Are you looking for excuses to decline invitations?

Are you looking for excuses to decline invitations ?


Or are you pushing others away preemptively to protect yourself?

Or are you pushing others away preemptively to protect yourself ?


Are you acting as if you're getting attacked?

Are you acting as if you 're getting attacked ?


Are you really looking for new connections?

Are you really looking for new connections ?


Or have you become complacent with your situation?

Or have you become complacent with your situation ?


Of course, every person and situation is unique and different and just introspection alone might not be enough.

Of course , every person and situation is unique and different and just introspection alone might not be enough .


If you feel unable to solve your situation by yourself please try to reach out and get professional help.

If you feel unable to solve your situation by yourself please try to reach out and get professional help .


It's not a sign of weakness, but of courage.

It 's not a sign of weakness , but of courage .


However we look at loneliness as a purely individual problem that needs solving to create more personal happiness


or as a public health crisis it is something that deserves more attention.

or as a public health crisis it is something that deserves more attention .


Humans have built a world that's nothing short of amazing and yet none of the shiny things we've made is able to satisfy or substitute our fundamental biological need for connection.

Humans have built a world that 's nothing short of amazing and yet none of the shiny things we 've made is able to satisfy or substitute our fundamental biological need for connection .


Most animals get what they need from their physical surroundings we get what we need from each other and we need to build our artificial human world based on that.

Most animals get what they need from their physical surroundings we get what we need from each other and we need to build our artificial human world based on that .


Let's try something together.


Let's reach out to someone today.


Maybe write a friend you haven't spoken to in a while.

Maybe write a friend you have n't spoken to in a while .


Call a family member who's become estranged.

Call a family member who 's become estranged .


Invite a work buddy for a coffee.


Or just go to something you're usually too afraid to go to or too lazy to go to like a D&D event or a sports club.

Or just go to something you 're usually too afraid to go to or too lazy to go to like a D&D event or a sports club .


Everybody's different so you know what's a good fit for you.

Everybody 's different so you know what 's a good fit for you .


Maybe nothing will come of it and that's okay.

Maybe nothing will come of it and that 's okay .


Don't do this with any expectations.


The goal is just to open up a bit.


We want to recommend two of the books we read while researching this video.

We want to recommend two of the books we read while researching this video .


It's an entertaining and scientific exploration as to why we experience loneliness on a biological level.

It 's an entertaining and scientific exploration as to why we experience loneliness on a biological level .


How it's spread in society and what science has to say about how to escape it.

How it 's spread in society and what science has to say about how to escape it .


Rogue planets are planets that travel through the universe alone.

Rogue planets are planets that travel through the universe alone .


They inhabit the dark and vast space between the stars.

They inhabit the dark and vast space between the stars .


Drifting alone through eternal darkness, no light warms their surfaces and they're exposed to the freezing cold of outer space.

Drifting alone through eternal darkness , no light warms their surfaces and they 're exposed to the freezing cold of outer space .


They know no seasons, no days and no nights which could give away the passing of time.

They know no seasons , no days and no nights which could give away the passing of time .


And yet, rogue planets might carry alien life to all corners of the galaxy.

And yet , rogue planets might carry alien life to all corners of the galaxy .


How would that work and how does a planet become a rogue anyway?

How would that work and how does a planet become a rogue anyway ?


There are several very different things that get called rogue planets.

There are several very different things that get called rogue planets .


They're a sort of failed star and we'll now stop talking about them.

They 're a sort of failed star and we 'll now stop talking about them .


A far more interesting sort of rogue are terrestrial planets similar to Earth that got kicked out of their planetary system.

A far more interesting sort of rogue are terrestrial planets similar to Earth that got kicked out of their planetary system .


Young star systems are dangerous places where proto-planets are battling for the available mass guzzling up as much material as possible.

Young star systems are dangerous places where proto - planets are battling for the available mass guzzling up as much material as possible .


In this fight for dominance, they collide with each other or get dangerously close to each other's orbits.

In this fight for dominance , they collide with each other or get dangerously close to each other 's orbits .


If a very massive planet moves its orbit closer to the star, it can kick smaller planets out of the system.

If a very massive planet moves its orbit closer to the star , it can kick smaller planets out of the system .


But just because a planet has survived the growing pains of formation doesn't mean it's safe.

But just because a planet has survived the growing pains of formation does n't mean it 's safe .


Planetary systems can be disrupted by flybys from stars or black holes at any point.

Planetary systems can be disrupted by flybys from stars or black holes at any point .


Up to half of all planets born could end up as rogues.

Up to half of all planets born could end up as rogues .


Scientists don't agree on the numbers, but it's likely that at the very least there are billions of rogue planets in the Milky Way alone.

Scientists do n't agree on the numbers , but it 's likely that at the very least there are billions of rogue planets in the Milky Way alone .


Most rogues will share the same depressing fate.

Most rogues will share the same depressing fate .


As their star becomes smaller day by day, the planet's surface quickly cools down to minus 270 degrees Celsius.

As their star becomes smaller day by day , the planet 's surface quickly cools down to minus 270 degrees Celsius .


If they have oceans, they'll freeze and become as hard as bedrock.

If they have oceans , they 'll freeze and become as hard as bedrock .


Their atmospheres will sink down to the surface and eventually freeze too.

Their atmospheres will sink down to the surface and eventually freeze too .


But weirdly enough, some of these frozen, dark deserts could harbor life.

But weirdly enough , some of these frozen , dark deserts could harbor life .


To understand how, let's imagine a planet similar to Earth in the same order of magnitude in terms of mass and composition.

To understand how , let 's imagine a planet similar to Earth in the same order of magnitude in terms of mass and composition .


If we put it into deep space, how could it still support life?

If we put it into deep space , how could it still support life ?


As far as we understand the nature of life, there is one indispensable ingredient it needs liquid water.

As far as we understand the nature of life , there is one indispensable ingredient it needs liquid water .


Water is important because it mixes things, both matter and energy, which lets interesting chemistry happen, like life.

Water is important because it mixes things , both matter and energy , which lets interesting chemistry happen , like life .


So our planet needs enough energy to keep at least a part of our oceans warm enough to sustain liquid water.

So our planet needs enough energy to keep at least a part of our oceans warm enough to sustain liquid water .


Annoyingly, about 99.97% of Earth's energy budget comes from the sun.

Annoyingly , about 99.97 % of Earth 's energy budget comes from the sun .


So our imaginary rogue Earth needs to work with the 0.03% of energy it has left, which almost exclusively comes from its hot center.

So our imaginary rogue Earth needs to work with the 0.03 % of energy it has left , which almost exclusively comes from its hot center .


Earth's inner core is a giant metal ball, about as hot as the surface of the sun,

Earth 's inner core is a giant metal ball , about as hot as the surface of the sun ,


that's surrounded by the outer core made up of liquid metals that are very, very slowly solidifying, releasing a lot of heat in the process.

that 's surrounded by the outer core made up of liquid metals that are very , very slowly solidifying , releasing a lot of heat in the process .


As long as this process is ongoing, our planet will be geologically active,

As long as this process is ongoing , our planet will be geologically active ,


While the hot core of every planet will cool off eventually, this process takes billions of years – enough time for life to come into existence and thrive.

While the hot core of every planet will cool off eventually , this process takes billions of years – enough time for life to come into existence and thrive .


There's even one scenario that could allow an Earth-like planet to have oceans that are not frozen over.

There 's even one scenario that could allow an Earth - like planet to have oceans that are not frozen over .


the gas would not freeze and could trap enough of the heat trying to escape the planet to enable oceans that extend all the way to the surface.

the gas would not freeze and could trap enough of the heat trying to escape the planet to enable oceans that extend all the way to the surface .


And there's another possible way to stay warm – moons.

And there 's another possible way to stay warm – moons .


If a rogue planet brings a moon or more along with them, a large enough moon could inject additional energy into the system via tidal forces.

If a rogue planet brings a moon or more along with them , a large enough moon could inject additional energy into the system via tidal forces .


These forces stretch and squeeze the planet a little bit every day, like kneading dough, keeping it warm.

These forces stretch and squeeze the planet a little bit every day , like kneading dough , keeping it warm .


But the most likely scenario for a rogue-bearing life is one with subglacial oceans under a kilometer-thick layer of mostly water ice.

But the most likely scenario for a rogue - bearing life is one with subglacial oceans under a kilometer - thick layer of mostly water ice .


These are not completely absurd, since we already have a few of them in the solar system.

These are not completely absurd , since we already have a few of them in the solar system .


So how could life sustain itself at the bottom of a completely dark, cold ocean?

So how could life sustain itself at the bottom of a completely dark , cold ocean ?


On Earth, deep down in our oceans in complete darkness, in volcanically active areas, there are hydrothermal vents called black smokers.

On Earth , deep down in our oceans in complete darkness , in volcanically active areas , there are hydrothermal vents called black smokers .


They spew out a cloud of black material and hot water, providing a constant flow of minerals from Earth's mantle.

They spew out a cloud of black material and hot water , providing a constant flow of minerals from Earth 's mantle .


Bacteria feed on the minerals and produce organic materials, which attracts crustaceans, bivalves, snails, fish, octopus, and tube worms up to 2 meters long.

Bacteria feed on the minerals and produce organic materials , which attracts crustaceans , bivalves , snails , fish , octopus , and tube worms up to 2 meters long .


Not only are hydrothermal vents home to an incredibly diverse group of living beings,

Not only are hydrothermal vents home to an incredibly diverse group of living beings ,


In the dark ocean of a rogue planet, similar vents or volcanic activity could be the starting point and basis for complex ecosystems we can only imagine right now.

In the dark ocean of a rogue planet , similar vents or volcanic activity could be the starting point and basis for complex ecosystems we can only imagine right now .


One upside an ecosystem in a rogue planet ocean has is that the environment is extremely stable.

One upside an ecosystem in a rogue planet ocean has is that the environment is extremely stable .


The thick ice sheet protects it from all sorts of extinction events, and as long as the energy from the core keeps on coming, things stay pretty much the same.

The thick ice sheet protects it from all sorts of extinction events , and as long as the energy from the core keeps on coming , things stay pretty much the same .


The most likely forms of life are bacteria and other microorganisms, but given enough time more complex alien animals could feed on the smaller beings and thrive.

The most likely forms of life are bacteria and other microorganisms , but given enough time more complex alien animals could feed on the smaller beings and thrive .


It's not impossible that intelligent life could emerge in such an environment.

It 's not impossible that intelligent life could emerge in such an environment .


If it did, it would find itself in a pretty weird world.

If it did , it would find itself in a pretty weird world .


without any plants to store star energy, there would be no wood, oil or coal.

without any plants to store star energy , there would be no wood , oil or coal .


Even if there were, it's not like you'd discover fire at the bottom of an ocean.

Even if there were , it 's not like you 'd discover fire at the bottom of an ocean .


Without this energy, metals may never be forged into useful things.

Without this energy , metals may never be forged into useful things .


Our intelligent alien friends might never break through the ice.

Our intelligent alien friends might never break through the ice .


They might never realize that there is such a thing as outside, and assume that their small world is all there is.

They might never realize that there is such a thing as outside , and assume that their small world is all there is .


Millions of generations might live and die in these dark oceans, ignorant of the unbelievably big universe above the ice.

Millions of generations might live and die in these dark oceans , ignorant of the unbelievably big universe above the ice .


Until the core of their planet cools off and all life vanishes.

Until the core of their planet cools off and all life vanishes .


As the oceans completely freeze, the remnants of cultures and ecosystems will be trapped in an icy grave forever.

As the oceans completely freeze , the remnants of cultures and ecosystems will be trapped in an icy grave forever .


If you think about it, it might be better not to be aware of all that.

If you think about it , it might be better not to be aware of all that .


But the concept is disturbing and exciting.

But the concept is disturbing and exciting .


The universe might be teeming with life, trapped on planets that are basically impossible to leave.

The universe might be teeming with life , trapped on planets that are basically impossible to leave .


Worlds like this could frequently pass the solar system without us even knowing.

Worlds like this could frequently pass the solar system without us even knowing .


Maybe one day, in the far future, humans will set foot on one of these frozen worlds and try to say hello.

Maybe one day , in the far future , humans will set foot on one of these frozen worlds and try to say hello .


Okay, so we love gloomy future scenarios, but let's go back to the present for a different kind of surprise.

Okay , so we love gloomy future scenarios , but let 's go back to the present for a different kind of surprise .


Many of you want to know how we make our videos, so we made a video about that.

Many of you want to know how we make our videos , so we made a video about that .


Kurzgesagt teamed up with Skillshare, our favorite online learning community for creators,

Kurzgesagt teamed up with Skillshare , our favorite online learning community for creators ,


But we're not the only ones telling you our tips and tricks there.

But we 're not the only ones telling you our tips and tricks there .


A Skillshare Premium Membership gives you unlimited access to more than 25,000 classes


The Premium Membership is as low as $10 a month,

The Premium Membership is as low as $ 10 a month ,


but as a treat, the first 1,000 people to use the link in the description will get their first two months for free.

but as a treat , the first 1,000 people to use the link in the description will get their first two months for free .


If you've always wanted to see how we animate our videos and learn to do it yourself, this is your chance.

If you 've always wanted to see how we animate our videos and learn to do it yourself , this is your chance .


Recently, there's been a lot of talk about measles.

Recently , there 's been a lot of talk about measles .


What does measles actually do, and should you vaccinate against it, or is this just hysteria?

What does measles actually do , and should you vaccinate against it , or is this just hysteria ?


Measles is a virus.


It cannot reproduce by itself, it needs a host cell to do so.

It can not reproduce by itself , it needs a host cell to do so .


To understand measles, we have to understand the immune system.

To understand measles , we have to understand the immune system .


You might already have seen the visual system we developed to help here.

You might already have seen the visual system we developed to help here .


Now, let's focus on the parts of the immune system relevant to measles.

Now , let 's focus on the parts of the immune system relevant to measles .


The measles virus enters humans through the nose, mouth, or eyes.

The measles virus enters humans through the nose , mouth , or eyes .


The measles infection starts in the lungs.

The measles infection starts in the lungs .


Measles is especially good at infecting the body's first line of defense, macrophages, powerful guard cells that protect the lungs from intruders.

Measles is especially good at infecting the body 's first line of defense , macrophages , powerful guard cells that protect the lungs from intruders .


They enter a cell and take it over.


The virus reprograms the cell and transforms it into a dangerous virus production center.

The virus reprograms the cell and transforms it into a dangerous virus production center .


Once a cell is filled with viruses, they leave the crippled cell and begin the cycle over again.

Once a cell is filled with viruses , they leave the crippled cell and begin the cycle over again .


But the immune system has powerful weapons against virus infections, natural killer cells.

But the immune system has powerful weapons against virus infections , natural killer cells .


These cells basically patrol the body and check other cells for infections.

These cells basically patrol the body and check other cells for infections .


If they find an infected cell, they order it to commit suicide.

If they find an infected cell , they order it to commit suicide .


This is so effective that for the first 10 days or so, you will not even notice that you're infected with measles.

This is so effective that for the first 10 days or so , you will not even notice that you 're infected with measles .


After a period of fighting and dying, macrophages alert the brain of the immune system, the dendritic cells.

After a period of fighting and dying , macrophages alert the brain of the immune system , the dendritic cells .


The job of the dendritic cells is to collect samples of intruders, travel to the lymph nodes,

The job of the dendritic cells is to collect samples of intruders , travel to the lymph nodes ,


But the measles virus uses a dreadful tactic.

But the measles virus uses a dreadful tactic .


It infects the dendritic cells and uses them as a Trojan horse to enter deeper into the body.

It infects the dendritic cells and uses them as a Trojan horse to enter deeper into the body .


The infected cells travel to the next lymph node to alert other immune cells.

The infected cells travel to the next lymph node to alert other immune cells .


Once it arrives, the measles virus spreads around the virgin T and B cells and infects them.

Once it arrives , the measles virus spreads around the virgin T and B cells and infects them .


It attacks the very system that evolved to fight it.

It attacks the very system that evolved to fight it .


Now, things happen very fast.


The lymph system spreads the virus everywhere and it enters the bloodstream, infecting cells while traveling.

The lymph system spreads the virus everywhere and it enters the bloodstream , infecting cells while traveling .


Measles infects organs like the spleen, the liver, the intestines, and most importantly, the lungs.

Measles infects organs like the spleen , the liver , the intestines , and most importantly , the lungs .


The symptoms range from a very high fever, headache, sickness, bronchitis, and of course, a rash.

The symptoms range from a very high fever , headache , sickness , bronchitis , and of course , a rash .


In the lungs, the immune system was doing pretty okay.

In the lungs , the immune system was doing pretty okay .


But now, millions of viruses attack a second time and kill countless cells, wiping out the defense systems.

But now , millions of viruses attack a second time and kill countless cells , wiping out the defense systems .


In this phase, you start coughing out millions of measles viruses.

In this phase , you start coughing out millions of measles viruses .


Measles is so contagious at this stage that if you meet someone who isn't vaccinated, there's about a 90% chance you'll infect them.

Measles is so contagious at this stage that if you meet someone who is n't vaccinated , there 's about a 90 % chance you 'll infect them .


other bacteria or viruses that would usually not stand a chance can now enter the lungs and develop into harmful parallel infections that can cause pneumonia,

other bacteria or viruses that would usually not stand a chance can now enter the lungs and develop into harmful parallel infections that can cause pneumonia ,


Your body's immune system is now seriously wounded.

Your body 's immune system is now seriously wounded .


Various protective systems are hurt and disrupted.

Various protective systems are hurt and disrupted .


The virus spreads everywhere, infecting the skin all over the body.

The virus spreads everywhere , infecting the skin all over the body .


The typical measles rash now becomes visible.

The typical measles rash now becomes visible .


And in some cases, the measles virus reaches the brain and causes a brain infection.

And in some cases , the measles virus reaches the brain and causes a brain infection .


If it does so, the chances of dying are between 20 to 40% and there may be long-term damage.

If it does so , the chances of dying are between 20 to 40 % and there may be long - term damage .


But your body is far from giving up at this stage, and it fights back aggressively.

But your body is far from giving up at this stage , and it fights back aggressively .


Some dendritic cells survive long enough to activate the antivirus forces of the body.

Some dendritic cells survive long enough to activate the antivirus forces of the body .


Plasma cells in the lymph nodes start producing billions of antibodies, tiny proteins that mark infected cells for destruction or clump the virus together.

Plasma cells in the lymph nodes start producing billions of antibodies , tiny proteins that mark infected cells for destruction or clump the virus together .


Killer T-cells flood the body and kill infected cells left and right.

Killer T - cells flood the body and kill infected cells left and right .


After two to three weeks, the body usually gets the upper hand and overwhelms the infection.

After two to three weeks , the body usually gets the upper hand and overwhelms the infection .


But the immune system is now seriously weakened and may take weeks or months to recover, leaving the body vulnerable to other diseases.

But the immune system is now seriously weakened and may take weeks or months to recover , leaving the body vulnerable to other diseases .


But if you make it, you are now immune.

But if you make it , you are now immune .


The immune system remembers the virus forever.

The immune system remembers the virus forever .


Measles is no joke.


Although 84% of all humans are vaccinated against measles, 122,000 people died because of the infection in 2014.

Although 84 % of all humans are vaccinated against measles , 122,000 people died because of the infection in 2014 .


Some people cannot get vaccinations, either because they are too young, because of chemotherapy or HIV, or because they are allergic to the vaccine.

Some people can not get vaccinations , either because they are too young , because of chemotherapy or HIV , or because they are allergic to the vaccine .


They need the rest of us to stop the disease for them.

They need the rest of us to stop the disease for them .


The measles vaccination is safe, cheap, and available.

The measles vaccination is safe , cheap , and available .


There are no benefits from having measles at all.

There are no benefits from having measles at all .


You don't strengthen your immune system, and it's not more natural.

You do n't strengthen your immune system , and it 's not more natural .


Most people who don't vaccinate only want the best for their children, which is honorable.

Most people who do n't vaccinate only want the best for their children , which is honorable .


The sad answer is yes.


Let's not play the blame game, though.

Let 's not play the blame game , though .


Let's work together and eradicate this virus.

Let 's work together and eradicate this virus .


Together, we can get rid of these dreadful monsters and consign them to their rightful place, the history books.

Together , we can get rid of these dreadful monsters and consign them to their rightful place , the history books .


Over the last decade, milk has become a bit controversial.

Over the last decade , milk has become a bit controversial .


Some people say it's a necessary and nutritious food, vital for healthy bones.

Some people say it 's a necessary and nutritious food , vital for healthy bones .


But others say it can cause cancer and lead to an early death.

But others say it can cause cancer and lead to an early death .


So, who's right?


And why are we drinking it anyway?


Milk is the basis of every mammal's diet after birth, when our digestive systems are immature and small.

Milk is the basis of every mammal 's diet after birth , when our digestive systems are immature and small .


Basically, it's power food to kick-start our bodies and help us grow.

Basically , it 's power food to kick - start our bodies and help us grow .


Milk is rich in fat, vitamins, minerals and milk sugar, lactose.

Milk is rich in fat , vitamins , minerals and milk sugar , lactose .


On top of that, for a while after birth, it also contains antibodies and proteins that protect us from infections and regulate our immune system.

On top of that , for a while after birth , it also contains antibodies and proteins that protect us from infections and regulate our immune system .


But it's a lot of effort for mothers to produce.

But it 's a lot of effort for mothers to produce .


Eventually, humans stopped drinking mother's milk and transitioned to the diet of their parents.

Eventually , humans stopped drinking mother 's milk and transitioned to the diet of their parents .


This is how it's been for thousands of years.

This is how it 's been for thousands of years .


Soon, they domesticated the first dairy animals – goats, sheep and cattle.

Soon , they domesticated the first dairy animals – goats , sheep and cattle .


They found that dairy animals are able to eat useless and abundant stuff and turn it into nutritious and tasty food.

They found that dairy animals are able to eat useless and abundant stuff and turn it into nutritious and tasty food .


This made a huge difference in terms of survival, especially in hard times.

This made a huge difference in terms of survival , especially in hard times .


So, groups that had milk available had an evolutionary advantage.

So , groups that had milk available had an evolutionary advantage .


And through natural selection, it changed the genes of communities who consumed a lot of it.

And through natural selection , it changed the genes of communities who consumed a lot of it .


This adaptation has to do with a specialized enzyme – lactase.

This adaptation has to do with a specialized enzyme – lactase .


Babies have a lot of it in their system, so they can break down the milk sugar lactose and digest milk easily.

Babies have a lot of it in their system , so they can break down the milk sugar lactose and digest milk easily .


But the older we grow, the fewer lactase enzymes our body produces.

But the older we grow , the fewer lactase enzymes our body produces .


Worldwide, about 65% of the population do not have the enzyme after infancy,

Worldwide , about 65 % of the population do not have the enzyme after infancy ,


This lactose intolerance is not spread evenly around the world, though.

This lactose intolerance is not spread evenly around the world , though .


In some East Asian communities, for example, it's up to 90%.

In some East Asian communities , for example , it 's up to 90 % .


In Northern Europe and North America, the rates are the lowest overall.

In Northern Europe and North America , the rates are the lowest overall .


There are probably a few reasons for this uneven distribution.

There are probably a few reasons for this uneven distribution .


The trait was first introduced by random mutation, which happened independently of each other in a few populations.

The trait was first introduced by random mutation , which happened independently of each other in a few populations .


The fact that farming replaced hunting and gathering more and more created natural selection pressure.

The fact that farming replaced hunting and gathering more and more created natural selection pressure .


People who were able to digest lactose had more foods at hand, which was an advantage.

People who were able to digest lactose had more foods at hand , which was an advantage .


The migration of dairy farmers to the North then spread it further, which probably pushed back populations there that didn't have the trait.

The migration of dairy farmers to the North then spread it further , which probably pushed back populations there that did n't have the trait .


Okay, but if milk has been a valuable part of our diet for thousands of years, why is it so controversial?

Okay , but if milk has been a valuable part of our diet for thousands of years , why is it so controversial ?


There are a number of claims regarding the negative and positive health effects of milk.

There are a number of claims regarding the negative and positive health effects of milk .


The negative ones cover a wide variety, from brittle bones to cancer and cardiovascular diseases to intolerance and allergies.

The negative ones cover a wide variety , from brittle bones to cancer and cardiovascular diseases to intolerance and allergies .


So how do they hold up?


Some older studies found a connection between milk and a high risk of breast, colon and prostate cancer.

Some older studies found a connection between milk and a high risk of breast , colon and prostate cancer .


But meta-analyses found no impact on your cancer risk.

But meta - analyses found no impact on your cancer risk .


On the contrary, the calcium in milk might even have a protective effect against colon cancer.

On the contrary , the calcium in milk might even have a protective effect against colon cancer .


Only studies on prostate cancer showed an increased risk for people who consumed more than 1.25 litres of milk a day.

Only studies on prostate cancer showed an increased risk for people who consumed more than 1.25 litres of milk a day .


But again, the association is inconsistent and other studies don't find any effect.

But again , the association is inconsistent and other studies do n't find any effect .


We discuss these studies in more detail in our sources document.

We discuss these studies in more detail in our sources document .


All in all, the research seems to show that if you drink between 100 to 250 ml of milk per day, cancer is not a concern.

All in all , the research seems to show that if you drink between 100 to 250 ml of milk per day , cancer is not a concern .


Similarly, meta-analyses could not find any impact from milk or dairy products on your risk of heart disease, stroke or your total mortality.

Similarly , meta - analyses could not find any impact from milk or dairy products on your risk of heart disease , stroke or your total mortality .


Some studies even suggested that high blood pressure might be rarer in people who eat a lot of dairy,

Some studies even suggested that high blood pressure might be rarer in people who eat a lot of dairy ,


although the evidence is not strong enough to claim this with confidence.

although the evidence is not strong enough to claim this with confidence .


The case gets more complicated though when we look at bones.

The case gets more complicated though when we look at bones .


A number of studies found neither positive nor negative effects for adults.

A number of studies found neither positive nor negative effects for adults .


What most people worry most about though are harmful amounts of pesticides, antibiotics or hormones.

What most people worry most about though are harmful amounts of pesticides , antibiotics or hormones .


There are hormones in milk, but only in very low concentrations.

There are hormones in milk , but only in very low concentrations .


For example, to get the same amount of hormones as from the pill, you'd need to drink about 5000 litres of milk,

For example , to get the same amount of hormones as from the pill , you 'd need to drink about 5000 litres of milk ,


and even if you did, most hormones would be destroyed by your digestive system before they could affect you.

and even if you did , most hormones would be destroyed by your digestive system before they could affect you .


For pesticides and antibiotics, there are regulations in most parts of the world that only allow completely harmless amounts.

For pesticides and antibiotics , there are regulations in most parts of the world that only allow completely harmless amounts .


Milk that surpasses these thresholds is not allowed to go on the shelf, so there's nothing in particular to worry about.

Milk that surpasses these thresholds is not allowed to go on the shelf , so there 's nothing in particular to worry about .


the best known negative effects of milk are probably acne and general discomfort after drinking milk or eating dairy products.

the best known negative effects of milk are probably acne and general discomfort after drinking milk or eating dairy products .


And here, the effects are very real.


For example, skimmed milk has been found to statistically increase the rate of acne by 24%.

For example , skimmed milk has been found to statistically increase the rate of acne by 24 % .


Allergies against milk products are especially prevalent among children, with 1 in 18 kids in Germany suffering from them.

Allergies against milk products are especially prevalent among children , with 1 in 18 kids in Germany suffering from them .


In general, these allergies tend to get better or disappear as they grow older, though.

In general , these allergies tend to get better or disappear as they grow older , though .


Okay, is milk healthy then?


Milk, no matter if it comes from mothers, cows, sheep, goats or camels, is a nutrient-dense food.

Milk , no matter if it comes from mothers , cows , sheep , goats or camels , is a nutrient - dense food .


It contains all necessary macronutrients and many micronutrients.

It contains all necessary macronutrients and many micronutrients .


Especially in regions where people struggle to get enough calories, milk can contribute to a healthy life and lower child mortality.

Especially in regions where people struggle to get enough calories , milk can contribute to a healthy life and lower child mortality .


For those living in the developed world, in general, milk is not harmful if you are not allergic or intolerant to it.

For those living in the developed world , in general , milk is not harmful if you are not allergic or intolerant to it .


Especially for children, it's a good way to get large amounts of calcium, and for vegetarians, it's a good source of vitamin B12 and B vitamins in general.

Especially for children , it 's a good way to get large amounts of calcium , and for vegetarians , it 's a good source of vitamin B12 and B vitamins in general .


This does not mean there are not other alternatives with the same effect.

This does not mean there are not other alternatives with the same effect .


You do not need to drink milk to be healthy.

You do not need to drink milk to be healthy .


Milk is also definitely not a substitute for water.

Milk is also definitely not a substitute for water .


Milk is power food, and the additional calories from drinking a lot of it on a regular basis can contribute to being overweight.

Milk is power food , and the additional calories from drinking a lot of it on a regular basis can contribute to being overweight .


Especially flavoured milk or chocolate milk is more comparable to beverages like lemonade than a healthy snack.

Especially flavoured milk or chocolate milk is more comparable to beverages like lemonade than a healthy snack .


And there's another thing to consider.

And there 's another thing to consider .


Milk production has a significant impact on the global climate.

Milk production has a significant impact on the global climate .


About 33% of cropland is used to feed grazing animals, including dairy cattle.

About 33 % of cropland is used to feed grazing animals , including dairy cattle .


Even though the carbon footprint of dairy products has declined since 1990,

Even though the carbon footprint of dairy products has declined since 1990 ,


dairy production is still responsible for 3% of all greenhouse gas emissions, even more than all aeroplanes combined.

dairy production is still responsible for 3 % of all greenhouse gas emissions , even more than all aeroplanes combined .


Milk is a huge industry, and sadly, most of its production in factory farms causes incredible suffering.

Milk is a huge industry , and sadly , most of its production in factory farms causes incredible suffering .


Cows are impregnated over and over, separated from their young shortly after birth, and slaughtered once their tortured bodies are not productive anymore.

Cows are impregnated over and over , separated from their young shortly after birth , and slaughtered once their tortured bodies are not productive anymore .


We can't ignore that much of the milk we consume stems from an industry that is basically torture and contributes to climate change.

We ca n't ignore that much of the milk we consume stems from an industry that is basically torture and contributes to climate change .


In terms of protein levels and nutritional value, only soy milk can compare to cow milk.

In terms of protein levels and nutritional value , only soy milk can compare to cow milk .


The others need to be artificially enriched to reach similar levels of vitamins and calcium.

The others need to be artificially enriched to reach similar levels of vitamins and calcium .


So they can be an alternative to milk.


And another option might be available soon.

And another option might be available soon .


Several startups have created non-animal milk that is nutritionally identical to dairy milk, for example through fermentation by gene-modified bacteria.

Several startups have created non - animal milk that is nutritionally identical to dairy milk , for example through fermentation by gene - modified bacteria .


This lab-grown milk can even be turned into cheese, something that plant-based alternatives struggle with

This lab - grown milk can even be turned into cheese , something that plant - based alternatives struggle with


because they lack casein and whey protein, the key ingredients that give dairy its taste and structure.

because they lack casein and whey protein , the key ingredients that give dairy its taste and structure .


The environmental impact is a different story, though.

The environmental impact is a different story , though .


Many milk alternatives use significantly less energy, land, and less water to produce, so they have a much lower environmental impact than animal milk.

Many milk alternatives use significantly less energy , land , and less water to produce , so they have a much lower environmental impact than animal milk .


If you want to have the lowest possible negative impact on the planet, the best choice is whatever milk alternative is regional.

If you want to have the lowest possible negative impact on the planet , the best choice is whatever milk alternative is regional .


As with almost any topic, milk is complicated.

As with almost any topic , milk is complicated .


It's not harmful for the majority of the population, and it's crucial for many people around the world.

It 's not harmful for the majority of the population , and it 's crucial for many people around the world .


It's good, nutritious food, but also harmful to the planet and causes a lot of suffering.

It 's good , nutritious food , but also harmful to the planet and causes a lot of suffering .


We need to decide as a society how we want to deal with these facts.

We need to decide as a society how we want to deal with these facts .


Neutron stars are one of the most extreme and violent things in the universe.

Neutron stars are one of the most extreme and violent things in the universe .


And they owe their existence to the death of something majestic.

And they owe their existence to the death of something majestic .


Stars exist because of a fragile balance.

Stars exist because of a fragile balance .


The mass of millions of billions of trillions of tons of hot plasma are being pulled inwards by gravity and squeeze material together with so much force that nuclei fuse.

The mass of millions of billions of trillions of tons of hot plasma are being pulled inwards by gravity and squeeze material together with so much force that nuclei fuse .


Hydrogen fuses into helium.


This releases energy which pushes against gravity and tries to escape.

This releases energy which pushes against gravity and tries to escape .


As long as this balance exists, stars are pretty stable.

As long as this balance exists , stars are pretty stable .


Eventually, the hydrogen will be exhausted.

Eventually , the hydrogen will be exhausted .


Medium stars like our sun go through a giant phase where they burn helium into carbon and oxygen before they eventually turn into white dwarfs.

Medium stars like our sun go through a giant phase where they burn helium into carbon and oxygen before they eventually turn into white dwarfs .


But in stars many times the mass of our sun, things get interesting when the helium is exhausted.

But in stars many times the mass of our sun , things get interesting when the helium is exhausted .


For a moment, the balance of pressure and radiation tips and gravity wins, squeezing the star tighter than before.

For a moment , the balance of pressure and radiation tips and gravity wins , squeezing the star tighter than before .


The core burns hotter and faster while the outer layers of the star swell by hundreds of times,

The core burns hotter and faster while the outer layers of the star swell by hundreds of times ,


Carbon burns to neon in centuries, neon to oxygen in a year, oxygen to silicon in months, and silicon to iron in a day.

Carbon burns to neon in centuries , neon to oxygen in a year , oxygen to silicon in months , and silicon to iron in a day .


Iron is nuclear ash.


It has no energy to give and cannot be fused.

It has no energy to give and can not be fused .


The fusion suddenly stops and the balance ends.

The fusion suddenly stops and the balance ends .


Without the outward pressure from fusion, the core is crushed by the enormous weight of the star above it.

Without the outward pressure from fusion , the core is crushed by the enormous weight of the star above it .


What happens now is awesome and scary.


Particles like electrons and protons really don't want to be near each other.

Particles like electrons and protons really do n't want to be near each other .


But the pressure of the collapsing star is so great that electrons and protons fuse into neutrons which then get squeezed together as tightly as in atomic nuclei.

But the pressure of the collapsing star is so great that electrons and protons fuse into neutrons which then get squeezed together as tightly as in atomic nuclei .


An iron ball the size of the Earth is squeezed into a ball of pure nuclear matter the size of a city.

An iron ball the size of the Earth is squeezed into a ball of pure nuclear matter the size of a city .


But not just the core, the whole star implodes, gravity pulling the outer layers in at 25% the speed of light.

But not just the core , the whole star implodes , gravity pulling the outer layers in at 25 % the speed of light .


This implosion bounces off the iron core, producing a shockwave that explodes outwards and catapults the rest of the star into space.

This implosion bounces off the iron core , producing a shockwave that explodes outwards and catapults the rest of the star into space .


This is what we call a supernova explosion and it will outshine entire galaxies.

This is what we call a supernova explosion and it will outshine entire galaxies .


What remains of the star is now a neutron star.

What remains of the star is now a neutron star .


Its mass is around a million times the mass of the Earth but compressed to an object about 25 kilometers wide.

Its mass is around a million times the mass of the Earth but compressed to an object about 25 kilometers wide .


It's so dense that the mass of all living humans would fit into one cubic centimeter of neutron star matter.

It 's so dense that the mass of all living humans would fit into one cubic centimeter of neutron star matter .


That's roughly a billion tons in a space the size of a sugar cube.

That 's roughly a billion tons in a space the size of a sugar cube .


Put another way, that's Mount Everest in a cup of coffee.

Put another way , that 's Mount Everest in a cup of coffee .


From the outside, a neutron star is unbelievably extreme.

From the outside , a neutron star is unbelievably extreme .


Its gravity is the strongest outside black holes and if it were any denser, it would become one.

Its gravity is the strongest outside black holes and if it were any denser , it would become one .


Light is bent around it, meaning you can see the front and parts of the back.

Light is bent around it , meaning you can see the front and parts of the back .


Their surfaces reach a million degrees Celsius compared to a measly 6,000 degrees for our sun.

Their surfaces reach a million degrees Celsius compared to a measly 6,000 degrees for our sun .


Okay, let's look inside a neutron star.

Okay , let 's look inside a neutron star .


Although these giant atomic nuclei are stars, in many ways they're also like planets with solid crusts over a liquid core.

Although these giant atomic nuclei are stars , in many ways they 're also like planets with solid crusts over a liquid core .


The crust is extremely hard.


The outermost layers are made of iron left over from the supernova, squeezed together in a crystal lattice with a sea of electrons flowing through them.

The outermost layers are made of iron left over from the supernova , squeezed together in a crystal lattice with a sea of electrons flowing through them .


Going deeper, gravity squeezes nuclei closer together.

Going deeper , gravity squeezes nuclei closer together .


We find fewer and fewer protons as most merge to neutrons, until we reach the base of the crust.

We find fewer and fewer protons as most merge to neutrons , until we reach the base of the crust .


Here, nuclei are squeezed together so hard that they start to touch.

Here , nuclei are squeezed together so hard that they start to touch .


Protons and neutrons rearrange, making long cylinders or sheets, enormous nuclei with millions of protons and neutrons shaped like spaghetti and lasagna, which physicists call nucleopasta.

Protons and neutrons rearrange , making long cylinders or sheets , enormous nuclei with millions of protons and neutrons shaped like spaghetti and lasagna , which physicists call nucleopasta .


Nucleopasta is so dense that it may be the strongest material in the universe, basically unbreakable.

Nucleopasta is so dense that it may be the strongest material in the universe , basically unbreakable .


Lumps of pasta inside a neutron star can even make mountains, at most a few centimeters high, but many times as massive as the Himalayas.

Lumps of pasta inside a neutron star can even make mountains , at most a few centimeters high , but many times as massive as the Himalayas .


Eventually, beneath the pasta, we reach the core.

Eventually , beneath the pasta , we reach the core .


We're not really sure what the properties of matter are when they're squeezed this hard.

We 're not really sure what the properties of matter are when they 're squeezed this hard .


Protons and neutrons might dissolve into an ocean of quarks, a so-called quark-gluon plasma.

Protons and neutrons might dissolve into an ocean of quarks , a so - called quark - gluon plasma .


Some of those quarks might turn into strange quarks, making a sort of strange matter with properties so extreme that we made a whole video about it.

Some of those quarks might turn into strange quarks , making a sort of strange matter with properties so extreme that we made a whole video about it .


Or maybe they just stay protons and neutrons.

Or maybe they just stay protons and neutrons .


No one knows for sure, and that's why we do science.

No one knows for sure , and that 's why we do science .


That's all pretty heavy stuff, literally, so let's go back out into space.

That 's all pretty heavy stuff , literally , so let 's go back out into space .


When neutron stars first collapse, they begin to spin very, very fast, like a ballerina pulling her arms in.

When neutron stars first collapse , they begin to spin very , very fast , like a ballerina pulling her arms in .


Neutron stars are celestial ballerinas spinning many times per second.

Neutron stars are celestial ballerinas spinning many times per second .


This creates pulses because their magnetic field creates a beam of radio waves which passes every time they spin.

This creates pulses because their magnetic field creates a beam of radio waves which passes every time they spin .


These radio pulsars are the best-known type of neutron star.

These radio pulsars are the best - known type of neutron star .


About 2,000 are known of in the Milky Way.

About 2,000 are known of in the Milky Way .


These magnetic fields are the strongest in the universe, a quadrillion times stronger than Earth's after they're born.

These magnetic fields are the strongest in the universe , a quadrillion times stronger than Earth 's after they 're born .


They're called magnetors until they calm down a little.

They 're called magnetors until they calm down a little .


But the absolute best kind of neutron stars are friends with other neutron stars.

But the absolute best kind of neutron stars are friends with other neutron stars .


By radiating away energy as gravitational waves, ripples in space-time, their orbits can decay,

By radiating away energy as gravitational waves , ripples in space - time , their orbits can decay ,


and they can crash into and kill each other in a kilonova explosion that spews out a lot of their guts.

and they can crash into and kill each other in a kilonova explosion that spews out a lot of their guts .


When they do, the conditions become so extreme that, for a moment, heavy nuclei are made again.

When they do , the conditions become so extreme that , for a moment , heavy nuclei are made again .


It's not fusion putting nuclei together this time, but heavy neutron-rich matter falling apart and reassembling.

It 's not fusion putting nuclei together this time , but heavy neutron - rich matter falling apart and reassembling .


Only very recently, we've learned that this is probably the origin of most of the heavy elements in the universe,

Only very recently , we 've learned that this is probably the origin of most of the heavy elements in the universe ,


So then our two neutron stars collapse and become a black hole, dying yet again.

So then our two neutron stars collapse and become a black hole , dying yet again .


Over millions of years, these atoms will mix back into the galaxy,

Over millions of years , these atoms will mix back into the galaxy ,


but some of them end up in a cloud which gravity pulls together to form stars and planets, repeating the cycle.

but some of them end up in a cloud which gravity pulls together to form stars and planets , repeating the cycle .


Our solar system is one example, and the remains of those neutron stars that came before us are all around us.

Our solar system is one example , and the remains of those neutron stars that came before us are all around us .


Our entire technological modern world was built out of the elements neutron stars made in eons past,

Our entire technological modern world was built out of the elements neutron stars made in eons past ,


And that's pretty cool.


Until then, we can look at them on paper.

Until then , we can look at them on paper .


The 12,020 Human Space Era calendar has arrived.

The 12,020 Human Space Era calendar has arrived .


You can order it now until we sell out, and then never again.

You can order it now until we sell out , and then never again .


Visit the cloudy cities of Venus, Dyson swarm assembly on Mercury, and cross the borders of our solar system.

Visit the cloudy cities of Venus , Dyson swarm assembly on Mercury , and cross the borders of our solar system .


Shipping from the US and from Europe for the first time, but we deliver to every country all over the world.

Shipping from the US and from Europe for the first time , but we deliver to every country all over the world .


You can also get a plushie or hoodie or poster.

You can also get a plushie or hoodie or poster .


We have some sweet deals for you.


Get it for Christmas for your friends, families, and kids,

Get it for Christmas for your friends , families , and kids ,


and you will never visit any of them.


The last few years we've sold them all, so no rush, but the clock is ticking.

The last few years we 've sold them all , so no rush , but the clock is ticking .


Getting stuff from our shop is one of the best ways to support Kurzgesagt.

Getting stuff from our shop is one of the best ways to support Kurzgesagt .


Because of you, we can keep this channel free for everyone and make more beautiful things.

Because of you , we can keep this channel free for everyone and make more beautiful things .


Have you ever been in an argument about nuclear power?

Have you ever been in an argument about nuclear power ?


We have, and we found it frustrating and confusing.

We have , and we found it frustrating and confusing .


So let's try and get to grips with this topic.

So let 's try and get to grips with this topic .


It all started in the 1940s.


After the shock and horror of the war and the use of the atomic bomb, nuclear energy promised to be a peaceful spin-off of the new technology, helping the world get back on its feet.

After the shock and horror of the war and the use of the atomic bomb , nuclear energy promised to be a peaceful spin - off of the new technology , helping the world get back on its feet .


Everyone's imagination was running wild.

Everyone 's imagination was running wild .


Would electricity become free?


Could nuclear power help settle the Antarctic?

Could nuclear power help settle the Antarctic ?


Would there be nuclear-powered cars, planes, or houses?

Would there be nuclear - powered cars , planes , or houses ?


It seemed that this was just a few years of hard work away.

It seemed that this was just a few years of hard work away .


One thing was certain, the future was atomic.

One thing was certain , the future was atomic .


Just a few years later, there was a sort of atomic age hangover.

Just a few years later , there was a sort of atomic age hangover .


As it turned out, nuclear power was very complicated and very expensive.

As it turned out , nuclear power was very complicated and very expensive .


Turning physics into engineering was easy on paper, but hard in real life.

Turning physics into engineering was easy on paper , but hard in real life .


Also, private companies thought that nuclear power was much too risky as an investment.

Also , private companies thought that nuclear power was much too risky as an investment .


Most of them would much rather stick with gas, coal, and oil.

Most of them would much rather stick with gas , coal , and oil .


But there were many people who didn't just want to abandon the promise of the atomic age.

But there were many people who did n't just want to abandon the promise of the atomic age .


and in some cases, a secret desire to possess atomic weapons, provided a strong motivation to keep going.

and in some cases , a secret desire to possess atomic weapons , provided a strong motivation to keep going .


Nuclear power's finest hour finally came in the early 1970s, when war in the Middle East caused oil prices to skyrocket worldwide.

Nuclear power 's finest hour finally came in the early 1970s , when war in the Middle East caused oil prices to skyrocket worldwide .


Now, commercial interest and investment picked up at a dazzling pace.

Now , commercial interest and investment picked up at a dazzling pace .


More than half of all the nuclear reactors in the world were built between 1970 and 1985.

More than half of all the nuclear reactors in the world were built between 1970 and 1985 .


A surprising underdog candidate won the day, the light water reactor.

A surprising underdog candidate won the day , the light water reactor .


It wasn't very innovative, and it wasn't too popular with scientists, but it had some decisive advantages.

It was n't very innovative , and it was n't too popular with scientists , but it had some decisive advantages .


It was there, it worked, and it wasn't terribly expensive.

It was there , it worked , and it was n't terribly expensive .


So, what does a light water reactor do?

So , what does a light water reactor do ?


Well, the basic principle is shockingly simple.

Well , the basic principle is shockingly simple .


It heats up water using an artificial chain reaction.

It heats up water using an artificial chain reaction .


Nuclear fission releases several million times more energy than any chemical reaction could.

Nuclear fission releases several million times more energy than any chemical reaction could .


Really heavy elements on the brink of stability, like uranium-235, get bombarded with neutrons.

Really heavy elements on the brink of stability , like uranium-235 , get bombarded with neutrons .


The neutron is absorbed, but the result is unstable.

The neutron is absorbed , but the result is unstable .


Most of the time, it immediately splits into fast-moving lighter elements, some additional free neutrons, and energy in the form of radiation.

Most of the time , it immediately splits into fast - moving lighter elements , some additional free neutrons , and energy in the form of radiation .


The radiation heats the surrounding water, while the neutrons repeat the process with other atoms, releasing more neutrons and radiation in a closely controlled chain reaction.

The radiation heats the surrounding water , while the neutrons repeat the process with other atoms , releasing more neutrons and radiation in a closely controlled chain reaction .


In our light water reactor, a moderator is needed to control the neutron's energy.

In our light water reactor , a moderator is needed to control the neutron 's energy .


Simple, ordinary water does the job, which is very practical, since water is used to drive the turbines anyway.

Simple , ordinary water does the job , which is very practical , since water is used to drive the turbines anyway .


The light water reactor became prevalent because it's simple and cheap.

The light water reactor became prevalent because it 's simple and cheap .


However, it's neither the safest, most efficient, nor technically elegant nuclear reactor.

However , it 's neither the safest , most efficient , nor technically elegant nuclear reactor .


The renewed nuclear hype lasted barely a decade, though.

The renewed nuclear hype lasted barely a decade , though .


In 1979, the Three Mile Island nuclear plant in Pennsylvania barely escaped a catastrophe when its core melted.

In 1979 , the Three Mile Island nuclear plant in Pennsylvania barely escaped a catastrophe when its core melted .


In 1986, the Chernobyl catastrophe directly threatened Central Europe with a radioactive cloud,

In 1986 , the Chernobyl catastrophe directly threatened Central Europe with a radioactive cloud ,


and in 2011, the drawn-out Fukushima disaster sparked new discussions and concerns.

and in 2011 , the drawn - out Fukushima disaster sparked new discussions and concerns .


While in the 1980s, 218 new nuclear power reactors went live, their number and nuclear's global share of electricity production has stagnated since the end of the 80s.

While in the 1980s , 218 new nuclear power reactors went live , their number and nuclear 's global share of electricity production has stagnated since the end of the 80s .


So what's the situation today?


Today, nuclear energy meets around 10% of the world's energy demand.

Today , nuclear energy meets around 10 % of the world 's energy demand .


There are about 439 nuclear reactors in 31 countries.

There are about 439 nuclear reactors in 31 countries .


About 70 new reactors are under construction in 2015, most of them in countries which are growing quickly.

About 70 new reactors are under construction in 2015 , most of them in countries which are growing quickly .


All in all, 160 new reactors are planned worldwide.

All in all , 160 new reactors are planned worldwide .


Most nuclear reactors were built more than 25 years ago with pretty old technology.

Most nuclear reactors were built more than 25 years ago with pretty old technology .


More than 80% are various types of light water reactor.

More than 80 % are various types of light water reactor .


Today, many countries are faced with a choice.

Today , many countries are faced with a choice .


So, should we use nuclear energy?


The pro and contra arguments will be presented here next week.

The pro and contra arguments will be presented here next week .


Subscribe and then you won't miss it.


Human existence is scary and confusing.

Human existence is scary and confusing .


A few hundred thousand years ago, we became conscious and found ourselves in a strange place.

A few hundred thousand years ago , we became conscious and found ourselves in a strange place .


It was filled with other beings.


We could eat some, some could eat us.


There was liquid stuff we could drink, things we could use to make more things.

There was liquid stuff we could drink , things we could use to make more things .


The daytime sky had a tiny yellow ball that warmed our skin.

The daytime sky had a tiny yellow ball that warmed our skin .


The night sky was filled with beautiful lights.

The night sky was filled with beautiful lights .


This place was obviously made for us.


Something was watching over us.


We were home.


This made everything much less scary and confusing.

This made everything much less scary and confusing .


But the older we got, the more we learned about the world and ourselves.

But the older we got , the more we learned about the world and ourselves .


We learned that the twinkling lights are not shining beautifully for us, they just are.

We learned that the twinkling lights are not shining beautifully for us , they just are .


We learned that we're not at the center of what we now call the universe, and that it is much, much older than we thought.

We learned that we 're not at the center of what we now call the universe , and that it is much , much older than we thought .


We learned that we're made of many little dead things, which make up bigger things that are not dead for some reason.

We learned that we 're made of many little dead things , which make up bigger things that are not dead for some reason .


And that we're just another temporary stage in a history going back over a billion years.

And that we 're just another temporary stage in a history going back over a billion years .


We learned, in awe, that we live on a moist speck of dust moving around a medium-sized star in a quiet region of one arm of an average galaxy,

We learned , in awe , that we live on a moist speck of dust moving around a medium - sized star in a quiet region of one arm of an average galaxy ,


And this group is only one of thousands that together make up a galaxy supercluster.

And this group is only one of thousands that together make up a galaxy supercluster .


But even our supercluster is only one in thousands that make up what we call the observable universe.

But even our supercluster is only one in thousands that make up what we call the observable universe .


The universe might be a million times bigger, but we will never know.

The universe might be a million times bigger , but we will never know .


We could throw words around like 200 billion galaxies, or trillions of stars, or bazillions of planets, but all of these numbers mean nothing.

We could throw words around like 200 billion galaxies , or trillions of stars , or bazillions of planets , but all of these numbers mean nothing .


Our brains can't comprehend these concepts.

Our brains ca n't comprehend these concepts .


The universe is too big.


There is too much of it.


But size is not the most troubling concept we have to deal with.

But size is not the most troubling concept we have to deal with .


It's time. Or more precisely, the time we have.

It 's time . Or more precisely , the time we have .


If you're lucky enough to live to 100, you have 5,200 weeks at your disposal.

If you 're lucky enough to live to 100 , you have 5,200 weeks at your disposal .


If you're 25 now, then you have 3,900 weeks left.

If you 're 25 now , then you have 3,900 weeks left .


If you're going to die at 70, then there are 2,340 weeks left.

If you 're going to die at 70 , then there are 2,340 weeks left .


Your biological processes will break down, and the dynamic pattern that is you will stop being dynamic.

Your biological processes will break down , and the dynamic pattern that is you will stop being dynamic .


It will dissolve until there is no you left.

It will dissolve until there is no you left .


Some believe that there is a part of us we can't see or measure, but we have no way to find out.

Some believe that there is a part of us we ca n't see or measure , but we have no way to find out .


So, this life might be it, and we might end up dead forever.

So , this life might be it , and we might end up dead forever .


This is less scary than it sounds, though.

This is less scary than it sounds , though .


then the trillions and trillions and trillions of years that come after will pass in no time once you're gone.

then the trillions and trillions and trillions of years that come after will pass in no time once you 're gone .


Close your eyes.


Count to one.


That's how long forever feels.


And as far as we know, in the end, the universe itself will die, and nothing will ever change again.

And as far as we know , in the end , the universe itself will die , and nothing will ever change again .


Our videos induce existential dread in many people, and the last few minutes probably haven't helped.

Our videos induce existential dread in many people , and the last few minutes probably have n't helped .


So, for once, we want to offer a different way of looking at these things.

So , for once , we want to offer a different way of looking at these things .


Please take it with a grain of salt, we don't know any more about human existence than you do.

Please take it with a grain of salt , we do n't know any more about human existence than you do .


We counter existential dread with optimistic nihilism.

We counter existential dread with optimistic nihilism .


What do we mean by that?


Well, to summarize, it seems very unlikely that 200 trillion trillion stars have been made for us.

Well , to summarize , it seems very unlikely that 200 trillion trillion stars have been made for us .


In a way, it feels like the cruelest joke in existence has been played on us.

In a way , it feels like the cruelest joke in existence has been played on us .


We became self-aware, only to realize this story is not about us.

We became self - aware , only to realize this story is not about us .


While it is great to know about electrons and the powerhouse of the cell, science doesn't do a lot to make this less depressing.

While it is great to know about electrons and the powerhouse of the cell , science does n't do a lot to make this less depressing .


You only get one shot at life, which is scary, but it also sets you free.

You only get one shot at life , which is scary , but it also sets you free .


If the universe ends in heat death, every humiliation you suffer in your life will be forgotten.

If the universe ends in heat death , every humiliation you suffer in your life will be forgotten .


Every mistake you made will not matter in the end.

Every mistake you made will not matter in the end .


Every bad thing you did will be voided.

Every bad thing you did will be voided .


If our life is all we get to experience, then it's the only thing that matters.

If our life is all we get to experience , then it 's the only thing that matters .


If the universe has no principles, the only principles relevant are the ones we decide on.

If the universe has no principles , the only principles relevant are the ones we decide on .


If the universe has no purpose, then we get to dictate what its purpose is.

If the universe has no purpose , then we get to dictate what its purpose is .


Humans will most certainly cease to exist at some point.

Humans will most certainly cease to exist at some point .


But before we do, we get to explore ourselves and the world around us.

But before we do , we get to explore ourselves and the world around us .


We get to experience feelings.


We get to experience food, books, sunrises, and being with each other.

We get to experience food , books , sunrises , and being with each other .


The fact that we're even able to think about these things is already kind of incredible.

The fact that we 're even able to think about these things is already kind of incredible .


It's easy to think of ourselves as separated from everything, but this is not true.

It 's easy to think of ourselves as separated from everything , but this is not true .


We are as much the universe as a neutron star, or a black hole, or a nebula.

We are as much the universe as a neutron star , or a black hole , or a nebula .


Even better actually, we are its thinking and feeling part, the sensory organs of the universe.

Even better actually , we are its thinking and feeling part , the sensory organs of the universe .


We are truly free in a universe-sized playground.

We are truly free in a universe - sized playground .


So we might as well aim to be happy and to build some kind of utopia in the stars.

So we might as well aim to be happy and to build some kind of utopia in the stars .


It's not as if we've found out everything there is to know.

It 's not as if we 've found out everything there is to know .


We don't know why the rules of the universe are as they are, how life came into existence, what life is.

We do n't know why the rules of the universe are as they are , how life came into existence , what life is .


We have no idea what consciousness is, or if we are alone in the universe.

We have no idea what consciousness is , or if we are alone in the universe .


But we can try to find some answers.


There are billions of stars to visit, diseases to cure, people to help, happy feelings to be experienced, and video games to finish.

There are billions of stars to visit , diseases to cure , people to help , happy feelings to be experienced , and video games to finish .


There is so much to do.


So, wrapping up, you've probably used up a good chunk of the time available to you.

So , wrapping up , you 've probably used up a good chunk of the time available to you .


If this is our one shot at life, there is no reason not to have fun and live as happily as possible.

If this is our one shot at life , there is no reason not to have fun and live as happily as possible .


Do the things that make you feel good.


You get to decide whatever this means for you.

You get to decide whatever this means for you .


For most of our history, the human population grew slowly, until new discoveries brought us more food and made us live longer.

For most of our history , the human population grew slowly , until new discoveries brought us more food and made us live longer .


In just a hundred years, the human population quadrupled.

In just a hundred years , the human population quadrupled .


This led to apocalyptic visions of an overcrowded Earth.

This led to apocalyptic visions of an overcrowded Earth .


But the population growth rate actually peaked in the 1960s.

But the population growth rate actually peaked in the 1960s .


Since then, fertility rates have crashed as countries industrialize and develop.

Since then , fertility rates have crashed as countries industrialize and develop .


The world population is now expected to balance out at around 11 billion by the end of the century.

The world population is now expected to balance out at around 11 billion by the end of the century .


But the big picture conceals the details.

But the big picture conceals the details .


Let's look at one region in particular, Sub-Saharan Africa.

Let 's look at one region in particular , Sub - Saharan Africa .


In 2019, it was home to a billion people, living in 46 countries.

In 2019 , it was home to a billion people , living in 46 countries .


Although its growth rate has slowed down in the last few decades, it's still much higher than in the rest of the world.

Although its growth rate has slowed down in the last few decades , it 's still much higher than in the rest of the world .


While some projections expect around 2.6 billion people, others reckon with up to 5 billion by 2100.

While some projections expect around 2.6 billion people , others reckon with up to 5 billion by 2100 .


Such growth would be a huge challenge for any society.

Such growth would be a huge challenge for any society .


But Sub-Saharan Africa is also the poorest region on Earth.

But Sub - Saharan Africa is also the poorest region on Earth .


So, is Sub-Saharan Africa doomed?


And why do the projections vary by 2.4 billion people?

And why do the projections vary by 2.4 billion people ?


As always, it's complicated.


Sub-Saharan Africa is a made-up idea, and in many ways an unhelpful one.

Sub - Saharan Africa is a made - up idea , and in many ways an unhelpful one .


Botswana is as far away from Sierra Leone as Ireland is from Kazakhstan, and they have about as much in common.

Botswana is as far away from Sierra Leone as Ireland is from Kazakhstan , and they have about as much in common .


But without generalizing a little bit, this video would be an hour long.

But without generalizing a little bit , this video would be an hour long .


We've also talked to many different scientists for this video, and they disagreed on a lot of things.

We 've also talked to many different scientists for this video , and they disagreed on a lot of things .


We've done our best to summarize our research and what they told us, but take it with a grain of salt, and check out our sources where we discuss this in more detail.

We 've done our best to summarize our research and what they told us , but take it with a grain of salt , and check out our sources where we discuss this in more detail .


Okay, let's zoom out to the global perspective again.

Okay , let 's zoom out to the global perspective again .


A few decades ago, many countries in Asia were at a similar point to Sub-Saharan Africa today.

A few decades ago , many countries in Asia were at a similar point to Sub - Saharan Africa today .


Large parts of the population were living in extreme poverty, and birth rates were very high.

Large parts of the population were living in extreme poverty , and birth rates were very high .


Take Bangladesh.


In the 1960s, the average woman had seven children in her lifetime.

In the 1960s , the average woman had seven children in her lifetime .


25% of them died before they turned five, and of the ones that survived, only one in five would learn to read and write.

25 % of them died before they turned five , and of the ones that survived , only one in five would learn to read and write .


Life expectancy was around 45, and per capita income was among the lowest in the world.

Life expectancy was around 45 , and per capita income was among the lowest in the world .


So, beginning in the 1960s, Bangladesh started a family planning program, based on three main pillars.

So , beginning in the 1960s , Bangladesh started a family planning program , based on three main pillars .


One, education helped to change women's outlook.

One , education helped to change women 's outlook .


Women with a higher education tend to want fewer kids and become mothers later in life.

Women with a higher education tend to want fewer kids and become mothers later in life .


Two, better health care lowered child mortality, leading to parents wanting fewer children because they could expect them to survive.

Two , better health care lowered child mortality , leading to parents wanting fewer children because they could expect them to survive .


Three, field workers brought contraceptives even to the remotest areas, which drove contraceptive use from 8% in 1975 to 76% in 2019.

Three , field workers brought contraceptives even to the remotest areas , which drove contraceptive use from 8 % in 1975 to 76 % in 2019 .


Together, these measures greatly slowed down population growth.

Together , these measures greatly slowed down population growth .


In 1960, the average Bangladeshi woman had seven kids.

In 1960 , the average Bangladeshi woman had seven kids .


And in 2019, it was down to two.


This also changed the country's demographics and the economy.

This also changed the country 's demographics and the economy .


Before, many children were born but died before they got to contribute to society.

Before , many children were born but died before they got to contribute to society .


As far fewer kids die and fewer kids are born, things change.

As far fewer kids die and fewer kids are born , things change .


Kids get an education and turn into productive adults.

Kids get an education and turn into productive adults .


The government was able to shift some of their resources from lowering child mortality to boosting the economy.

The government was able to shift some of their resources from lowering child mortality to boosting the economy .


By 2024, Bangladesh is expected to graduate from the category of least developed countries to the status of a developing economy.

By 2024 , Bangladesh is expected to graduate from the category of least developed countries to the status of a developing economy .


Other Asian countries like South Korea, India, Thailand or the Philippines have gone through a similar process, often even faster.

Other Asian countries like South Korea , India , Thailand or the Philippines have gone through a similar process , often even faster .


Investment in health and education led to lower birth rates, which changed the composition of the population and enabled governments to boost the economy.

Investment in health and education led to lower birth rates , which changed the composition of the population and enabled governments to boost the economy .


Why didn't the same thing happen everywhere in sub-Saharan Africa?

Why did n't the same thing happen everywhere in sub - Saharan Africa ?


Africa as a whole has made considerable progress with childhood mortality.

Africa as a whole has made considerable progress with childhood mortality .


But especially in sub-Saharan Africa, education has improved slower than in other parts of the world.

But especially in sub - Saharan Africa , education has improved slower than in other parts of the world .


And while in total contraceptive use has doubled in the region since 1990, the unmet need for modern contraception among adolescents is still at about 60%.

And while in total contraceptive use has doubled in the region since 1990 , the unmet need for modern contraception among adolescents is still at about 60 % .


The reasons for this are complicated and it's impossible to give a single answer here.

The reasons for this are complicated and it 's impossible to give a single answer here .


Africa is a big place with diverse cultures and people, but there are a few main factors.

Africa is a big place with diverse cultures and people , but there are a few main factors .


Many sub-Saharan nations have suffered under colonization until only a few decades ago and had rough transition periods towards independence.

Many sub - Saharan nations have suffered under colonization until only a few decades ago and had rough transition periods towards independence .


The young nations were often ethnically heterogeneous and lacked unity.

The young nations were often ethnically heterogeneous and lacked unity .


Some areas have been repeatedly wracked by civil wars, military conflicts or suffered under unstable governments,

Some areas have been repeatedly wracked by civil wars , military conflicts or suffered under unstable governments ,


So Africa had a worse starting point than Asia.

So Africa had a worse starting point than Asia .


Foreign aid and how it was applied, especially during the Cold War, is also a contentious issue.

Foreign aid and how it was applied , especially during the Cold War , is also a contentious issue .


But this topic is too complex to summarize in a few sentences, so we'll make a whole video about it in the future.

But this topic is too complex to summarize in a few sentences , so we 'll make a whole video about it in the future .


And lastly, there are cultural aspects that make talking about family planning in the context of Africa difficult.

And lastly , there are cultural aspects that make talking about family planning in the context of Africa difficult .


Critics say that trying to bring fertility down is an intrusion into culture and tradition.

Critics say that trying to bring fertility down is an intrusion into culture and tradition .


But not speaking about an issue will not help solve it.

But not speaking about an issue will not help solve it .


Not all of these things apply to every country in the region.

Not all of these things apply to every country in the region .


We're talking about 46 countries after all, some of them deeply troubled, others already flourishing, all different and facing unique problems.

We 're talking about 46 countries after all , some of them deeply troubled , others already flourishing , all different and facing unique problems .


If population growth continues at its present rate, then sub-Saharan Africa could grow to more than 4 billion people by 2100.

If population growth continues at its present rate , then sub - Saharan Africa could grow to more than 4 billion people by 2100 .


Okay, so what can be done?


Surprisingly, small changes could have an extreme impact.

Surprisingly , small changes could have an extreme impact .


This tiny gap between this generation and the next one would lead to 400 million fewer people in 2100, with 3.6 billion in total.

This tiny gap between this generation and the next one would lead to 400 million fewer people in 2100 , with 3.6 billion in total .


If education and family planning are made available to every African woman, universal access to contraception makes having kids a decision.

If education and family planning are made available to every African woman , universal access to contraception makes having kids a decision .


If families get to choose how many kids they want, birth projections fall by 30% to 2.8 billion people.

If families get to choose how many kids they want , birth projections fall by 30 % to 2.8 billion people .


This isn't just theory, there are already examples that are reason for optimism.

This is n't just theory , there are already examples that are reason for optimism .


Ethiopia, the African country with the second biggest population, has made a lot of progress in a relatively short amount of time.

Ethiopia , the African country with the second biggest population , has made a lot of progress in a relatively short amount of time .


Improving health services led to a drop in child mortality from 20% to 7% since 1990.

Improving health services led to a drop in child mortality from 20 % to 7 % since 1990 .


And up to 30% of the annual budget was invested in education and the number of schools increased 25-fold over two decades.

And up to 30 % of the annual budget was invested in education and the number of schools increased 25 - fold over two decades .


So, summarizing, there are serious challenges ahead, but they are far from unsolvable.

So , summarizing , there are serious challenges ahead , but they are far from unsolvable .


Sub-Saharan Africa does not need pity or gifts, but attention and fair investment.

Sub - Saharan Africa does not need pity or gifts , but attention and fair investment .


It's a region rich in resources, culture and potential.

It 's a region rich in resources , culture and potential .


If things go right, we'll see a turnaround similar to the one we've seen across most of Asia in the last 30 years.

If things go right , we 'll see a turnaround similar to the one we 've seen across most of Asia in the last 30 years .


Never before in history have there been so many people on Earth as right now.

Never before in history have there been so many people on Earth as right now .


Our numbers have skyrocketed from 1 billion in 1800 to 2.3 billion in 1940, 3.7 billion in 1970 and 7.4 billion in 2016.

Our numbers have skyrocketed from 1 billion in 1800 to 2.3 billion in 1940 , 3.7 billion in 1970 and 7.4 billion in 2016 .


The world population increased fourfold in the last century, so what can we expect for the next century?

The world population increased fourfold in the last century , so what can we expect for the next century ?


And what does population growth mean for our future?

And what does population growth mean for our future ?


Will there be mass migration, overcrowded slums in megacities covering continents, diseases and pollution, chaos and violence over energy, water and food,

Will there be mass migration , overcrowded slums in megacities covering continents , diseases and pollution , chaos and violence over energy , water and food ,


and a human species focused only on sustaining itself?

and a human species focused only on sustaining itself ?


Will population growth destroy our way of life, or is this prophecy just ungrounded panic?

Will population growth destroy our way of life , or is this prophecy just ungrounded panic ?


In the 1960s, population growth reached an unprecedented rate, which led to apocalyptic prophecies.

In the 1960s , population growth reached an unprecedented rate , which led to apocalyptic prophecies .


The poor would procreate endlessly and overrun the developed world.

The poor would procreate endlessly and overrun the developed world .


The legend of overpopulation was born.


But it turns out high birth rates and the population explosion are not permanent features of some cultures or countries,

But it turns out high birth rates and the population explosion are not permanent features of some cultures or countries ,


Most developed countries have already made the transition, while other countries are doing it right now.

Most developed countries have already made the transition , while other countries are doing it right now .


Let's go back to the 18th century, when the entire world, including Europe, was in the first stage of the demographic transition.

Let 's go back to the 18th century , when the entire world , including Europe , was in the first stage of the demographic transition .


By today's standards, Europe was worse off than a developing region, suffering from poor sanitation, poor diets and poor medicine.

By today 's standards , Europe was worse off than a developing region , suffering from poor sanitation , poor diets and poor medicine .


A lot of people were born, but lots of them died just as fast, so the population hardly grew.

A lot of people were born , but lots of them died just as fast , so the population hardly grew .


Women had between four and six children, but only two of them would reach adulthood.

Women had between four and six children , but only two of them would reach adulthood .


Then the Industrial Revolution happened in the UK and brought the greatest change in human living conditions since the Agricultural Revolution.

Then the Industrial Revolution happened in the UK and brought the greatest change in human living conditions since the Agricultural Revolution .


People went from being peasants to workers.

People went from being peasants to workers .


Manufactured goods were mass-produced and became widely available.

Manufactured goods were mass - produced and became widely available .


The sciences flourished and advanced transportation, communication and medicine.

The sciences flourished and advanced transportation , communication and medicine .


The role of women in society shifted and created the conditions for their emancipation.

The role of women in society shifted and created the conditions for their emancipation .


Slowly, this economic progress not only formed a middle class,

Slowly , this economic progress not only formed a middle class ,


The second transition stage started.


Better food supplies, hygiene and medicine meant people stopped dying all the time, especially so at a very young age.

Better food supplies , hygiene and medicine meant people stopped dying all the time , especially so at a very young age .


The result was a population explosion, doubling the UK's population between 1750 and 1850.

The result was a population explosion , doubling the UK 's population between 1750 and 1850 .


The main reason families used to have lots of children was that only a few of them were likely to survive.

The main reason families used to have lots of children was that only a few of them were likely to survive .


Now that had changed, so the third stage of the transition was set in motion, fewer babies were conceived and population growth slowed down.

Now that had changed , so the third stage of the transition was set in motion , fewer babies were conceived and population growth slowed down .


Eventually, a balance emerged.


Fewer people were dying and fewer children were born, so the death rate and birth rate became stable.

Fewer people were dying and fewer children were born , so the death rate and birth rate became stable .


Britain had reached the fourth stage of the demographic transition.

Britain had reached the fourth stage of the demographic transition .


This didn't only happen in the UK.


More and more countries went through the four stages.

More and more countries went through the four stages .


Third, fewer deaths resulting in fewer births and population growth came to an end.

Third , fewer deaths resulting in fewer births and population growth came to an end .


But if birth rates have dropped so much, why is the population still growing so fast?

But if birth rates have dropped so much , why is the population still growing so fast ?


Well, the children born in the population explosion of the 70s and 80s are having kids themselves now, leading to a noticeable spike in overall population.

Well , the children born in the population explosion of the 70s and 80s are having kids themselves now , leading to a noticeable spike in overall population .


But they are having far fewer children on average than their parents.

But they are having far fewer children on average than their parents .


The average today is 2.5.


It was 5 40 years ago.


So as this generation gets older and fertility declines further, the rate of population growth will keep on slowing.

So as this generation gets older and fertility declines further , the rate of population growth will keep on slowing .


This is true for every country.


In the West, we tend to overlook progress in other regions of the world.

In the West , we tend to overlook progress in other regions of the world .


But actually, most of the world's countries have made it to the fourth stage.

But actually , most of the world 's countries have made it to the fourth stage .


Just look at Bangladesh.


In 1971, the average woman had seven kids, but 25% of them would die before the age of five.

In 1971 , the average woman had seven kids , but 25 % of them would die before the age of five .


In 2015, the mortality rate was down to 3.8% and women had only 2.2 kids on average.

In 2015 , the mortality rate was down to 3.8 % and women had only 2.2 kids on average .


This is the rule, not an exception.


We're not special.


We just had a head start.


It took developed countries about 80 years to reduce fertility from more than six children to less than three.

It took developed countries about 80 years to reduce fertility from more than six children to less than three .


Others are catching up fast.


Malaysia and South Africa did it in only 34 years.

Malaysia and South Africa did it in only 34 years .


Bangladesh took just 20.


Iran managed it in 10 years.


All these countries that are catching up didn't have to start from scratch.

All these countries that are catching up did n't have to start from scratch .


And the more support they get, the faster they catch up.

And the more support they get , the faster they catch up .


This is why programs that help lower child mortality or help poor nations develop are so important.

This is why programs that help lower child mortality or help poor nations develop are so important .


the simple truth is that it's beneficial to you personally if people on the other side of the globe can live a good life.

the simple truth is that it 's beneficial to you personally if people on the other side of the globe can live a good life .


And we are getting there.


The percentage of people living in extreme poverty has never been as low as today.

The percentage of people living in extreme poverty has never been as low as today .


So the future of global population growth is actually not an apocalyptic prophecy at all.

So the future of global population growth is actually not an apocalyptic prophecy at all .


It's a promise.


Population growth will come to an end.


The UN forecasts that the 12th billionth human will never be born at all.

The UN forecasts that the 12th billionth human will never be born at all .


And as the development level of the world rises, the number of people with a higher education will increase tenfold.

And as the development level of the world rises , the number of people with a higher education will increase tenfold .


Countries who used to be in need will help advance development instead.

Countries who used to be in need will help advance development instead .


More people is going to mean more people able to advance our species.

More people is going to mean more people able to advance our species .


This video was a collaboration with Max Roser and Our World in Data, where he explores the progress of humanity through research and data visualization.

This video was a collaboration with Max Roser and Our World in Data , where he explores the progress of humanity through research and data visualization .


Make sure to check it out.


In 2016, we were able to make more and better content than ever before because of your support on Patreon.com.

In 2016 , we were able to make more and better content than ever before because of your support on Patreon.com .


Thank you so much, and we'll be back in the year 12,017.

Thank you so much , and we 'll be back in the year 12,017 .


When the gods granted King Midas one wish, he wished that everything he touched would turn to gold.

When the gods granted King Midas one wish , he wished that everything he touched would turn to gold .


Midas was delighted.


But soon he found in horror that his food turned into gold as well.

But soon he found in horror that his food turned into gold as well .


When he hugged his daughter to soothe his pain, he realized his mistake too late.

When he hugged his daughter to soothe his pain , he realized his mistake too late .


The richest man in existence was starving, heartbroken and alone.

The richest man in existence was starving , heartbroken and alone .