There are still a few extra shiny calendars left.

There are still a few extra shiny calendars left .


This year, they feature lots of forgotten dinosaurs and other creatures.

This year , they feature lots of forgotten dinosaurs and other creatures .


So, grab one of the last copies and make a loved one or yourself happy.

So , grab one of the last copies and make a loved one or yourself happy .


Over the last few years, organic food has spread like wildfire.

Over the last few years , organic food has spread like wildfire .


Despite higher prices, buying organic is turning from an alternative into a moral and social responsibility.

Despite higher prices , buying organic is turning from an alternative into a moral and social responsibility .


Organic food is supposedly healthier, more natural and more ethical.

Organic food is supposedly healthier , more natural and more ethical .


But what do we even mean when we say organic?

But what do we even mean when we say organic ?


There's no global consensus, so different regions have different definitions and rules.

There 's no global consensus , so different regions have different definitions and rules .


In general, organic food is farmed without GMO seeds, synthetic fertilizers or synthetic pesticides.

In general , organic food is farmed without GMO seeds , synthetic fertilizers or synthetic pesticides .


Instead, organic farmers use more traditional ways of producing food like crop rotation and use organic fertilizers such as compost or manure.

Instead , organic farmers use more traditional ways of producing food like crop rotation and use organic fertilizers such as compost or manure .


While the motivation to buy organic food is clearly noble, is it actually effective or just another costly trend we can skip without feeling guilty?

While the motivation to buy organic food is clearly noble , is it actually effective or just another costly trend we can skip without feeling guilty ?


Is organic food healthier?


One idea associated with organic crops is that their natural cultivation is supposed to make them more nutritious and healthier.

One idea associated with organic crops is that their natural cultivation is supposed to make them more nutritious and healthier .


Indeed, several studies found that organic foods contain more antioxidants.

Indeed , several studies found that organic foods contain more antioxidants .


Plants produce them as a sort of homemade pesticide.

Plants produce them as a sort of homemade pesticide .


Organic plants seem to have to work a little harder, while regular plants have plenty of help from humans.

Organic plants seem to have to work a little harder , while regular plants have plenty of help from humans .


Antioxidants are believed to have some health benefits, although scientists are still on the fence about them in general.

Antioxidants are believed to have some health benefits , although scientists are still on the fence about them in general .


We have no idea if and how exactly they help us or how much produce you'd have to eat to absorb a certain amount.

We have no idea if and how exactly they help us or how much produce you 'd have to eat to absorb a certain amount .


Well, the evidence is mixed.


Some studies found that organic food can have slightly higher concentrations of vitamin C and omega-3 fatty acids, while others did not find significant differences.

Some studies found that organic food can have slightly higher concentrations of vitamin C and omega-3 fatty acids , while others did not find significant differences .


Overall, the mixed evidence suggests that there are only small differences in nutritional value.

Overall , the mixed evidence suggests that there are only small differences in nutritional value .


So, from the science available so far, it doesn't look like organic food has significant health benefits.

So , from the science available so far , it does n't look like organic food has significant health benefits .


What we do know is that eating fruit and veggies in general is good for you, and most of us don't do that enough.

What we do know is that eating fruit and veggies in general is good for you , and most of us do n't do that enough .


Eating veggies is more important for your health than how they were produced.

Eating veggies is more important for your health than how they were produced .


Is organic food more natural ?


People don't only buy organic to get extra vitamins, but to avoid something toxic – artificial pesticides and fertilizers.

People do n't only buy organic to get extra vitamins , but to avoid something toxic – artificial pesticides and fertilizers .


And indeed, several studies show that there actually is less pesticide residue on organic produce.

And indeed , several studies show that there actually is less pesticide residue on organic produce .


But here's where things get complicated.

But here 's where things get complicated .


Less pesticide does not mean none at all.

Less pesticide does not mean none at all .


While pesticides are supposed to be a last resort in organic farming, they're not forbidden.

While pesticides are supposed to be a last resort in organic farming , they 're not forbidden .


Most organic pesticides are natural toxins like vegetable oils, potash soap, sulfur or copper sulfates, but there are synthetic substances as well.

Most organic pesticides are natural toxins like vegetable oils , potash soap , sulfur or copper sulfates , but there are synthetic substances as well .


What's the difference between organic and regular pesticides?

What 's the difference between organic and regular pesticides ?


Organic pesticides are not necessarily safer than conventional ones.

Organic pesticides are not necessarily safer than conventional ones .


Toxic is toxic, no matter if the substance is manufactured or derived from nature.

Toxic is toxic , no matter if the substance is manufactured or derived from nature .


In fact, in the case of copper sulfate, often used on organic apples, the organic pesticide of choice is actually more harmful to humans.

In fact , in the case of copper sulfate , often used on organic apples , the organic pesticide of choice is actually more harmful to humans .


The toxicity of any substance depends on its concentration and your exposure to it, not if it's natural or not.

The toxicity of any substance depends on its concentration and your exposure to it , not if it 's natural or not .


There are few recent studies about how our current level of pesticide exposure affects our long-term health.

There are few recent studies about how our current level of pesticide exposure affects our long - term health .


A 2018 study from France associated never eating organic food with a higher risk of certain cancers.

A 2018 study from France associated never eating organic food with a higher risk of certain cancers .


The study was criticized a lot, though.

The study was criticized a lot , though .


The participants reported their dietary habits themselves, while no actual tests of pesticide levels in their bodies were done.

The participants reported their dietary habits themselves , while no actual tests of pesticide levels in their bodies were done .


Complicating things even more, a Danish study from 2018 found that the danger from pesticides for an adult was similar to drinking a glass of wine every three months.

Complicating things even more , a Danish study from 2018 found that the danger from pesticides for an adult was similar to drinking a glass of wine every three months .


The pesticides on your vegetables are nothing to lose sleep over.

The pesticides on your vegetables are nothing to lose sleep over .


Despite this, we should continue to demand strict standards for our food.

Despite this , we should continue to demand strict standards for our food .


All pesticides are regulated and tested very strictly in the EU and the US.

All pesticides are regulated and tested very strictly in the EU and the US .


Every year, thousands of food samples are screened for pesticides.

Every year , thousands of food samples are screened for pesticides .


The majority of samples have no residues or just a fraction of the tolerance level.

The majority of samples have no residues or just a fraction of the tolerance level .


Right now, contamination from bacteria and fungi is much more dangerous.

Right now , contamination from bacteria and fungi is much more dangerous .


And on this front, the risk is the same, be it organic or regular food.

And on this front , the risk is the same , be it organic or regular food .


Is organic food better for the environment?

Is organic food better for the environment ?


In 2017, a meta-analysis looked at organic farming in detail and analyzed organic and regular foods from over 700 production sources

In 2017 , a meta - analysis looked at organic farming in detail and analyzed organic and regular foods from over 700 production sources


No production method is clearly better for the environment.

No production method is clearly better for the environment .


Organic systems use less energy than conventional ones, but have similar greenhouse gas emissions.

Organic systems use less energy than conventional ones , but have similar greenhouse gas emissions .


Organic farms use less pesticide, but need much more land to produce the same amount of crop.

Organic farms use less pesticide , but need much more land to produce the same amount of crop .


These mixed results were also confirmed by a report from the Swedish Food Agency.

These mixed results were also confirmed by a report from the Swedish Food Agency .


Organic and regular were equal in most regards.

Organic and regular were equal in most regards .


The biggest difference was land use, and here conventional farming clearly won, and ecotoxicity, where organic farming has a clear advantage.

The biggest difference was land use , and here conventional farming clearly won , and ecotoxicity , where organic farming has a clear advantage .


So according to these results, conventional farming actually has a little bit less impact on the environment compared to organic.

So according to these results , conventional farming actually has a little bit less impact on the environment compared to organic .


The bottom line is, organic food isn't superior to regular produce as far as we know.

The bottom line is , organic food is n't superior to regular produce as far as we know .


But organic agriculture also has an impact at a broader level.

But organic agriculture also has an impact at a broader level .


Demand is rising constantly, and the struggle to supply the market can lead to production methods that are less sustainable in other ways.

Demand is rising constantly , and the struggle to supply the market can lead to production methods that are less sustainable in other ways .


Spain, for example, grows tons of regular and organic vegetables destined for export in vast greenhouse areas

Spain , for example , grows tons of regular and organic vegetables destined for export in vast greenhouse areas


And because growing demand can't be covered by domestic production, the global trade in organic foods is also increasing.

And because growing demand ca n't be covered by domestic production , the global trade in organic foods is also increasing .


As supply chains get more and more complex to make all kinds of foods available in organic quality, ensuring organic quality standards and regulations gets ever more difficult.

As supply chains get more and more complex to make all kinds of foods available in organic quality , ensuring organic quality standards and regulations gets ever more difficult .


This has led to incidences of fraud where conventional food was labelled and sold as expensive organic produce.

This has led to incidences of fraud where conventional food was labelled and sold as expensive organic produce .


But organic versus conventional food isn't even an objective discussion.

But organic versus conventional food is n't even an objective discussion .


Organic is not simply a production method, for many it's an ideology.

Organic is not simply a production method , for many it 's an ideology .


Buying organic feels right.


People want to do the correct thing for the health of their children and the well-being of the planet.

People want to do the correct thing for the health of their children and the well - being of the planet .


But our instinct to think of organic as good and conventional as bad can get in the way of making the most reasonable decision.

But our instinct to think of organic as good and conventional as bad can get in the way of making the most reasonable decision .


The solution could be to stop seeing organic and conventional farming as irreconcilable.

The solution could be to stop seeing organic and conventional farming as irreconcilable .


They both have pros and cons, and the best way to produce healthy food efficiently would be a combination of their best features.

They both have pros and cons , and the best way to produce healthy food efficiently would be a combination of their best features .


And, as for your personal shopping, what food you should buy depends on what you expect from it.

And , as for your personal shopping , what food you should buy depends on what you expect from it .


If you simply want to eat healthily, you should buy more fruit and veggies of any kind, not necessarily organic.

If you simply want to eat healthily , you should buy more fruit and veggies of any kind , not necessarily organic .


If your concern is for the environment, then simply buying organic won't solve this problem for you.

If your concern is for the environment , then simply buying organic wo n't solve this problem for you .


The easiest option is to buy local food that's in season.

The easiest option is to buy local food that 's in season .


Basically, seasonal is the true organic.

Basically , seasonal is the true organic .


To sum up, an organic label is a manufacturing notice, not a security certificate or a silver bullet for your diet.

To sum up , an organic label is a manufacturing notice , not a security certificate or a silver bullet for your diet .


What you eat is much more important than how it's produced.

What you eat is much more important than how it 's produced .


Production is very important for our animations, though.

Production is very important for our animations , though .


We make them with a lot of love and care, and the best thing is, you can learn how to do them.

We make them with a lot of love and care , and the best thing is , you can learn how to do them .


Kurzgesagt joined Skillshare, our favorite online learning community for creators, with a three-part series of 2D animation classes.

Kurzgesagt joined Skillshare , our favorite online learning community for creators , with a three - part series of 2D animation classes .


Skillshare offers more than 25,000 classes on everything from film, writing, design and technology from skilled experts.

Skillshare offers more than 25,000 classes on everything from film , writing , design and technology from skilled experts .


The premium membership gives you unlimited access for only $10 a month, but we got you a treat.

The premium membership gives you unlimited access for only $ 10 a month , but we got you a treat .


The first 1,000 people to use the link in the description get their first two months for free.

The first 1,000 people to use the link in the description get their first two months for free .


We humans are unable to experience the true nature of the universe unfiltered.

We humans are unable to experience the true nature of the universe unfiltered .


Our senses and brains can only process a fraction of the world.

Our senses and brains can only process a fraction of the world .


So we have to use concepts and tools to learn about the true nature of reality.

So we have to use concepts and tools to learn about the true nature of reality .


In the future, it might become possible to simulate entire universes.

In the future , it might become possible to simulate entire universes .


But if this is an option, how can we know that it's not already happened?

But if this is an option , how can we know that it 's not already happened ?


Is it possible that we are not real and we don't even know it?

Is it possible that we are not real and we do n't even know it ?


If our current understanding of physics is correct, then it's impossible to simulate the whole universe with its trillions and trillions of things.

If our current understanding of physics is correct , then it 's impossible to simulate the whole universe with its trillions and trillions of things .


We only need enough universe to fool the inhabitants of our simulation into thinking that they are real.

We only need enough universe to fool the inhabitants of our simulation into thinking that they are real .


Who needs billions of galaxies?


We only need the space our subjects are allowed to explore.

We only need the space our subjects are allowed to explore .


The vast universe could just be a flat projection and they would have no way to know.

The vast universe could just be a flat projection and they would have no way to know .


We don't really need them.


When you use a microscope, what you see could be instantly created.

When you use a microscope , what you see could be instantly created .


The chair you're sitting on right now does not need to be simulated with quadrillions of atoms.

The chair you 're sitting on right now does not need to be simulated with quadrillions of atoms .


We just need the outermost layer of it.

We just need the outermost layer of it .


It might be empty inside until you decide to break it open.

It might be empty inside until you decide to break it open .


Your body might feel like it's filled with bubbly things, but it might be empty until you open it.

Your body might feel like it 's filled with bubbly things , but it might be empty until you open it .


The minimum requirement for our simulation is only the consciousness of our virtual humans.

The minimum requirement for our simulation is only the consciousness of our virtual humans .


Our subjects just need to think the simulation is real.

Our subjects just need to think the simulation is real .


Okay, so are we being simulated?


Well, maybe, but there are a few conditions that need to be met.

Well , maybe , but there are a few conditions that need to be met .


Obviously, we have no authority over this topic, so please take everything we say with a grain of salt.

Obviously , we have no authority over this topic , so please take everything we say with a grain of salt .


Based on a modified version of the original simulation argument by Nick Bostrom, we have five assumptions for you.

Based on a modified version of the original simulation argument by Nick Bostrom , we have five assumptions for you .


If they're true, you, dear viewer, are living in a simulation.

If they 're true , you , dear viewer , are living in a simulation .


Nobody knows what consciousness is.


For the sake of argument, let's assume that you could generate consciousness by simulating a brain.

For the sake of argument , let 's assume that you could generate consciousness by simulating a brain .


Brains are pretty complex.


If you count every interaction between synapses as one operation, your brain runs at about 10 to the power of 17,

If you count every interaction between synapses as one operation , your brain runs at about 10 to the power of 17 ,


Let's generously assume we need 10 to the power of 20 operations to simulate one second of human consciousness.

Let 's generously assume we need 10 to the power of 20 operations to simulate one second of human consciousness .


But we don't want to simulate just one human.

But we do n't want to simulate just one human .


We want to simulate all of human history at once, so we can skip around.

We want to simulate all of human history at once , so we can skip around .


Let's say we want to simulate 200 billion humans with an average lifespan of 50 years.

Let 's say we want to simulate 200 billion humans with an average lifespan of 50 years .


One year has 30 million seconds times 50 years times 200 billion humans times 10 to the power of 20 operations.

One year has 30 million seconds times 50 years times 200 billion humans times 10 to the power of 20 operations .


So we need a computer able to handle a million trillion trillion trillion operations per second.

So we need a computer able to handle a million trillion trillion trillion operations per second .


A computer like this is just impossible.

A computer like this is just impossible .


then there might be galaxy-spanning civilizations with unlimited computer power at some point.

then there might be galaxy - spanning civilizations with unlimited computer power at some point .


A computer that can handle a million trillion trillion trillion operations is serious business, but there are actually concepts for computers which could handle this.

A computer that can handle a million trillion trillion trillion operations is serious business , but there are actually concepts for computers which could handle this .


The Matryoshka brain is a theoretical megastructure made up of billions of parts orbiting a star feeding on its radiation.

The Matryoshka brain is a theoretical megastructure made up of billions of parts orbiting a star feeding on its radiation .


A computer of this scale would have enough power to simulate many thousands, if not millions of humanities at the same time.

A computer of this scale would have enough power to simulate many thousands , if not millions of humanities at the same time .


Other technologies, like high-end future quantum computers, might lower the size drastically,

Other technologies , like high - end future quantum computers , might lower the size drastically ,


so it might be possible to do this with a structure the size of a large city, or even smaller.

so it might be possible to do this with a structure the size of a large city , or even smaller .


If there is a point at which all civilizations destroy themselves, this whole discussion ends here.

If there is a point at which all civilizations destroy themselves , this whole discussion ends here .


Looking into space, you'd expect a universe filled with millions of alien civilizations, but we see nobody.

Looking into space , you 'd expect a universe filled with millions of alien civilizations , but we see nobody .


The reason for this might be great filters.

The reason for this might be great filters .


Great filters are barriers life has to overcome, like nuclear war, asteroids, climate change, or a black hole generator.

Great filters are barriers life has to overcome , like nuclear war , asteroids , climate change , or a black hole generator .


If life is inherently self-destructive, then there are no simulations.

If life is inherently self - destructive , then there are no simulations .


We explain this in more detail in our Fermi paradox video.

We explain this in more detail in our Fermi paradox video .


Assumption 4. Super-advanced civilizations want to run simulations.

Assumption 4 . Super - advanced civilizations want to run simulations .


When we speak of post-human civilizations, we don't know what we're dealing with.

When we speak of post - human civilizations , we do n't know what we 're dealing with .


To think we know what beings as powerful as gods want is pretty arrogant.

To think we know what beings as powerful as gods want is pretty arrogant .


Imagine the smartest ant on Earth living next to an amusement park.

Imagine the smartest ant on Earth living next to an amusement park .


It's curious about what humans are up to, so you try to explain.

It 's curious about what humans are up to , so you try to explain .


Unfortunately, the ant just doesn't understand.

Unfortunately , the ant just does n't understand .


The concept of roller coasters and standing in lines and holidays and fun doesn't make sense to an ant living an ant life.

The concept of roller coasters and standing in lines and holidays and fun does n't make sense to an ant living an ant life .


It's the same with us and a post-human being.

It 's the same with us and a post - human being .


Compared to them, we are ants.


Running simulations for fun or science might be an absurdly stupid idea to them.

Running simulations for fun or science might be an absurdly stupid idea to them .


then the chances are not zero that you are living inside a simulation.

then the chances are not zero that you are living inside a simulation .


Assumption 5. If there are a lot of simulations, you are probably inside a simulation.

Assumption 5 . If there are a lot of simulations , you are probably inside a simulation .


If there are simulated civilizations, it's likely that there are a lot of them.

If there are simulated civilizations , it 's likely that there are a lot of them .


After all, we assume that post-human beings have access to practically unlimited computing power.

After all , we assume that post - human beings have access to practically unlimited computing power .


So, if they run simulations, it would be convenient to run millions or even billions of them.

So , if they run simulations , it would be convenient to run millions or even billions of them .


If there are billions of simulated universes, there are probably trillions and trillions of simulated conscious beings,

If there are billions of simulated universes , there are probably trillions and trillions of simulated conscious beings ,


So, for every conscious being made of flesh, a billion simulated ones exist.

So , for every conscious being made of flesh , a billion simulated ones exist .


Since we have no way of knowing if we are simulated or not, in this case, the chances of you being one of the 999,999,999 simulated ones are pretty high.

Since we have no way of knowing if we are simulated or not , in this case , the chances of you being one of the 999,999,999 simulated ones are pretty high .


So, what you consider reality


You really might be simulated.


All of this is based on a lot of assumptions that we can't really test right now, so many scientists disagree with this whole thought experiment.

All of this is based on a lot of assumptions that we ca n't really test right now , so many scientists disagree with this whole thought experiment .


So, don't burn your house down to test if there will be glitches.

So , do n't burn your house down to test if there will be glitches .


If you are simulated, not that much changes for you.

If you are simulated , not that much changes for you .


You might be on a small planet speeding through eternal nothingness or a simulation inside a computer.

You might be on a small planet speeding through eternal nothingness or a simulation inside a computer .


Your existence does not become more or less scary and bizarre.

Your existence does not become more or less scary and bizarre .


All we can hope to do is try to live good lives and have a good time, and hope that if we actually are simulations in a supercomputer, nobody trips over the power cable.

All we can hope to do is try to live good lives and have a good time , and hope that if we actually are simulations in a supercomputer , nobody trips over the power cable .


I think I just unplugged the simulation.

I think I just unplugged the simulation .


Jake over at Vsauce3 is looking into that.

Jake over at Vsauce3 is looking into that .


Click here to watch his video and subscribe to his channel.

Click here to watch his video and subscribe to his channel .


Why are you still here?


Go over to Vsauce3, watch the video and subscribe.

Go over to Vsauce3 , watch the video and subscribe .


We promise it's worth your time.


The insane brutality of ISIS continues.

The insane brutality of ISIS continues .


The Russians are invading Ukraine and the Palestinians and Israelis continue to slug it out.

The Russians are invading Ukraine and the Palestinians and Israelis continue to slug it out .


Does that make you feel gloomy?


Well, don't, because if you look at the numbers, war actually seems to be going out of fashion

Well , do n't , because if you look at the numbers , war actually seems to be going out of fashion


while the global population is at an all-time high.

while the global population is at an all - time high .


It seems that we live in the most peaceful period in human history.

It seems that we live in the most peaceful period in human history .


How is this possible?


As of September 2014, there were four conflicts going on in the world that had caused at least 10,000 people to die since January 2013.

As of September 2014 , there were four conflicts going on in the world that had caused at least 10,000 people to die since January 2013 .


, but consider this.


Of all the conflicts going on, none is an active war between countries.

Of all the conflicts going on , none is an active war between countries .


They are either civil wars or local conflicts.

They are either civil wars or local conflicts .


Although civil wars are terrible and cause huge suffering, their impact is usually way smaller than a war between nations or empires.

Although civil wars are terrible and cause huge suffering , their impact is usually way smaller than a war between nations or empires .


When two nations engage in war, they can mobilize much bigger forces, have access to all of the state's resources and logistics, and almost all of the population.

When two nations engage in war , they can mobilize much bigger forces , have access to all of the state 's resources and logistics , and almost all of the population .


So why have we transitioned from wars between nation-states to civil wars?

So why have we transitioned from wars between nation - states to civil wars ?


A lot of it is to do with colonialism and the Cold War.

A lot of it is to do with colonialism and the Cold War .


When the Cold War ended, a major driver of armed conflict vanished too.

When the Cold War ended , a major driver of armed conflict vanished too .


But the breakup of the communist dictatorships revealed new or old tensions and brought new conflicts in the now freed states, which often resulted in civil war.

But the breakup of the communist dictatorships revealed new or old tensions and brought new conflicts in the now freed states , which often resulted in civil war .


Much more importantly, in 1945 nearly all of Africa, much of Asia and parts of Latin America were under colonial rule.

Much more importantly , in 1945 nearly all of Africa , much of Asia and parts of Latin America were under colonial rule .


By 1990, all but a few islands were independent.

By 1990 , all but a few islands were independent .


But wait, couldn't you argue that what today's multinational corporations are doing in the third world is just as bad as colonialism?

But wait , could n't you argue that what today 's multinational corporations are doing in the third world is just as bad as colonialism ?


Let's look at Congo.


It was established as a colony in 1885 by the Belgian king, an area 80 times the size of Belgium.

It was established as a colony in 1885 by the Belgian king , an area 80 times the size of Belgium .


Violence committed against the indigenous Congolese and the ruthless system of economic exploitation had killed about half of the population by 1908.

Violence committed against the indigenous Congolese and the ruthless system of economic exploitation had killed about half of the population by 1908 .


About 10 million Congolese were executed or starved to death.

About 10 million Congolese were executed or starved to death .


Millions were mutilated and traumatized.

Millions were mutilated and traumatized .


The economic exploitation of the Congo remained the top priority and forced labor never really ceased completely until the end of Belgian rule in 1960, which is not really that long ago.

The economic exploitation of the Congo remained the top priority and forced labor never really ceased completely until the end of Belgian rule in 1960 , which is not really that long ago .


So no, colonialism was much worse than vulture capitalism is today and it ended just two generations ago.

So no , colonialism was much worse than vulture capitalism is today and it ended just two generations ago .


Most of the conflicts that are going on right now are in areas that 60 years ago were under foreign control.

Most of the conflicts that are going on right now are in areas that 60 years ago were under foreign control .


But things are getting better.


Until 1989, victory for one side in a civil war was common, while nowadays victories are much rarer.

Until 1989 , victory for one side in a civil war was common , while nowadays victories are much rarer .


At the same time, negotiated endings have jumped from 10% to almost 40%.

At the same time , negotiated endings have jumped from 10 % to almost 40 % .


Why have nation-states stopped attacking each other?

Why have nation - states stopped attacking each other ?


There are four major reasons.


Democracies hardly ever fight each other.

Democracies hardly ever fight each other .


Of all the state-against-state wars fought since 1900, only a minority were fought between democracies.

Of all the state - against - state wars fought since 1900 , only a minority were fought between democracies .


War is just not as effective at achieving economic goals as it used to be.

War is just not as effective at achieving economic goals as it used to be .


Today, it's almost always cheaper to buy resources on the global market than to seize them by force.

Today , it 's almost always cheaper to buy resources on the global market than to seize them by force .


People from other nations are more valuable to us alive than dead, which overall is a pretty new concept.

People from other nations are more valuable to us alive than dead , which overall is a pretty new concept .


Three, war is so 20th century.


Until World War I, warfare was seen as an inevitable part of the human experience and as a valuable tool which you could use to achieve goals when diplomacy hit a brick wall.

Until World War I , warfare was seen as an inevitable part of the human experience and as a valuable tool which you could use to achieve goals when diplomacy hit a brick wall .


Today, we have rules that declare acts of aggression illegal and stipulate that armed forces only justified in self-defense or with the authority of the UN Security Council.

Today , we have rules that declare acts of aggression illegal and stipulate that armed forces only justified in self - defense or with the authority of the UN Security Council .


These rules are still broken, but today it's harder to do so without sparking opposition and disapproval.

These rules are still broken , but today it 's harder to do so without sparking opposition and disapproval .


Also, we have an International Court for War Crimes in The Hague, and that's a very recent innovation.

Also , we have an International Court for War Crimes in The Hague , and that 's a very recent innovation .


Four, borders are mostly fixed now.


After World War II, territorial wars generally stopped when most countries pledged to accept international borders and respect other nations' autonomy.

After World War II , territorial wars generally stopped when most countries pledged to accept international borders and respect other nations ' autonomy .


But is all of this just an anomaly, or are we on the road to lasting peace?

But is all of this just an anomaly , or are we on the road to lasting peace ?


Truth is, we don't know yet.


We need a big enough sample to rule out the historical average, which is about one or two big wars per century.

We need a big enough sample to rule out the historical average , which is about one or two big wars per century .


We just haven't had enough time since World War II to rule out the possibility that war is not going away.

We just have n't had enough time since World War II to rule out the possibility that war is not going away .


If we don't have one major war in the next 75 years, we can be really confident that humanity is changing.

If we do n't have one major war in the next 75 years , we can be really confident that humanity is changing .


So, you see, war might be over.


Yes, there are nasty conflicts going on in many places, but overall things are getting better,

Yes , there are nasty conflicts going on in many places , but overall things are getting better ,


and we can make them even better by speaking up for peace and democracy.

and we can make them even better by speaking up for peace and democracy .


Being a citizen of the European Union means that many aspects of our lives are regulated by a weird entity.

Being a citizen of the European Union means that many aspects of our lives are regulated by a weird entity .


It feels like a huge bureaucracy is making decisions over our heads.

It feels like a huge bureaucracy is making decisions over our heads .


Many Europeans think that their vote in the EU elections doesn't count and that the EU is not democratic.

Many Europeans think that their vote in the EU elections does n't count and that the EU is not democratic .


How democratic is the EU really?


And does your vote actually achieve anything?

And does your vote actually achieve anything ?


In democratic states, public policies are based on the will of the people.

In democratic states , public policies are based on the will of the people .


But the people are not a coherent thing.

But the people are not a coherent thing .


Countless different groups are battling for influence and power to establish laws and rules that benefit them.

Countless different groups are battling for influence and power to establish laws and rules that benefit them .


In a working democracy, there are checks and balances that are supposed to create a fair environment where these battles can be fought.

In a working democracy , there are checks and balances that are supposed to create a fair environment where these battles can be fought .


Term limits stop factions from dominating too much.

Term limits stop factions from dominating too much .


But all of this ends at our borders.


International politics are not democratic, but anarchic.

International politics are not democratic , but anarchic .


No central authority is powerful enough to ensure fairness or enforce laws, so the only law is the tyranny of the strongest and anarchy.

No central authority is powerful enough to ensure fairness or enforce laws , so the only law is the tyranny of the strongest and anarchy .


So for most of human history, powerful countries took what they wanted from others, either by extortion or by violence.

So for most of human history , powerful countries took what they wanted from others , either by extortion or by violence .


After World War II, the United Nations were founded to overcome this anarchy by establishing rules on how countries should behave.

After World War II , the United Nations were founded to overcome this anarchy by establishing rules on how countries should behave .


But since the UN has virtually no power and its members often have opposing interests, it's usually politely ignored.

But since the UN has virtually no power and its members often have opposing interests , it 's usually politely ignored .


The EU is a construct that tries to have rules and laws for its member nations that are actually enforceable, as the European Court of Justice is able to make binding decisions.

The EU is a construct that tries to have rules and laws for its member nations that are actually enforceable , as the European Court of Justice is able to make binding decisions .


Originally, the EU was founded to ensure peace between European nations and prosperity for the continent.

Originally , the EU was founded to ensure peace between European nations and prosperity for the continent .


But it's also an attempt to gain international power for its members.

But it 's also an attempt to gain international power for its members .


It's like a super-state, and it's striving to be democratic and legitimized by all of its citizens.

It 's like a super - state , and it 's striving to be democratic and legitimized by all of its citizens .


To do that, it has to solve the problem of different actors wanting different things.

To do that , it has to solve the problem of different actors wanting different things .


Only that its members are countries with very different priorities.

Only that its members are countries with very different priorities .


So, how does this work?


Since the EU is ridiculously complex, and politicians are even worse than scientists at naming things, we'll simplify massively and omit a lot of details.

Since the EU is ridiculously complex , and politicians are even worse than scientists at naming things , we 'll simplify massively and omit a lot of details .


You can find further reading and explanations in our sources document.

You can find further reading and explanations in our sources document .


Okay, if you want to create a democratic union of independent nations, you have two options.

Okay , if you want to create a democratic union of independent nations , you have two options .


One, let everybody vote for national politicians who then make decisions for the union together.

One , let everybody vote for national politicians who then make decisions for the union together .


Or, two, let every citizen vote directly for an independent institution that's able to make binding decisions.

Or , two , let every citizen vote directly for an independent institution that 's able to make binding decisions .


Both approaches have their upsides and downsides, and the EU ended up with a mix of both of them.

Both approaches have their upsides and downsides , and the EU ended up with a mix of both of them .


Next to the European Court of Justice, there are four main institutions that we'll talk about today.

Next to the European Court of Justice , there are four main institutions that we 'll talk about today .


The third one is the European Commission, which is the de facto government of the EU, having one commissioner for each member state.

The third one is the European Commission , which is the de facto government of the EU , having one commissioner for each member state .


The Parliament is the only part of the EU that is directly elected by you, dear citizen, in the European elections.

The Parliament is the only part of the EU that is directly elected by you , dear citizen , in the European elections .


In principle, all of these institutions of the EU originate from your direct or indirect vote, be it at the national or EU level.

In principle , all of these institutions of the EU originate from your direct or indirect vote , be it at the national or EU level .


But some do more than others.


For example, you vote for your national representative and therefore contribute to form a national government whose head of state has a seat in the European Council.

For example , you vote for your national representative and therefore contribute to form a national government whose head of state has a seat in the European Council .


These leaders choose the president of the EU Commission and its fellow commissioners, who eventually are confirmed by the EU Parliament.

These leaders choose the president of the EU Commission and its fellow commissioners , who eventually are confirmed by the EU Parliament .


So this is a sort of indirect democracy.

So this is a sort of indirect democracy .


You didn't vote for the Commission, but you voted for the people who appointed them and for those who confirmed and policed them.

You did n't vote for the Commission , but you voted for the people who appointed them and for those who confirmed and policed them .


So, in effect, 2.5 of the four main European Union institutions depend on the member state governments.

So , in effect , 2.5 of the four main European Union institutions depend on the member state governments .


But since you, as a citizen, can only directly vote for the European Parliament, the question is, how powerful is it?

But since you , as a citizen , can only directly vote for the European Parliament , the question is , how powerful is it ?


How much influence does your vote have?

How much influence does your vote have ?


The European Parliament started out with very little influence, but has become more and more powerful over the past two decades.

The European Parliament started out with very little influence , but has become more and more powerful over the past two decades .


Today it has to approve new laws, which can be binding for the member countries.

Today it has to approve new laws , which can be binding for the member countries .


It also votes on how the EU budget is spent and on international treaties.

It also votes on how the EU budget is spent and on international treaties .


All of this makes the Parliament very powerful and thus your vote very influential, even on an international level.

All of this makes the Parliament very powerful and thus your vote very influential , even on an international level .


Compared to national parliaments, one major power is still missing, though.

Compared to national parliaments , one major power is still missing , though .


The EU Parliament officially can't propose new laws on its own,

The EU Parliament officially ca n't propose new laws on its own ,


Right now, the member states' governments pretty much control the European Union.

Right now , the member states ' governments pretty much control the European Union .


Giving the Parliament more power would make the EU as a whole more democratic, but it would also take power from member states.

Giving the Parliament more power would make the EU as a whole more democratic , but it would also take power from member states .


It's not clear which approach is better.

It 's not clear which approach is better .


Ultimately, it's for the member states and us as citizens to decide how the Union should develop.

Ultimately , it 's for the member states and us as citizens to decide how the Union should develop .


Okay, so can we draw a conclusion here?

Okay , so can we draw a conclusion here ?


As a whole, the EU is not as democratic as most of its member states.

As a whole , the EU is not as democratic as most of its member states .


But it is democratic.


If you don't like decisions they make, regarding copyright for example, you can look up what your representatives voted for and vote them out.

If you do n't like decisions they make , regarding copyright for example , you can look up what your representatives voted for and vote them out .


The struggle to make it more democratic is closely tied to who holds power over what.

The struggle to make it more democratic is closely tied to who holds power over what .


The EU keeps changing.


There are many partisan politicians that vowed to make the EU Parliament, and therefore your vote, stronger.

There are many partisan politicians that vowed to make the EU Parliament , and therefore your vote , stronger .


Many others want to keep it as it is, or even diminish it.

Many others want to keep it as it is , or even diminish it .


It's for you to decide what you think is better for the future of the Union.

It 's for you to decide what you think is better for the future of the Union .


Currently, it's equally important for the EU who you vote for at home.

Currently , it 's equally important for the EU who you vote for at home .


Because these are the people who have the most influence in the European Union right now.

Because these are the people who have the most influence in the European Union right now .


At home is also where the EU is often used as a scapegoat.

At home is also where the EU is often used as a scapegoat .


Politicians, especially before national elections, like to pretend the EU is all-powerful and makes up rules and laws over the heads of the governments and citizens.

Politicians , especially before national elections , like to pretend the EU is all - powerful and makes up rules and laws over the heads of the governments and citizens .


Although often they were directly responsible for what the EU did.

Although often they were directly responsible for what the EU did .


Democracy is annoying and complicated and often very boring.

Democracy is annoying and complicated and often very boring .


But voting and caring about how our political institutions change and develop is one of the most powerful things we can do as citizens.

But voting and caring about how our political institutions change and develop is one of the most powerful things we can do as citizens .


The last few years have shown that extreme things can happen through elections.

The last few years have shown that extreme things can happen through elections .


We have to decide if we want to be an active part of this process.

We have to decide if we want to be an active part of this process .


And we might not like what they decide for us.

And we might not like what they decide for us .


Because Europe is an important topic for us, we've translated this video into as many European languages as possible.

Because Europe is an important topic for us , we 've translated this video into as many European languages as possible .


A couple of European YouTubers narrated it and uploaded it to their own channels.

A couple of European YouTubers narrated it and uploaded it to their own channels .


Thank you to Funk and all YouTubers who helped us.

Thank you to Funk and all YouTubers who helped us .


You can find the playlist with all language versions in the description.

You can find the playlist with all language versions in the description .


Do you think the European Union is worth it, or should we end it?

Do you think the European Union is worth it , or should we end it ?


Many people feel a strong disconnect with the EU, while others praise its achievements.

Many people feel a strong disconnect with the EU , while others praise its achievements .


Everything considered, is its existence good or bad for Europeans?

Everything considered , is its existence good or bad for Europeans ?


Since it looks like the UK is leaving the EU, we'll mostly treat it as if it's no longer part of the club.

Since it looks like the UK is leaving the EU , we 'll mostly treat it as if it 's no longer part of the club .


The European Union, combining its 27 member countries, has a population of about 450 million people, making it the third most populous sort of country in the world.

The European Union , combining its 27 member countries , has a population of about 450 million people , making it the third most populous sort of country in the world .


It's the world's second largest economy by GDP, and has the biggest single market in the world.

It 's the world 's second largest economy by GDP , and has the biggest single market in the world .


But originally, the creation of the European Union was all about one thing.

But originally , the creation of the European Union was all about one thing .


Europeans are really good at war, so they were embroiled in bloody conflicts for basically all their history.

Europeans are really good at war , so they were embroiled in bloody conflicts for basically all their history .


A century-long rivalry between Germany and France alone cost millions of lives, and ran so deeply that Germans invented their own word for it, Ebbfeinschaft.

A century - long rivalry between Germany and France alone cost millions of lives , and ran so deeply that Germans invented their own word for it , Ebbfeinschaft .


After the Second World War, Europeans decided they wanted lasting peace that was not based on a balance of military power.

After the Second World War , Europeans decided they wanted lasting peace that was not based on a balance of military power .


Instead, the economies, politics and peoples of Europe should become so closely interconnected that war would become both impractical and unthinkable.

Instead , the economies , politics and peoples of Europe should become so closely interconnected that war would become both impractical and unthinkable .


The plan worked.


Between EU members, we've had over 70 years of peace.

Between EU members , we 've had over 70 years of peace .


Okay, peace is great and all, but what are the European Union's achievements and problems?

Okay , peace is great and all , but what are the European Union 's achievements and problems ?


Today, EU citizens benefit from many individual freedoms.

Today , EU citizens benefit from many individual freedoms .


EU treaties and regulations ensure easy travel, cheap telecommunications, a great variety of goods and services, as well as very strong health and safety standards.

EU treaties and regulations ensure easy travel , cheap telecommunications , a great variety of goods and services , as well as very strong health and safety standards .


European institutions are not afraid to pick a fight with companies such as Microsoft, Apple or Facebook about fair competition, tax evasion or data protection.

European institutions are not afraid to pick a fight with companies such as Microsoft , Apple or Facebook about fair competition , tax evasion or data protection .


Through the EU science programmes, the European countries became a collaborative engine that serves as a hub of science in the wider world.

Through the EU science programmes , the European countries became a collaborative engine that serves as a hub of science in the wider world .


Unrestricted travel and the right to work anywhere makes it easy to apply for funds and set up international teams of experts with the best equipment.

Unrestricted travel and the right to work anywhere makes it easy to apply for funds and set up international teams of experts with the best equipment .


In turn, the EU became the world leader in terms of its global share of science researchers and produces more than 25% of the world's research output, with only 5% of its population.

In turn , the EU became the world leader in terms of its global share of science researchers and produces more than 25 % of the world 's research output , with only 5 % of its population .


But many citizens feel distrust towards the EU.

But many citizens feel distrust towards the EU .


Brussels seems far away and untransparent, technocratic and difficult to understand.

Brussels seems far away and untransparent , technocratic and difficult to understand .


It doesn't help that the EU is terrible at outreach and explaining what it actually does.

It does n't help that the EU is terrible at outreach and explaining what it actually does .


This disconnect has also led to an ever-shrinking voter turnout over the decades.

This disconnect has also led to an ever - shrinking voter turnout over the decades .


More transparency and accountability are desperately needed if the EU institutions want the trust of their citizens.

More transparency and accountability are desperately needed if the EU institutions want the trust of their citizens .


Currently, the EU is still shaken by the refugee crisis of 2015.

Currently , the EU is still shaken by the refugee crisis of 2015 .


Some countries have accepted far greater numbers of asylum seekers than others, while the border countries are overwhelmed and feel left alone.

Some countries have accepted far greater numbers of asylum seekers than others , while the border countries are overwhelmed and feel left alone .


Other countries are shocked by the initially unregulated mass immigration and closed their borders, effectively shutting down the largest route into Europe.

Other countries are shocked by the initially unregulated mass immigration and closed their borders , effectively shutting down the largest route into Europe .


The EU's wealth and freedom make it an attractive destination, and this is unlikely to change.

The EU 's wealth and freedom make it an attractive destination , and this is unlikely to change .


The population is split on how to react to that.

The population is split on how to react to that .


Some argue that Europe let in too many immigrants with a different culture without strictly demanding integration,

Some argue that Europe let in too many immigrants with a different culture without strictly demanding integration ,


while others argue that immigration is not the problem, but that racism and discrimination of immigrants is preventing integration.

while others argue that immigration is not the problem , but that racism and discrimination of immigrants is preventing integration .


To strike a balance between helping refugees, turning illegal immigrants away and successfully integrating the ones that stay remains one of the most difficult and controversial challenges of the Union.

To strike a balance between helping refugees , turning illegal immigrants away and successfully integrating the ones that stay remains one of the most difficult and controversial challenges of the Union .


Immigration aside, many more challenges lie in the future, like defence.

Immigration aside , many more challenges lie in the future , like defence .


Traditionally, European countries have relied strongly on the protection of the US through NATO.

Traditionally , European countries have relied strongly on the protection of the US through NATO .


But in the current political climate, Europe has to ask itself if it really wants to depend on the United States for its safety.

But in the current political climate , Europe has to ask itself if it really wants to depend on the United States for its safety .


If combined today, the militaries of EU members could form an effective defensive force and be the third largest military in the world.

If combined today , the militaries of EU members could form an effective defensive force and be the third largest military in the world .


That could save a lot of money, safeguard European borders, and enhance cultural understanding with soldiers from 27 different countries serving one common purpose.

That could save a lot of money , safeguard European borders , and enhance cultural understanding with soldiers from 27 different countries serving one common purpose .


Well, it's complicated.


The EU created the largest single market in the world.

The EU created the largest single market in the world .


Inside it, you can trade border and customs free.

Inside it , you can trade border and customs free .


Countries that entered it got a massive boost to their economies.

Countries that entered it got a massive boost to their economies .


Even between neighbours, trade increased by up to 500% and there was a steady creation of new jobs.

Even between neighbours , trade increased by up to 500 % and there was a steady creation of new jobs .


Research has suggested that joining the EU has left most new members with an average of a 12% higher GDP than if they had remained outside.

Research has suggested that joining the EU has left most new members with an average of a 12 % higher GDP than if they had remained outside .


And for those regions with weaker economies and poor infrastructure, EU institutions provide billions of euros every year,

And for those regions with weaker economies and poor infrastructure , EU institutions provide billions of euros every year ,


On the negative side, the EU tries to hold together countries with vastly different economies and laws regarding labour, taxes and social security.

On the negative side , the EU tries to hold together countries with vastly different economies and laws regarding labour , taxes and social security .


The cost of one hour of work in an EU country ranges from 4 euros an hour to 40 euros an hour.

The cost of one hour of work in an EU country ranges from 4 euros an hour to 40 euros an hour .


Some countries have large industries and strong exports, while others focus on services, tourism or natural resources.

Some countries have large industries and strong exports , while others focus on services , tourism or natural resources .


On top of this, the euro is the common currency of some, but not all, of these countries.

On top of this , the euro is the common currency of some , but not all , of these countries .


As the Greek crisis shows, this can be a recipe for disaster.

As the Greek crisis shows , this can be a recipe for disaster .


You cannot unify vastly different economies under one currency, but leave their economic policies separate.

You can not unify vastly different economies under one currency , but leave their economic policies separate .


So, should all EU countries unite under the common currency or not?

So , should all EU countries unite under the common currency or not ?


Should the weakest links be thrown out of the euro, or should countries be made to adopt common policies on taxes, healthcare and social security?

Should the weakest links be thrown out of the euro , or should countries be made to adopt common policies on taxes , healthcare and social security ?


It's a question that's been brewing for years and is nowhere near a solution.

It 's a question that 's been brewing for years and is nowhere near a solution .


So, everything briefly considered, is the European Union worth it?

So , everything briefly considered , is the European Union worth it ?


Here is our answer.


The EU is very flawed and still needs a lot of work, but it's fair to say that the European Union makes Europeans powerful in the world.

The EU is very flawed and still needs a lot of work , but it 's fair to say that the European Union makes Europeans powerful in the world .


Put together, we lead in science, are one of the strongest economic powers and could have one of the strongest militaries in the world.

Put together , we lead in science , are one of the strongest economic powers and could have one of the strongest militaries in the world .


But more importantly, the EU gives us peace, security and a sense of shared identity.

But more importantly , the EU gives us peace , security and a sense of shared identity .


If we want to protect the values we're so proud of, a strong European Union is the best way to make sure our voice is heard in the world.

If we want to protect the values we 're so proud of , a strong European Union is the best way to make sure our voice is heard in the world .


Alone, as small states, we'll hardly stand a chance in a world of shifting superpowers.

Alone , as small states , we 'll hardly stand a chance in a world of shifting superpowers .


What do you think about the EU and its future?

What do you think about the EU and its future ?


In recent years, the discussion about political topics has become super toxic with sad real-world consequences.

In recent years , the discussion about political topics has become super toxic with sad real - world consequences .


Let's not do that.


If you don't agree with this video, you're not our enemy, you just have a different opinion and that's fine.

If you do n't agree with this video , you 're not our enemy , you just have a different opinion and that 's fine .


We're all in the same boat after all, so let's have a fact-based discussion about our future.

We 're all in the same boat after all , so let 's have a fact - based discussion about our future .


The universe is pretty big and very strange.

The universe is pretty big and very strange .


But as enormous as the universe seems looking up, it seems to get even larger when you start looking down.

But as enormous as the universe seems looking up , it seems to get even larger when you start looking down .


You are towering over worlds within worlds within worlds, each in plain sight and yet hidden from your experience.

You are towering over worlds within worlds within worlds , each in plain sight and yet hidden from your experience .


Let's go on a journey.


We'll start in a park about a thousand meters long, enough for a 15-minute walk.

We 'll start in a park about a thousand meters long , enough for a 15 - minute walk .


Every time we click this magic button, we'll become a thousand times smaller.

Every time we click this magic button , we 'll become a thousand times smaller .


Please slip into this magic science suit so you don't die and can still see.

Please slip into this magic science suit so you do n't die and can still see .


Let's go!


You are the size of a grain of sand just two millimeters high, standing on a blade of grass that seems as tall as an eight-story building to you.

You are the size of a grain of sand just two millimeters high , standing on a blade of grass that seems as tall as an eight - story building to you .


A square meter of lawn is now a dense metropolitan area with 100,000 blades or two Manhattans worth of grass towers.

A square meter of lawn is now a dense metropolitan area with 100,000 blades or two Manhattans worth of grass towers .


From your new tiny perspective, the park that you could quickly stroll through before is now the size of France.

From your new tiny perspective , the park that you could quickly stroll through before is now the size of France .


Crossing it would take at least a week.

Crossing it would take at least a week .


Human-sized humans loom over you, four times taller than the Empire State Building, their steps falling from horizon to horizon.

Human - sized humans loom over you , four times taller than the Empire State Building , their steps falling from horizon to horizon .


A bee the size of a helicopter lands near you, making the ground shake as its hairy carapace vibrates with each wingbeat.

A bee the size of a helicopter lands near you , making the ground shake as its hairy carapace vibrates with each wingbeat .


You try to escape but are barely able to move because the air is so gooey.

You try to escape but are barely able to move because the air is so gooey .


Before you clicked the button, air resistance was barely noticeable, but as you're now a thousand times smaller, it's as if the air has become a thousand times denser.

Before you clicked the button , air resistance was barely noticeable , but as you 're now a thousand times smaller , it 's as if the air has become a thousand times denser .


It feels like you're moving through honey.

It feels like you 're moving through honey .


Flying insects like bees use this to their advantage.

Flying insects like bees use this to their advantage .


Their wings are not made for gliding, but like paddles that row through the air.

Their wings are not made for gliding , but like paddles that row through the air .


Scaled up to human size, the bee would outrun a Concorde jet, except it couldn't even take off because it would be too heavy for its wings.

Scaled up to human size , the bee would outrun a Concorde jet , except it could n't even take off because it would be too heavy for its wings .


You've entered the microscopic realm and are now less than two micrometers tall, about the size of an E. coli bacteria.

You 've entered the microscopic realm and are now less than two micrometers tall , about the size of an E. coli bacteria .


From your new tiny perspective, the park you started in is now a million kilometers wide to you.

From your new tiny perspective , the park you started in is now a million kilometers wide to you .


If you walked non-stop, it would take some 25 years to cross it.

If you walked non - stop , it would take some 25 years to cross it .


It's hard to grasp just how huge the microscopic world is to its tiny inhabitants.

It 's hard to grasp just how huge the microscopic world is to its tiny inhabitants .


The giant bee that was close a moment ago is now the size of Mount Everest, towering high into the sky, but alive, humming, and vibrating.

The giant bee that was close a moment ago is now the size of Mount Everest , towering high into the sky , but alive , humming , and vibrating .


The air here feels almost solid to you.

The air here feels almost solid to you .


On the human scale, it would be as viscous as lava, extremely hard to push through.

On the human scale , it would be as viscous as lava , extremely hard to push through .


The blade of grass now expands so far you can't see its edges, stretching as wide as Paris would to a regular-sized human.

The blade of grass now expands so far you ca n't see its edges , stretching as wide as Paris would to a regular - sized human .


You see valleys that look like dried-up riverbeds, dead patches like deserts, and giant craters left behind by voracious aphids.

You see valleys that look like dried - up riverbeds , dead patches like deserts , and giant craters left behind by voracious aphids .


But if you look closely, this is not terrain.

But if you look closely , this is not terrain .


These are rows of individual cells, each the size of a house with hard exteriors like glass shells.

These are rows of individual cells , each the size of a house with hard exteriors like glass shells .


Every few cells, there are huge openings called stomata, like mouths, sucking in air and blowing out oxygen.

Every few cells , there are huge openings called stomata , like mouths , sucking in air and blowing out oxygen .


Suddenly, the gigantic bee begins to move, a construct made of rigid pieces that slide against each other like a suit of armor.

Suddenly , the gigantic bee begins to move , a construct made of rigid pieces that slide against each other like a suit of armor .


It takes off to escape a drop of water the size of an asteroid that fell from another blade of grass and is now rushing at you at breathtaking speeds.

It takes off to escape a drop of water the size of an asteroid that fell from another blade of grass and is now rushing at you at breathtaking speeds .


You brace for impact, but instead of feeling a strong punch, you just get sucked in.

You brace for impact , but instead of feeling a strong punch , you just get sucked in .


You try to swim, but the water feels thick and sticky and holds onto your limbs like glue.

You try to swim , but the water feels thick and sticky and holds onto your limbs like glue .


Air molecules are free spirits, while water molecules act more like social creatures that group together whenever possible.

Air molecules are free spirits , while water molecules act more like social creatures that group together whenever possible .


They pull on each other and create a relatively strong cohesive force that traps you.

They pull on each other and create a relatively strong cohesive force that traps you .


You can't help it, but you're still moving, tumbling in all directions, helplessly dragged along by an invisible current.

You ca n't help it , but you 're still moving , tumbling in all directions , helplessly dragged along by an invisible current .


Floating in this miniature lake are tens of thousands of microorganisms.

Floating in this miniature lake are tens of thousands of microorganisms .


They take on many forms.


Viruses the size of tennis balls float around you aimlessly.

Viruses the size of tennis balls float around you aimlessly .


Others, like Euglena oxyuris cells, pass you like freight trains.

Others , like Euglena oxyuris cells , pass you like freight trains .


But most look like oily jellyfish the size of a car, sporting long tentacles that act like supercharged propellers.

But most look like oily jellyfish the size of a car , sporting long tentacles that act like supercharged propellers .


Despite the water holding onto them like glue, some move hundreds of body lengths per second, equivalent to a person shoveling through mud at over 600 kilometers an hour.

Despite the water holding onto them like glue , some move hundreds of body lengths per second , equivalent to a person shoveling through mud at over 600 kilometers an hour .


However, bacteria weigh so little and water is so viscous that they basically have no inertia.

However , bacteria weigh so little and water is so viscous that they basically have no inertia .


There is no gliding on this scale.


The result is a weird jerky motion that's hard to keep track of.

The result is a weird jerky motion that 's hard to keep track of .


Maybe we can learn more about this strange motion if we go even deeper.

Maybe we can learn more about this strange motion if we go even deeper .


You've become the size of a molecule, just under 2 nanometers wide.

You 've become the size of a molecule , just under 2 nanometers wide .


At your new tiny scale, the droplet now seems as big as the moon to a regular human.

At your new tiny scale , the droplet now seems as big as the moon to a regular human .


The blade of grass it rests on could reach from the tip of Alaska to the end of Australia, and the park is now almost the size of the solar system.

The blade of grass it rests on could reach from the tip of Alaska to the end of Australia , and the park is now almost the size of the solar system .


But instead of mostly empty space, it is filled with stuff.

But instead of mostly empty space , it is filled with stuff .


Everywhere you look, there are innumerable amounts of molecules and atoms.

Everywhere you look , there are innumerable amounts of molecules and atoms .


The rigid walls of the grass cells beneath you are clearly vibrating, rippling with waves of energy.

The rigid walls of the grass cells beneath you are clearly vibrating , rippling with waves of energy .


The water droplet contains nearly a sextillion water molecules that are all in motion.

The water droplet contains nearly a sextillion water molecules that are all in motion .


Water is actually a storm of H2O molecules smashing into each other hundreds of trillions of times a second.

Water is actually a storm of H2O molecules smashing into each other hundreds of trillions of times a second .


Each of them is moving at speeds of around 2,300 kilometers an hour and bombard their surroundings mercilessly, sending small objects hurtling in all directions.

Each of them is moving at speeds of around 2,300 kilometers an hour and bombard their surroundings mercilessly , sending small objects hurtling in all directions .


This is the source of the invisible current that you noticed when you were a thousand times larger.

This is the source of the invisible current that you noticed when you were a thousand times larger .


Scaling this speed up to the human scale is impossible, as a human-sized molecule would be 2,000 times faster than the speed of light.

Scaling this speed up to the human scale is impossible , as a human - sized molecule would be 2,000 times faster than the speed of light .


All this furious motion comes from heat.

All this furious motion comes from heat .


Heat is a bit abstract at our human scale, where you touch something and get a vague sense of whether it's hot or cold.

Heat is a bit abstract at our human scale , where you touch something and get a vague sense of whether it 's hot or cold .


But down here, you really feel what heat is.

But down here , you really feel what heat is .


When these molecules lose heat, they move more slowly and collide less often.

When these molecules lose heat , they move more slowly and collide less often .


When they gain heat, they speed up and smash together with renewed fervor.

When they gain heat , they speed up and smash together with renewed fervor .


Temperature is basically the measure of the average speed of these fantastic dancers performing all day.

Temperature is basically the measure of the average speed of these fantastic dancers performing all day .


Suddenly, a molecule hits you especially hard, and you're catapulted out of the water droplet into the air again.

Suddenly , a molecule hits you especially hard , and you 're catapulted out of the water droplet into the air again .


And here, you see something unexpected.

And here , you see something unexpected .


Between the molecules that make up the air, there is a vacuum.

Between the molecules that make up the air , there is a vacuum .


On average, a molecule in the air travels for about 60 nanometers, which is about the length of a hockey rink if it were the size of a human.

On average , a molecule in the air travels for about 60 nanometers , which is about the length of a hockey rink if it were the size of a human .


If we were to compress all the molecules and atoms buzzing around in the room you're watching this in, they would only fill about 0.1% of its volume.

If we were to compress all the molecules and atoms buzzing around in the room you 're watching this in , they would only fill about 0.1 % of its volume .


99.9% of the space around you is a vacuum.

99.9 % of the space around you is a vacuum .


You just don't notice it.


At your size of under 2 picometers, scale starts to lose its meaning.

At your size of under 2 picometers , scale starts to lose its meaning .


A human would be nearly 2 billion kilometers tall relative to you, so large they could stretch their arms from the Sun to Saturn.

A human would be nearly 2 billion kilometers tall relative to you , so large they could stretch their arms from the Sun to Saturn .


An atomic nucleus would be the size of a grain of sand you could hold on the tip of your finger.

An atomic nucleus would be the size of a grain of sand you could hold on the tip of your finger .


That grain holds 99.97% of the atom's mass.

That grain holds 99.97 % of the atom 's mass .


The rest, a sphere of influence about as large as the Eiffel Tower from your perspective, is filled with an electron cloud.

The rest , a sphere of influence about as large as the Eiffel Tower from your perspective , is filled with an electron cloud .


That's basically all the places where electrons might be at any given moment in time.

That 's basically all the places where electrons might be at any given moment in time .


Electrons are shape-shifters that morph around outside a nucleus, creating a new and vibrating mess of different shapes with every new moment.

Electrons are shape - shifters that morph around outside a nucleus , creating a new and vibrating mess of different shapes with every new moment .


Unlike the graceful motion of planets, the atomic nuclei are chaotic blurs.

Unlike the graceful motion of planets , the atomic nuclei are chaotic blurs .


They bulge, roll, quiver, and breathe.

They bulge , roll , quiver , and breathe .


They hold back the same energy that powers nuclear bombs, and it doesn't let them sit still.

They hold back the same energy that powers nuclear bombs , and it does n't let them sit still .


They twist and vibrate sextillions of times a second.

They twist and vibrate sextillions of times a second .


It's time to end our journey and return to...

It 's time to end our journey and return to ...


What are you doing?


Stop it!


We have reached the bottom, the border between reality and unreality.

We have reached the bottom , the border between reality and unreality .


The scale here is the Planck length, which is the distance light travels in a Planck time.

The scale here is the Planck length , which is the distance light travels in a Planck time .


Planck time is the time it takes light to travel a Planck length.

Planck time is the time it takes light to travel a Planck length .


None of our models of the universe make sense at scales smaller than this, so for now, this is it.

None of our models of the universe make sense at scales smaller than this , so for now , this is it .


We think that down here, particles bubble into existence and then spontaneously disappear, creating a quantum foam of unimaginable energy.

We think that down here , particles bubble into existence and then spontaneously disappear , creating a quantum foam of unimaginable energy .


Can we go even smaller?


We don't know.


It's time to return.


If you look up, the universe is large and strange.

If you look up , the universe is large and strange .


But if you look down, into the tiny and extremely tiny, the universe seems even larger and even stranger.

But if you look down , into the tiny and extremely tiny , the universe seems even larger and even stranger .


In the end, the perfect place might be where you are right now.

In the end , the perfect place might be where you are right now .


I'm ready.


We did it!


It worked!


Right under our noses, there's so much hidden that we never get to see with our own eyes.

Right under our noses , there 's so much hidden that we never get to see with our own eyes .


What a magical place this is.


But we don't have time to hang out with these calm fellows any longer.

But we do n't have time to hang out with these calm fellows any longer .


Shh! Now we're in the kingdom of the mighty tardigrades.

Shh ! Now we 're in the kingdom of the mighty tardigrades .


Don't disturb them in their death-like slumber.

Do n't disturb them in their death - like slumber .


Don't worry though, they'll wake up once the conditions are less rough.

Do n't worry though , they 'll wake up once the conditions are less rough .


Your cells are hustling to keep you alive, coordinating myriads of proteins.

Your cells are hustling to keep you alive , coordinating myriads of proteins .


This might be the weirdest place yet, with no up or down.

This might be the weirdest place yet , with no up or down .


There's way too much going on.


Now, we're inside one of the parts that allow you to watch this video.

Now , we 're inside one of the parts that allow you to watch this video .


The structure of a microchip is so small, it nearly breaks the rules of the quantum realm.

The structure of a microchip is so small , it nearly breaks the rules of the quantum realm .


Wait, something's happening.


These hidden worlds are all part of our 12,023 Human Era Calendar.

These hidden worlds are all part of our 12,023 Human Era Calendar .


This time, you can join us on a journey through the microcosm.

This time , you can join us on a journey through the microcosm .


With each turn of the page, you will reveal a new world you didn't know existed, right beneath your feet.

With each turn of the page , you will reveal a new world you did n't know existed , right beneath your feet .


You know the drill by now.


As always, it's a super high-quality calendar, very shiny, and only available for a short time.

As always , it 's a super high - quality calendar , very shiny , and only available for a short time .


We also have a few special deals for you in our shop.

We also have a few special deals for you in our shop .


The calendar is a true piece of Kurzgesagt you can take home with you.

The calendar is a true piece of Kurzgesagt you can take home with you .


And we say this every year, but it's true.

And we say this every year , but it 's true .


Every calendar purchase directly supports what we do here at Kurzgesagt.

Every calendar purchase directly supports what we do here at Kurzgesagt .


And that's not just creating videos, but sparking curiosity all around the world.

And that 's not just creating videos , but sparking curiosity all around the world .


So because of you, we can spread knowledge and ignite an appreciation for space, nature, and life in people everywhere.

So because of you , we can spread knowledge and ignite an appreciation for space , nature , and life in people everywhere .


Thank you so much for making this possible.

Thank you so much for making this possible .


See you down in January.


Everybody feels lonely from time to time.

Everybody feels lonely from time to time .


When we have no one to sit next to at lunch, when we move to a new city, or when nobody has time for us at the weekend.

When we have no one to sit next to at lunch , when we move to a new city , or when nobody has time for us at the weekend .


But over the last few decades, this occasional feeling has become chronic for millions.

But over the last few decades , this occasional feeling has become chronic for millions .


In the UK, 60% of 18 to 34 year olds say they often feel lonely.

In the UK , 60 % of 18 to 34 year olds say they often feel lonely .


In the US, 46% of the entire population feel lonely regularly.

In the US , 46 % of the entire population feel lonely regularly .


We are living in the most connected time in human history, and yet an unprecedented number of us feel isolated.

We are living in the most connected time in human history , and yet an unprecedented number of us feel isolated .


Being lonely and being alone are not the same thing.

Being lonely and being alone are not the same thing .


You can be filled with bliss by yourself and hate every second surrounded by friends.

You can be filled with bliss by yourself and hate every second surrounded by friends .


Loneliness is a purely subjective, individual experience.

Loneliness is a purely subjective , individual experience .


If you feel lonely, you are lonely.


A common stereotype is that loneliness only happens to people who don't know how to talk to people or how to behave around others.

A common stereotype is that loneliness only happens to people who do n't know how to talk to people or how to behave around others .


But population-based studies have shown that social skills make practically no difference for adults when it comes to social connections.

But population - based studies have shown that social skills make practically no difference for adults when it comes to social connections .


Loneliness can affect everybody.


Nothing can protect you against loneliness because it's part of your biology.

Nothing can protect you against loneliness because it 's part of your biology .


Loneliness is a bodily function, like hunger.

Loneliness is a bodily function , like hunger .


Hunger makes you pay attention to your physical needs.

Hunger makes you pay attention to your physical needs .


Loneliness makes you pay attention to your social needs.

Loneliness makes you pay attention to your social needs .


Your body cares about your social needs because millions of years ago it was a great indicator of how likely you were to survive.

Your body cares about your social needs because millions of years ago it was a great indicator of how likely you were to survive .


Natural selection rewarded our ancestors for collaboration and for forming connections with each other.

Natural selection rewarded our ancestors for collaboration and for forming connections with each other .


Our brains grew and became more and more fine-tuned to recognize what others thought and felt and to form and sustain social bonds.

Our brains grew and became more and more fine - tuned to recognize what others thought and felt and to form and sustain social bonds .


Being social became part of our biology.

Being social became part of our biology .


You were born into groups of 50 to 150 people which you usually stayed with for the rest of your life.

You were born into groups of 50 to 150 people which you usually stayed with for the rest of your life .


Getting enough calories, staying safe and warm or caring for offspring was practically impossible alone.

Getting enough calories , staying safe and warm or caring for offspring was practically impossible alone .


Being together meant survival.


Being alone meant death.


So it was crucial that you got along with others.

So it was crucial that you got along with others .


For your ancestors the most dangerous threat to survival was not being eaten by a lion but not getting the social vibe of your group and being excluded.

For your ancestors the most dangerous threat to survival was not being eaten by a lion but not getting the social vibe of your group and being excluded .


To avoid that your body came up with social pain.

To avoid that your body came up with social pain .


Pain of this kind is an evolutionary adaptation to rejection.

Pain of this kind is an evolutionary adaptation to rejection .


Your ancestors who experienced rejection as more painful were more likely to change their behavior when they got rejected


That's why rejections hurt and even more so why loneliness is so painful.

That 's why rejections hurt and even more so why loneliness is so painful .


These mechanisms for keeping us connected worked great for most of our history until humans began building a new world for themselves.

These mechanisms for keeping us connected worked great for most of our history until humans began building a new world for themselves .


The loneliness epidemic we see today really only started in the late Renaissance.

The loneliness epidemic we see today really only started in the late Renaissance .


Western culture began to focus on the individual.

Western culture began to focus on the individual .


Intellectuals moved away from the collectivism of the Middle Ages while the young Protestant theology stressed individual responsibility.

Intellectuals moved away from the collectivism of the Middle Ages while the young Protestant theology stressed individual responsibility .


This trend accelerated during the Industrial Revolution.

This trend accelerated during the Industrial Revolution .


People left their villages and fields to enter factories.

People left their villages and fields to enter factories .


Communities that had existed for hundreds of years began to dissolve while cities grew.

Communities that had existed for hundreds of years began to dissolve while cities grew .


As our world rapidly became modern this trend sped up more and more.

As our world rapidly became modern this trend sped up more and more .


Today we move vast distances for new jobs, love and education and leave our social net behind.

Today we move vast distances for new jobs , love and education and leave our social net behind .


We meet fewer people in person and we meet them less often than in the past.

We meet fewer people in person and we meet them less often than in the past .


In the US the mean number of close friends dropped from three in 1985 to two in 2011.

In the US the mean number of close friends dropped from three in 1985 to two in 2011 .


Most people stumble into chronic loneliness by accident.

Most people stumble into chronic loneliness by accident .


You reach adulthood and become busy with work, university, romance, kids and Netflix.

You reach adulthood and become busy with work , university , romance , kids and Netflix .


There's just not enough time.


The most convenient and easy thing to sacrifice is time with friends.

The most convenient and easy thing to sacrifice is time with friends .


Until you wake up one day and realize that you feel isolated, that you yearn for close relationships.

Until you wake up one day and realize that you feel isolated , that you yearn for close relationships .


But it's hard to find close connections as adults and so loneliness can become chronic.

But it 's hard to find close connections as adults and so loneliness can become chronic .


While humans feel pretty great about things like iPhones and spaceships, our bodies and minds are fundamentally the same they were 50,000 years ago.

While humans feel pretty great about things like iPhones and spaceships , our bodies and minds are fundamentally the same they were 50,000 years ago .


We are still biologically fine-tuned to being with each other.

We are still biologically fine - tuned to being with each other .


Large-scale studies have shown that the stress that comes from chronic loneliness is among the most unhealthy things we can experience as humans.

Large - scale studies have shown that the stress that comes from chronic loneliness is among the most unhealthy things we can experience as humans .


It makes you age quicker, it makes cancer deadlier, Alzheimer's advance faster, your immune systems weaker.

It makes you age quicker , it makes cancer deadlier , Alzheimer 's advance faster , your immune systems weaker .


Loneliness is twice as deadly as obesity and as deadly as smoking a pack of cigarettes a day.

Loneliness is twice as deadly as obesity and as deadly as smoking a pack of cigarettes a day .


The most dangerous thing about it is that once it becomes chronic, it can become self-sustaining.

The most dangerous thing about it is that once it becomes chronic , it can become self - sustaining .


Physical and social pain use common mechanisms in your brain.

Physical and social pain use common mechanisms in your brain .


Both feel like a threat and so social pain leads to immediate and defensive behavior when it's inflicted on you.

Both feel like a threat and so social pain leads to immediate and defensive behavior when it 's inflicted on you .


When loneliness becomes chronic, your brain goes into self-preservation mode.

When loneliness becomes chronic , your brain goes into self - preservation mode .


It starts to see danger and hostility everywhere.

It starts to see danger and hostility everywhere .


But that's not all.


Some studies found that when you're lonely, your brain is much more receptive and alert to social signals,

Some studies found that when you 're lonely , your brain is much more receptive and alert to social signals ,


while at the same time it gets worse at interpreting them correctly.

while at the same time it gets worse at interpreting them correctly .


You pay more attention to others but you understand them less.

You pay more attention to others but you understand them less .


The part of your brain that recognizes faces gets out of tune and becomes more likely to categorize neutral faces as hostile, which makes it distrustful of others.

The part of your brain that recognizes faces gets out of tune and becomes more likely to categorize neutral faces as hostile , which makes it distrustful of others .


Loneliness makes you assume the worst about others' intentions towards you.

Loneliness makes you assume the worst about others ' intentions towards you .


Because of this perceived hostile world, you can become more self-centered to protect yourself,

Because of this perceived hostile world , you can become more self - centered to protect yourself ,


If loneliness has become a strong presence in your life, the first thing you can do is to try to recognize the vicious cycle you may be trapped in.

If loneliness has become a strong presence in your life , the first thing you can do is to try to recognize the vicious cycle you may be trapped in .


It usually goes something like this.


An initial feeling of isolation leads to feelings of tension and sadness,

An initial feeling of isolation leads to feelings of tension and sadness ,


This makes your thoughts about yourself and others more negative, which then changes your behavior.

This makes your thoughts about yourself and others more negative , which then changes your behavior .


You begin to avoid social interaction, which leads to more feelings of isolation.

You begin to avoid social interaction , which leads to more feelings of isolation .


This cycle becomes more severe and harder to escape each time.

This cycle becomes more severe and harder to escape each time .


Loneliness makes you sit far away from others in class, not answer the phone when friends call, decline invitations until the invitations stop.

Loneliness makes you sit far away from others in class , not answer the phone when friends call , decline invitations until the invitations stop .


Each and every one of us has a story about ourselves and if your story becomes that people exclude you, others pick up on that.

Each and every one of us has a story about ourselves and if your story becomes that people exclude you , others pick up on that .


And so the outside world can become the way you feel about it.

And so the outside world can become the way you feel about it .


This is often a slow creeping process that takes years and can end in depression and a mental state that prevents connections even if you yearn for them.

This is often a slow creeping process that takes years and can end in depression and a mental state that prevents connections even if you yearn for them .


The first thing you can do to escape it is to accept that loneliness is a totally normal feeling and nothing to be ashamed of.

The first thing you can do to escape it is to accept that loneliness is a totally normal feeling and nothing to be ashamed of .


Literally everybody feels lonely at some point in their life.

Literally everybody feels lonely at some point in their life .


It's a universal human experience.


You can't eliminate or ignore a feeling until it goes away magically, but you can accept that you feel it and get rid of its cause.

You ca n't eliminate or ignore a feeling until it goes away magically , but you can accept that you feel it and get rid of its cause .


You can self-examine what you focus your attention on and check if you are selectively concentrating on negative things.

You can self - examine what you focus your attention on and check if you are selectively concentrating on negative things .


Was this interaction with a colleague really negative?

Was this interaction with a colleague really negative ?


Or was it really neutral or even positive?

Or was it really neutral or even positive ?


What was the actual content of an interaction ?


What did the other person say?


And did they say something bad or did you add extra meaning to their words?

And did they say something bad or did you add extra meaning to their words ?


Maybe another person was not really reacting negatively but just short on time.

Maybe another person was not really reacting negatively but just short on time .


Then there are your thoughts about the world.

Then there are your thoughts about the world .


Are you assuming the worst about others' intentions?

Are you assuming the worst about others ' intentions ?


Do you enter a social situation and have already decided how it will go?

Do you enter a social situation and have already decided how it will go ?


Do you assume others don't want you around?

Do you assume others do n't want you around ?


Are you trying to avoid being hurt and not risking opening up?

Are you trying to avoid being hurt and not risking opening up ?


And if so, can you try to give others the benefit of the doubt?

And if so , can you try to give others the benefit of the doubt ?


Can you just assume that they're not against you?

Can you just assume that they 're not against you ?


Can you risk being open and vulnerable again?

Can you risk being open and vulnerable again ?


Are you avoiding opportunities to be around others?

Are you avoiding opportunities to be around others ?