276 |
+
|
| 277 |
+
This enables:
|
| 278 |
+
|
| 279 |
+
* Studying preprocessing impact
|
| 280 |
+
* Comparing parsing strategies
|
| 281 |
+
* Evaluating robustness to format variation
|
| 282 |
+
* End-to-end pipeline benchmarking
|
| 283 |
+
|
| 284 |
+
---
|
| 285 |
+
|
| 286 |
+
## Citation
|
| 287 |
+
|
| 288 |
+
If you use **pdfQA**, please cite:
|
| 289 |
+
|
| 290 |
+
```
|
| 291 |
+
@misc{schimanski2026pdfqa,
|
| 292 |
+
title={pdfQA: Diverse, Challenging, and Realistic Question Answering over PDFs},
|
| 293 |
+
author={Tobias Schimanski and Imene Kolli and Yu Fan and Ario Saeid Vaghefi and Jingwei Ni and Elliott Ash and Markus Leippold},
|
| 294 |
+
year={2026},
|
| 295 |
+
eprint={2601.02285},
|
| 296 |
+
archivePrefix={arXiv},
|
| 297 |
+
primaryClass={cs.CL},
|
| 298 |
+
url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.02285},
|
| 299 |
+
}
|
| 300 |
+
```
|
| 301 |
+
|
| 302 |
+
---
|
| 303 |
+
|
| 304 |
+
## Contact
|
| 305 |
+
|
| 306 |
+
Visit [https://github.com/tobischimanski/pdfQA](https://github.com/tobischimanski/pdfQA) for access and updates.
|