But in 2019, it's fair to say that vaccines do not cause autism.

But in 2019 , it 's fair to say that vaccines do not cause autism .


It's really hard to say if even a single one of our 10 million vaccinated kids would die.

It 's really hard to say if even a single one of our 10 million vaccinated kids would die .


We really did look hard and talked to a lot of different experts.

We really did look hard and talked to a lot of different experts .


If we ignore self-reporting, we could only come up with a tiny handful of documented cases for all the hundreds of millions of children who received the MMR vaccine since 1971.

If we ignore self - reporting , we could only come up with a tiny handful of documented cases for all the hundreds of millions of children who received the MMR vaccine since 1971 .


Measles are many, many thousands of times more dangerous for your child than even the absolute worst case of vaccine side effects.

Measles are many , many thousands of times more dangerous for your child than even the absolute worst case of vaccine side effects .


You have to search for lethal vaccine side effects with a huge magnifying glass and even then it's very hard to find confirmed cases,

You have to search for lethal vaccine side effects with a huge magnifying glass and even then it 's very hard to find confirmed cases ,


while deaths from measles are real and easy to find.

while deaths from measles are real and easy to find .


In 2017 alone, 110,000 people died from measles worldwide.

In 2017 alone , 110,000 people died from measles worldwide .


Statistically, today 300 children will die of measles.

Statistically , today 300 children will die of measles .


You can compare vaccines to seatbelts.


Are there weird freak accidents where someone gets killed by their seatbelt?

Are there weird freak accidents where someone gets killed by their seatbelt ?


But do you personally think it's safer to not put a seatbelt on your kid?

But do you personally think it 's safer to not put a seatbelt on your kid ?


Wait a second.


In this case, you need to become the greatest vaccination promoter of all.

In this case , you need to become the greatest vaccination promoter of all .


Because if your children can't be vaccinated, only the collective can protect them.

Because if your children ca n't be vaccinated , only the collective can protect them .


This is called herd immunity, and it's the only thing that can protect your unvaccinated child.

This is called herd immunity , and it 's the only thing that can protect your unvaccinated child .


Herd immunity means that enough people are immune to a disease that it can't spread and dies before it reaches its victims.

Herd immunity means that enough people are immune to a disease that it ca n't spread and dies before it reaches its victims .


But to accomplish this for measles alone, 95% of the people around you need to be vaccinated.

But to accomplish this for measles alone , 95 % of the people around you need to be vaccinated .


The problem with the debate about vaccines is that it's not fought on a level playing field.

The problem with the debate about vaccines is that it 's not fought on a level playing field .


While the pro-vaccine side argues with studies and statistics, the arguments against them are usually a wild mixture of gut feeling, anecdotes and misinformation.

While the pro - vaccine side argues with studies and statistics , the arguments against them are usually a wild mixture of gut feeling , anecdotes and misinformation .


And feelings are often immune to facts.

And feelings are often immune to facts .


We'll not convince anybody by screaming at them, but we can't hide from the reality of what anti-vaccine conspiracies do.

We 'll not convince anybody by screaming at them , but we ca n't hide from the reality of what anti - vaccine conspiracies do .


They kill babies too young to be vaccinated.

They kill babies too young to be vaccinated .


They kill healthy children that are just unlucky.

They kill healthy children that are just unlucky .


They bring serious diseases back from the verge of extinction.

They bring serious diseases back from the verge of extinction .


And the biggest side effect of vaccines is fewer dead children.

And the biggest side effect of vaccines is fewer dead children .


Vaccines are one of the most powerful tools we have to eradicate the monsters that most of us have already forgotten.

Vaccines are one of the most powerful tools we have to eradicate the monsters that most of us have already forgotten .


Let's not bring the beasts back.


We live in a peaceful part of the Milky Way.

We live in a peaceful part of the Milky Way .


Our home is the Solar System, a 4.5 billion year old formation that races around the galactic center at 200,000 km per hour and circles it once every 250 million years.

Our home is the Solar System , a 4.5 billion year old formation that races around the galactic center at 200,000 km per hour and circles it once every 250 million years .


Our star, the Sun, is at the center of the Solar System.

Our star , the Sun , is at the center of the Solar System .


It's orbited by eight planets, trillions of asteroids and comets, and a few dwarf planets.

It 's orbited by eight planets , trillions of asteroids and comets , and a few dwarf planets .


The eight planets are divided into four planets like ours.

The eight planets are divided into four planets like ours .


Mercury is the smallest and lightest of all the planets.

Mercury is the smallest and lightest of all the planets .


A Mercury year is shorter than a Mercury day, which leads to enormous fluctuations in temperature.

A Mercury year is shorter than a Mercury day , which leads to enormous fluctuations in temperature .


Mercury does not have an atmosphere or a moon.

Mercury does not have an atmosphere or a moon .


Venus is one of the brightest objects in the Solar System and by far the hottest planet, with atmospheric pressure that is 92 times higher than on Earth.

Venus is one of the brightest objects in the Solar System and by far the hottest planet , with atmospheric pressure that is 92 times higher than on Earth .


An out-of-control greenhouse effect means that Venus never cools below 437 degrees Celsius.

An out - of - control greenhouse effect means that Venus never cools below 437 degrees Celsius .


Venus also doesn't have a moon.


Earth is our home and the only planet with temperatures that are moderate enough to allow for a surplus of liquid water.

Earth is our home and the only planet with temperatures that are moderate enough to allow for a surplus of liquid water .


Furthermore, it's so far the only place where life is known to exist.

Furthermore , it 's so far the only place where life is known to exist .


The Earth has one moon.


Mars is the second smallest planet in the Solar System and hardly massive enough to keep a very thin atmosphere.

Mars is the second smallest planet in the Solar System and hardly massive enough to keep a very thin atmosphere .


Its Olympus Mons is the largest mountain in the Solar System, more than three times as high as Mount Everest.

Its Olympus Mons is the largest mountain in the Solar System , more than three times as high as Mount Everest .


Mars has two small moons.


Jupiter is the largest and most massive planet in the Solar System.

Jupiter is the largest and most massive planet in the Solar System .


It consists largely of hydrogen and helium and is the theatre for the largest and most powerful storms we know.

It consists largely of hydrogen and helium and is the theatre for the largest and most powerful storms we know .


Its largest storm, the Great Red Spot, is three times as large as Earth.

Its largest storm , the Great Red Spot , is three times as large as Earth .


Jupiter has 67 moons.


Saturn is the second largest planet and possesses the smallest density of all the planets.

Saturn is the second largest planet and possesses the smallest density of all the planets .


If you had a sufficiently large bathtub, Saturn would swim in it.

If you had a sufficiently large bathtub , Saturn would swim in it .


Saturn is also known for its extended, very visible ring system.

Saturn is also known for its extended , very visible ring system .


It has 62 moons.


Uranus is the third largest planet and one of the coldest.

Uranus is the third largest planet and one of the coldest .


Of all the gas giants, it's also the smallest.

Of all the gas giants , it 's also the smallest .


The special thing about Uranus is that its axis of rotation is tilted sideways in contrast to the seven other planets.

The special thing about Uranus is that its axis of rotation is tilted sideways in contrast to the seven other planets .


It has 27 moons.


Neptune is the last planet in the Solar System and is similar to Uranus.

Neptune is the last planet in the Solar System and is similar to Uranus .


It's so far removed from the Sun that a Neptune year is 164 Earth years long.

It 's so far removed from the Sun that a Neptune year is 164 Earth years long .


The highest wind speed ever measured was in a storm on Neptune at just under 2,100 km per hour.

The highest wind speed ever measured was in a storm on Neptune at just under 2,100 km per hour .


Neptune has 14 moons.


If we compare the sizes of the planets, the differences between them become even clearer.

If we compare the sizes of the planets , the differences between them become even clearer .


Jupiter is the leader in terms of size and weight.

Jupiter is the leader in terms of size and weight .


Small Mercury, on the other hand, is even smaller than one of Jupiter's moons, Ganymede.

Small Mercury , on the other hand , is even smaller than one of Jupiter 's moons , Ganymede .


Jupiter is so massive that alone it contains roughly 70% of the mass of all the other planets and has a massive impact on its surroundings.

Jupiter is so massive that alone it contains roughly 70 % of the mass of all the other planets and has a massive impact on its surroundings .


That's a blessing for Earth, since Jupiter draws most of the dangerously large asteroids that could wipe out life on Earth.

That 's a blessing for Earth , since Jupiter draws most of the dangerously large asteroids that could wipe out life on Earth .


But even Jupiter is a dwarf in comparison to our star, the Sun.

But even Jupiter is a dwarf in comparison to our star , the Sun .


Calling it massive does not do justice to the Sun.

Calling it massive does not do justice to the Sun .


It makes up 99.86% of the mass in our Solar System.

It makes up 99.86 % of the mass in our Solar System .


For the most part, it consists of hydrogen and helium.

For the most part , it consists of hydrogen and helium .


Only less than 2% is made up of heavy elements like oxygen or iron.

Only less than 2 % is made up of heavy elements like oxygen or iron .


At its core, the Sun fuses 620 million tons of hydrogen each second and generates enough energy to satisfy mankind's needs for years.

At its core , the Sun fuses 620 million tons of hydrogen each second and generates enough energy to satisfy mankind 's needs for years .


But not only the eight planets orbit our Sun.

But not only the eight planets orbit our Sun .


Trillions of asteroids and comets also circle it.

Trillions of asteroids and comets also circle it .


Most of them are concentrated into two belts, the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter and the Kuiper belt at the edge of the Solar System.

Most of them are concentrated into two belts , the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter and the Kuiper belt at the edge of the Solar System .


These belts are home to countless objects, some as large as a dust particle, others the size of dwarf planets.

These belts are home to countless objects , some as large as a dust particle , others the size of dwarf planets .


The most well-known object in the asteroid belt is Ceres.

The most well - known object in the asteroid belt is Ceres .


The most well-known objects in the Kuiper belt are Pluto, Makemake and Haumea.

The most well - known objects in the Kuiper belt are Pluto , Makemake and Haumea .


Usually, we describe the asteroid belt as a dense collection of bodies that constantly collide.

Usually , we describe the asteroid belt as a dense collection of bodies that constantly collide .


But in fact, the asteroids are distributed across an area that is so indescribably large that it's even difficult to see two asteroids at once.

But in fact , the asteroids are distributed across an area that is so indescribably large that it 's even difficult to see two asteroids at once .


Despite the billions of objects in them, the asteroid belts are fairly empty places.

Despite the billions of objects in them , the asteroid belts are fairly empty places .


And nonetheless, there are collisions over and over again.

And nonetheless , there are collisions over and over again .


The mass of both belts is also unimpressive.

The mass of both belts is also unimpressive .


The asteroid belt has a little less than 4% of our Moon's mass and the Kuiper belt is only between 125th and 110th of Earth's mass.

The asteroid belt has a little less than 4 % of our Moon 's mass and the Kuiper belt is only between 125th and 110th of Earth 's mass .


One day, the Solar System will cease to exist.

One day , the Solar System will cease to exist .


The Sun will die and Mercury, Venus and maybe Earth too will be destroyed.

The Sun will die and Mercury , Venus and maybe Earth too will be destroyed .


In 500 million years, it will become hotter and hotter until at some point it will melt Earth's crust.

In 500 million years , it will become hotter and hotter until at some point it will melt Earth 's crust .


Then the Sun will grow and grow and either swallow Earth or at least turn it into a sea of lava.

Then the Sun will grow and grow and either swallow Earth or at least turn it into a sea of lava .


When it has burnt up all its fuel and lost most of its mass, it will shrink to a white dwarf and burn gently for a few billion more years before it goes out entirely.

When it has burnt up all its fuel and lost most of its mass , it will shrink to a white dwarf and burn gently for a few billion more years before it goes out entirely .


Then at the latest, life in the Solar System will no longer be possible.

Then at the latest , life in the Solar System will no longer be possible .


The Milky Way will not even notice it.


A small part of it in one of its arms will become just a tiny bit darker.

A small part of it in one of its arms will become just a tiny bit darker .


And mankind will cease to exist or leave the Solar System in search of a new home.

And mankind will cease to exist or leave the Solar System in search of a new home .


The internet is like a breeding ground for conspiracy theories.

The internet is like a breeding ground for conspiracy theories .


While some are just stupid and funny, others promote ignorance and an unhealthy distrust.

While some are just stupid and funny , others promote ignorance and an unhealthy distrust .


So, we went to the Kurzgesagt lab and developed a foolproof system to destroy not all, but a lot of conspiracy theories.

So , we went to the Kurzgesagt lab and developed a foolproof system to destroy not all , but a lot of conspiracy theories .


It's really simple.


Just ask yourself, does the theory affect really rich and powerful people?

Just ask yourself , does the theory affect really rich and powerful people ?


Is the answer yes?


Okay, then it's most likely not true.

Okay , then it 's most likely not true .


Let's test it on three examples.


There's an easy cure for cancer, but it's withheld because it would destroy the profits of pharma companies.

There 's an easy cure for cancer , but it 's withheld because it would destroy the profits of pharma companies .


Hmm... Do really rich people die of cancer, like, I don't know, say, the former CEO of Apple?

Hmm ... Do really rich people die of cancer , like , I do n't know , say , the former CEO of Apple ?


There is no suppressed cure for cancer.

There is no suppressed cure for cancer .


Do really powerful people breathe air?


Do Obama or Putin breathe air?


Chemtrails are not a thing.


The world will end soon because of the Antichrist, Mayas, aliens, someone says so.

The world will end soon because of the Antichrist , Mayas , aliens , someone says so .


Do really rich and powerful people ignore the soon-to-be-upon-us and very imminent apocalypse?

Do really rich and powerful people ignore the soon - to - be - upon - us and very imminent apocalypse ?


The world will not end soon.


This obviously doesn't work for every conspiracy theory out there, but it does work for some of the most stupid ones.

This obviously does n't work for every conspiracy theory out there , but it does work for some of the most stupid ones .


just show them this video and maybe be a bit more selective about your friends on Facebook.

just show them this video and maybe be a bit more selective about your friends on Facebook .


Deep in tropical jungles lie floating kingdoms ruled by beautiful and deadly masters.

Deep in tropical jungles lie floating kingdoms ruled by beautiful and deadly masters .


They're sort of the high elves of the ant kingdoms, talented architects that create castles and city-states.

They 're sort of the high elves of the ant kingdoms , talented architects that create castles and city - states .


But they are also fierce and expansionist warriors, and their kingdoms are ensnared in a never-ending war for survival.

But they are also fierce and expansionist warriors , and their kingdoms are ensnared in a never - ending war for survival .


Although their strong mandibles and the ability to shoot acid also make them pretty good at killing.

Although their strong mandibles and the ability to shoot acid also make them pretty good at killing .


Their colonies usually have two to three worker classes that vary dramatically in size.

Their colonies usually have two to three worker classes that vary dramatically in size .


Depending on location and species, they vary in color from dark brown to emerald green.

Depending on location and species , they vary in color from dark brown to emerald green .


Other than their fancy looks, what makes weavers special is that they're in the kingdom building business.

Other than their fancy looks , what makes weavers special is that they 're in the kingdom building business .


They like to build at pretty much all heights, starting in shrubs a few centimeters above the ground and up to 10 meters in the tree canopy.

They like to build at pretty much all heights , starting in shrubs a few centimeters above the ground and up to 10 meters in the tree canopy .


But they're not satisfied with ruling just one plant.

But they 're not satisfied with ruling just one plant .


Weavers will look for twigs or lianas that bridge the gap to other trees and expand to every plant they can reach.

Weavers will look for twigs or lianas that bridge the gap to other trees and expand to every plant they can reach .


This way, colonies spread upwards and sideways through the treetops.

This way , colonies spread upwards and sideways through the treetops .


The largest weaver ant kingdoms we know of occupy up to 1,600 square meters, around four basketball courts.

The largest weaver ant kingdoms we know of occupy up to 1,600 square meters , around four basketball courts .


So, weaver ants construct dozens of nests scattered all over their territory.

So , weaver ants construct dozens of nests scattered all over their territory .


These masterpieces of high ant architecture are created by the weaver majors, the larger worker ants,

These masterpieces of high ant architecture are created by the weaver majors , the larger worker ants ,


To start a new nest, a major tries to bend different leaves in her surroundings into a tube.

To start a new nest , a major tries to bend different leaves in her surroundings into a tube .


If one of the leaves is flexible enough, more workers will arrive to help.

If one of the leaves is flexible enough , more workers will arrive to help .


Chains of workers pull the leaf's edges together or reach across gaps and grab distant leaves to add them to the construction.

Chains of workers pull the leaf 's edges together or reach across gaps and grab distant leaves to add them to the construction .


While the bending and pulling is going on, other workers carry larvae from the closest nest to the construction site.

While the bending and pulling is going on , other workers carry larvae from the closest nest to the construction site .


Usually, ant larvae spin themselves a cocoon to protect themselves, but the weaver ant larvae give all of their silk to the colony as building material.

Usually , ant larvae spin themselves a cocoon to protect themselves , but the weaver ant larvae give all of their silk to the colony as building material .


So, when the workers tap the larvae's heads on the leaf, they release their sticky thread like tiny, cute glue guns.

So , when the workers tap the larvae 's heads on the leaf , they release their sticky thread like tiny , cute glue guns .


This way, the workers sew the bent leaf onto itself so it won't unfold anymore.

This way , the workers sew the bent leaf onto itself so it wo n't unfold anymore .


This creates a central chamber that's used as the basis for up to 300 more leaves that are wound around it.

This creates a central chamber that 's used as the basis for up to 300 more leaves that are wound around it .


Together, they form little pockets and act as additional rooms for the new outpost.

Together , they form little pockets and act as additional rooms for the new outpost .


To make it even more cozy, minor workers use the larvae to weave additional floors and chambers.

To make it even more cozy , minor workers use the larvae to weave additional floors and chambers .


Nests are usually constructed as barracks on the territory's borders or as storage for brood and food supplies.

Nests are usually constructed as barracks on the territory 's borders or as storage for brood and food supplies .


This way, the ants don't need to cross vast distances to the headquarters, but have soldiers close to any potential point of conflict.

This way , the ants do n't need to cross vast distances to the headquarters , but have soldiers close to any potential point of conflict .


Here, she produces hundreds of eggs a day, which get transferred to suitable nests with brood chambers.

Here , she produces hundreds of eggs a day , which get transferred to suitable nests with brood chambers .


So, a colony is a network of little castles and moats connected by suspension bridges made from leaves, lianas, and twigs.

So , a colony is a network of little castles and moats connected by suspension bridges made from leaves , lianas , and twigs .


An established colony easily has half a million individuals that need to be fed.

An established colony easily has half a million individuals that need to be fed .


Fortunately, weaver ants evolve to have very close and beneficial relationships with their hosts, shrubs, and trees.

Fortunately , weaver ants evolve to have very close and beneficial relationships with their hosts , shrubs , and trees .


The tree gives the ants a home and access to sweet sap to drink.

The tree gives the ants a home and access to sweet sap to drink .


But maybe even more importantly, it allows them to cultivate cattle like aphids or caterpillars that produce honeydew for them.

But maybe even more importantly , it allows them to cultivate cattle like aphids or caterpillars that produce honeydew for them .


This would usually hurt a tree, but these insects belong to a small group of VIPs.

This would usually hurt a tree , but these insects belong to a small group of VIPs .


Only a few selected neighbors and the ant's cattle are allowed on the fruit tree.

Only a few selected neighbors and the ant 's cattle are allowed on the fruit tree .


Many other insects and even larger herbivores are scared off or even killed and eaten.

Many other insects and even larger herbivores are scared off or even killed and eaten .


So, in most cases, the tree only has to tolerate acceptable levels of damage while being protected from more dangerous pests.

So , in most cases , the tree only has to tolerate acceptable levels of damage while being protected from more dangerous pests .


The weaver ant kingdom could be an ant paradise if there wasn't competition.

The weaver ant kingdom could be an ant paradise if there was n't competition .


Just like medieval humans, every queen seeks to conquer others and make their land their own.

Just like medieval humans , every queen seeks to conquer others and make their land their own .


Controlling fertile land is the key to survive in the jungle.

Controlling fertile land is the key to survive in the jungle .


And if a kingdom loses too much of it, it shrinks and is overrun or starves to death.

And if a kingdom loses too much of it , it shrinks and is overrun or starves to death .


So, expanding and defending their borders is critical to keep the colony alive.

So , expanding and defending their borders is critical to keep the colony alive .


When a kingdom invades another, it first gathers an army of a few thousand mages who make their way towards the opposing colony.

When a kingdom invades another , it first gathers an army of a few thousand mages who make their way towards the opposing colony .


The goal is to steal a bit of territory and take it over.

The goal is to steal a bit of territory and take it over .


Defending weaver patrols quickly spot the invaders and immediately release an alarm pheromone.

Defending weaver patrols quickly spot the invaders and immediately release an alarm pheromone .


Some rush to the front to defend while others rush to the closest outposts for help, marking their route with pheromones.

Some rush to the front to defend while others rush to the closest outposts for help , marking their route with pheromones .


Whenever they meet other sisters, they jerk their bodies as if in a fight to signal them to follow the pheromone trail to the front line.

Whenever they meet other sisters , they jerk their bodies as if in a fight to signal them to follow the pheromone trail to the front line .


At the site of battle, mages from both parties raise their bodies, circle each other with mandibles wide open and try to seize their opponents.

At the site of battle , mages from both parties raise their bodies , circle each other with mandibles wide open and try to seize their opponents .


If an ant gets a hold of her opponent, the victim is pulled into a group of allied mages and pinned down.

If an ant gets a hold of her opponent , the victim is pulled into a group of allied mages and pinned down .


The ants then rip the victim apart, clipping off antennae and legs and slicing open their abdomens.

The ants then rip the victim apart , clipping off antennae and legs and slicing open their abdomens .


To slow down the advance of the attackers, the defending mages squirt formic acid over the battlefield to chemically burn their targets.

To slow down the advance of the attackers , the defending mages squirt formic acid over the battlefield to chemically burn their targets .


This is soon answered in the same way by the attackers.

This is soon answered in the same way by the attackers .


In the chaotic battle, both parties lose countless fighters on the increasingly acidic battlefield.

In the chaotic battle , both parties lose countless fighters on the increasingly acidic battlefield .


After a few minutes, the backup from the outposts arrive and the time window for a successful attack slowly closes.

After a few minutes , the backup from the outposts arrive and the time window for a successful attack slowly closes .


This is when the battle turns.


The defenders slowly push back the attack party.

The defenders slowly push back the attack party .


In the end, the attackers can't keep up and have to retreat.

In the end , the attackers ca n't keep up and have to retreat .


For both parties, it was a costly battle.

For both parties , it was a costly battle .


Thousands of corpses lie piled up on the ground under the battlefield and many ants are severely injured.

Thousands of corpses lie piled up on the ground under the battlefield and many ants are severely injured .


The defending colonies' nests and brood are safe though.

The defending colonies ' nests and brood are safe though .


The attackers' attempt to steal new, valuable territory has failed.

The attackers ' attempt to steal new , valuable territory has failed .


For today, they'll try again soon.


But the kingdom will be ready.


For the high ants of the floating kingdoms, war is nothing special, it's just a fact of life.

For the high ants of the floating kingdoms , war is nothing special , it 's just a fact of life .


Because as we know, empires never ever have enough.

Because as we know , empires never ever have enough .


And the weaver ants are ready to fight.

And the weaver ants are ready to fight .


If you're the same as us and love to learn things while watching fun videos, this is for you.

If you 're the same as us and love to learn things while watching fun videos , this is for you .


You can watch thousands of documentaries and non-fiction TV shows on all streaming devices for only $2.99 per month.

You can watch thousands of documentaries and non - fiction TV shows on all streaming devices for only $ 2.99 per month .


And there's a special treat for Kurzgesagt viewers.

And there 's a special treat for Kurzgesagt viewers .


By clicking the link in the inbox and using the code KURZGESAGT, you get 25% off your annual plan.

By clicking the link in the inbox and using the code KURZGESAGT , you get 25 % off your annual plan .


That means it's just $14.99 for the entire year.

That means it 's just $ 14.99 for the entire year .


Stay antsy for part 4.


And visit curiositystream.com/kurzgesagt to claim your discount.

And visit curiositystream.com/kurzgesagt to claim your discount .


Thank you for watching.


Some groups just don't get along.


Every day, billions of soldiers fight a merciless war on thousands of fronts, and it's been going on for over 100 million years.

Every day , billions of soldiers fight a merciless war on thousands of fronts , and it 's been going on for over 100 million years .


Ants are ancient beings that arose around 160 million years ago


Today, they count more than 16,000 different species, with over 10,000 trillion individuals.

Today , they count more than 16,000 different species , with over 10,000 trillion individuals .


Collectively, ants alone make up 20% of the entire animal biomass on land.

Collectively , ants alone make up 20 % of the entire animal biomass on land .


Similar to humans, their recipe for success is collaboration.

Similar to humans , their recipe for success is collaboration .


While a single ant is pretty useless, together they are able to achieve stunning feats.

While a single ant is pretty useless , together they are able to achieve stunning feats .


They construct complex colonies, care for livestock, pursue agriculture, or have complex symbiotic relationships.

They construct complex colonies , care for livestock , pursue agriculture , or have complex symbiotic relationships .


And, of course, ants wage war.


Even among the same species, a constant state of conflict is pretty common.

Even among the same species , a constant state of conflict is pretty common .


Skirmishes, raids, and full-on invasions are happening every day, causing millions of casualties.

Skirmishes , raids , and full - on invasions are happening every day , causing millions of casualties .


Let's look at some of the most interesting ones in a series of videos.

Let 's look at some of the most interesting ones in a series of videos .


The army ant group consists of about 200 different species.

The army ant group consists of about 200 different species .


Army ants do not build nests.


They live a sort of nomadic lifestyle with groups of millions of individuals.

They live a sort of nomadic lifestyle with groups of millions of individuals .


On a hunt, some species form large columns up to 100 meters long, killing and immediately dismembering every insect or small vertebrate they encounter.

On a hunt , some species form large columns up to 100 meters long , killing and immediately dismembering every insect or small vertebrate they encounter .


The biggest hunting parties can kill up to 500,000 animals per day.

The biggest hunting parties can kill up to 500,000 animals per day .


Some army ants specialize in hunting and consuming other social insects, like termites, wasps, and especially other ants.

Some army ants specialize in hunting and consuming other social insects , like termites , wasps , and especially other ants .


Wasps are fierce and may seem invulnerable, but if a swarm makes its way to their colonies, they don't even stand a chance.

Wasps are fierce and may seem invulnerable , but if a swarm makes its way to their colonies , they do n't even stand a chance .


The much bigger and stronger wasps might kill a few of them, but they are quickly overwhelmed.

The much bigger and stronger wasps might kill a few of them , but they are quickly overwhelmed .


Even if their queen survives an attack, the army ants steal the colony's larvae and quickly devour them.

Even if their queen survives an attack , the army ants steal the colony 's larvae and quickly devour them .


There is no recovery from that.


When army ants discover another ant colony, they immediately attack.

When army ants discover another ant colony , they immediately attack .


Now, you might think this would be a more even battle, but it's not.

Now , you might think this would be a more even battle , but it 's not .


Because army ants act as a social unit, they are especially dangerous and effective.

Because army ants act as a social unit , they are especially dangerous and effective .


Most army ants are not particularly impressive individually, but they can overwhelm their victims with sheer numbers before the victim colony can mount an effective defense.

Most army ants are not particularly impressive individually , but they can overwhelm their victims with sheer numbers before the victim colony can mount an effective defense .


And so invasions tend to be won by the attackers, and the prey colony is damaged significantly or is exterminated.

And so invasions tend to be won by the attackers , and the prey colony is damaged significantly or is exterminated .


Interestingly, army ants don't fight army ants.

Interestingly , army ants do n't fight army ants .


Army ants that fought other army ants probably eradicated themselves millions of years ago.

Army ants that fought other army ants probably eradicated themselves millions of years ago .


Indeed, they're so deadly that other ant species had to specialize to survive their presence.

Indeed , they 're so deadly that other ant species had to specialize to survive their presence .


Many species just panic and evacuate their nest when they notice army ant scouts carrying as many larvae with them as they can in order to return and rebuild after the attack.

Many species just panic and evacuate their nest when they notice army ant scouts carrying as many larvae with them as they can in order to return and rebuild after the attack .


Other species have invented living bunkers since fighting is so futile.

Other species have invented living bunkers since fighting is so futile .


They have worker classes that have big square heads.

They have worker classes that have big square heads .


When army ants show up, they use them to block the entrances to their nests, so the attackers have to give up after a while.

When army ants show up , they use them to block the entrances to their nests , so the attackers have to give up after a while .


But not everybody is afraid of army ants.

But not everybody is afraid of army ants .


Leafcutter ants form some of the largest and most complex societies of any animal other than humans.

Leafcutter ants form some of the largest and most complex societies of any animal other than humans .


They live in extensive nests many meters deep and across, harboring millions of citizens with a highly sophisticated division of labor.

They live in extensive nests many meters deep and across , harboring millions of citizens with a highly sophisticated division of labor .


Their sole purpose might be to defend their colonies against army ants.

Their sole purpose might be to defend their colonies against army ants .


They still have a nemesis, though.


The diet of the army ant species Nomomyrmex azimbecii consists mostly of the larvae of other ants.

The diet of the army ant species Nomomyrmex azimbecii consists mostly of the larvae of other ants .


Compared to other army ants, they have a more robust soldier caste.

Compared to other army ants , they have a more robust soldier caste .


So far, they are the only known species that can successfully attack a mature colony of leafcutters.

So far , they are the only known species that can successfully attack a mature colony of leafcutters .


When they find a leafcutter colony, hundreds of thousands attack in a long column.

When they find a leafcutter colony , hundreds of thousands attack in a long column .


The moment the leafcutter ants notice the army ant attack, they go into crisis mode and immediately alert their soldiers, who very quickly swarm to the site of attack.

The moment the leafcutter ants notice the army ant attack , they go into crisis mode and immediately alert their soldiers , who very quickly swarm to the site of attack .


The leafcutter soldiers go head to head with the army ants, lock in on them and try to cut through their heads.

The leafcutter soldiers go head to head with the army ants , lock in on them and try to cut through their heads .


Smaller leafcutter workers help by grabbing the enemies.

Smaller leafcutter workers help by grabbing the enemies .


Small teams carry out attacks behind the front line, where they dismember their enemies by ripping their legs from their bodies.

Small teams carry out attacks behind the front line , where they dismember their enemies by ripping their legs from their bodies .


The attackers, meanwhile, try to swarm their victim soldiers and sting them to death in a mob.

The attackers , meanwhile , try to swarm their victim soldiers and sting them to death in a mob .


Despite the powerful defense and the determined response, the army ants are still superior in numbers.

Despite the powerful defense and the determined response , the army ants are still superior in numbers .


So, without knowing if the battle can be won, the leafcutters prepare for the worst.

So , without knowing if the battle can be won , the leafcutters prepare for the worst .


Workers rush to create barricades and seal off as many entrances to their nest as possible to secure their brood.

Workers rush to create barricades and seal off as many entrances to their nest as possible to secure their brood .


If the leafcutters are not able to repel the invaders or at least barricade enough of their entrances in time, the army ants swarm the nest, overrunning all opposition.

If the leafcutters are not able to repel the invaders or at least barricade enough of their entrances in time , the army ants swarm the nest , overrunning all opposition .


They penetrate deep into the hidden chambers and steal tens of thousands of the leafcutters' brood to eat them.

They penetrate deep into the hidden chambers and steal tens of thousands of the leafcutters ' brood to eat them .


Even if the leafcutter colony survives, this is a heavy blow.

Even if the leafcutter colony survives , this is a heavy blow .


When the army ants attack, death follows them.

When the army ants attack , death follows them .


But there are other species that form much more dangerous ant armies.

But there are other species that form much more dangerous ant armies .


They deserve their own video, though.


, war is a part of ant existence, be it between huge colonies or small groups trying to fend off a raid.

, war is a part of ant existence , be it between huge colonies or small groups trying to fend off a raid .


In tropical rainforests, but also in the cracks of the concrete we walk over every day.

In tropical rainforests , but also in the cracks of the concrete we walk over every day .


Humans have decided that war is not a thing that they want to do a lot anymore.

Humans have decided that war is not a thing that they want to do a lot anymore .


For ants, though, the other ant will always be the enemy.

For ants , though , the other ant will always be the enemy .


No, some groups just don't get along.

No , some groups just do n't get along .


If you can't get enough of ants, we're developing part two of the ant series right now with the support of CuriosityStream.

If you ca n't get enough of ants , we 're developing part two of the ant series right now with the support of CuriosityStream .


CuriosityStream is a subscription streaming service with thousands of documentaries and non-fiction titles.

CuriosityStream is a subscription streaming service with thousands of documentaries and non - fiction titles .


Kurzgesagt viewers can visit curiositystream.com/kurzgesagt to get a free 31-day trial to watch films like Big World in a Small Garden,

Kurzgesagt viewers can visit curiositystream.com/kurzgesagt to get a free 31 - day trial to watch films like Big World in a Small Garden ,


Once your trial is over, the subscription is only $2.99 per month.

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CuriosityStream was founded by the same people who started the Discovery Channel with documentaries spanning science, nature, history, technology, and lifestyle.

CuriosityStream was founded by the same people who started the Discovery Channel with documentaries spanning science , nature , history , technology , and lifestyle .


It's a great way to binge watch fun videos while accidentally learning things.

It 's a great way to binge watch fun videos while accidentally learning things .


Thank you so much to our friends at CuriosityStream for supporting our ant's obsession and making ambitious projects like this possible.

Thank you so much to our friends at CuriosityStream for supporting our ant 's obsession and making ambitious projects like this possible .


Stay tuned for part two and visit curiositystream.com/kurzgesagt for your free trial.

Stay tuned for part two and visit curiositystream.com/kurzgesagt for your free trial .


Hidden in the microverse all around you, there's a merciless war being fought by the true rulers of this planet, microorganisms.

Hidden in the microverse all around you , there 's a merciless war being fought by the true rulers of this planet , microorganisms .


Amoebae, protists, bacteria, archaea and fungi compete for resources and space.

Amoebae , protists , bacteria , archaea and fungi compete for resources and space .


And then there are the strange horrors that are viruses, hunting everyone else.

And then there are the strange horrors that are viruses , hunting everyone else .


Not even alive, they are the tiniest, most abundant and deadliest beings on Earth, killing trillions every day.

Not even alive , they are the tiniest , most abundant and deadliest beings on Earth , killing trillions every day .


Or so we thought.


Considerably smaller than your cells or even bacteria, viruses are nothing but a hull, a tiny bit of genetic material and a few proteins.

Considerably smaller than your cells or even bacteria , viruses are nothing but a hull , a tiny bit of genetic material and a few proteins .


They float around aimlessly and hope to stumble upon a victim to infect and take over.

They float around aimlessly and hope to stumble upon a victim to infect and take over .


Viruses are so simple that we're not sure if they should count as living things or not.

Viruses are so simple that we 're not sure if they should count as living things or not .


Some scientists argue viruses are alive.

Some scientists argue viruses are alive .


Others think that the cells they infect are the actual living viruses, hybrid organisms called virocells.

Others think that the cells they infect are the actual living viruses , hybrid organisms called virocells .


And the viral particles are more like seeds or spores.

And the viral particles are more like seeds or spores .


And many others think viruses are just dead material.

And many others think viruses are just dead material .


The origin of viruses is a mystery because how can something that needs victims to make more of itself emerge in the first place?

The origin of viruses is a mystery because how can something that needs victims to make more of itself emerge in the first place ?


There are many ideas.


Viruses may have been essential steps in the emergence of life, or maybe they started out as escaped DNA from cells that became really good at making copies of themselves.

Viruses may have been essential steps in the emergence of life , or maybe they started out as escaped DNA from cells that became really good at making copies of themselves .


Maybe they are the descendants of truly lazy parasites that let others do all the work for them.

Maybe they are the descendants of truly lazy parasites that let others do all the work for them .


The current thinking is that viruses probably emerged multiple times from different origins, but we simply don't know for sure yet.

The current thinking is that viruses probably emerged multiple times from different origins , but we simply do n't know for sure yet .


Whatever the truth is, viruses are the most successful beings on this planet.

Whatever the truth is , viruses are the most successful beings on this planet .


There's an estimated 10,000 billion billion billion viruses on Earth.

There 's an estimated 10,000 billion billion billion viruses on Earth .


If we put them all next to each other, they would stretch for 100 million light years, 500 Milky Way galaxies wide.

If we put them all next to each other , they would stretch for 100 million light years , 500 Milky Way galaxies wide .


Very recently, viruses became even weirder when scientists found a completely new type.

Very recently , viruses became even weirder when scientists found a completely new type .


Not only did it break all sorts of records, but questioned many assumptions we had about their nature.

Not only did it break all sorts of records , but questioned many assumptions we had about their nature .


Gyruses even come with their own parasites, virophages.

Gyruses even come with their own parasites , virophages .


And since we identified the first one in 2003, it seems like these giants are everywhere we look.

And since we identified the first one in 2003 , it seems like these giants are everywhere we look .


And they're even weirder than we thought.

And they 're even weirder than we thought .


Gyruses look funny, like hairy geometric forms or mini pickles.

Gyruses look funny , like hairy geometric forms or mini pickles .


Scientists saw them under their microscopes and just thought they had to be bacteria.

Scientists saw them under their microscopes and just thought they had to be bacteria .


It's like suddenly discovering there are elephant-sized ducks everywhere.

It 's like suddenly discovering there are elephant - sized ducks everywhere .


Most gyruses we've found so far hunt amoebae and other single-celled beings.

Most gyruses we 've found so far hunt amoebae and other single - celled beings .


When they find a victim, they connect with it and use its natural processes to enter the cell.

When they find a victim , they connect with it and use its natural processes to enter the cell .


Like all viruses, their goal is to misappropriate the victim's infrastructure and procreate.

Like all viruses , their goal is to misappropriate the victim 's infrastructure and procreate .


Imagine a mouse crawling into your mouth and using your guts and bones and fat tissue to build a mouse factory.

Imagine a mouse crawling into your mouth and using your guts and bones and fat tissue to build a mouse factory .


The gyrus unloads its attack proteins and genetic material and rearranges the cell from the inside.

The gyrus unloads its attack proteins and genetic material and rearranges the cell from the inside .


Its structural elements, protein production machinery, and large amounts of mitochondria for energy are changed to become an actual factory called viroplasm.

Its structural elements , protein production machinery , and large amounts of mitochondria for energy are changed to become an actual factory called viroplasm .


Some gyruses even construct a membrane to shield them from the cell's antiviral defenses.

Some gyruses even construct a membrane to shield them from the cell 's antiviral defenses .


Once finished, the viroplasm begins to assemble new gyruses, using the victim up from the inside until it's filled up.

Once finished , the viroplasm begins to assemble new gyruses , using the victim up from the inside until it 's filled up .


Finally, the invader usually orders the cell to self-destruct and releases new gyruses to look for new prey.

Finally , the invader usually orders the cell to self - destruct and releases new gyruses to look for new prey .


But what makes gyruses special is not their modus operandi or their size even.

But what makes gyruses special is not their modus operandi or their size even .


It's that they are much more complex than thought possible for a virus.

It 's that they are much more complex than thought possible for a virus .


Your cells have around 20,000 genes.


A typical bacterium has a few thousand genes.

A typical bacterium has a few thousand genes .


The coronavirus has around 15, HIV or the flu around 10.

The coronavirus has around 15 , HIV or the flu around 10 .


The number of genes alone is certainly not everything.

The number of genes alone is certainly not everything .


The tomato, for example, has 35,000 genes.

The tomato , for example , has 35,000 genes .


But generally, we think of life as a complex system.

But generally , we think of life as a complex system .


So below a certain complexity level, something may be closer to dead material rather than a living organism.

So below a certain complexity level , something may be closer to dead material rather than a living organism .


But gyruses can have hundreds or even thousands of genes, blurring the line between living and dead things.

But gyruses can have hundreds or even thousands of genes , blurring the line between living and dead things .


And it's not just the numbers that are special, but also what these genes do.

And it 's not just the numbers that are special , but also what these genes do .


We used to think of viral genes as the simplest of instructions, just enough to overcome the defense of their victims and make new viruses.

We used to think of viral genes as the simplest of instructions , just enough to overcome the defense of their victims and make new viruses .


Genes that regulate nutrient intake, energy production, light harvesting, replication or are just necessary to keep cells alive.

Genes that regulate nutrient intake , energy production , light harvesting , replication or are just necessary to keep cells alive .


Some recent studies have even suggested that some gyruses with very complex genomes may be able to maintain a basic level of metabolism on their own.

Some recent studies have even suggested that some gyruses with very complex genomes may be able to maintain a basic level of metabolism on their own .


We still don't know anything for sure, but one idea about gyrus genes is that they might fundamentally alter the physiology and evolution of their victims.

We still do n't know anything for sure , but one idea about gyrus genes is that they might fundamentally alter the physiology and evolution of their victims .


Or the other way around, take some host genes with them and be changed themselves.

Or the other way around , take some host genes with them and be changed themselves .


For billions of years, gyruses may have been existing alongside and infecting cells, exerting an unseen influence on the development of life.

For billions of years , gyruses may have been existing alongside and infecting cells , exerting an unseen influence on the development of life .


The concept itself is a bit mind-boggling.

The concept itself is a bit mind - boggling .


How can a thing that might be dead hunt another thing that might be dead too?

How can a thing that might be dead hunt another thing that might be dead too ?


Let's look at one of them.


The virophage Sputnik is hunting a gyrus called Mammavirus that itself is hunting Amoebae.

The virophage Sputnik is hunting a gyrus called Mammavirus that itself is hunting Amoebae .


Sputnik is a tiny minimalistic virus that doesn't even have the genes and tools to replicate itself.

Sputnik is a tiny minimalistic virus that does n't even have the genes and tools to replicate itself .


What it does have is the ability to hijack the viroplasm factories of Mammaviruses.

What it does have is the ability to hijack the viroplasm factories of Mammaviruses .


So virophages need their victim, the gyrus, to infect their victim, an amoeba, first and then they can parasitize it.

So virophages need their victim , the gyrus , to infect their victim , an amoeba , first and then they can parasitize it .


A Mammavirus viroplasm infected by Sputnik can only produce very few new gyruses and among these, many are deformed and broken, unable to infect further cells.

A Mammavirus viroplasm infected by Sputnik can only produce very few new gyruses and among these , many are deformed and broken , unable to infect further cells .


Instead, it makes loads of new Sputnik virophages.

Instead , it makes loads of new Sputnik virophages .


Other virophages are even more subtle.


When they infect a viroplasm, they just integrate their genetic code into the newly produced gyruses like sleeper agents.

When they infect a viroplasm , they just integrate their genetic code into the newly produced gyruses like sleeper agents .


The next time one of these infiltrated gyruses successfully infects a cell, it produces mostly virophages instead of gyruses.

The next time one of these infiltrated gyruses successfully infects a cell , it produces mostly virophages instead of gyruses .


Gyruses are not completely defenseless though.

Gyruses are not completely defenseless though .


A few years ago, the world was in awe when scientists discovered CRISPR, a bacteria defense system against viruses.

A few years ago , the world was in awe when scientists discovered CRISPR , a bacteria defense system against viruses .


It turns out some gyruses have a system that might be similar, a sort of gyrus immune system against virophages.

It turns out some gyruses have a system that might be similar , a sort of gyrus immune system against virophages .


In turn, virophages can also be used as an anti-gyrus defense mechanism by living cells.

In turn , virophages can also be used as an anti - gyrus defense mechanism by living cells .


Some protists have been found that integrated the genetic code of virophages into their genome and kept it.

Some protists have been found that integrated the genetic code of virophages into their genome and kept it .


When the protists were infected by gyruses, they used the code to create virophages themselves to take over the gyrus factories.

When the protists were infected by gyruses , they used the code to create virophages themselves to take over the gyrus factories .


In the end, the protist would still be killed by the gyrus infection, but instead of releasing gyruses to kill its buddies, it released virophages to hunt them.

In the end , the protist would still be killed by the gyrus infection , but instead of releasing gyruses to kill its buddies , it released virophages to hunt them .


The amazing thing about everything we've told you in this video is that we're still very much at the beginning.

The amazing thing about everything we 've told you in this video is that we 're still very much at the beginning .


It's not even been 20 years since the discovery of gyruses and virophages.

It 's not even been 20 years since the discovery of gyruses and virophages .


There is so much going on in the microverse.

There is so much going on in the microverse .


Life is not an isolated event, but a ping-pong game of trillions of organisms and viruses.

Life is not an isolated event , but a ping - pong game of trillions of organisms and viruses .


So when you feel down and like there's not that much new to discover, think of gyruses and all the other elephant-sized ducks all around us.

So when you feel down and like there 's not that much new to discover , think of gyruses and all the other elephant - sized ducks all around us .


But how do you learn to look at the world like a scientist?

But how do you learn to look at the world like a scientist ?


The best way is by trying things out for yourself.

The best way is by trying things out for yourself .


Our friends from Brilliant are the perfect coaches to turn your curiosity into practical skills.

Our friends from Brilliant are the perfect coaches to turn your curiosity into practical skills .


Brilliant is a problem-solving website and app that makes science accessible with a hands-on approach.

Brilliant is a problem - solving website and app that makes science accessible with a hands - on approach .


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More than 60 interactive courses give you the tools to crack problems in maths , computer science and engineering in a way that feels more like playing a game than doing homework .


Lessons will surprise you with storytelling, code-writing tasks and interactive challenges, basically using whatever keeps you interested and entertained.

Lessons will surprise you with storytelling , code - writing tasks and interactive challenges , basically using whatever keeps you interested and entertained .


The focus is on you having fun.


Learning something will happen almost without you noticing it.

Learning something will happen almost without you noticing it .


And tiny step by tiny step, you'll build up your long-term understanding of science and get closer to your STEM goals.

And tiny step by tiny step , you 'll build up your long - term understanding of science and get closer to your STEM goals .


To start looking at the world of science from a different perspective, go to brilliant.org/nutshell and sign up for free.

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At Kurzgesagt, we love to get to the bottom of things.

At Kurzgesagt , we love to get to the bottom of things .


Brilliant can help you go on that deep dive.

Brilliant can help you go on that deep dive .


One day the universe will die, but why and how?

One day the universe will die , but why and how ?


And will the universe be dead forever?


And how do we know that?


First of all, the universe is expanding.

First of all , the universe is expanding .


And not only that, the rate of its expansion is accelerating.

And not only that , the rate of its expansion is accelerating .


Dark energy is a strange phenomenon that scientists believe permeates the universe.

Dark energy is a strange phenomenon that scientists believe permeates the universe .


Until 1998, we thought that the universe must work a bit like a ball that you throw into the sky.

Until 1998 , we thought that the universe must work a bit like a ball that you throw into the sky .


The ball moves up, but at some point it has to come down again.

The ball moves up , but at some point it has to come down again .


But the expansion of the universe is actually speeding up.

But the expansion of the universe is actually speeding up .


That's like throwing a ball up and watching it fly away faster and faster and faster.

That 's like throwing a ball up and watching it fly away faster and faster and faster .


Where is this acceleration coming from?

Where is this acceleration coming from ?


Well, we don't know, but we call it dark energy.

Well , we do n't know , but we call it dark energy .


Einstein thought of it first and then decided it was stupid.

Einstein thought of it first and then decided it was stupid .


Now astrophysicists have decided it is plausible.

Now astrophysicists have decided it is plausible .


Trouble is, this is all very theoretical, and we don't actually know what the properties of dark energy are.

Trouble is , this is all very theoretical , and we do n't actually know what the properties of dark energy are .


But there are various theories, and they lead us to three scenarios for the end of the universe.

But there are various theories , and they lead us to three scenarios for the end of the universe .


Since its birth, the universe has been expanding.

Since its birth , the universe has been expanding .


For unknown reasons, new space is created everywhere equally.

For unknown reasons , new space is created everywhere equally .


The space between galaxies expands, so they move apart.

The space between galaxies expands , so they move apart .


The space inside galaxies also expands, but here gravity is strong enough to keep them together.

The space inside galaxies also expands , but here gravity is strong enough to keep them together .


In the Big Rip scenario, the expansion accelerates up to a point where space expands so fast that gravity can't compensate for this effect anymore.

In the Big Rip scenario , the expansion accelerates up to a point where space expands so fast that gravity ca n't compensate for this effect anymore .


The result is a Big Rip.


At first, only large structures like galaxies are torn apart, since space between the single objects expands very fast.

At first , only large structures like galaxies are torn apart , since space between the single objects expands very fast .


Next, big bodies like black holes, stars, and planets die.

Next , big bodies like black holes , stars , and planets die .


Their gravity isn't strong enough to keep them together, so they dissolve into their components.

Their gravity is n't strong enough to keep them together , so they dissolve into their components .


In the end, space would expand faster than the speed of light.

In the end , space would expand faster than the speed of light .


Atoms would now be affected, and they would just disband.

Atoms would now be affected , and they would just disband .


Once space is expanding faster than light, no particle in the universe can interact with any other particle anymore.

Once space is expanding faster than light , no particle in the universe can interact with any other particle anymore .


The universe would dissolve into countless lonely particles that won't be able to touch anything else in a strange, timeless universe.

The universe would dissolve into countless lonely particles that wo n't be able to touch anything else in a strange , timeless universe .


Hmm, and you thought you felt lonely.


matter stays intact and is converted over an incredibly long but finite period of time into radiation while the universe expands forever.

matter stays intact and is converted over an incredibly long but finite period of time into radiation while the universe expands forever .


But how does this work?


Let's talk about entropy.


Every system tends towards the state of highest entropy, like when we have a latte macchiato.

Every system tends towards the state of highest entropy , like when we have a latte macchiato .


Initially, it has different regions, but over time they will cool down and disintegrate until it's uniform.

Initially , it has different regions , but over time they will cool down and disintegrate until it 's uniform .


And this also applies to the universe.


So while the universe gets bigger and bigger, matter slowly decays and spreads out.

So while the universe gets bigger and bigger , matter slowly decays and spreads out .


At some point, after lots of generations of stars, all the gas clouds necessary to form stars will be exhausted, so the universe will turn dark.

At some point , after lots of generations of stars , all the gas clouds necessary to form stars will be exhausted , so the universe will turn dark .


The remaining suns will die.


Black holes will slowly degenerate and evaporate over trillions of years due to what's known as Hawking radiation.

Black holes will slowly degenerate and evaporate over trillions of years due to what 's known as Hawking radiation .


When this process is complete, only a dilute gas of photons and light particles remains until even this decays.

When this process is complete , only a dilute gas of photons and light particles remains until even this decays .


All activity in the universe ceases at this point.

All activity in the universe ceases at this point .


Entropy is at its maximum, and the universe is dead forever.

Entropy is at its maximum , and the universe is dead forever .


Unless, theoretically, it might be possible that after an incredibly long amount of time,

Unless , theoretically , it might be possible that after an incredibly long amount of time ,


there might be a spontaneous entropy decrease as a result of something called quantum tunneling leading to a new Big Bang.

there might be a spontaneous entropy decrease as a result of something called quantum tunneling leading to a new Big Bang .


This is the most uplifting scenario.


If there is less dark energy than we think, or it decreases over time, gravity will be the dominating force in the universe one day.

If there is less dark energy than we think , or it decreases over time , gravity will be the dominating force in the universe one day .


In a few trillion years, the rate of expansion of the universe will slow down and stop.

In a few trillion years , the rate of expansion of the universe will slow down and stop .


After that, it reverses.


Galaxies will race at each other, merging as the universe becomes smaller and smaller.

Galaxies will race at each other , merging as the universe becomes smaller and smaller .


Since a smaller universe also means a hotter universe, temperatures rise everywhere all at once.

Since a smaller universe also means a hotter universe , temperatures rise everywhere all at once .


100,000 years before the Big Crunch, background radiation would be hotter than the surfaces of most stars, which means that they would be cooked from the outside.

100,000 years before the Big Crunch , background radiation would be hotter than the surfaces of most stars , which means that they would be cooked from the outside .


Minutes before the Big Crunch happens, atom cores are ripped apart before supermassive black holes devour everything.

Minutes before the Big Crunch happens , atom cores are ripped apart before supermassive black holes devour everything .


Finally, all black holes would merge into a supermassive mega black hole that contains the entire mass of the universe.

Finally , all black holes would merge into a supermassive mega black hole that contains the entire mass of the universe .


And in the last moment before the Big Crunch, it would devour the universe, including itself.

And in the last moment before the Big Crunch , it would devour the universe , including itself .


The Big Bounce theory states that this has happened a lot of times, and that the universe goes through an infinite cycle of expansion and contraction.

The Big Bounce theory states that this has happened a lot of times , and that the universe goes through an infinite cycle of expansion and contraction .


Well, wouldn't that be nice?


So what will actually happen to the universe in the end?

So what will actually happen to the universe in the end ?


At the moment, heat death seems the most likely, but we at Kurzgesagt hope that this dead forever stuff is wrong and the universe will start over and over again.

At the moment , heat death seems the most likely , but we at Kurzgesagt hope that this dead forever stuff is wrong and the universe will start over and over again .


We don't know for sure either way, so let's just assume the most uplifting theory is true.

We do n't know for sure either way , so let 's just assume the most uplifting theory is true .


By the way, we have a Twitter account.

By the way , we have a Twitter account .


Time makes sense in small pieces, but when you look at huge stretches of time, it's almost impossible to wrap your head around things.

Time makes sense in small pieces , but when you look at huge stretches of time , it 's almost impossible to wrap your head around things .


So let's start small, with minutes, hours, days.

So let 's start small , with minutes , hours , days .


You probably spent the last 24 hours mostly sleeping and working, and you probably wasted a good chunk of yesterday on the internet.

You probably spent the last 24 hours mostly sleeping and working , and you probably wasted a good chunk of yesterday on the internet .


Days become weeks, weeks become months, and then we have a year.

Days become weeks , weeks become months , and then we have a year .


Let's look at 2017.


France started to train eagles to hunt terrorist drones, a Czech nuclear power plant held a bikini contest to pick their new intern,

France started to train eagles to hunt terrorist drones , a Czech nuclear power plant held a bikini contest to pick their new intern ,


and people on the internet made a challenge out of eating bleach.

and people on the internet made a challenge out of eating bleach .


Let's go back further.


A kid born in the first year of the 21st century is 18 years old now.

A kid born in the first year of the 21st century is 18 years old now .


The century is still young, even if you're not.

The century is still young , even if you 're not .


It was largely shaped by the attacks on 9-11, which led to the war in Afghanistan and the invasion of Iraq.

It was largely shaped by the attacks on 9 - 11 , which led to the war in Afghanistan and the invasion of Iraq .


In March 2011, the Syrian civil war began and is still ongoing after 7 years.

In March 2011 , the Syrian civil war began and is still ongoing after 7 years .


Most of us were born in the 20th century, which had the two most devastating wars in human history and the Cold War.

Most of us were born in the 20th century , which had the two most devastating wars in human history and the Cold War .


For the first time ever, we could destroy ourselves with nuclear weapons, and we almost did, but we also had a space race and left Earth for the first time.

For the first time ever , we could destroy ourselves with nuclear weapons , and we almost did , but we also had a space race and left Earth for the first time .


The internet was also invented, which led to memes, but also to Facebook and Twitter, so all in all, we're not sure if this was a good development.

The internet was also invented , which led to memes , but also to Facebook and Twitter , so all in all , we 're not sure if this was a good development .


The average human lives about 79 years, which covers a good chunk of recent history.

The average human lives about 79 years , which covers a good chunk of recent history .


The oldest living person on Earth is currently Salino Jaramillo, who was born in 1896, which means that his birth was closer to Napoleon ruling Europe than to the current day.

The oldest living person on Earth is currently Salino Jaramillo , who was born in 1896 , which means that his birth was closer to Napoleon ruling Europe than to the current day .


Only 250 years ago, the Industrial Revolution turned the world into a progress machine.

Only 250 years ago , the Industrial Revolution turned the world into a progress machine .


Farmers became workers and knowledge became easier to distribute.

Farmers became workers and knowledge became easier to distribute .


Around this time, we started the progress that is causing climate change today.

Around this time , we started the progress that is causing climate change today .


The theory of evolution changed how we saw ourselves and the world we live in.

The theory of evolution changed how we saw ourselves and the world we live in .


Newton wrote down his theory of gravity.

Newton wrote down his theory of gravity .


We discovered distant stars and very close bacteria.

We discovered distant stars and very close bacteria .


The 15th century was very eventful.


Columbus' discovery of America and the fall of Constantinople marked the end of the Middle Ages.

Columbus ' discovery of America and the fall of Constantinople marked the end of the Middle Ages .


War was all the rage in the Middle Ages, but the number one killer was disease.

War was all the rage in the Middle Ages , but the number one killer was disease .


The Black Plague killed every third European in just six years.

The Black Plague killed every third European in just six years .


Around 2,000 years ago, we set the arbitrary year one of our calendar that most of the world follows today.

Around 2,000 years ago , we set the arbitrary year one of our calendar that most of the world follows today .


But to a Roman, the world was already ancient.

But to a Roman , the world was already ancient .


The Great Pyramids were constructed 4,500 years ago.

The Great Pyramids were constructed 4,500 years ago .


So, to a Roman, the pyramids were older than the Romans are to us today.

So , to a Roman , the pyramids were older than the Romans are to us today .


A lot of history happened before that even.

A lot of history happened before that even .


Around 7,000 years ago, humans began writing things down.

Around 7,000 years ago , humans began writing things down .


About 12,000 years ago, human organization exploded.

About 12,000 years ago , human organization exploded .


We built our first temple and around the world, mankind began farming, which enabled the rise of larger communities.

We built our first temple and around the world , mankind began farming , which enabled the rise of larger communities .


Our dominance over planet Earth really begins here.

Our dominance over planet Earth really begins here .


Homo sapiens sapiens, the modern human, evolved at least 200,000 years ago.

Homo sapiens sapiens , the modern human , evolved at least 200,000 years ago .


50,000 years ago, the cognitive revolution expanded our minds and innovation.

50,000 years ago , the cognitive revolution expanded our minds and innovation .


Back then, we shared Earth with at least five other human species that either died out or were killed by us.

Back then , we shared Earth with at least five other human species that either died out or were killed by us .


At least 2 million years ago, our ancestors already had control over fire and constructed tools from wood and stone.

At least 2 million years ago , our ancestors already had control over fire and constructed tools from wood and stone .


And 6 million years ago, the last common ancestors of chimpanzees and humans existed.

And 6 million years ago , the last common ancestors of chimpanzees and humans existed .


So this graph is all of human history.


Our close relative, Homo erectus, survived 10 times longer than we have existed.

Our close relative , Homo erectus , survived 10 times longer than we have existed .


This tiny part is the human era.


We have to zoom in a lot to even see your lifetime.

We have to zoom in a lot to even see your lifetime .


Still, all of human history is not that long.

Still , all of human history is not that long .


65 million years ago, the age of the dinosaurs ended in an enormous explosion.

65 million years ago , the age of the dinosaurs ended in an enormous explosion .


The dinosaurs ruled the Earth for over 165 million years.

The dinosaurs ruled the Earth for over 165 million years .


That's so long that it means a T-Rex that lived 65 million years ago is closer to us today than to a live Stegosaurus.

That 's so long that it means a T - Rex that lived 65 million years ago is closer to us today than to a live Stegosaurus .


Dinosaurs in the form of mighty chickens are still around today.

Dinosaurs in the form of mighty chickens are still around today .


Animal life on this planet started 600 million years ago.

Animal life on this planet started 600 million years ago .


The earliest animals were fish and other small simple sea creatures.

The earliest animals were fish and other small simple sea creatures .


Then came insects, then reptiles, and finally, around 200 million years ago, mammals joined the party.

Then came insects , then reptiles , and finally , around 200 million years ago , mammals joined the party .


Life itself began much further back.


There is evidence that it appeared up to 4.1 billion years ago.

There is evidence that it appeared up to 4.1 billion years ago .


For at least 3.5 billion years, life consisted only of single-celled organisms.

For at least 3.5 billion years , life consisted only of single - celled organisms .


4.5 billion years ago, the Sun was born from a gigantic imploding gas cloud.

4.5 billion years ago , the Sun was born from a gigantic imploding gas cloud .


60 million years later, Earth formed.


In those early years, frequent bombardment by comets and asteroids supplied the Earth with large oceans.

In those early years , frequent bombardment by comets and asteroids supplied the Earth with large oceans .


But as far as the whole universe goes, our solar system is pretty new.

But as far as the whole universe goes , our solar system is pretty new .


13.75 billion years ago, the universe was born.

13.75 billion years ago , the universe was born .


And about half a billion years later, our own galaxy formed from billions of stars.

And about half a billion years later , our own galaxy formed from billions of stars .


But what came before the Big Bang?


The truth is, we don't know, and maybe we never will.

The truth is , we do n't know , and maybe we never will .


And there you have it, the past.


Now let's take a look at what we know about the future.

Now let 's take a look at what we know about the future .


In roughly 1 billion years, the Sun will be so hot that life on Earth becomes impossible.

In roughly 1 billion years , the Sun will be so hot that life on Earth becomes impossible .


The death of the Sun 4 billion years later marks the end of life in the solar system.

The death of the Sun 4 billion years later marks the end of life in the solar system .


If we want to have a chance to survive, we need to have ventured to the stars.

If we want to have a chance to survive , we need to have ventured to the stars .


And what happens after that?


In the next 100 billion years, most of the bigger stars around will die.

In the next 100 billion years , most of the bigger stars around will die .


The universe becomes dimmer and dimmer, illuminated only by smaller red and white dwarfs.

The universe becomes dimmer and dimmer , illuminated only by smaller red and white dwarfs .


But they too will eventually burn out, and one day, the last star in the universe will die.

But they too will eventually burn out , and one day , the last star in the universe will die .


The universe will turn dark.


And at some point, even black holes will evaporate and die.

And at some point , even black holes will evaporate and die .


When they do, our universe will reach its final stage, heat death.

When they do , our universe will reach its final stage , heat death .


Nothing changes anymore, the universe is dead.

Nothing changes anymore , the universe is dead .


Now, you're feeling some pretty weird feelings right now, aren't you?

Now , you 're feeling some pretty weird feelings right now , are n't you ?


We are too.


It's only natural.


The good news is, this is all far, far away.

The good news is , this is all far , far away .


The only time that actually matters is now.

The only time that actually matters is now .


That cute girl or boy you like, ask them out.

That cute girl or boy you like , ask them out .


Time is precious.


Make it count.


One of the questions we get asked the most is how we make animated videos.

One of the questions we get asked the most is how we make animated videos .


The short answer is with Adobe After Effects and years of training.

The short answer is with Adobe After Effects and years of training .


But if you'd like to get a glimpse, we now have something for you.

But if you 'd like to get a glimpse , we now have something for you .


We made Skillshare tutorials explaining in detail how we animate scenes from our videos.

We made Skillshare tutorials explaining in detail how we animate scenes from our videos .


If you aren't already familiar with it, Skillshare is an online learning community with more than 18,000 classes in things like writing, animation and video editing.

If you are n't already familiar with it , Skillshare is an online learning community with more than 18,000 classes in things like writing , animation and video editing .


Their premium membership gives you unlimited access to high-quality classes from professionals working in their fields,

Their premium membership gives you unlimited access to high - quality classes from professionals working in their fields ,


so you can improve your skills, unlock new opportunities and do work that you really enjoy.

so you can improve your skills , unlock new opportunities and do work that you really enjoy .


It's also extremely affordable.


The annual subscription is less than $10 a month.

The annual subscription is less than $ 10 a month .


The first 1,000 people to sign up get their first two months for only 99 cents.

The first 1,000 people to sign up get their first two months for only 99 cents .


So if you want to learn new things and support Kurzgesagt, give it a try.

So if you want to learn new things and support Kurzgesagt , give it a try .


How did you like this remake?


We're thinking about redoing a few of our older videos in the next one or two years.

We 're thinking about redoing a few of our older videos in the next one or two years .


Every living being needs to fight off other living beings that want to feast on them.

Every living being needs to fight off other living beings that want to feast on them .


So as multi-cellular life evolved over billions of years, it came up with ways to defend itself.

So as multi - cellular life evolved over billions of years , it came up with ways to defend itself .


Today, humans have a sophisticated defense network, like physical barriers, defense cells, and weapons factories.

Today , humans have a sophisticated defense network , like physical barriers , defense cells , and weapons factories .


But one of the most important defenses of our body is largely unknown.

But one of the most important defenses of our body is largely unknown .


It evolved over 700 million years ago and is an army of over 30 different proteins that work together in a complex and elegant dance to stop intruders.

It evolved over 700 million years ago and is an army of over 30 different proteins that work together in a complex and elegant dance to stop intruders .


All in all, about 15 quintillion of them are saturating every fluid in your body right now.

All in all , about 15 quintillion of them are saturating every fluid in your body right now .


Guided by nothing but chemistry, these proteins are one of the most effective weapons we have against invaders.

Guided by nothing but chemistry , these proteins are one of the most effective weapons we have against invaders .


Many other parts of the immune system are just tools to activate the complement system.

Many other parts of the immune system are just tools to activate the complement system .


But it's also really dangerous.


Imagine having trillions of little bombs inside your blood that could go off at any moment.

Imagine having trillions of little bombs inside your blood that could go off at any moment .


So our cells use numerous mechanisms to prevent complement from accidentally attacking them.

So our cells use numerous mechanisms to prevent complement from accidentally attacking them .


Okay, what exactly does it do and what makes it so dangerous?

Okay , what exactly does it do and what makes it so dangerous ?


In a nutshell, the complement system does three things.

In a nutshell , the complement system does three things .


It cripples enemies, it activates the immune system, and it rips holes in things until they die.

It cripples enemies , it activates the immune system , and it rips holes in things until they die .


After all, these are mindless proteins randomly drifting around without will or direction.

After all , these are mindless proteins randomly drifting around without will or direction .


Well, this is actually part of the strategy.

Well , this is actually part of the strategy .


Complement proteins float around in a sort of passive mode.

Complement proteins float around in a sort of passive mode .


They do nothing until they get activated and change their shape.

They do nothing until they get activated and change their shape .


In the world of proteins, your shape determines what you can and cannot do.

In the world of proteins , your shape determines what you can and can not do .


Because shape determines what you can interact with and in what way.

Because shape determines what you can interact with and in what way .


For example, in your passive shape you might do nothing.

For example , in your passive shape you might do nothing .


In your active shape, however, you might, for example, change the shape of other proteins, activating them so they can activate others.

In your active shape , however , you might , for example , change the shape of other proteins , activating them so they can activate others .


Mechanisms like this one can start cascades that spread very quickly.

Mechanisms like this one can start cascades that spread very quickly .


Imagine the complement proteins as being like millions of matches very close together.

Imagine the complement proteins as being like millions of matches very close together .


Once one catches fire, it ignites the ones around it.

Once one catches fire , it ignites the ones around it .


They ignite more and suddenly you have a big fire.

They ignite more and suddenly you have a big fire .


To show the actual mechanisms of the complement system is a tad complicated and overwhelming.

To show the actual mechanisms of the complement system is a tad complicated and overwhelming .


So we'll simplify here.


Now, let's imagine you cut yourself and a bunch of bacteria enter the wound and make it enter the surrounding tissue.

Now , let 's imagine you cut yourself and a bunch of bacteria enter the wound and make it enter the surrounding tissue .


Our complement attack begins with C3.


C3 is the first match, the initial spark that will start our fire.

C3 is the first match , the initial spark that will start our fire .


And to do that, C3 needs to switch from passive to active.

And to do that , C3 needs to switch from passive to active .


How this happens is complex, but let's just say it can happen randomly, through other complement proteins that bind to enemies or through antibodies.

How this happens is complex , but let 's just say it can happen randomly , through other complement proteins that bind to enemies or through antibodies .


All you really need to know is that C3 breaks into two smaller proteins, C3a and C3b, that are now activated.

All you really need to know is that C3 breaks into two smaller proteins , C3a and C3b , that are now activated .


One of these parts, the C3b protein, is like a seeker missile specialized in bacteria, fungi and viruses.

One of these parts , the C3b protein , is like a seeker missile specialized in bacteria , fungi and viruses .


It has a fraction of a second to find a victim or it will be neutralized by water molecules.

It has a fraction of a second to find a victim or it will be neutralized by water molecules .


If C3b does find a target, it anchors itself very tightly to its surface and doesn't let go.

If C3b does find a target , it anchors itself very tightly to its surface and does n't let go .


By doing so, the protein changes its shape again.

By doing so , the protein changes its shape again .


In its new shape, it's now able to grab other proteins and start a small cascade, changing its shape multiple times, adding other complement proteins to itself.

In its new shape , it 's now able to grab other proteins and start a small cascade , changing its shape multiple times , adding other complement proteins to itself .


Finally, it transforms itself into a recruiting platform known as C3 Convertis.

Finally , it transforms itself into a recruiting platform known as C3 Convertis .


This platform is an expert at activating more C3 proteins that start the whole cycle anew.

This platform is an expert at activating more C3 proteins that start the whole cycle anew .


An amplification loop begins.


Soon, thousands of proteins cover the bacteria.

Soon , thousands of proteins cover the bacteria .


For the bacteria, this is very bad.


It can cripple the bacteria and make them helpless or slow them down.

It can cripple the bacteria and make them helpless or slow them down .


Imagine being covered by thousands of flies.

Imagine being covered by thousands of flies .


But there's more.


Do you remember the other part of C3?


C3a is like a distress beacon.


Thousands of them flood away from the site of battle, screaming for attention.

Thousands of them flood away from the site of battle , screaming for attention .


Passive immune cells notice the C3a proteins and awaken from their slumber to follow the protein tracks to the site of infection.

Passive immune cells notice the C3a proteins and awaken from their slumber to follow the protein tracks to the site of infection .


The more alarm proteins they encounter, the more aggressive they get.

The more alarm proteins they encounter , the more aggressive they get .


This way, complement guides reinforcements exactly to the place where they're needed the most.

This way , complement guides reinforcements exactly to the place where they 're needed the most .


So far, the complement has slowed down the invaders and called for help.

So far , the complement has slowed down the invaders and called for help .


Now, it's beginning to actively help to kill the enemy.

Now , it 's beginning to actively help to kill the enemy .


The first immune cells to arrive at the battlefield are phagocytes, which means cells that swallow you whole trap you in a tiny prison and then kill you with acid.

The first immune cells to arrive at the battlefield are phagocytes , which means cells that swallow you whole trap you in a tiny prison and then kill you with acid .


But to swallow an enemy, they need to grab it first, which is not easy because bacteria prefer not to be grabbed and are sort of slippery.

But to swallow an enemy , they need to grab it first , which is not easy because bacteria prefer not to be grabbed and are sort of slippery .


But now the complement that has anchored itself to the bacteria acts as a sort of glue that makes it easy for the immune cells to catch their victims.

But now the complement that has anchored itself to the bacteria acts as a sort of glue that makes it easy for the immune cells to catch their victims .


But it gets even better.


Imagine being covered in flies again.


Now, imagine them turning into wasps.


Another cascade is about to begin.


On the surface of the bacteria, the C3 recruitment platform changes its shape again and begins to recruit new proteins.

On the surface of the bacteria , the C3 recruitment platform changes its shape again and begins to recruit new proteins .


Together, they begin the construction of a bigger structure, a membrane attack complex.

Together , they begin the construction of a bigger structure , a membrane attack complex .


Piece by piece, new proteins, shaped like long spears, anchor themselves deep into the bacteria's membranes until they rip a hole into them that can't be closed again.

Piece by piece , new proteins , shaped like long spears , anchor themselves deep into the bacteria 's membranes until they rip a hole into them that ca n't be closed again .


Fluids rush into the bacteria and their insides spill out.

Fluids rush into the bacteria and their insides spill out .


They bleed to death.


The remaining bacteria are maimed and distracted by the complement and quickly taken care of by the arriving immune cells.

The remaining bacteria are maimed and distracted by the complement and quickly taken care of by the arriving immune cells .


The invasion has been nipped in the bud before it had the opportunity to become dangerous.

The invasion has been nipped in the bud before it had the opportunity to become dangerous .


You probably didn't even notice it.


But while bacteria are not happy about complement, the enemies it might be the most useful against are actually viruses.

But while bacteria are not happy about complement , the enemies it might be the most useful against are actually viruses .


Viruses have one problem.


They need to travel from cell to cell.


Outside of cells, they're basically hoping to randomly bump against a cell to infect by pure chance.

Outside of cells , they 're basically hoping to randomly bump against a cell to infect by pure chance .


Here, they're completely defenseless.

Here , they 're completely defenseless .


And here, complement is able to intercept and cripple them so they become harmless and guide the immune system to devour them.

And here , complement is able to intercept and cripple them so they become harmless and guide the immune system to devour them .


Without complement, virus infections would be a lot more deadly.

Without complement , virus infections would be a lot more deadly .


But wait, if we have such an effective weapon, why do we ever get sick?

But wait , if we have such an effective weapon , why do we ever get sick ?


The problem is that in a war, both sides adapt.

The problem is that in a war , both sides adapt .


For example, when the vaccinia virus infects a cell, it forces it to produce a protein that shuts complement activation down.

For example , when the vaccinia virus infects a cell , it forces it to produce a protein that shuts complement activation down .


This way, the virus creates safe zones around the cells it infects.

This way , the virus creates safe zones around the cells it infects .


When it kills them and tries to infect more, it has a higher chance of being successful.

When it kills them and tries to infect more , it has a higher chance of being successful .


Or some bacteria, for example, can grab certain molecules from the blood that keep the complement system calm and make themselves invisible.

Or some bacteria , for example , can grab certain molecules from the blood that keep the complement system calm and make themselves invisible .


So the complement system, while being extremely important, is only one player in the complex and beautiful organization that is our immune system.

So the complement system , while being extremely important , is only one player in the complex and beautiful organization that is our immune system .


This video was sponsored by you.


Without your direct support, this channel would not exist.

Without your direct support , this channel would not exist .


And it's hard to overstate how grateful we are for that.

And it 's hard to overstate how grateful we are for that .


In 2019, an average Kurzgesagt video took at least 1,200 hours to produce.

In 2019 , an average Kurzgesagt video took at least 1,200 hours to produce .


We need months to research and write our scripts, clear them with experts, illustrate and animate every scene from scratch, and to compose original music.

We need months to research and write our scripts , clear them with experts , illustrate and animate every scene from scratch , and to compose original music .


This is only possible through a combination of sponsorships, your support on Patreon, and selling merch, like this poster and postcards we made about the complement system.

This is only possible through a combination of sponsorships , your support on Patreon , and selling merch , like this poster and postcards we made about the complement system .


If you yourself want to support us, you can do so by watching, becoming a Patreon, and maybe getting a personal bird, or by getting one of our calendars or posters.

If you yourself want to support us , you can do so by watching , becoming a Patreon , and maybe getting a personal bird , or by getting one of our calendars or posters .


The purpose of Kurzgesagt is to make the best videos we can, and to make science more approachable.

The purpose of Kurzgesagt is to make the best videos we can , and to make science more approachable .


Thank you so much for making this possible.

Thank you so much for making this possible .


What if the state covered your cost of living? Would you still go to work?

What if the state covered your cost of living ? Would you still go to work ?


Go back to school?


What would you do?


This concept is called a Universal Basic Income or UBI and it's nothing less than the most ambitious social policy of our times.

This concept is called a Universal Basic Income or UBI and it 's nothing less than the most ambitious social policy of our times .


In 2017, basic income is gaining momentum around the world.

In 2017 , basic income is gaining momentum around the world .